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www/philosophy rieti.html
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www/philosophy rieti.html |
|
Date: |
Sun, 10 Jun 2007 22:14:06 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 07/06/10 22:14:06
Modified files:
philosophy : rieti.html
Log message:
Templated.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/rieti.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
Patches:
Index: rieti.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/rieti.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- rieti.html 7 Feb 2007 02:35:32 -0000 1.3
+++ rieti.html 10 Jun 2007 22:13:47 -0000 1.4
@@ -1,32 +1,12 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en">
-
-<head>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
<title>The Future of Jiyuna Software, 21 April 2003 - GNU Project - Free
Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content='text/html; charset=utf-8' />
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gnu.css" />
-<link rev="made" href="mailto:address@hidden"; />
-</head>
-
-<!-- This document is in XML, and xhtml 1.0 -->
-<!-- Please make sure to properly nest your tags -->
-<!-- and ensure that your final document validates -->
-<!-- consistent with W3C xhtml 1.0 and CSS standards -->
-<!-- See validator.w3.org -->
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a href="#translations">Translations</a> of this page</p>
-
-<h3>The Future of Jiyuna Software</h3>
-<p>Keynote Speech by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
-<p>
-<a href="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html"><img
src="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
- alt=" [image of a Philosophical Gnu] "
- width="160" height="200" /></a>
-</p>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>The Future of Jiyuna Software</h2>
+
+<p>Keynote Speech
+by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
+Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
<pre>
(Transcript)
@@ -40,15 +20,17 @@
Mr. Richard Stallman, GNU Project: I am going to speak about free
software and, first of all, its ethical, social and political
significance, and secondly, something about its economic consequences.
-</p><p>
-Free software is a matter of freedom. The English word "free"
-does not make this clear because it has two meanings. In your
-language, fortunately, you have two different words. So, if you say
-jiyu na sofuto, it is very clear that you are not talking about the
-price, you are talking about freedom. So, I urge you, always use your
-unambiguous word and not our unclear word when you are talking about
-free software in Japanese.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
+Free software is a matter of freedom. The English word
+“free” does not make this clear because it has two
+meanings. In your language, fortunately, you have two different
+words. So, if you say jiyu na sofuto, it is very clear that you are
+not talking about the price, you are talking about freedom. So, I urge
+you, always use your unambiguous word and not our unclear word when
+you are talking about free software in Japanese.
+</p>
+<p>
The reason for having free software is very simple: to live in freedom
and, in particular, to be free to treat other people
decently. Non-free software says that you are helpless and divided. It
@@ -61,7 +43,8 @@
somewhat different purposes, not the same as your purposes. Nobody can
anticipate everything. Perhaps I did it the way I thought was best,
but you have a better idea. Nobody can always get everything right.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
With non-free software you are stuck. You have to take it the way it
is. You have to suffer with it. And most important with non-free
software, you are forbidden to share with other people. Society
@@ -70,13 +53,15 @@
always, nobody is forced to help another person, but if you are
friends with people, often they will help you out. So, of course, we
had better help other people if we want them to help us.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
So what is it like when someone says you are prohibited from helping
someone else? Here is this useful knowledge, and you could help your
neighbor by sharing it, but you are forbidden to share with other
people. This is attacking the bonds of society, dissolving society
into isolated individuals who cannot help each other.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
Free software is the contrast to this. Free software means that you
have four essential freedoms. Freedom zero is the freedom to run the
program for any purpose, in any way that you want to. Freedom one is
@@ -89,7 +74,8 @@
freedoms, the users control the software they use. If these freedoms
are lacking, then the [software] owner controls the software and
controls the users.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
We all know that computers do not make decisions themselves
really. They do what people told them to do. But which people told
them what to do? When you are using your computer, can you tell it
@@ -102,7 +88,8 @@
job you want with your computer. You need freedom one so that you can
make the software do what you want it to do. If you do not have
freedom one, you are stuck; you are a prisoner of your software.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
But not everybody is a programmer. If we had just freedom one, then
programmers could change the software to do what they want. But if
each programmer had to make his changes personally, we would not
@@ -119,7 +106,8 @@
changes your company wants. Then if you publish the improved version,
everybody can use it. Thus, all of society gets control over what its
software does.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
Free software is a method, a democratic method, for deciding the
development of software. But it is democratic in an unusual way,
because we do not hold an election and then tell everybody what to
@@ -133,29 +121,33 @@
direction, it will not. By each of us deciding what we are going to
do, we all contribute to what happens and to deciding which direction
the software will develop.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
So society collectively has control over how the software will develop
overall. But you, individually, or any group or company can decide how
to develop it themselves. The result is that free software tends to do
what users want, instead of what the developers want.
-</p><p>
-People often ask, "If everybody is free to change the software, what
-does that do for compatibility?" Well the fact is, users like
-compatibility. It is not the only thing they like. Sometimes, certain
-users want an incompatible change because it has other benefits, and
-if so they can do it. But most users want compatibility. The result is
-most free software developers try very hard to be compatible. Guess
-what would happen if I made an incompatible difference in my program
-and the users did not like it. Some user would change the program and
-make it compatible, and then most users would prefer his version. So
-his version would become popular and mine would be forgotten. Now, I
-do not want that to happen, of course. I want people to like and use
-my version, so I am going to recognize this in advance and I am going
-to make my version compatible from the beginning because I want people
-to like it. So in our community, the developers cannot resist what the
-users want. We have to go along or the users will go where they want
-and leave us behind.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
+People often ask, “If everybody is free to change the software,
+what does that do for compatibility?” Well the fact is, users
+like compatibility. It is not the only thing they like. Sometimes,
+certain users want an incompatible change because it has other
+benefits, and if so they can do it. But most users want
+compatibility. The result is most free software developers try very
+hard to be compatible. Guess what would happen if I made an
+incompatible difference in my program and the users did not like
+it. Some user would change the program and make it compatible, and
+then most users would prefer his version. So his version would become
+popular and mine would be forgotten. Now, I do not want that to
+happen, of course. I want people to like and use my version, so I am
+going to recognize this in advance and I am going to make my version
+compatible from the beginning because I want people to like it. So in
+our community, the developers cannot resist what the users want. We
+have to go along or the users will go where they want and leave us
+behind.
+</p>
+<p>
But if you look at non-free software developers, the ones who are very
powerful, they can impose incompatibility and they are so powerful
that the users cannot do anything. Microsoft is famous for this. They
@@ -163,13 +155,14 @@
stuck with it. But it is not just Microsoft. Consider WAP, for
instance. WAP contains modified versions of ordinary Internet
protocols, modified to be incompatible, and the idea was they would
-make these telephones and they would say "they can talk on the
-Internet", but since they did not use the ordinary Internet protocols,
-the incompatibility would be imposed on the user. That was their
-plan. It did not work, fortunately. But that is the danger you face
-when the users are not really in control: Somebody will try to impose
-incompatibility on the users.
-</p><p>
+make these telephones and they would say “they can talk on the
+Internet”, but since they did not use the ordinary Internet
+protocols, the incompatibility would be imposed on the user. That was
+their plan. It did not work, fortunately. But that is the danger you
+face when the users are not really in control: Somebody will try to
+impose incompatibility on the users.
+</p>
+<p>
Free software is primarily a political, ethical and social issue. I
have explained that level of it. It also has economic
consequences. For instance, non-free software can be used to create
@@ -184,31 +177,35 @@
software. With free software, you cannot do that. You cannot squeeze a
lot of money out of people, but you can do business with people as
long as you are providing them with a real service.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
Free software business already exists. In fact, I started a free
software business in 1985. I was selling copies of GNU Emacs. I was
looking for a way to make money through free software. So I said,
-"Pay me $150, and I will mail you a tape with the GNU Emacs text
-editor." People started paying me, and I mailed them tapes. I made
-enough money to live on. I stopped this because I started the Free
-Software Foundation, and it seemed appropriate for the Free Software
-Foundation to start distributing GNU Emacs. I did not want to compete
-with the Free Software Foundation, so I had to find a different
-way. For several years, the Foundation made enough money this way to
-pay several employees, including programmers. So actually, if I had
-done it myself, I would probably have become comfortably well off by
-selling copies of free software.
-</p><p>
+“Pay me $150, and I will mail you a tape with the GNU Emacs text
+editor.” People started paying me, and I mailed them tapes. I
+made enough money to live on. I stopped this because I started the
+Free Software Foundation, and it seemed appropriate for the Free
+Software Foundation to start distributing GNU Emacs. I did not want to
+compete with the Free Software Foundation, so I had to find a
+different way. For several years, the Foundation made enough money
+this way to pay several employees, including programmers. So actually,
+if I had done it myself, I would probably have become comfortably well
+off by selling copies of free software.
+</p>
+<p>
After that, I started another free software business where I would
make changes on commission.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
With non-free software, you cannot change it. You are a prisoner of
the software. So you either use it exactly as it is or you do not use
it at all. With free software, you have those two choices, but you
have another choice also, actually many different choices. You can
make changes, bigger or smaller, in the program and use the modified
program.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
Now, if you are personally a programmer, you could make the changes
yourself. But suppose you are not a programmer. Then, you can pay a
programmer to make the changes for you. For instance, if this ministry
@@ -218,7 +215,8 @@
software business that I was doing for several years in the 1980s. (I
could have kept on doing it, but I received a big prize and I did not
have to do it anymore.)
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
Nowadays there are many people making a living this way. I recently
heard from somebody in South America who said that he know 30 people
there who are making a living this way. South America is not among the
@@ -229,7 +227,8 @@
profitable every year. They could have kept on doing it, but they got
greedy, and so they started developing non-free software, and later on
they were purchased by Red Hat.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
Anyway, the free software business is a new way of doing business that
does not exist in the proprietary software world. So people often
wonder how would free software affect employment. Suppose every
@@ -237,7 +236,8 @@
free software. In other words, if you have the program, you have the
freedom to run it, study it, change it and redistribute it.What would
that do to employment in the information technology field?
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
Well, of all the employment in the field, a small fraction is
programming; and most programming is custom software, software being
written for one client. That is perfectly okay; as long as the client
@@ -245,11 +245,13 @@
once he has paid for it, then this is legitimate. In fact, it is free
software for the client who has it. [Thus, only the programming
which is not client-specific is really non-free.]
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
So of this fraction that is programming, most of that is custom
software; software to be published is a small fraction of a small
fraction of the total [IT sector employment].
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
So, what would free software do? It might eliminate this tiny fraction
of the employment, but maybe not. Because while the possibility of
paying these programmers by restricting the users would go away, there
@@ -260,7 +262,8 @@
field is limited to this small fraction of a small fraction, which is
programming for publication. The rest would continue the way it is
now. So it is clear that there is no problem for employment.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
What about another issue people sometimes raise: Could we possibly
develop enough software and make it free? The answer is obvious
because we already are. The people who ask this question are like
@@ -270,7 +273,8 @@
getting paid to develop free software. But we have over half a million
volunteer developers of free software working part time and not
getting paid and developing a lot of software.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
So in fact, free software business is not necessary for free software
to do its job. Free software business is very desirable. The more we
can develop institutions that funnel funds from users to free software
@@ -279,7 +283,8 @@
have already developed two entire operating systems, two graphical
user interface desktops and two office suites that are free
software.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
People are creatively looking for ways to fund free software, and some
[ways] work and some do not, as you might expect. For instance, last
summer, there was a product that people had liked but was non-free
@@ -291,31 +296,35 @@
raised the money. Blender is now free software. This suggests that
maybe we can raise money from the community in the same way to make
specific extensions.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
A programmer who has a name, a reputation for ability, could go to the
-community and say, "If people put up this much money, I will do
-the work." He does not have to do the work entirely himself. He
+community and say, “If people put up this much money, I will do
+the work.” He does not have to do the work entirely himself. He
can employ other programmers working with him, and this is how you
would get started. Before you have a name, before you could go to the
community on the strength of your own reputation, you could be working
as an apprentice for other programmers. They raise the funds, they
supervise the work, but by doing this, eventually you develop a
reputation too, and then you can go and get clients.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
There are also, of course, legitimate roles for government funding in
developing useful software, just as governments fund scientific
research designed to be of use to the citizens, and even just for the
sake of human curiosity, but certainly to be of use for the citizens,
for the public. It is equally legitimate for governments to fund the
development of software that is going be of use to the public, and
-then when it is done, hand it off to the public and say, "Everyone
-can now use and improve this. It is human knowledge." Because that
-is what free software is really about. It is human knowledge,
-knowledge that belongs to humanity, to all beings. A non-free program
-is restricted knowledge, knowledge that is kept under control by a
-few, and other people cannot really have access to it. They can only
-use it barely on sufferance. They can never have the knowledge.
-</p><p>
+then when it is done, hand it off to the public and say,
+“Everyone can now use and improve this. It is human
+knowledge.” Because that is what free software is really
+about. It is human knowledge, knowledge that belongs to humanity, to
+all beings. A non-free program is restricted knowledge, knowledge that
+is kept under control by a few, and other people cannot really have
+access to it. They can only use it barely on sufferance. They can
+never have the knowledge.
+</p>
+<p>
For this reason, it is essential that schools use free software. There
are three reasons why schools should use exclusively free
software. The most shallow reason is to save money. Even in a
@@ -329,7 +338,8 @@
use an older, less powerful, cheaper model of computer. Maybe you can
use a second-hand computer that somebody else is getting rid of. So
that is another way to save. That is obvious, but it is shallow.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
A more important reason for schools to use free software is for the
sake of learning. You see, in the teenage years, some students are
going to want to learn everything there is to know about the inside of
@@ -342,14 +352,15 @@
it is important to provide facilities and a social milieu that
encourages this kind of learning to develop. The way to do this is the
schools should run free software, and whenever a kid starts wondering,
-How does this actually work?" the teacher can say, "This is
-done by the Fubar program. You can find the source code of the Fubar
-program there. Go read it and figure it out, see for yourself how this
-works." Then if a kid says, "You know, I have got an idea for
-how this could be better," the teacher could say, "Why not
-give it a try? Try writing it. Make the change in the Fubar program to
-change this one feature."
-</p><p>
+“How does this actually work?” the teacher can say,
+“This is done by the Fubar program. You can find the source code
+of the Fubar program there. Go read it and figure it out, see for
+yourself how this works.” Then if a kid says, “You know, I
+have got an idea for how this could be better,” the teacher
+could say, “Why not give it a try? Try writing it. Make the
+change in the Fubar program to change this one feature.”
+</p>
+<p>
To learn to be a good writer, you have to read a lot and write a
lot. It is the same if you are writing software: You have to read a
lot of software and write a lot of software. To learn to understand
@@ -360,12 +371,13 @@
existing big programs and then try making small changes in
them. Because at that stage, you cannot write a big program yourself,
but you can write a small improvement in a big program.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
That is how I learned to be a good programmer. I had a special
opportunity at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. There was a
lab where they had written their own operating system, and then they
-used it. I went there and they said, "We would like to hire
-you." They hired me to improve the programs in this operating
+used it. I went there and they said, “We would like to hire
+you.” They hired me to improve the programs in this operating
system. It was my second year of college. At the time, I could not
have written an operating system myself. I could not have written
those programs from zero, but I could read them and add a feature and
@@ -377,7 +389,8 @@
GNU/Linux system with the source code, and you have this
opportunity. So you can easily encourage Japanese teenagers, those of
them who are fascinated by computers, to become good programmers.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
I have a friend who was a high school teacher around 1980, and he set
up the first Unix machine in a high school. He then mentored the high
school students so that they learned to become good
@@ -386,45 +399,50 @@
high school has a few people who have that talent and will want to
develop it. They just need the opportunity. So that is the second
reason why schools should use free software exclusively.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
The third reason is even more fundamental. We want schools to teach
facts and skill, of course, but also good moral character, which means
being prepared to help other people. That means the school should say
-to the kids, "Any software that is here, you can copy it. Copy it
-and take it home. That is what it is here for. If you bring any
+to the kids, “Any software that is here, you can copy it. Copy
+it and take it home. That is what it is here for. If you bring any
software to school, you must share it with the other kids. If you are
not willing to share it with the other kids, do not bring it here, it
does not belong here, because we are teaching kids to be helpful to
-each other." Education of moral character is important for every
+each other.” Education of moral character is important for every
society.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
I did not invent the idea of free software. Free software began as
soon as there were two computers of the same kind, because then people
using one computer would write some software, and the people using the
-other computer would say, "Do you know anything to solve this
-problem?" and they would say, "Yes. We wrote something to
-solve this problem. Here is a copy." So they started exchanging
+other computer would say, “Do you know anything to solve this
+problem?” and they would say, “Yes. We wrote something to
+solve this problem. Here is a copy.” So they started exchanging
the software that they had developed, so that they could all develop
more. But in the 1960s, there was a trend to replace it with non-free
software, a trend to subjugate the users, to deny users freedom.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
When I was in my first year of college, I got to see a moral example
that impressed me. I was using a computer facility, and at this
-facility they said, "This is an educational institution, and we are
-here for people to learn about computer science. So we will have a
+facility they said, “This is an educational institution, and we
+are here for people to learn about computer science. So we will have a
rule: any time software is installed on a system, the source code must
be on display so people can read it and learn how this software
-works." One of the employees wrote a utility program and he started
-selling it as non-free software. He was not just selling copies the
-way I was doing; he was restricting the users. But he offered the
-school a copy at no charge, and the people in charge of the computer
-facility said, "No, we will not install this here because our rule is
-the source code must be on display. If you will not let us put the
-source code of this program on display, we just will not run your
-program." This inspired me because it was a willingness to renounce a
-practical convenience for the sake of something more important which
-is the mission of the school: education.
-</p><p>
+works.” One of the employees wrote a utility program and he
+started selling it as non-free software. He was not just selling
+copies the way I was doing; he was restricting the users. But he
+offered the school a copy at no charge, and the people in charge of
+the computer facility said, “No, we will not install this here
+because our rule is the source code must be on display. If you will
+not let us put the source code of this program on display, we just
+will not run your program.” This inspired me because it was a
+willingness to renounce a practical convenience for the sake of
+something more important which is the mission of the school:
+education.
+</p>
+<p>
The lab where I worked at MIT was an exception though in the 1970s due
to the fact that we had an operating system that was free
software. Most computers were using non-free operating systems at the
@@ -440,19 +458,21 @@
life where we have freedom, and a way of life where everybody is in
bondage to various empires that conquer them, where people believe
they have no practical choice but to give up their freedom.
-</p><p>
-Theoretically speaking, on the one hand people say, "Oh, nobody
+</p>
+<p>
+Theoretically speaking, on the one hand people say, “Oh, nobody
forces you to use that non-free software. Nobody forces you to use
-Microsoft Word." On the other hand, you have people saying, "I
-have no choice." So practically speaking, it is not a situation of
-individual choice. Yes, it is true, if you are determined to be free,
-determined to reject it, you can do it, but it takes a lot of
-determination. When we started 20 years ago, it took tremendous work
-to use a computer without the non-free software. All the operating
-systems for modern computers in 1983 were proprietary. You could not
-get a computer and use it, except with non-free software. To change
-this, we had to spend years working, and we did, we changed it.
-</p><p>
+Microsoft Word.” On the other hand, you have people saying,
+“I have no choice.” So practically speaking, it is not a
+situation of individual choice. Yes, it is true, if you are determined
+to be free, determined to reject it, you can do it, but it takes a lot
+of determination. When we started 20 years ago, it took tremendous
+work to use a computer without the non-free software. All the
+operating systems for modern computers in 1983 were proprietary. You
+could not get a computer and use it, except with non-free software. To
+change this, we had to spend years working, and we did, we changed it.
+</p>
+<p>
For you, today, the situation is easier. There are free operating
systems. You can get a modern computer and use it with free software,
exclusively with free software. So nowadays, instead of a tremendous
@@ -460,13 +480,15 @@
then you can live in freedom. By working together, we can eliminate
that sacrifice. We can make it easier to live in freedom. But for that
we have to work. We have to recognize freedom as a social value.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
Every government tries to get its work done inexpensively, and every
government agency has a specific job to get done. So when government
agencies choose their computers, they tend to look at narrow,
practical questions: How much will it cost, when can we have it
running, and so on.
-</p><p>
+</p>
+<p>
But the government has a larger mission, which is to lead the country
in a healthy direction, one that is good for the citizens. So when
government agencies choose their computer systems, they should make
@@ -480,67 +502,30 @@
where the country and the people are independent and free.
</p>
-<hr />
-<h4><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a></h4>
-<hr />
-
-
-<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
-<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
-
-<div class="translations">
-<p><a id="translations"></a>
-<b>Translations of this page</b>:<br />
-
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
-<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
-
-<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
-
-[
- <a href="/philosophy/rieti.html">English</a>
-| <a href="/philosophy/rieti.fr.html">Français</a> <!-- French -->
-]
-</p>
</div>
-<div class="copyright">
-<p>
-Return to the <a href="/home.html">GNU Project home page</a>.
-</p>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
-
<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-There are also <a href="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to contact</a>
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
the FSF.
<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
Please see the
-<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations">Translations
README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
translations of this article.
</p>
<p>
-Copyright (C) 2003 Richard M. Stallman.
+Copyright © 2003 Richard M. Stallman.
<br />
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
@@ -549,10 +534,35 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2007/02/07 02:35:32 $ $Author: mattl $
+$Date: 2007/06/10 22:13:47 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
+<div id="translations">
+<h4>Translations of this page</h4>
+
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right, cf. -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+
+<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- English -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/rieti.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- French -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/rieti.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
</body>
</html>
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