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www gnusflashes.bg.include server/banner.es.htm...
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www gnusflashes.bg.include server/banner.es.htm... |
|
Date: |
Sat, 21 Jun 2008 20:25:48 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 08/06/21 20:25:48
Modified files:
. : gnusflashes.bg.include
server : banner.es.html whatsnew.bg.html
whatsnew.bg.include
server/po : whatsnew.bg.po whatsnew.pot
Added files:
philosophy/po : drdobbs-letter.pot ebooks.pot eldred-amicus.pot
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnusflashes.bg.include?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.pot?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/ebooks.pot?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.pot?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/banner.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.37&r2=1.38
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/whatsnew.bg.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/whatsnew.bg.include?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/whatsnew.bg.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/whatsnew.pot?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
Patches:
Index: gnusflashes.bg.include
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnusflashes.bg.include,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- gnusflashes.bg.include 20 Jun 2008 20:25:21 -0000 1.2
+++ gnusflashes.bg.include 21 Jun 2008 20:25:13 -0000 1.3
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
<!--Automatically generated by GNUN; do not edit!-->
+ <p>Tell The United States Patent and Trademark Office that software and
business method patents should not be part of the EU-US patent treaty. The
USPTO has put a <a
href="http://www.uspto.gov/go/og/2007/week22/patcomm.htm";>call out for public
comments</a>. They can be contacted, either by sending a fax to Mr. Santamauro
to (571) 273-0085 or by emailing <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>. The deadline is June 22
(Sunday).</p>
<p><a href="http://www.fsf.org/campaigns/acta/";>Take action on ACTA -- the
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement</a>.</p>
<p>ФондаÑиÑÑа за Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (ФСС)
поÑÑигна знаÑиÑелен ÑÑпеÑ
в кампаниÑÑа
PlayOgg.org Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑвлениеÑо, Ñе ÑÑанÑиÑÑа на
ÐаÑионалноÑо обÑеÑÑвено Ñадио (National Publuc Radio
â NPR) WBUR ÐоÑÑÑн е запоÑнала излÑÑване по Ñеб
в ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð° звÑк Ogg Vorbis. ÐоÑокÑÑ
на WBUR е доÑÑÑпен на <a
href="http://www.wbur.org/listen/";>http://www.wbur.org/listen/</a>, или
диÑекÑно на <a
href="http://www.wbur.org/listen/feed/ogg.m3u";>http://www.wbur.org/listen/feed/ogg.m3u</a>.</p>
- <p>GNU Ñе ÑегиÑÑÑиÑа каÑо оÑганизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²
кампаниÑÑа на ÐÑгÑл âSummer of Code 2008â. Ðко
иÑкаÑе да ÑÑаÑÑваÑе каÑо наÑÑавник, ÑÑеник
или по какÑвÑо и да е наÑин, Ð¼Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¶Ñе <a
href="/software/soc-projects/ideas.html">пÑедложениÑÑа за
пÑоекÑи за âSoCâ доÑега</a> и <a
href="/software/soc-projects/guidelines.html">допÑлниÑелниÑе
наÑоки оÑноÑно SoC</a>.</p>
Index: server/banner.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/banner.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.37
retrieving revision 1.38
diff -u -b -r1.37 -r1.38
--- server/banner.es.html 20 Jun 2008 20:25:54 -0000 1.37
+++ server/banner.es.html 21 Jun 2008 20:25:32 -0000 1.38
@@ -9,17 +9,18 @@
<body>
- <div id="toplinks"><span class="netscape4"><a href="#content">Skip to
content</a> | </span><a
-href="#translations">Translations of this page</a> | <a
+ <div id="toplinks"><span class="netscape4"><a href="#content">Ir al
contenido</a> | </span><a
+href="#translations">Traducciones de esta página</a> | <a
href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a> | <a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/volunteer/";>Become a volunteer</a></div>
+href="http://www.fsf.org/volunteer/";>Conviértase en voluntario</a></div>
<div id="null-wrapper">
<!-- enable this div if there something urgent for us to do -->
<div id="urgent">
- <a href="http://www.fsf.org/campaigns/acta/"; title="Find out about
-ACTA">Take action on ACTA -- the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement</a>
+ Haga algo contra el ACTA, la <a
href="http://www.fsf.org/campaigns/acta/";
+title="Averigüe más sobre el ACTA" lang="en">Anti-Counterfeiting Trade
+Agreement</a>
</div>
@@ -46,13 +47,13 @@
<div class="inner">
<ul>
<li id="tabMenu"><a href="/home.es.html">Portada</a></li>
- <li id="tabStore"><a href="http://shop.fsf.org/";>Store</a></li>
- <li id="tabAboutGNU"><a href="/gnu/gnu.html">History</a></li>
+ <li id="tabStore"><a href="http://shop.fsf.org/";>Tienda</a></li>
+ <li id="tabAboutGNU"><a href="/gnu/gnu.es.html">Historia</a></li>
<li id="tabPhilosophy"><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.es.html">FilosofÃa</a></li>
<li id="tabLicenses"><a
href="/licenses/licenses.es.html">Licencias</a></li>
- <li id="tabSoftware"><a
href="/software/software.html">Download GNU</a></li>
- <li><a href="/help/help.html">Help GNU</a></li>
- <li><a href="/server/sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></li>
+ <li id="tabSoftware"><a href="/software/software.es.html">Descargue
GNU</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/help/help.es.html">Ayúde a GNU</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/server/sitemap.es.html">Mapa web</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: server/whatsnew.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/whatsnew.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- server/whatsnew.bg.html 20 Jun 2008 20:25:55 -0000 1.4
+++ server/whatsnew.bg.html 21 Jun 2008 20:25:33 -0000 1.5
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2008/06/20 20:25:55 $
+$Date: 2008/06/21 20:25:33 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: server/whatsnew.bg.include
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/whatsnew.bg.include,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- server/whatsnew.bg.include 20 Jun 2008 20:25:55 -0000 1.2
+++ server/whatsnew.bg.include 21 Jun 2008 20:25:33 -0000 1.3
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
href="/keepingup.html"><strong>Ð ÑеÑение Ñ GNU/ФСС</strong></a> |
<a
href="/press/press.html"><strong>ÐнÑоÑмаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
пÑеÑаÑа</strong></a> и <a
href="/press/press.html#releases"><strong>комÑникеÑа</strong></a></p><dl>
+ <dt>20 June 2008 </dt>
+ <dd>Tell The United States Patent and Trademark Office that software and
business method patents should not be part of the EU-US patent treaty. The
USPTO has put a <a
href="http://www.uspto.gov/go/og/2007/week22/patcomm.htm";>call out for public
comments</a>. They can be contacted, either by sending a fax to Mr. Santamauro
to (571) 273-0085 or by emailing <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>. The deadline is June 22
(Sunday).</dd>
+</dl><dl>
<dt>20 June 2008</dt>
<dd><a href="http://www.fsf.org/campaigns/acta/";>Take action on ACTA -- the
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement</a>.</dd>
</dl><dl>
Index: server/po/whatsnew.bg.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/whatsnew.bg.po,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- server/po/whatsnew.bg.po 20 Jun 2008 20:26:01 -0000 1.2
+++ server/po/whatsnew.bg.po 21 Jun 2008 20:25:42 -0000 1.3
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: whatsnew.{html,include}\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2008-06-20 16:25-0400\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2008-06-21 16:25-0400\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2008-06-03 09:47+0300\n"
"Last-Translator: Yavor Doganov <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Bulgarian <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
"\"/press/press.html#releases\"><strong>комÑникеÑа</strong></a>"
# type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:5
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:5 ../../server/whatsnew.include:8
#, fuzzy
msgid "20 June 2008"
msgstr "24 ÑнÑаÑи 2008 г."
@@ -127,17 +127,29 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:6
msgid ""
+"Tell The United States Patent and Trademark Office that software and "
+"business method patents should not be part of the EU-US patent treaty. The "
+"USPTO has put a <a href=\"http://www.uspto.gov/go/og/2007/week22/patcomm.htm";
+"\">call out for public comments</a>. They can be contacted, either by "
+"sending a fax to Mr. Santamauro to (571) 273-0085 or by emailing <a href="
+"\"mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>. The "
+"deadline is June 22 (Sunday)."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:9
+msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.fsf.org/campaigns/acta/\";>Take action on ACTA -- the "
"Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement</a>."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:8
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:11
msgid "14 May 2008"
msgstr "14 май 2008 г."
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:9
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:12
msgid ""
"The Free Software Foundation (FSF) has marked a milestone in their PlayOgg."
"org campaign with the announcement that National Public Radio (NPR) news "
@@ -156,12 +168,12 @@
"wbur.org/listen/feed/ogg.m3u</a>."
# type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:11
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:14
msgid "5 March 2008"
msgstr "5 маÑÑ 2008 г."
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:12
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:15
msgid ""
"GNU has applied to be an organization in Google's Summer of Code 2008 "
"program. If you'd like to participate, as a mentor, a student, or in any "
@@ -176,12 +188,12 @@
"projects/guidelines.html\">допÑлниÑелниÑе наÑоки
оÑноÑно SoC</a>."
# type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:14
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:17
msgid "24 January 2008"
msgstr "24 ÑнÑаÑи 2008 г."
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:15
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:18
msgid ""
"We're in the closing days of our winter fundraising drive. We need 70 more "
"members to reach our goal of 500 by the end of the month. <a href=\"http://";
@@ -197,66 +209,66 @@
"Ñеб-ÑÑÑаниÑа!"
# type: Content of: <h4>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:16
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:19
msgid "What was New in Prior Years"
msgstr "Ðакво беÑе новоÑо в пÑедиÑни години"
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:18
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:21
msgid "<a href=\"/server/07whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2007</strong> </a>"
msgstr "<a href=\"/server/07whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2007</strong> </a>"
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:23
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:26
msgid "<a href=\"/server/06whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2006</strong> </a>"
msgstr "<a href=\"/server/06whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2006</strong> </a>"
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:28
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:31
msgid "<a href=\"/server/05whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2005</strong> </a>"
msgstr "<a href=\"/server/05whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2005</strong> </a>"
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:33
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:36
msgid "<a href=\"/server/04whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2004</strong> </a>"
msgstr "<a href=\"/server/04whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2004</strong> </a>"
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:38
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:41
msgid "<a href=\"/server/03whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2003</strong> </a>"
msgstr "<a href=\"/server/03whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2003</strong> </a>"
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:43
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:46
msgid "<a href=\"/server/02whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2002</strong> </a>"
msgstr "<a href=\"/server/02whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2002</strong> </a>"
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:48
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:51
msgid "<a href=\"/server/01whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2001</strong> </a>"
msgstr "<a href=\"/server/01whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2001</strong> </a>"
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:53
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:56
msgid "<a href=\"/server/00whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2000</strong> </a>"
msgstr "<a href=\"/server/00whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2000</strong> </a>"
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:58
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:61
msgid "<a href=\"/server/99whatsnew.html\"> <strong>1999</strong> </a>"
msgstr "<a href=\"/server/99whatsnew.html\"> <strong>1999</strong> </a>"
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:63
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:66
msgid "<a href=\"/server/98whatsnew.html\"> <strong>1998</strong> </a>"
msgstr "<a href=\"/server/98whatsnew.html\"> <strong>1998</strong> </a>"
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:68
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:71
msgid "<a href=\"/server/97whatsnew.html\"> <strong>1997</strong> </a>"
msgstr "<a href=\"/server/97whatsnew.html\"> <strong>1997</strong> </a>"
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:73
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:76
msgid "<a href=\"/server/96whatsnew.html\"> <strong>1996</strong> </a>"
msgstr "<a href=\"/server/96whatsnew.html\"> <strong>1996</strong> </a>"
Index: server/po/whatsnew.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/whatsnew.pot,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- server/po/whatsnew.pot 20 Jun 2008 20:26:01 -0000 1.2
+++ server/po/whatsnew.pot 21 Jun 2008 20:25:42 -0000 1.3
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2008-06-20 16:25-0400\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2008-06-21 16:25-0400\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -97,24 +97,37 @@
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:5
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:5 ../../server/whatsnew.include:8
msgid "20 June 2008"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:6
msgid ""
+"Tell The United States Patent and Trademark Office that software and "
+"business method patents should not be part of the EU-US patent treaty. The "
+"USPTO has put a <a "
+"href=\"http://www.uspto.gov/go/og/2007/week22/patcomm.htm\";>call out for "
+"public comments</a>. They can be contacted, either by sending a fax to "
+"Mr. Santamauro to (571) 273-0085 or by emailing <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>. The "
+"deadline is June 22 (Sunday)."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:9
+msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://www.fsf.org/campaigns/acta/\";>Take action on ACTA -- the "
"Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement</a>."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:8
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:11
msgid "14 May 2008"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:9
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:12
msgid ""
"The Free Software Foundation (FSF) has marked a milestone in their "
"PlayOgg.org campaign with the announcement that National Public Radio (NPR) "
@@ -126,12 +139,12 @@
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:11
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:14
msgid "5 March 2008"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:12
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:15
msgid ""
"GNU has applied to be an organization in Google's Summer of Code 2008 "
"program. If you'd like to participate, as a mentor, a student, or in any "
@@ -142,12 +155,12 @@
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:14
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:17
msgid "24 January 2008"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:15
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:18
msgid ""
"We're in the closing days of our winter fundraising drive. We need 70 more "
"members to reach our goal of 500 by the end of the month. <a "
@@ -157,66 +170,66 @@
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <h4>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:16
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:19
msgid "What was New in Prior Years"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:18
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:21
msgid "<a href=\"/server/07whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2007</strong> </a>"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:23
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:26
msgid "<a href=\"/server/06whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2006</strong> </a>"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:28
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:31
msgid "<a href=\"/server/05whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2005</strong> </a>"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:33
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:36
msgid "<a href=\"/server/04whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2004</strong> </a>"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:38
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:41
msgid "<a href=\"/server/03whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2003</strong> </a>"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:43
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:46
msgid "<a href=\"/server/02whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2002</strong> </a>"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:48
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:51
msgid "<a href=\"/server/01whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2001</strong> </a>"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:53
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:56
msgid "<a href=\"/server/00whatsnew.html\"> <strong>2000</strong> </a>"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:58
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:61
msgid "<a href=\"/server/99whatsnew.html\"> <strong>1999</strong> </a>"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:63
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:66
msgid "<a href=\"/server/98whatsnew.html\"> <strong>1998</strong> </a>"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:68
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:71
msgid "<a href=\"/server/97whatsnew.html\"> <strong>1997</strong> </a>"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:73
+#: ../../server/whatsnew.include:76
msgid "<a href=\"/server/96whatsnew.html\"> <strong>1996</strong> </a>"
msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.pot
diff -N philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.pot
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.pot 21 Jun 2008 20:25:27 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <address@hidden>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2008-06-21 16:25-0400\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:3
+msgid ""
+"Letter to the Editor of Dr. Dobb's Journal - GNU Project - Free Software "
+"Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:6
+msgid "Letter to the Editor of Dr. Dobb's Journal"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:9
+msgid "Dear Editor,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:12
+msgid ""
+"I am sure you don't realize how ironic it is to associate me and Tim "
+"O'Reilly with “open source”."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:16
+msgid ""
+"If the House Un-American Activities Committee asked me, “Are you now "
+"or have you ever been a supporter of the open source movement,” I "
+"could proudly and cheerfully say no. I've been campaigning since 1984 for "
+"<em>free software</em>—free as in freedom. (See the GNU Manifesto, "
+"Dr. Dobb's Journal, Sept. 1985.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:23
+msgid ""
+"Free software means, roughly, that you are free to study what it does, free "
+"to change it, free to redistribute it, and free to publish improved "
+"versions. (See <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>
"
+"for more details.) You deserve these freedoms; everyone deserves them. I "
+"wrote the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL), the target of <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html\">Microsoft's greatest ire</a>, to "
+"defend these freedoms for all users, in the spirit of the free software "
+"movement."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:34
+msgid ""
+"Years later, in 1998, another group began operating under the term "
+"“open source”. They have contributed to the free software "
+"community in practical ways, but they stand for very different views. They "
+"studiously avoid the issues of freedom and principle that we raise in the "
+"free software movement; they cite only short-term practical benefits as the "
+"reasons for what they do."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:42
+msgid ""
+"Their stated definition for the term “open source” is somewhat "
+"broader than free software, and thus includes my work. But describing the "
+"GNU GPL as an “open source license,” as Microsoft did, is more "
+"than half misleading. The GNU GPL embodies the firm philosophy of the free "
+"software movement; it doesn't come from the open source movement. I am not "
+"a supporter of the open source movement, and never have been."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:51
+msgid ""
+"Tim O'Reilly, by contrast, is a pillar of the open source movement, at least "
+"to hear him tell it. However, if you look at actions rather than words, "
+"most of the manuals published by O'Reilly Associates do not qualify as open "
+"source, let alone as free. The handful of free titles are exceptions. He "
+"could easily excuse himself to <abbr title=\"House Un-American Activities "
+"Committee\">HUAC</abbr>—“Yes, I talked about open source, but I "
+"didn't really do much of it.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:60
+msgid ""
+"If O'Reilly moves to selling free-as-in-freedom books in the future, he "
+"could become a true supporter of the free software movement, or at least the "
+"open source movement. [Later in 2001, O'Reilly Associates published a "
+"couple of additional free books. We are grateful for this contribution to "
+"the free software community, and we look forward to more of the same.]"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:67
+msgid ""
+"With the recent founding of FSF-Europe, and the coming inauguration of "
+"FSF-India, the free software movement is going stronger than ever. Please "
+"don't lump us in with the other movement in our community."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:72
+msgid "Sincerely,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:75
+msgid ""
+" Richard Stallman President, Free Software "
+"Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:83
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:90
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
"
+"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send "
+"broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:100
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
+"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:107
+msgid "Copyright © 2000, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><address>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:109
+msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:110
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any "
+"medium, provided this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:117
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. timestamp start
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:119
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.proto:127
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/po/ebooks.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/ebooks.pot
diff -N philosophy/po/ebooks.pot
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/ebooks.pot 21 Jun 2008 20:25:27 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <address@hidden>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2008-06-21 16:25-0400\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:3
+msgid "E-Books: Freedom Or Copyright - RMS"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:5
+msgid "E-Books: Freedom Or Copyright"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:7
+msgid ""
+"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard "
+"Stallman</strong></a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:11
+msgid ""
+"<em>(This is a slightly modified version of an article published in "
+"Technology Review in 2000.)</em>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:15
+msgid ""
+"Once upon a time, in the age of the printing press, an industrial regulation "
+"was established to cover the business of writing and publishing. It was "
+"called copyright. Copyright's purpose, stated in the US Constitution, was to "
+"“promote progress”—that is, to encourage publication. The "
+"method used was to make publishers get permission from authors for using "
+"recent works."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:22
+msgid ""
+"Ordinary readers had little reason to disapprove, since copyright restricted "
+"only publication, not the things a reader could do. If it raised the price "
+"of a book a small amount, that was only money; it did not contort readers' "
+"way of life. Copyright provided a public benefit, as intended, with little "
+"burden on the public. It did its job well—back then."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:29
+msgid ""
+"Then a new way of distributing information came about: computers and "
+"networks. The advantage of digital information technology is that it "
+"facilitates copying and manipulating information, including software, "
+"musical recordings and books. Networks offered the possibility of unlimited "
+"access to all sorts of data, an information utopia."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:36
+msgid ""
+"But one obstacle stood in the way: copyright. Readers who took made use of "
+"their computers to share published information were technically copyright "
+"infringers. The world had changed around this law, so that what was once an "
+"industrial regulation on publishers had become a restriction on the public "
+"it was meant to serve."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:42
+msgid ""
+"In a system of real democracy, a law that prohibits a popular, natural and "
+"useful activity is usually soon relaxed. But the powerful publishers' lobby "
+"was determined to prevent the public from taking advantage of the power of "
+"their computers, and found copyright a suitable weapon. Under their "
+"influence, rather than relaxing copyright to suit the new circumstances, "
+"governments made it stricter than ever, imposing harsh penalties on readers "
+"caught sharing."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:51
+msgid ""
+"But that wasn't the last of it. Computers can be powerful tools of "
+"domination, when a few people control what other people's computers do. The "
+"publishers realized that by forcing people to use specially designated "
+"software to read e-books, they can gain unprecedented power: they can compel "
+"readers to pay, and identify themselves, every time they read a book! That "
+"is the publishers' dream."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:59
+msgid ""
+"So they prevailed upon the US government to give them the Digital Millennium "
+"Copyright Act of 1998, a law giving them total legal power over almost "
+"anything a reader might do with an e-book. Even reading it without "
+"authorization is a crime."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:64
+msgid ""
+"We still have the same old freedoms in using paper books. But if e-books "
+"replace printed books, that exception will do little good. With "
+"“electronic ink”, which makes it possible to download new text "
+"onto an apparently printed piece of paper, even newspapers could become "
+"ephemeral. Imagine: no more used book stores; no more lending a book to your "
+"friend; no more borrowing one from the public library—no more "
+"“leaks” that might give someone a chance to read without "
+"paying. And judging from the ads for Microsoft Reader, no more anonymous "
+"purchasing of books. This is the world publishers have in mind for us."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:75
+msgid ""
+"Why is there so little public debate about these momentous changes? Most "
+"citizens have not yet had occasion to come to grips with the political "
+"issues raised by this futuristic technology. Besides, the public has been "
+"taught that copyright exists to “protect” the copyright holders, "
+"with the implication that the public's interests do not count."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:82
+msgid ""
+"But when the public at large begins to use e-books, and discovers the regime "
+"that the publishers have prepared for them, they will begin to "
+"resist. Humanity will not accept this yoke forever."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:87
+msgid ""
+"The publishers would have us believe that suppressive copyright is the only "
+"way to keep art alive, but we do not need a War on Copying to encourage a "
+"diversity of published works; as the Grateful Dead showed, copying among "
+"fans is not a problem for the artists. By legalizing the noncommercial "
+"copying of e-books, we can turn copyright back into the industrial "
+"regulation it once was."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:94
+msgid ""
+"For some kinds of writing, we should go even further. For scholarly papers "
+"and monographs, everyone should be encouraged to republish them verbatim on "
+"line; this helps protect the scholarly record while making it more "
+"accessible. For textbooks and most reference works, publication of modified "
+"versions should be allowed as well, since that encourages society to improve "
+"them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:101
+msgid ""
+"Eventually, when computer networks provide an easy way to send someone a "
+"small amount of money, the whole rationale for restricting verbatim copying "
+"will go away. If you like a book, and it pops up a box saying “Click "
+"here to give the author one dollar”, wouldn't you click? Copyright for "
+"books and music, as it applies to distributing verbatim unmodified copies, "
+"will be entirely obsolete. And not a moment too soon!"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:112
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:119
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
"
+"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send "
+"broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:129
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
+"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:135
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 2000 Richard Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and "
+"distribution of this entire article are permitted in any medium, provided "
+"the copyright notice and this notice are preserved."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:144
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. timestamp start
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:146
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/ebooks.proto:154
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.pot
diff -N philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.pot
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.pot 21 Jun 2008 20:25:27 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,888 @@
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <address@hidden>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2008-06-21 16:25-0400\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:3
../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:8
+msgid "FSF's Brief Amicus Curiae, Eldred v. Ashcroft"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:5
+msgid ""
+"GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, GNU, Linux, freedom, software, power, "
+"rights, copyright, extension, opinion, eldred, ashcroft, mickey mouse, law, "
+"disney, sonny bono, retroactive, perpetual"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:18
+msgid ""
+"[ This file is also available in <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/eldred-amicus.ps\">PostScript</a> and <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/eldred-amicus.pdf\">PDF</a> formats. ]"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:24
../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:263
+msgid ""
+"No. 01-618 <br /> <br /> <br /> I<small>N </small>T<small>HE</small> <br /> "
+"<b>Supreme Court of the United States</b> <br /> <br /> E<small>RIC "
+"</small>E<small>LDRED</small>, <i>et al.</i>, <br /> <i>Petitioners,</i> <br "
+"/> <br /> v. <br /> <br /> J<small>OHN </small>D. A<small>SHCROFT</small>, "
+"In his official capacity <br /> as Attorney General, <br /> "
+"<i>Respondent.</i> <br /> <br /> <br /> <b>On Writ of Certiorari to the "
+"United States <br /> Court of Appeals for the <br /> District of Columbia "
+"Circuit</b> <br /> <br /> <b>Brief <i>Amicus Curiae</i> of the <br /> Free "
+"Software Foundation <br /> in Support of Petitioners</b> <br /> <br />"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:58
../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:786
+msgid ""
+"E<small>BEN </small>M<small>OGLEN</small> <br /> <i>Counsel of record</i> "
+"<br /> 435 West 116th Street <br /> New York, NY 10027 <br /> (212) 854-8382 "
+"<br /> <br /> Counsel for <i>Amicus Curiae</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:72
+msgid "Question Presented"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:75
+msgid ""
+"Did the Court of Appeals err in holding that, under the Copyright Clause, "
+"Congress may indefinitely extend the term of existing copyrights by "
+"<i>seriatim</i> adoption of nominally “limited” extensions?"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:81
+msgid "Contents"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:85
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"tex2html16\" "
+"href=\"eldred-amicus.html#SECTION01000000000000000000\">Question "
+"Presented</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:88
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"tex2html17\" "
+"href=\"eldred-amicus.html#SECTION02000000000000000000\">Contents</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:90
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"tex2html18\" "
+"href=\"eldred-amicus.html#SECTION03000000000000000000\">Table of "
+"Authorities</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:93
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"tex2html19\" "
+"href=\"eldred-amicus.html#SECTION04000000000000000000\">Interest of "
+"<i>Amicus Curiae</i></a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:96
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"tex2html20\" "
+"href=\"eldred-amicus.html#SECTION05000000000000000000\">Summary of "
+"Argument</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:99
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"tex2html21\" "
+"href=\"eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06000000000000000000\">Argument</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li><ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:102
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"tex2html22\" "
+"href=\"eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06010000000000000000\">The Framers Intended "
+"Copyright to Be a Statutory Monopoly Awarded to Works of Authorship For A "
+"Strictly Limited Time</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li><ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:106
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"tex2html23\" "
+"href=\"eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06020000000000000000\">The Historical "
+"Policy Embodied in the Copyright Clause is Absolutely Essential to Reconcile "
+"the Copyright Monopoly with the System of Free Expression</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li><ul><li><ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:112
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"tex2html24\" "
+"href=\"eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06021000000000000000\">Indefinite Extension "
+"of the Term of Monopoly on Existing Works of Authorship is Incompatible with "
+"Both the Copyright Clause and the First Amendment</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li><ul><li><ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:117
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"tex2html25\" "
+"href=\"eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06022000000000000000\">The Fifth Amendment "
+"Prohibits Legislative Action Such as This With Respect to Physical Property "
+"Rights, and There Is No Constitutional Justification for Permitting What "
+"Cannot Be Done with Mere Property to be Done with Free Expression</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li><ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:125
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"tex2html26\" "
+"href=\"eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06030000000000000000\">Particular Dangers "
+"of Abuse and Corruption Justify Strict Constitutional Scrutiny When the Term "
+"of Statutory Monopolies is Extended</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:131
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"tex2html27\" "
+"href=\"eldred-amicus.html#SECTION07000000000000000000\">Conclusion</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:136
+msgid "Table of Authorities"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:139
+msgid "<i>Cases</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:143
+msgid ""
+"Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919) 10 <br /> Darcy v. Allen, (The "
+"Case of Monopolies), <br /> 11 Co. Rep. 84 (1603) 5 <br /> Eldred v. Reno, "
+"239 F.3d 372 (CADC 2001) 7, <i>passim</i> <br /> Feist Publications, "
+"Inc. v. Rural Telephone <br /> Service, Co., Inc., 499 U.S. 340 (1991) "
+"7,11,12 <br /> Goldstein v. California, 412 U.S. 546 (1973) 12 <br /> Harper "
+"& Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation <br /> Enterprises, 471 U.S. 539 "
+"(1985) 9 <br /> Hawaii Housing Authority v. <br /> Midkiff, 467 U.S. 229 "
+"(1984) 14 <br /> New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964) 10 <br "
+"/> Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, <br /> 521 U.S. 844 (1997) 10 <br "
+"/> San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. <br /> United States Olympic "
+"Committee, <br /> 483 U.S. 522 (1987) 9 <br /> Schnapper v. Foley, 667 F.2d "
+"102 (CADC 1981) 11 <br /> Singer Mfg. Co. v. June Mfg. Co., 163 U.S. 169 "
+"(1896) 11 <br /> Trademark Cases, 100 U.S. 82 (1879) 11 <br /> West Virginia "
+"Board of Education v. Barnette, <br /> 319 U.S. 624 (1943) 10"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:189
+msgid "<i>Constitutions, Statutes, and Regulations</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:193
+msgid ""
+"U.S. Const. Art. I, §8, cl. 8 3, <i>passim</i> <br /> "
+"U.S. Const. Amend. I 7, <i>passim</i> <br /> U.S. Const. Amend. V 13,14 <br "
+"/> Copyright Act of 1709 (Statute of Anne), <br /> 8 Anne, c. 19 6 <br "
+"/> Copyright Act of 1790, 1 Stat. 124 6 <br /> Sonny Bono Copyright Term <br "
+"/> Extension Act, Pub. L. No. 105-298, <br /> Title I, 112 "
+"Stat. 2827 3, <i>passim</i> <br /> Statute of Monopolies, 21 Jac. I, "
+"c. 3 5"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:215
+msgid "<i>Other Materials</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:219
+msgid ""
+"Yochai Benkler, Free as the Air to Common <br /> Use: First Amendment "
+"Constraints on <br /> Enclosure of the Public Domain, <br /> 74 "
+"N.Y.U.L. Rev. 354 (1999) 8 <br /> William Blackstone, Commentaries on <br /> "
+"the Laws of England (1769) 5 <br /> The Charter and General Laws of the "
+"Colony <br /> and Province of Massachusetts Bay (Boston, 1814) 6 <br /> 144 "
+"Cong. Rec. H9951 (daily ed. Oct. 7, 1998) 3 <br /> Thomas I. Emerson, The "
+"System of Freedom <br /> of Expression (1970) 9 <br /> Max Farrand, The "
+"Records of the Federal <br /> Convention of 1787 (1937) 6 <br /> George Lee "
+"Haskins, Law and Authority <br /> in Early Massachusetts (1960) 6 <br /> "
+"Melville B. Nimmer, Does Copyright Abridge <br /> the First Amendment "
+"Guaranties of Free Speech <br /> and the Press?, 17 UCLA L. Rev. 1180 (1970) "
+"8 <br /> Mark Rose, Authors and Owners: <br /> The Invention of Copyright "
+"(1993) 6 <br /> Cecily Violet Wedgwood, The King's Peace (1955) 5"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:296
+msgid "Interest of <i>Amicus Curiae</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:300
+msgid ""
+"This brief is filed on behalf of the Free Software Foundation, a charitable "
+"corporation with its main offices in Boston, Massachusetts.<a "
+"name=\"tex2html1\" href=\"#foot151\"><strong>[1]</strong></a> The Foundation "
+"believes that people should be free to study, share and improve all the "
+"software they use, as they are free to share and improve all the recipes "
+"they cook with, and that this right is an essential aspect of the system of "
+"free expression in a technological society. The Foundation has been working "
+"to achieve this goal since 1985 by directly developing and distributing, and "
+"by helping others to develop and distribute, software that is licensed on "
+"terms that permit all users to copy, modify and redistribute the works, so "
+"long as they give others the same freedoms to use, modify and redistribute "
+"in turn. The Foundation is the largest single contributor to the GNU "
+"operating system (used widely today in its GNU/Linux variant for computers "
+"from PCs to supercomputer clusters). The Foundation's GNU General Public "
+"License is the most widely used “free software” license, "
+"covering major components of the GNU operating system and tens of thousands "
+"of other computer programs used on tens of millions of computers around the "
+"world. The Foundation is strongly interested in the use and development of "
+"copyright law to encourage sharing, and to protect the rights of users and "
+"the public domain."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:323
+msgid "Summary of Argument"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:327
+msgid ""
+"Actually, Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to last "
+"forever. <br /> --Rep. Mary Bono <br /> 144 Cong. Rec. H9951 (daily "
+"ed. Oct. 7, 1998)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:336
+msgid ""
+"If the late Representative Bono believed that was possible, he was "
+"mistaken. The Court of Appeals erred in holding that Congressmen sharing "
+"his object can achieve what the Constitution expressly forbids, simply "
+"because they do so in a series of enactments rather than a single statute."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:343
+msgid ""
+"No one seriously contends that Congress may achieve an expressly "
+"unauthorized end by dividing the means of its achievement into multiple "
+"statutes. Yet the Court of Appeals held that, so long as each individual "
+"statute states a precise numerical increment, Congress can extend the life "
+"of existing copyrights indefinitely. This conclusion is in direct conflict "
+"with the language of the Copyright Clause, Article I, §8, cl. 8, "
+"in its natural sense. The constitutional history of England and British "
+"North America, moreover, is unambiguous about the importance of "
+"“limited Times” in the control of all state-awarded monopolies, "
+"of which genus copyright and patent are species. The very evils that led "
+"English and British North American constitutional lawyers to insist on the "
+"strictly limited term of royal and statutory monopolies, and to embody that "
+"requirement in the Copyright Clause of Article I, are present in the "
+"retroactive extension of existing copyrights by the Sonny Bono Copyright "
+"Term Extension Act (CTEA), Pub. L. No. 105-298, Title I, 112 "
+"Stat. 2827, at issue in this case."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:363
+msgid ""
+"In the sphere of copyright, the limited time requirement protects the public "
+"domain, by providing for its constant enrichment. The public domain is an "
+"essential resource of our constitutional system of free expression. As this "
+"Court has previously recognized, several aspects of the copyright system "
+"represent constitutionally-required limitations on the nature of the "
+"monopoly Congress is empowered to grant. The limited term is not only a "
+"particularly important constitutional limitation on Congressional power by "
+"virtue of its presence in the text itself—which goes beyond the "
+"textually-implicit limitations of fair use and the idea-expression "
+"dichotomy—but also in the function it serves: the protection of the "
+"common resource of the public domain."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:377
+msgid ""
+"The CTEA unconstitutionally imperils the commons of the public domain by "
+"flouting the clear intention of the limited term requirement. If Congress "
+"had acted unilaterally to reduce copyright terms, as the Solicitor General "
+"seems to believe it may, forcing some material into the public domain "
+"decades ahead of current schedule, no doubt the copyright industries would "
+"attack the legislation as a taking. If, on the other hand, Congress acted "
+"to extend every 50-year lease by the federal government for an additional 99 "
+"years at the government's current rent, there is no question that "
+"compensation would be required. Congress should not be permitted to take "
+"the public's reversionary interest in the public domain, any more than it "
+"can take a portion of the copyright holder's original term or of any "
+"leasehold interest in real property. The constitutional system of free "
+"expression, the language of the Copyright Clause, and the history of our "
+"tradition demand no less."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:393
+msgid "Argument"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:395
+msgid ""
+"The Framers Intended Copyright to Be a Statutory Monopoly Awarded to Works "
+"of Authorship For A Strictly Limited Time"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:400
+msgid ""
+"The words “for limited Times” appear in the Copyright Clause, "
+"Article I, §8, cl. 8 as the result of long and bitter experience "
+"with the constitutional evil of state-awarded monopolies. From the "
+"seventeenth century, the requirement of limitation in time was a basic "
+"constitutional mechanism for dealing with the potential for abuse of power "
+"inherent in the royal or statutory monopoly. The use by Queen Elizabeth of "
+"letters patent monopolizing certain trades as a means of raising money from "
+"bidders for monopoly profits gave rise to the case of <i>Darcy</i> "
+"v. <i>Allen</i>, (<i>The Case of Monopolies</i>), 11 Co. Rep. 84 (1603), in "
+"which a royal patent monopoly on the making and distribution of playing "
+"cards was held void. Parliament followed in 1624 with the Statute of "
+"Monopolies, 21 Jac. I, c. 3, which declared that only Parliament "
+"might grant statutory monopolies, limited to new inventions, for a period "
+"not to exceed fourteen years. <i>See</i> 4 William Blackstone, "
+"<i>Commentaries on the Laws of England</i> *159 (1769). This constitutional "
+"limitation was evaded by Charles I during his period of despotic personal "
+"rule; the resulting royal monopolies formed a significant grievance in the "
+"years leading up to the English Civil War. <i>See</i> Cecily Violet "
+"Wedgwood, <i>The King's Peace</i> 156-62 (1955)."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:423
+msgid ""
+"American colonists at odds with the government of Charles I perceived the "
+"evil of governmental monopolies; in the Massachusetts Bay Colony as early as "
+"1641, the Colony's General Court decreed that “there shall be no "
+"monopolies granted or allowed amongst us, but of such new inventions that "
+"are profitable to the country, and that for a short time.” <i>The "
+"Charter and General Laws of the Colony and Province of Massachusetts Bay</i> "
+"170 (Boston, 1814); see also George Lee Haskins, <i>Law and Authority in "
+"Early Massachusetts</i> 130 (1960)."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:434
+msgid ""
+"When the Copyright Act of 1709, the famous “Statute of Anne,” "
+"was framed, the drafters insisted on a limited term far more stringent than "
+"authors, including John Locke, had proposed; they adopted the fourteen-year "
+"limit from the Statute of Monopolies. <i>See</i> Mark Rose, <i>Authors and "
+"Owners: The Invention of Copyright</i> 44-47 (1993). The term provided by "
+"the Statute of Anne, fourteen years with a renewal of fourteen years if the "
+"author survived the first term, was adopted by First Congress in the "
+"Copyright Act of 1790. <i>See</i> Copyright Act of 1709, 8 Anne, "
+"c. 19; Act of May 31, 1790, 1 Stat. 124-25."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:446
+msgid ""
+"The Framers of the Constitution unanimously accepted the idea of the limited "
+"term for copyrights in the drafting of Article I, without substantial "
+"discussion. <i>See</i> 2 Max Farrand, <i>The Records of the Federal "
+"Convention of 1787</i>, at 321-325, 505-510, 570, 595 (1937).<a "
+"name=\"tex2html2\" href=\"#foot152\"><strong>[2]</strong></a> In doing so, "
+"as the subsequent employment in the Copyright Act of 1790 of the term of "
+"years from the Statute of Monopolies shows, the Framers and the First "
+"Congress acted in full awareness of the long history of attempts to control "
+"the harm done by statutory monopolies by limiting their term."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:458
+msgid ""
+"The constitutional importance of the “limited Times” restriction "
+"cannot be vitiated, as the Court of Appeals' reasoning would do, by "
+"affording Congress the opportunity to create perpetuities on the installment "
+"plan, any more than Congress can eliminate the constitutional requirement of "
+"originality. <i>Feist Publications, Inc.</i> v. <i>Rural Telephone Service, "
+"Co., Inc.</i>, 499 U.S. 340, 346-347 (1991). The Court of Appeals erred "
+"fundamentally in its conclusion that there is “nothing in text or in "
+"history that suggests that a term of years for a copyright is not a "
+"‘limited Time’ if it may later be extended for another "
+"‘limited Time.’” <i>Eldred</i> v. <i>Reno</i>, 239 F.3d "
+"372, 379 (CADC 2001). In this regard, the CTEA should not be judged in "
+"isolation. The question is whether there is anything in text or history "
+"rendering constitutionally objectionable the eleven extensions of the "
+"monopoly term in the last forty years, resulting in a virtual cessation of "
+"enlargements to the public domain, capped by the statute before the Court, "
+"which postpones the reversion on every single existing copyright for "
+"decades."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:477
+msgid ""
+"The Historical Policy Embodied in the Copyright Clause is Absolutely "
+"Essential to Reconcile the Copyright Monopoly with the System of Free "
+"Expression"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:482
+msgid ""
+"As important as the principle of limited time is in the general restraint of "
+"the harms that flow from statutory monopolies, in the area of copyright it "
+"has an even more crucial purpose to serve. The limited term of copyright "
+"ensures the steady replenishment of the public domain, the vast repository "
+"of the common culture of humankind. The public domain is the springboard of "
+"societal creativity, the zone of free reproduction and exchange that makes "
+"innovation possible. As Yochai Benkler has elegantly shown, the existence "
+"of a vital and expanding public domain reconciles the exclusive rights of "
+"the copyright system with the underlying goals of the system of free "
+"expression protected by the First Amendment. <i>See</i> Yochai Benkler, "
+"<i>Free as the Air to Common Use: First Amendment Constraints on Enclosure "
+"of the Public Domain</i>, 74 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 354, 386-394 (1999). The Court "
+"below erred in its facile dismissal of petitioners' First Amendment "
+"concerns. That Court first held in its opinion that the First Amendment's "
+"requirements are “categorically” satisfied by the distinction "
+"between expression and idea, and then that any material covered by copyright "
+"but subject to the defense of fair use is therefore so copiously protected "
+"for purposes of free expression that no First Amendment claim can possibly "
+"lie. 239 F.3d, at 375-376."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:505
+msgid ""
+"This position simply cannot be right. The Court below conceded that an "
+"attempt by Congress to make copyright perpetual <i>in haec verba</i> would "
+"be prohibited by the language of the Copyright Clause. <i>Id.</i>, at 377. "
+"But even if the subterfuge of achieving perpetuity piecemeal, by repeated "
+"retroactive extensions, somehow evades the plain command of the Copyright "
+"Clause, it does not thus render impotent the First Amendment. As the great "
+"copyright scholar Melville Nimmer asked:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:515
+msgid ""
+"If I may own Blackacre in perpetuity, why not also <i>Black Beauty</i>? The "
+"answer lies in the first amendment. There is no countervailing speech "
+"interest which must be balanced against perpetual ownership of tangible real "
+"and personal property. There is such a speech interest, with respect to "
+"literary property, or copyright."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:522
+msgid ""
+"Melville B. Nimmer, <i>Does Copyright Abridge the First Amendment Guaranties "
+"of Free Speech and the Press?</i>, 17 UCLA L. Rev. 1180, 1193 (1970)."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:527
+msgid ""
+"Nor has the Court of Appeals' position any support in the holdings of this "
+"Court. On the contrary, as this Court's cases make clear, copyright and "
+"related statutory monopolies in expression must conform like any other "
+"regulation of speech to the requirements of the First Amendment. In "
+"<i>Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.</i> v. <i>Nation Enterprises</i>, 471 "
+"U.S. 539 (1985), this Court rejected what it characterized as “a "
+"public figure exception to copyright,” because it found sufficient "
+"“the First Amendment protections already embodied in the Copyright "
+"Act's distinction between … facts and ideas, and the latitude for "
+"scholarship and comment traditionally afforded by fair use.” "
+"<i>Id.</i>, at 560. Thus, the Court said, it found “no warrant” "
+"for a further expansion of the doctrine of fair use. <i>Id.</i> This by no "
+"means implies, as the Court of Appeals somehow concluded, that <i>Harper "
+"& Row</i> stands as an “insuperable” bar to all First "
+"Amendment challenges to all subsequent copyright statutes. <i>See</i> 239 "
+"F.3d, at 375. In <i>San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc.</i> "
+"v. <i>United States Olympic Committee</i>, 483 U.S. 522 (1987), this Court "
+"applied standard First Amendment analysis to a statute conveying special "
+"quasi-trademark protection to the word “Olympic,” asking "
+"“whether the incidental restrictions on First Amendment freedoms are "
+"greater than necessary to further a substantial government interest.” "
+"<i>Id.</i>, at 537 (citation omitted)."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:552
+msgid ""
+"The First Amendment abhors the vacuum of limited expression. The making of "
+"new works by the criticism, imitation, revision, and rearrangement of "
+"existing material is the hallmark of literate culture in all the arts and "
+"sciences. The First Amendment establishes not merely a series of "
+"independent doctrines, but a “system of free expression.” "
+"<i>See</i> Thomas I. Emerson, <i>The System of Freedom of Expression</i> "
+"(1970). Our constitutional commitments to an “uninhibited, robust, "
+"and wide-open” public debate, <i>New York Times Co.</i> "
+"v. <i>Sullivan</i>, 376 U.S. 254, 270 (1964), a “marketplace of "
+"ideas,” <i>Reno</i> v. <i>American Civil Liberties Union</i>, 521 "
+"U.S. 844, 885 (1997); <i>cf.</i> <i>Abrams</i> v. <i>United States</i>, 250 "
+"U.S. 616, 630 (1919), where there shall be no power to “prescribe what "
+"shall be orthodox” <i>West Virginia Board of Education</i> "
+"v. <i>Barnette</i>, 319 U.S. 624, 642 (1943), require us to view with great "
+"skepticism all restrictions on the formation and expression of ideas. Laws "
+"tending to establish monopolies in the expression of ideas must pass the "
+"exacting scrutiny that protects our most fundamental freedoms. The "
+"Copyright Clause does not exempt the legislation enacted under it from such "
+"scrutiny, but rather establishes principles that enable statutory monopolies "
+"and freedom of expression to coexist. Of these, the principle of limitation "
+"in time is far from the least important. By refusing to consider the effect "
+"of the instant legislation in the broader context of a Congressional policy "
+"of piecemeal, indefinite, wholesale extension of copyrights, and in relation "
+"to the purposes established by the Copyright Clause itself, the Court of "
+"Appeals failed in its duty to protect the invaluable interests of the system "
+"of free expression."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:581
+msgid ""
+"Indefinite Extension of the Term of Monopoly on Existing Works of Authorship "
+"is Incompatible with Both the Copyright Clause and the First Amendment"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:586
+msgid ""
+"Precisely because the creation of exclusive rights in expressions inevitably "
+"involves some danger of the monopolization of ideas, it is crucial to the "
+"coexistence of copyright and the First Amendment that all exclusive rights "
+"over expressions are limited in time. At some specific moment, all "
+"exclusionary rights must end. Under our Constitution, the reversion of "
+"every work of authorship is irrevocably vested in the public."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:595
+msgid ""
+"This reversion is not constitutionally optional. In the context of patents, "
+"this Court has described the reversion as a “condition” that the "
+"work subject to temporary statutory monopoly will pass into the public "
+"domain upon the patent's expiration. <i>Singer Mfg. Co.</i> v. <i>June "
+"Mfg. Co.</i>, 163 U.S. 169, 185 (1896)."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:603
+msgid ""
+"Notwithstanding this evident constitutional principle, the Court of Appeals "
+"held that Congress may create a perpetuity in copyrights so long as it does "
+"so sequentially, by repeatedly extending all existing copyrights for "
+"nominally “limited” terms. This holding contradicts the spirit "
+"of both the Copyright Clause and the First Amendment. The Court of Appeals "
+"erroneously held, following its own precedent, <i>see</i> <i>Schnapper</i> "
+"v. <i>Foley</i>, 667 F.2d 102, 112 (1981), that the single phrase comprising "
+"the Copyright Clause, empowering Congress “To promote the Progress of "
+"Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and "
+"Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and "
+"Discoveries,” imposes no substantive limitation on Congress through "
+"its declaration of purpose. But the Court of Appeals acknowledged, as it "
+"must, that this Court's cases show clearly that Congressional power is "
+"indeed limited by the Copyright Clause, and so its effort is bent to the "
+"disintegration of a single phrase of twenty-seven words, directed at showing "
+"that the first nine are somehow constitutionally irrelevant."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:623
+msgid ""
+"This Court first held in the <i>Trademark Cases</i>, 100 U.S. 82 (1879), and "
+"reaffirmed in <i>Feist, supra</i>, 499 U.S., at 346-47, that Congress cannot "
+"constitutionally dilute the requirement of originality, by extending "
+"copyright coverage to works of authorship that make use of expressions "
+"already in existence, or in which the author's effort in collection and "
+"arrangement of existing information does not establish that “modicum "
+"of creativity” the Constitution requires. According to the Court of "
+"Appeals, however, the principle of originality emerges solely from the words "
+"“Writing” and “Author,” taking not the slightest "
+"support from the declaration of purpose that begins the Copyright Clause."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:637
+msgid ""
+"The Copyright Clause is unique among the enumerations of legislative power "
+"in Article I, §8 in containing a declaration of purpose; it alone "
+"“describes both the objective which Congress may seek and the means to "
+"achieve it.” <i>Goldstein</i> v. <i>California</i>, 412 U.S. 546, 555 "
+"(1973). Adopting a reading of the clause that denies legal effect to the "
+"words the drafters specifically and atypically included is an implausible "
+"style of constitutional construction."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:647
+msgid ""
+"Even without reference to the beginning of the clause, however, this Court's "
+"prior opinions show that the Court of Appeals has misperceived the task of "
+"construction. The Court of Appeals treats the words “limited "
+"Times” in purely formal terms, so that—after ten previous "
+"interlocking extensions beginning in 1962, holding substantially all works "
+"with otherwise-expiring copyrights out of the public domain for a "
+"generation—the CTEA's extension of existing terms for another twenty "
+"years raises no substantive constitutional question because the new "
+"twenty-year extension period is numerically definite. The same formal, "
+"anti-contextual approach to the words would result, however, in the result "
+"rejected by this Court in <i>Feist</i>: telephone directories are undeniably "
+"“writings” in the same crabbed sense that the term extension "
+"contained in the CTEA is “limited.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:662
+msgid ""
+"The Fifth Amendment Prohibits Legislative Action Such as This With Respect "
+"to Physical Property Rights, and There Is No Constitutional Justification "
+"for Permitting What Cannot Be Done with Mere Property to be Done with Free "
+"Expression"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:669
+msgid ""
+"On the logic of the Court of Appeals' holding, which is apparently supported "
+"in this Court by the Solicitor General, Congress could pass a statute "
+"shortening the term of existing copyrights, reallocating a large body of "
+"currently-covered works to the public domain. If the statute simply "
+"provided that the term of copyright be reduced to fourteen years, according "
+"to the Court of Appeals, that would satisfy the requirement of "
+"“limited Times,” and there would be no occasion for the Courts "
+"to inquire into whether such a change promoted the progress of science and "
+"the useful arts, though copyright holders could well be expected to contend "
+"that such an alteration of the duration of existing copyrights deprived them "
+"of the benefit that the “copyright bargain” supposedly "
+"“secures” them."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:684
+msgid ""
+"But the copyright bargain faces two ways: “securing” authors "
+"their limited monopoly in return for the reversion to the public. "
+"Increasing the reversionary interest at the expense of the first estate is "
+"conceptually no different than increasing the copyright holder's monopoly at "
+"the expense of the reversionary interest, which is that of the whole society "
+"and the system of free expression. Shrinking or eliminating the public "
+"domain in order to increase the benefit to the monopolists, whose works have "
+"already been created in reliance on the previous allocation of rights, "
+"neither promotes the progress of knowledge nor respects the "
+"critically-important free speech interest in the health of the public "
+"domain.<a name=\"tex2html3\" href=\"#foot138\"><strong>[3]</strong></a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:699
+msgid ""
+"Nor would the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment permit such "
+"uncompensated legislative adjustment of the terms of interest in real "
+"property. Copyright—not surprisingly in view of its common law "
+"origins—adopts an essentially familiar structure of "
+"“estates” in works of authorship, beginning with a conveyance "
+"for term of years or a life interest plus a term of years, with a reversion "
+"to the public domain. This Court has held that legislative alteration of "
+"such estates that destroys or limits the reversionary interest in real "
+"property in order to achieve redistribution between private parties is "
+"“public use” within the meaning of the Takings Clause, and is "
+"constitutional if compensated. <i>Hawaii Housing Authority</i> "
+"v. <i>Midkiff</i>, 467 U.S. 229 (1984). But it has never been suggested "
+"that Congress or a state legislature could achieve a similarly vast wealth "
+"transfer to present lessees through the extension of the terms of all "
+"existing leases, extinguishing or indefinitely postponing the reversionary "
+"interest, without paying compensation."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:718
+msgid ""
+"What the Fifth Amendment prohibits with respect to interference with "
+"existing rights in real property should not be permissible where the rights "
+"being destroyed by legislative changes in property rules are rights to the "
+"freedom of speech and publication. The Court of Appeals dismissively viewed "
+"petitioners as seeking to enforce rights to use the copyrighted works of "
+"others. 239 F.3d, at 376. On the contrary, petitioners claim only their "
+"constitutional entitlement to use the works that would have entered the "
+"public domain, as required by the law in effect at the time the particular "
+"statutory monopolies at issue were granted, had it not been for "
+"unconstitutional Congressional interference."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:730
+msgid ""
+"Particular Dangers of Abuse and Corruption Justify Strict Constitutional "
+"Scrutiny When the Term of Statutory Monopolies is Extended"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:735
+msgid ""
+"During the first century of our Republic, the term of copyright was extended "
+"once. During the next seventy years, it was extended once more. Since "
+"1962, copyright terms have been extended regularly, in increments ranging "
+"from one year to twenty years, and the flow of US-copyrighted works into the "
+"public domain has nearly ceased. The statute before this Court postpones "
+"rights in material protected by the First Amendment to any but the holders "
+"of statutory monopolies for an additional generation."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:745
+msgid ""
+"No pattern of legislation could more clearly indicate the presence of the "
+"very evils against which the Framers of the Constitution and their forebears "
+"contended, and which gave rise to the Copyright Clause and its requirement "
+"for “limited Times.” When our predecessors in the struggle for "
+"constitutional liberty perceived a danger from corruption in the grant of "
+"monopolies, the danger they apprehended was from the executive, which might "
+"use its power to grant such monopolies to raise money independent of the "
+"legislature. In our time the risk is that the legislature, which is granted "
+"the power to create such monopolies by Article I, §8, will use that "
+"power to benefit copyright holders at the expense of the public domain. "
+"Such a purpose—to turn the system of free expression into a series of "
+"private fiefdoms for the benefit of monopolists, who may choose to rebate a "
+"small portion of the monopoly rents thus extracted from the population in "
+"the form of campaign contributions—is forbidden to Congress by the "
+"plain wording of the Copyright Clause and by the First Amendment. The use "
+"of repeated interim extensions to achieve the effect of a perpetuity is not "
+"less dangerous than the single enactment that all parties concede would be "
+"unconstitutional. On the contrary, such a legislative practice increases "
+"the dangers of corruption without reducing the harm to the public domain."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:767
+msgid "Conclusion"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:770
+msgid ""
+"Perhaps the late Representative Bono did indeed believe that copyright "
+"should last forever. That any legislator could hold that view suggests the "
+"degree of danger to a fundamental part of the system of free expression into "
+"which we have drifted. This Court should hold that the extension of "
+"existing copyright terms in the CTEA violates the requirements of the "
+"Copyright Clause and the First Amendment. The decision of the Court of "
+"Appeals should be reversed."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:779
+msgid "Respectfully submitted. <br /> <br /> <br />"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:801
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"foot151\" href=\"#tex2html1\"><sup>1</sup></a> Counsel for both "
+"parties have consented to the filing of this brief, and those consents have "
+"been filed with the Clerk of this Court. No counsel for either party had "
+"any role in authoring this brief, and no person other than the <i>amicus</i> "
+"and its counsel made any monetary contribution to its preparation and "
+"submission."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:808
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"foot152\" href=\"#tex2html2\"><sup>2</sup></a> The only amendment "
+"made was in the replacement of the phrase originally suggested by Charles "
+"Pinckney of South Carolina, that monopolies be granted for a "
+"“certain” time. <i>See</i> 3 <i>id.</i>, at 122."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:814
+msgid ""
+"<a name=\"foot138\" href=\"#tex2html3\"><sup>3</sup></a> The Court of "
+"Appeals minimized the importance of the impoverishment of the public domain "
+"when it maintained that “[p]reserving access to works that would "
+"otherwise disappear—not enter the public domain but "
+"disappear—‘promotes Progress’ as surely as does "
+"stimulating the creation of new works.” 239 F.3d, at 379. This is an "
+"apparent reference to claims made by copyright holders in the legislative "
+"process that certain classes of works, particularly films, would not be "
+"physically preserved unless the copyright monopoly were extended. It is "
+"sufficient to point out that such a principle for the award of copyright "
+"monopolies conflicts with the constitutionally mandated requirement of "
+"originality: Congress cannot elect to preserve books, films, or music by "
+"conveying to the conservator a statutory monopoly of copying and "
+"distribution lasting decades."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+# type: Content of: <div>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:833
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:840
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
"
+"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send "
+"broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:850
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
+"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:859
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. timestamp start
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:861
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+#: ../../philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.proto:869
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
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