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www gnu/po/gnu-user-groups.pot philosophy/po/sh...
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www gnu/po/gnu-user-groups.pot philosophy/po/sh... |
|
Date: |
Tue, 15 Jul 2008 20:26:14 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 08/07/15 20:26:14
Modified files:
gnu/po : gnu-user-groups.pot
Added files:
philosophy/po : shouldbefree.pot social-inertia.pot
software-libre-commercial-viability.pot
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-user-groups.pot?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/shouldbefree.pot?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/social-inertia.pot?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.pot?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: gnu/po/gnu-user-groups.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-user-groups.pot,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- gnu/po/gnu-user-groups.pot 29 Jun 2008 20:25:56 -0000 1.3
+++ gnu/po/gnu-user-groups.pot 15 Jul 2008 20:25:45 -0000 1.4
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2008-06-29 16:25-0400\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2008-07-15 16:25-0400\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -700,8 +700,8 @@
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
#: ../../gnu/po/gnu-user-groups.proto:228
msgid ""
-"<a href=\"http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/aclug/\";>Angeles City GNU/Linux "
-"Users' Group</a>"
+"<a href=\"http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/acglug/\";>Angeles City "
+"GNU/Linux Users' Group</a>"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <h4>
Index: philosophy/po/shouldbefree.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/shouldbefree.pot
diff -N philosophy/po/shouldbefree.pot
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/shouldbefree.pot 15 Jul 2008 20:26:04 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1424 @@
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <address@hidden>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2008-07-15 16:25-0400\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:3
+msgid "Why Software Should Be Free - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:5
+msgid "Why Software Should Be Free"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:16
+msgid ""
+"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard "
+"Stallman</strong></a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:18
+msgid "(Version of April 24, 1992)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:19
+msgid "Introduction"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:21
+msgid ""
+"The existence of software inevitably raises the question of how decisions "
+"about its use should be made. For example, suppose one individual who has a "
+"copy of a program meets another who would like a copy. It is possible for "
+"them to copy the program; who should decide whether this is done? The "
+"individuals involved? Or another party, called the “owner”?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:28
+msgid ""
+"Software developers typically consider these questions on the assumption "
+"that the criterion for the answer is to maximize developers' profits. The "
+"political power of business has led to the government adoption of both this "
+"criterion and the answer proposed by the developers: that the program has an "
+"owner, typically a corporation associated with its development."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:35
+msgid ""
+"I would like to consider the same question using a different criterion: the "
+"prosperity and freedom of the public in general."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:38
+msgid ""
+"This answer cannot be decided by current law—the law should conform to "
+"ethics, not the other way around. Nor does current practice decide this "
+"question, although it may suggest possible answers. The only way to judge "
+"is to see who is helped and who is hurt by recognizing owners of software, "
+"why, and how much. In other words, we should perform a cost-benefit "
+"analysis on behalf of society as a whole, taking account of individual "
+"freedom as well as production of material goods."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:47
+msgid ""
+"In this essay, I will describe the effects of having owners, and show that "
+"the results are detrimental. My conclusion is that programmers have the "
+"duty to encourage others to share, redistribute, study, and improve the "
+"software we write: in other words, to write <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">“free” software</a>.<a "
+"href=\"#f1\">(1)</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:54
+msgid "How Owners Justify Their Power"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:56
+msgid ""
+"Those who benefit from the current system where programs are property offer "
+"two arguments in support of their claims to own programs: the emotional "
+"argument and the economic argument."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:60
+msgid ""
+"The emotional argument goes like this: “I put my sweat, my heart, my "
+"soul into this program. It comes from <em>me</em>, it's "
+"<em>mine</em>!”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:64
+msgid ""
+"This argument does not require serious refutation. The feeling of "
+"attachment is one that programmers can cultivate when it suits them; it is "
+"not inevitable. Consider, for example, how willingly the same programmers "
+"usually sign over all rights to a large corporation for a salary; the "
+"emotional attachment mysteriously vanishes. By contrast, consider the great "
+"artists and artisans of medieval times, who didn't even sign their names to "
+"their work. To them, the name of the artist was not important. What "
+"mattered was that the work was done—and the purpose it would serve. "
+"This view prevailed for hundreds of years."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:75
+msgid ""
+"The economic argument goes like this: “I want to get rich (usually "
+"described inaccurately as ‘making a living’), and if you don't "
+"allow me to get rich by programming, then I won't program. Everyone else is "
+"like me, so nobody will ever program. And then you'll be stuck with no "
+"programs at all!” This threat is usually veiled as friendly advice "
+"from the wise."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:82
+msgid ""
+"I'll explain later why this threat is a bluff. First I want to address an "
+"implicit assumption that is more visible in another formulation of the "
+"argument."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:86
+msgid ""
+"This formulation starts by comparing the social utility of a proprietary "
+"program with that of no program, and then concludes that proprietary "
+"software development is, on the whole, beneficial, and should be "
+"encouraged. The fallacy here is in comparing only two "
+"outcomes—proprietary software vs. no software—and assuming there "
+"are no other possibilities."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:93
+msgid ""
+"Given a system of software copyright, software development is usually linked "
+"with the existence of an owner who controls the software's use. As long as "
+"this linkage exists, we are often faced with the choice of proprietary "
+"software or none. However, this linkage is not inherent or inevitable; it "
+"is a consequence of the specific social/legal policy decision that we are "
+"questioning: the decision to have owners. To formulate the choice as "
+"between proprietary software vs. no software is begging the question."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:102
+msgid "The Argument against Having Owners"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:104
+msgid ""
+"The question at hand is, “Should development of software be linked "
+"with having owners to restrict the use of it?”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:107
+msgid ""
+"In order to decide this, we have to judge the effect on society of each of "
+"those two activities <em>independently</em>: the effect of developing the "
+"software (regardless of its terms of distribution), and the effect of "
+"restricting its use (assuming the software has been developed). If one of "
+"these activities is helpful and the other is harmful, we would be better off "
+"dropping the linkage and doing only the helpful one."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:114
+msgid ""
+"To put it another way, if restricting the distribution of a program already "
+"developed is harmful to society overall, then an ethical software developer "
+"will reject the option of doing so."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:118
+msgid ""
+"To determine the effect of restricting sharing, we need to compare the value "
+"to society of a restricted (i.e., proprietary) program with that of the same "
+"program, available to everyone. This means comparing two possible worlds."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:123
+msgid ""
+"This analysis also addresses the simple counterargument sometimes made that "
+"“the benefit to the neighbor of giving him or her a copy of a program "
+"is cancelled by the harm done to the owner.” This counterargument "
+"assumes that the harm and the benefit are equal in magnitude. The analysis "
+"involves comparing these magnitudes, and shows that the benefit is much "
+"greater."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:130
+msgid ""
+"To elucidate this argument, let's apply it in another area: road "
+"construction."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:133
+msgid ""
+"It would be possible to fund the construction of all roads with tolls. This "
+"would entail having toll booths at all street corners. Such a system would "
+"provide a great incentive to improve roads. It would also have the virtue "
+"of causing the users of any given road to pay for that road. However, a "
+"toll booth is an artificial obstruction to smooth driving—artificial, "
+"because it is not a consequence of how roads or cars work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:141
+msgid ""
+"Comparing free roads and toll roads by their usefulness, we find that (all "
+"else being equal) roads without toll booths are cheaper to construct, "
+"cheaper to run, safer, and more efficient to use.<a href=\"#f2\">(2)</a> In "
+"a poor country, tolls may make the roads unavailable to many citizens. The "
+"roads without toll booths thus offer more benefit to society at less cost; "
+"they are preferable for society. Therefore, society should choose to fund "
+"roads in another way, not by means of toll booths. Use of roads, once "
+"built, should be free."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:151
+msgid ""
+"When the advocates of toll booths propose them as <em>merely</em> a way of "
+"raising funds, they distort the choice that is available. Toll booths do "
+"raise funds, but they do something else as well: in effect, they degrade the "
+"road. The toll road is not as good as the free road; giving us more or "
+"technically superior roads may not be an improvement if this means "
+"substituting toll roads for free roads."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:158
+msgid ""
+"Of course, the construction of a free road does cost money, which the public "
+"must somehow pay. However, this does not imply the inevitability of toll "
+"booths. We who must in either case pay will get more value for our money by "
+"buying a free road."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:163
+msgid ""
+"I am not saying that a toll road is worse than no road at all. That would "
+"be true if the toll were so great that hardly anyone used the road—but "
+"this is an unlikely policy for a toll collector. However, as long as the "
+"toll booths cause significant waste and inconvenience, it is better to raise "
+"the funds in a less obstructive fashion."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:170
+msgid ""
+"To apply the same argument to software development, I will now show that "
+"having “toll booths” for useful software programs costs society "
+"dearly: it makes the programs more expensive to construct, more expensive to "
+"distribute, and less satisfying and efficient to use. It will follow that "
+"program construction should be encouraged in some other way. Then I will go "
+"on to explain other methods of encouraging and (to the extent actually "
+"necessary) funding software development."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:179
+msgid "The Harm Done by Obstructing Software"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:181
+msgid ""
+"Consider for a moment that a program has been developed, and any necessary "
+"payments for its development have been made; now society must choose either "
+"to make it proprietary or allow free sharing and use. Assume that the "
+"existence of the program and its availability is a desirable thing.<a "
+"href=\"#f3\">(3)</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:187
+msgid ""
+"Restrictions on the distribution and modification of the program cannot "
+"facilitate its use. They can only interfere. So the effect can only be "
+"negative. But how much? And what kind?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:191
+msgid "Three different levels of material harm come from such obstruction:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:194
+msgid "Fewer people use the program."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:196
+msgid "None of the users can adapt or fix the program."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:198
+msgid "Other developers cannot learn from the program, or base new work on it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:202
+msgid ""
+"Each level of material harm has a concomitant form of psychosocial "
+"harm. This refers to the effect that people's decisions have on their "
+"subsequent feelings, attitudes, and predispositions. These changes in "
+"people's ways of thinking will then have a further effect on their "
+"relationships with their fellow citizens, and can have material "
+"consequences."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:209
+msgid ""
+"The three levels of material harm waste part of the value that the program "
+"could contribute, but they cannot reduce it to zero. If they waste nearly "
+"all the value of the program, then writing the program harms society by at "
+"most the effort that went into writing the program. Arguably a program that "
+"is profitable to sell must provide some net direct material benefit."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:216
+msgid ""
+"However, taking account of the concomitant psychosocial harm, there is no "
+"limit to the harm that proprietary software development can do."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:219
+msgid "Obstructing Use of Programs"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:221
+msgid ""
+"The first level of harm impedes the simple use of a program. A copy of a "
+"program has nearly zero marginal cost (and you can pay this cost by doing "
+"the work yourself), so in a free market, it would have nearly zero price. A "
+"license fee is a significant disincentive to use the program. If a "
+"widely-useful program is proprietary, far fewer people will use it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:227
+msgid ""
+"It is easy to show that the total contribution of a program to society is "
+"reduced by assigning an owner to it. Each potential user of the program, "
+"faced with the need to pay to use it, may choose to pay, or may forego use "
+"of the program. When a user chooses to pay, this is a zero-sum transfer of "
+"wealth between two parties. But each time someone chooses to forego use of "
+"the program, this harms that person without benefitting anyone. The sum of "
+"negative numbers and zeros must be negative."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:236
+msgid ""
+"But this does not reduce the amount of work it takes to <em>develop</em> the "
+"program. As a result, the efficiency of the whole process, in delivered "
+"user satisfaction per hour of work, is reduced."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:240
+msgid ""
+"This reflects a crucial difference between copies of programs and cars, "
+"chairs, or sandwiches. There is no copying machine for material objects "
+"outside of science fiction. But programs are easy to copy; anyone can "
+"produce as many copies as are wanted, with very little effort. This isn't "
+"true for material objects because matter is conserved: each new copy has to "
+"be built from raw materials in the same way that the first copy was built."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:248
+msgid ""
+"With material objects, a disincentive to use them makes sense, because fewer "
+"objects bought means less raw material and work needed to make them. It's "
+"true that there is usually also a startup cost, a development cost, which is "
+"spread over the production run. But as long as the marginal cost of "
+"production is significant, adding a share of the development cost does not "
+"make a qualitative difference. And it does not require restrictions on the "
+"freedom of ordinary users."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:256
+msgid ""
+"However, imposing a price on something that would otherwise be free is a "
+"qualitative change. A centrally-imposed fee for software distribution "
+"becomes a powerful disincentive."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:260
+msgid ""
+"What's more, central production as now practiced is inefficient even as a "
+"means of delivering copies of software. This system involves enclosing "
+"physical disks or tapes in superfluous packaging, shipping large numbers of "
+"them around the world, and storing them for sale. This cost is presented as "
+"an expense of doing business; in truth, it is part of the waste caused by "
+"having owners."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:267
+msgid "Damaging Social Cohesion"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:269
+msgid ""
+"Suppose that both you and your neighbor would find it useful to run a "
+"certain program. In ethical concern for your neighbor, you should feel that "
+"proper handling of the situation will enable both of you to use it. A "
+"proposal to permit only one of you to use the program, while restraining the "
+"other, is divisive; neither you nor your neighbor should find it acceptable."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:276
+msgid ""
+"Signing a typical software license agreement means betraying your neighbor: "
+"“I promise to deprive my neighbor of this program so that I can have a "
+"copy for myself.” People who make such choices feel internal "
+"psychological pressure to justify them, by downgrading the importance of "
+"helping one's neighbors—thus public spirit suffers. This is "
+"psychosocial harm associated with the material harm of discouraging use of "
+"the program."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:284
+msgid ""
+"Many users unconsciously recognize the wrong of refusing to share, so they "
+"decide to ignore the licenses and laws, and share programs anyway. But they "
+"often feel guilty about doing so. They know that they must break the laws "
+"in order to be good neighbors, but they still consider the laws "
+"authoritative, and they conclude that being a good neighbor (which they are) "
+"is naughty or shameful. That is also a kind of psychosocial harm, but one "
+"can escape it by deciding that these licenses and laws have no moral force."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:293
+msgid ""
+"Programmers also suffer psychosocial harm knowing that many users will not "
+"be allowed to use their work. This leads to an attitude of cynicism or "
+"denial. A programmer may describe enthusiastically the work that he finds "
+"technically exciting; then when asked, “Will I be permitted to use "
+"it?”, his face falls, and he admits the answer is no. To avoid "
+"feeling discouraged, he either ignores this fact most of the time or adopts "
+"a cynical stance designed to minimize the importance of it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:302
+msgid ""
+"Since the age of Reagan, the greatest scarcity in the United States is not "
+"technical innovation, but rather the willingness to work together for the "
+"public good. It makes no sense to encourage the former at the expense of "
+"the latter."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:307
+msgid "Obstructing Custom Adaptation of Programs"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:309
+msgid ""
+"The second level of material harm is the inability to adapt programs. The "
+"ease of modification of software is one of its great advantages over older "
+"technology. But most commercially available software isn't available for "
+"modification, even after you buy it. It's available for you to take it or "
+"leave it, as a black box—that is all."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:315
+msgid ""
+"A program that you can run consists of a series of numbers whose meaning is "
+"obscure. No one, not even a good programmer, can easily change the numbers "
+"to make the program do something different."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:319
+msgid ""
+"Programmers normally work with the “source code” for a program, "
+"which is written in a programming language such as Fortran or C. It uses "
+"names to designate the data being used and the parts of the program, and it "
+"represents operations with symbols such as ‘+’ for addition and "
+"‘-’ for subtraction. It is designed to help programmers read "
+"and change programs. Here is an example; a program to calculate the "
+"distance between two points in a plane:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <pre>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:328
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+" float\n"
+" distance (p0, p1)\n"
+" struct point p0, p1;\n"
+" {\n"
+" float xdist = p1.x - p0.x;\n"
+" float ydist = p1.y - p0.y;\n"
+" return sqrt (xdist * xdist + ydist * ydist);\n"
+" }\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:339
+msgid "Here is the same program in executable form, on the computer I normally
use:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <pre>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:342
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+" 1314258944 -232267772 -231844864 1634862\n"
+" 1411907592 -231844736 2159150 1420296208\n"
+" -234880989 -234879837 -234879966 -232295424\n"
+" 1644167167 -3214848 1090581031 1962942495\n"
+" 572518958 -803143692 1314803317\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:351
+msgid ""
+"Source code is useful (at least potentially) to every user of a program. But "
+"most users are not allowed to have copies of the source code. Usually the "
+"source code for a proprietary program is kept secret by the owner, lest "
+"anybody else learn something from it. Users receive only the files of "
+"incomprehensible numbers that the computer will execute. This means that "
+"only the program's owner can change the program."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:359
+msgid ""
+"A friend once told me of working as a programmer in a bank for about six "
+"months, writing a program similar to something that was commercially "
+"available. She believed that if she could have gotten source code for that "
+"commercially available program, it could easily have been adapted to their "
+"needs. The bank was willing to pay for this, but was not permitted "
+"to—the source code was a secret. So she had to do six months of "
+"make-work, work that counts in the GNP but was actually waste."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:368
+msgid ""
+"The <abbr title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr> "
+"Artificial Intelligence Lab (AI Lab) received a graphics printer as a gift "
+"from Xerox around 1977. It was run by free software to which we added many "
+"convenient features. For example, the software would notify a user "
+"immediately on completion of a print job. Whenever the printer had trouble, "
+"such as a paper jam or running out of paper, the software would immediately "
+"notify all users who had print jobs queued. These features facilitated "
+"smooth operation."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:377
+msgid ""
+"Later Xerox gave the AI Lab a newer, faster printer, one of the first laser "
+"printers. It was driven by proprietary software that ran in a separate "
+"dedicated computer, so we couldn't add any of our favorite features. We "
+"could arrange to send a notification when a print job was sent to the "
+"dedicated computer, but not when the job was actually printed (and the delay "
+"was usually considerable). There was no way to find out when the job was "
+"actually printed; you could only guess. And no one was informed when there "
+"was a paper jam, so the printer often went for an hour without being fixed."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:387
+msgid ""
+"The system programmers at the AI Lab were capable of fixing such problems, "
+"probably as capable as the original authors of the program. Xerox was "
+"uninterested in fixing them, and chose to prevent us, so we were forced to "
+"accept the problems. They were never fixed."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:392
+msgid ""
+"Most good programmers have experienced this frustration. The bank could "
+"afford to solve the problem by writing a new program from scratch, but a "
+"typical user, no matter how skilled, can only give up."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:396
+msgid ""
+"Giving up causes psychosocial harm—to the spirit of self-reliance. It "
+"is demoralizing to live in a house that you cannot rearrange to suit your "
+"needs. It leads to resignation and discouragement, which can spread to "
+"affect other aspects of one's life. People who feel this way are unhappy "
+"and do not do good work."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:403
+msgid ""
+"Imagine what it would be like if recipes were hoarded in the same fashion as "
+"software. You might say, “How do I change this recipe to take out the "
+"salt?” and the great chef would respond, “How dare you insult my "
+"recipe, the child of my brain and my palate, by trying to tamper with it? "
+"You don't have the judgment to change my recipe and make it work "
+"right!”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:410
+msgid ""
+"“But my doctor says I'm not supposed to eat salt! What can I do? Will "
+"you take out the salt for me?”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:413
+msgid ""
+"“I would be glad to do that; my fee is only $50,000.” Since the "
+"owner has a monopoly on changes, the fee tends to be large. “However, "
+"right now I don't have time. I am busy with a commission to design a new "
+"recipe for ship's biscuit for the Navy Department. I might get around to "
+"you in about two years.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:419
+msgid "Obstructing Software Development"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:421
+msgid ""
+"The third level of material harm affects software development. Software "
+"development used to be an evolutionary process, where a person would take an "
+"existing program and rewrite parts of it for one new feature, and then "
+"another person would rewrite parts to add another feature; in some cases, "
+"this continued over a period of twenty years. Meanwhile, parts of the "
+"program would be “cannibalized” to form the beginnings of other "
+"programs."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:430
+msgid ""
+"The existence of owners prevents this kind of evolution, making it necessary "
+"to start from scratch when developing a program. It also prevents new "
+"practitioners from studying existing programs to learn useful techniques or "
+"even how large programs can be structured."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:435
+msgid ""
+"Owners also obstruct education. I have met bright students in computer "
+"science who have never seen the source code of a large program. They may be "
+"good at writing small programs, but they can't begin to learn the different "
+"skills of writing large ones if they can't see how others have done it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:441
+msgid ""
+"In any intellectual field, one can reach greater heights by standing on the "
+"shoulders of others. But that is no longer generally allowed in the "
+"software field—you can only stand on the shoulders of the other people "
+"<em>in your own company</em>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:446
+msgid ""
+"The associated psychosocial harm affects the spirit of scientific "
+"cooperation, which used to be so strong that scientists would cooperate even "
+"when their countries were at war. In this spirit, Japanese oceanographers "
+"abandoning their lab on an island in the Pacific carefully preserved their "
+"work for the invading U.S. Marines, and left a note asking them to take good "
+"care of it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:453
+msgid ""
+"Conflict for profit has destroyed what international conflict spared. "
+"Nowadays scientists in many fields don't publish enough in their papers to "
+"enable others to replicate the experiment. They publish only enough to let "
+"readers marvel at how much they were able to do. This is certainly true in "
+"computer science, where the source code for the programs reported on is "
+"usually secret."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:460
+msgid "It Does Not Matter How Sharing Is Restricted"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:462
+msgid ""
+"I have been discussing the effects of preventing people from copying, "
+"changing, and building on a program. I have not specified how this "
+"obstruction is carried out, because that doesn't affect the conclusion. "
+"Whether it is done by copy protection, or copyright, or licenses, or "
+"encryption, or <acronym title=\"Read-only Memory\">ROM</acronym> cards, or "
+"hardware serial numbers, if it <em>succeeds</em> in preventing use, it does "
+"harm."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:470
+msgid ""
+"Users do consider some of these methods more obnoxious than others. I "
+"suggest that the methods most hated are those that accomplish their "
+"objective."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:474
+msgid "Software Should be Free"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:476
+msgid ""
+"I have shown how ownership of a program—the power to restrict changing "
+"or copying it—is obstructive. Its negative effects are widespread and "
+"important. It follows that society shouldn't have owners for programs."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:481
+msgid ""
+"Another way to understand this is that what society needs is free software, "
+"and proprietary software is a poor substitute. Encouraging the substitute "
+"is not a rational way to get what we need."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:485
+msgid ""
+"Vaclav Havel has advised us to “Work for something because it is good, "
+"not just because it stands a chance to succeed.” A business making "
+"proprietary software stands a chance of success in its own narrow terms, but "
+"it is not what is good for society."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:490
+msgid "Why People Will Develop Software"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:492
+msgid ""
+"If we eliminate copyright as a means of encouraging people to develop "
+"software, at first less software will be developed, but that software will "
+"be more useful. It is not clear whether the overall delivered user "
+"satisfaction will be less; but if it is, or if we wish to increase it "
+"anyway, there are other ways to encourage development, just as there are "
+"ways besides toll booths to raise money for streets. Before I talk about how "
+"that can be done, first I want to question how much artificial encouragement "
+"is truly necessary."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:501
+msgid "Programming is Fun"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:503
+msgid ""
+"There are some lines of work that few will enter except for money; road "
+"construction, for example. There are other fields of study and art in which "
+"there is little chance to become rich, which people enter for their "
+"fascination or their perceived value to society. Examples include "
+"mathematical logic, classical music, and archaeology; and political "
+"organizing among working people. People compete, more sadly than bitterly, "
+"for the few funded positions available, none of which is funded very well. "
+"They may even pay for the chance to work in the field, if they can afford "
+"to."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:513
+msgid ""
+"Such a field can transform itself overnight if it begins to offer the "
+"possibility of getting rich. When one worker gets rich, others demand the "
+"same opportunity. Soon all may demand large sums of money for doing what "
+"they used to do for pleasure. When another couple of years go by, everyone "
+"connected with the field will deride the idea that work would be done in the "
+"field without large financial returns. They will advise social planners to "
+"ensure that these returns are possible, prescribing special privileges, "
+"powers, and monopolies as necessary to do so."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:522
+msgid ""
+"This change happened in the field of computer programming in the past "
+"decade. Fifteen years ago, there were articles on “computer "
+"addiction”: users were “onlining” and had "
+"hundred-dollar-a-week habits. It was generally understood that people "
+"frequently loved programming enough to break up their marriages. Today, it "
+"is generally understood that no one would program except for a high rate of "
+"pay. People have forgotten what they knew fifteen years ago."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:531
+msgid ""
+"When it is true at a given time that most people will work in a certain "
+"field only for high pay, it need not remain true. The dynamic of change can "
+"run in reverse, if society provides an impetus. If we take away the "
+"possibility of great wealth, then after a while, when the people have "
+"readjusted their attitudes, they will once again be eager to work in the "
+"field for the joy of accomplishment."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:538
+msgid ""
+"The question, “How can we pay programmers?” becomes an easier "
+"question when we realize that it's not a matter of paying them a fortune. A "
+"mere living is easier to raise."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:542
+msgid "Funding Free Software"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:544
+msgid ""
+"Institutions that pay programmers do not have to be software houses. Many "
+"other institutions already exist that can do this."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:547
+msgid ""
+"Hardware manufacturers find it essential to support software development "
+"even if they cannot control the use of the software. In 1970, much of their "
+"software was free because they did not consider restricting it. Today, their "
+"increasing willingness to join consortiums shows their realization that "
+"owning the software is not what is really important for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:554
+msgid ""
+"Universities conduct many programming projects. Today they often sell the "
+"results, but in the 1970s they did not. Is there any doubt that "
+"universities would develop free software if they were not allowed to sell "
+"software? These projects could be supported by the same government contracts "
+"and grants that now support proprietary software development."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:561
+msgid ""
+"It is common today for university researchers to get grants to develop a "
+"system, develop it nearly to the point of completion and call that "
+"“finished”, and then start companies where they really finish "
+"the project and make it usable. Sometimes they declare the unfinished "
+"version “free”; if they are thoroughly corrupt, they instead get "
+"an exclusive license from the university. This is not a secret; it is "
+"openly admitted by everyone concerned. Yet if the researchers were not "
+"exposed to the temptation to do these things, they would still do their "
+"research."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:571
+msgid ""
+"Programmers writing free software can make their living by selling services "
+"related to the software. I have been hired to port the <a "
+"href=\"/software/gcc/\">GNU C compiler</a> to new hardware, and to make "
+"user-interface extensions to <a href=\"/software/emacs/\">GNU Emacs</a>. (I "
+"offer these improvements to the public once they are done.) I also teach "
+"classes for which I am paid."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:579
+msgid ""
+"I am not alone in working this way; there is now a successful, growing "
+"corporation which does no other kind of work. Several other companies also "
+"provide commercial support for the free software of the GNU system. This is "
+"the beginning of the independent software support industry—an industry "
+"that could become quite large if free software becomes prevalent. It "
+"provides users with an option generally unavailable for proprietary "
+"software, except to the very wealthy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:588
+msgid ""
+"New institutions such as the <a href=\"/fsf/fsf.html\">Free Software "
+"Foundation</a> can also fund programmers. Most of the Foundation's funds "
+"come from users buying tapes through the mail. The software on the tapes is "
+"free, which means that every user has the freedom to copy it and change it, "
+"but many nonetheless pay to get copies. (Recall that “free "
+"software” refers to freedom, not to price.) Some users who already "
+"have a copy order tapes as a way of making a contribution they feel we "
+"deserve. The Foundation also receives sizable donations from computer "
+"manufacturers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:598
+msgid ""
+"The Free Software Foundation is a charity, and its income is spent on hiring "
+"as many programmers as possible. If it had been set up as a business, "
+"distributing the same free software to the public for the same fee, it would "
+"now provide a very good living for its founder."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:603
+msgid ""
+"Because the Foundation is a charity, programmers often work for the "
+"Foundation for half of what they could make elsewhere. They do this because "
+"we are free of bureaucracy, and because they feel satisfaction in knowing "
+"that their work will not be obstructed from use. Most of all, they do it "
+"because programming is fun. In addition, volunteers have written many "
+"useful programs for us. (Even technical writers have begun to volunteer.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:611
+msgid ""
+"This confirms that programming is among the most fascinating of all fields, "
+"along with music and art. We don't have to fear that no one will want to "
+"program."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:615
+msgid "What Do Users Owe to Developers?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:617
+msgid ""
+"There is a good reason for users of software to feel a moral obligation to "
+"contribute to its support. Developers of free software are contributing to "
+"the users' activities, and it is both fair and in the long-term interest of "
+"the users to give them funds to continue."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:622
+msgid ""
+"However, this does not apply to proprietary software developers, since "
+"obstructionism deserves a punishment rather than a reward."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:625
+msgid ""
+"We thus have a paradox: the developer of useful software is entitled to the "
+"support of the users, but any attempt to turn this moral obligation into a "
+"requirement destroys the basis for the obligation. A developer can either "
+"deserve a reward or demand it, but not both."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:630
+msgid ""
+"I believe that an ethical developer faced with this paradox must act so as "
+"to deserve the reward, but should also entreat the users for voluntary "
+"donations. Eventually the users will learn to support developers without "
+"coercion, just as they have learned to support public radio and television "
+"stations."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:636
+msgid "What Is Software Productivity?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:638
+msgid ""
+"If software were free, there would still be programmers, but perhaps fewer "
+"of them. Would this be bad for society?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:641
+msgid ""
+"Not necessarily. Today the advanced nations have fewer farmers than in "
+"1900, but we do not think this is bad for society, because the few deliver "
+"more food to the consumers than the many used to do. We call this improved "
+"productivity. Free software would require far fewer programmers to satisfy "
+"the demand, because of increased software productivity at all levels:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:649
+msgid "Wider use of each program that is developed."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:650
+msgid ""
+"The ability to adapt existing programs for customization instead of starting "
+"from scratch."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:652
+msgid "Better education of programmers."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:653
+msgid "The elimination of duplicate development effort."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:657
+msgid ""
+"Those who object to cooperation claiming it would result in the employment "
+"of fewer programmers are actually objecting to increased productivity. Yet "
+"these people usually accept the widely-held belief that the software "
+"industry needs increased productivity. How is this?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:662
+msgid ""
+"“Software productivity” can mean two different things: the "
+"overall productivity of all software development, or the productivity of "
+"individual projects. Overall productivity is what society would like to "
+"improve, and the most straightforward way to do this is to eliminate the "
+"artificial obstacles to cooperation which reduce it. But researchers who "
+"study the field of “software productivity” focus only on the "
+"second, limited, sense of the term, where improvement requires difficult "
+"technological advances."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:671
+msgid "Is Competition Inevitable?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:673
+msgid ""
+"Is it inevitable that people will try to compete, to surpass their rivals in "
+"society? Perhaps it is. But competition itself is not harmful; the harmful "
+"thing is <em>combat</em>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:677
+msgid ""
+"There are many ways to compete. Competition can consist of trying to "
+"achieve ever more, to outdo what others have done. For example, in the old "
+"days, there was competition among programming wizards—competition for "
+"who could make the computer do the most amazing thing, or for who could make "
+"the shortest or fastest program for a given task. This kind of competition "
+"can benefit everyone, <em>as long as</em> the spirit of good sportsmanship "
+"is maintained."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:686
+msgid ""
+"Constructive competition is enough competition to motivate people to great "
+"efforts. A number of people are competing to be the first to have visited "
+"all the countries on Earth; some even spend fortunes trying to do this. But "
+"they do not bribe ship captains to strand their rivals on desert islands. "
+"They are content to let the best person win."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:692
+msgid ""
+"Competition becomes combat when the competitors begin trying to impede each "
+"other instead of advancing themselves—when “Let the best person "
+"win” gives way to “Let me win, best or not.” Proprietary "
+"software is harmful, not because it is a form of competition, but because it "
+"is a form of combat among the citizens of our society."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:699
+msgid ""
+"Competition in business is not necessarily combat. For example, when two "
+"grocery stores compete, their entire effort is to improve their own "
+"operations, not to sabotage the rival. But this does not demonstrate a "
+"special commitment to business ethics; rather, there is little scope for "
+"combat in this line of business short of physical violence. Not all areas "
+"of business share this characteristic. Withholding information that could "
+"help everyone advance is a form of combat."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:707
+msgid ""
+"Business ideology does not prepare people to resist the temptation to combat "
+"the competition. Some forms of combat have been banned with anti-trust "
+"laws, truth in advertising laws, and so on, but rather than generalizing "
+"this to a principled rejection of combat in general, executives invent other "
+"forms of combat which are not specifically prohibited. Society's resources "
+"are squandered on the economic equivalent of factional civil war."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:715
+msgid "“Why Don't You Move to Russia?”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:717
+msgid ""
+"In the United States, any advocate of other than the most extreme form of "
+"laissez-faire selfishness has often heard this accusation. For example, it "
+"is leveled against the supporters of a national health care system, such as "
+"is found in all the other industrialized nations of the free world. It is "
+"leveled against the advocates of public support for the arts, also universal "
+"in advanced nations. The idea that citizens have any obligation to the "
+"public good is identified in America with Communism. But how similar are "
+"these ideas?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:726
+msgid ""
+"Communism as was practiced in the Soviet Union was a system of central "
+"control where all activity was regimented, supposedly for the common good, "
+"but actually for the sake of the members of the Communist party. And where "
+"copying equipment was closely guarded to prevent illegal copying."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:732
+msgid ""
+"The American system of software copyright exercises central control over "
+"distribution of a program, and guards copying equipment with automatic "
+"copying-protection schemes to prevent illegal copying."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:736
+msgid ""
+"By contrast, I am working to build a system where people are free to decide "
+"their own actions; in particular, free to help their neighbors, and free to "
+"alter and improve the tools which they use in their daily lives. A system "
+"based on voluntary cooperation and on decentralization."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:742
+msgid ""
+"Thus, if we are to judge views by their resemblance to Russian Communism, it "
+"is the software owners who are the Communists."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:745
+msgid "The Question of Premises"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:747
+msgid ""
+"I make the assumption in this paper that a user of software is no less "
+"important than an author, or even an author's employer. In other words, "
+"their interests and needs have equal weight, when we decide which course of "
+"action is best."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:752
+msgid ""
+"This premise is not universally accepted. Many maintain that an author's "
+"employer is fundamentally more important than anyone else. They say, for "
+"example, that the purpose of having owners of software is to give the "
+"author's employer the advantage he deserves—regardless of how this may "
+"affect the public."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:758
+msgid ""
+"It is no use trying to prove or disprove these premises. Proof requires "
+"shared premises. So most of what I have to say is addressed only to those "
+"who share the premises I use, or at least are interested in what their "
+"consequences are. For those who believe that the owners are more important "
+"than everyone else, this paper is simply irrelevant."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:764
+msgid ""
+"But why would a large number of Americans accept a premise that elevates "
+"certain people in importance above everyone else? Partly because of the "
+"belief that this premise is part of the legal traditions of American "
+"society. Some people feel that doubting the premise means challenging the "
+"basis of society."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:770
+msgid ""
+"It is important for these people to know that this premise is not part of "
+"our legal tradition. It never has been."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:773
+msgid ""
+"Thus, the Constitution says that the purpose of copyright is to "
+"“promote the progress of science and the useful arts.” The "
+"Supreme Court has elaborated on this, stating in ‘Fox Film "
+"vs. Doyal’ that “The sole interest of the United States and the "
+"primary object in conferring the [copyright] monopoly lie in the general "
+"benefits derived by the public from the labors of authors.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:781
+msgid ""
+"We are not required to agree with the Constitution or the Supreme Court. "
+"(At one time, they both condoned slavery.) So their positions do not "
+"disprove the owner supremacy premise. But I hope that the awareness that "
+"this is a radical right-wing assumption rather than a traditionally "
+"recognized one will weaken its appeal."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:787
+msgid "Conclusion"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:789
+msgid ""
+"We like to think that our society encourages helping your neighbor; but each "
+"time we reward someone for obstructionism, or admire them for the wealth "
+"they have gained in this way, we are sending the opposite message."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:794
+msgid ""
+"Software hoarding is one form of our general willingness to disregard the "
+"welfare of society for personal gain. We can trace this disregard from "
+"Ronald Reagan to Dick Cheney, from Exxon to Enron, from failing banks to "
+"failing schools. We can measure it with the size of the homeless population "
+"and the prison population. The antisocial spirit feeds on itself, because "
+"the more we see that other people will not help us, the more it seems futile "
+"to help them. Thus society decays into a jungle."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:803
+msgid ""
+"If we don't want to live in a jungle, we must change our attitudes. We must "
+"start sending the message that a good citizen is one who cooperates when "
+"appropriate, not one who is successful at taking from others. I hope that "
+"the free software movement will contribute to this: at least in one area, we "
+"will replace the jungle with a more efficient system which encourages and "
+"runs on voluntary cooperation."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:811
+msgid "Footnotes"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:814
+msgid ""
+"The word “free” in “free software” refers to "
+"freedom, not to price; the price paid for a copy of a free program may be "
+"zero, or small, or (rarely) quite large."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:818
+msgid ""
+"The issues of pollution and traffic congestion do not alter this "
+"conclusion. If we wish to make driving more expensive to discourage driving "
+"in general, it is disadvantageous to do this using toll booths, which "
+"contribute to both pollution and congestion. A tax on gasoline is much "
+"better. Likewise, a desire to enhance safety by limiting maximum speed is "
+"not relevant; a free-access road enhances the average speed by avoiding "
+"stops and delays, for any given speed limit."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:827
+msgid ""
+"One might regard a particular computer program as a harmful thing that "
+"should not be available at all, like the Lotus Marketplace database of "
+"personal information, which was withdrawn from sale due to public "
+"disapproval. Most of what I say does not apply to this case, but it makes "
+"little sense to argue for having an owner on the grounds that the owner will "
+"make the program less available. The owner will not make it "
+"<em>completely</em> unavailable, as one would wish in the case of a program "
+"whose use is considered destructive."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:839
+msgid ""
+"This essay is published in <a href=\"/doc/book13.html\"><cite>Free Software, "
+"Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:851
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:857
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
"
+"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send "
+"broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:867
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
+"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:874
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, "
+"Inc.,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><address>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:876
+msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:877
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted "
+"worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice, and the "
+"copyright notice, are preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:885
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. timestamp start
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:887
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/shouldbefree.proto:895
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/po/social-inertia.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/social-inertia.pot
diff -N philosophy/po/social-inertia.pot
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/social-inertia.pot 15 Jul 2008 20:26:04 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <address@hidden>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2008-07-15 16:25-0400\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/social-inertia.proto:3
+msgid "Overcoming Social Inertia - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/social-inertia.proto:5
+msgid "Overcoming Social Inertia"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/social-inertia.proto:7
+msgid ""
+"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard "
+"Stallman</strong></a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/social-inertia.proto:11
+msgid ""
+"15 years have passed since the combination of GNU and Linux first made it "
+"possible to use a PC in freedom. During that time, we have come a long "
+"way. You can even buy a laptop with GNU/Linux preinstalled from more than "
+"one hardware vendor, although the systems they ship are not entirely free "
+"software. So what holds us back from total success?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/social-inertia.proto:18
+msgid ""
+"The main obstacle to the triumph of software freedom is social inertia. You "
+"have surely seen its many forms. Many commercial web sites are only "
+"accessible with Windows. The BBC's iPlayer handcuffware runs only on "
+"Windows. If you value short-term convenience instead of freedom, you might "
+"consider these reasons to use Windows. Most companies currently use "
+"Windows, so students who think short-term want to learn Windows, and ask "
+"schools to teach Windows, which they do, thus leading many other students to "
+"use Windows. Microsoft actively nurtures this inertia: it encourages "
+"schools to inculcate dependency on Windows, and contracts to set up web "
+"sites, which then turn out to work only with Internet Explorer."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/social-inertia.proto:31
+msgid ""
+"A few years ago, Microsoft ads argued that Windows was cheaper to run than "
+"GNU/Linux. Their comparisons were debunked, but it is worth noting the "
+"deeper flaw that their arguments reduce to social inertia: “Currently, "
+"more technical people know Windows than GNU/Linux.” People that value "
+"their freedom would not give it up to save money, but many business "
+"executives believe ideologically that everything they possess, even their "
+"freedom, should be for sale."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/social-inertia.proto:40
+msgid ""
+"Social inertia consists of people giving in to social inertia. When you "
+"give in to social inertia, you become part of it; when you resist it, you "
+"reduce it. We conquer inertia by identifying it, and resolving not to be "
+"part of it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/social-inertia.proto:46
+msgid ""
+"Here is where the philosophical weakness of most of our community holds us "
+"back. Most GNU/Linux users have never even heard the ideas of freedom that "
+"motivated the development of GNU, so they still judge matters based on "
+"short-term convenience rather than on their freedom. This makes them "
+"vulnerable to being led by the nose, through social inertia."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/social-inertia.proto:54
+msgid ""
+"To change this, we need to talk about free software and freedom — not "
+"merely practical benefits such as cited by open source. Thus we can build "
+"our community's strength and resolve to overcome social inertia."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/social-inertia.proto:62
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/social-inertia.proto:69
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
"
+"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send "
+"broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/social-inertia.proto:79
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
+"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/social-inertia.proto:86
+msgid "Copyright © 2007 Richard Stallman"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/social-inertia.proto:88
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted "
+"worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is "
+"preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/social-inertia.proto:96
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. timestamp start
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/social-inertia.proto:98
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/social-inertia.proto:106
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.pot
diff -N philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.pot
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.pot 15 Jul 2008
20:26:04 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <address@hidden>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2008-07-15 16:25-0400\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:3
../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:5
+msgid "Software Libre and Commercial Viability"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:6
+msgid "(Nov 12th 1998, published in February 1999)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:9
+msgid "by <strong>Alessandro Rubini</strong>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:11
+msgid ""
+"Fortunately, Linus' project of world domination is going to come true fairly "
+"soon. The trend toward this goal can be verified by checking how the press "
+"is behaving towards GNU/Linux solutions, looking at how several educational "
+"entities are going to introduce Free Software in the schools and verifying "
+"its usual technical excellence."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:17
+msgid ""
+"Today in 1998 (yes, it is still 1998 as I write), the most important job "
+"remaining, in my opinion, is propagating the social and commercial "
+"implications of Free Software. While I greatly appreciated Russell Nelson's "
+"article “Open Source Software Model” in the July issue of "
+"<i>LJ</i>, I feel the need to expand on the points he briefly touched."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:24
+msgid ""
+"Please note that I'm not an expert in economics or politics. I'm just a "
+"build-it-yourself kind of technical guy whose discussion is based on his own "
+"experience in the battle for survival, in the hopes of helping someone else "
+"adapt to new environmental conditions. Some of these ideas have already been "
+"discussed with friends or on the Free Software Business mailing list (<a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>), "
+"which I joined after reading Russell's article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:33
+msgid "Viability for Individual Consultants"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:35
+msgid ""
+"The best feature of any computer system is flexibility — allowing "
+"users to tailor its behaviour to their own needs. This flexibility is often "
+"completely unknown to the general computer user, because proprietary "
+"software solutions tend to hide functionality behind a rigid external "
+"interface which denies any divergence from the expected behaviour—a "
+"<i>user's</i> behaviour."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:42
+msgid ""
+"When adopting Free Software, users are able to discover the real power of "
+"computer systems. Today I talked with a commercial consultant who never "
+"thought that programs could be adapted to one's needs. He confessed his "
+"company has always acted the other way around—they adapted their needs "
+"to the software they use. Most users are victims of their software and don't "
+"even realize it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:49
+msgid ""
+"Educating the user base about the extendibility of software will open new "
+"markets to independent consultants, creating new employment "
+"opportunities. Every user has different needs and solving these needs often "
+"means calling for technical support from people who tailor or enhance the "
+"relevant software. While this is not even imaginable with proprietary "
+"programs, source availability allows any problem that might arise to be "
+"quickly solved and new features to be easily added. While you may think this "
+"would quickly lead to a <i>perfect</i> software package, individual needs "
+"are so diverse and specialized that a package can't satisfy everyone."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:60
+msgid ""
+"For example, I and others wrote a program for a local physiology center to "
+"analyze data for a typical kind of experiment. During two years of use, the "
+"physicians found so many ways to enhance the program that it is now reported "
+"as better than the commercial solutions. The total of all fees they paid "
+"during these years reveals the program to be more expensive in the end than "
+"some of the commercial alternatives. This fact is not relevant to my "
+"clients, as they have exactly what they want and they know they can have "
+"more should the need arise. The program is obviously Free Software and other "
+"centers expressed interest in getting a copy."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:71
+msgid ""
+"As more and more people are choosing Free Software to address their needs, "
+"I'm sure some software companies will try to demonize GNU/Linux and both the "
+"Free Software and the Open Source movements because they are losing their "
+"own market share. Such companies will probably try to demonstrate that IT "
+"employment is decreasing and that humankind is being damaged by the general "
+"adoption of Free Software. This whole argument is bogus; computers exist to "
+"be programmed, and the more you allow programming them, the more you build "
+"employment opportunities. If you count the number of people who offer Free "
+"Software consulting, you will greatly exceed any shrinkage of proprietary "
+"companies. Sticking to my previous example, the physiology lab hired my "
+"company to write the program, and other centers interested in the product "
+"are willing to hire a local consultant for installing, maintaining and "
+"enhancing our package. Did I say “enhance”? Isn't the program "
+"working? Yes, the program is working well, but there <i>is</i> room for "
+"enhancement of the product. The local lab decided to stop development "
+"“because we must run our experiment rather than invent new software "
+"features”. As anyone knows, every program has a bug and a missing "
+"feature, and this is where we build our credibility: bugs <i>can</i> be "
+"fixed and features <i>can</i> be implemented. As I suggested before, the "
+"more you make things programmable, the more they will be programmed."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:94
+msgid ""
+"Why should there be more employment opportunities in IT than there are now? "
+"First of all, because Free Software users have more requests for new "
+"features than users of proprietary products do, as explained above. Next, "
+"because anyone can build her own professionalism without paying tributes to "
+"access the sources of information. I built my own expertise by studying "
+"source code and trying things out on my own low-end PC. Now I am confident I "
+"can solve any problem my clients might have, and my clients know I can "
+"(provided I am given enough time to deal with the problem)."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:104
+msgid ""
+"Another critical point in addition to source availability is standardization "
+"on file formats, a field where proprietary products are revealing their "
+"worst features. Let's imagine an environment where every file format in the "
+"system was known: you could, for example, create indexes from any document "
+"that is produced, thus easing later retrieval. This can be accomplished "
+"off-line without any load on non-technical personnel. Asynchronous reuse of "
+"data is “rocket science” for many users, because they are "
+"accustomed to programs that use proprietary file formats (and operating "
+"systems with no real multi-tasking or “cron” capabilities). As "
+"soon as free standards are adopted, users begin asking for customizations "
+"and are willing to pay for anything that will increase their productivity. "
+"Moreover, free standards guarantee that customers are not making the wrong "
+"bet, as they won't ever be stuck with unusable data if the software market "
+"changes."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:120
+msgid ""
+"While the conventional model of software distribution concentrates all "
+"knowledge in a few companies (or one of them), open standards leverage "
+"technical knowledge to anyone willing to learn. Whereas a proprietary "
+"product can be supported only by a limited number of qualified consultants "
+"(whose number and quality is centrally managed), the number of consultants "
+"supporting a Free Software solution is virtually unlimited and the offer can "
+"quickly adapt to the request."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:128
+msgid ""
+"In a world where computers are just tools to accomplish some other goals, "
+"easy customization and quick maintenance are basic requirements of power "
+"users. In my opinion, Free Software will quickly gain the trust it needs to "
+"be a real market phenomenon. As soon as you start to trust some Free "
+"Software products, you learn that they deserve more. GNU/Linux fans must be "
+"ready to offer support in order to fulfill the upcoming need for "
+"consultants."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:136
+msgid "Viability for Support Companies"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:138
+msgid ""
+"Obviously, independent consultants don't cover all the needs of computer "
+"users. Several activities can't be handled by individuals. Red Hat and "
+"S.u.S.E. are demonstrating that creating and maintaining a distribution can "
+"be a good source of revenue even when the product is freely "
+"redistributable. Debian-based efforts are on the way, although less "
+"advanced—mainly because both Red Hat and S.u.S.E. bundled proprietary "
+"products with libre packages in order to survive while the market share was "
+"low, while Debian has always been completely detached from proprietary "
+"products, and still is."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:148
+msgid ""
+"In addition to “creating and packaging” or “collecting and "
+"packaging” jobs, companies can specialize in technical support, "
+"covering the situations where computer systems are of critical "
+"importance. Big business realities using computer systems in their "
+"productive environment won't be satisfied with either the external "
+"consultant or the in-house technician. They need to rely on an external "
+"structure that guarantees round-the-clock operation of their technological "
+"aids."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:157
+msgid ""
+"Even if GNU/Linux or any other operating system is demonstrated to be "
+"completely reliable, power users will need to rely on a support company as a "
+"form of insurance. The more important computers are for a production "
+"environment, the more people are willing to pay to be reassured that "
+"everything will go on working and to have someone “responsible” "
+"to call in case of any failure. Such a “power user” support "
+"contract could also include a provision for refunds in case of down "
+"time. Big support companies will be able to efficiently deal with it, and "
+"clients will be happy to pay high rates even if they never need to call for "
+"assistance."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:168
+msgid ""
+"In short, I see no need for software companies to keep exclusive rights on "
+"their products; the support environment is big enough to offer good business "
+"positions in Information Technologies. Those who want to be at the top could "
+"use some of the revenue to pay for Free Software development, thus gaining "
+"access to the best software before anyone else and associating their name "
+"with software products. As a matter of fact, this practice is already "
+"pursued by the big distributions."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:177
+msgid "Viability for Education Centers"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:179
+msgid ""
+"Needless to say, schools and universities have the best interest in teaching "
+"information technologies using Free Software tools. Due to its technical "
+"superiority, Free Software environments have more to offer to the students, "
+"but also need more technical knowledge to be proficiently administered. I "
+"see no money saved here in choosing Free operating systems over proprietary "
+"ones, but educational entities could better spend their money on hiring "
+"system administrators than on subsidizing some already-too-wealthy "
+"commercial software company. While my country, Italy, is stuck with a few "
+"rules that offer more support for buying things rather than for employing "
+"people, other countries are already moving in the right "
+"direction—Mexico and France, for example, have announced plans to use "
+"GNU/Linux in their public schools."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:193
+msgid ""
+"One more point leads toward Free Software in education: when students get "
+"jobs, they prefer to use tools they learned at school in order to minimize "
+"extra learning efforts. This fact should lead colleges to teach only those "
+"tools not owned by anyone—those that are libre. Schools should teach "
+"proprietary software only if two conditions apply: no viable alternative is "
+"available, and the company that distributes such software <i>pays</i> the "
+"school for teaching its product. Paying someone for a product in order to "
+"advertising it for him is definitely nonsense."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:203
+msgid "Social Issues"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:205
+msgid ""
+"A few social issues relate to choosing one software model over another "
+"one. Although I mark them as social, they have economic implications as "
+"well."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:210
+msgid ""
+"While Free Software may not be cheaper than proprietary software if you bill "
+"for your own time, some environments use different rates in converting time "
+"to money. Most emerging countries have good intellectual resources but "
+"little money, and they usually have many not-so-new computers as "
+"well. Proprietary operating systems are unaffordable for them, but free "
+"solutions are viable and productive. Actually, the “Halloween” "
+"document supports my point by underlining that “Linux” is "
+"growing very fast in the Far East. Charity organizations usually have this "
+"same environment—little money and a good amount of human "
+"resources. This leads straight to the Free Software model for any IT "
+"requirement."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:223
+msgid ""
+"These ideas will probably suggest that free availability of information "
+"looks fairly leftist in spirit, as “information to the masses” "
+"looks quite similar to the old adage “power to the masses”. What "
+"is usually ignored is the strong rightist flavour of the Free Software "
+"movement. The Free Software arena is fiercely meritocratic and a perfect "
+"environment for free competition, where the laws of the market ensure that "
+"only the best ideas and the best players survive. Proprietary standards, on "
+"the other hand, tend to diminish competition by decreasing innovation and "
+"consolidating previous results."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:234
+msgid "Limits of the Free Software Model"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:236
+msgid ""
+"Naturally, I'm aware that not every software package can easily be turned "
+"into Free Software. I'm not talking about office products—I'm "
+"confident some good projects will supply this need, sooner or later."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:241
+msgid ""
+"Rather, I'm talking about all environments where a strong competition exists "
+"for a product only loosely based on its software component. For example, "
+"industrial equipment might include a computer and some commodity hardware (a "
+"robot, custom I/O peripherals, <abbr title=\"Programmable logic "
+"controller\">PLC</abbr>s, etc.); the software application hosted in the "
+"computer is a minor part of the whole, but its features greatly affect the "
+"overall value of the equipment. Producing and debugging such applications "
+"usually require huge investments; free redistribution of source code is thus "
+"prevented as a form of protection against competitors."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:252
+msgid ""
+"Another meaningful example is cell telephones. They include a lot of "
+"software, even though this software is almost invisible to the end user, who "
+"perceives the device as a telephone and not a computer. Such software is the "
+"component that defines the overall capabilities of the device; because of "
+"its major functional role in the device it is strictly proprietary."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:259
+msgid ""
+"Unfortunately, I see no easy way to liberalize this type of code. Although "
+"I don't care too much about cell phones (I don't use them :), I would really "
+"like to see free industrial applications because their technological content "
+"is usually worth reusing and adapting to new problems."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:266
+msgid ""
+"Alessandro writes Free Software for a living and advocates Free Software for "
+"a mission. He hopes his upcoming child will keep off computers, recalling "
+"the good old times when such beasts where confined to their technical "
+"zoos. He reads e-mail as <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> trying to reply to "
+"everyone."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:273
+msgid "Reprinted with permission of Linux Journal."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:278
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:285
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
"
+"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send "
+"broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:295
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
+"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:302
+msgid "Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 Alessandro Rubini"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:303
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and redistribution of this entire article are permitted in "
+"any medium provided this notice and the copyright notice are preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:310
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. timestamp start
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:312
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/software-libre-commercial-viability.proto:320
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
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