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www home.it.shtml philosophy/compromise.bg.html...
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www home.it.shtml philosophy/compromise.bg.html... |
|
Date: |
Tue, 27 Oct 2009 08:26:23 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 09/10/27 08:26:22
Modified files:
. : home.it.shtml
philosophy : compromise.bg.html compromise.es.html
compromise.fr.html compromise.ml.html
computing-progress.fr.html
freedom-or-power.fa.html
freedom-or-power.fr.html not-ipr.fr.html
not-ipr.ml.html not-ipr.pt-br.html
social-inertia.fr.html social-inertia.ml.html
po : home.it.po
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/home.it.shtml?cvsroot=www&r1=1.121&r2=1.122
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/compromise.bg.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/compromise.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/compromise.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/compromise.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/freedom-or-power.fa.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/freedom-or-power.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.20&r2=1.21
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.11&r2=1.12
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/social-inertia.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/social-inertia.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/po/home.it.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.114&r2=1.115
Patches:
Index: home.it.shtml
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/home.it.shtml,v
retrieving revision 1.121
retrieving revision 1.122
diff -u -b -r1.121 -r1.122
--- home.it.shtml 25 Oct 2009 08:26:15 -0000 1.121
+++ home.it.shtml 27 Oct 2009 08:26:04 -0000 1.122
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@
<div style="margin:10px; float:right; width:120px">
<img src="/graphics/Gnewsenselogo.png" style="margin-bottom:10px;"
- alt="gNewSense logo" />
-<img src="/graphics/Trisquellogo.png" alt="Trisquel GNU/Linux logo" />
+ alt="Logo di gNewSense" />
+<img src="/graphics/Trisquellogo.png" alt="Logo di Trisquel GNU/Linux" />
</div>
<p><span class="highlight">Noi consigliamo di usare quelle <a
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Ultima modifica:
- $Date: 2009/10/25 08:26:15 $
+ $Date: 2009/10/27 08:26:04 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/compromise.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/compromise.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/compromise.bg.html 11 Aug 2009 08:25:39 -0000 1.9
+++ philosophy/compromise.bg.html 27 Oct 2009 08:26:11 -0000 1.10
@@ -9,100 +9,96 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
<div style="float: right; font-size: 90%; width: 30em; margin: 1em;
background-color: #ececec; padding: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em;
-margin-top: 4em;"><p><em>âÐÑеди 25 години, <a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">на 27
-ÑепÑемвÑи 1983, обÑвиÑ
план</a> да ÑÑздам
напÑлно Ñвободна опеÑаÑионна
-ÑиÑÑема наÑеÑена GNU â Ð¾Ñ Â«GNU is not Unix» (GNU не е
ЮникÑ). ÐаÑо ÑаÑÑ Ñо
-25-ÑаÑа годиÑнина на ÑиÑÑемаÑа GNU, напиÑаÑ
Ñази ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº наÑаÑа обÑноÑÑ
-може да избегне гибелниÑе компÑомиÑи.
ÐÑвен избÑгванеÑо на Ñакива
-компÑомиÑи, има много дÑÑги наÑини, по
коиÑо можеÑе да <a
-href="/help/">помогнеÑе на GNU</a> и ÑвободниÑ
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ. Ðдин оÑновен наÑин
-е да Ñе <a
-href="https://www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom/join_fsf?referrer=4052";>пÑиÑÑединиÑе
-кÑм ФондаÑиÑÑа за Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a> каÑо
аÑоÑииÑан Ñлен.â</em> â РиÑаÑд
-СÑолман</p></div>
+margin-top: 4em;"><p><em>“Twenty-five years ago <a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">on
+September 27, 1983, I announced a plan</a> to create a completely free
+operating system called GNU—for ‘GNU is not Unix’. As
+part of the 25th anniversary of the GNU system, I have written this article
+on how our community can avoid ruinous compromises. In addition to avoiding
+such compromises, there are many ways you can <a href="/help/">help GNU</a>
+and free software. One basic way is to <a
+href="https://www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom/join_fsf?referrer=4052";>
+join the Free Software Foundation</a> as an Associate
+Member.”</em>—<b>Richard Stallman</b></p></div>
<h2>ÐзбÑгване на гибелни компÑомиÑи</h2>
<p>Ð¾Ñ <strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолман</strong></p>
-<p>ЦелÑа на ÐвижениеÑо за Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ
е обÑеÑÑвена пÑомÑна â <a
-href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">вÑиÑки пÑогÑами да Ñа
Ñвободни</a>, Ñака Ñе
-вÑиÑки поÑÑебиÑели на ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð° Ñа
Ñвободни и да Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° Ñа ÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
-обÑноÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑво. ÐÑÑка
неÑвободна пÑогÑама оÑигÑÑÑва
-неÑпÑаведлива влаÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑазÑабоÑÑик
над поÑÑебиÑелиÑе. ÐаÑа Ñел е да
-пÑеÑÑÑановим Ñази непÑавда.</p>
-
-<p>ÐÑÑÑÑ ÐºÑм Ñвобода е <a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/bulletin/2008/spring/the-last-mile-is-always-the-hardest/";>дÑлÑг</a>.
-Той Ñе изиÑква много ÑÑÑпки и много години,
за да Ñе ÑÑигне до ÑвÑÑ, в койÑо
-е ноÑмално поÑÑебиÑелиÑе на ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð°
Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ñвобода. ÐÑкои Ð¾Ñ Ñези ÑÑÑпки
-Ñа ÑÑÑдни и изиÑÐºÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¶ÐµÑÑви. ÐÑкои ÑÑÑпки
ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾-леÑни, ако напÑавим
-компÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ñ
оÑа, ÑииÑо Ñели Ñа дÑÑги.</p>
-
-
-
-<p>Така <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>ФондаÑиÑÑа за
Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a> пÑави
-компÑомиÑи, доÑи големи. ÐапÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿ÑавиÑ
ме компÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸Ñ Ñ ÐºÐ»Ð°ÑзиÑе оÑноÑно
-паÑенÑиÑе вÑв веÑÑÐ¸Ñ 3 на ÐбÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑблиÑен
лиÑенз на GNU (GPL), Ñака Ñе
-големиÑе компании биÑ
а допÑинаÑÑли кÑм
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ ÐÐÐ 3 и биÑ
а го
-ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанÑвали, и биÑ
а довели нÑкои
паÑенÑи под пÑовизииÑе на Ñези клаÑзи. </p>
+<p>The free software movement aims for a social change: <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">to make all software free</a> so that all
+software users are free and can be part of a community of cooperation.
+Every nonfree program gives its developer unjust power over the users. Our
+goal is to put an end to that injustice.</p>
+
+<p>The road to freedom is <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/bulletin/2008/spring/the-last-mile-is-always-the-hardest/";>
+a long road</a>. It will take many steps and many years to reach a world in
+which it is normal for software users to have freedom. Some of these steps
+are hard, and require sacrifice. Some of them become easier if we make
+compromises with people that have different goals.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a> makes
+compromises—even major ones. For instance, we made compromises in the
+patent provisions of version 3 of the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU
+General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) so that major companies would
+contribute to and distribute GPLv3-covered software and thus bring some
+patents under the effect of these provisions. </p>
<img src="/graphics/gplv3-large.png" alt="" style="float: left;" />
-<p><a href="/licenses/lgpl.html">Ðо-малкиÑÑ ÐÐÐ</a> (LGPL) е
компÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸Ñ â
-използваме го вÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ñеделени Ñвободни
библиоÑеки, за да позволим
-ползванеÑо им в опÑеделени неÑвободни
пÑогÑами, заÑоÑо миÑлим, Ñе
-забÑанÑванеÑо на Ñова Ñе накаÑа
ÑазÑабоÑÑиÑиÑе да Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑо ÑÑÑ
-неÑвободни библиоÑеки. Ðие пÑиемаме и
инÑÑалиÑаме код в пÑогÑамиÑе на GNU,
-койÑо им позволÑва да ÑабоÑÑÑ ÑÑвмеÑÑно Ñ
попÑлÑÑни неÑвободни пÑогÑами.
-Ðие докÑменÑиÑаме и извеÑÑÑваме за Ñова по
наÑин, койÑо окÑÑажава ползваÑиÑе
-Ñези неÑвободни пÑогÑами да инÑÑалиÑаÑ
ÑÑоÑвеÑниÑе Ñвободни, но не и
-обÑаÑноÑо. Ðие поддÑÑжаме опÑеделени
кампании, Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¸Ñо Ñме ÑÑглаÑни, доÑи и
-да не Ñме напÑлно ÑÑглаÑни Ñ Ð³ÑÑпиÑе зад
ÑÑÑ
.</p>
-
-<p>Ðо ние оÑÑ
вÑÑлÑме опÑеделени компÑомиÑи,
вÑпÑеки Ñе нÑкои в наÑаÑа обÑноÑÑ
-Ñа гоÑови да ги напÑавÑÑ. ÐапÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸Ðµ <a
-href="/philosophy/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">подкÑепÑме
Ñамо
-диÑÑÑибÑÑии на GNU/ÐинÑкÑ</a>, коиÑо имаÑ
полиÑика да не вклÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободен
-ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸ да не Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð²ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑебиÑелиÑе да
го инÑÑалиÑаÑ. Ðа подкÑепим
-неÑвободни диÑÑÑибÑÑии би бил гибелен
компÑомиÑ.</p>
-
-<p>ÐомпÑомиÑиÑе Ñа гибелни, ако ÑабоÑÑÑ
ÑÑеÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑиÑе Ñели в дÑлгоÑÑоÑен
-пеÑиод. Това може да Ñе ÑлÑÑи на нивоÑо на
идеиÑе или на нивоÑо на
-дейÑÑвиÑÑа.</p>
-
-<p>Ðа нивоÑо на идеиÑе, гибелниÑе
компÑомиÑи Ñа Ñези, коиÑо ÑÑилваÑ
ÑвлениÑÑа,
-коиÑо иÑкаме да пÑоменим. ÐаÑаÑа Ñел е
ÑвÑÑ, в койÑо поÑÑебиÑелиÑе на
-ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ñа Ñвободни, но по наÑÑоÑÑем
повеÑеÑо поÑÑебиÑели доÑи не
-ÑÐ°Ð·Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÐµÑо ÑÑÑ ÑвободаÑа
каÑо пÑоблем. Те Ñа вÑзпÑиели
-ÑенноÑÑиÑе на âконÑÑмаÑоÑиâ, коеÑо
ознаÑава, Ñе ÑÑдÑÑ Ð·Ð° една пÑогÑама Ñамо
-по пÑакÑиÑеÑкиÑе пÑоÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ñо Ñена и
ÑдобÑÑво.</p>
-
-<p>ÐзвеÑÑнаÑа книга за ÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð° Ðейл
ÐаÑнеги âÐак да пеÑелим пÑиÑÑели и да
-влиÑем на дÑÑгиÑеâ ÑÑвеÑва, Ñе
най-еÑикаÑниÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñин да Ñбедим нÑкой да
-напÑави неÑо е да пÑедÑÑавим аÑгÑменÑи,
коиÑо Ñе Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° неговиÑе
-ÑенноÑÑи. Ðма наÑини да Ñе Ñ
аÑеÑаме на
коÑÑмаÑоÑÑкиÑе ÑенноÑÑи ÑипиÑни за
-наÑеÑо обÑеÑÑво. ÐапÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ ÑвободниÑÑ
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, койÑо е пÑÐ¸Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ñно,
-може да ÑпеÑÑи паÑи на поÑÑебиÑелÑ. Ðного
Ñвободни пÑогÑами Ñа ÑÑÑо Ñака
-Ñдобни и надеждни. ÐоÑоÑванеÑо на Ñези
пÑакÑиÑеÑки ползи ÑÑÐ¿Ñ Ð´Ð° Ñбеди
-множеÑÑво поÑÑебиÑели да пÑÐ¸ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ ÑазлиÑни
Ñвободни пÑогÑами, нÑкои Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¸Ñо
-веÑе Ñа доÑÑа ÑÑпеÑни.</p>
-
-<p>Ðко ÑелÑа ви Ñе пÑоÑÑиÑа до набиÑанеÑо на
повеÑе Ñ
оÑа, коиÑо да използваÑ
-нÑкои Ñвободни пÑогÑами, можеÑе да ÑеÑиÑе
да Ñи замÑлÑиÑе за конÑепÑиÑÑа за
-ÑвободаÑа и да Ñе ÑокÑÑиÑаÑе Ñамо вÑÑÑ
Ñ
пÑакÑиÑеÑкиÑе ползи, коиÑо Ñа
-понÑÑни за конÑÑмаÑоÑÑкиÑе ÑенноÑÑи. Ðа
Ñова Ñе използва ÑеÑминÑÑ âоÑвоÑен
-кодâ.</p>
-
-<p>Този подÑ
од може да ни доведе Ñамо
ÑаÑÑиÑно до ÑелÑа ни â ÑвободаÑа.
-ХоÑаÑа, коиÑо Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ
Ñамо заÑоÑо е Ñдобен, Ñе дÑÑÐ¶Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°
-него Ñамо доколкоÑо е Ñдобно. Ð Ñе нÑма да
Ð²Ð¸Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина да не ползваÑ
-Ñдобни ÑобÑÑвениÑеÑки пÑогÑами заедно Ñ
него.</p>
-
-<p>ФилоÑоÑиÑÑа на оÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð´ пÑедполага
и Ñе оÑнаÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ конÑÑмаÑоÑÑкиÑе
-ÑенноÑÑи, а Ñова ги заÑвÑÑждава и ÑÑилва.
ÐаÑова ние <a
-href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">не поддÑÑжаме
-âоÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð´â</a>.</p>
+<p><a href="/licenses/lgpl.html">The Lesser GPL</a>'s purpose is a compromise:
+we use it on certain chosen free libraries to permit their use in nonfree
+programs because we think that legally prohibiting this would only drive
+developers to proprietary libraries instead. We accept and install code in
+GNU programs to make them work together with common nonfree programs, and we
+document and publicize this in ways that encourage users of the latter to
+install the former, but not vice versa. We support specific campaigns we
+agree with, even when we don't fully agree with the groups behind them.</p>
+
+<p>But we reject certain compromises even though many others in our community
+are willing to make them. For instance, we <a
+href="/philosophy/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html"> endorse only
+the GNU/Linux distributions</a> that have policies not to include nonfree
+software or lead users to install it. To endorse nonfree distributions
+would be a <acronym title="ruinous (rū'ə-nəs) adj. 1. Causing
+or apt to cause ruin; destructive. 2. Falling to ruin; dilapidated or
+decayed.">ruinous</acronym> compromise.</p>
+
+<p>Compromises are ruinous if they would work against our aims in the long
+term. That can occur either at the level of ideas or at the level of
+actions.</p>
+
+<p>At the level of ideas, ruinous compromises are those that reinforce the
+premises we seek to change. Our goal is a world in which software users are
+free, but as yet most computer users do not even recognize freedom as an
+issue. They have taken up “consumer” values, which means they
+judge any program only on practical characteristics such as price and
+convenience.</p>
+
+<p>Dale Carnegie's classic self-help book, <cite>How to Win Friends and
+Influence People</cite>, advises that the most effective way to persuade
+someone to do something is to present arguments that appeal to his values.
+There are ways we can appeal to the consumer values typical in our society.
+For instance, free software obtained gratis can save the user money. Many
+free programs are convenient and reliable, too. Citing those practical
+benefits has succeeded in persuading many users to adopt various free
+programs, some of which are now quite successful.</p>
+
+<p>If getting more people to use some free programs is as far as you aim to go,
+you might decide to keep quiet about the concept of freedom, and focus only
+on the practical advantages that make sense in terms of consumer values.
+That's what the term “open source” and its associated rhetoric
+do.</p>
+
+<p>That approach can get us only part way to the goal of freedom. People who
+use free software only because it is convenient will stick with it only as
+long as it is convenient. And they will see no reason not to use convenient
+proprietary programs along with it.</p>
+
+<p>The philosophy of open source presupposes and appeals to consumer values,
+and this affirms and reinforces them. That's why we <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">do not support open
+source.</a></p>
<img src="/graphics/gnulaptop.png" alt="" style="float: right;" />
@@ -119,67 +115,61 @@
компÑомиÑа на Ðейл ÐаÑнеги, Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¹Ñо Ñе
повлиÑем на дейÑÑвиÑÑа на дÑÑгиÑе,
каÑо пÑиемем ÑеÑ
ниÑе конÑÑмаÑоÑÑки
ÑенноÑÑи.</p>
-<p>Това не ознаÑава, Ñе не може вÑобÑе да
ÑиÑиÑаме пÑакÑиÑеÑкиÑе пÑедимÑÑва.
-Ðие можем и ние го пÑавим. Това Ñе пÑевÑÑÑа
в пÑоблем, Ñамо когаÑо Ñ
оÑаÑа
-Ñе ÑокÑÑиÑÐ°Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑеÑкиÑе
пÑедимÑÑва Ñ ÑенаÑа на ÑвободаÑа или
-пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑе да пÑавÑÑ Ñака. Така Ñе,
когаÑо говоÑим за пÑакÑиÑеÑкиÑе
-пÑедимÑÑва на ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, ние ÑеÑÑо
повÑаÑÑме, Ñе Ñова Ñа
-<em>допÑлниÑелни, вÑоÑоÑÑепенни пÑиÑини</em>
Ñой да бÑде пÑедпоÑиÑан.</p>
-
-<p>Ðе е доÑÑаÑÑÑно да напÑавим наÑиÑе дÑми
да оÑговаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° идеалиÑе ни. ÐаÑиÑе
-дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ ÑÑÑбва ÑÑÑо да в ÑниÑон Ñ ÑÑÑ
.
ÐаÑова ние ÑÑÑбва да избÑгваме
-компÑомиÑи, коиÑо вклÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
легиÑимиÑÐ°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑаÑа, коиÑо Ñелим да
-ликвидиÑаме.</p>
-
-<p>ÐапÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑакÑикаÑа показва, Ñе можеÑе
да пÑивлеÑеÑе нÑкои поÑÑебиÑели кÑм
-<a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">GNU/ÐинÑкÑ</a>, ако
вклÑÑиÑе нÑкой
-неÑвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ. Това може да ознаÑава
ÑимпаÑиÑна неÑвободна пÑогÑама,
-коÑÑо Ñе Ñ
ване неÑие око или неÑвободна
плаÑÑоÑма за пÑогÑамиÑане каÑо <a
-href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">Ðжава</a> (веÑе е
Ñвободна), или
-поддÑÑжкаÑа за изпÑлнение на Flash (вÑе оÑе
не е Ñвободна), или неÑвободен
-дÑÐ°Ð¹Ð²ÐµÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑÑÑойÑÑва, койÑо поддÑÑжа
нÑкои модели на Ñ
аÑдÑеÑа.</p>
-
-<p>Тези компÑомиÑи Ñа изкÑÑиÑелни, но Ñе
Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑелÑа. Ðко
-ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанÑваÑе неÑвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
подвеждаÑе Ñ
оÑаÑа кÑм него, Ñе Ñе
-окаже ÑÑÑдно да кажеÑе: âÐеÑвободниÑÑ
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ðµ неÑпÑаведливоÑÑ, ÑоÑиален
-пÑоблем и ние ÑÑÑбва да го пÑекÑаÑимâ. Ð
доÑи да пÑодÑлжиÑе да казваÑе Ñези
-дÑми, делаÑа ви Ñе ги подкопаваÑ.</p>
-
-<p>ÐÑпÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑк не е дали Ñ
оÑаÑа ÑÑÑбва да
<em>Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð²ÑзможноÑÑ</em> или ÑÑÑбва
-да им Ñе <em>позволи</em> да инÑÑалиÑаÑ
неÑвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ â една ÑиÑÑема Ñ
-обÑо пÑедназнаÑение дава вÑзможноÑÑ Ð¸
позволÑва на поÑÑебиÑелиÑе Ñи да
-пÑавÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ²Ð¾Ñо пожелаÑÑ. ÐÑпÑоÑÑÑ Ðµ дали
наÑоÑваме поÑÑебиÑелиÑе кÑм
-неÑвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ. Ðакво Ñе пÑавÑÑ
ÑамоÑÑоÑÑелно Ñи е ÑÑÑ
на оÑговоÑноÑÑ,
-наÑа оÑговоÑноÑÑ Ðµ какво пÑавим за ÑÑÑ
и
кÑм какво ги наÑоÑваме. Ðие не
-ÑÑÑбва да ги наÑоÑваме кÑм ÑобÑÑвениÑеÑки
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð²Ñе едно е ÑеÑение, заÑоÑо
-ÑобÑÑвениÑеÑкиÑÑ ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ðµ пÑоблемÑÑ.</p>
-
-<p>Ðдин гибелен компÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸Ñ Ðµ не Ñамо лоÑо
влиÑние вÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑе. Той може ÑÑÑо
-и да пÑомени ваÑиÑе ÑенноÑÑи ÑÑез
когниÑивен диÑонанÑ. Ðко вÑÑваÑе в
-опÑеделени ÑенноÑÑи, но дейÑÑвиÑÑа ви
подÑÐºÐ°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´ÑÑги, пÑоÑивоÑеÑаÑи им
-ÑенноÑÑи, има веÑоÑÑноÑÑ Ð´Ð° пÑомениÑе
едниÑе или дÑÑгиÑе, за да ÑазÑеÑиÑе
-пÑоÑивоÑеÑиеÑо. Ðо Ñози наÑин пÑоекÑиÑе,
коиÑо Ñе обоÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñамо на
-пÑакÑиÑеÑкиÑе пÑедимÑÑва или наÑоÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ñ
оÑаÑа кÑм нÑкои неÑвободни пÑогÑами,
-поÑÑи винаги Ñе поÑвенÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ñи <em>да
кажаÑ</em>, Ñе неÑвободниÑÑ ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ðµ
-нееÑиÑен. Ðа ÑвоиÑе ÑÑаÑÑниÑи, какÑо и за
обÑеÑÑвоÑо, Ñе заÑвÑÑждаваÑ
-конÑÑмаÑоÑÑкиÑе ÑенноÑÑи. ТÑÑбва да оÑÑ
вÑÑлÑме Ñези компÑомиÑи, доÑи и за
-да запазим ÑенноÑÑиÑе Ñи непÑоменени.</p>
-
-<p>Ðко иÑкаÑе да пÑеминеÑе кÑм Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, без да компÑомеÑиÑаÑе
-ÑвободаÑа каÑо Ñел, обÑÑнеÑе Ñе кÑм <a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/resources";>ÑекÑиÑÑа на FSF за
ÑеÑÑÑÑи</a>. ТÑ
-избÑоÑва конÑигÑÑаÑии на Ñ
аÑдÑÐµÑ Ð¸
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, коиÑо ÑабоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ñвободен
-ÑоÑÑÑеÑ; <a href="/distros">изÑÑло Ñвободни
диÑÑÑибÑÑии на GNU/ÐинÑкÑ</a>,
-коиÑо да инÑÑалиÑаÑе; какÑо и Ñ
илÑди
пакеÑи Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, коиÑо ÑабоÑÑÑ
-в ÑÑопÑоÑенÑово Ñвободно обкÑÑжение. Ðко
иÑкаÑе да помогнеÑе обÑноÑÑÑа да
-оÑÑане на пÑÑÑ ÐºÑм ÑвободаÑа, един важен
наÑин за Ñова е пÑблиÑно да
-подкÑепиÑе гÑажданÑкиÑе ÑенноÑÑи. ÐогаÑо Ñ
оÑаÑа обÑÑÐ¶Ð´Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ðµ e добÑо или
-лоÑо, поÑоÑвайÑе ÑенноÑÑиÑе на ÑвободаÑа и
обÑноÑÑÑа и Ñе оÑновавайÑе на
-ÑÑÑ
.</p>
-
-<p>ÐÑма ÑмиÑÑл да вÑÑвим по-бÑÑзо каÑо
поемем по гÑеÑÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÑ. ÐомпÑомиÑÑÑ Ðµ
-ÑÑÑеÑÑвен за поÑÑиганеÑо на по-голÑма Ñел,
но Ñе пазеÑе Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑомиÑи, коиÑо
-оÑклонÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÑелÑа.</p>
+<p>This is not to say we cannot cite practical advantage at all—we can
+and we do. It becomes a problem only when the practical advantage steals
+the scene and pushes freedom into the background. Therefore, when we cite
+the practical advantages of free software, we reiterate frequently that
+those are just <em>additional, secondary reasons</em> to prefer it.</p>
+
+<p>It's not enough to make our words accord with our ideals; our actions have
+to accord with them too. So we must also avoid compromises that involve
+doing or legitimizing the things we aim to stamp out.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, experience shows that you can attract some users to <a
+href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">GNU/Linux</a> if you include some nonfree
+programs. This could mean a cute nonfree application that will catch some
+user's eye, or a nonfree programming platform such as <a
+href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">Java</a> (formerly) or the Flash runtime
+(still), or a nonfree device driver that enables support for certain
+hardware models.</p>
+
+<p>These compromises are tempting, but they undermine the goal. If you
+distribute nonfree software, or steer people towards it, you will find it
+hard to say, “Nonfree software is an injustice, a social problem, and
+we must put an end to it.” And even if you do continue to say those
+words, your actions will undermine them.</p>
+
+<p>The issue here is not whether people should be <em>able</em> or
+<em>allowed</em> to install nonfree software; a general-purpose system
+enables and allows users to do whatever they wish. The issue is whether we
+guide users towards nonfree software. What they do on their own is their
+responsibility; what we do for them, and what we direct them towards, is
+ours. We must not direct the users towards proprietary software as if it
+were a solution, because proprietary software is the problem.</p>
+
+<p>A ruinous compromise is not just a bad influence on others. It can distort
+your own values, too, through cognitive dissonance. If you have certain
+values, but your actions imply other, conflicting values, you are likely to
+change your values or your actions so as to resolve the contradiction.
+Thus, projects that argue only from practical advantages, or direct people
+toward some nonfree software, nearly always shy away from even
+<em>suggesting</em> that nonfree software is unethical. For their
+participants, as well as for the public, they reinforce consumer values. We
+must reject these compromises if we wish to keep our values straight.</p>
+
+<p>If you want to move to free software without compromising the goal of
+freedom, look at <a href="http://www.fsf.org/resources";>the FSF's resources
+area</a>. It lists hardware and machine configurations that work with free
+software, <a href="/distros"> totally free GNU/Linux distros</a> to install,
+and thousands of free software packages that work in a 100 percent free
+software environment. If you want to help the community stay on the road to
+freedom, one important way is to publicly uphold citizen values. When
+people are discussing what is good or bad, or what to do, cite the values of
+freedom and community and argue from them.</p>
+
+<p>A road that lets you go faster is no improvement if it leads to the wrong
+place. Compromise is essential to achieve an ambitious goal, but beware of
+compromises that lead away from the goal.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -204,8 +194,8 @@
на Ñази ÑÑаÑиÑ.
</p>
-<p>ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 2008 <a
href="http://www.stallman.org/";>РиÑаÑд
-СÑолман</a></p>
+<p>Copyright © 2008, 2009 <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
+Stallman</a>.</p>
<p>РиÑаÑд СÑолман е оÑноваÑелÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ФондаÑиÑÑа за Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ. Ðоже да
копиÑаÑе и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанÑваÑе Ñази ÑÑаÑиÑ
ÑпоÑед ÑÑловиÑÑа на <a rel="license"
@@ -246,7 +236,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2009/08/11 08:25:39 $
+$Date: 2009/10/27 08:26:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -277,6 +267,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
+<!-- Greek -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: philosophy/compromise.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/compromise.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/compromise.es.html 11 Aug 2009 08:25:39 -0000 1.9
+++ philosophy/compromise.es.html 27 Oct 2009 08:26:12 -0000 1.10
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
<div style="float: right; font-size: 90%; width: 30em; margin: 1em;
background-color: #ececec; padding: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em;
margin-top: 4em;"><p><em>«Hace veinticinco años, <a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.es.html">el
-27 de septiembre de 1983</a>, anuncié un plan para crear un sistema
+27 de septiembre de 1983, anuncié un plan</a> para crear un sistema
operativo completamente libre llamado GNU, donde GNU significa «GNU no es
Unix». Como parte del 25º aniversario del sistema GNU, he escrito este
artÃculo acerca cómo nuestra comunidad puede evitar compromisos
@@ -27,35 +27,33 @@
<p>El movimiento de software libre busca un cambio social: <a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">hacer que todo el software sea libre</a>
-para que todos los usuarios de software sean libres, y puedan ser parte de
-una comunidad de cooperación. Cada programa que no es libre le da a su
+para que todos los usuarios de software sean libres, y puedan formar parte
+de una comunidad de cooperación. Cada programa que no es libre le da a su
desarrollador un poder injusto sobre los usuarios. Nuestra meta es poner un
fin a esa injusticia.</p>
<p>El camino a la libertad es <a
href="http://www.fsf.org/bulletin/2008/spring/the-last-mile-is-always-the-hardest/";>un
-largo camino</a>. Recorrerlo, para alcanzar un mundo en el que sea normal
-para los usuarios de software tener libertad, costará muchos pasos y muchos
-años. Algunos de estos pasos son difÃciles, y requieren sacrificio. Algunos
-pasos resultan más fáciles si realizamos compromisos con gente que tenga
-diferentes objetivos.</p>
-
-
+largo camino</a>. Costará andar mucho y muchos años para alcanzar un mundo
+en el que sea normal para los usuarios de software tener libertad. Algunos
+de estos pasos son difÃciles, y requieren sacrificio. Algunos pasos resultan
+más fáciles si realizamos compromisos con gente que tenga diferentes
+objetivos.</p>
<p>De este modo, la <a href="http://www.fsf.org/"; lang="en">Free Software
Foundation</a> realiza compromisos, incluso de los importantes. Por ejemplo;
-en las previsiones sobre patentes de la tercera versión de la <a
-href="/licenses/gpl.html">General Public License de GNU</a>, nos
-comprometimos para que las grandes compañÃas contribuyan y distribuyan
-software cubierto por la GPLv3, y de ese modo, traer algunas patentes bajo
-los efectos de estas previsiones. </p>
+nos comprometimos en las previsiones sobre patentes de la tercera versión de
+la <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">General Public License de GNU</a>, para que
+las grandes compañÃas contribuyan y distribuyan software cubierto por la
+GPLv3, y de ese modo, traer algunas patentes bajo los efectos de estas
+previsiones. </p>
<img src="/graphics/gplv3-large.png" alt="" style="float: left;" />
<p>El propósito de la <a href="/licenses/lgpl.html">GPL reducida</a> es un
compromiso: la usamos en ciertas librerÃas libres seleccionadas para
permitir su uso en programas que no son libres; porque pensamos que
-prohibirlo legalmente sólo llevarÃa a los desarrolladores a usar librerÃas
+prohibirlo legalmente sólo llevarÃa a los programadores a usar librerÃas
privativas en su lugar. Aceptamos y añadimos código en programas de GNU para
hacer que trabajen conjuntamente con programas comunes que no son libres. Y
documentamos y lo hacemos público, de manera que impulsen a los usuarios de
@@ -69,9 +67,11 @@
recomendamos las distribuciones de GNU/Linux</a> que tengan polÃticas para
no incluir software que no sea libre, y que no guÃen a sus usuarios a
instalarlo. Aconsejar distribuciones que no son libres serÃa un compromiso
-ruinoso.</p>
+<acronym title="ruinoso, sa. (Del lat. ruinÅsus). 1. adj. Que se empieza a
+arruinar o amenaza ruina. 2. adj. Pequeño, desmedrado y que no puede
+aprovecharse. 3. adj. Que arruina y destruye.">ruinoso</acronym>.</p>
-<p>Los compromisos son ruinosos si podrÃan trabajar en contra de nuestros
+<p>Los compromisos son ruinosos si pudiesen trabajar en contra de nuestros
objetivos a largo plazo. Eso puede ocurrir a de un modo conceptual o en la
práctica.</p>
@@ -86,22 +86,22 @@
<p>Un famoso libro de autoayuda de Dale Carnegie, <cite>How to Win Friends and
Influence People (Cómo ganar amigos e influenciar personas)</cite>, aconseja
que la manera más efectiva para persuadir a alguien para que haga algo es
-presentar argumentos que le resulten atractivas de acuerdo a sus
+presentar argumentos que le resulten atractivos de acuerdo a sus
valores. Hay métodos que pueden atraer a los valores tÃpicos de consumidor
de nuestra sociedad. Por ejemplo, el software libre obtenido gratuitamente
puede ahorrar dinero al usuario; además muchos programas de software libre
también son adecuados y confiables. Citar esos beneficios prácticos ha
tenido éxito en persuadir a muchos usuarios para que adopten varios
-programas libres, algunos de los cuales ahora tienen bastante exito.</p>
+programas libres, algunos de los cuales ahora tienen bastante éxito.</p>
<p>Si lo más lejos a lo que quiere llegar es conseguir que más gente use
programas libres, puede decidir mantenerse callado en la cuestión de la
libertad, centrándose únicamente en las ventajas prácticas que los valores
de consumidor puedan comprender. Esto es para lo que se usa el término «open
-source».</p>
+source» y su retórica.</p>
-<p>Ese enfoque sólo nos puede llevar a parte del camino que lleva a la meta de
-la libertad. Las personas que usan software libre sólo porque les es
+<p>Ese enfoque sólo nos puede llevar a recorrer parte del camino que lleva a
la
+meta de la libertad. Las personas que usan software libre sólo porque les es
conveniente, se quedarán con él sólo mientras les sea conveniente. Y no
verán razón para no usar programas privativos que les sean convenientes
junto con los primeros.</p>
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@
<p>Estos compromisos son tentadores, pero desprecian el objetivo. Si uno
distribuye software que no es libre, o dirige a la gente en torno a él,
-econtrará difÃcil decir «el software que no es libre es una injusticia, un
+encontrará difÃcil decir «el software que no es libre es una injusticia, un
problema social y debemos ponerle fin». Incluso si realmente dice estas
palabras, sus acciones las desmentirán.</p>
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
tÃmidos de, incluso, <em>sugerir</em> que el software que no es libre no es
ético. Para sus participantes, asà como para el público, refuerzan valores
de consumidor. Debemos rechazar estos compromisos para mantener rectos
-nuestros valores. â©â© </p>
+nuestros valores.</p>
<p>Si quiere pasarse a software libre sin comprometer el objetivo de la
libertad, vea el <a href="http://www.fsf.org/resources";>área de recursos de
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
discute qué es bueno o malo, o qué hacer, cite los valores de la libertad y
la comunidad y argumente desde ellos.</p>
-<p>No tiene sentido ir más rapido si se toma el camino equivocado. El
+<p>No tiene sentido ir más rápido si se toma el camino equivocado. El
compromiso es esencial para alcanzar un gran objetivo, pero debemos estar
atentos a los compromisos que nos alejan de lo que se quiere alcanzar.</p>
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@
español de GNU</a>.â©â©
</p>
-<p>â©Copyright © 2008 <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
+<p>Copyright © 2008, 2009 <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a>.</p>
<p>Richard Stallman fundó la Free Software Foundation. Puede copiar y
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2009/08/11 08:25:39 $
+$Date: 2009/10/27 08:26:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -286,6 +286,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
+<!-- Greek -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: philosophy/compromise.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/compromise.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/compromise.fr.html 11 Aug 2009 08:25:39 -0000 1.2
+++ philosophy/compromise.fr.html 27 Oct 2009 08:26:12 -0000 1.3
@@ -9,111 +9,96 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
<div style="float: right; font-size: 90%; width: 30em; margin: 1em;
background-color: #ececec; padding: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em;
-margin-top: 4em;"><p><em>« Vingt cinq ans plus tôt<a
-href="/gnu/initial-announcement.fr.html"> le 27 septembre 1983, j'annonçais
-un projet</a> visant à créer un système d'exploitation totalement libre,
-appelé GNU — pour « GNU is not Unix ». Dans le cadre du 25e
-anniversaire du système GNU, j'ai écrit cet article au sujet de la manière
-dont notre communauté peut éviter les compromis ruineux. En plus d'éviter
-ces compromis ruineux, il y a plein de façons pour <a
-href="/help/help.fr.html">aider le projet GNU</a> et le logiciel libre. Une
-action simple est de <a
-href="https://www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom/join_fsf?referrer=4052";>rejoindre
-la Fondation pour le logiciel libre</a> en tant que Membre associé »
-</em> — <b>Richard Stallman</b></p></div>
+margin-top: 4em;"><p><em>“Twenty-five years ago <a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">on
+September 27, 1983, I announced a plan</a> to create a completely free
+operating system called GNU—for ‘GNU is not Unix’. As
+part of the 25th anniversary of the GNU system, I have written this article
+on how our community can avoid ruinous compromises. In addition to avoiding
+such compromises, there are many ways you can <a href="/help/">help GNU</a>
+and free software. One basic way is to <a
+href="https://www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom/join_fsf?referrer=4052";>
+join the Free Software Foundation</a> as an Associate
+Member.”</em>—<b>Richard Stallman</b></p></div>
<h2>Ãviter les compromis ruineux</h2>
<p>par <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
-<p>Le mouvement pour le logiciel libre vise un changement social : <a
-href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">rendre tous les logiciels libres</a> afin
-que tous les utilisateurs de logiciels soient libres et puissent faire
-partie d'une communauté de coopération. Chaque logiciel non libre procure Ã
-son développeur un pouvoir injuste sur les utilisateurs. Notre but est de
-mettre fin à cette injustice.</p>
-
-<p>La route vers la liberté est <a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/bulletin/2008/spring/the-last-mile-is-always-the-hardest/";>une
-longue route</a>. Cela va nécessiter de nombreuses étapes et de nombreuses
-années pour arriver à un monde dans lequel il serait normal que les
-utilisateurs de logiciels aient leur liberté. Quelques-unes de ces étapes
-sont difficiles, et requièrent un sacrifice. Quelques étapes deviennent plus
-faciles si nous faisons des compromis avec des personnes qui ont des buts
-différents.</p>
-
-
-
-<p>Par conséquent, la <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Fondation pour le logiciel
-libre</a> fait des compromis — des compromis majeurs même. Par
-exemple, nous faisons des compromis dans les dispositions en matière de
-brevet dans la version 3 de la <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">Licence publique
-générale GNU</a>, de façon à ce que d'importantes compagnies puissent
-contribuer et distribuer des logiciels sous licence GPLv3 et donc apporter
-quelques brevets sous l'effet de ces dispositions. </p>
+<p>The free software movement aims for a social change: <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">to make all software free</a> so that all
+software users are free and can be part of a community of cooperation.
+Every nonfree program gives its developer unjust power over the users. Our
+goal is to put an end to that injustice.</p>
+
+<p>The road to freedom is <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/bulletin/2008/spring/the-last-mile-is-always-the-hardest/";>
+a long road</a>. It will take many steps and many years to reach a world in
+which it is normal for software users to have freedom. Some of these steps
+are hard, and require sacrifice. Some of them become easier if we make
+compromises with people that have different goals.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a> makes
+compromises—even major ones. For instance, we made compromises in the
+patent provisions of version 3 of the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU
+General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) so that major companies would
+contribute to and distribute GPLv3-covered software and thus bring some
+patents under the effect of these provisions. </p>
<img src="/graphics/gplv3-large.png" alt="" style="float: left;" />
-<p>L'objet de la licence <a href="/licenses/lgpl.html">Lesser GPL</a> est un
-compromis : elle est utilisée pour certaines bibliothèques libres pour
-permettre leur usage dans des programmes non libres, parce que nous pensons
-qu'interdire cet usage conduirait les développeurs à utiliser des
-bibliothèques propriétaires. Nous acceptons et intégrons du code dans les
-programmes GNU pour les faire fonctionner avec des programmes non libres
-courants, et nous le documentons et le faisons connaître dans le but
-d'encourager les utilisateurs de ces derniers à installer les premiers, et
-non l'inverse. Nous appuyons des campagnes spécifiques avec lesquelles nous
-sommes en accord même lorsque nous ne sommes pas entièrement d'accord avec
-les groupes derrière elles.</p>
-
-<p>Mais nous rejetons certains compromis bien que beaucoup d'autres dans notre
-communauté voudraient le faire. Par exemple, nous <a
-href="/philosophy/free-system-distribution-guidelines.fr.html">soutenons
-uniquement les distributions GNU/Linux</a> qui ont des politiques de non
-inclusion de logiciels non libres ou qui n'encouragent pas les utilisateurs
-Ã en installer. Soutenir les distributions non libres serait un compromis <a
-href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/ruineux";>ruineux</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Les compromis sont ruineux s'ils peuvent Åuvrer contre nos buts sur le long
-terme. Ceci peut se produire au niveau des idées ou au niveau des actions.</p>
-
-<p>Au niveau des idées, les compromis ruineux sont ceux qui renforcent les
-principes que nous cherchons à changer. Notre but est un monde dans lequel
-les utilisateurs de logiciels soient libres, bien que la plupart des
-utilisateurs d'ordinateur ne considèrent pas la liberté comme un
-problème. Ils n'ont pris en considération que les valeurs de
-« consommation », ce qui veut dire qu'ils ne jugent chaque
-programme qu'en fonction de certaines caractéristiques, telles que le prix
-et la commodité.</p>
-
-<p>Le fameux livre de développement personnel de Dale Carnegie, <cite>Comment
-se faire des amis et influencer les gens</cite>, informe que la façon la
-plus efficace de persuader quelqu'un de faire quelque chose est de présenter
-des arguments qui font appel à ses valeurs. Il existe des moyens pour faire
-appel aux valeurs de consommation typiques dans notre société. Par exemple,
-un logiciel libre obtenu gratuitement préserve l'argent de
-l'utilisateur. Beaucoup de programmes libres sont, aussi pratiques et
-fiables. Citer ces avantages pratiques a permis de convaincre beaucoup
-d'utilisateurs d'adopter divers programmes libres, parmi lesquels certains
-ont obtenu un grand succès.</p>
-
-<p>Si vous ne voulez pas aller au-delà de convaincre des personnes d'utiliser
-des logiciels libres, vous pouvez décider de rester discret sur le concept
-de liberté, et vous concentrez uniquement sur les avantages pratiques des
-valeurs de consommation. C'est pour ce cas que le terme « open
-source » est utilisé.</p>
-
-<p>Cette approche ne peut nous amener qu'à mi-chemin de la liberté. Les
-personnes qui utilisent des logiciels libres seulement parce qu'ils sont
-pratiques continueront de les utiliser aussi longtemps qu'ils resteront
-pratiques. Et ils ne verraient aucune raison de ne pas utiliser des
-programmes propriétaires en même temps.</p>
-
-<p>La philosophie du « mouvement open source » présuppose et
lance un
-appel aux valeurs de consommation, et ceci les valident et les
-renforce. C'est pourquoi nous <a
-href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html">ne soutenons pas
-l'« open source »</a>.</p>
+<p><a href="/licenses/lgpl.html">The Lesser GPL</a>'s purpose is a compromise:
+we use it on certain chosen free libraries to permit their use in nonfree
+programs because we think that legally prohibiting this would only drive
+developers to proprietary libraries instead. We accept and install code in
+GNU programs to make them work together with common nonfree programs, and we
+document and publicize this in ways that encourage users of the latter to
+install the former, but not vice versa. We support specific campaigns we
+agree with, even when we don't fully agree with the groups behind them.</p>
+
+<p>But we reject certain compromises even though many others in our community
+are willing to make them. For instance, we <a
+href="/philosophy/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html"> endorse only
+the GNU/Linux distributions</a> that have policies not to include nonfree
+software or lead users to install it. To endorse nonfree distributions
+would be a <acronym title="ruinous (rū'ə-nəs) adj. 1. Causing
+or apt to cause ruin; destructive. 2. Falling to ruin; dilapidated or
+decayed.">ruinous</acronym> compromise.</p>
+
+<p>Compromises are ruinous if they would work against our aims in the long
+term. That can occur either at the level of ideas or at the level of
+actions.</p>
+
+<p>At the level of ideas, ruinous compromises are those that reinforce the
+premises we seek to change. Our goal is a world in which software users are
+free, but as yet most computer users do not even recognize freedom as an
+issue. They have taken up “consumer” values, which means they
+judge any program only on practical characteristics such as price and
+convenience.</p>
+
+<p>Dale Carnegie's classic self-help book, <cite>How to Win Friends and
+Influence People</cite>, advises that the most effective way to persuade
+someone to do something is to present arguments that appeal to his values.
+There are ways we can appeal to the consumer values typical in our society.
+For instance, free software obtained gratis can save the user money. Many
+free programs are convenient and reliable, too. Citing those practical
+benefits has succeeded in persuading many users to adopt various free
+programs, some of which are now quite successful.</p>
+
+<p>If getting more people to use some free programs is as far as you aim to go,
+you might decide to keep quiet about the concept of freedom, and focus only
+on the practical advantages that make sense in terms of consumer values.
+That's what the term “open source” and its associated rhetoric
+do.</p>
+
+<p>That approach can get us only part way to the goal of freedom. People who
+use free software only because it is convenient will stick with it only as
+long as it is convenient. And they will see no reason not to use convenient
+proprietary programs along with it.</p>
+
+<p>The philosophy of open source presupposes and appeals to consumer values,
+and this affirms and reinforces them. That's why we <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">do not support open
+source.</a></p>
<img src="/graphics/gnulaptop.png" alt="" style="float: right;" />
@@ -131,72 +116,61 @@
compromis décrit par Dale Carnegie qui influencerait leurs actions en
encourageant leurs valeurs de consommation.</p>
-<p>Cela ne veut pas dire qu'on ne peut pas invoquer l'avantage pratique du
-tout. Nous le pouvons et nous faisons. Cela devient un problème seulement
-quand les personnes se focalisent sur des avantages de commodité au
-détriment de la liberté, ou suggèrent aux autres cette idée. Alors, quand
-nous citons les avantages pratiques des logiciels libres, nous rappelons
-fréquemment que ceux-ci sont juste <em>des raisons additionnelles
-secondaires</em> pour préférer les logiciels libres. </p>
-
-<p>Il ne suffit pas que nos mots soient en accord avec nos idées. Nos actions
-doivent l'être aussi. Ainsi nous devons aussi éviter les compromis qui
-impliquent de faire ou de légitimer des choses que nous avons pour objectif
-d'éradiquer.</p>
-
-<p>Par exemple, l'expérience montre que vous pouvez attirer quelques
-utilisateurs vers <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.fr.html">GNU/Linux</a> si vous
-incluez quelques programmes non libres. Ceci pourrait vouloir dire une belle
-application non libre qui attire le regard de l'utilisateur, ou une
-plate-forme de développement (anciennement) non libre telle que <a
-href="/philosophy/java-trap.fr.html">Java</a> ou la technologie (encore non
-libre) Flash, ou un pilote de périphérique non libre qui permet le support
-de certains matériels.</p>
-
-<p>Ces compromis sont tentants, mais ils sapent l'objectif. Si vous distribuez
-un logiciel non libre, ou orientez les personnes vers le non libre, vous
-trouverez difficile de dire « Les logiciels non libres sont une
-injustice, un problème social, et nous devons y mettre un terme ». Et
-même si vous continuez de prononcer ces paroles, vos actions les saperont.</p>
-
-<p>La question ici n'est pas de savoir si les utilisateurs devraient être
-<em>capables</em> ou <em>autorisés</em> à installer des logiciels non
-libres ; un système généraliste permet et autorise les utilisateurs Ã
-faire ce qu'ils veulent. La question est de savoir si nous guidons les
-utilisateurs vers les logiciels non libres. Ce qu'ils font est de leur
-propre responsabilité ; ce que nous faisons pour eux et ce vers quoi
-nous les dirigeons, sont de notre responsabilité. Nous ne devons pas diriger
-les utilisateurs vers des logiciels propriétaires comme s'il s'agissait
-d'une solution, parce que les logiciels propriétaires sont le problème.</p>
-
-<p>Un compromis ruineux n'a pas seulement une mauvaise influence sur les
-autres. Il peut changer aussi vos propres valeurs, par le biais de
-dissonances cognitives. Si vous croyez en certaines valeurs, mais que vos
-actions impliquent d'autres valeurs conflictuelles, vous êtes enclin Ã
-changer les unes ou les autres afin de résoudre cette contradiction. Ainsi,
-des projets qui défendent seulement les avantages pratiques, ou dirigent les
-personnes vers des logiciels non libres, ont presque toujours peur de
-<em>suggérer</em> que les logiciels non libres sont contraire Ã
-l'éthique. Pour leurs participants, aussi bien que pour le public, ils
-renforcent les valeurs de consommation. Nous devons rejeter ces compromis
-afin de garder la droiture de nos valeurs.</p>
-
-<p>Si vous voulez migrer vers le logiciel libre sans compromettre votre but de
-liberté, consultez la <a href="http://www.fsf.org/resources";>page des
-ressources de la FSF</a>. Vous y trouverez la liste du matériel et des
-ordinateurs qui fonctionnent avec des logiciels libres, <a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/distros/distros.fr.html";>des distributions
-GNU/Linux totalement libres</a> Ã installer, et quelques milliers de
-logiciels libres qui fonctionnent dans un environnement 100% libre. Si vous
-voulez aider la communauté à rester sur le chemin de la liberté, une chose
-importante est de défendre publiquement des valeurs citoyennes. Quand des
-personnes discutent de ce qui est bien ou mal, ou se demandent quoi faire,
-citez les valeurs de liberté et de communauté et argumentez en vous appuyant
-sur elles.</p>
-
-<p>Il ne sert à rien d'aller plus vite en prenant la mauvaise voie. Les
-compromis sont essentiels pour atteindre un grand objectif, mais il faut
-faire attention à ce que ces compromis n'éloignent pas du but Ã
atteindre.</p>
+<p>This is not to say we cannot cite practical advantage at all—we can
+and we do. It becomes a problem only when the practical advantage steals
+the scene and pushes freedom into the background. Therefore, when we cite
+the practical advantages of free software, we reiterate frequently that
+those are just <em>additional, secondary reasons</em> to prefer it.</p>
+
+<p>It's not enough to make our words accord with our ideals; our actions have
+to accord with them too. So we must also avoid compromises that involve
+doing or legitimizing the things we aim to stamp out.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, experience shows that you can attract some users to <a
+href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">GNU/Linux</a> if you include some nonfree
+programs. This could mean a cute nonfree application that will catch some
+user's eye, or a nonfree programming platform such as <a
+href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">Java</a> (formerly) or the Flash runtime
+(still), or a nonfree device driver that enables support for certain
+hardware models.</p>
+
+<p>These compromises are tempting, but they undermine the goal. If you
+distribute nonfree software, or steer people towards it, you will find it
+hard to say, “Nonfree software is an injustice, a social problem, and
+we must put an end to it.” And even if you do continue to say those
+words, your actions will undermine them.</p>
+
+<p>The issue here is not whether people should be <em>able</em> or
+<em>allowed</em> to install nonfree software; a general-purpose system
+enables and allows users to do whatever they wish. The issue is whether we
+guide users towards nonfree software. What they do on their own is their
+responsibility; what we do for them, and what we direct them towards, is
+ours. We must not direct the users towards proprietary software as if it
+were a solution, because proprietary software is the problem.</p>
+
+<p>A ruinous compromise is not just a bad influence on others. It can distort
+your own values, too, through cognitive dissonance. If you have certain
+values, but your actions imply other, conflicting values, you are likely to
+change your values or your actions so as to resolve the contradiction.
+Thus, projects that argue only from practical advantages, or direct people
+toward some nonfree software, nearly always shy away from even
+<em>suggesting</em> that nonfree software is unethical. For their
+participants, as well as for the public, they reinforce consumer values. We
+must reject these compromises if we wish to keep our values straight.</p>
+
+<p>If you want to move to free software without compromising the goal of
+freedom, look at <a href="http://www.fsf.org/resources";>the FSF's resources
+area</a>. It lists hardware and machine configurations that work with free
+software, <a href="/distros"> totally free GNU/Linux distros</a> to install,
+and thousands of free software packages that work in a 100 percent free
+software environment. If you want to help the community stay on the road to
+freedom, one important way is to publicly uphold citizen values. When
+people are discussing what is good or bad, or what to do, cite the values of
+freedom and community and argue from them.</p>
+
+<p>A road that lets you go faster is no improvement if it leads to the wrong
+place. Compromise is essential to achieve an ambitious goal, but beware of
+compromises that lead away from the goal.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -222,7 +196,7 @@
de traductions de cet article.
</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2008 <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
+<p>Copyright © 2008, 2009 <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a>.</p>
<p>Richard Stallman est le fondateur de Fondation pour le logiciel libre. Vous
@@ -258,7 +232,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2009/08/11 08:25:39 $
+$Date: 2009/10/27 08:26:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -289,6 +263,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
+<!-- Greek -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: philosophy/compromise.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/compromise.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- philosophy/compromise.ml.html 11 Aug 2009 08:25:39 -0000 1.7
+++ philosophy/compromise.ml.html 27 Oct 2009 08:26:12 -0000 1.8
@@ -9,111 +9,96 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ml.html" -->
<div style="float: right; font-size: 90%; width: 30em; margin: 1em;
background-color: #ececec; padding: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em;
-margin-top: 4em;"><p><em>“à´à´°àµà´ªà´¤àµà´¤à´àµà´àµ
വരàµâà´·à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ à´®àµà´®àµà´ªàµàµ <a
-href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html"> 1983
à´¸àµà´ªàµà´±àµà´±à´à´¬à´±à´¿à´²àµâ,</a> GNU —
-for ‘GNU is not Unix’ à´à´¨àµà´¨ à´à´°àµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´° à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´
à´¸à´à´µà´¿à´§à´¾à´¨à´
-à´à´£àµà´à´¾à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³ à´¸à´à´°à´à´à´ à´à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´ªàµà´°à´àµà´¯à´¾à´ªà´¿à´àµà´àµ. à´àµà´¨àµ
സിസàµà´±àµà´±à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ 25-ാമതàµ
-വാരàµâà´·à´¿à´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ നമàµà´®àµà´àµ
à´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¯àµà´® à´à´àµà´à´¨àµ à´
à´ªà´à´à´à´°à´®à´¾à´¯
വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµâ
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à´à´¾à´¨àµà´°àµ
à´²àµà´à´¨à´®àµà´´àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´àµà´àµà´à´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ.
à´à´¤àµà´¤à´°à´
-വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµâ
à´à´´à´¿à´µà´¾à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´ªà´°à´¿à´¯à´¾à´¯à´¿,
നിà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ à´àµà´¨àµà´µà´¿à´¨àµà´¯àµà´
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´¨àµà´¯àµà´ <a
href="/help">സഹായിയàµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ</a> പല
-വഴിà´à´³àµà´®àµà´£àµà´àµàµ. à´
à´à´¿à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´¨à´ªà´°à´®à´¾à´¯ à´à´°àµ വഴി, <a
-href="https://www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom/join_fsf?referrer=4052";>à´«àµà´°àµ
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´«àµà´£àµà´àµà´·à´¨à´¿à´²àµâ à´
à´¸àµà´¸àµà´¸à´¿à´¯àµà´±àµà´±àµ à´
à´à´à´ à´à´µàµà´</a>
-à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ.”</em>—
<b>റിà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâà´¡àµ
à´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâമാനàµâ</b></p></div>
+margin-top: 4em;"><p><em>“Twenty-five years ago <a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">on
+September 27, 1983, I announced a plan</a> to create a completely free
+operating system called GNU—for ‘GNU is not Unix’. As
+part of the 25th anniversary of the GNU system, I have written this article
+on how our community can avoid ruinous compromises. In addition to avoiding
+such compromises, there are many ways you can <a href="/help/">help GNU</a>
+and free software. One basic way is to <a
+href="https://www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom/join_fsf?referrer=4052";>
+join the Free Software Foundation</a> as an Associate
+Member.”</em>—<b>Richard Stallman</b></p></div>
<h2>à´¦àµà´·à´à´°à´®à´¾à´¯ വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµ
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-വയàµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ.
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à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´.</p>
-
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<a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/bulletin/2008/spring/the-last-mile-is-always-the-hardest/";>വഴി
-à´¦àµà´°àµâà´àµà´¯à´®àµà´±à´¿à´¯à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ</a>.
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
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സാà´àµà´·à´¾à´¤àµà´à´°à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ, നിരവധി
à´à´à´®àµà´ªà´à´³àµà´
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-
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-<p>à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´£àµà´àµ തനàµà´¨àµ <a
href="http://www.fsf.org/";>à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
-à´ªàµà´°à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´¨à´</a> വിà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµâ
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ,— പലപàµà´ªàµà´´àµà´ വലിയ
-വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµâ.
à´à´¦à´¾à´¹à´°à´£à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ <a
href="/licenses/gpl.html">à´àµà´¨àµ à´ªàµà´¤àµ à´
à´¨àµà´®à´¤à´¿
-പതàµà´°à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ</a> à´®àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´
പതിപàµà´ªà´¿à´²àµâ à´ªàµà´±àµà´±à´¨àµà´±à´¿à´¨àµ
à´¸à´à´¬à´¨àµà´§à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ à´à´¿à´²
-വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµâ
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´à´¯àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´¯à´¿.വലിയ
à´à´®àµà´ªà´¨à´¿à´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ GPLv3
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´àµà´àµàµ
à´¸à´à´à´¾à´µà´¨à´à´³àµâ നലàµâà´à´¾à´¨àµà´ à´
വയàµ
വിതരണഠà´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´¾à´¨àµà´
-സാധàµà´¯à´®à´¾à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨à´¾à´¯àµà´°àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ
à´à´¤àµàµ. à´
à´¤àµà´µà´´à´¿ à´à´¿à´² à´ªàµà´±àµà´±à´¨àµà´±àµà´à´³àµ
à´à´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ à´àµà´´à´¿à´²àµâ
-à´àµà´£àµà´àµà´µà´°à´¾à´¨àµà´. </p>
+<p>The free software movement aims for a social change: <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">to make all software free</a> so that all
+software users are free and can be part of a community of cooperation.
+Every nonfree program gives its developer unjust power over the users. Our
+goal is to put an end to that injustice.</p>
+
+<p>The road to freedom is <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/bulletin/2008/spring/the-last-mile-is-always-the-hardest/";>
+a long road</a>. It will take many steps and many years to reach a world in
+which it is normal for software users to have freedom. Some of these steps
+are hard, and require sacrifice. Some of them become easier if we make
+compromises with people that have different goals.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a> makes
+compromises—even major ones. For instance, we made compromises in the
+patent provisions of version 3 of the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU
+General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) so that major companies would
+contribute to and distribute GPLv3-covered software and thus bring some
+patents under the effect of these provisions. </p>
<img src="/graphics/gplv3-large.png" alt="" style="float: left;" />
-<p><a href="/licenses/lgpl.html">Lesser GPL</a> à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´µàµà´ à´à´°àµ
-വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´¤à´¨àµà´¨àµà´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ:
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ
തിരà´àµà´àµà´àµà´àµà´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´
-à´à´¿à´² à´²àµà´¬àµà´°à´±à´¿à´à´³àµâ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ à´
à´¨àµà´®à´¤à´¿
നലàµâà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ
-à´à´¤àµà´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.നിയമപരമായി
à´à´¤àµ à´¤à´à´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´°à´à´¯à´¿à´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµ
-à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´ à´²àµà´¬àµà´°à´±à´¿à´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´àµà´àµ
à´à´à´°àµâà´·à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£à´¿à´¤à´¿à´¨àµ
à´à´¾à´°à´£à´. à´
റിയപàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨,
-à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤ മറàµà´±àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´à´¨àµà´¸àµà´¤à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
-സഹായിയàµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨ à´àµà´¡àµ, നാà´
à´¸àµà´µàµà´à´°à´¿à´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµà´
-à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµ à´àµà´¨àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´àµà´à´³àµâ തനàµà´¨àµ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
-à´ªàµà´°àµà´°à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨ വിധഠനാà´
à´à´µ à´°àµà´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´±àµà´
à´ªàµà´°à´à´°à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´±àµà´®àµà´£àµà´àµàµ,
-à´ªà´àµà´·àµ മറിà´àµà´à´²àµà´². à´à´¿à´²
à´ªàµà´°à´à´°à´£à´àµà´à´³àµ, à´
തിനàµà´±àµ
പിനàµà´¨à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³à´µà´°àµà´àµ
à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
-à´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´²àµà´²àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´ നാà´
പിനàµà´¤àµà´£à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´±àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.</p>
-
-<p>à´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¯àµà´®à´¯à´¿à´²àµ à´à´¿à´²à´°àµâà´àµà´àµ
താലàµà´ªà´°àµà´¯à´ à´à´£àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´ à´à´¿à´²
വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµâ à´ªà´àµà´·àµ
-നാഠà´à´´à´¿à´µà´¾à´àµà´à´¾à´±àµà´®àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.
à´à´¦à´¾à´¹à´°à´£à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ,
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤à´¤àµà´,
à´
à´µ à´à´¨àµâà´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâ à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµ
-à´ªàµà´°àµà´°à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµà´¤à´¤àµà´®à´¾à´¯ <a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html";>à´àµà´¨àµ/ലിനà´àµà´¸àµ
-വിതരണà´àµà´à´³àµâ </a> മാതàµà´°à´®àµ നാà´
à´¶àµà´ªà´¾à´°àµâà´¶
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´¾à´±àµà´³àµà´³àµ.à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
-വിതരണà´àµà´à´³àµ à´¶àµà´ªà´¾à´°àµâà´¶
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ à´¦àµà´·à´à´°à´®à´¾à´¯
വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ.</p>
-
-<p>നമàµà´®àµà´àµ à´¦àµà´°àµâà´à´à´¾à´²
à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
à´à´¤à´¿à´°à´¾à´µàµà´¨àµà´¨ വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµâ
-à´¦àµà´·à´à´°à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ. à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµà´¯àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´µàµà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´¯àµ തലതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ à´
à´¤àµàµ à´¸à´à´à´µà´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´.</p>
-
-<p>à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ തലതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ,
നമàµà´®à´³àµâ മാറàµà´±à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´à´àµà´°à´¹à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµ
-à´à´àµà´à´¿à´à´±à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´¦àµà´·à´à´°à´®à´¾à´¯ വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµâ.
നമàµà´®àµà´àµ à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµà´²àµà´²à´¾à´
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´°à´¾à´¯ à´à´°àµ à´²àµà´à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ,
à´ªà´àµà´·àµ മിà´àµà´
-à´à´®àµà´ªàµà´¯àµà´àµà´à´°àµâ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´´àµà´
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´ à´à´°àµ à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
-തിരിà´àµà´à´±à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´². à´à´°àµ
à´ªàµà´°àµà´àµà´°à´¾à´®à´¿à´¨àµ à´
തിനàµà´±àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´ വശà´àµà´à´³à´¾à´¯ വിലയിലàµà´
-à´¸àµà´à´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´¯
“à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤àµ”à´®àµà´²àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´
വരàµâ
-വിലയിരàµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ.</p>
-
-<p>à´à´°à´¾à´³àµà´àµ à´®àµà´²àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµ
à´¤àµà´ªàµà´¤à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´°àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³ വാദà´àµà´à´³à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´à´°àµà´µà´¨àµ
-à´à´¨àµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´ à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´ªàµà´°àµà´°à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³
മിà´à´àµà´ വഴി à´à´¨àµà´¨àµàµ ഡാലി
-à´à´¾à´°àµâà´£àµà´à´¿ തനàµà´±àµ <cite>How to Win Friends and
Influence People</cite> à´à´¨àµà´¨
-à´ªàµà´°à´¶à´¸àµà´¤ à´ªàµà´¸àµà´¤à´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ
പറയàµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.സാധാരണയàµà´³àµà´³
à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤àµà´®àµà´²àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµ
-à´¤àµà´ªàµà´¤à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµâ
നമàµà´àµà´àµàµ ധാരാളഠവഴിà´à´³àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.
à´à´¦à´¾à´¹à´°à´£à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ, à´¸àµà´à´¨àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
-à´²à´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ പണà´
ലാà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
-സഹായിà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. മിà´àµà´
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³àµà´
വിശàµà´µà´¸à´¨àµà´¯à´µàµà´ ,
-à´¸àµà´à´°àµà´¯à´ªàµà´°à´¦à´µàµà´®à´¾à´£àµ താനàµà´.
വിà´à´¯à´à´°à´®à´¾à´¯ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ
-à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµ
à´à´à´°àµâà´·à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´²àµâ à´
à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´ വശà´àµà´à´³àµâ
-വിà´à´¯à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.</p>
-
-<p>à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ à´à´³àµà´à´³àµ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³à´¾à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ
-നിà´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´®àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ,
നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµà´àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ
-മിണàµà´à´¾à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´.
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ
à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤àµà´®àµà´²àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµ
à´¤àµà´ªàµà´¤à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨
-à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´à´µà´¶à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ മാതàµà´°à´
à´¶àµà´°à´¦àµà´§
à´àµà´¨àµà´¦àµà´°àµà´à´°à´¿à´àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´.
“à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
-à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ ” à´à´¨àµà´¨ വാà´àµà´àµàµ à´
തിനാണàµà´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµ വരàµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ.</p>
-
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à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´³àµà´³ പാതി
വഴി à´à´¤àµà´¤à´¾âà´¨àµ
-à´à´ªà´à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµ. à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´à´¤
മാതàµà´°à´ à´®àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´²àµâ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´° à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
-à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´µà´°àµâ à´ à´¸àµà´à´°àµà´¯à´
à´à´³àµà´³à´¿à´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´³à´ മാതàµà´°à´®àµ à´
à´¤àµà´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµ.
-à´¸àµà´à´°àµà´¯à´ªàµà´°à´¦à´®à´¾à´¯
à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³àµâ à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´ªàµà´ªà´
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´¤à´¿à´°à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ
-à´
വരàµâà´àµà´àµ
à´à´¾à´°à´£à´àµà´à´³àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´®àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´µà´¿à´²àµà´²</p>
-
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à´®àµà´¨àµâനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´ à´
വയàµà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâà´·à´à´®à´¾à´àµà´¨àµà´¨
-à´°àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³à´¤àµà´®à´¾à´£àµàµ, à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ തതàµà´µà´àµà´à´³àµâ. à´à´¤àµàµ à´
à´¤àµà´¤à´°à´ à´®àµàµà´²àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµ
-à´¶à´àµà´¤à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´à´¯àµà´
à´à´àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´±à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµà´
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´à´àµà´à´³àµâ
-<a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">“à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
-à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸à´¿à´¨àµ”
പിനàµâതാà´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµà´¤à´¤àµàµ</a>. </p>
+<p><a href="/licenses/lgpl.html">The Lesser GPL</a>'s purpose is a compromise:
+we use it on certain chosen free libraries to permit their use in nonfree
+programs because we think that legally prohibiting this would only drive
+developers to proprietary libraries instead. We accept and install code in
+GNU programs to make them work together with common nonfree programs, and we
+document and publicize this in ways that encourage users of the latter to
+install the former, but not vice versa. We support specific campaigns we
+agree with, even when we don't fully agree with the groups behind them.</p>
+
+<p>But we reject certain compromises even though many others in our community
+are willing to make them. For instance, we <a
+href="/philosophy/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html"> endorse only
+the GNU/Linux distributions</a> that have policies not to include nonfree
+software or lead users to install it. To endorse nonfree distributions
+would be a <acronym title="ruinous (rū'ə-nəs) adj. 1. Causing
+or apt to cause ruin; destructive. 2. Falling to ruin; dilapidated or
+decayed.">ruinous</acronym> compromise.</p>
+
+<p>Compromises are ruinous if they would work against our aims in the long
+term. That can occur either at the level of ideas or at the level of
+actions.</p>
+
+<p>At the level of ideas, ruinous compromises are those that reinforce the
+premises we seek to change. Our goal is a world in which software users are
+free, but as yet most computer users do not even recognize freedom as an
+issue. They have taken up “consumer” values, which means they
+judge any program only on practical characteristics such as price and
+convenience.</p>
+
+<p>Dale Carnegie's classic self-help book, <cite>How to Win Friends and
+Influence People</cite>, advises that the most effective way to persuade
+someone to do something is to present arguments that appeal to his values.
+There are ways we can appeal to the consumer values typical in our society.
+For instance, free software obtained gratis can save the user money. Many
+free programs are convenient and reliable, too. Citing those practical
+benefits has succeeded in persuading many users to adopt various free
+programs, some of which are now quite successful.</p>
+
+<p>If getting more people to use some free programs is as far as you aim to go,
+you might decide to keep quiet about the concept of freedom, and focus only
+on the practical advantages that make sense in terms of consumer values.
+That's what the term “open source” and its associated rhetoric
+do.</p>
+
+<p>That approach can get us only part way to the goal of freedom. People who
+use free software only because it is convenient will stick with it only as
+long as it is convenient. And they will see no reason not to use convenient
+proprietary programs along with it.</p>
+
+<p>The philosophy of open source presupposes and appeals to consumer values,
+and this affirms and reinforces them. That's why we <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">do not support open
+source.</a></p>
<img src="/graphics/gnulaptop.png" alt="" style="float: right;" />
@@ -131,73 +116,61 @@
à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§àµà´¯à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´à´¯àµà´ à´µàµà´£à´.
à´
വരàµà´àµ à´ªàµà´°à´µàµà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´à´³àµ
à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤àµà´®àµà´²àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ
തളà´àµà´à´¿à´àµà´¨àµà´¨ ഡാലി
à´à´¾à´°àµâà´£àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµ
വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµ നാà´
നിരാà´à´°à´¿à´àµà´à´£à´.</p>
-<p>à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´à´µà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµâ
പറയാതിരിà´àµà´à´£à´ à´à´¨àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´®à´²àµà´²
à´à´ªàµà´ªà´±à´àµà´à´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
-à´
à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¥à´.à´
à´¤àµà´²àµà´²à´¾à´ നമàµà´àµà´àµ
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´¾à´, à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´®àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.
à´à´³àµà´à´³àµâ,
-à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ
ബലിà´à´´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´à´¤à´¯àµà´àµ പിനàµà´¨à´¾à´²àµ
à´ªàµà´àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´´àµ ,
-മറàµà´±àµà´³àµà´³à´µà´°àµà´àµàµ à´
à´àµà´à´¨àµ
പറയàµà´®àµà´ªàµà´´àµ à´à´£àµàµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´®à´¾à´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ. à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´£àµàµ
-à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´ ലാà´à´àµà´à´³àµà´ªàµà´ªà´±àµà´±à´¿
à´¸à´à´¸à´¾à´°à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ,
-à´
à´¤àµàµ à´°à´£àµà´à´¾à´®à´¤àµ വരàµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´³àµà´³àµ
à´à´¨àµà´¨àµàµ നാà´
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´±à´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ.</p>
-
-<p>നമàµà´®àµà´àµ à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ à´à´±à´àµà´àµ
നിനàµà´¨àµ à´¸à´à´¸à´¾à´°à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´²àµâ മാതàµà´°à´
à´ªàµà´°à´¾, നമàµà´®àµà´àµ
-à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´à´³àµà´ à´
തിനàµà´±àµ à´
à´à´¿à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´àµà´à´£à´. à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´£àµà´àµàµ നാà´
-à´à´¨àµà´¤àµà´´à´¿à´µà´¾à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´¶àµà´°à´®à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´µàµ à´
à´¤àµàµ
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´à´¯àµ à´
തിനàµ
à´¨àµà´¯à´¾à´¯àµà´à´°à´¿à´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµ
-à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨ വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµâ
à´à´´à´¿à´µà´¾à´àµà´à´£à´.</p>
-
-<p>à´à´¦à´¾à´¹à´°à´£à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ, à´à´¿à´²
à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³àµâ
à´à´³àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¾à´²àµâ <a
-href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">à´àµà´¨àµ/ലിനà´àµà´¸à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ</a>
à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ à´à´³àµâà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµ
-à´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´à´´à´¿à´¯àµà´®àµà´¨àµà´¨àµàµ,നമàµà´®àµà´àµ à´
à´¨àµà´à´µà´àµà´à´³àµâ പറയàµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´à´µ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´µà´¿à´¨àµ
-à´à´à´°àµâà´·à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨ <a
href="http://gnu.org/philosophy/java-trap.html";>à´à´¾à´µ</a>
-(പണàµà´àµàµ. à´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´´à´²àµà´²)à´
à´²àµà´²àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ à´«àµà´²à´¾à´·àµ റണàµâà´àµà´
(à´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´´àµà´) à´
à´²àµà´²àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ à´à´¿à´²
-ഹാരàµâà´¡àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´¨àµ
പിനàµà´¤àµà´£à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨ à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´
à´¡à´¿à´µàµà´¸àµ à´¡àµà´°àµà´µà´°àµâ à´ªàµà´²àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³à´¾à´µà´¾à´.</p>
-
-<p>ഠവിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµâ
à´ªàµà´°à´²àµà´à´¨à´ªà´°à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ à´ªà´àµà´·àµ
നമàµà´®àµà´àµ à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ à´
à´¤àµ
-നിഷàµà´§à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµ
-മറàµà´±àµà´³àµà´³à´µà´°àµ à´
തിലàµà´àµà´à´¾à´à´°àµâà´·à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµ
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ , “à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´
à´¨àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¾à´£àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´, സമàµà´¹à´¿à´
à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´®à´¾à´£àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´ à´
തിനàµ
-à´
വസാനിപàµà´ªà´¿à´àµà´à´£à´®àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´ ”
പറയാനàµâ നിà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµ
വിഷമമാവàµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´à´¨à´¿
-നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ à´
à´¤àµ
പറയàµà´à´¯à´¾à´£àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ തനàµà´¨àµ
നിà´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´à´³àµâ
നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ
-പറà´àµà´à´¤à´¿à´¨àµ
നിഷàµà´§à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.</p>
-
-<p>à´à´µà´¿à´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµ à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´,
à´à´³àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
-à´à´¨àµâà´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâ à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´¾à´¨àµâ <em>à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´£à´®àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ
</em><em>à´à´´à´¿à´¯à´£à´®àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ</em>
-à´
à´²àµà´²; à´ªàµà´¤àµà´µà´¾à´¯
à´à´¾à´°àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµà´³àµà´³ സിസàµà´±àµà´±à´
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµ
-à´
വരàµâà´àµà´à´¿à´·àµà´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµ
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´¾à´¨àµâ à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
à´ªà´àµà´·àµ à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµ
-à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´àµà´àµàµ
നമàµà´®à´³àµâ നയിà´àµà´à´£à´®àµ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ
-à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´. à´
വരàµà´àµ
സിസàµà´±àµà´±à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ à´
വരàµâ
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´¨àµà´¤à´¾à´¯à´¾à´²àµà´ à´
തിനàµà´±àµ
-à´à´¤àµà´¤à´°à´µà´¾à´¦à´¿à´¤àµà´µà´ à´
വരàµâà´àµà´àµ
തനàµà´¨àµ;നാഠà´
വരàµâà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´£àµà´à´¿
à´à´¨àµà´¤àµà´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´µàµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´
-നാഠà´
വരൠà´à´¨àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµ
നയിà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´µàµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´ നമàµà´®àµà´àµ
à´à´¤àµà´¤à´°à´µà´¾à´¦à´¿à´¤àµà´µà´®à´¾à´£àµàµ. à´
വരàµ
-à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´²àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
à´¤àµà´°àµ
പരിഹാരമàµà´¨àµà´¨ നിലയàµà´àµà´àµ
നയിà´àµà´à´°àµà´¤àµàµ, à´à´¾à´°à´£à´
-à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´à´°àµ
പരിഹാരമലàµà´², à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ.</p>
-
-<p>à´
à´ªà´à´à´à´°à´®à´¾à´¯ à´à´°àµ വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµà´³àµà´³à´µà´°àµ à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´§àµà´¨à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨à´¨àµ à´à´¨àµà´¨àµ
-മാതàµà´°à´®à´²àµà´²,
à´¸àµà´µà´°à´àµà´àµà´°àµâà´àµà´à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¯àµà´®à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´àµ
നിà´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ തനàµà´¨àµ
à´®àµà´²àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´¯àµà´
-മാറàµà´±àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ à´à´¿à´²
à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ
വിശàµà´µà´¸à´¿à´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµà´, à´
തൠസമയà´
നിà´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ
-à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´à´³àµâ à´
വയàµà´àµ
വിപരàµà´¤
ദിശയിലàµà´³àµà´³à´¤àµà´®à´¾à´µàµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ , à´
à´àµà´°àµâà´àµà´à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¯àµà´®
-à´à´´à´¿à´µà´¾à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ à´
തിലàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´ à´à´¨àµà´¨àµ
നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ മാറàµà´±àµà´. à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´£àµà´àµà´¤à´¨àµà´¨àµ
-à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´à´®àµà´¨àµâà´®à´à´³àµà´ªàµà´ªà´±àµà´±à´¿
വാദിയàµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµ, à´
à´²àµà´²àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ
-à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµ
à´à´³àµà´à´³àµ തിരിà´àµà´àµà´µà´¿à´àµà´à´¯àµ
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨ à´¸à´à´°à´à´à´àµà´à´³àµâ
-à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´ à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´
à´¨àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¾à´£àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ <em>പറയാനàµâ
à´ªàµà´²àµà´</em>
-നാണിയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´¸à´à´°à´à´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµ à´
à´à´à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµ à´µàµà´£àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´ªàµà´¤àµ
à´à´¨à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµ à´µàµà´£àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´
-à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤àµà´®àµà´²àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµ à´
വരàµâ
à´à´¯à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´£à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´.
നമàµà´®àµà´àµ à´®àµà´²àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâ
-നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´¨à´¾à´¯àµà´ à´à´¤àµà´¤à´°à´
വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµâ à´à´ªàµà´àµà´·à´¿à´àµà´àµ
മതിയാവàµ.</p>
-
-<p>à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´®àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ à´¤àµà´¯à´à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµ
-മാറണമàµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´£àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ
നിà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ <a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/resources";>FSF resources area</a> യിലàµâ
-à´¨àµà´àµà´à´¾à´. à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³àµà´àµ à´àµà´àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´®àµà´·àµà´¨àµâ
-à´àµà´£àµâà´«à´¿à´à´±àµà´·à´¨àµà´à´³àµâ, <a href="/distros">
à´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£à´®à´¾à´¯àµà´ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´¾à´¯
-à´àµà´¨àµ/ലിനà´àµà´¸àµ വിതരണà´àµà´à´³àµâ</a> ,
100% à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´° à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
-പരിതസàµà´¥à´¿à´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´²àµâ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´à´¯à´¿à´°à´àµà´à´£à´àµà´à´¿à´¨àµàµ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
പാà´àµà´àµà´àµà´à´³àµâ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´µ à´
വിà´àµà´¯àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´àµà´àµà´³àµà´³
-വഴിയിലàµâ നമàµà´®àµà´àµ
à´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¯àµà´®à´¯àµ
സഹായിയàµà´àµà´à´£à´®àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´£àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ
à´à´°àµ à´ªàµà´°à´§à´¾à´¨à´µà´´à´¿
-മാനàµà´·à´¿à´ à´®àµà´²àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµ
à´à´¯à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ. നലàµà´²à´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´¯àµà´
à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¯àµà´¯àµà´
-പറàµà´±à´¿à´¯àµ, à´à´¨àµà´¤àµ
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´£à´®àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´ªàµà´ªà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµ
à´à´°àµâà´àµà´ à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ
-à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµà´¯àµà´
à´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¯àµà´®à´¯àµà´¯àµà´ പറàµà´±à´¿ à´
വരàµà´àµ
à´¸à´à´µà´¦à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´.</p>
-
-<p>à´ªàµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµâ à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯
വഴിയിലàµà´àµ à´µàµà´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ
à´ªàµà´¯à´¿à´àµà´àµ à´à´¾à´°àµà´¯à´®à´¿à´²àµà´². വലിയ
-à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´¨àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ
വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµâ à´
à´¤àµà´¯à´¾à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ. à´ªà´àµà´·àµ à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´
-à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµà´ªàµà´ªà´±àµà´±à´¿ നാà´
à´à´¾à´à´°àµà´à´°à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´.</p>
+<p>This is not to say we cannot cite practical advantage at all—we can
+and we do. It becomes a problem only when the practical advantage steals
+the scene and pushes freedom into the background. Therefore, when we cite
+the practical advantages of free software, we reiterate frequently that
+those are just <em>additional, secondary reasons</em> to prefer it.</p>
+
+<p>It's not enough to make our words accord with our ideals; our actions have
+to accord with them too. So we must also avoid compromises that involve
+doing or legitimizing the things we aim to stamp out.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, experience shows that you can attract some users to <a
+href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">GNU/Linux</a> if you include some nonfree
+programs. This could mean a cute nonfree application that will catch some
+user's eye, or a nonfree programming platform such as <a
+href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">Java</a> (formerly) or the Flash runtime
+(still), or a nonfree device driver that enables support for certain
+hardware models.</p>
+
+<p>These compromises are tempting, but they undermine the goal. If you
+distribute nonfree software, or steer people towards it, you will find it
+hard to say, “Nonfree software is an injustice, a social problem, and
+we must put an end to it.” And even if you do continue to say those
+words, your actions will undermine them.</p>
+
+<p>The issue here is not whether people should be <em>able</em> or
+<em>allowed</em> to install nonfree software; a general-purpose system
+enables and allows users to do whatever they wish. The issue is whether we
+guide users towards nonfree software. What they do on their own is their
+responsibility; what we do for them, and what we direct them towards, is
+ours. We must not direct the users towards proprietary software as if it
+were a solution, because proprietary software is the problem.</p>
+
+<p>A ruinous compromise is not just a bad influence on others. It can distort
+your own values, too, through cognitive dissonance. If you have certain
+values, but your actions imply other, conflicting values, you are likely to
+change your values or your actions so as to resolve the contradiction.
+Thus, projects that argue only from practical advantages, or direct people
+toward some nonfree software, nearly always shy away from even
+<em>suggesting</em> that nonfree software is unethical. For their
+participants, as well as for the public, they reinforce consumer values. We
+must reject these compromises if we wish to keep our values straight.</p>
+
+<p>If you want to move to free software without compromising the goal of
+freedom, look at <a href="http://www.fsf.org/resources";>the FSF's resources
+area</a>. It lists hardware and machine configurations that work with free
+software, <a href="/distros"> totally free GNU/Linux distros</a> to install,
+and thousands of free software packages that work in a 100 percent free
+software environment. If you want to help the community stay on the road to
+freedom, one important way is to publicly uphold citizen values. When
+people are discussing what is good or bad, or what to do, cite the values of
+freedom and community and argue from them.</p>
+
+<p>A road that lets you go faster is no improvement if it leads to the wrong
+place. Compromise is essential to achieve an ambitious goal, but beware of
+compromises that lead away from the goal.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -222,8 +195,8 @@
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">പരിà´à´¾à´·à´¾
സഹായി</a>à´à´¾à´£àµà´.
</p>
-<p>à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´ © 2008 <a
href="http://www.stallman.org/";>റിà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâà´¡àµ
-à´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâമാനàµâ</a></p>
+<p>Copyright © 2008, 2009 <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
+Stallman</a>.</p>
<p>à´«àµà´°àµ à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´«àµà´£àµà´àµà´·à´¨àµà´±àµ à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´ªà´à´¨à´¾à´£àµàµ
റിà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâഡൠസàµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâമാനàµâ.à´
à´²àµà´à´¨à´, <a rel="license"
@@ -260,7 +233,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2009/08/11 08:25:39 $
+$Date: 2009/10/27 08:26:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -291,6 +264,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
+<!-- Greek -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:34 -0000
1.4
+++ philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html 27 Oct 2009 08:26:12 -0000
1.5
@@ -2,29 +2,23 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Le « progrès » informatique : du bon
et du
-mauvais - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<title>Computing ‘progress’: good and bad - GNU Project - Free
Software
+Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Le « progrès » informatique : du bon et
du
-mauvais</h2>
+<h2>Computing ‘progress’: good and bad</h2>
<p>par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
-<p><i>La <acronym title="British Broadcasting Corporation">BBC</acronym> m'a
-invité à écrire un article pour sa rubrique,
-« The Tech Lab », et voici ce que je leur ai
-envoyé. (Cela se réfère à deux autres articles
-publiés dans cette rubrique). Mais la BBC n'a pas souhaité le
-publier avec une notice autorisant sa copie, je l'ai donc publié
-ici.</i></p>
+<p><i> The BBC invited me to write an article for their column series, The Tech
+Lab, and this is what I sent them. (It refers to a couple of other articles
+published in that series.) The BBC was ultimately unwilling to publish it
+with a copying-permission notice, so I have published it here.</i></p>
<p>
-Bradley Horowitz de Yahoo a proposé ici que chaque objet de notre
-monde ait un numéro unique, de sorte que votre
-téléphone portable puisse enregistrer tout ce que vous faites
-— et même les canettes que vous avez prises au
-supermarché.</p>
+Bradley Horowitz of Yahoo proposed here that every object in our world have
+a unique number so that your cell phone could record everything you
+do—even which cans you picked up while in the supermarket.</p>
<p>
Si le téléphone est comme ceux d'aujourd'hui, il utilisera du
@@ -47,56 +41,43 @@
de« terrorisme ».</p>
<p>
-Au Royaume-Uni, c'est littéralement un délit d'être
-suspect. (Plus précisément, de posséder tout objet dans
-des circonstances qui créent une « suspicion
-raisonnable » que vous pourriez l'utiliser de manière
-criminelle). Votre téléphone donnera à la police plein
-d'opportunités de vous suspecter, de sorte qu'ils pourront vous
-accuser d'avoir été suspect à leur yeux. Des choses
-similaires arriveront en Chine où Yahoo a déjà
-donné au gouvernement toutes les informations dont il avait besoin
-pour emprisonner un dissident, et a demandé notre
-compréhension avec l'excuse qu'il ne faisait que « suivre
-les ordres ».</p>
-
-<p>
-Horowitz aimerait que les téléphones portables marquent
-automatiquement les informations concernant votre participation à un
-événement ou une réunion. Cela signifie que la
-société de téléphone saura aussi
-précisément qui vous avez rencontré. Ces informations
-seront aussi intéressantes pour les gouvernements, comme ceux du
-Royaume-Uni et de la Chine, qui bafouent les droits de l'homme.</p>
-
-<p>
-Je n'aime pas beaucoup la vision d'Horowitz de surveillance
-totale. J'imagine plutôt un monde dans lequel nos ordinateurs ne
-collecteraient ou ne publieraient jamais des informations sur nous sauf
-quand nous voulons qu'ils le fassent.</p>
-
-<p>
-Les logiciels non-libres font d'autres choses désagréables en
-plus d'espionner. Ils mettent souvent en œuvre des menottes
-numériques — des fonctionnalités conçues pour
-restreindre les utilisateurs (également appelées DRM, pour
-Digital Restrictions Management (gestion des restrictions
-numériques)). Ces fonctionnalités contrôlent la
-façon dont vous accédez, copiez ou déplacez les
-fichiers dans votre propre ordinateur.</p>
-
-<p>
-Les DRM sont une pratique courante : Microsoft le fait, Apple le fait,
-Google le fait et même le iPlayer de la BBC le fait. Beaucoup de pays,
-prenant le partide ces sociétés contre le public, ont rendu
-illégal de dire à d'autres comment échapper à
-ces menottes numériques. Par conséquent, la concurrence ne
-fait rien pour réprimer cette pratique : peu importe le nombre
-d'alternatives propriétaires parmi lesquelles vous pourriez choisir,
-elles vous menottent toutes de la même façon. Si l'ordinateur
-sait où vous vous trouvez, il peut rendre les DRM encore pires :
-il y a des sociétés qui aimeraient restreindre ce à
-quoi vous pouvez accéder en fonction de votre localisation.</p>
+In the UK, it is literally an offense to be suspect—more precisely, to
+possess any object in circumstances that create a “reasonable
+suspicion” that you might use it in certain criminal ways. Your phone
+will give the police plenty of opportunities to suspect you so they can
+charge you with having been suspected by them. Similar things will happen
+in China, where Yahoo has already given the government all the information
+it needed to imprison a dissident; it subsequently asked for our
+understanding on the excuse that it was “just following
orders.”</p>
+
+<p>
+Horowitz would like cell phones to tag information automatically, based on
+knowing when you participate in an event or meeting. That means the phone
+company will also know precisely whom you meet. That information will also
+be interesting to governments, such as those of the UK and China, that cut
+corners on human rights.</p>
+
+<p>
+I do not much like Horowitz's vision of total surveillance. Rather, I
+envision a world in which our computers never collect, or release, any
+information about us except when we want them to.</p>
+
+<p>
+Nonfree software does other nasty things besides spying; it often implements
+digital handcuffs—features designed to restrict the users (also called
+DRM, for Digital Restrictions Management). These features control how you
+can access, copy, or move the files in your own computer.</p>
+
+<p>
+DRM is a common practice: Microsoft does it, Apple does it, Google does it,
+even the BBC's iPlayer does it. Many governments, taking the side of these
+companies against the public, have made it illegal to tell others how to
+escape from the digital handcuffs. As a result, competition does nothing to
+check the practice: no matter how many proprietary alternatives you might
+have to choose from, they will all handcuff you just the same. If the
+computer knows where you are located, it can make DRM even worse: there are
+companies that would like to restrict what you can access based on your
+present location.</p>
<p>
Ma vision du monde est différente. J'aimerais voir un monde dans
@@ -117,39 +98,30 @@
désagréables aux autres.</p>
<p>
-Même si vous n'exercez pas ce contrôle vous-même, vous
-faites partie d'une société où d'autres le font. Si
-vous n'êtes pas un programmeur, d'autres utilisateurs du programme le
-sont. Ils trouveront et supprimeront probablement toute
-fonctionnalité désagréable, comme vous espionner et
-vous restreindre, et publieront des versions sûres. Vous aurez
-seulement à choisir de les utiliser — et puisque tous les
-autres utilisateurs les préféreront, cela se produira
-généralement sans effort de votre part.</p>
-
-<p>
-Charles Stross a imaginé des ordinateurs qui enregistrent en
-permanence tout ce que vous voyez et entendez. Ces enregistrements
-pourraient être très utiles, tant que Big Brother ne les voit
-pas et ne les entend pas tous. Les téléphones portables
-d'aujourd'hui sont déjà capables d'écouter leurs
-propriétaires sans les en informer, à la demande de la police,
-de la société de téléphone ou de quiconque
-connaît les commandes requises. Tant que les téléphones
-utilisent des logiciels non-libres contrôlés par leurs
-développeurs et non leurs utilisateurs, nous devons nous attendre
-à ce que cela empire. Seuls les logiciels libres permettent aux
-citoyens utilisant des ordinateurs de résister à la
-surveillance totalitaire.</p>
-
-<p>
-L'article de Dave Winer suggérait que M. Gates envoie une copie de
-Windows Vista sur Alpha Centauri. Je comprends l'idée, mais n'envoyer
-qu'une seule copie ne résoudra pas notre problème ici sur
-Terre. Windows est conçu pour espionner les utilisateurs et les
-restreindre. Nous devrions collecter toutes les copies de Windows, de MacOS
-et de iPlayer pour la même raison et les envoyer vers Alpha Centauri
-à la vitesse la plus lente possible. Ou simplement les effacer.</p>
+Even if you don't exercise this control yourself, you are part of a society
+where others do. If you are not a programmer, other users of the program
+are. They will probably find and remove any nasty features, which might spy
+on or restrict you, and publish safe versions. You will have only to elect
+to use them—and since all other users will prefer them, that will
+usually happen with no effort on your part.</p>
+
+<p>
+Charles Stross envisioned computers that permanently record everything that
+we see and hear. Those records could be very useful, as long as Big Brother
+doesn't see and hear all of them. Today's cell phones are already capable
+of listening to their users without informing them, at the request of the
+police, the phone company, or anyone that knows the requisite commands. As
+long as phones use nonfree software, controlled by its developers and not by
+the users, we must expect this to get worse. Only free software enables
+computer-using citizens to resist totalitarian surveillance.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dave Winer's article suggested that Mr. Gates should send a copy of Windows
+Vista to Alpha Centauri. I understand the feeling, but sending just one
+won't solve our problem here on Earth. Windows is designed to spy on users
+and restrict them. We should collect all the copies of Windows, and of
+MacOS and iPlayer for the same reason, and send them to Alpha Centauri at
+the slowest possible speed. Or just erase them.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -195,7 +167,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:34 $
+$Date: 2009/10/27 08:26:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/freedom-or-power.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/freedom-or-power.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/freedom-or-power.fa.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:36 -0000 1.4
+++ philosophy/freedom-or-power.fa.html 27 Oct 2009 08:26:12 -0000 1.5
@@ -6,10 +6,9 @@
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="Ú¯ÙÙ, بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯, ÙÛÙÙکس, جاÙ
ع, عÙ
ÙÙ
Û,
اجازÙâÙاÙ
Ù, اجازÙâÙاÙ
Ù
جاÙ
ع ٠عÙ
ÙÙ
Û Ú¯ÙÙ, آزادÛ, ÙرÙ
âاÙزار, Ùدرت,
ØÙÙÙ" />
-<meta http-equiv="Description" content="در اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙÙØ Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û
Ûا ÙدرتØØ Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ø¯ÙÛ Ú©Ø§Ù Ù Ø±ÛÚارد استاÙÙ
Ù
دربار٠اÛÙ Ù
سئÙÙ
-بØØ« Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد Ú©Ù Úرا جÙبش ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد از
اÛ٠عÙÛد٠ک٠شخص باÛد ÙرÙÙع
-اجازÙâÙاÙ
ÙâØ§Û Ø±Ø§ Ú©Ù Ù
ÛâØ®ÙاÙد Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ÙرÙ
âاÙØ²Ø§Ø±Û Ú©Ù Ù
ÛâÙÙÛسد اÙتخاب Ú©ÙØ¯Ø ØÙ
اÛت
-ÙÙ
ÛâÚ©Ùد." />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" content="In this essay, Freedom or Power?,
Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman
+discuss the reasons that the free software ovement doesn't advocate the
+so-called freedom to choose any license you want for software you write." />
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fa.html" -->
<h2>Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ûا ÙدرتØ</h2>
@@ -23,12 +22,13 @@
</blockquote>
<p>
-در جÙبش ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Ø Ù
ا Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û
کاربرا٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزار اÛØ³ØªØ§Ø¯Ú¯Û Ù
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. Ù
ا
-دÛدگاÙâÙØ§Û Ø®Ùد را با Ùگا٠ب٠اÛÙÚ©Ù ÚÙ
آزادÛâÙاÛÛ Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ÛÚ© را٠خÙب زÙØ¯Ú¯Û Ø¶Ø±ÙرÛ
-ÙستÙد ÙرÙ
ÙÙ٠کردÙâاÛÙ
Ø Ù Ø§Ø¬Ø§Ø²Ù Ù
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برÙاÙ
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عÙâØ§Û Ø§Ø² Ø®ÙØ´ ÙÛتÛØ
-ÙÙ
کارÛØ Ù ØÙ
اÛت را ساÙ
ا٠دÙÙد. Ù
عÛارÙØ§Û Ù
ا
Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Ø Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ÛâÙاÛÛ
-را Ù
شخص Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد ک٠کاربرا٠ÛÚ© برÙاÙ
Ù ÙÛاز
دارÙد تا بتÙاÙÙد در ÛÚ© جاÙ
ع٠ÙÙ
کارÛ
-Ú©ÙÙد.</p>
+In the free software movement, we stand for freedom for the users of
+software. We formulated our views by looking at what freedoms are necessary
+for a good way of life, and permit useful programs to foster a community of
+goodwill, cooperation, and collaboration. <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">Our criteria for free software</a> specify
+the freedoms that a program's users need so that they can cooperate in a
+community.</p>
<p>
Ù
ا Ù٠تÙÙا Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø¨Ø±ÙاÙ
ÙâÙÙÛساÙØ Ú©Ù
Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø¯Ûگر کاربرا٠ÙÛز اÛستادگÛ
@@ -39,68 +39,65 @@
Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÛÙ
Ø Ú٠آÙÙا برÙاÙ
ÙâÙÙÛس باشÙد Ûا
Ùرگز Ú©Ø¯Û ÙÙÙشت٠باشÙد.</p>
<p>
-اگرÚÙØ ÛÚ© Ù
Ùرد Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û ÙجÙد دارد Ú©Ù Ù
ا آ٠را
ØÙ
اÛت ÙÙ
ÛâÚ©ÙÛÙ
: ”Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û
-اÙتخاب Ùر اجازÙâÙاÙ
ÙâØ§Û Ú©Ù Ù
ÛâپسÙدÛد
Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ÙرÙ
âاÙØ²Ø§Ø±Û Ú©Ù Ø®Ùد
-ÙÙشتÙâاÛد.“ Ù
ا اÛ٠را ÙÙ
ÛâپذÛرÛÙ
Úرا Ú©Ù
در ÙاÙع ÛÚ© شک٠از Ùدرت Ø§Ø³ØªØ ÙÙ
-ÛÚ© آزادÛ.</p>
-
-<p>
-اÛ٠تÙاÙت Ø§Ø³Ø§Ø³Û Ø§ØºÙب Ù
Ùرد ÚØ´Ù
âÙ¾ÙØ´Û ÙاÙع
شد٠است. Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø¢Ù Ø§Ø³Øª Ú©Ù Ø´Ù
ا Ùادر بÙ
-تصÙ
ÛÙ
âÚ¯ÛØ±Û Ø¯Ø± Ù
ÙØ§Ø±Ø¯Û Ø¨Ø§Ø´Ûد ک٠ب٠طÙر عÙ
دÙ
Ø®Ùد Ø´Ù
ا را تØت تاثÛر Ùرار
-Ù
ÛâدÙد. Ùدرت تÙاÙاÛÛ ØªØµÙ
ÛÙ
âÚ¯ÛØ±Û Ø¯Ø± Ù
ÙاردÛ
است ک٠دÛگرا٠را بÛØ´ از Ø´Ù
ا تØت
-تاثÛر Ùرار دÙد. اگر Ù
ا Ùدرت را با آزادÛ
اشتبا٠بگÛرÛÙ
Ø Ø¯Ø± ØÙ
اÛت از آزادÛ
-ØÙÛÙÛ Ø´Ú©Ø³Øª Ø®ÙاÙÛÙ
Ø®Ùرد.</p>
-
-<p>
-ÙرÙ
âاÙزار اÙØØµØ§Ø±Û ÙÙØ¹Û Ø§Ø² بکارگرÙت٠Ùدرت
است. اÙ
رÙز٠ÙاÙÙÙ Ú©Ù¾Û Ø±Ø§Ûت بÙ
-تÙسعÙâدÙÙدگا٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ø¢Ù Ùدرت را اعطا Ù
ÛÚ©ÙØ¯Ø Ø¨Ù Ø·ÙØ±Û Ú©Ù Ø¢ÙÙا Ù ÙÙØ· Ø¢ÙÙا
-ÙÙاÙÛ٠را اÙتخاب ٠بر دÛگرا٠تØÙ
ÛÙ Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد
— ÛÚ© عد٠Ùسبتا Ù
عدÙد
-تصÙ
ÛÙ
ات٠Ù
ÙÙ
Ù ÙرÙ
âاÙØ²Ø§Ø±Û Ø±Ø§ Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ØªÙ
اÙ
اشخاص تعÛÛÙ Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙØ¯Ø ÙÙعا بÙسÛÙÙ ÙÙÛ
-Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø¢ÙÙا. ÙÙØªÛ Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ÛâÙاÛÛ Ø±Ø§ Ú©Ù
ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد تعرÛÙ Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد در
-اختÛار Ùداشت٠باشÙØ¯Ø ÙÙ
ÛâتÙاÙÙد Ù
Ø·Ùع Ø´ÙÙد
ÙرÙ
âاÙزار در Øا٠اÙجاÙ
داد٠ÚÙ
-Ú©Ø§Ø±Û Ø§Ø³ØªØ ÙÙ
ÛâتÙاÙÙد ÙجÙد ØÙرÙâÙØ§Û Ø§Ù
ÙÛØªÛ Ø±Ø§ Ø¨Ø±Ø³Û Ú©ÙÙØ¯Ø ÙÙ
ÛâتÙاÙÙد ÙÛرÙسÙا Ù
-کرÙ
ÙاÛÛ Ú©Ù Ù
Ù
ک٠است ÙجÙد داشت٠باشÙد را
Ú©Ùتر٠کÙÙØ¯Ø ÙÙ
ÛâتÙاÙÙد درÛابÙد ÚÙ
-اطÙاعات شخصÛâØ§Û Ø¯Ø±Øا٠گزارش شد٠است (Ûا
ØØªÛ Ø§Ú¯Ø± درÛابÙØ¯Ø ÙÙ
ÛâتÙاÙÙد گزارشâÙا
-را Ù
تÙÙÙ Ú©ÙÙد). اگر خراب Ø´ÙØ¯Ø ÙÙ
ÛâتÙاÙÙد
تعÙ
Ûرش Ú©ÙÙØ¯Ø Ø¢ÙÙا Ù
جبÙرÙد Ù
Ùتظر
-بÙ
اÙÙد تا تÙسعÙâدÙÙد٠از Ùدرتش Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ØªØ¹Ù
Ûر
آ٠استÙاد٠کÙد. اگر اÛÙ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
-تÙ
اÙ
Ø¢Ù ÚÛØ²Û Ùباشد ک٠آÙÙا ÙÛاز دارÙØ¯Ø ÙÙ
ÛâتÙاÙÙد Ú©Ø§Ø±Û Ø§ÙجاÙ
-دÙÙد. ÙÙ
ÛâتÙاÙÙد ب٠ÛکدÛگر Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¨ÙبÙد ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ú©Ù
Ú© رساÙÙد.</p>
-
-<p>
-تÙسعÙâدÙÙدگا٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزار اÙØØµØ§Ø±Û Ø§ØºÙب
تجار ÙستÙد. Ù
ا در جÙبش ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد
-با تجارت Ù
خاÙÙ ÙÛستÛÙ
Ø Ø§Ù
ا دÛدÙâاÛÙ
ÙÙگاÙ
Û Ú©Ù ÛÚ© تاجر اÛÙ
-”آزادۓ را در اختÛار دارد Ú©Ù ÙÙاÙÛÙ
دÙØ®Ùا٠خÙد را ب٠کابراÙ
-تØÙ
ÛÙ Ú©ÙØ¯Ø Ú٠رخ Ù
ÛâدÙد. Ù
اÛکرÙساÙت ÛÚ© Ù
ثا٠ÙاØØ´ دربار٠اÛ٠است Ú©Ù ÚÚ¯ÙÙÙ ÙÙÛ
-Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù Ù
ÛâتÙاÙد ب٠آسÛØ¨Û Ø¬Ø¯Û Ù
Ùجر
Ø´ÙØ¯Ø Ø§Ù
ا اÛ٠تÙÙا ÛÚ© Ù
ثا٠ÙÛست. ØتÛ
-ÙÙگاÙ
Û Ú©Ù Ø§ÙØصار Ø·ÙØ¨Û ÙجÙد ÙØ¯Ø§Ø´ØªÙ Ø¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ø§Ø®ØªØµØ§ØµÛ (Ø¯Ø§Ø±Ø§Û Ù
اÙÚ©) بÙ
-جاÙ
ع٠صدÙ
Ù Ùارد Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد. تÙاÙاÛÛ Ø§Ùتخاب بÛÙ
اربابا٠Ù
ختÙÙ Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û ÙÛست.</p>
-
-<p>
-بØØ«ÙØ§Û ØÙÙÙÛ Ù ÙÙاÙÛÙÙ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار اغÙب
تÙÙا بر رÙÛ Ù
ÙاÙع برÙاÙ
ÙâÙÙÛسا٠Ù
تÙ
رکز
-شدÙâاÙد. Ù
عدÙد اÙØ±Ø§Ø¯Û Ø¯Ø± جÙا٠ÙجÙد دارÙد
ک٠ب٠طÙر Ù
رتب برÙاÙ
Ù Ù
ÛâÙÙÛسÙØ¯Ø Ù
-تعداد Ú©Ù
ØªØ±Û ÙÙÙز Ù
اÙÚ©Ø§Ù ØªØ¬Ø§Ø±Û ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
اÙØØµØ§Ø±Û ÙستÙد. اÙ
ا ÙÙ
اکÙÙ٠تÙ
اÙ
-دÙÛØ§Û ØªÙسعÙâÛاÙت٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزار را ÙÛاز دارد
٠استÙاد٠Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙØ¯Ø Ø¨ÙابراÛÙ
-تÙسعÙâدÙÙدگا٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزار ÙÙ
âاکÙÙÙ ÙØÙÙ
زÙدگÛØ ØªØ¬Ø§Ø±ØªØ Ø§Ø±ØªØ¨Ø§Ø·Ø§Øª ٠سرگرÙ
Û Ø±Ø§ در
-سراسر جÙا٠کÙتر٠Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد. Ù
سائ٠اخÙاÙÛ Ù
سÛØ§Ø³Û ØªÙÙا با شعار ”آزادÛ
-اÙتخاب (تÙÙا Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¨Ø±ÙاÙ
ÙâÙÙÛساÙ)“ ØÙ
شدÙÛ ÙÛست.</p>
-
-<p>
-اگر کد ÙاÙÙÙ Ø§Ø³ØªØ ÙÙ
اÙØ·Ùر ک٠پرÙÙسÙر Lawrence
Lessig (از داÙشگا٠ØÙÙÙ
-استÙÙÙرد) اظÙار Ú©Ø±Ø¯Ù Ø§Ø³ØªØ Ù¾Ø±Ø³Ø´ ØÙÛÙÛâØ§Û Ú©Ù
Ù
ا در Ù¾ÛØ´ رÙÛ Ø®Ùد دارÛÙ
اÛ٠است:
-ÚÙ Ú©Ø³Û Ø¨Ø§Ûد Ú©Ø¯Û Ø±Ø§ Ú©Ù Ø´Ù
ا استÙاد٠Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÛد
Ú©Ùتر٠کÙد — Ø´Ù
Ø§Ø Ûا عدÙ
-Ù
عدÙØ¯Û ÙخبÙØ Ù
ا اعتÙاد دارÛÙ
Ú©Ù Ø´Ù
ا Ù
ستØÙ
Ú©Ùتر٠ÙرÙ
âاÙØ²Ø§Ø±Û Ú©Ù Ø§Ø³ØªÙادÙ
-Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÛد ÙستÛØ¯Ø Ù Ø§Ø¹Ø·Ø§Û Ø§ÛÙ Ú©Ùتر٠ب٠شÙ
ا
Ùد٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد است.</p>
-
-<p>
-Ù
ا Ù
عتÙدÛÙ
Ú©Ù Ø´Ù
ا باÛد تصÙ
ÛÙ
بگÛرÛد با ÙرÙ
âاÙØ²Ø§Ø±Û Ú©Ù Ø§Ø³ØªÙاد٠Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÛد ÚÙ
-Ú©ÙÛØ¯Ø ÙرÚÙØ¯Ø Ø§ÛÙ ÚÛØ²Û ÙÛست Ú©Ù ÙاÙÙ٠اÙ
رÙزÛ
بÛا٠Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد. ÙاÙÙÙ Ú©Ù¾ÛâراÛت ÙعÙÛ
-Ù
ا را در جاÛگا٠تسÙØ· بر کاربرا٠Ùرار Ù
ÛâدÙØ¯Ø Ø®Ùا٠آ٠را دÙست داشت٠باشÛÙ
Ûا
-ÙÙ. پاسخ اخÙاÙÛ Ø¨Ù Ø§Û٠شراÛØ· اعÙاÙ
٠آزادÛ
Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ØªÙ
اÙ
Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù Ø§Ø³ØªØ ÙÙ
اÙØ·Ùر Ú©Ù
-ÙاÙÙÙ Ø§Ø³Ø§Ø³Û Ø¢Ù
رÛکا Ùرار بÙد Ùدرت را با تضÙ
ÛÙ Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ùرد Ùرد Ø´ÙرÙÙدا٠ب٠کار
-Ú¯Ûرد. اÛÙ ÙÙ
ا٠دÙÛÙÛ Ø§Ø³Øª Ú©Ù <a
href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">GNU GPL</a>
-ÙجÙد دارد: Ø´Ù
ا را در Ù
ÙاÙ
Ú©Ùتر٠ÙØÙÙ
استÙاد٠از ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ùرار Ù
ÛâدÙØ¯Ø Ø¯Ø±
-عÛÙ Øا٠از Ø´Ù
ا در Ù
Ùاب٠<a
href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">دÛگراÙÛ Ú©Ù
-Ù
ÛâØ®ÙاÙÙد Ùدرت تصÙ
ÛÙ
Ú¯ÛØ±Û Ø±Ø§ از Ø´Ù
ا سÙب
Ú©ÙÙد</a>Ø Ù
ØاÙظت Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد.</p>
+However, one so-called freedom that we do not advocate is the “freedom
+to choose any license you want for software you write.” We reject this
+because it is really a form of power, not a freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+This oft overlooked distinction is crucial. Freedom is being able to make
+decisions that affect mainly you; power is being able to make decisions that
+affect others more than you. If we confuse power with freedom, we will fail
+to uphold real freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+Making a program proprietary is an exercise of power. Copyright law today
+grants software developers that power, so they and only they choose the
+rules to impose on everyone else—a relatively small number of people
+make the basic software decisions for all users, typically by denying their
+freedom. When users lack the freedoms that define free software, they can't
+tell what the software is doing, can't check for back doors, can't monitor
+possible viruses and worms, can't find out what personal information is
+being reported (or stop the reports, even if they do find out). If it
+breaks, they can't fix it; they have to wait for the developer to exercise
+its power to do so. If it simply isn't quite what they need, they are stuck
+with it. They can't help each other improve it.</p>
+
+<p>
+Proprietary software developers are often businesses. We in the free
+software movement are not opposed to business, but we have seen what happens
+when a software business has the “freedom” to impose arbitrary
+rules on the users of software. Microsoft is an egregious example of how
+denying users' freedoms can lead to direct harm, but it is not the only
+example. Even when there is no monopoly, proprietary software harms
+society. A choice of masters is not freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+Discussions of rights and rules for software have often concentrated on the
+interests of programmers alone. Few people in the world program regularly,
+and fewer still are owners of proprietary software businesses. But the
+entire developed world now needs and uses software, so software developers
+now control the way it lives, does business, communicates, and is
+entertained. The ethical and political issues are not addressed by the
+slogan of “freedom of choice (for developers only).”</p>
+
+<p>
+If “code is law,” as Professor Lawrence Lessig (of Stanford Law
+School) has stated, then the real question we face is: who should control
+the code you use—you, or an elite few? We believe you are entitled to
+control the software you use, and giving you that control is the goal of
+free software.</p>
+
+<p>
+We believe you should decide what to do with the software you use; however,
+that is not what today's law says. Current copyright law places us in the
+position of power over users of our code, whether we like it or not. The
+ethical response to this situation is to proclaim freedom for each user,
+just as the Bill of Rights was supposed to exercise government power by
+guaranteeing each citizen's freedoms. That is what the <a
+href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">GNU General Public License</a> is for: it
+puts you in control of your usage of the software while <a
+href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">protecting you from others</a> who
+would like to take control of your decisions.</p>
<p>
ÙÙ
ÛÙâØ·Ùر ک٠کاربراÙ٠بÛشتر ٠بÛØ´ØªØ±Û Ø¯Ø±Ù
ÛâÛابÙد ک٠کد ÙاÙÙÙ Ø§Ø³ØªØ Ù Ø¨Ù Ø§ÛÙ
@@ -138,10 +135,9 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2001 Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman <br />
-ÙسخÙâØ¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÙ
٠ب٠کÙÙ
٠٠تÙزÛع ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در سراسر جÙا٠٠در Ùر
-رساÙÙâاÛØ Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠پرداخت Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز Ù
جاز Ù
ÛâØ¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ù Ø´Ø±Ø·Û Ú©Ù Ø§Û٠اعÙاÙ/Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز
-ØÙظ Ø´Ùد.
+Copyright © 2001, 2009 Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman <br />
+Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted
+without royalty in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
</p>
@@ -153,7 +149,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:36 $
+$Date: 2009/10/27 08:26:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/freedom-or-power.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/freedom-or-power.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.20
retrieving revision 1.21
diff -u -b -r1.20 -r1.21
--- philosophy/freedom-or-power.fr.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:36 -0000 1.20
+++ philosophy/freedom-or-power.fr.html 27 Oct 2009 08:26:12 -0000 1.21
@@ -7,10 +7,9 @@
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, générale, publique, licence, gpl,
licence publique générale, liberté, logiciel, pouvoir, droits" />
-<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Dans cet essai,
« Liberté, ou pouvoir ? », Bradley
-M. Kuhn et Richard M. Stallman discutent des raisons pour lesquelles le
-Mouvement pour le logiciel libre ne se fait pas l'avocat de la liberté de
-choisir n'importe quelle licence pour les logiciels que vous écrivez." />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" content="In this essay, Freedom or Power?,
Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman
+discuss the reasons that the free software ovement doesn't advocate the
+so-called freedom to choose any license you want for software you write." />
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
<h2>Liberté, ou pouvoir ?</h2>
@@ -25,15 +24,13 @@
</blockquote>
<p>
-Dans le Mouvement pour le logiciel libre, nous défendons la
-liberté des utilisateurs de logiciels. Nous avons formulé nos
-vues en cherchant en quoi les libertés sont nécessaire pour
-vivre bien et en quoi elles permettent à des programmes utiles de
-développer une communauté de bonne volonté, de
-coopération et de collaboration. <a
-href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">Nos critères pour les logiciels
-libres</a> spécifient les libertés dont les utilisateurs ont
-besoin pour pouvoir travailler ensemble dans une communauté.</p>
+In the free software movement, we stand for freedom for the users of
+software. We formulated our views by looking at what freedoms are necessary
+for a good way of life, and permit useful programs to foster a community of
+goodwill, cooperation, and collaboration. <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">Our criteria for free software</a> specify
+the freedoms that a program's users need so that they can cooperate in a
+community.</p>
<p>
Nous défendons la liberté des programmeurs de même que
@@ -46,89 +43,65 @@
occasionnellement, ou pas du tout.</p>
<p>
-Pourtant, une soi-disant liberté que nous ne soutenons pas est la
-« liberté de choisir la licence que vous voulez pour le
-logiciel que vous développez ». Nous rejetons celle-ci car
-c'est en réalité une forme de pouvoir et non une
-liberté.</p>
-
-<p>
-Cette distinction, souvent éludée, est cruciale. La
-liberté, c'est le fait d'être en mesure de prendre des
-décisions qui vous affectent en premier lieu. Le pouvoir, c'est le
-fait d'être en mesure de prendre des décisions qui affectent
-les autres plus que vous. Si vous confondez pouvoir et liberté, nous
-échouerons dans le soutien de la vraie liberté.</p>
-
-<p>
-Le logiciel propriétaire est un exercice de pouvoir. Aujourd'hui, les
-lois sur les droits d'auteurs accordent ce pouvoir aux auteurs, aussi
-choisissent-ils tout seul les règles imposables à tous les
-autres. Un nombre relativement faible de personnes prennent des
-décisions fondamentales concernant les logiciels, pour tout le monde,
-et généralement en niant leurs libertés. Quand les
-utilisateurs sont privés des libertés définies par les
-logiciels libres, ils ne peuvent pas savoir exactement ce que fait le
-logiciel, ni contrôler l'existence de portes dérobées,
-ni surveiller l'apparition possible de virus ou de vers, ni découvrir
-quelles informations personnelles sont divulguées sur eux, ni
-empêcher cette divulgation, même s'ils la découvrent. Si
-le logiciel casse, ils ne peuvent pas le réparer; ils doivent
-attendre que le développeur exerce son pouvoir. Si le logiciel ne
-correspond pas tout à fait à leurs besoins, ils sont tout de
-même bloqués avec la version fournie. Ils ne peuvent pas
-s'entr'aider pour l'améliorer.</p>
-
-<p>
-Les développeurs de logiciels propriétaires sont souvent des
-entreprises. Dans le Mouvement des logiciels libres, nous ne sommes pas
-contre les entreprises. Simplement, nous avons vu ce qui se passe quand une
-entreprise de logiciels a la « liberté »
-d'imposer des règles arbitraires aux utilisateurs. Microsoft est un
-exemple flagrant de la manière dont la négation des
-libertés des utilisateurs peut causer directement du tort, mais ce
-n'est pas le seul. Même quand il n'existe pas de monopole, les
-logiciels propriétaires lèsent les intérêts de la
-société. Avoir le choix de son dictateur, ce n'est pas la
-liberté.</p>
-
-<p>
-Les discussions sur les droits et les règles concernant les logiciels
-se sont souvent concentrées sur les intérêts des seuls
-programmeurs. Peu de personnes dans le monde programment
-régulièrement et encore moins nombreuses sont celles qui
-détiennent des entreprises de logiciels propriétaires. Mais
-maintenant, le monde civilisé a besoin de logiciels et les utilise,
-aussi les développeurs contrôlent la manière dont le
-monde vit, fait des affaires, communique et se distrait. Les
-problèmes éthiques et politiques ne se traitent pas avec un
-slogan comme « la liberté de choix (pour
-développeurs seulement) ».</p>
-
-<p>
-S'il est vrai, comme l'a déclaré le Professeur Lawrence Lessig
-de la faculté de droit de Stanford, que « le code
-informatique fait loi », alors la vraie question à
-laquelle nous faisons face est la suivante : « Qui donc doit
-contrôler le code que vous utilisez ? Est-ce vous, ou bien une
-petite élite ? ». Nous croyons que vous êtes
-habilités à contrôler le logiciel que vous utilisez. Le
-but des logiciels libres est de vous donner ce contrôle.</p>
-
-<p>
-Nous croyons qu'il vous appartient de décider de ce que vous voulez
-faire du logiciel que vous utilisez ; pourtant, ce n'est pas ce que
-disent les lois d'aujourd'hui. Les lois actuelles sur les droits d'auteurs
-nous placent dans une position de pouvoir sur les utilisateurs de notre
-code, que cela nous plaise ou non. La réponse éthique à
-cette situation est de proclamer la liberté pour chaque utilisateur,
-de même que la Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme était
-chargée de définir le pouvoir du gouvernement en garantissant
-les libertés de chaque citoyen. Voilà le but de la <a
-href="/copyleft/copyleft.fr.html">GNU GPL</a> : elle vous donne le
-contrôle de l'utilisation du logiciel tout en <a
-href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.fr.html">vous protégeant</a> de ceux
-qui veulent prendre le contrôle de vos décisions.</p>
+However, one so-called freedom that we do not advocate is the “freedom
+to choose any license you want for software you write.” We reject this
+because it is really a form of power, not a freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+This oft overlooked distinction is crucial. Freedom is being able to make
+decisions that affect mainly you; power is being able to make decisions that
+affect others more than you. If we confuse power with freedom, we will fail
+to uphold real freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+Making a program proprietary is an exercise of power. Copyright law today
+grants software developers that power, so they and only they choose the
+rules to impose on everyone else—a relatively small number of people
+make the basic software decisions for all users, typically by denying their
+freedom. When users lack the freedoms that define free software, they can't
+tell what the software is doing, can't check for back doors, can't monitor
+possible viruses and worms, can't find out what personal information is
+being reported (or stop the reports, even if they do find out). If it
+breaks, they can't fix it; they have to wait for the developer to exercise
+its power to do so. If it simply isn't quite what they need, they are stuck
+with it. They can't help each other improve it.</p>
+
+<p>
+Proprietary software developers are often businesses. We in the free
+software movement are not opposed to business, but we have seen what happens
+when a software business has the “freedom” to impose arbitrary
+rules on the users of software. Microsoft is an egregious example of how
+denying users' freedoms can lead to direct harm, but it is not the only
+example. Even when there is no monopoly, proprietary software harms
+society. A choice of masters is not freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+Discussions of rights and rules for software have often concentrated on the
+interests of programmers alone. Few people in the world program regularly,
+and fewer still are owners of proprietary software businesses. But the
+entire developed world now needs and uses software, so software developers
+now control the way it lives, does business, communicates, and is
+entertained. The ethical and political issues are not addressed by the
+slogan of “freedom of choice (for developers only).”</p>
+
+<p>
+If “code is law,” as Professor Lawrence Lessig (of Stanford Law
+School) has stated, then the real question we face is: who should control
+the code you use—you, or an elite few? We believe you are entitled to
+control the software you use, and giving you that control is the goal of
+free software.</p>
+
+<p>
+We believe you should decide what to do with the software you use; however,
+that is not what today's law says. Current copyright law places us in the
+position of power over users of our code, whether we like it or not. The
+ethical response to this situation is to proclaim freedom for each user,
+just as the Bill of Rights was supposed to exercise government power by
+guaranteeing each citizen's freedoms. That is what the <a
+href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">GNU General Public License</a> is for: it
+puts you in control of your usage of the software while <a
+href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">protecting you from others</a> who
+would like to take control of your decisions.</p>
<p>
De plus en plus d'utilisateurs réalisent que le code informatique
@@ -171,10 +144,9 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2001 Bradley M. Kuhn et Richard M. Stallman <br />La
-reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est permise
-sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+Copyright © 2001, 2009 Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman <br />
+Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted
+without royalty in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
</p>
@@ -187,7 +159,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:36 $
+$Date: 2009/10/27 08:26:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:39 -0000 1.11
+++ philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html 27 Oct 2009 08:26:12 -0000 1.12
@@ -12,77 +12,59 @@
<p>par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
<p>
-C'est devenu à la mode de décrire le copyright, les brevets,
-et les marques déposées comme «propriété
-intellectuelle». Cette mode n'est pas apparue par accident — le
-terme déforme et rend confus systématiquement ces
-problèmes, et son utilisation a été et est soutenue par
-ceux qui profitent de cette confusion. Quiconque souhaite
-réfléchir clairement à une quelconque de ces lois
-ferait bien de rejeter le terme.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Selon le Professeur Mark Lemley, exerçant actuellement à la
-Stanford Law School, l'utilisation très répandue du terme
-«propriété intellectuelle» est une mode suivie
-depuis la création en 1967 de l'Organisation mondiale de la
-«propriété intellectuelle», et est devenue
-réellement courante depuis ces dernières
-années. (L'OMPI est formellement une organisation des Nations Unies,
-mais elle représente en faitles intérêts des
-détenteurs de copyrights, de brevets et de marques
-déposées).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Un effet du terme est la distorsion qui n'est pas difficile de voir :
-il suggère de penser au copyright, aux brevets et aux marques
-déposées par analogie avec les droits de
-propriété pour les objets physiques. (Cette analogie est
-à l'opposé des doctrines de droit de la loi sur le copyright,
-de la loi sur les brevets, et de la loi sur les marques
-déposées, mais seuls les spécialistes le savent). Ces
-lois sont en fait peu semblables à la loi sur la
-propriété physique, mais l'utilisation de ce terme conduit les
-législateurs à les changer pour qu'elles en soient plus
-proches. Puisque c'est le changement voulu par les sociétés
-qui se servent des pouvoirs du copyright, des brevets et des marques
-déposées, ces sociétés ont œuvré
-pour mettre ce terme à la mode.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Ceux qui préféreraient juger ces problèmes sur leurs
-mérites devraient rejeter un terme biaisé pour en
-parler. Beaucoup m'ont demandé de proposer un autre nom pour la
-catégorie — ou m'ont proposé des alternatives
-eux-mêmes. Ces suggestions incluent IMP pour «Imposed Monopoly
-Privileges» («Privilèges de monopoles
-imposés»), et GOLEM, pour «Government-Originated Legally
-Enforced Monopolies» («Monopoles d'origine gouvernementale mis
-en application légalement»). Certains parlent de
-«régimes de droits exclusifs», mais assimiler des
-restrictions à des «droits» est biaisé aussi.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Certaines de ces substitutions seraient une amélioration, mais c'est une
-erreur de remplacer «propriété intellectuelle» par
-un autre terme. Un nom différent ne règlerait pas le
-problème plus profond de ce terme : la banalisation. Il n'existe
-pas de chose unifiée telle que la «propriété
-intellectuelle». C'est un mirage, qui semble avoir une existence
-cohérente seulement parce que le terme le suggère.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Le terme «propriété intellectuelle» est un terme
-fourre-tout pour mêler des lois disparates. Les néophytes en
-droit qui entendent le terme «propriété
-intellectuelle» appliqué à diverses lois, tendent
-à croire qu'il y a plusieurs variations d'un principe commun, et
-qu'elles fonctionnent de manière similaire.
+It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and
+trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three
+separate and different sets of laws—into one pot and call it
+“intellectual property”. The distorting and confusing term did
+not arise by accident. Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it.
+The clearest way out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School, the
+widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is a fashion
+that followed the 1967 founding of the World “Intellectual
+Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
+years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
+interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking about
+copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property rights for
+physical objects. (This analogy is at odds with the legal philosophies of
+copyright law, of patent law, and of trademark law, but only specialists
+know that.) These laws are in fact not much like physical property law, but
+use of this term leads legislators to change them to be more so. Since that
+is the change desired by the companies that exercise copyright, patent and
+trademark powers, the bias introduced by the term “intellectual
+property” suits them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The bias is reason enough to reject the term, and people have often asked me
+to propose some other name for the overall category—or have proposed
+their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions include IMPs, for
+Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for Government-Originated Legally
+Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of “exclusive rights regimes”,
+but referring to restrictions as “rights” is doublethink too.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a mistake
+to replace “intellectual property” with any other term. A
+different name will not address the term's deeper problem:
+overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as “intellectual
+property”—it is a mirage. The only reason people think it makes
+sense as a coherent category is that widespread use of the term has misled
+them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” is at best a catch-all to lump
+together disparate laws. Nonlawyers who hear one term applied to these
+various laws tend to assume they are based on a common principle and
+function similarly.
</p>
<p>
@@ -94,115 +76,89 @@
</p>
<p>
-La loi sur le copyright a été conçue pour promouvoir
-les œuvres littéraires et l'art, et couvre les détails
-d'une œuvre littéraire ou artistique. La loi sur les brevets a
-été conçue pour encourager la publication
-d'idées, au prix d'un monopole limité sur ces idées
-— un prix nécessaire dans certains domaines et pas dans
-d'autres.
+Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the
+details of expression of a work. Patent law was intended to promote the
+publication of useful ideas, at the price of giving the one who publishes an
+idea a temporary monopoly over it—a price that may be worth paying in
+some fields and not in others.
</p>
<p>
-La loi sur les marques déposées n'était pas
-destinée à promouvoir une quelconque activité
-commerciale, mais seulement pour permettre aux acheteurs de savoir ce qu'ils
-achètent; cependant, les législateurs sous l'influence de la
-«propriété intellectuelle», l'ont modifiée
-en un schéma qui fournit des incitations à faire de la
-publicité
+Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular way
+of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.
+Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual
+property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
+incentives for advertising.
</p>
<p>
-Puisque ces lois ont été développées
-indépendamment l'une de l'autre, elles sont différentes dans
-chaque détail, comme dans leurs propos ou leurs méthodes de
-base. Par conséquent, si vous apprenez quelque chose sur la loi sur
-le copyright, vous feriez mieux de supposer que la loi sur les brevets est
-différente. Vous vous tromperez rarement de cette façon.
+Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every
+detail, as well as in their basic purposes and methods. Thus, if you learn
+some fact about copyright law, you'd be wise to assume that patent law is
+different. You'll rarely go wrong!
</p>
<p>
-Les gens disent souvent «propriété intellectuelle»
-quand ils veulent vraiment qualifier une autre catégorie, plus
-étendue ou plus restreinte que la «propriété
-intellectuelle». Par exemple, les pays riches imposent souvent des
-lois injustes aux pays pauvres pour leur extorquer de l'argent. Certaines
-sont souvent des lois sur la «propriété
-intellectuelle», mais pas toutes néanmoins, les gens
-utilisent souvent ce terme car il leur est devenu familier, et travestit la
-nature du problème. Il serait bien mieux d'utiliser un terme comme
-«colonisation législative» qui est au cœur du sujet
-et évite la dénaturation de son étendue.
+People often say “intellectual property” when they really mean
+some larger or smaller category. For instance, rich countries often impose
+unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of them. Some of these
+laws are “intellectual property” laws, and others are not;
+nonetheless, critics of the practice often grab for that label because it
+has become familiar to them. By using it, they misrepresent the nature of
+the issue. It would be better to use an accurate term, such as
+“legislative colonization”, that gets to the heart of the
+matter.
</p>
<p>
-Les hommes de loi ne sont pas les seuls à se méprendre sur ce
-terme. Même les professeurs de droit qui enseignent ces lois sont
-leurrés par le terme de «propriété
-intellectuelle» dans des déclarations générales
-qui sont en contradiction avec les faits qu'ils connaissent. Le terme les
-distrait d'utiliser leurs connaissances. Par exemple, un professeur a
-écrit en 2006 :
+Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law professors
+who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the seductiveness of the
+term “intellectual property”, and make general statements that
+conflict with facts they know. For example, one professor wrote in 2006:
</p>
<blockquote><p>
-« Contrairement à leur descendants qui travaillent
-à l'<abbr title="Organisation mondiale de la propriété
-intellectuelle">OMPI</abbr>, les fondateurs de la Constitution
-américaine avaient une attitude de principe pro-concurrentielle vis
-à vis de la propriété intellectuelle. Il savaient que
-des droits seraient peut-être nécessaires mais… ils ont
-lié les mains du Congrès, en restreignant son pouvoir de
-diverses manières ».
+Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers of the
+US constitution had a principled, pro-competitive attitude to intellectual
+property. They knew rights might be necessary, but…they tied
+congress's hands, restricting its power in multiple ways.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-Cette affirmation se refère à l'article 1 clause 8 de la
-Constitution amèricaine qui autorise des lois sur les droits
-d'auteurs et des lois sur les brevets, mais cet article n'a rien à
-voir avec les lois sur les marques déposées. Le terme
-«propriété intellectuelle» a conduit ce professeur
-à une fausse généralisation.
+That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
+Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That clause,
+though, has nothing to do with trademark law. The term “intellectual
+property” led that professor to make false generalization.
</p>
<p>
-Le terme «propriété intellectuelle» conduit
-également à une réflexion simpliste. Il amène
-les gens à se concentrer sur la portion congrue de ces lois
-disparates, qui est qu'elles ont créé des privilèges
-artificiels pour certaines parties, et à ignorer leur contenu —
-les restrictions spécifiques que chacune d'elles exercent sur le
-public, et les conséquences qui en résultent. Ceci encourage
-une approche «économistique» de tous ces
-problèmes.
+The term “intellectual property” also leads to simplistic
+thinking. It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form that
+these disparate laws have—that they create artificial privileges for
+certain parties—and to disregard the details which form their
+substance: the specific restrictions each law places on the public, and the
+consequences that result. This simplistic focus on the form encourages an
+“economistic” approach to all these issues.
</p>
<p>
-L'économie, comme souvent, opère comme un véhicule pour
-des valeurs non examinées, comme par exemple, la quantité de
-production importe, alors que la liberté et le mode de vie non, et
-des postulats qui ne sont que très superficiellement vrais, comme par
-exemple, que le droit d'auteur aide les musiciens, ou que les brevets sur
-les médicaments aident la recherche à sauver des vies.
+Economics operates here, as it often does, as a vehicle for unexamined
+assumptions. These include assumptions about values, such as that amount of
+production matters while freedom and way of life do not, and factual
+assumptions which are mostly false, such as that copyrights on music
+supports musicians, or that patents on drugs support life-saving research.
</p>
<p>
-Pour celui qui a une vue générique, les problèmes
-spécifiques de la politique publique soulevés par la loi sur
-le droit d'auteur, et les problèmes, différents,
-soulevés par la loi sur les brevets ou toute autre loi, sont presque
-invisibles. Ces problèmes proviennent des spécificités
-de chaque loi — précisément ce que le terme
-«propriété intellectuelle» encourage les gens
-à ignorer. Par exemple, un problème relatif à la loi
-sur le droit d'auteur est de savoir si le partage de la musique devrait
-être autorisé. La loi sur les brevets n'a rien à voir
-avec ceci.Mais la loi sur les brevets soulève le problème de
-savoir si les pays pauvres devraient être autorisés à
-produire des médicament qui sauvent des vies et les vendre bon
-marché pour sauver des vies. La loi sur le droit d'auteur n'a rien
-à voir avec cela.
+Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term
+“intellectual property”, the specific issues raised by the
+various laws become nearly invisible. These issues arise from the specifics
+of each law—precisely what the term “intellectual
+property” encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue
+relating to copyright law is whether music sharing should be allowed; patent
+law has nothing to do with this. Patent law raises issues such as whether
+poor countries should be allowed to produce life-saving drugs and sell them
+cheaply to save lives; copyright law has nothing to do with such matters.
</p>
<p>
@@ -217,24 +173,20 @@
</p>
<p>
-Par conséquent, toute opinion à propos de «la question
-de propriété intellectuelle» est presque sûrement
-absurde. Si vous pensez que toutes ces lois ne sont qu'un même
-problème, vous aurez tendance à choisir vos opinions à
-partir d'une sélection de généralisations, dont aucune
-d'elles n'est bonne.
+Thus, any opinions about “the issue of intellectual property”
+and any generalizations about this supposed category are almost surely
+foolish. If you think all those laws are one issue, you will tend to choose
+your opinions from a selection of sweeping overgeneralizations, none of
+which is any good.
</p>
<p>
-Si vous voulez réfléchir clairement au sujet des
-problèmes soulevés par les brevets, les copyrights ou les
-marques déposées, ou même apprendre ce que ces lois
-disent, la première étape est d'oublier l'idée de les
-mettre toutes dans le même panier, et de les traiter comme des sujets
-séparés. Si vous voulez écrire des articles qui
-informent le public et encourage à réfléchir
-clairement, traiter chacune de ces lois séparément; ne
-suggérez pas de généralisation à leur propos.
+If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or
+copyrights, or trademarks, the first step is to forget the idea of lumping
+them together, and treat them as separate topics. The second step is to
+reject the narrow perspectives and simplistic picture the term
+“intellectual property” suggests. Consider each of these issues
+separately, in its fullness, and you have a chance of considering them well.
</p>
<p>
@@ -284,7 +236,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:39 $
+$Date: 2009/10/27 08:26:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/not-ipr.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- philosophy/not-ipr.ml.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:39 -0000 1.6
+++ philosophy/not-ipr.ml.html 27 Oct 2009 08:26:12 -0000 1.7
@@ -11,71 +11,59 @@
<p>à´à´´àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ <a
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à´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâമാനàµâ</a></p>
<p>
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-വിളിയàµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ à´à´°àµ à´ªàµà´¤à´¿à´¯
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à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´´à´ªàµà´ªà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ നിനàµà´¨àµà´
-ലാà´à´®àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´à´®àµà´ªà´¨à´¿à´à´³à´¾à´£àµàµ à´
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-മാറàµà´±à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³ à´à´±àµà´±à´µàµà´
à´µàµà´¯à´àµà´¤à´®à´¾à´¯ മാരàµâà´àµà´à´, ഠപദà´
à´®àµà´¾à´¤àµà´¤à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ
-തളàµà´³à´¿à´à´³à´¯àµà´à´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-à´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´³àµâ à´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¨àµâà´«àµà´¡àµ à´²àµ
à´¸àµà´àµà´³à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³, à´ªàµà´°àµà´¾à´«à´¸àµà´¸à´°àµâ
മാരàµâà´àµà´àµ à´²àµà´à´²àµ -à´¯àµà´àµ
-à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ, 1967-à´²àµâ à´²àµà´
“à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´ à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµàµ”
à´¸à´à´à´à´¨(World
-“Intellectual Property” Organisation)
à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´ªà´¿à´¤à´®à´¾à´¯à´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
-à´¤àµà´à´°àµâà´àµà´à´¯à´¾à´¯à´¿à´¯àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´¯ à´ªàµà´¾à´¤àµ
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-à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ പരà´àµà´àµà´¯àµà´³àµà´³
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à´¤àµà´¤à´¨àµà´¨àµ
വളരൠസാധാരണമായതàµàµ à´
-à´
à´àµà´¤àµà´¤ വരàµâà´·à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²à´¾à´£àµàµ. (WIPO
à´à´°àµ à´¯àµà´à´¨àµâ à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´ªà´¨à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ, à´ªà´àµà´·àµ
വാസàµà´¤à´µà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ
-à´
à´µ, à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´,à´ªàµà´±àµà´±à´¨àµà´±àµ,
à´àµà´°àµà´¡àµâമാരàµâà´àµà´àµàµ à´¤àµà´à´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´µ
à´àµà´µà´¶à´®àµà´³àµà´³à´µà´°àµà´àµ
-à´à´àµà´°à´¹à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ
നിലà´àµà´¾à´³àµà´³àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-à´
ധിà´à´ à´ªàµà´°à´¯à´¾à´¸à´®à´¿à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤à´¨àµà´¨àµ
à´à´¾à´£à´¾à´µàµà´¨àµà´¨ à´à´¾à´¯àµâà´µàµà´£àµà´àµàµ à´
പദതàµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ:
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´,à´ªàµà´±àµà´±à´¨àµà´±àµ,à´àµà´°àµà´¡àµâമാരàµâà´àµà´àµ
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´µà´¯àµ à´àµà´¤à´¿à´
വസàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµà´³àµà´³
-à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤à´µà´à´¾à´¶à´µàµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
സാദàµà´¶àµà´¯à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¿
à´à´¿à´¨àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
-പറയàµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.(à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµà´¯àµ,
à´ªàµà´±àµà´±à´¨àµà´±à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµà´¯àµ,
à´àµà´°àµà´¡àµâമാരàµâà´àµà´à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµà´¯àµ
-നിയമപരമായ
തതàµà´µà´¶à´¾à´¸àµà´¤àµà´°à´¤àµà´¤àµà´àµàµ
à´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµà´¤à´¤à´¾à´£àµ താരതമàµà´¯à´,
à´ªà´àµà´·àµ
-വിദà´àµà´§à´°àµâà´àµà´àµ à´
തറിയàµ). à´
നിയമà´àµà´à´³àµâ, à´àµà´¤à´¿à´
à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ നിയമà´àµà´à´³àµ
-à´ªàµà´²àµà´¯à´²àµà´²àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´, à´
പദതàµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´, നിയമà´àµà´à´°àµ,
à´
തിനàµà´àµàµ സാമàµà´¯à´®àµà´³àµà´³
-à´°àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´²à´¾à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ
നയിയàµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµà´¯àµà´,
-à´ªàµà´±àµà´±à´¨àµà´±à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµà´¯àµà´,
à´àµà´°àµà´¡àµâമാരàµâà´àµà´à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµà´¯àµà´, à´
ധിà´à´¾à´°à´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
-à´à´®àµà´ªà´¨à´¿à´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ à´µàµà´£àµà´à´¤àµà´ à´
തൠമാറàµà´±à´®à´¾à´¯à´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ,
“à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´
-à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµàµ”-à´¨àµà´±àµ à´à´¾à´¯àµâà´µàµàµ à´
വരàµâà´àµà´àµàµ à´àµà´°àµâà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¦àµà´§à´°à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨ à´
à´à´¾à´¯àµâà´µàµà´¤à´¨àµà´¨àµ ഠപദതàµà´¤àµ
നിരാà´à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ മതിയായ
-à´à´¾à´°à´£à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ., à´®àµà´¾à´¤àµà´¤à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³
വിà´à´¾à´à´¤àµà´¤àµ വിളിയàµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿
മറàµà´±àµà´¾à´°àµ à´ªàµà´°àµ
-നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
പലപàµà´ªàµà´´à´¾à´¯à´¿ à´
à´³àµà´à´³àµâ
à´à´¨àµà´¨àµà´à´¾à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´£àµà´àµàµ
-—à´
à´²àµà´²àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ à´
വരàµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´¯
à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´àµà´à´³àµâ
നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´£àµà´àµàµ
-(പലപàµà´ªàµà´´àµà´
à´à´¿à´°à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´µ).
നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ à´à´¿à´²à´¤àµàµ
à´à´µà´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ, IMPs
-à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµâ Imposed Monopoly
Privilages(à´àµà´®à´¤àµà´¤à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´
à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´à´¾à´µà´à´¾à´¶à´), GOLEMs
-à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµâ Government-Originated Legally Enforced
-Monopolies(à´à´µà´£àµâà´®àµà´¨àµà´±àµ-à´¤àµà´à´àµà´à´¿à´µà´àµà´
നിയമഠà´
à´¨àµà´¶à´¾à´¸à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
-à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´à´à´³àµâ). “ à´ªàµà´°à´¤àµà´¯àµà´ à´
à´µà´à´¾à´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ à´¸à´à´à´”-à´¤àµà´¤àµ
പറàµà´±à´¿à´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ
-à´à´¿à´²à´°àµâ പറയാറàµ, à´ªà´àµà´·àµ
നിയനàµà´¤àµà´°à´£à´àµà´à´³àµ ”à´
à´µà´à´¾à´¶à´àµà´à´³àµâ” à´à´¨àµà´¨àµ
-പറയàµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ à´¦àµà´µà´¨àµà´¤à´®àµà´à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-à´à´ªàµà´ªà´±à´àµà´à´µà´¯à´¿à´²àµâ à´à´¿à´² à´ªàµà´°àµà´à´³àµâ
à´®àµà´àµà´à´ തനàµà´¨àµ, à´ªà´àµà´·àµ “à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´
-à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµàµ” à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµ à´ªà´à´°à´
à´µàµà´±àµà´¯àµà´¤àµàµ
പദമàµà´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´
-à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´£àµàµ. à´µàµà´±àµà´¾à´°àµ
വാà´àµà´àµà´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ ഠപദതàµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´à´¾à´¤à´²à´¾à´¯
-à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´¤àµà´¤àµ à´¨àµà´°à´¿à´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´²àµà´²: à´
തിസാമാനàµà´¯à´µà´¤àµà´à´°à´£à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ à´
à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´. “à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´
-à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµàµ”à´à´¨àµà´¨ à´à´àµà´ªà´¿à´¤à´®à´¾à´¯
à´à´°àµ à´¸à´à´à´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´² —à´
à´¤àµà´¾à´°àµ
മരàµà´à´¿à´à´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ.
-പരà´àµà´àµà´¯àµà´³àµà´³ à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´ à´
à´àµà´à´¨àµà´¯àµà´³àµà´³ à´à´°àµ à´ªàµà´°à´¤à´¿à´à´¾à´¯
നലàµâà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµà´®à´¾à´¤àµà´°à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ,
-à´
à´¤àµà´¤à´°à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ à´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¿à´à´¦àµà´°à´®à´¾à´¯
à´à´°àµ വിà´à´¾à´à´®àµà´£àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµàµ
വിà´à´¾à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ à´à´¾à´°à´£à´.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-à´µàµà´µàµà´µàµà´±àµ നിയമà´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´àµà´àµà´à´¿à´àµà´´à´àµà´àµàµ, à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ à´à´±àµà´±à´µàµà´
-പറàµà´±à´¿à´¯ പദമാണàµàµ “à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´
à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµàµ”à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ.
നിയമà´àµà´à´°à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤à´µà´°àµâ
-,വിവിധ നിയമà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµà´²àµà´²à´¾à´
à´àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´³àµà´³ à´ à´à´±àµà´±à´ªà´¦à´
à´àµà´³àµâà´àµà´àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ
-വിà´à´¾à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´, à´
വയàµà´²àµà´²à´¾à´ à´à´°àµ
à´®àµà´²àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²à´§à´¿à´·àµà´ ിതമാണàµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´,
à´à´°àµà´ªàµà´²àµ
-à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´
à´à´£àµàµ.
+It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and
+trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three
+separate and different sets of laws—into one pot and call it
+“intellectual property”. The distorting and confusing term did
+not arise by accident. Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it.
+The clearest way out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School, the
+widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is a fashion
+that followed the 1967 founding of the World “Intellectual
+Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
+years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
+interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking about
+copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property rights for
+physical objects. (This analogy is at odds with the legal philosophies of
+copyright law, of patent law, and of trademark law, but only specialists
+know that.) These laws are in fact not much like physical property law, but
+use of this term leads legislators to change them to be more so. Since that
+is the change desired by the companies that exercise copyright, patent and
+trademark powers, the bias introduced by the term “intellectual
+property” suits them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The bias is reason enough to reject the term, and people have often asked me
+to propose some other name for the overall category—or have proposed
+their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions include IMPs, for
+Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for Government-Originated Legally
+Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of “exclusive rights regimes”,
+but referring to restrictions as “rights” is doublethink too.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a mistake
+to replace “intellectual property” with any other term. A
+different name will not address the term's deeper problem:
+overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as “intellectual
+property”—it is a mirage. The only reason people think it makes
+sense as a coherent category is that widespread use of the term has misled
+them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” is at best a catch-all to lump
+together disparate laws. Nonlawyers who hear one term applied to these
+various laws tend to assume they are based on a common principle and
+function similarly.
</p>
<p>
@@ -85,103 +73,89 @@
</p>
<p>
-à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´¯àµà´ à´à´²à´¯àµà´¯àµà´,
à´ªàµà´°àµà´¤àµà´¸à´¾à´¹à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨à´¾à´£àµàµ,
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´¨à´¿à´¯à´®à´àµà´à´³àµâ
-വിà´à´¾à´µà´¨à´ à´àµà´¯àµà´¤à´¤àµàµ. à´à´°àµ
à´¸àµà´·àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµ
à´à´µà´¿à´·àµà´à´¾à´°à´¤àµà´¤àµà´àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´à´¤àµàµ
-à´ªàµà´°à´¤à´¿à´ªà´¾à´¦à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ.
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¯àµà´àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´¯ à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´à´¾à´¶à´¨à´
-à´ªàµà´°àµà´¤àµà´¸à´¾à´¹à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´ªàµà´±àµà´±à´¨àµà´±àµ നിയമà´
à´à´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ. à´à´°àµ
à´à´¶à´¯à´
-à´ªàµà´°à´¸à´¿à´¦àµà´§àµà´à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¯à´¾à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ,
à´
തിനàµà´®àµà´²àµâ
താതàµà´à´¾à´²à´¿à´à´®à´¾à´¯àµà´³àµà´³ à´à´°àµ à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´
-à´àµà´¾à´àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ à´
തിനായി
നാഠà´àµà´¾à´àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨ വില— à´à´¿à´²
à´®àµà´à´²à´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ ഠവില
-à´àµà´¾à´àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ
നലàµà´²à´¤à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´
മറàµà´±àµà´à´¿à´²à´¤à´¿à´²à´²àµà´²à´¤à´¾à´¨àµà´.
+Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the
+details of expression of a work. Patent law was intended to promote the
+publication of useful ideas, at the price of giving the one who publishes an
+idea a temporary monopoly over it—a price that may be worth paying in
+some fields and not in others.
</p>
<p>
-à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµâ à´àµà´°àµà´¡àµâമാരàµâà´àµà´àµ
നിയമà´,à´ªàµà´°à´¤àµà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¾à´°àµ
à´°àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´¯àµà´
-à´ªàµà´°àµà´¤àµà´¸à´¾à´¹à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³à´¤à´²àµà´².
വാà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´µà´°àµâà´àµà´àµàµ à´
വരàµà´¨àµà´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ
-വാà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨àµàµ à´
റിയാനàµâ
സാധിയàµà´àµà´àµà´ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ à´
തിനàµà´±àµ à´à´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´
-. à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµà´ “à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´
à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµàµ”-à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´§àµà´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ
-നിയമà´àµà´à´°àµâ à´
തിനàµ, പരസàµà´¯à´
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ
à´ªàµà´°àµà´¤àµà´¸à´¾à´¹à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³
à´à´°àµ
-à´à´ªà´¾à´§à´¿à´¯à´¾à´¯à´¿ മാറàµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµ.
+Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular way
+of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.
+Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual
+property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
+incentives for advertising.
</p>
<p>
-ഠനിയമà´àµà´à´³àµà´²àµà´²à´¾à´ à´µàµà´µàµà´µàµà´±àµ
നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¿à´àµà´à´¤à´¾à´¯à´¤àµàµ
à´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ, à´à´°àµ വിശദാà´à´¶à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,
-à´à´µ à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¸àµà´¤à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ. à´
വയàµà´àµ à´
à´¨àµà´¤à´¸à´¤àµà´¤à´¯àµà´ à´°àµà´¤à´¿à´à´³àµà´
à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¸àµà´¤à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ. à´
തിനാലàµâ,
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´¤àµà´¤àµ
പറàµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´³àµà´³ à´à´°àµ à´à´¾à´°àµà´¯à´ à´ªà´
à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ à´ªàµà´±àµà´±à´¨àµà´±àµ
നിയമà´
-à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¸àµà´¤à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿. à´
à´ªàµà´ªàµà´³àµâ
à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´µà´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³
-സാധàµà´¯à´¤ വളരൠà´àµà´±à´µà´¾à´£àµàµ!
+Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every
+detail, as well as in their basic purposes and methods. Thus, if you learn
+some fact about copyright law, you'd be wise to assume that patent law is
+different. You'll rarely go wrong!
</p>
<p>
-“à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´ à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµàµ”à´à´¨àµà´¨àµàµ
à´à´¨à´àµà´à´³àµâ സാധാരണപറയàµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ,
-à´
വരàµà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ
താരതമàµà´¯àµà´¨ വലàµà´¤àµ, à´àµà´±àµà´¤àµ à´à´¯ à´à´°àµ
-വിà´à´¾à´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ.
à´à´¦à´¾à´¹à´°à´£à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ, പാവപàµà´ªàµà´àµà´
രാഷàµà´àµà´°à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ നിനàµà´¨àµàµ പണà´
-à´à´±àµà´±àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿ സമàµà´ªà´¨àµà´¨
രാഷàµà´àµà´°à´àµà´à´³àµâ പലപàµà´ªàµà´´àµà´
à´¨àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´®à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
നിയമà´àµà´à´³àµâ
-à´àµà´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´±àµà´£àµà´àµàµ. à´
വയിലàµâ
à´à´¿à´²à´¤àµàµ “à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´ à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµàµ”
നിയമà´àµà´à´³à´¾à´£àµàµ,
-à´à´¿à´²à´¤à´²àµà´². à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµà´, പദà´
നിരàµà´ªà´à´°àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
പരിà´à´¿à´¤à´®à´¾à´¯à´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ à´
വരàµâ
à´ªàµà´¾à´¤àµà´µàµ
-à´à´¤à´¾à´£àµà´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´±àµ.
à´à´¤àµà´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´à´µà´´à´¿ à´
à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ à´¸àµà´µà´à´¾à´µà´¤àµà´¤àµ
à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯à´¿
-à´à´¿à´¤àµà´°àµà´à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¯à´¾à´£à´µà´°àµâ
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ.
“നിയമàµà´ªà´¾à´§à´¿à´à´®à´¾à´¯
-സാമàµà´àµà´¯à´¤àµà´µà´” (legislative colonization)
à´ªàµà´²àµ മറàµà´±àµà´¾à´°àµ à´àµà´¤àµà´¯à´¤à´¯àµà´³àµà´³
à´à´°àµ
-പദഠà´
വിà´àµ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ
നനàµà´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´. à´
à´¤àµàµ
à´à´¾à´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
-à´à´¾à´®àµà´ªà´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ നയിയàµà´àµà´àµà´.
+People often say “intellectual property” when they really mean
+some larger or smaller category. For instance, rich countries often impose
+unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of them. Some of these
+laws are “intellectual property” laws, and others are not;
+nonetheless, critics of the practice often grab for that label because it
+has become familiar to them. By using it, they misrepresent the nature of
+the issue. It would be better to use an accurate term, such as
+“legislative colonization”, that gets to the heart of the
+matter.
</p>
<p>
-സാധാരണ à´à´¨à´àµà´à´³àµâ മാതàµà´°à´®à´²àµà´² à´
പദഠà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ
à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¦àµà´§à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ
-. നിയമഠപഠിപàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨ à´
à´¦àµà´§àµà´¯à´¾à´ªà´à´°àµâ തനàµà´¨àµ “à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´
à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµàµ”
-à´à´¨àµà´¨ പദതàµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´µàµà´¯à´¾à´®àµà´¹à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ
à´ªàµà´°à´²àµà´à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´à´¯àµà´,
à´à´àµà´à´²à´°à´¾à´µàµà´à´¯àµà´,
-à´
വരàµâà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¨àµà´¨àµ à´
റിയാവàµà´¨àµà´¨
വസàµà´¤àµà´¤à´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ വിരàµà´¦àµà´§à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´ªàµà´°à´¸àµà´¤à´¾à´µà´¨à´à´³àµâ
-à´¨à´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´à´¯àµà´ à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
à´à´¦à´¾à´¹à´°à´£à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ 2006-à´²àµâ à´à´°àµ
à´ªàµà´°àµà´¾à´«à´¸àµà´¸à´°àµâ à´à´àµà´à´¨àµà´¯àµà´´àµà´¤à´¿:
+Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law professors
+who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the seductiveness of the
+term “intellectual property”, and make general statements that
+conflict with facts they know. For example, one professor wrote in 2006:
</p>
<blockquote><p>
-à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´
à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ, à´
à´®àµà´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¨àµâ à´à´°à´£à´à´à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ
ശിലàµà´ªà´¿à´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
-à´
വരàµà´àµ പിനàµâà´à´¾à´®à´¿à´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ
നിനàµà´¨àµàµ വതàµà´¯à´¸àµà´¤à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿,
à´®àµà´²àµà´¯à´¾à´§à´¿à´·àµà´ ിതമായ
മതàµà´¸à´°à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
-മനàµà´à´¾à´µà´®àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´
à´µà´à´¾à´¶à´àµà´à´³àµâ
-à´
നിവാരàµà´¯à´®à´¾à´£àµà´¨àµà´¨à´µà´°àµâà´àµà´à´±à´¿à´¯à´¾à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
à´ªà´à´·àµ…à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¸àµà´¤à´®à´¾à´¯
à´°àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´²àµâ
-à´
വരàµâ à´àµà´£àµâà´àµà´°à´¸àµà´¸à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´àµà´à´³àµâ ബനàµà´§à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers of the
+US constitution had a principled, pro-competitive attitude to intellectual
+property. They knew rights might be necessary, but…they tied
+congress's hands, restricting its power in multiple ways.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´¤àµà´¤àµà´¯àµà´
à´ªàµà´±àµà´±à´¨àµà´±à´¿à´¨àµà´¯àµà´
സാധàµà´à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨, യൠà´à´¸àµ
à´à´°à´£à´à´à´¨à´¯à´¿à´²àµ 1-à´¾à´
-à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµ 8-ാഠവിà´à´¾à´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµ
8-ാഠവരിയൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´®àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ പറà´àµà´ à´ªàµà´°à´¸àµà´¤à´¾à´µà´¨
-à´ªàµà´°à´¤à´¿à´ªà´¾à´¦à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ. à´
വരിയàµà´àµà´àµàµ
à´àµà´°àµà´¡àµâമാരàµâà´àµà´àµàµ
നിയമവàµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
-ബനàµà´§à´µàµà´®à´¿à´²àµà´². “à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´
à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµàµ” à´à´¨àµà´¨ പദമാണàµàµ,
à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯
-സാമാനàµà´¯à´µà´¤àµà´à´°à´£à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ
à´ à´ªàµà´°àµà´¾à´«à´¸àµà´¸à´±àµ നയിà´àµà´à´¤àµàµ.
+That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
+Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That clause,
+though, has nothing to do with trademark law. The term “intellectual
+property” led that professor to make false generalization.
</p>
<p>
-“à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´ à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµàµ”à´à´¨àµà´¨
പദഠലളിത à´à´¿à´¨àµà´¤à´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµà´
-നയിയàµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´à´¿à´²à´°àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
à´àµà´¤àµà´°à´¿à´®à´®à´¾à´¯ à´à´¨àµà´àµà´²àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâ
നലàµâà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ à´à´¨àµà´¨
-ലളിതസാമാനàµà´¯à´¤à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµàµ
à´à´¤àµàµ à´à´¨à´àµà´à´³àµ
നയിയàµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ. à´
à´¤àµà´µà´´à´¿ à´à´°àµ
നിയമവàµà´
-à´ªàµà´¾à´¤àµà´¸à´®àµà´¹à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨
നിയനàµà´¤àµà´°à´£à´àµà´à´³àµâ, à´
തിനàµà´±àµ
പരിണാമà´àµà´à´³àµâ,
-à´¤àµà´à´àµà´à´¿à´¯ à´à´¾à´¤à´²à´¾à´¯
വിശദാà´à´¶à´àµà´à´³àµ à´
à´µà´à´£à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´
à´ªàµà´°àµà´°à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´
-à´à´ªà´°à´¿à´ªàµà´²à´µà´®à´¾à´¯ സമàµà´ªà´¨à´, à´
à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµà´²àµà´²à´¾à´ à´à´°àµ
സാമàµà´ªà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´ മാനഠനലàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
-à´ªàµà´°àµà´°à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+The term “intellectual property” also leads to simplistic
+thinking. It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form that
+these disparate laws have—that they create artificial privileges for
+certain parties—and to disregard the details which form their
+substance: the specific restrictions each law places on the public, and the
+consequences that result. This simplistic focus on the form encourages an
+“economistic” approach to all these issues.
</p>
<p>
-à´à´¹à´àµà´à´³àµ à´
à´à´¿à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´¨à´®à´¾à´àµà´à´¿à´¯
സാമàµà´ªà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´ മാനà´, പതിവàµà´ªàµà´²àµ,
à´à´µà´¿à´àµà´¯àµà´
-à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
à´®àµà´²àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµ à´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´³àµà´³
ധാരണà´à´³àµà´
-à´à´¤à´¿à´²àµà´³àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´µàµà´,
à´àµà´µà´¿à´¤à´°àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´®à´²àµà´²,
à´à´¤àµà´ªà´¾à´¦à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
-à´
ളവാണàµàµ à´à´¾à´°àµà´¯à´ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµ
à´ªàµà´²àµà´¯àµà´³àµà´³ à´à´¿à´¨àµà´¤à´¾à´à´¤à´¿à´à´³àµâ,
à´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµ,
à´¸à´à´àµà´¤à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´®àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´¸à´à´àµà´¤à´àµà´à´°àµ പിനàµà´¤àµà´£à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´£àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´,
-മരàµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµà´³àµà´³
à´ªàµà´±àµà´±à´¨àµà´±àµà´à´³àµâ
à´àµà´µà´°à´àµà´·à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´³àµà´³ à´à´µàµà´·à´£à´¤àµà´¤àµ
സഹായിയàµà´àµà´àµà´
-à´à´¨àµà´¨àµà´¾à´àµà´àµà´¯àµà´³àµà´³
വസàµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´ªà´°à´®à´¾à´¯ ധാരണà´à´³àµâ, പലതàµà´
à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯à´µ.
+Economics operates here, as it often does, as a vehicle for unexamined
+assumptions. These include assumptions about values, such as that amount of
+production matters while freedom and way of life do not, and factual
+assumptions which are mostly false, such as that copyrights on music
+supports musicians, or that patents on drugs support life-saving research.
</p>
<p>
-à´µàµà´±àµà´¾à´°àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´®àµà´¨àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµâ,
“à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´ à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµàµ”-à´¨àµà´±àµ
വലിയ
-മാനദണàµà´¡à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ, à´à´°àµ
നിയമà´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´à´¯à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´ªàµà´°à´¤àµà´¯àµà´à´®à´¾à´¯ à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´à´°àµà´µà´¿à´§à´
-à´
à´ªàµà´°à´¤àµà´¯à´àµà´·à´®à´¾à´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´
à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´à´°àµ
നിയമതàµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµà´¯àµà´
വിശദാà´à´¶à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ
-നിനàµà´¨àµà´
à´à´°àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´°à´¿à´àµà´à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ—“à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´
à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµàµ” à´à´¨àµà´¨à´ªà´¦à´
-à´à´¨à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµàµ à´
à´µà´à´£à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´ªàµà´°àµà´¤àµà´¸à´¾à´¹à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´,
à´àµà´¤àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´¯àµà´ à´à´¤àµ
-വിശദാà´à´¶à´àµà´à´³à´¾à´£àµàµ.
à´à´¦à´¾à´¹à´°à´£à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ, à´¸à´à´àµà´¤à´
à´ªà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£àµ
-à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶
നിയമവàµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´ à´à´°àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ. à´ªàµà´±àµà´±à´¨àµà´±àµ
-നിയമതàµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ à´à´¤àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
ബനàµà´§à´µàµà´®à´¿à´²àµà´². à´ªàµà´±àµà´±à´¨àµà´±àµ
നിയമà´àµà´à´³àµâ
-à´à´¯à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ,ദരിദàµà´°
രാഷàµà´àµà´°à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
à´àµà´µà´¨àµâà´°à´àµà´·à´¾ മരàµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´à´³àµâ
-നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´ à´
വ വില
à´àµà´±à´àµà´àµàµ വിലàµâà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´ à´à´³àµà´³ à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¾à´¦à´ à´µàµà´£àµ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµ
-à´ªàµà´²àµà´¯àµà´³àµà´³ à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´àµà´à´³à´¾à´£àµàµ.
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶ നിയമതàµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ à´
വിഷയതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¾à´¨àµà´¨àµà´
-à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´¾à´¨à´¿à´²àµà´².
+Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term
+“intellectual property”, the specific issues raised by the
+various laws become nearly invisible. These issues arise from the specifics
+of each law—precisely what the term “intellectual
+property” encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue
+relating to copyright law is whether music sharing should be allowed; patent
+law has nothing to do with this. Patent law raises issues such as whether
+poor countries should be allowed to produce life-saving drugs and sell them
+cheaply to save lives; copyright law has nothing to do with such matters.
</p>
<p>
@@ -194,24 +168,20 @@
</p>
<p>
-à´
തിനാലàµâ,
“à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
വിഷയതàµà´¤àµ”à´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´³àµà´³
-à´à´¤àµà´¾à´°à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´µàµà´, à´à´£àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµàµ
à´¸à´àµà´à´²àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´à´àµà´à´¨àµ à´à´°àµ
-വിà´à´¾à´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´³àµà´³
à´à´¤àµàµ സാമാനàµà´¯à´µà´¤àµà´à´°à´£à´µàµà´
à´à´¤à´¾à´£àµà´àµà´±à´ªàµà´ªà´¾à´¯àµà´
-വിഡàµà´¢à´¿à´¤àµà´¤à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´.
à´à´ªàµà´ªà´±à´àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾ നിയമà´àµà´à´³àµà´
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´£àµà´¨àµà´¨àµàµ
-à´à´£à´àµà´à´¾à´àµà´àµà´à´¯à´¾à´£àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ,
à´à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´¨àµà´
à´à´°àµà´àµà´£à´µàµà´®à´¿à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤ à´à´°àµà´àµà´àµà´à´
-à´
തിസാമാനàµà´¯à´¤àµà´µà´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ
നിനàµà´¨àµàµ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´
à´¸àµà´µà´°àµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ
നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ
-à´ªàµà´°àµà´°à´¿à´¤à´°à´¾à´àµà´.
+Thus, any opinions about “the issue of intellectual property”
+and any generalizations about this supposed category are almost surely
+foolish. If you think all those laws are one issue, you will tend to choose
+your opinions from a selection of sweeping overgeneralizations, none of
+which is any good.
</p>
<p>
-à´ªàµà´±àµà´±à´¨àµà´±àµà´à´³àµ,
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´àµà´à´³àµ,
à´àµà´°àµà´¡àµâമാരàµâà´àµà´àµà´à´³àµ
à´à´¯à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨
-à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´¤àµà´¤àµà´àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ
നിà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ à´µàµà´¯à´àµà´¤à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
-à´à´¿à´¨àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´®àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´£àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ,
à´à´¦àµà´¯à´ªà´à´¿, à´
വയàµà´²àµà´²à´¾à´
-à´àµà´àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´´à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´¾à´´à´¿à´µà´¾à´àµà´à´¿,
à´à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´ à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¸àµà´¤
വിഷയà´àµà´à´³à´¾à´¯à´¿ à´à´£à´àµà´à´¾à´àµà´àµà´
-à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ. “à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´
à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµàµ” à´à´¨àµà´¨ പദà´
നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´¿à´¯à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
-à´à´àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯ à´µàµà´àµà´·à´£à´µàµà´ ലളിതമായ
à´à´¿à´¤àµà´°à´µàµà´ à´à´ªàµà´àµà´·à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ à´
à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´ªà´à´¿. à´
-à´à´°àµ വിഷയതàµà´¤àµà´¯àµà´ à´
തിനàµà´±àµ
à´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£à´¤à´¯àµà´àµ à´àµà´à´¿
à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¸àµà´¤à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ പരിà´à´£à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµ
-à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµâ നിà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´à´µà´¯àµ
നനàµà´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿ നിരàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³
à´à´°à´µà´¸à´°à´ à´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´.
+If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or
+copyrights, or trademarks, the first step is to forget the idea of lumping
+them together, and treat them as separate topics. The second step is to
+reject the narrow perspectives and simplistic picture the term
+“intellectual property” suggests. Consider each of these issues
+separately, in its fullness, and you have a chance of considering them well.
</p>
<p>
@@ -260,7 +230,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:39 $
+$Date: 2009/10/27 08:26:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/not-ipr.pt-br.html
===================================================================
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retrieving revision 1.3
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diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
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+++ philosophy/not-ipr.pt-br.html 27 Oct 2009 08:26:12 -0000 1.4
@@ -11,62 +11,59 @@
<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
<p>
-Virou moda atirar copyright, patentes e marcas - três entidades separadas e
-diferentes envolvendo três conjuntos de leis separados e diferentes - dentro
-da mesma panela e chamar isso de "Propriedade Intelectual". O termo
-distorcido e confuso não surgiu por acidente. Companhias que lucram com a
-confusão o promovem. E o meio mais claro para sair da confusão é rejeitar
-inteiramente o termo.
+It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and
+trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three
+separate and different sets of laws—into one pot and call it
+“intellectual property”. The distorting and confusing term did
+not arise by accident. Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it.
+The clearest way out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely.
</p>
<p>
-De acordo com o professor Mark Lemley, da Stanford Law School, o uso
-generalizado do termo "propriedade inteletual" é uma moda que seguiu a
-fundação da OMPI, a Organização Mundial de "Propriedade Intelectual" em
-1967, mas apenas recentemente começou a ser comumente utilizado. (OMPI é
-formalmente uma organização das Nações Unidas, mas de fato representa o
-interesse de detentores de copyrights, patentes e marcas.)
+According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School, the
+widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is a fashion
+that followed the 1967 founding of the World “Intellectual
+Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
+years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
+interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.)
</p>
<p>
-O termo carrega uma distorção que não é difÃcil de descobrir: sugere
pensar
-sobre copyright, patentes e marcas por analogia aos direitos de propriedade
-de objetos fÃsicos. (Tal analogia é discrepante da filosofia do direito da
-lei de copyright, ou da lei de patentes e da lei de marcas, mas só os
-especialistas sabem disso). Estas leis são, de fato, pouco semelhantes Ã
-lei de propriedade sobre coisas fÃsicas, mas o uso desse termo conduz os
-legisladores a alterá-las para ficarem mais parecidas. Dado que a alteração
-interessa às empresas que exercem o poder de copyright, marcas e patentes, a
-distorção da "propriedade intelectual" lhes serve bem.
+The term carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking about
+copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property rights for
+physical objects. (This analogy is at odds with the legal philosophies of
+copyright law, of patent law, and of trademark law, but only specialists
+know that.) These laws are in fact not much like physical property law, but
+use of this term leads legislators to change them to be more so. Since that
+is the change desired by the companies that exercise copyright, patent and
+trademark powers, the bias introduced by the term “intellectual
+property” suits them.
</p>
<p>
-Esta distorção já daria motivos suficientes para rejeitar o termo e as
-pessoas recorrentemente me pedem para propor algum outro nome para a
-categoria geral - ou propõem suas próprias alternativas (geralmente
-engraçadas). As sugestões incluem IMPs, de "Imposed Monopoly Privileges"
-(em português, Privilégios de Monopólio Impostos) e GOLEMs, de
-"Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies" (Monopólios Legalmente
-Sustentados Originados por Governos). Alguns falam de "regimes de direitos
-exclusivos", mas se referir à restrições como "direitos" é duplipensar
-também.
+The bias is reason enough to reject the term, and people have often asked me
+to propose some other name for the overall category—or have proposed
+their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions include IMPs, for
+Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for Government-Originated Legally
+Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of “exclusive rights regimes”,
+but referring to restrictions as “rights” is doublethink too.
</p>
<p>
-Alguns desses nomes alternativos seriam um avanço, mas seria um engano
-substituir "propriedade intelectual" por qualquer outro termo. Um nome
-diferente não atingiria o problema profundo do conceito: sua
-sobre-generalização. Não há uma coisa unificada tal como supõe
"propriedade
-intelectual" - isso é uma miragem. O único motivo pelo qual as pessoas
-pensam que ele faz sentido, como uma categoria coerente, vem da impressão
-gerada pela disseminação do uso do termo.
+Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a mistake
+to replace “intellectual property” with any other term. A
+different name will not address the term's deeper problem:
+overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as “intellectual
+property”—it is a mirage. The only reason people think it makes
+sense as a coherent category is that widespread use of the term has misled
+them.
</p>
<p>
-A locução "propriedade intelectual" é, ma melhor das hipóteses, um apanhado
-que embola leis dÃspares. Quem não é advogado e ouve esses termos,
-aplicados a várias legisações, tende a supor que elas se baseiam em um
-princÃpio comum e que funcionam de maneiras semelhantes.
+The term “intellectual property” is at best a catch-all to lump
+together disparate laws. Nonlawyers who hear one term applied to these
+various laws tend to assume they are based on a common principle and
+function similarly.
</p>
<p>
@@ -77,94 +74,89 @@
</p>
<p>
-A lei de copyright foi projetada para promover a autoria e a arte, e é
-atinente aos detalhes de expressão de um trabalho. A lei de patentes visava
-favorecer a publicação de idéias úteis, ao preço de dar àquele que as
-publica um monopólio temporário sobre elas - um preço que pode ser melhor
-pagar em alguns campos, mas não em outros.
+Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the
+details of expression of a work. Patent law was intended to promote the
+publication of useful ideas, at the price of giving the one who publishes an
+idea a temporary monopoly over it—a price that may be worth paying in
+some fields and not in others.
</p>
<p>
-A lei de marcas, ao contrário, não pretendia apoiar nenhum maneira
-particular de atuar, mas simplesmente permitir aos compradores saber o que
-estão comprando. Os legisladores, sob a influência da "propriedade
-intelectual", porém, transformaram-na em um esquema para propiciar
-incentivos à propaganda comercial.
+Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular way
+of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.
+Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual
+property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
+incentives for advertising.
</p>
<p>
-Já que as leis se desenvolveram independentemente, elas são diferentes em
-cada detalhe, da mesma maneira que são diferentes em seus metódos e
-propósitos básicos. Portanto, se você aprender algum fato sobre a lei do
-copyright, você será sábio ao supor que a lei das patentes é diferente.
-Você raramente estará errado!
+Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every
+detail, as well as in their basic purposes and methods. Thus, if you learn
+some fact about copyright law, you'd be wise to assume that patent law is
+different. You'll rarely go wrong!
</p>
<p>
-As pessoas geralmente dizem "propriedade intelectual" quando realmente
-querem dizer algo de uma categoria maior ou menor. Por exemplo, paÃses
-ricos impõem frequentemente leis injustas a paÃses pobres para
-escorchar-lhes o dinheiro. Algumas dessas leis são leis de "propriedade
-intelectual", algumas outras não; entretanto, crÃticos dessa prática
-geralmente se prendem a esse termo porque este se tornou familiar a eles.
-Ao usá-lo, eles deturpam a natureza da questão. Seria melhor utilizar um
-termo exato, como "colonização legislativa", que vai direto ao cerne da
-questão.
+People often say “intellectual property” when they really mean
+some larger or smaller category. For instance, rich countries often impose
+unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of them. Some of these
+laws are “intellectual property” laws, and others are not;
+nonetheless, critics of the practice often grab for that label because it
+has become familiar to them. By using it, they misrepresent the nature of
+the issue. It would be better to use an accurate term, such as
+“legislative colonization”, that gets to the heart of the
+matter.
</p>
<p>
-Os leigos não estão sós quando se confundem com esse termo. Até mesmo
-professores de direito que ensinam essas leis são atraÃdos e distraÃdos pela
-sedução do termo "propriedade intelectual", e fazem afirmações genéricas
que
-entram em conflito com fatos que eles próprios conhecem. Um professor, por
-exemplo, escreveu em 2006:
+Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law professors
+who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the seductiveness of the
+term “intellectual property”, and make general statements that
+conflict with facts they know. For example, one professor wrote in 2006:
</p>
<blockquote><p>
-Ao contrário de seus descendentes que agoram trabalham a base da WIPO, os
-formatadores da constituição estadunidense tinham uma atitude de princÃpios
-e pró-competitiva para a propriedade intelectual. Eles sabiam que os
-direitos poderiam ser necessários, mas... eles ataram as mãos do congresso,
-restringindo seu poder de várias maneiras.
+Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers of the
+US constitution had a principled, pro-competitive attitude to intellectual
+property. They knew rights might be necessary, but…they tied
+congress's hands, restricting its power in multiple ways.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-Essa afirmação se refere ao artigo 1, seção 8, clásula 8 da
Constituição dos
-EUA, que autoriza a lei do copyright e a lei das patentes. Essa cláusula,
-entretanto, não tem nada a ver com a lei de marcas. O termo "propriedade
-intelectual" levou o professor a uma falsa generalização.
+That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
+Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That clause,
+though, has nothing to do with trademark law. The term “intellectual
+property” led that professor to make false generalization.
</p>
<p>
-O termo "propriedade intelectual" também leva a um pensamento simplista.
-Ele leva as pessoas a focarem em uma pobre similaridade que essas diferentes
-leis têm em sua forma - elas criam privilégios artificiais para certas
-partes - e não percerber os detalhes que formam sua substância: as
-restrições especÃficas que cada lei impõe sobre o público, e as
-consequências que resultam daÃ. O foco simplista na forma encoraja uma
-abordagem "economÃstica" para todas essas questões.
+The term “intellectual property” also leads to simplistic
+thinking. It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form that
+these disparate laws have—that they create artificial privileges for
+certain parties—and to disregard the details which form their
+substance: the specific restrictions each law places on the public, and the
+consequences that result. This simplistic focus on the form encourages an
+“economistic” approach to all these issues.
</p>
<p>
-A economia opera aqui, como geralmente o faz, como um veÃculo para
-suposições não-examinadas. Dentre estas estão incluÃdas suposições
sobre
-valores, como a de que a quantidade de produção conta, enquanto a liberdade
-e o estilo de vida não, e suposições factuais que são em sua maioria
falsas,
-como a de que o copyright sobre música favorece os músicos, ou de que as
-patentes de remédios apóiam a pesquisa para salvar vidas.
+Economics operates here, as it often does, as a vehicle for unexamined
+assumptions. These include assumptions about values, such as that amount of
+production matters while freedom and way of life do not, and factual
+assumptions which are mostly false, such as that copyrights on music
+supports musicians, or that patents on drugs support life-saving research.
</p>
<p>
-Outro problema é que, no nÃvel de detalhe de "propriedade intelectual", os
-assuntos especÃficos levantados pelas várias leis se tornam quase
-invisÃveis. Esses assuntos emergem das especificidades de cada lei -
-precisamente o que o termo "propriedade intelectual" faz as pessoas
-ignorarem. Por exemplo, uma questão relacionada a lei do copyright é se o
-compartilhamento de música deve ser permitido. A lei de patentes não tem
-nada a ver com isso. A lei de patentes traz questões como a de se se deve
-permitir a paÃses pobres produzir drogas que salvam vidas e vendê-las a um
-preço baixo para salvar vidas. A lei de copyright não tem nada a ver com
-tal questão.
+Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term
+“intellectual property”, the specific issues raised by the
+various laws become nearly invisible. These issues arise from the specifics
+of each law—precisely what the term “intellectual
+property” encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue
+relating to copyright law is whether music sharing should be allowed; patent
+law has nothing to do with this. Patent law raises issues such as whether
+poor countries should be allowed to produce life-saving drugs and sell them
+cheaply to save lives; copyright law has nothing to do with such matters.
</p>
<p>
@@ -176,21 +168,20 @@
</p>
<p>
-Portanto, qualquer opinião sobre "a questão da propriedade intelectual" e
-qualquer generalização sobre essa suposta categoria são quase que certamente
-bobas. Se você pensar que todas essas leis são uma só questão, você
tenderá
-a escolher suas opiniões de uma gama de generalizações excessivas, nenhuma
-das quais de qualquer valor.
+Thus, any opinions about “the issue of intellectual property”
+and any generalizations about this supposed category are almost surely
+foolish. If you think all those laws are one issue, you will tend to choose
+your opinions from a selection of sweeping overgeneralizations, none of
+which is any good.
</p>
<p>
-Se você quer pensar claramente sobre as questões levantadas por patentes,
-copyrights ou marcas, o primeiro passo é esquecer a idéia de embolá-los, e
-tratá-los como tópicos separados. O segundo passo é rejeitar as
-perspectivas estreitas e o quadro simplista que o termo "propriedade
-intelectual" sugere. Considere cada uma dessas questões separadamente, em
-suas totalidades, e você terá uma chance de considerá-las de maneira
-correta.
+If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or
+copyrights, or trademarks, the first step is to forget the idea of lumping
+them together, and treat them as separate topics. The second step is to
+reject the narrow perspectives and simplistic picture the term
+“intellectual property” suggests. Consider each of these issues
+separately, in its fullness, and you have a chance of considering them well.
</p>
<p>
@@ -237,7 +228,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Atualizado:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:39 $
+$Date: 2009/10/27 08:26:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/social-inertia.fr.html
===================================================================
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@@ -10,66 +10,55 @@
<p>par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
<p>
-Quinze ans ont passé depuis que la combinaison de GNU et de Linux a
-permis pour la première fois l'utilisation d'un PC en toute
-liberté. Pendant ce temps, nous avons parcouru beaucoup de
-chemin. Vous pouvez même acheter un portable avec GNU/Linux
-pré-installé chez plus d'un vendeur de matériel, bien
-que les systèmes qu'ils fournissent ne soient pas totalement
-constitués de logiciels libres. Alors, qu'est-ce qui nous
-empêche d'obtenir un succès total ?</p>
-
-<p>
-Le principal obstacle au triomphe des logiciels libres est l'inertie
-sociale. Vous avez sûrement constaté ses multiples
-formes. Beaucoup de sites Web commerciauxne sont accessibles qu'avec
-Windows. Le menoticiel de la BBC, iPlayer, ne fonctionne que sous
-Windows. Si vous privilégiez la commodité à court terme
-plutôt que la liberté, vous pourriez envisager ces raisons pour
-utiliser Windows. La plupart des entreprises utilisent actuellement Windows,
-donc les étudiants qui pensent à court terme veulent apprendre
-Windows et demandent aux écoles d'enseigner Windows, ce qu'elles
-font, conduisant par conséquent beaucoup d'autres étudiants
-à utiliser Windows. Microsoft nourrit activement cette inertie :
-il encourage les écoles à inculquer la dépendance
-à Windows, et réalise des contrats pour monter des sites Web,
-qui s'avèrent alors ne fonctionner qu'avec Internet Explorer.</p>
-
-<p>
-Il y a quelques années, les publicités de Microsoft
-soutenaient que Windows revenait moins cher que GNU/Linux. Leurs
-comparaisons ont été démystifiées, mais il est
-intéressant de noter que le plus sérieux de leurs arguments se
-réduit à l'inertie sociale : « Actuellement,
-plus de personnes dans la technique connaissent Windows que
-GNU/Linux. » Les gens qui accordent de la valeur à leur
-liberté ne l'abandonneraient pas pour économiser de l'argent,
-mais beaucoup de dirigeants de sociétés croient
-idéologiquement que tout ce qu'ils possèdent, même leur
-liberté, devrait être à vendre.</p>
-
-<p>
-L'inertie sociale se constitue de gens penchant vers l'inertie
-sociale. Quand vous vous laissez gagner par l'inertie sociale, vous
-l'alimentez ; quand vous lui résistez, vous la
-réduisez. Nous vainquons l'inertie en l'identifiant et en
-décidant de ne pas en faire partie.</p>
-
-<p>
-Voici où la faiblesse philosophique de la plus grande partie de notre
-communauté nous freine. La plupart des utilisateurs de GNU/Linux
-n'ont même jamais entendu parlé des idées de liberté qui
-ont motivé le développement de GNU, ils jugent donc encore les
-choses selon des critères de commodité à court terme
-plutôt que de liberté. Cela les rend tout disposés
-à être menés par le bout du nez, via l'inertiesociale.</p>
-
-<p>
-Pour changer cela, nous devons parler de logiciels libres et de
-liberté — pas seulement des bénéfices pratiques
-comme ceux avancés par l'open source. Ainsi, nous pourrons
-étayer la force de notre communauté et nous parviendrons
-à vaincre l'inertie sociale.</p>
+Almost two decades have passed since the combination of GNU and Linux first
+made it possible to use a PC in freedom. We have come a long way since
+then. Now you can even buy a laptop with GNU/Linux preinstalled from more
+than one hardware vendor—although the systems they ship are not
+entirely free software. So what holds us back from total success?</p>
+
+<p>
+The main obstacle to the triumph of software freedom is social inertia. It
+exists in many forms, and you have surely seen some of them. Examples
+include devices that only work on Windows, commercial Web sites accessible
+only with Windows, and the BBC's iPlayer handcuffware, which runs only on
+Windows. If you value short-term convenience instead of freedom, you might
+consider these reason enough to use Windows. Most companies currently run
+Windows, so students who think short-term want to learn how to use it and
+ask their schools to teach it. Schools teach Windows, produce graduates
+that are used to using Windows, and this encourages businesses to use
+Windows.</p>
+
+<p>Microsoft actively nurtures this inertia: it encourages schools to inculcate
+dependency on Windows, and contracts to set up Web sites that then turn out
+to work only with Internet Explorer.</p>
+
+<p>
+A few years ago, Microsoft ads argued that Windows was cheaper to run than
+GNU/Linux. Their comparisons were debunked, but it is worth noting the
+deeper flaw in their argument, the implicit premise which cites a form of
+social inertia: “Currently, more technical people know Windows than
+GNU/Linux.” People who value their freedom would not give it up to
+save money, but many business executives believe ideologically that
+everything they possess, even their freedom, should be for sale.</p>
+
+<p>
+Social inertia consists of people who have given in to social inertia. When
+you surrender to social inertia, you become part of the pressure it exerts
+on others; when you resist it, you reduce it. We conquer social inertia by
+identifying it, and resolving not to be part of it.</p>
+
+<p>
+Here a weakness holds our community back: most GNU/Linux users have never
+even heard the ideas of freedom that motivated the development of GNU, so
+they still judge matters based on short-term convenience rather than on
+their freedom. This makes them vulnerable to being led by the nose by
+social inertia, so that they become part of the inertia.</p>
+
+<p>
+To build our community's strength to resist, we need to talk about free
+software and freedom—not merely about the practical benefits that open
+source supporters cite. As more people recognize what they need to do to
+overcome the inertia, we will make more progress.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -115,7 +104,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
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-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:42 $
+$Date: 2009/10/27 08:26:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
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+++ philosophy/social-inertia.ml.html 27 Oct 2009 08:26:12 -0000 1.4
@@ -12,57 +12,55 @@
à´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâമാനàµâ</strong></a></p>
<p>
-à´à´°àµ പി.സി à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµà´àµ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´±à´¾à´àµà´à´¿à´¯
à´àµà´¨àµà´µà´¿à´¨àµà´±àµà´¯àµà´
ലിനà´àµà´¸à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµà´¯àµà´
-à´¸à´à´¯àµà´à´ à´¨à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ 15
à´àµà´²àµà´²à´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´à´à´¨àµà´¨àµà´ªàµà´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
à´à´àµà´à´¾à´²à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨à´¿à´à´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ
-നാഠവളരൠമàµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´àµà´àµ
à´ªàµà´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´àµà´¨àµ/ലിനà´àµà´¸àµ
à´à´¨àµâà´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâ
-à´àµà´¯àµà´¤à´¿à´°à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨ à´à´°àµ
ലാപàµâà´àµà´ªàµà´ªàµ à´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´³àµâ
നിà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´²à´§à´¿à´à´
-ഹാരàµâà´¡àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
വിതരണà´àµà´à´¾à´°à´¿à´²àµâ നിനàµà´¨àµ
വാà´àµà´à´¾à´. ഠസിസàµà´±àµà´±à´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£à´®à´¾à´¯àµà´
-à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´²àµà´²àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´.
പരിപàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£ വിà´à´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ
നിനàµà´¨àµà´ നമàµà´®àµ
à´¤à´à´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´¨àµà´¤àµàµ?</p>
-
-<p>
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
വിà´à´¯à´à´¾à´¹à´³à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµ
-à´¤à´à´¸àµà´¸à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿à´¨à´¿à´²àµâà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ
സാമàµà´¹àµà´¯ à´à´¡à´¤àµà´µà´®à´¾à´£àµàµ.
നിà´àµà´à´³à´¿à´¤àµ പല à´°àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´²àµâ
-à´¤àµà´°àµâà´àµà´à´¯à´¾à´¯àµà´ à´à´£àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´àµà´àµà´.
പല à´µàµà´¯à´¾à´µà´¸à´¾à´¯à´¿à´
à´µàµà´¬àµà´¸àµà´±àµà´±àµà´à´³àµà´
വിനàµâà´¡àµà´¸àµà´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµ
-മാതàµà´°à´®àµ à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨à´¾à´µàµ.
ബിബിസിയàµà´àµ à´à´ªàµà´²àµà´¯à´°àµâ
'ഹാനàµâà´¡àµà´à´«àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ'
-വിനàµâà´¡àµà´¸à´¿à´²àµâ മാതàµà´°à´
à´à´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ.
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¾à´³àµâ
താതàµà´àµà´à´¾à´²à´¿à´
-à´¸àµà´à´°àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâ നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ
വിലമതിà´àµà´àµà´à´¯à´¾à´£àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ
വിനàµâà´¡àµà´¸àµà´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ à´
-à´à´¾à´°à´£à´àµà´à´³àµâ മതി. പല
à´à´®àµà´ªà´¨à´¿à´à´³àµà´
വിനàµâà´¡àµà´¸àµà´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ, à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´£àµà´àµàµ
-à´¦àµà´°àµâà´à´µàµà´àµà´·à´£à´®à´¿à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
വിദàµà´¯à´¾à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¥à´¿à´à´³àµâ വിനàµâà´¡àµà´¸àµ
പഠിà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ,
-വിദàµà´¯à´¾à´²à´¯à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ വിനàµâà´¡àµà´¸àµ
പഠിപàµà´ªà´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ, à´
à´àµà´à´¨àµ
à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ
-വിദàµà´¯à´¾à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¥à´¿à´à´³àµâ
വിനàµâà´¡àµà´¸àµà´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
à´®àµà´àµà´°àµà´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´à´àµà´àµ, à´
à´à´¡à´¤àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµ
-വളരàµâà´¤àµà´¤àµà´µà´¾à´¨àµà´
à´¶àµà´°à´¦àµà´§à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ;à´®àµà´àµà´°àµà´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµ
വിദàµà´¯à´¾à´²à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµ നിരനàµà´¤à´°à´
-വിനàµâà´¡àµà´¸à´¿à´¨àµ à´à´¶àµà´°à´¯à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´ªàµà´°àµà´°à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ, à´µàµà´¬àµ
à´¸àµà´±àµà´±àµà´à´³àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
-à´à´°à´¾à´±àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ,
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´àµà´àµ à´
തൠà´à´¨àµà´±à´°àµâà´¨àµà´±àµà´±àµ
à´à´àµà´¸àµâà´ªàµà´²àµà´±à´±à´¿à´²àµâ മാതàµà´°à´
-à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµà´
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.</p>
-
-<p>
-à´àµà´±à´àµà´àµ വരàµâà´·à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµ
à´®àµà´®àµà´ªàµàµ വിനàµâà´¡àµà´¸à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´àµà´¨àµ/ലിനà´àµà´¸à´¿à´¨àµà´àµà´à´¾à´³àµâ
-വിലà´àµà´àµà´±à´µàµà´¨àµà´¨àµ
à´®àµà´àµà´°àµà´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµ പരസàµà´¯à´
à´àµà´¯àµà´¤à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´
വരàµà´àµ വാദà´
à´ªàµà´³à´¿à´àµà´àµ,
-à´ªà´àµà´·àµ à´
വരàµà´àµ വാദà´àµà´à´³àµâ
സാമàµà´¹àµà´¯ à´à´¡à´¤à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´£àµ
വിരലàµâ à´àµà´£àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ
-മനസàµà´¸à´¿à´²à´¾à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµ നനàµà´¨àµàµ :
“à´à´àµà´à´¾à´²à´¤àµà´¤àµàµ
സാà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¿à´à´µà´¿à´¦à´àµà´¦àµà´§à´°àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
-à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ à´
റിയàµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ
à´àµà´¨àµ/ലിനà´àµà´¸à´¿à´¨àµà´àµà´à´¾à´³àµâ
-വിനàµâà´¡àµà´¸à´¾à´£àµàµ”.
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ
വിലമതിà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨ à´à´³àµà´à´³àµâ പണà´
-ലാà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ പായിലàµà´². à´ªà´àµà´·àµ
à´à´¨àµà´¤àµà´, à´
തൠസàµà´µà´¨àµà´¤à´
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´¯à´¾à´²àµà´
-വിലàµà´ªà´¨à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´³àµà´³à´¤à´¾à´£àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ
വിà´à´¾à´°à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨ à´à´¿à´² ബിസിനസàµ
à´à´àµà´¸à´¿à´àµà´¯àµà´àµà´à´¿à´µàµà´à´³àµâ
-à´à´£àµà´àµàµ.</p>
-
-<p>
-സാമàµà´¹àµà´¯ à´à´¡à´¤àµà´µà´ à´
à´¤àµà´³àµà´³
à´à´¨à´àµà´à´³àµ à´àµà´à´¿
à´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµà´³àµà´³àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ à´
തിനàµà´±àµ
-à´à´¾à´à´®à´¾à´µàµà´à´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ; à´
തിനàµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´§à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ à´
à´¤àµ
à´àµà´±à´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´à´¡à´¤àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµ
-തിരിà´àµà´à´±à´¿à´¯àµà´à´¯àµà´ à´
തിനàµà´±àµ
à´à´¾à´à´®à´¾à´µà´¾à´¤à´¿à´°à´¿à´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµà´ à´àµà´¯àµà´¤àµàµ
à´
തിനൠതàµà´²àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.</p>
-
-<p>
-à´à´µà´¿à´àµà´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ നമàµà´®àµà´àµ
à´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¯àµà´®à´¯àµà´àµ
തതàµà´µà´¶à´¾à´¸àµà´¤àµà´°à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ ബലഹàµà´¨à´¤
-à´µàµà´³à´¿à´µà´¾à´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ. മിà´àµà´
à´àµà´¨àµ/ലിനà´àµà´¸àµ à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµà´
à´àµà´¨àµ à´¸à´à´°à´à´à´ à´¤àµà´à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³
-à´à´¾à´°à´£à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµ
à´¬àµà´§à´µà´¾à´¨àµâമാരലàµà´², à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´£àµà´àµ
തനàµà´¨àµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¾à´³àµâ
-താതàµà´àµà´à´¾à´²à´¿à´ à´¸àµà´à´°àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµ à´
വരàµâ വിലമതിയàµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´à´¤à´µà´°àµ
സാമàµà´¹àµà´¯ à´à´¡à´¤àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
-à´à´¤à´¿à´àµà´àµà´´à´¿à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµ
നയിà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.</p>
-
-<p>
-à´à´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´°àµ മാറàµà´±à´ വരàµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµâ
നാà´
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµà´àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´¨àµà´àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
à´¸à´à´¸à´¾à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´ — à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ വിà´à´¾à´µà´¨à´
-à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´à´¤à´¾à´µà´¾à´¦à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨à´ªàµà´ªàµà´±à´. à´
à´àµà´à´¨àµ മാതàµà´°à´®àµ നമàµà´àµà´àµàµ
നമàµà´®àµà´àµ
-à´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¯àµà´®à´¯àµ
à´¶à´àµà´¤à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµà´ സാമàµà´¹àµà´¯
à´à´¡à´¤àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµ പരിഹരിà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´
à´à´´à´¿à´¯àµ.</p>
+Almost two decades have passed since the combination of GNU and Linux first
+made it possible to use a PC in freedom. We have come a long way since
+then. Now you can even buy a laptop with GNU/Linux preinstalled from more
+than one hardware vendor—although the systems they ship are not
+entirely free software. So what holds us back from total success?</p>
+
+<p>
+The main obstacle to the triumph of software freedom is social inertia. It
+exists in many forms, and you have surely seen some of them. Examples
+include devices that only work on Windows, commercial Web sites accessible
+only with Windows, and the BBC's iPlayer handcuffware, which runs only on
+Windows. If you value short-term convenience instead of freedom, you might
+consider these reason enough to use Windows. Most companies currently run
+Windows, so students who think short-term want to learn how to use it and
+ask their schools to teach it. Schools teach Windows, produce graduates
+that are used to using Windows, and this encourages businesses to use
+Windows.</p>
+
+<p>Microsoft actively nurtures this inertia: it encourages schools to inculcate
+dependency on Windows, and contracts to set up Web sites that then turn out
+to work only with Internet Explorer.</p>
+
+<p>
+A few years ago, Microsoft ads argued that Windows was cheaper to run than
+GNU/Linux. Their comparisons were debunked, but it is worth noting the
+deeper flaw in their argument, the implicit premise which cites a form of
+social inertia: “Currently, more technical people know Windows than
+GNU/Linux.” People who value their freedom would not give it up to
+save money, but many business executives believe ideologically that
+everything they possess, even their freedom, should be for sale.</p>
+
+<p>
+Social inertia consists of people who have given in to social inertia. When
+you surrender to social inertia, you become part of the pressure it exerts
+on others; when you resist it, you reduce it. We conquer social inertia by
+identifying it, and resolving not to be part of it.</p>
+
+<p>
+Here a weakness holds our community back: most GNU/Linux users have never
+even heard the ideas of freedom that motivated the development of GNU, so
+they still judge matters based on short-term convenience rather than on
+their freedom. This makes them vulnerable to being led by the nose by
+social inertia, so that they become part of the inertia.</p>
+
+<p>
+To build our community's strength to resist, we need to talk about free
+software and freedom—not merely about the practical benefits that open
+source supporters cite. As more people recognize what they need to do to
+overcome the inertia, we will make more progress.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -106,7 +104,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:42 $
+$Date: 2009/10/27 08:26:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
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