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www/bulletins bull3.html
|
From: |
Joakim Olsson |
|
Subject: |
www/bulletins bull3.html |
|
Date: |
Wed, 30 Jul 2008 12:55:05 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Joakim Olsson <jocke> 08/07/30 12:55:05
Modified files:
bulletins : bull3.html
Log message:
Fixed invalid HTML.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/bulletins/bull3.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
Patches:
Index: bull3.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/bulletins/bull3.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- bull3.html 5 May 2005 19:37:03 -0000 1.2
+++ bull3.html 30 Jul 2008 12:54:57 -0000 1.3
@@ -1,1070 +1,880 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
-<HTML>
-<HEAD>
-<TITLE>GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 3 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</TITLE>
-<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:address@hidden";>
-</HEAD>
-<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#1F00FF" ALINK="#FF0000"
VLINK="#9900DD">
-<H1>GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 3</H1>
-
-<!-- These quick navigation menu bar lines can't be longer then about -->
-<!-- 72 characters or lynx will break then poorly. -->
-<!-- If we add more then 2 lines, they will become too cluttered to be -->
-<!-- quickly and easily understood. -->
-<!-- Obviously, we list ONLY the most useful/important URLs here. -->
-
-<!-- Some major categories should have this menu at the top -->
-<!-- <CENTER> -->
-<!-- <A HREF="/index.html" -->
-<!-- NAME = "index">Home</A>| -->
-<!-- <A HREF="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Philosophy</a>| -->
-<!-- <A HREF="/order/order.html">Order</A>| -->
-<!-- <A HREF="/order/ftp.html">Download</A>| -->
-<!-- <A HREF="/software/software.html">Software</A>| -->
-<!-- <A HREF="/doc/doc.html">Documentation</a> -->
-<!-- </CENTER> -->
-
-<A HREF="/graphics/gnu-head-sm.jpg"><IMG SRC="/graphics/gnu-head-sm.jpg"
- ALT=" [image of the Head of a GNU] "
- WIDTH="129" HEIGHT="122"></A>
-<P>
-<P><HR><P>
-<H1>Table of Contents</H1>
-<UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC1" HREF="bull3.html#SEC1">Gnu's Bulletin <tt>
</tt> June, 1987</A>
-<UL>
-<UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC2" HREF="bull3.html#SEC2">Contents</A>
-</UL>
-</UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC3" HREF="bull3.html#SEC3">Gnu's Who</A>
-<UL>
-<UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC4" HREF="bull3.html#SEC4">GNU'S BULLETIN</A>
-</UL>
-</UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC5" HREF="bull3.html#SEC5">What is the Free Software
Foundation?</A>
-<UL>
-<UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC6" HREF="bull3.html#SEC6">Why a Unix-Like System?</A>
-</UL>
-</UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC7" HREF="bull3.html#SEC7">Editorial: Oppose Audio Copy
Protection</A>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC8" HREF="bull3.html#SEC8">Gnus Flashes</A>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC9" HREF="bull3.html#SEC9">GNU Software Available Now</A>
-<UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC10" HREF="bull3.html#SEC10">How To Get Gnu Software</A>
-</UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC11" HREF="bull3.html#SEC11">Status of the GNU Project, June
1987</A>
-<UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC12" HREF="bull3.html#SEC12">Why Was Copyright Invented?</A>
-</UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC13" HREF="bull3.html#SEC13">What is GNU Emacs and do you want
a copy?</A>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC14" HREF="bull3.html#SEC14">GNU Wish List</A>
-<UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC15" HREF="bull3.html#SEC15">Thank Gnus</A>
-</UL>
-</UL>
-<P><HR><P>
-
-
-
-<P>
-Gnu's Bulletin is the sporadically published newsletter of the Free
-Software Foundation, bringing you news about the GNU project.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-<pre>
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+<html>
+<head>
-
-
-</pre>
-<HR>
-<pre>
+ <title>GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 3 - GNU Project - Free Software
+ Foundation (FSF)</title>
+ <link rev="made" href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
+ "text/html; charset=utf-8">
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#1F00FF" alink=
+"#FF0000" vlink="#9900DD">
+ <h1>GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 3</h1>
+ <!-- These quick navigation menu bar lines can't be longer then about -->
+ <!-- 72 characters or lynx will break then poorly. -->
+ <!-- If we add more then 2 lines, they will become too cluttered to be -->
+ <!-- quickly and easily understood. -->
+ <!-- Obviously, we list ONLY the most useful/important URLs here. -->
+ <!-- Some major categories should have this menu at the top -->
+ <!-- <CENTER> -->
+ <!-- <A HREF="/index.html" -->
+ <!-- NAME = "index">Home</A>| -->
+ <!-- <A HREF="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Philosophy</a>| -->
+ <!-- <A HREF="/order/order.html">Order</A>| -->
+ <!-- <A HREF="/order/ftp.html">Download</A>| -->
+ <!-- <A HREF="/software/software.html">Software</A>| -->
+ <!-- <A HREF="/doc/doc.html">Documentation</a> -->
+ <!-- </CENTER> -->
+ <a href="/graphics/gnu-head-sm.jpg"><img src=
+ "/graphics/gnu-head-sm.jpg" alt=" [image of the Head of a GNU] "
+ width="129" height="122"></a>
+ <hr>
+
+ <h1>Table of Contents</h1>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+ <a name="TOC1" href="bull3.html#SEC1" id="TOC1">Gnu's
+ Bulletin <tt> </tt> June, 1987</a>
+
+ <div style="margin-left: 2em">
+ <ul>
+ <li><a name="TOC2" href="bull3.html#SEC2" id=
+ "TOC2">Contents</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <a name="TOC3" href="bull3.html#SEC3" id="TOC3">Gnu's Who</a>
+
+ <div style="margin-left: 2em">
+ <ul>
+ <li><a name="TOC4" href="bull3.html#SEC4" id="TOC4">GNU'S
+ BULLETIN</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <a name="TOC5" href="bull3.html#SEC5" id="TOC5">What is the
+ Free Software Foundation?</a>
+
+ <div style="margin-left: 2em">
+ <ul>
+ <li><a name="TOC6" href="bull3.html#SEC6" id="TOC6">Why a
+ Unix-Like System?</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </li>
+
+ <li><a name="TOC7" href="bull3.html#SEC7" id="TOC7">Editorial:
+ Oppose Audio Copy Protection</a></li>
+
+ <li><a name="TOC8" href="bull3.html#SEC8" id="TOC8">Gnus
+ Flashes</a></li>
+
+ <li>
+ <a name="TOC9" href="bull3.html#SEC9" id="TOC9">GNU Software
+ Available Now</a>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><a name="TOC10" href="bull3.html#SEC10" id="TOC10">How
+ To Get Gnu Software</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <a name="TOC11" href="bull3.html#SEC11" id="TOC11">Status of
+ the GNU Project, June 1987</a>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><a name="TOC12" href="bull3.html#SEC12" id="TOC12">Why
+ Was Copyright Invented?</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+
+ <li><a name="TOC13" href="bull3.html#SEC13" id="TOC13">What is
+ GNU Emacs and do you want a copy?</a></li>
+
+ <li>
+ <a name="TOC14" href="bull3.html#SEC14" id="TOC14">GNU Wish
+ List</a>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><a name="TOC15" href="bull3.html#SEC15" id=
+ "TOC15">Thank Gnus</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ <hr>
+
+ <p>Gnu's Bulletin is the sporadically published newsletter of the
+ Free Software Foundation, bringing you news about the GNU
+ project.</p>
+ <pre>
</pre>
+ <hr>
+ <pre>
-</P>
-<H3><A NAME="SEC2" HREF="bull3.html#TOC2">Contents</A></H3>
-<PRE>
-Gnu's Who <tt> </tt> 2
-What is the Free Software Foundation? <tt> </tt> 3
-Editorial: Oppose Audio Copy Protection <tt> </tt> 5
-Gnu's Flashes <tt> </tt> 6
-GNU Software Available Now <tt> </tt> 8
-How To Get GNU Software <tt> </tt> 9
-Status of the GNU Project <tt> </tt> 10
-Why was Copyright Invented? <tt> </tt> 12
-What is Emacs and Do You Want a Copy? <tt> </tt> 13
-GNU Wish List <tt> </tt> 14
-Thank Gnus <tt> </tt> 14
-GNU Order Form <tt> </tt> 15
-</PRE>
+</pre>
+ <h3><a name="SEC2" href="bull3.html#TOC2" id=
+ "SEC2">Contents</a></h3>
+ <pre>
+Gnu's Who <tt> </tt> 2
+What is the Free Software Foundation? <tt> </tt> 3
+Editorial: Oppose Audio Copy Protection <tt> </tt> 5
+Gnu's Flashes <tt> </tt> 6
+GNU Software Available Now <tt> </tt> 8
+How To Get GNU Software <tt> </tt> 9
+Status of the GNU Project <tt> </tt> 10
+Why was Copyright Invented? <tt> </tt> 12
+What is Emacs and Do You Want a Copy? <tt> </tt> 13
+GNU Wish List <tt> </tt> 14
+Thank Gnus <tt> </tt> 14
+GNU Order Form <tt> </tt> 15
+</pre>
+ <h1><a name="SEC3" href="bull3.html#TOC3" id="SEC3">Gnu's
+ Who</a></h1>
-<H1><A NAME="SEC3" HREF="bull3.html#TOC3">Gnu's Who</A></H1>
-
-<P>
-The usual people are still working on GNU: <B>Richard Stallman</B>
-recently returned from Korea, where he worked at KAIST during the
-month of April. He also visited DECUS in Tokyo and spoke there. He
-is currently continuing to develop the GNU C compiler. Hackers <B>Len
-Tower</B>, <B>Richard Mlynarik</B>, and <B>Paul Rubin</B> are doing various
-pieces of volunteer work as their time permits it, and <B>Jay
-Fenlason</B> continues to work full time on the GNU assembler and
-libraries. At
-the distribution end, FSF treasurer <B>Bob Chassell</B> has just finished
-coordinating production of another run of GNU Emacs manuals. <B>Jerry
-Puzo</B> has been making sure that our correspondence with the outside
-world is handled smoothly.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Some new people have also joined us: <B>Mark D'Agostino</B> is now taking care
-of the FSF mail room, filling the tape and manual orders which are coming
-in at an ever increasing rate. Mark is an MIT student in Physics and
-Electrical Engineering. <B>Peter Deutsch</B>, an old-time hacker from MIT, is
-in his spare time writing a PostScript language interpreter for bitmap
-screens, for use with GNU under the X window system. His interpreter will
-be called "GhostScript" and will hopefully also be able to drive
-printers. Peter is well known for his work on Lisp and Smalltalk, and
-continues to do Smalltalk development as Chief Scientist at ParcPlace
-Systems, a spinoff of Xerox PARC. <B>Velu Sinha</B> wrote the GNU shell,
-which will be released for testing soon. <B>Rayan Zachariasen</B>, whose name
-I hope I have not misspelled, is writing a mailer. Finally, <B>Kathy
-Hargreaves</B> and <B>Karl Berry</B> transcribed Richard Stallman's Microwave
Day
-lecture on how the GNU C compiler works; we hope to publish an edited
-version of the transcript soon. Kathy and Karl are both studying digital
-typography in the Brown University CS department. They plan later to
-design some type fonts for use with GhostScript. They also designed the
-new FSF order form that appears at the end of this bulletin.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-<pre>
+ <p>The usual people are still working on GNU: <b>Richard
+ Stallman</b> recently returned from Korea, where he worked at
+ KAIST during the month of April. He also visited DECUS in Tokyo
+ and spoke there. He is currently continuing to develop the GNU C
+ compiler. Hackers <b>Len Tower</b>, <b>Richard Mlynarik</b>, and
+ <b>Paul Rubin</b> are doing various pieces of volunteer work as
+ their time permits it, and <b>Jay Fenlason</b> continues to work
+ full time on the GNU assembler and libraries. At the distribution
+ end, FSF treasurer <b>Bob Chassell</b> has just finished
+ coordinating production of another run of GNU Emacs manuals.
+ <b>Jerry Puzo</b> has been making sure that our correspondence
+ with the outside world is handled smoothly.</p>
+
+ <p>Some new people have also joined us: <b>Mark D'Agostino</b> is
+ now taking care of the FSF mail room, filling the tape and manual
+ orders which are coming in at an ever increasing rate. Mark is an
+ MIT student in Physics and Electrical Engineering. <b>Peter
+ Deutsch</b>, an old-time hacker from MIT, is in his spare time
+ writing a PostScript language interpreter for bitmap screens, for
+ use with GNU under the X window system. His interpreter will be
+ called "GhostScript" and will hopefully also be able to drive
+ printers. Peter is well known for his work on Lisp and Smalltalk,
+ and continues to do Smalltalk development as Chief Scientist at
+ ParcPlace Systems, a spinoff of Xerox PARC. <b>Velu Sinha</b>
+ wrote the GNU shell, which will be released for testing soon.
+ <b>Rayan Zachariasen</b>, whose name I hope I have not
+ misspelled, is writing a mailer. Finally, <b>Kathy Hargreaves</b>
+ and <b>Karl Berry</b> transcribed Richard Stallman's Microwave
+ Day lecture on how the GNU C compiler works; we hope to publish
+ an edited version of the transcript soon. Kathy and Karl are both
+ studying digital typography in the Brown University CS
+ department. They plan later to design some type fonts for use
+ with GhostScript. They also designed the new FSF order form that
+ appears at the end of this bulletin.</p>
+ <pre>
</pre>
-<HR>
-<pre>
+ <hr>
+ <pre>
</pre>
-</P>
-
-
-<H3><A NAME="SEC4" HREF="bull3.html#TOC4">GNU'S BULLETIN</A></H3>
+ <h3><a name="SEC4" href="bull3.html#TOC4" id="SEC4">GNU'S
+ BULLETIN</a></h3>
-<P>
-Copyright (C) June 1987 by the Free Software Foundation.
+ <p>Copyright (C) June 1987 by the Free Software Foundation.</p>
-</P>
-<P>
-Editor: Paul Rubin<BR>
-Writers: Richard M. Stallman, Paul Rubin
-Illustrations: Etienne Suvasa, Jean-Marie Diaz.<BR>
-Reproduction: Mark D'Agostino.
-
-</P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim
-copies of this document as received, in any medium, provided that
-the copyright notice and permission notice are preserved, and
-that the distributor grants the recipient permission for further
-redistribution as permitted by this notice.
-</BLOCKQUOTE>
-
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC5" HREF="bull3.html#TOC5">What is the Free Software
Foundation?</A></H1>
-<P>
-<CENTER>by Richard M. Stallman</CENTER>
-<P>
-
-</P>
-<P>
-The Free Software Foundation is dedicated to eliminating restrictions
-on copying, redistribution, understanding and modification of software.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-The word "free" in our name does not refer to price; it refers to
-freedom. First, the freedom to copy a program and redistribute it to
-your neighbors, so that they can use it as well as you. Second, the
-freedom to change a program, so that you can control it instead of it
-controlling you; for this, the source code must be made available to
-you.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-The Foundation works to give you these freedoms by developing free
-compatible replacements for proprietary software. Specifically, we
-are putting together a complete, integrated software system "GNU" that
-is upward-compatible with Unix. When it is released, everyone will be
-permitted to copy it and distribute it to others; in addition, it will
-be distributed with source code, so you will be able to learn about
-operating systems by reading it, to port it to your own machine, to
-improve it, and to exchange the changes with others.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-There are already organizations that distribute free CPM and MSDOS
-software. The Free Software Foundation is doing something different.
-
-</P>
-
-<OL>
-<LI>
-
-The other organizations exist primarily for distribution; they
-distribute whatever happens to be available. We hope to provide a
-complete integrated free system that will eliminate the need for any
-proprietary software.
-
-<LI>
-
-One consequence is that we are now interested only in software
-that fits well into the context of the GNU system. Distributing
-free MSDOS or Macintosh software is a useful activity, but it is
-not part of our game plan.
-
-<LI>
-
-Another consequence is that we will actively attempt to improve and
-extend the software we distribute, as fast as our manpower permits.
-For this reason, we will always be seeking donations of money,
-computer equipment or time, labor, and source code to improve the GNU
-system.
-
-<LI>
-
-In fact, our primary purpose is this software development effort;
-distribution is just an adjunct which also brings in some money. We
-think that the users will do most of the distribution on their own,
-without needing or wanting our help.
-</OL>
-
-
-
-<H3><A NAME="SEC6" HREF="bull3.html#TOC6">Why a Unix-Like System?</A></H3>
-
-<P>
-It is necessary to be compatible with some widely used system to give
-our system an immediate base of trained users who could switch to it
-easily and an immediate base of application software that can run on
-it. (Eventually we will provide free replacements for proprietary
-application software as well, but that is some years in the future.)
-
-</P>
-<P>
-We chose Unix because it is a fairly clean design which is already
-known to be portable, yet whose popularity is still rising. The
-disadvantages of Unix seem to be things we can fix without removing
-what is good in Unix.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Why not imitate MSDOS or CP/M? They are more widely used, true, but
-they are also very weak systems, designed for tiny machines. Unix is
-much more powerful and interesting. When a system takes years to
-implement, it is important to write it for the machines that will
-become available in the future; not to let it be limited by the
-capabilities of the machines that are in widest use at the moment but
-will be obsolete when the new system is finished.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Why not aim for a new, more advanced system, such as a Lisp Machine?
-Mainly because that is still more of a research effort; there is a
-sizeable chance that the wrong choices will be made and the system
-will turn out not very good. In addition, such systems are often tied
-to special hardware. Being tied to one manufacturer's machine would
-make it hard to remain independent of that manufacturer and get broad
-community support.
-
-</P>
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC7" HREF="bull3.html#TOC7">Editorial: Oppose Audio Copy
Protection</A></H1>
-
-<P>
-Just when science is making it possible to copy music perfectly,
-record companies are trying to make it impossible again, with
-government-enforced copy protection.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-The invention of the phonograph created a situation where the best way
-to copy audio signals was by mass production. This temporary
-situation made record companies necessary and useful. It also made
-copyright a fairly harmless way of encouraging activities that benefit
-the public. (That was the original purpose of copyright.)
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Digital audio tape machines will change all this. Mass produced
-copies will no longer be better than you can make. Record companies
-may still have customers, but they will be partly obsolete.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-But obsolete institutions don't peacefully accept being ignored. So
-there is a bill before Congress to require specific copy-protection
-equipment in every digital audio tape machine.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-The proposed technical method involves degrading the quality of
-prerecorded music by eliminating a narrow frequency band. When the
-recorder notices that band is empty, it will shut off. Even if the
-signal comes over the radio, copying it will be impossible.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-If this law passes, we can expect more of the same. In the past,
-there were many natural obstacles to copying information, and
-surmounting the obstacles was a business. The overall thrust of the
-information revolution is to remove these obstacles; to make
-information easy to copy and transform. Each time technology makes
-things easier, businesses that depend on obstacles demand a man-made
-obstacle--required by law--to replace the natural one.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-A few general-purpose I/O devices can turn your computer into a
-digital audio tape recorder. Will there be a law to make this
-impossible? Perhaps a law that you can't have source to your kernel,
-lest you patch around the government-imposed access control?
-
-</P>
-<P>
-To fight this bill, call your Congressman and Senators and urge them
-to vote against it. It is called the Digital Audio Tape Recording
-Act of 1987: S. 506, H.R. 1384.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-You can get the phone numbers by calling information; the Senators
-usually have offices in the state capitol. For more information,
-contact this organization:
-
-</P>
-
-<PRE>
+ <p>Editor: Paul Rubin<br>
+ Writers: Richard M. Stallman, Paul Rubin Illustrations: Etienne
+ Suvasa, Jean-Marie Diaz.<br>
+ Reproduction: Mark D'Agostino.</p>
+
+ <blockquote>
+ <p>Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute
+ verbatim copies of this document as received, in any medium,
+ provided that the copyright notice and permission notice are
+ preserved, and that the distributor grants the recipient
+ permission for further redistribution as permitted by this
+ notice.</p>
+ </blockquote>
+
+ <h1><a name="SEC5" href="bull3.html#TOC5" id="SEC5">What is the
+ Free Software Foundation?</a></h1>
+
+ <center>
+ by Richard M. Stallman
+ </center>
+
+ <p>The Free Software Foundation is dedicated to eliminating
+ restrictions on copying, redistribution, understanding and
+ modification of software.</p>
+
+ <p>The word "free" in our name does not refer to price; it refers
+ to freedom. First, the freedom to copy a program and redistribute
+ it to your neighbors, so that they can use it as well as you.
+ Second, the freedom to change a program, so that you can control
+ it instead of it controlling you; for this, the source code must
+ be made available to you.</p>
+
+ <p>The Foundation works to give you these freedoms by developing
+ free compatible replacements for proprietary software.
+ Specifically, we are putting together a complete, integrated
+ software system "GNU" that is upward-compatible with Unix. When
+ it is released, everyone will be permitted to copy it and
+ distribute it to others; in addition, it will be distributed with
+ source code, so you will be able to learn about operating systems
+ by reading it, to port it to your own machine, to improve it, and
+ to exchange the changes with others.</p>
+
+ <p>There are already organizations that distribute free CPM and
+ MSDOS software. The Free Software Foundation is doing something
+ different.</p>
+
+ <ol>
+ <li>The other organizations exist primarily for distribution;
+ they distribute whatever happens to be available. We hope to
+ provide a complete integrated free system that will eliminate
+ the need for any proprietary software.</li>
+
+ <li>One consequence is that we are now interested only in
+ software that fits well into the context of the GNU system.
+ Distributing free MSDOS or Macintosh software is a useful
+ activity, but it is not part of our game plan.</li>
+
+ <li>Another consequence is that we will actively attempt to
+ improve and extend the software we distribute, as fast as our
+ manpower permits. For this reason, we will always be seeking
+ donations of money, computer equipment or time, labor, and
+ source code to improve the GNU system.</li>
+
+ <li>In fact, our primary purpose is this software development
+ effort; distribution is just an adjunct which also brings in
+ some money. We think that the users will do most of the
+ distribution on their own, without needing or wanting our
+ help.</li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <h3><a name="SEC6" href="bull3.html#TOC6" id="SEC6">Why a
+ Unix-Like System?</a></h3>
+
+ <p>It is necessary to be compatible with some widely used system
+ to give our system an immediate base of trained users who could
+ switch to it easily and an immediate base of application software
+ that can run on it. (Eventually we will provide free replacements
+ for proprietary application software as well, but that is some
+ years in the future.)</p>
+
+ <p>We chose Unix because it is a fairly clean design which is
+ already known to be portable, yet whose popularity is still
+ rising. The disadvantages of Unix seem to be things we can fix
+ without removing what is good in Unix.</p>
+
+ <p>Why not imitate MSDOS or CP/M? They are more widely used,
+ true, but they are also very weak systems, designed for tiny
+ machines. Unix is much more powerful and interesting. When a
+ system takes years to implement, it is important to write it for
+ the machines that will become available in the future; not to let
+ it be limited by the capabilities of the machines that are in
+ widest use at the moment but will be obsolete when the new system
+ is finished.</p>
+
+ <p>Why not aim for a new, more advanced system, such as a Lisp
+ Machine? Mainly because that is still more of a research effort;
+ there is a sizeable chance that the wrong choices will be made
+ and the system will turn out not very good. In addition, such
+ systems are often tied to special hardware. Being tied to one
+ manufacturer's machine would make it hard to remain independent
+ of that manufacturer and get broad community support.</p>
+
+ <h1><a name="SEC7" href="bull3.html#TOC7" id="SEC7">Editorial:
+ Oppose Audio Copy Protection</a></h1>
+
+ <p>Just when science is making it possible to copy music
+ perfectly, record companies are trying to make it impossible
+ again, with government-enforced copy protection.</p>
+
+ <p>The invention of the phonograph created a situation where the
+ best way to copy audio signals was by mass production. This
+ temporary situation made record companies necessary and useful.
+ It also made copyright a fairly harmless way of encouraging
+ activities that benefit the public. (That was the original
+ purpose of copyright.)</p>
+
+ <p>Digital audio tape machines will change all this. Mass
+ produced copies will no longer be better than you can make.
+ Record companies may still have customers, but they will be
+ partly obsolete.</p>
+
+ <p>But obsolete institutions don't peacefully accept being
+ ignored. So there is a bill before Congress to require specific
+ copy-protection equipment in every digital audio tape
+ machine.</p>
+
+ <p>The proposed technical method involves degrading the quality
+ of prerecorded music by eliminating a narrow frequency band. When
+ the recorder notices that band is empty, it will shut off. Even
+ if the signal comes over the radio, copying it will be
+ impossible.</p>
+
+ <p>If this law passes, we can expect more of the same. In the
+ past, there were many natural obstacles to copying information,
+ and surmounting the obstacles was a business. The overall thrust
+ of the information revolution is to remove these obstacles; to
+ make information easy to copy and transform. Each time technology
+ makes things easier, businesses that depend on obstacles demand a
+ man-made obstacle--required by law--to replace the natural
+ one.</p>
+
+ <p>A few general-purpose I/O devices can turn your computer into
+ a digital audio tape recorder. Will there be a law to make this
+ impossible? Perhaps a law that you can't have source to your
+ kernel, lest you patch around the government-imposed access
+ control?</p>
+
+ <p>To fight this bill, call your Congressman and Senators and
+ urge them to vote against it. It is called the Digital Audio Tape
+ Recording Act of 1987: S. 506, H.R. 1384.</p>
+
+ <p>You can get the phone numbers by calling information; the
+ Senators usually have offices in the state capitol. For more
+ information, contact this organization:</p>
+ <pre>
Audio Recording Rights Coalition
PO Box 33705
1145 19th Street NW
Washington, DC 20033
1-800-282-TAPE
-</PRE>
-
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC8" HREF="bull3.html#TOC8">Gnus Flashes</A></H1>
-
-<P>
-This is a collection of news items pertaining to the GNU project, the
-Free Software Foundation, and free software in general.
-
-</P>
-
-<UL>
-<LI>
-
-<B>Termcap Manual Being Published</B>
-
-Jim Joyce's Unix bookstore in San Francisco is probably going to publish
-the Termcap programming manual written by Richard Stallman. This manual
-was written as a spinoff of the Emacs project, since the Unix documentation
-for Termcap does not provide enough information. The Foundation will
-probably offer printed copies of this manual for sale after Jim Joyce has
-gotten them printed. Like everything else written at GNU, the manual will
-be free for everyone to copy; however, Jim plans to donate some money to
-RMS for every copy he sells.
-
-<LI><B>GNU Chess Improved</B>
-
-Stuart Cracraft reports that as a result of his installing new searching
-and evaluation routines in GNU Chess, the latest version recently beat an 1800
-rated player. He is collecting contributions of book openings, endgame
-databases, and master games, to further improve the program. Contact him if
-you think you can help. His address is address@hidden
-
-<LI><B>If You Can't Beat 'em...</B>
-
-RMS was recently invited to give a talk about GNU at AT&T Bell Laboratories
-in Murray Hill, New Jersey (the birthplace of Un*x). He reports that the
-talk was generally well received.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>X Becoming Accepted</B>
-
-The trade press has been reporting that the free X window system written at
-MIT and DEC is becoming a multi-vendor industry standard for portable
-window systems. The Foundation distributes X on its standard software
-tape, and GNU Emacs and GNU Chess come with special interfaces to X.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>TeX in C available from Pat Monardo</B>
-
-At long last, there is a free implementation of TeX in C. It is a
-hand translation by Pat Monardo of UC Berkeley of the WEB version, and
-it tries to retain the module and variable names of the WEB version
-while remaining a readable C program. Both the Foundation and the
-maintainers of the Unix TeX distribution at the University of
-Washington will offer this version eventually. You can also contact
-Pat Monardo directly for more information. His address is
-ucbvax!monardo (uucp), or address@hidden (Internet).
-
-Consider sending a donation to Pat if you find this program useful.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Victory in SoftKlone trial</B>
-
-A Federal Judge has found the SoftKlone company not guilty of nearly all
-counts of copyright infringement brought in a look-and-feel suit filed
-by the marketers of Crosstalk (a PC communications program). Even
-though the SoftKlone program is proprietary, the outcome of this trial
-is an important affirmation of everyone's freedom to write and
-distribute whatever programs they want to.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Send In The Clones</B>
+</pre>
-Meanwhile, the Lotus look-and-feel copywrong suit has still not been
-resolved. In order to help the defendants of this suit, Dan Bricklin
-is compiling a list of software and hardware "clones". These are
-programs and machines that duplicate the functionality, features, or
-"look and feel" of previously-released programs. (Dan is the author of
-VisiCalc, of which Lotus 1-2-3 is itself a partial clone). The
-Foundation is asking readers to please think of as many <EM>detailed</EM>
-examples as they can and mail them electronically to:
+ <h1><a name="SEC8" href="bull3.html#TOC8" id="SEC8">Gnus
+ Flashes</a></h1>
-<PRE>
+ <p>This is a collection of news items pertaining to the GNU
+ project, the Free Software Foundation, and free software in
+ general.</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><b>Termcap Manual Being Published</b> Jim Joyce's Unix
+ bookstore in San Francisco is probably going to publish the
+ Termcap programming manual written by Richard Stallman. This
+ manual was written as a spinoff of the Emacs project, since the
+ Unix documentation for Termcap does not provide enough
+ information. The Foundation will probably offer printed copies
+ of this manual for sale after Jim Joyce has gotten them
+ printed. Like everything else written at GNU, the manual will
+ be free for everyone to copy; however, Jim plans to donate some
+ money to RMS for every copy he sells.</li>
+
+ <li><b>GNU Chess Improved</b> Stuart Cracraft reports that as a
+ result of his installing new searching and evaluation routines
+ in GNU Chess, the latest version recently beat an 1800 rated
+ player. He is collecting contributions of book openings,
+ endgame databases, and master games, to further improve the
+ program. Contact him if you think you can help. His address is
+ address@hidden</li>
+
+ <li><b>If You Can't Beat 'em...</b> RMS was recently invited to
+ give a talk about GNU at AT&T Bell Laboratories in Murray
+ Hill, New Jersey (the birthplace of Un*x). He reports that the
+ talk was generally well received.</li>
+
+ <li><b>X Becoming Accepted</b> The trade press has been
+ reporting that the free X window system written at MIT and DEC
+ is becoming a multi-vendor industry standard for portable
+ window systems. The Foundation distributes X on its standard
+ software tape, and GNU Emacs and GNU Chess come with special
+ interfaces to X.</li>
+
+ <li><b>TeX in C available from Pat Monardo</b> At long last,
+ there is a free implementation of TeX in C. It is a hand
+ translation by Pat Monardo of UC Berkeley of the WEB version,
+ and it tries to retain the module and variable names of the WEB
+ version while remaining a readable C program. Both the
+ Foundation and the maintainers of the Unix TeX distribution at
+ the University of Washington will offer this version
+ eventually. You can also contact Pat Monardo directly for more
+ information. His address is ucbvax!monardo (uucp), or
+ address@hidden (Internet). Consider sending a
+ donation to Pat if you find this program useful.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Victory in SoftKlone trial</b> A Federal Judge has found
+ the SoftKlone company not guilty of nearly all counts of
+ copyright infringement brought in a look-and-feel suit filed by
+ the marketers of Crosstalk (a PC communications program). Even
+ though the SoftKlone program is proprietary, the outcome of
+ this trial is an important affirmation of everyone's freedom to
+ write and distribute whatever programs they want to.</li>
+
+ <li>
+ <b>Send In The Clones</b> Meanwhile, the Lotus look-and-feel
+ copywrong suit has still not been resolved. In order to help
+ the defendants of this suit, Dan Bricklin is compiling a list
+ of software and hardware "clones". These are programs and
+ machines that duplicate the functionality, features, or "look
+ and feel" of previously-released programs. (Dan is the author
+ of VisiCalc, of which Lotus 1-2-3 is itself a partial clone).
+ The Foundation is asking readers to please think of as many
+ <em>detailed</em> examples as they can and mail them
+ electronically to:
+ <pre>
address@hidden (Internet),
-</PRE>
-
-or
-
-<PRE>
+</pre>or
+ <pre>
mit-eddie!mit-prep!send-in-the-clones (uucp).
-</PRE>
-
-or by snail mail to
-
-<PRE>
+</pre>or by snail mail to
+ <pre>
Send In The Clones
c/o Free Software Foundation
1000 Mass Ave.
Cambridge, MA 02138
-</PRE>
-
-We will forward all the messages we receive to Dan Bricklin.
-
-Here are some of the examples we already have, to give people an idea of
-what we're looking for:
-
-
-<UL>
-<LI>
-
-CPU's made by Amdahl and others that emulate IBM mainframes.
-<LI>
-
-Ashton-Tate "Multiplan", which includes some features of the Wang
-dedicated word processor
-<LI>
-
-Richard Stallman's EMACS editor has been imitated any number of times.
-<LI>
-
-Imitations of the IBM PC BIOS run in nearly all PC clones.
-The PC clones would be useless without doing this.
-<LI>
-
-The Unix user interface has been imitated many times, both in complete
-systems (Idris, Coherent, Minix, MARC, GNU, etc.) and in program suites
-that just clone the utilities (e.g. Software Tools; nearly every
-microcomputer C compiler I've seen comes with a few of these).
-<LI>
-
-All C compilers implement a special language (C) that used to be
-available only as part of Unix.
-</UL>
-
-Non-computer examples (such as the many imitations of the
-Sony Walkman) are ok too.
-
-</UL>
-
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC9" HREF="bull3.html#TOC9">GNU Software Available Now</A></H1>
-
-
-<UL>
-<LI>
-
-<B>GNU Emacs</B>
-
-In 1975, Richard Stallman developed the first Emacs: the extensible,
-customizable real-time display editor. GNU Emacs is his second
-implementation of Emacs. It's the first Emacs available on Unix
-systems which offers true Lisp, smoothly integrated into the editor,
-for writing extensions. It also provides a special interface to
-MIT's free X window system, which makes redisplay very fast.
-
-GNU Emacs has been in widespread use since 1985 and often, as at
-MIT's Project Athena, displaces proprietary implementations of Emacs
-because of its greater reliability as well as its good features
-and easier extensibility.
-
-GNU Emacs has run on many kinds of Unix systems: those made by Alliant
-(system release 1 or 2), Amdahl (UTS), AT&T (3b machines and 7300 pc),
-Celerity, Digital (Vax, not PDP-11), Dual, Encore, Gould, HP (9000 series
-200 or 300 but not series 500), IBM (RT/PC running 4.2), Integrated
-Solutions (Optimum V with 68020 and VMEbus), Masscomp, Megatest, NCR (Tower
-32), Plexus, Pyramid, Sequent, Silicon Graphics (Iris release 3.5), Stride
-(system release 2), Sun (any kind), Tahoe, Tektronix (NS16000 system),
-Texas Instruments (Nu), Whitechapel (MG1), and Wicat. These include both
-Berkeley Unix and System V (release 0, 2 or 2.2). It also runs on Apollo
-machines and on VAX/VMS.
-
-GNU Emacs use is described by the GNU Emacs Manual, available from
-the Free Software Foundation.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>GDB</B>
-
-GDB is the source-level C debugger written for the GNU project in 1986. It
-offers many features not usually found in debuggers on Unix, such as a
-history that records all values examined within the debugger for concise
-later reference, multi-line user-defined commands, and a strong
-self-documentation capability. It currently runs on Vaxes under 4.2 and
-4.3bsd, and on Suns (systems version 2 and 3). A version for the IBM RT-PC
-running 4.2bsd may be released soon.
-
-A users' manual for GDB is available from the Foundation.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>GNU CC</B>
-
-The GNU C compiler is a fairly portable optimizing compiler. It generates
-good code for the 68000, 68020 and Vax. It features automatic register
-packing that makes register declarations unnecessary. It supports full
-ANSI C as of the latest draft standard. We are offering a beta test
-release to people wishing to help us find compiler bugs or begin work on
-ports. This testing version is distributed on a separate tape from the
-regular GNU distribution. When the compiler is more solid, it will become
-part of the regular tape.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Bison</B>
-
-Bison is an upward-compatible replacement for YACC, with some
-additional as-yet-undocumented features. It has been in use for a
-couple of years.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>X Window System</B>
-
-X is a portable, network transparent window system for bitmap displays
-written at MIT and DEC. It currently runs on DEC VAXstation, Lexidata
-90, and most Sun Microsystems displays, with others in the works. X
-supports overlapping windows, fully recursive subwindows, and provides
-hooks for several different styles of user interface. Applications
-provided include a terminal emulator, bitmap editor, several window
-managers, clock, window dump and undump programs, hardcopy printing
-program for the LN03 printer, several typesetting previewers, etc.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>MIT Scheme</B>
-
-Scheme is a simplified, lexically scoped dialect of Lisp, designed at
-MIT and other universities for two purposes: teaching students of
-programming, and researching new parallel programming constructs
-and compilation techniques. MIT Scheme is written in C and runs on
-many kinds of Unix systems.
-
-Sorry, there is no documentation for the current distribution version
-of MIT Scheme. A new standard for Scheme has been designed by the
-various labs that work on Scheme, and work is going on at MIT to
-change MIT Scheme to fit. Once that is done, the standard will serve
-as a manual for MIT Scheme. At that time, we will distribute both the
-new release of Scheme and the standard.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>GNU Chess</B>
-
-GNU Chess was written in 1986 by Stuart Cracraft of UCLA. It can use
-several machines in parallel for increased searching speed, and it
-comes with an interface to the X window system to display a pretty
-chessboard. It also has a human readable opening book of thousands of
-moves including several hundred games of Grandmaster Mikhail Tal. On
-a single Sun-3 CPU, the current version probably plays around Class C
-chess. Stuart continues to strengthen the program in various ways.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Hack</B>
-
-Hack is a display oriented adventure game similar to Rogue.
-</UL>
-
-
-
-<H2><A NAME="SEC10" HREF="bull3.html#TOC10">How To Get Gnu Software</A></H2>
-
-<P>
-All software and publications are distributed with permission to
-copy and redistribute. The easiest way to get a copy of GNU Software
-is from someone else who has it. You need not ask for permission;
-just copy it.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest
-distribution version of GNU Software from host prep.ai.mit.edu. For
-more information, read the file <TT>`/u2/emacs/GETTING.GNU.SOFTWARE'</TT>
-on said host.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-If you cannot get a copy in any of these ways, you can order one from the
-Free Software Foundation. Please consult the order form at the end of this
-bulletin for prices and details.
-
-</P>
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC11" HREF="bull3.html#TOC11">Status of the GNU Project, June
1987</A></H1>
-
-<P>
-(See also the article "GNU Software Available Now", elsewhere in this issue).
-
-</P>
-
-<UL>
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>GNU Emacs and GDB</B>
-
-GNU Emacs and GDB are already released. Berkeley is distributing GNU
-Emacs with the 4.3 distribution, and DEC is going to distribute it with
-Unix systems on Vaxes.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Gsh, the GNU imitation C shell</B>
-
-Beta-test release of a C shell with input editing and compilation of
-shell scripts is expected soon. It was delayed due to illness.
-
-The same program is supposed to imitate sh, but that doesn't work yet.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Kernel</B>
-
-We are negotiating with Prof. Rashid of Carnegie-Mellon University
-about working with them on the development of the MACH kernel. MACH
-is a message passing kernel that will probably succeed 4.3bsd as the
-standard kernel used for ARPA-sponsored operating system research.
-If an agreement is reached, we will use MACH as the kernel of GNU;
-otherwise, we will probably use a free remote procedure call kernel
-called TRIX, which was written at MIT. TRIX runs, and supports basic
-Unix compatibility, but needs a lot of new features.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>C compiler</B>
-
-RMS is now working on finishing a new portable optimizing C compiler. It
-supports the Oct 1986 draft of ANSI C and has compiled both itself and GNU
-Emacs. A second beta test version of the compiler has just been released.
-It fixes the bugs found in the March 1987 preliminary test release, but is
-still not considered ready for everyday use.
-
-The compiler performs automatic register allocation, common
-subexpression elimination, invariant code motion from loops, constant
-propagation and copy propagation, delaying popping of function call
-arguments, tail recursion elimination, plus many local optimizations
-that are automatically deduced from the machine description. By the
-time it is finished it will probably also know when to keep constant
-addresses in registers. We may also make some rearrangements in order
-to enable compilation of arbitrarily large functions in bounded
-amounts of memory, though with some decrease in optimization compared
-to what can be done with lots of memory.
-
-GCC makes shorter and faster 68020 code than the Sun compiler with -O.
-It makes shorter Vax code than the Tartan C compiler with -O4, but we
-haven't been able to compare the running speed of that code. Enough
-internal documentation is included for people interested in
-retargeting the compiler to other CPUs to get started.
-
-Our cpp now supports the Oct 1986 draft standard.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Assembler</B>
-
-We have a partially-portable one-pass assembler that is almost
-twice as fast as the Unix assembler. It now works for Vaxes and
-the 68020.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Window system</B>
-
-We plan to use the X window system written at MIT. This system
-is already available free.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Documentation system</B>
-
-We now have a truly compatible pair of programs which can convert a
-file of texinfo format documentation into either a printed manual or
-an Info file. A Texinfo manual which describes how to write documents
-in Texinfo is available from the Foundation.
-
-Documentation files are needed for many utilities.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Other Utilities</B>
-
-The GNU `ls', `grep', `awk', `make' and `ld' are in regular use.
-The other object-file management utilities are written too. Our
-free replacement for `yacc' is called `bison'. `cron' and `at' were
-recently submitted, and so was `m4'. `lex' is expected in June.
-
-A free stdio system has just been received.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Free Software Foundation</B>
-
-The foundation exists for two purposes: to accept gifts to support GNU
-development, and to carry out distribution. We are now tax exempt;
-you can deduct donations to us on your tax returns.
-
-Our address is
-
-<PRE>
+</pre>We will forward all the messages we receive to Dan Bricklin.
+Here are some of the examples we already have, to give people an
+idea of what we're looking for:
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>CPU's made by Amdahl and others that emulate IBM
+ mainframes.</li>
+
+ <li>Ashton-Tate "Multiplan", which includes some features
+ of the Wang dedicated word processor</li>
+
+ <li>Richard Stallman's EMACS editor has been imitated any
+ number of times.</li>
+
+ <li>Imitations of the IBM PC BIOS run in nearly all PC
+ clones. The PC clones would be useless without doing
+ this.</li>
+
+ <li>The Unix user interface has been imitated many times,
+ both in complete systems (Idris, Coherent, Minix, MARC,
+ GNU, etc.) and in program suites that just clone the
+ utilities (e.g. Software Tools; nearly every microcomputer
+ C compiler I've seen comes with a few of these).</li>
+
+ <li>All C compilers implement a special language (C) that
+ used to be available only as part of Unix.</li>
+ </ul>Non-computer examples (such as the many imitations of
+ the Sony Walkman) are ok too.
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <h1><a name="SEC9" href="bull3.html#TOC9" id="SEC9">GNU Software
+ Available Now</a></h1>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><b>GNU Emacs</b> In 1975, Richard Stallman developed the
+ first Emacs: the extensible, customizable real-time display
+ editor. GNU Emacs is his second implementation of Emacs. It's
+ the first Emacs available on Unix systems which offers true
+ Lisp, smoothly integrated into the editor, for writing
+ extensions. It also provides a special interface to MIT's free
+ X window system, which makes redisplay very fast. GNU Emacs has
+ been in widespread use since 1985 and often, as at MIT's
+ Project Athena, displaces proprietary implementations of Emacs
+ because of its greater reliability as well as its good features
+ and easier extensibility. GNU Emacs has run on many kinds of
+ Unix systems: those made by Alliant (system release 1 or 2),
+ Amdahl (UTS), AT&T (3b machines and 7300 pc), Celerity,
+ Digital (Vax, not PDP-11), Dual, Encore, Gould, HP (9000 series
+ 200 or 300 but not series 500), IBM (RT/PC running 4.2),
+ Integrated Solutions (Optimum V with 68020 and VMEbus),
+ Masscomp, Megatest, NCR (Tower 32), Plexus, Pyramid, Sequent,
+ Silicon Graphics (Iris release 3.5), Stride (system release 2),
+ Sun (any kind), Tahoe, Tektronix (NS16000 system), Texas
+ Instruments (Nu), Whitechapel (MG1), and Wicat. These include
+ both Berkeley Unix and System V (release 0, 2 or 2.2). It also
+ runs on Apollo machines and on VAX/VMS. GNU Emacs use is
+ described by the GNU Emacs Manual, available from the Free
+ Software Foundation.</li>
+
+ <li><b>GDB</b> GDB is the source-level C debugger written for
+ the GNU project in 1986. It offers many features not usually
+ found in debuggers on Unix, such as a history that records all
+ values examined within the debugger for concise later
+ reference, multi-line user-defined commands, and a strong
+ self-documentation capability. It currently runs on Vaxes under
+ 4.2 and 4.3bsd, and on Suns (systems version 2 and 3). A
+ version for the IBM RT-PC running 4.2bsd may be released soon.
+ A users' manual for GDB is available from the Foundation.</li>
+
+ <li><b>GNU CC</b> The GNU C compiler is a fairly portable
+ optimizing compiler. It generates good code for the 68000,
+ 68020 and Vax. It features automatic register packing that
+ makes register declarations unnecessary. It supports full ANSI
+ C as of the latest draft standard. We are offering a beta test
+ release to people wishing to help us find compiler bugs or
+ begin work on ports. This testing version is distributed on a
+ separate tape from the regular GNU distribution. When the
+ compiler is more solid, it will become part of the regular
+ tape.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Bison</b> Bison is an upward-compatible replacement for
+ YACC, with some additional as-yet-undocumented features. It has
+ been in use for a couple of years.</li>
+
+ <li><b>X Window System</b> X is a portable, network transparent
+ window system for bitmap displays written at MIT and DEC. It
+ currently runs on DEC VAXstation, Lexidata 90, and most Sun
+ Microsystems displays, with others in the works. X supports
+ overlapping windows, fully recursive subwindows, and provides
+ hooks for several different styles of user interface.
+ Applications provided include a terminal emulator, bitmap
+ editor, several window managers, clock, window dump and undump
+ programs, hardcopy printing program for the LN03 printer,
+ several typesetting previewers, etc.</li>
+
+ <li><b>MIT Scheme</b> Scheme is a simplified, lexically scoped
+ dialect of Lisp, designed at MIT and other universities for two
+ purposes: teaching students of programming, and researching new
+ parallel programming constructs and compilation techniques. MIT
+ Scheme is written in C and runs on many kinds of Unix systems.
+ Sorry, there is no documentation for the current distribution
+ version of MIT Scheme. A new standard for Scheme has been
+ designed by the various labs that work on Scheme, and work is
+ going on at MIT to change MIT Scheme to fit. Once that is done,
+ the standard will serve as a manual for MIT Scheme. At that
+ time, we will distribute both the new release of Scheme and the
+ standard.</li>
+
+ <li><b>GNU Chess</b> GNU Chess was written in 1986 by Stuart
+ Cracraft of UCLA. It can use several machines in parallel for
+ increased searching speed, and it comes with an interface to
+ the X window system to display a pretty chessboard. It also has
+ a human readable opening book of thousands of moves including
+ several hundred games of Grandmaster Mikhail Tal. On a single
+ Sun-3 CPU, the current version probably plays around Class C
+ chess. Stuart continues to strengthen the program in various
+ ways.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Hack</b> Hack is a display oriented adventure game
+ similar to Rogue.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <h2><a name="SEC10" href="bull3.html#TOC10" id="SEC10">How To Get
+ Gnu Software</a></h2>
+
+ <p>All software and publications are distributed with permission
+ to copy and redistribute. The easiest way to get a copy of GNU
+ Software is from someone else who has it. You need not ask for
+ permission; just copy it.</p>
+
+ <p>If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest
+ distribution version of GNU Software from host prep.ai.mit.edu.
+ For more information, read the file
+ <tt>`/u2/emacs/GETTING.GNU.SOFTWARE'</tt> on said host.</p>
+
+ <p>If you cannot get a copy in any of these ways, you can order
+ one from the Free Software Foundation. Please consult the order
+ form at the end of this bulletin for prices and details.</p>
+
+ <h1><a name="SEC11" href="bull3.html#TOC11" id="SEC11">Status of
+ the GNU Project, June 1987</a></h1>
+
+ <p>(See also the article "GNU Software Available Now", elsewhere
+ in this issue).</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><b>GNU Emacs and GDB</b> GNU Emacs and GDB are already
+ released. Berkeley is distributing GNU Emacs with the 4.3
+ distribution, and DEC is going to distribute it with Unix
+ systems on Vaxes.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Gsh, the GNU imitation C shell</b> Beta-test release of
+ a C shell with input editing and compilation of shell scripts
+ is expected soon. It was delayed due to illness. The same
+ program is supposed to imitate sh, but that doesn't work
+ yet.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Kernel</b> We are negotiating with Prof. Rashid of
+ Carnegie-Mellon University about working with them on the
+ development of the MACH kernel. MACH is a message passing
+ kernel that will probably succeed 4.3bsd as the standard kernel
+ used for ARPA-sponsored operating system research. If an
+ agreement is reached, we will use MACH as the kernel of GNU;
+ otherwise, we will probably use a free remote procedure call
+ kernel called TRIX, which was written at MIT. TRIX runs, and
+ supports basic Unix compatibility, but needs a lot of new
+ features.</li>
+
+ <li><b>C compiler</b> RMS is now working on finishing a new
+ portable optimizing C compiler. It supports the Oct 1986 draft
+ of ANSI C and has compiled both itself and GNU Emacs. A second
+ beta test version of the compiler has just been released. It
+ fixes the bugs found in the March 1987 preliminary test
+ release, but is still not considered ready for everyday use.
+ The compiler performs automatic register allocation, common
+ subexpression elimination, invariant code motion from loops,
+ constant propagation and copy propagation, delaying popping of
+ function call arguments, tail recursion elimination, plus many
+ local optimizations that are automatically deduced from the
+ machine description. By the time it is finished it will
+ probably also know when to keep constant addresses in
+ registers. We may also make some rearrangements in order to
+ enable compilation of arbitrarily large functions in bounded
+ amounts of memory, though with some decrease in optimization
+ compared to what can be done with lots of memory. GCC makes
+ shorter and faster 68020 code than the Sun compiler with -O. It
+ makes shorter Vax code than the Tartan C compiler with -O4, but
+ we haven't been able to compare the running speed of that code.
+ Enough internal documentation is included for people interested
+ in retargeting the compiler to other CPUs to get started. Our
+ cpp now supports the Oct 1986 draft standard.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Assembler</b> We have a partially-portable one-pass
+ assembler that is almost twice as fast as the Unix assembler.
+ It now works for Vaxes and the 68020.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Window system</b> We plan to use the X window system
+ written at MIT. This system is already available free.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Documentation system</b> We now have a truly compatible
+ pair of programs which can convert a file of texinfo format
+ documentation into either a printed manual or an Info file. A
+ Texinfo manual which describes how to write documents in
+ Texinfo is available from the Foundation. Documentation files
+ are needed for many utilities.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Other Utilities</b> The GNU `ls', `grep', `awk', `make'
+ and `ld' are in regular use. The other object-file management
+ utilities are written too. Our free replacement for `yacc' is
+ called `bison'. `cron' and `at' were recently submitted, and so
+ was `m4'. `lex' is expected in June. A free stdio system has
+ just been received.</li>
+
+ <li>
+ <b>Free Software Foundation</b> The foundation exists for two
+ purposes: to accept gifts to support GNU development, and to
+ carry out distribution. We are now tax exempt; you can deduct
+ donations to us on your tax returns. Our address is
+ <pre>
Free Software Foundation
1000 Mass Ave
Cambridge, MA 02138
-</PRE>
-
-and our phone number is (617) 876-3296.
-
-Because of the confusion surrounding LMI's change of ownership, our phone
-service was temporarily interrupted in May. We are still trying to
-straighten everything out with the phone company. If you called us and got
-a recording saying our number was disconnected, please keep trying. We
-haven't gone out of business!
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Service directory</B>
-
-The foundation now maintains a Service Directory; a list of people
-who offer service to individual users of GNU Emacs and, eventually,
-all parts of the GNU system. Service can be answering questions
-for new users, customizing programs, porting to new systems, or
-anything else.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Possible target machines</B>
-
-GNU will require a cpu that uses 32-bit addresses and integers and
-addresses to the 8-bit byte. 1 meg of core should be enough, though
-currently the GNU C compiler can require several meg for a large
-function. Unless we do a lot of work to fix this you probably need
-to have virtual memory. MACH also requires virtual memory.
-
-GNU Emacs requires more than a meg of addressable memory in the system,
-although a meg of physical memory is probably enough if there is virtual
-memory.
-
-A hard disk will be essential; at least 40 meg will be needed to hold the
-system plus the source code plus the manual plus swapping space. Plus more
-space for the user's files, of course. The system binaries will probably
-fit in around 10 meg. We recommend 80 meg or more for a personal GNU system.
-
-This is not to say that it will be impossible to adapt some or all of GNU
-for other kinds of machines; but it may be difficult, and we don't consider
-it part of our job to try to reduce that difficulty.
-
-We have nothing to say about any specific models of microcomputer,
-as we do not follow hardware products.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Porting</B>
-
-It is too early to inquire about porting GNU (except GNU Emacs
-and GNU CC). First, we have to finish it.
-</UL>
-
-<P>
-
-
-
-<H2><A NAME="SEC12" HREF="bull3.html#TOC12">Why Was Copyright
Invented?</A></H2>
-
-<P>
-Now that copyright is becoming a public nuisance that the public tries
-to ignore, copyright owners try to justify this imposition by calling
-it an intrinsic right. As they tell it, their intrinsic right is a
-tradition that makes the public good irrelevant.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-This is contrary to the facts of the history of copyright.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-The Supreme Court has stated explicitly what copyright was for.
-Writing for the Court, Justice Stewart explained:
-
-</P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-The immediate effect of our copyright law is to secure a fair return
-for an "author's" creative labor. But the ultimate aim is, by this
-incentive, to stimulate artistic creativity for the general public good.
-`The sole interest of the United States and the primary object in
-conferring the [copyright] monopoly,' this Court has said, `lie in the
-general benefits derived by the public from the labors of authors.'
-</BLOCKQUOTE>
-
-
-<PRE>
-<TT> </TT>---Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal (286 US 123, 127)
-</PRE>
-
-<P>
-So when copyright interferes with the public use of a program, that
-directly attacks the reason for having copyright.
-
-</P>
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC13" HREF="bull3.html#TOC13">What is GNU Emacs and do you want
a copy?</A></H1>
-
-<P>
-GNU Emacs is a new implementation of the Emacs text editor.
-(Recently text editors have been called "word processors" among
-microcomputer users.)
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Emacs is a kind of architecture for text editors, in which most
-editing commands are written in an interpreted language (usually
-Lisp) so that the user can write new editing commands as he goes.
-This allows Emacs to have editing commands that are more powerful
-or more adapted to individual uses than other kinds of editors.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Any particular editing command could be written in C, but with
-Lisp it is much easier for users to change the editing commands
-or to implement new editing commands. Users can also exchange
-their adaptations and extensions of Emacs. The result is a library
-of extensions that continues to grow.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-GNU Emacs boasts an especially clean Lisp system for writing editing
-commands, and an already large library of extensions.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-GNU Emacs is written in C, designed for a Unix or Unix-like
-kernel. It includes its own Lisp interpreter which is used to
-execute the portion of the editor that is written in Lisp.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-It is a fairly large program, around 525k on vaxes or 68000s, to
-which must be added space for the files you are editing, undo
-buffers, Lisp libraries loaded, and Lisp data such as recently
-killed text, etc. This is not really a problem on a timeshared
-machine because most of that 525k is shared, but on a personal
-computer there may be nobody to share with. Thus, GNU Emacs
-probably could not be used on an IBM PC clone for lack of memory,
-unless you want to implement virtual memory in software within
-Emacs itself. Perhaps on an 80286 with 1 meg of memory you can
-win using their memory management.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-In general, a 32-bit machine with either a meg of real memory
-or virtual memory can probably run GNU Emacs, as long as a suitable
-Unix system call environment is provided, simulated or imitated.
-
-</P>
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC14" HREF="bull3.html#TOC14">GNU Wish List</A></H1>
-
-<P>
-Wishes for this issue:
-
-</P>
-
-<UL>
-<LI>
-
-Money and equipment, as usual.
-
-<LI>
-
-Some free office space in the Cambridge area.
-
-<LI>
-
-Volunteer programming, especially from people around Cambridge and people
-with experience writing operating system kernels. Help writing
-documentation is also needed.
-
-<LI>
-
-Artwork and other graphics, for use as illustrations in future FSF
-manuals and GNU's bulletins.
-
-<LI>
-
-Would anyone like to edit GNU's Bulletin #4?
-</UL>
-
-
-
-<H2><A NAME="SEC15" HREF="bull3.html#TOC15">Thank Gnus</A></H2>
-
-<P>
-The Free Software Foundation would like to send special thank gnus to
-the following:
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science. The LCS has provided
-FSF with the loan of a Microvax for program development.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to Professor Dertouzos, head of LCS. His specific decision to
-support us is greatly appreciated.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory for invaluable
-assistance of many kinds.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to Lisp Machine, Inc. LMI has generously provided office space,
-computer resources and a mailing address for FSF. Bruce Deffenbaugh
-in particular helped us keep our operation in relative calm during
-LMI's recent turmoil.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to Inference Corp. Inference has been shipping copies of GNU
-Emacs to its customers in conjunction with some other products that
-they offer, and they have decided to donate $200 to Richard Stallman
-for each copy of Emacs they deliver in this way. This proves it is
-possible to make a living from writing free software.
+</pre>and our phone number is (617) 876-3296. Because of the
+confusion surrounding LMI's change of ownership, our phone service
+was temporarily interrupted in May. We are still trying to
+straighten everything out with the phone company. If you called us
+and got a recording saying our number was disconnected, please keep
+trying. We haven't gone out of business!
+ </li>
+
+ <li><b>Service directory</b> The foundation now maintains a
+ Service Directory; a list of people who offer service to
+ individual users of GNU Emacs and, eventually, all parts of the
+ GNU system. Service can be answering questions for new users,
+ customizing programs, porting to new systems, or anything
+ else.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Possible target machines</b> GNU will require a cpu that
+ uses 32-bit addresses and integers and addresses to the 8-bit
+ byte. 1 meg of core should be enough, though currently the GNU
+ C compiler can require several meg for a large function. Unless
+ we do a lot of work to fix this you probably need to have
+ virtual memory. MACH also requires virtual memory. GNU Emacs
+ requires more than a meg of addressable memory in the system,
+ although a meg of physical memory is probably enough if there
+ is virtual memory. A hard disk will be essential; at least 40
+ meg will be needed to hold the system plus the source code plus
+ the manual plus swapping space. Plus more space for the user's
+ files, of course. The system binaries will probably fit in
+ around 10 meg. We recommend 80 meg or more for a personal GNU
+ system. This is not to say that it will be impossible to adapt
+ some or all of GNU for other kinds of machines; but it may be
+ difficult, and we don't consider it part of our job to try to
+ reduce that difficulty. We have nothing to say about any
+ specific models of microcomputer, as we do not follow hardware
+ products.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Porting</b> It is too early to inquire about porting GNU
+ (except GNU Emacs and GNU CC). First, we have to finish
+ it.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <h2><a name="SEC12" href="bull3.html#TOC12" id="SEC12">Why Was
+ Copyright Invented?</a></h2>
+
+ <p>Now that copyright is becoming a public nuisance that the
+ public tries to ignore, copyright owners try to justify this
+ imposition by calling it an intrinsic right. As they tell it,
+ their intrinsic right is a tradition that makes the public good
+ irrelevant.</p>
+
+ <p>This is contrary to the facts of the history of copyright.</p>
+
+ <p>The Supreme Court has stated explicitly what copyright was
+ for. Writing for the Court, Justice Stewart explained:</p>
+
+ <blockquote>
+ <p>The immediate effect of our copyright law is to secure a
+ fair return for an "author's" creative labor. But the ultimate
+ aim is, by this incentive, to stimulate artistic creativity for
+ the general public good. `The sole interest of the United
+ States and the primary object in conferring the [copyright]
+ monopoly,' this Court has said, `lie in the general benefits
+ derived by the public from the labors of authors.'</p>
+ </blockquote>
+ <pre>
+<tt> </tt>---Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal (286 US 123, 127)
+</pre>
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to Martin Minow of DEC for giving us an answering machine, so
-people can now phone us at (617) 876-3296. We check messages about
-once a week.
+ <p>So when copyright interferes with the public use of a program,
+ that directly attacks the reason for having copyright.</p>
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to those who sent money and offered help. James R. Payne of
-Advanced Decision Systems gave especially freely. Thanks also to those
-who support us by ordering Emacs manuals and distribution tapes.
+ <h1><a name="SEC13" href="bull3.html#TOC13" id="SEC13">What is
+ GNU Emacs and do you want a copy?</a></h1>
-</P>
-<P>
-The creation of this bulletin is our way of thanking all who have
-expressed interest in what we are doing.
+ <p>GNU Emacs is a new implementation of the Emacs text editor.
+ (Recently text editors have been called "word processors" among
+ microcomputer users.)</p>
+
+ <p>Emacs is a kind of architecture for text editors, in which
+ most editing commands are written in an interpreted language
+ (usually Lisp) so that the user can write new editing commands as
+ he goes. This allows Emacs to have editing commands that are more
+ powerful or more adapted to individual uses than other kinds of
+ editors.</p>
+
+ <p>Any particular editing command could be written in C, but with
+ Lisp it is much easier for users to change the editing commands
+ or to implement new editing commands. Users can also exchange
+ their adaptations and extensions of Emacs. The result is a
+ library of extensions that continues to grow.</p>
+
+ <p>GNU Emacs boasts an especially clean Lisp system for writing
+ editing commands, and an already large library of extensions.</p>
+
+ <p>GNU Emacs is written in C, designed for a Unix or Unix-like
+ kernel. It includes its own Lisp interpreter which is used to
+ execute the portion of the editor that is written in Lisp.</p>
+
+ <p>It is a fairly large program, around 525k on vaxes or 68000s,
+ to which must be added space for the files you are editing, undo
+ buffers, Lisp libraries loaded, and Lisp data such as recently
+ killed text, etc. This is not really a problem on a timeshared
+ machine because most of that 525k is shared, but on a personal
+ computer there may be nobody to share with. Thus, GNU Emacs
+ probably could not be used on an IBM PC clone for lack of memory,
+ unless you want to implement virtual memory in software within
+ Emacs itself. Perhaps on an 80286 with 1 meg of memory you can
+ win using their memory management.</p>
+
+ <p>In general, a 32-bit machine with either a meg of real memory
+ or virtual memory can probably run GNU Emacs, as long as a
+ suitable Unix system call environment is provided, simulated or
+ imitated.</p>
+
+ <h1><a name="SEC14" href="bull3.html#TOC14" id="SEC14">GNU Wish
+ List</a></h1>
+
+ <p>Wishes for this issue:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>Money and equipment, as usual.</li>
+
+ <li>Some free office space in the Cambridge area.</li>
+
+ <li>Volunteer programming, especially from people around
+ Cambridge and people with experience writing operating system
+ kernels. Help writing documentation is also needed.</li>
+
+ <li>Artwork and other graphics, for use as illustrations in
+ future FSF manuals and GNU's bulletins.</li>
+
+ <li>Would anyone like to edit GNU's Bulletin #4?</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <h2><a name="SEC15" href="bull3.html#TOC15" id="SEC15">Thank
+ Gnus</a></h2>
+
+ <p>The Free Software Foundation would like to send special thank
+ gnus to the following:</p>
+
+ <p>Thanks to the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science. The LCS has
+ provided FSF with the loan of a Microvax for program
+ development.</p>
+
+ <p>Thanks to Professor Dertouzos, head of LCS. His specific
+ decision to support us is greatly appreciated.</p>
+
+ <p>Thanks to the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory for
+ invaluable assistance of many kinds.</p>
+
+ <p>Thanks to Lisp Machine, Inc. LMI has generously provided
+ office space, computer resources and a mailing address for FSF.
+ Bruce Deffenbaugh in particular helped us keep our operation in
+ relative calm during LMI's recent turmoil.</p>
+
+ <p>Thanks to Inference Corp. Inference has been shipping copies
+ of GNU Emacs to its customers in conjunction with some other
+ products that they offer, and they have decided to donate $200 to
+ Richard Stallman for each copy of Emacs they deliver in this way.
+ This proves it is possible to make a living from writing free
+ software.</p>
+
+ <p>Thanks to Martin Minow of DEC for giving us an answering
+ machine, so people can now phone us at (617) 876-3296. We check
+ messages about once a week.</p>
+
+ <p>Thanks to those who sent money and offered help. James R.
+ Payne of Advanced Decision Systems gave especially freely. Thanks
+ also to those who support us by ordering Emacs manuals and
+ distribution tapes.</p>
+
+ <p>The creation of this bulletin is our way of thanking all who
+ have expressed interest in what we are doing.</p>
+
+ <center>
+ <tt>*end*</tt>
+ </center>
+ <pre>
-</P>
-<P>
-<CENTER><TT>*end*</TT></CENTER>
-</P>
-<P>
-<pre>
+</pre>
+ <hr>
+ <hr>
+ <p>This document was generated on 7 May 1998 using the <a href=
+ "http://wwwinfo.cern.ch/dis/texi2html/";>texi2html</a> translator
+ version 1.52.</p>
+ <hr>
+ Return to <a href="/home.html">GNU's home page</a>.
+
+ <p>Please send FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to
+ <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are
+ also <a href="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to contact</a>
+ the FSF.</p>
+
+ <p>Please send comments on these web pages to <a href=
+ "mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>,
+ send other questions to <a href=
+ "mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Copyright (C) 1987 Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin
+ St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</p>
+
+ <p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
+ permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.</p>
+ <hr>
+</body>
+</html>
-</pre>
-<HR>
-<P><HR><P>
-This document was generated on 7 May 1998 using the
-<A HREF="http://wwwinfo.cern.ch/dis/texi2html/";>texi2html</A>
-translator version 1.52.</P>
-
-<HR>
-
-Return to <A HREF="/home.html">GNU's home page</A>.
-<P>
-
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to
-
-<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>.
-There are also <A HREF="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to
-contact</A> the FSF.
-<P>
-
-Please send comments on these web pages to
-
-<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>,
-send other questions to
-<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>.
-<P>
-Copyright (C) 1987 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
-51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA
-<P>
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
-permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.<P>
-<HR>
-</BODY>
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