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www/philosophy .symlinks philosophy.html push-c...
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www/philosophy .symlinks philosophy.html push-c... |
|
Date: |
Sat, 09 Jun 2007 13:50:54 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 07/06/09 13:50:53
Modified files:
philosophy : .symlinks philosophy.html
push-copyright-aside.fr.html
push-copyright-aside.html
Removed files:
philosophy : push-copyright-aside.es.xhtml
push-copyright-aside.fr.xhtml
push-copyright-aside.pl.xhtml
push-copyright-aside.xhtml
Log message:
* push-copyright-aside.xhtml: Renamed to .html with minor formatting
changes.
* push-copyright-aside.fr.xhtml: Renamed to .html.
* push-copyright-aside.xhtml, push-copyright-aside.fr.html,
push-copyright-aside.es.xhtml, push-copyright-aside.pl.html: Deleted
(the latter two are identical with the .html counterparts).
* .symlinks: Reversed the symlinks of these articles for compatibility.
* philosophy.html (Laws): Link to push-copyright-aside.html.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/.symlinks?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/philosophy.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.250&r2=1.251
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.es.xhtml?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=0
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.xhtml?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=0
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.pl.xhtml?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=0
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.xhtml?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=0
Patches:
Index: .symlinks
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/.symlinks,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- .symlinks 31 Mar 2007 17:26:05 -0000 1.22
+++ .symlinks 9 Jun 2007 13:50:45 -0000 1.23
@@ -39,10 +39,10 @@
not-ipr.de.html not-ipr.de.xhtml
not-ipr.it.html not-ipr.it.xhtml
not-ipr.pl.html not-ipr.pl.xhtml
-push-copyright-aside.xhtml push-copyright-aside.html
-push-copyright-aside.es.xhtml push-copyright-aside.es.html
-push-copyright-aside.fr.xhtml push-copyright-aside.fr.html
-push-copyright-aside.pl.xhtml push-copyright-aside.pl.html
+push-copyright-aside.html push-copyright-aside.xhtml
+push-copyright-aside.es.html push-copyright-aside.es.xhtml
+push-copyright-aside.fr.html push-copyright-aside.fr.xhtml
+push-copyright-aside.pl.html push-copyright-aside.pl.xhtml
can-you-trust.zh-cn.html can-you-trust.cn.html
can-you-trust.zh-tw.html can-you-trust.zh.html
dat.zh-cn.html dat.cn.html
Index: philosophy.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/philosophy.html,v
retrieving revision 1.250
retrieving revision 1.251
diff -u -b -r1.250 -r1.251
--- philosophy.html 9 Jun 2007 12:43:50 -0000 1.250
+++ philosophy.html 9 Jun 2007 13:50:45 -0000 1.251
@@ -188,12 +188,13 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.html">FSF's Brief Amicus Curiae
in the Eldred v. Ashcroft Supreme Court case</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.xhtml">Science must
“push copyright
- aside”</a>, another work of <a
href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard
- Stallman</a> that appeared in the
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html">Science must
+ “push copyright aside”</a>, another work
+ of <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> that
+ appeared in the
<a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/stallman.html";>
- Nature Webdebates</a> in 2001, explains how copyright is impeding
progress in
- scientific research.
+ Nature Webdebates</a> in 2001, explains how copyright is
+ impeding progress in scientific research.
<ul>
<li>You may also be interested in
<a href="http://www.publiclibraryofscience.org";>The Public Library of
@@ -969,7 +970,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2007/06/09 12:43:50 $
+$Date: 2007/06/09 13:50:45 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: push-copyright-aside.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- push-copyright-aside.fr.html 20 Nov 2006 17:40:12 -0000 1.1
+++ push-copyright-aside.fr.html 9 Jun 2007 13:50:45 -0000 1.2
@@ -1,40 +1,13 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">
-
-<head>
- <title>Les scientifiques doivent «mettre le droit d'auteur de
côté»</title>
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content='text/html; charset=utf-8' />
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gnu.css" />
-<link rev="made" href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"; />
-<link rev="translated" href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org"; />
-</head>
-<!-- This document is in XML, and xhtml 1.0 -->
-<!-- Please make sure to properly nest your tags -->
-<!-- and ensure that your final document validates -->
-<!-- consistent with W3C xhtml 1.0 and CSS standards -->
-<!-- See validator.w3.org -->
-<body>
-<p><a href="#translations">Traductions</a> de cette page</p>
-<h3>Les scientifiques doivent «mettre le droit d'auteur de
côté»</h3>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
-<h4>par Richard M. Stallman</h4>
+<title>Les scientifiques doivent «mettre le droit d'auteur de
côté»</title>
-<!-- When you replace this graphic, make sure you change -->
-<!-- the link to also point to the correct HTML page. -->
-<!-- If you make a new graphic for this page, make sure it -->
-<!-- has a corresponding entry in /graphics/graphics.html. -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<p>
-<a href="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html"><img
src="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
- alt=" [Image d'un Gnu philosophe] "
- width="160" height="200" /></a>
+<h2>Les scientifiques doivent «mettre le droit d'auteur de
côté»</h2>
-</p>
-
-<hr />
+<h4>par Richard M. Stallman</h4>
<p><em>Cet article est paru dans Nature Webdebates en 2001</em></p>
@@ -80,40 +53,13 @@
<p>La Constitution des États-Unis dit que le droit d'auteur existe
«pour promouvoir les progrès de la science». Quand les
droits d'auteur freinent les progrès de la science, la science doit
mettre le droit d'auteur de côté.</p>
-<hr />
-<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
-<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
-<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
-
-<div class="translations">
-<p><a id="translations"></a>
-<b>Traductions de cette page</b> :<br />
+</div>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
-<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
-<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise web-translators@gnu.org and add it to -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
-<!-- Please use xhtml normative character entities, instead of -->
-<!-- non-w3c entities. xhtml should be XML compliant -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
-[
- <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.xhtml">English</a>
-| <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.es.xhtml">Español</a> <!--
Spanish -->
-| <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.xhtml">Français</a>
<!--French -->
-| <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.pl.xhtml">Polski</a> <!--
Polish -->
-]
</p>
</div>
@@ -123,25 +69,28 @@
</p>
<p>Pour les questions et requêtes relatives à la FSF &
-GNU : <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org";>gnu@gnu.org</a>. Autres <a
href="/home.fr.html#ContactInfo">moyens pour contacter</a> la FSF.
-Merci d'envoyer des commentaires sur cette page web à <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org";>webmasters@gnu.org</a>,
-envoyer une autre question à <a
href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org";>gnu@gnu.org</a>.
+GNU : <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org";><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.
+Autres <a href="/home.fr.html#ContactInfo">moyens pour contacter</a> la FSF.
+
+Merci d'envoyer des commentaires sur cette page web à <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org";><em>webmasters@gnu.org</em></a>,
+envoyer une autre question à <a
href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org";><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
-Copyright (C) 2001 Richard Stallman
+Copyright © 2001 Richard Stallman
</p>
-<p>
-Verbatim copying and redistribution of this entire article are permitted
-in any medium provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved.
+
+<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
+permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article
est permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice
soit préservée.</p>
+<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet
+article est permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que
+cette notice soit préservée.</p>
<p>
-
Dernière mise à jour :
<!-- hhmts start -->
-$Date: 2006/11/20 17:40:12 $ $Author: mattl $
+$Date: 2007/06/09 13:50:45 $ $Author: yavor $
<!-- hhmts end -->
</p>
@@ -150,5 +99,30 @@
Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a>
</p>
</div>
+
+<div id="translations">
+<h3>Traductions de cette page</h3>
+
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
+<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
+<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
+<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise web-translators@gnu.org and add it to -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
+<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.xhtml">English</a></li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.es.xhtml">Español</a></li> <!--
Spanish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.xhtml">Français</a></li>
<!--French -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.pl.xhtml">Polski</a></li> <!--
Polish -->
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: push-copyright-aside.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- push-copyright-aside.html 20 Nov 2006 17:40:12 -0000 1.1
+++ push-copyright-aside.html 9 Jun 2007 13:50:46 -0000 1.2
@@ -1,191 +1,168 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-
-<head>
- <title>Science must âpush copyright asideâ</title>
- <meta http-equiv="content-type" content='text/html; charset=utf-8' />
- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gnu.css" />
- <link rev="made" href="address@hidden" />
-</head>
-
-<!-- This document is in XML, and xhtml 1.0 -->
-<!-- Please make sure to properly nest your tags -->
-<!-- and ensure that your final document validates -->
-<!-- consistent with W3C xhtml 1.0 and CSS standards -->
-<!-- See validator.w3.org -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Science must ‘push copyright aside’ - GNU Project - Free
Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Science must ‘push copyright aside’</h2>
-<body>
-
-<p>
- <a href="#translations">Translations</a> of this page
-</p>
-
-<h3>Science must âpush copyright asideâ</h3>
-
-<h4>by Richard M. Stallman</h4>
-
-<!-- When you replace this graphic, make sure you change -->
-<!-- the link to also point to the correct HTML page. -->
-<!-- If you make a new graphic for this page, make sure it -->
-<!-- has a corresponding entry in /graphics/graphics.html. -->
-<p>
- <a href="/graphics/philosophical.html"><img
src="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
- alt=" [image of a Philosophical Gnu] " width="160" height="200" /></a>
-</p>
-
-<hr />
+<p>by <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong></p>
<p><em>This article appeared in the Nature Webdebates in 2001</em></p>
-<p>It should be a truism that the scientific literature exists to disseminate
-scientific knowledge, and that scientific journals exist to facilitate the
process.
-It therefore follows that rules for use of the scientific literature should be
-designed to help achieve that goal.</p>
-
-<p>The rules we have now, known as copyright, were established in the age of
the
-printing press, an inherently centralized method of mass-production copying.
-In a print environment, copyright on journal articles restricted only journal
-publishers â requiring them to obtain permission to publish an article â
and
-would-be plagiarists. It helped journals to operate and disseminate knowledge,
-without interfering with the useful work of scientists or students, either as
-writers or readers of articles. These rules fit that system well.</p>
-
-<p>The modern technology for scientific publishing, however, is the World Wide
Web.
-What rules would best ensure the maximum dissemination of scientific articles,
-and knowledge, on the Web? Articles should be distributed in non-proprietary
-formats, with open access for all. And everyone should have the right to
âmirrorâ
-articles; that is, to republish them verbatim with proper attribution.</p>
-
-<p>These rules should apply to past as well as future articles, when they are
-distributed in electronic form. But there is no crucial need to change the
present
-copyright system as it applies to paper publication of journals because the
-problem is not in that domain.</p>
-
-<p>Unfortunately, it seems that not everyone agrees with the truisms that began
-this article. Many journal publishers appear to believe that the purpose of
-scientific literature is to enable them to publish journals so as to collect
-subscriptions from scientists and students. Such thinking is known as
âconfusion
-of the means with the endsâ.</p>
-
-<p>Their approach has been to restrict access even to read the scientific
-literature to those who can and will pay for it. They use copyright law, which
is
-still in force despite its inappropriateness for computer networks, as an
excuse
-to stop scientists from choosing new rules.</p>
-
-<p>For the sake of scientific cooperation and humanityâs future, we must
reject
-that approach at its root â not merely the obstructive systems that have been
-instituted, but the mistaken priorities that inspired them.</p>
-
-<p>Journal publishers sometimes claim that on-line access requires expensive
-high-powered server machines, and that they must charge access fees to pay for
-these servers. This âproblemâ is a consequence of its own âsolutionâ.
Give
-everyone the freedom to mirror, and libraries around the world will set up
-mirror sites to meet the demand. This decentralized solution will reduce
-network bandwidth needs and provide faster access, all the while protecting
-the scholarly record against accidental loss.</p>
-
-<p>Publishers also argue that paying the editors requires charging for access.
-Let us accept the assumption that editors must be paid; this tail need not
-wag the dog. The cost of editing for a typical paper is between 1% and 3% of
-the cost of funding the research to produce it. Such a small percentage of
-the cost can hardly justify obstructing the use of the results.</p>
-
-<p>Instead, the cost of editing could be recovered, for example, through page
-charges to the authors, who can pass these on to the research sponsors.
-The sponsors should not mind, given that they currently pay for publication
-in a more cumbersome way through overhead fees for the university libraryâs
-subscription to the journal. By changing the economic model to charge editing
-costs to the research sponsors, we can eliminate the apparent need to restrict
-access. The occasional author who is not affiliated with an institution or
-company, and who has no research sponsor, could be exempted from page charges,
-with costs levied on institution-based authors.</p>
-
-<p>Another justification for access fees to online publications is to fund
-conversion of the print archives of a journal into on-line form. That work
-needs to be done, but we should seek alternative ways of funding it that
-do not involve obstructing access to the result. The work itself will not be
-any more difficult, or cost any more. It is self-defeating to digitize the
-archives and waste the results by restricting access.</p>
-
-<p>The US Constitution says that copyright exists âto promote the progress
-of scienceâ. When copyright impedes the progress of science, science must
-push copyright out of the way.</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
-<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
-<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
-
-<p class="translations">
-<a id="translations"></a>
-<b>Translations of this page:</b><br />
-
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
-<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
-<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
-<!-- Please use xhtml normative character entities, instead of -->
-<!-- non-w3c entities. xhtml should be XML compliant -->
-
-[
- <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.xhtml">English</a>
-| <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.es.xhtml">Español</a> <!--
Spanish -->
-| <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.xhtml">Français</a>
<!--French -->
-| <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.pl.xhtml">Polski</a> <!--
Polish -->
-]
-</p>
-
+<p>It should be a truism that the scientific literature exists to
+disseminate scientific knowledge, and that scientific journals exist
+to facilitate the process. It therefore follows that rules for use of
+the scientific literature should be designed to help achieve that
+goal.</p>
+
+<p>The rules we have now, known as copyright, were established in the
+age of the printing press, an inherently centralized method of
+mass-production copying. In a print environment, copyright on journal
+articles restricted only journal publishers — requiring them to
+obtain permission to publish an article — and would-be
+plagiarists. It helped journals to operate and disseminate knowledge,
+without interfering with the useful work of scientists or students,
+either as writers or readers of articles. These rules fit that system
+well.</p>
+
+<p>The modern technology for scientific publishing, however, is the
+World Wide Web. What rules would best ensure the maximum
+dissemination of scientific articles, and knowledge, on the Web?
+Articles should be distributed in non-proprietary formats, with open
+access for all. And everyone should have the right to
+‘mirror’ articles; that is, to republish them verbatim
+with proper attribution.</p>
+
+<p>These rules should apply to past as well as future articles, when
+they are distributed in electronic form. But there is no crucial need
+to change the present copyright system as it applies to paper
+publication of journals because the problem is not in that domain.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, it seems that not everyone agrees with the truisms
+that began this article. Many journal publishers appear to believe
+that the purpose of scientific literature is to enable them to publish
+journals so as to collect subscriptions from scientists and
+students. Such thinking is known as ‘confusion of the means with
+the ends’.</p>
+
+<p>Their approach has been to restrict access even to read the
+scientific literature to those who can and will pay for it. They use
+copyright law, which is still in force despite its inappropriateness
+for computer networks, as an excuse to stop scientists from choosing
+new rules.</p>
+
+<p>For the sake of scientific cooperation and humanityâs future, we
+must reject that approach at its root — not merely the
+obstructive systems that have been instituted, but the mistaken
+priorities that inspired them.</p>
+
+<p>Journal publishers sometimes claim that on-line access requires
+expensive high-powered server machines, and that they must charge
+access fees to pay for these servers. This ‘problem’ is a
+consequence of its own ‘solution’. Give everyone the
+freedom to mirror, and libraries around the world will set up mirror
+sites to meet the demand. This decentralized solution will reduce
+network bandwidth needs and provide faster access, all the while
+protecting the scholarly record against accidental loss.</p>
+
+<p>Publishers also argue that paying the editors requires charging for
+access. Let us accept the assumption that editors must be paid; this
+tail need not wag the dog. The cost of editing for a typical paper is
+between 1% and 3% of the cost of funding the research to produce
+it. Such a small percentage of the cost can hardly justify obstructing
+the use of the results.</p>
+
+<p>Instead, the cost of editing could be recovered, for example,
+through page charges to the authors, who can pass these on to the
+research sponsors. The sponsors should not mind, given that they
+currently pay for publication in a more cumbersome way through
+overhead fees for the university libraryâs subscription to the
+journal. By changing the economic model to charge editing costs to the
+research sponsors, we can eliminate the apparent need to restrict
+access. The occasional author who is not affiliated with an
+institution or company, and who has no research sponsor, could be
+exempted from page charges, with costs levied on institution-based
+authors.</p>
+
+<p>Another justification for access fees to online publications is to
+fund conversion of the print archives of a journal into on-line
+form. That work needs to be done, but we should seek alternative ways
+of funding it that do not involve obstructing access to the
+result. The work itself will not be any more difficult, or cost any
+more. It is self-defeating to digitize the archives and waste the
+results by restricting access.</p>
+
+<p>The US Constitution says that copyright exists ‘to promote
+the progress of science’. When copyright impedes the progress of
+science, science must push copyright out of the way.</p>
+</div>
-<div class="copyright">
-<p>
-Return to the <a href="/home.html">GNU Project home page</a>.
-</p>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-There are also <a href="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to contact</a>
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
the FSF.
<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
Please see the
-<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations">Translations
README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
translations of this article.
</p>
<p>
-Copyright (C) 2001 Richard Stallman
+Copyright © 2001 Richard M. Stallman
<br />
-Verbatim copying and redistribution of this entire article are permitted
-in any medium provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved.
+Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
+permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
+preserved.
</p>
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2006/11/20 17:40:12 $ $Author: mattl $
+$Date: 2007/06/09 13:50:46 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
+<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+<div id="translations">
+<h4>Translations of this page</h4>
+
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
+<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
+<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
+<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
+<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+
+<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- English -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<!-- French -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.pl.html">Polski</a> [pl]</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: push-copyright-aside.es.xhtml
===================================================================
RCS file: push-copyright-aside.es.xhtml
diff -N push-copyright-aside.es.xhtml
--- push-copyright-aside.es.xhtml 5 Aug 2005 16:02:29 -0000 1.5
+++ /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
@@ -1,207 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="es" lang="es">
-
-<head>
- <title>La ciencia debe «dejar de lado a los derechos de autor»</title>
- <meta http-equiv="content-type" content='text/html; charset=utf-8' />
- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gnu.css" />
- <link rev="made" href="address@hidden" />
- <link rev="translated" href="mailto:address@hidden"; />
-</head>
-
-<!-- This document is in XML, and xhtml 1.0 -->
-<!-- Please make sure to properly nest your tags -->
-<!-- and ensure that your final document validates -->
-<!-- consistent with W3C xhtml 1.0 and CSS standards -->
-<!-- See validator.w3.org -->
-
-<body>
-
-<p>
- <a href="#translations">Traducciones</a> de esta página
-</p>
-
-<h3>La ciencia debe «dejar de lado a los derechos de autor»</h3>
-
-<h4>por Richard M. Stallman</h4>
-
-<!-- When you replace this graphic, make sure you change -->
-<!-- the link to also point to the correct HTML page. -->
-<!-- If you make a new graphic for this page, make sure it -->
-<!-- has a corresponding entry in /graphics/graphics.html. -->
-<p>
- <a href="/graphics/philosophical.html"><img
src="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
- alt=" [Imagen de un ñu filosófico] " width="160" height="200" /></a>
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><em>Este artÃculo apareció en los Nature Webdebates en el 2001</em>.</p>
-
-<p>DeberÃa ser obvio que la literatura cientÃfica existe para
-diseminar el conocimiento cientÃfico, y que las revistas cientÃficas existen
-para facilitar el proceso. De esto se desprende que las reglas para usar la
-literatura cientÃfica deben ser diseñadas para ayudar a alcanzar esta
meta.</p>
-
-<p>Las reglas que tenemos ahora, conocidas como derechos de autor, se
establecieron
-en la época de la imprenta, un método de producción masiva de copias
-inherentemente centralizado. En la época de la imprenta, los derechos de
autor de
-las revistas afectaban sólo a las editoriales (requiriéndoles obtener
permiso para
-publicar un artÃculo) y a posibles plagiadores. Los derechos de autor
ayudaron a
-las revistas para operar y diseminar el conocimiento, sin interferir el
trabajo
-útil de cientÃficos o estudiantes, ya sea como escritores o lectores de
artÃculos.
-Estas reglas se ajustan bien a ese sistema.</p>
-
-<p>La tecnologÃa moderna para la publicación cientÃfica, sin embargo, es la
-World Wide Web. ¿Qué reglas asegurarÃan de mejor forma la máxima
-difusión de artÃculos cientÃficos, y conocimiento, en la Web? Los
-artÃculos deberÃan distribuirse en formatos no-propietarios, con acceso
-abierto para todos. Y todos deberÃan tener el derecho para poder hacer
-«espejo» de los artÃculos; esto es, republicarlos idénticamente con la
-atribución adecuada.</p>
-
-<p>Estas reglas deberÃan aplicar tanto a artÃculos pasados como futuros,
-cuando se distribuyan en forma electrónica. Pero no hay una necesidad
-crucial de cambiar el sistema presente de derechos de autor tal como es
aplicado a
-la publicación de artÃculos en revistas, porque el problema no es en ese
-ámbito.</p>
-
-<p>Desafortunadamente, parece que no todos están de acuerdo con las
obviedades
-con las que empezábamos en este artÃculo. Muchos editores de revistas
parecen creer
-que el propósito de la literatura cientÃfica es permitirles publicar
-revistas para recaudar suscripciones a cientÃficos y estudiantes. Tal
-pensamiento es conocido como «una confusión de los medios con los
fines».</p>
-
-<p>Su planteamiento ha sido restringir el acceso, incluso a leer literatura
-cientÃfica, a aquellos que pueden y pagarán por él. Usan los
-derechos de autor, que aún están en vigor a pesar de su impropiedad para las
redes
-computacionales, como una excusa para impedir a los cientÃficos elegir
-nuevas reglas.</p>
-
-<p>Por el bien de la cooperación cientÃfica y el futuro de la humanidad,
-debemos rechazar este planteamiento desde sus raÃces (no meramente los
-sistemas obstructivos que han sido instituidos, sino también las prioridades
-erradas que los han inspirado.</p>
-
-<p>Las editoriales de revistas en algunas ocasiones afirman que el
-acceso on-line requiere servidores caros y de altas prestaciones, y que
-deben cobrar cuotas de acceso para pagar estos servidores.
-Este «problema» es una consecuencia de su propia «solución».
-Otorguen a todos la libertad para hacer de «espejo», y las
-bibliotecas de alrededor del mundo montarán réplicas para satisfacer la
-demanda. Esta solución descentralizada reducirá las necesidades de ancho de
-banda de la red y proveerá acceso más rápido, todo a la vez que se protegen
-los registros académicos de la pérdida accidental.</p>
-
-<p>Las editoriales también alegan que para pagar a los editores es
-necesario cobrar por el acceso. Aceptemos la suposición de que los
-editores deben ser pagados, dejemos que esto no influya en los planteamientos.
-El costo de edición de un artÃculo tÃpico se encuentra entre el 1% y el 3%
-del costo de financiamiento de la investigación para producirlo.
-Un porcentaje tan pequeño difÃcilmente puede justificar la obstrucción
-del uso de los resultados.</p>
-
-<p>En vez de eso, el costo de la edición puede ser recuperado, por ejemplo,
-a través de cargos por página a los autores que pueden transferirse a
-los patrocinadores de la investigación. A los patrocinadores no deberÃa
-importarles, dado que actualmente pagan por la publicación en una forma más
-engorrosa a través de pagos por adelantado a las bibliotecas universitarias
-para suscribirse a la revista. Al cambiar el modelo económico para cargar
-los costos de edición a los patrocinadores de la investigación, podemos
-eliminar la aparente necesidad de restringir el acceso. El autor ocasional
-que no está afiliado con una institución o compañÃa, y que no tiene un
-patrocinador en su investigación, puede ser eximido de los cargos por
-página, con costos impuestos a los autores institucionales.</p>
-
-<p>Otra justificación para las cuotas de acceso a las publicaciones online es
-para financiar la conversión de archivos impresos de una revista a un formato
-electrónico. Ese trabajo necesita hacerse, pero debemos buscar vÃas
-alternativas para financiarlo que no involucren obstruir el acceso al
-resultado. El trabajo mismo no debe ser más difÃcil, o costar más. Es
-auto-derrotarse digitalizar los archivos y perder los resultados al
-restringir el acceso.</p>
-
-<p>La Constitución estadounidense dice que los derechos de autor existen
«para promover
-el progreso de la ciencia». Cuando los derechos de autor impiden el progreso
de la
-ciencia, la ciencia debe empujar al derechos de autor fuera del camino.</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<!-- If needed, change the derechos de autor block at the bottom. In general,
-->
-<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
-<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the derechos de autor date is consistent with the
document -->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
-
-<p class="translations">
-<a id="translations"></a>
-<b>Traducciones de esta página:</b><br />
-
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
-<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
-<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
-<!-- Please use xhtml normative character entities, instead of -->
-<!-- non-w3c entities. xhtml should be XML compliant -->
-
-[
- <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.xhtml">English</a>
-| <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.es.xhtml">Español</a> <!--
Spanish -->
-| <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.xhtml">Français</a>
<!--French -->
-| <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.pl.xhtml">Polski</a> <!--
Polish -->
-]
-</p>
-
-
-<div class="copyright">
-<p>
-Volver a la <a href="/home.es.html">página principal del proyecto GNU</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Por favor, envÃe sus comentarios y preguntas sobre la FSF y el proyecto GNU a
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-También puede <a href="/home.es.html#ContactInfo">contactar con la FSF por
otros
-medios</a>.
-<br />
-Por favor, envÃe enlaces rotos y otras correcciones (o sugerencias) a
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Para informarse de
-<a href="/spanish/index.html#ayudar">cómo traducir al español o enviar
-correcciones</a> de esta traducción visite el sitio web del <a
-href="/spanish/">Equipo de traducción al español de GNU</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Copyright (C) 2001 Richard Stallman
-<br />
-Se permite la distribución y la copia literal de este artÃculo en su
totalidad
-y por cualquier medio siempre y cuando se conserve esta nota.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Traducido por: Felipe Lavin
-<br />
-Ãltima actualización:
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2005/08/05 16:02:29 $ $Author: xavi_ $
-<!-- timestamp end -->
-</p>
-</div>
-
-</body>
-</html>
Index: push-copyright-aside.fr.xhtml
===================================================================
RCS file: push-copyright-aside.fr.xhtml
diff -N push-copyright-aside.fr.xhtml
--- push-copyright-aside.fr.xhtml 22 Nov 2006 14:29:57 -0000 1.6
+++ /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
@@ -1,128 +0,0 @@
-
-<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
-
-<title>Les scientifiques doivent «mettre le droit d'auteur de
côté»</title>
-
-<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-
-<h2>Les scientifiques doivent «mettre le droit d'auteur de
côté»</h2>
-
-<h4>par Richard M. Stallman</h4>
-
-<p><em>Cet article est paru dans Nature Webdebates en 2001</em></p>
-
-<p>Il devrait être évident pour tout un chacun que la
littérature
-scientifique est faite pour diffuser les connaissances scientifiques,
-et que les revues scientifiques existent pour faciliter ce travail.
-Par conséquent les règles d'utilisation de la littérature
scientifique
-devraient être de nature à aider à atteindre cet
objectif.</p>
-
-<p>Les règles actuelles, appelées droit d'auteur, ont
été établies à
-l'époque de la presse écrite, une méthode de publication
de masse inévitablement
-centralisée.
-Dans un contexte de presse écrite, le droit d'auteur sur les articles
de revues n'était une contrainte
-que pour les éditeurs - les obligeant à obtenir une autorisation
avant de publier un article -
-et les plagiaires potentiels. Elle aidait les revues à fonctionner et
à faire circuler les connaissances,
-sans gêner le travail utile des scientifiques ou des étudiants,
qu'ils soient lecteurs ou auteurs d'articles.
-Ces règles conviennent bien à ce système.</p>
-
-<p>Mais la technique actuelle de publication scientifique est le Web.
-Quelles sont les règles susceptibles d'assurer une diffusion maximale
des articles et connaissances scientifiques
-sur le Web? Il faudrait que les articles soient diffusés sous des
formats non-propriétaires,
-en accès libre pour tous. Et chacun devrait avoir le droit de placer
les articles sur un site «miroir»,
-c'est-à-dire de les republier intégralement en indiquant
correctement la source.</p>
-
-<p>Ces règles devraient s'appliquer aussi bien aux anciens articles
qu'aux nouveaux, lorsqu'ils sont
-diffusés sous forme électronique. Mais il n'y a pas de
nécessité vitale à
-modifier le système actuel de droits d'auteur en ce qui concerne la
publication des revues sur papier
-parce qu'il n'y a pas de problème dans ce domaine.</p>
-
-<p>Malheureusement, il semble que tout le monde ne soit pas d'accord avec les
évidences exprimées au début de cet article. De nombreux
éditeurs de revues semblent croire que l'objectif de la
littérature scientifique est de leur permettre de publier des revues
afin de recueillir des abonnements de scientifiques et d'étudiants.
Partager un tel point de vue c'est «confondre la fin et les
moyens».</p>
-
-<p>Leur approche consiste à restreindre l'accès à la
simple consultation de la littérature scientifique à ceux qui
veulent et peuvent payer pour cela. Ils utilisent le droit d'auteur, qui est
toujours en vigueur malgré son inadaptation aux réseaux
informatiques, comme excuse pour dissuader les scientifiques de choisir de
nouvelles règles.</p>
-
-<p>Dans l'intérêt de la coopération scientifique et de
l'avenir de l'humanité, nous devons refuser cette approche à la
base - non seulement les systèmes d'obstruction qui ont
été mis en place, mais aussi les mauvaises priorités qui
les ont inspirés.</p>
-
-<p>Les éditeurs de revues affirment parfois que la mise à
disposition en ligne nécessite des serveurs puissants, et qu'ils sont
obligés de faire payer l'accès pour financer ces serveurs. Ce
«problème» est une conséquence de sa propre
«solution». Que l'on donne à chacun la liberté de
publier sur un site miroir, et les bibliothèques du monde entier vont
créer des sites miroirs pour faire face à la demande. Cette
solution décentralisée réduira la bande passante du
réseau et assurera un accès plus rapide, tout en
protégeant les données universitaires contre une perte
accidentelle.</p>
-
-<p>Les éditeurs disent aussi qu'il faut un accès payant pour
rémunérer les rédacteurs. Admettons qu'il faille payer les
rédacteurs; c'est l'arbre qui cache la forêt. Les frais de
rédaction pour un article moyen varient entre 1% et 3% du coût
nécessaire à la recherche qui l'a suscité. Un si petit
pourcentage ne justifie pas que l'on fasse obstruction à l'utilisation
des résultats.</p>
-
-<p>Au lieu de cela, les frais de rédaction pourraient être
couverts, par exemple, par des frais à la page pour les auteurs, qui
pourraient les faire financer par les commanditaires de la recherche. Ces
commanditaires ne devraient pas s'y opposer dans la mesure où ils
financent déjà lourdement cette publication par
l'intermédiaire des frais que constitue l'abonnement de la
bibliothèque universitaire à la revue. En changeant le
modèle économique (transfert des frais de publication vers les
commanditaires de la recherche), on peut éliminer le besoin apparent de
restreindre la consultation. L'auteur occasionnel qui n'est pas affilié
à une institution ou une entreprise, et qui n'a pas de commanditaire
pour sa recherche, pourrait être dispensé de frais de page, qui
seraient répercutés sur les auteurs soutenus par des
institutions.</p>
-
-<p>Une autre justification pour faire payer l'accès aux publications en
ligne c'est de dire qu'il faut financer la conversion des archives
imprimées au format électronique. Ce travail doit être
fait, mais il nous faut trouver des alternatives qui ne remettent pas en cause
le libre accès au résultat. Le travail lui-même ne sera pas
plus difficile, ni plus coûteux. Il est contre-productif de
numériser des archives et de gâcher le résultat de ce
travail en en restreignant l'accès.</p>
-
-<p>La Constitution des États-Unis dit que le droit d'auteur existe
«pour promouvoir les progrès de la science». Quand les
droits d'auteur freinent les progrès de la science, la science doit
mettre le droit d'auteur de côté.</p>
-
-
-</div>
-
-<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
-
-<div id="footer">
-
-</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="copyright">
-<p>Retournez à <a href="/home.fr.html">la page
-principale du projet GNU</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>Pour les questions et requêtes relatives à la FSF &
-GNU : <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org";><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.
-Autres <a href="/home.fr.html#ContactInfo">moyens pour contacter</a> la FSF.
-
-Merci d'envoyer des commentaires sur cette page web à <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org";><em>webmasters@gnu.org</em></a>,
-envoyer une autre question à <a
href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org";><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Copyright © 2001 Richard Stallman
-</p>
-
-<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
-permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
-</p>
-
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet
-article est permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que
-cette notice soit préservée.</p>
-<p>
-Dernière mise à jour :
-<!-- hhmts start -->
-$Date: 2006/11/22 14:29:57 $ $Author: taz $
-<!-- hhmts end -->
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Traduction : Bruno Menan<br />
-Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a>
-</p>
-</div>
-
-<div id="translations">
-<h3>Traductions de cette page</h3>
-
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
-<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
-<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise web-translators@gnu.org and add it to -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
-<ul>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.xhtml">English</a></li>
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.es.xhtml">Español</a></li> <!--
Spanish -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.xhtml">Français</a></li>
<!--French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.pl.xhtml">Polski</a></li> <!--
Polish -->
-</ul>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
Index: push-copyright-aside.pl.xhtml
===================================================================
RCS file: push-copyright-aside.pl.xhtml
diff -N push-copyright-aside.pl.xhtml
--- push-copyright-aside.pl.xhtml 27 Jun 2006 16:06:20 -0000 1.4
+++ /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
@@ -1,208 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-2" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="pl" lang="pl">
-
-<head>
-<title>Nauka musi "odsun±æ na bok prawa autorskie"</title>
- <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-2"
/>
- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gnu.css" />
- <link rev="made" href="mailto:address@hidden"; />
- <link rev="translated" href="mailto:address@hidden"; />
- <!-- transl.: Miko³aj Sitarz -->
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a href="#translations">T³umaczenia</a> tej strony</p>
-
-<h2>Nauka musi „odsun±æ na bok prawa autorskie”</h2>
-
-<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.pl.html">
-<img src="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
- alt=" [rysunek: filozofuj±ca GNU] "
- width="160" height="200" /></a>
-</p>
-
-
-<hr />
-
-<p>
-<em>Artyku³ ukaza³ siê w Nature Webdebates, w roku 2001.</em>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Stwierdzenie, i¿ literatura naukowa istnieje po to, by rozpowszechniaæ
-naukow± wiedzê, a naukowe czasopisma istniej± po to, by ten proces
-u³atwiaæ — jest w zasadzie truizmem. Dlatego te¿ regu³y
-korzystania z literatury naukowej powinny byæ ustalone tak, aby
-pomóc ten cel osi±gn±æ.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Zasady obowi±zuj±ce obecnie, znane jako copyright, zosta³y ustalone
w epoce
-prasy drukarskiej, z natury rzeczy zcentralizowanej metody masowej
produkcji
-kopii. Prawo autorskie, którym objêto wówczas artyku³y naukowe, ogranicza³o
-jedynie wydawców periodyków naukowych —- przez na³o¿enie na nich
-obowi±zku uzyskania pozwolenia na publikacjê artyku³u — oraz
ewentualnych
-plagiatorów. Pomaga³o to w funkcjonowaniu czasopism i rozpowszechniu
-wiedzy, nie przeszkadzaj±c w u¿ytecznej pracy naukowców czy studentów,
-zarówno pisz±cych jak i czytaj±cych artyku³y. Regu³y te by³y odpowiednie
-dla tego systemu.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Niemniej jednak, wspó³czesna technika publikacji naukowych to WWW. Jakie
-regu³y by³yby najlepsze do tego, by zapewniæ jak najlepsze rozpowszechnianie
-naukowych artyku³ów i wiedzy w Internecie? Artyku³y powinny byæ
-rozpowszechniane w formatach, które nie s± prawnie zastrze¿one i byæ
-swobodnie dostêpne dla wszystkich. I ka¿dy powinien mieæ prawo do ich
-„mirrorowania”, czyli publikacji ich dos³ownych kopii
z odpowiedni±
-informacj± o autorstwie.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Te normy powinny obowi±zywaæ zarówno w przypadku starych jak i przysz³ych
-artyku³ów, gdy s± one rozpowszechniane w formie elektronicznej. Nie ma
jednak
-zasadniczej potrzeby, aby zmieniaæ obecny system praw autorskich,
-dotycz±cy publikowania pism naukowych na papierze, gdy¿ to nie ich dotyczy
-problem.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Niestety, wygl±da na to ¿e nie wszyscy zgadzaj± siê z truizmem zaczynaj±cym
-ten artyku³.
-Wygl±da na to, ¿e wielu wydawców jest przekonanych, ¿e literatura
-naukowa istnieje po to, ¿eby mogli wydawaæ swoje periodyki i pobieraæ
-op³aty za prenumeratê od naukowców i studentów. Tego typu my¶lenie
-nazywane jest „myleniem przyczyny ze skutkiem”.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Wydawcy z tym podej¶ciem ograniczaj± dostêp do literatury naukowej,
-udostêpniaj±c j± — nawet tylko do czytania — tylko tym,
-których staæ i chc± za to zap³aciæ.
-U¿ywaj± przepisów prawa autorskiego wci±¿ obowi±zuj±cych, pomimo i¿ jest
-nieadekwatne dla sieci komputerowych, jako wymówki, która ma powstrzymaæ
-naukowców przed ustaleniem nowych regu³.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Dla dobra naukowej wspó³pracy i przysz³o¶ci ludzko¶ci, musimy odrzuciæ to
-podej¶cie od samych jego korzeni — nie tylko utrudniaj±cy system,
-który ustanowiono, ale te¿ b³êdne priorytety le¿±ce u jego podstaw.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Wydawcy czasopism twierdz± czasami, ¿e dostêp online wymaga drogich serwerów
-o du¿ej mocy i z tego powodu musz± za dostêp do nich pobieraæ
-op³aty. Ten „problem” jest konsekwencj± samego przyjêtego
-„rozwi±zania”. Dajmy ka¿demu mo¿liwo¶æ tworzenia mirrorów,
-a biblioteki zaczn± pojawiaæ siê na ca³ym ¶wiecie, zaspokajaj±c popyt.
-Zdecentralizowane rozwi±zanie zredukuje wymagan± przepustowo¶æ sieci oraz
-umo¿liwi szybszy dostêp, jednocze¶nie chroni±c naukowy zapis od przypadkowej
-utraty.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Wydawcy argumentuj± równie¿, ¿e p³acenie redaktorom wymaga pobierania op³at
-za dostêp. Przyjmijmy za³o¿enie, ¿e redaktorzy musz± byæ op³acani; ten ogon nie
-mo¿e merdaæ psem. Koszty redakcyjne dla typowego czasopisma mieszcz± siê
-pomiêdzy 1% a 3% kosztów badañ potrzebnych do jego wytworzenia. Trudno
-wyja¶niæ blokowanie dostêpu do wyników badañ, tak ma³ym odsetkiem kosztów.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Zamiast tego, ¶rodki przeznaczone na koszta redakcyjne, mog± pochodziæ na
-przyk³ad z op³at wnoszonych przez autorów, którzy z kolei mog± je
przerzuciæ
-na sponsorów badañ. Sponsorzy nie powinni mieæ nic przeciwko temu, wzi±wszy pod
-uwagê fakt, ¿e obecnie p³ac± za publikacje w bardziej nieefektywny
-sposób — ponosz±c koszta subskrypcji czasopism przez biblioteki
-uniwersyteckie. Zmieniaj±c ekonomiczny model na taki, który obci±¿a kosztami
-redakcyjnymi sponsorów badañ, mo¿emy usun±æ pozorn± potrzebê ograniczania
dostêpu.
-Sporadycznie publikuj±cy autorzy, którzy nie s± stowarzyszeni z ¿adn±
-instytucj± czy przedsiêbiorstwem i nie maj± sponsora swoich badañ, mogliby
-byæ zwolnieni z op³at za publikacjê, a koszta przerzucone na autorów
-instytucjonalnych.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Innym uzasadnieniem dla pobierania op³at za dostêp do publikacji online
-s± fundusze potrzebne na konwersjê archiwów drukowanych czasopism na wersje
-elektroniczne. Ta praca powinna zostaæ wykonana, ale powinni¶my poszukaæ
-alternatywnej drogi jej op³acenia, takiej która nie wymaga blokowania dostêpu
-do wyników. Ta praca sama w sobie nie bêdzie ju¿ w przysz³o¶ci trudna
-ani kosztowna. Daremne jest zeskanowywanie archiwów i wyrzucanie
rezultatów
-poprzez ograniczenie dostêpu do nich.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Konstytucja USA mówi, ¿e prawo autorskie istnieje, „aby popieraæ rozwój
-nauki”. Gdy prawo autorskie utrudnia postêp nauki, nauka musi usun±æ
-prawo autorskie ze swojej drogi.
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-<p><b><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.pl.html">Inne teksty</a></b></p>
-<hr />
-
-<div class="translations">
-<p><a id="translations"></a>
-<b>T³umaczenia tej strony</b>:<br />
-
-[
- <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.xhtml">English</a>
-| <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.es.xhtml">Español</a>
-| <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.xhtml">Français</a>
-| <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.pl.xhtml">Polski</a>
-]
-</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="copyright">
-<p>
-Powrót do <a href="/home.pl.html">strony g³ównej Projektu GNU</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Pytania dotycz±ce GNU i FSF prosimy kierowaæ na adres
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-Istniej± tak¿e
-<a href="/home.pl.html#ContactInfo">inne sposoby skontaktowania siê</a>
-z FSF.
-<br />
-Informacje o niedzia³aj±cych odno¶nikach oraz inne poprawki
-(lub propozycje) prosimy wysy³aæ na adres
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-</p>
-<p>
-Copyright (C) 2001 Richard Stallman
-<br />
-Verbatim copying and redistribution of this entire article are permitted
-in any medium provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved.
-<br />
-Zezwala siê na wykonywanie i dystrybucjê wiernych kopii tego tekstu,
-niezale¿nie od no¶nika, pod warunkiem zachowania informacji o prawach
-autorskich oraz niniejszego zezwolenia.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-T³umaczenie:
-<a href="/server/standards/README.Polish-translation.pl.html"><em>Grupa
t³umaczy witryny Projektu GNU</em></a>
-(<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>).
-<br />
-</p>
-<p>
-Aktualizowane:
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2006/06/27 16:06:20 $ $Author: wkotwica $
-<!-- timestamp end -->
-</p>
-</div>
-
-</body>
-</html>
Index: push-copyright-aside.xhtml
===================================================================
RCS file: push-copyright-aside.xhtml
diff -N push-copyright-aside.xhtml
--- push-copyright-aside.xhtml 24 Apr 2007 22:58:36 -0000 1.5
+++ /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
@@ -1,162 +0,0 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-
-<title>Science must âpush copyright asideâ</title>
-
-<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-
-<h2>Science must âpush copyright asideâ</h2>
-
-<h4>by Richard M. Stallman</h4>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><em>This article appeared in the Nature Webdebates in 2001</em></p>
-
-<p>It should be a truism that the scientific literature exists to disseminate
-scientific knowledge, and that scientific journals exist to facilitate the
process.
-It therefore follows that rules for use of the scientific literature should be
-designed to help achieve that goal.</p>
-
-<p>The rules we have now, known as copyright, were established in the age of
the
-printing press, an inherently centralized method of mass-production copying.
-In a print environment, copyright on journal articles restricted only journal
-publishers â requiring them to obtain permission to publish an article â
and
-would-be plagiarists. It helped journals to operate and disseminate knowledge,
-without interfering with the useful work of scientists or students, either as
-writers or readers of articles. These rules fit that system well.</p>
-
-<p>The modern technology for scientific publishing, however, is the World Wide
Web.
-What rules would best ensure the maximum dissemination of scientific articles,
-and knowledge, on the Web? Articles should be distributed in non-proprietary
-formats, with open access for all. And everyone should have the right to
âmirrorâ
-articles; that is, to republish them verbatim with proper attribution.</p>
-
-<p>These rules should apply to past as well as future articles, when they are
-distributed in electronic form. But there is no crucial need to change the
present
-copyright system as it applies to paper publication of journals because the
-problem is not in that domain.</p>
-
-<p>Unfortunately, it seems that not everyone agrees with the truisms that began
-this article. Many journal publishers appear to believe that the purpose of
-scientific literature is to enable them to publish journals so as to collect
-subscriptions from scientists and students. Such thinking is known as
âconfusion
-of the means with the endsâ.</p>
-
-<p>Their approach has been to restrict access even to read the scientific
-literature to those who can and will pay for it. They use copyright law, which
is
-still in force despite its inappropriateness for computer networks, as an
excuse
-to stop scientists from choosing new rules.</p>
-
-<p>For the sake of scientific cooperation and humanityâs future, we must
reject
-that approach at its root â not merely the obstructive systems that have been
-instituted, but the mistaken priorities that inspired them.</p>
-
-<p>Journal publishers sometimes claim that on-line access requires expensive
-high-powered server machines, and that they must charge access fees to pay for
-these servers. This âproblemâ is a consequence of its own âsolutionâ.
Give
-everyone the freedom to mirror, and libraries around the world will set up
-mirror sites to meet the demand. This decentralized solution will reduce
-network bandwidth needs and provide faster access, all the while protecting
-the scholarly record against accidental loss.</p>
-
-<p>Publishers also argue that paying the editors requires charging for access.
-Let us accept the assumption that editors must be paid; this tail need not
-wag the dog. The cost of editing for a typical paper is between 1% and 3% of
-the cost of funding the research to produce it. Such a small percentage of
-the cost can hardly justify obstructing the use of the results.</p>
-
-<p>Instead, the cost of editing could be recovered, for example, through page
-charges to the authors, who can pass these on to the research sponsors.
-The sponsors should not mind, given that they currently pay for publication
-in a more cumbersome way through overhead fees for the university libraryâs
-subscription to the journal. By changing the economic model to charge editing
-costs to the research sponsors, we can eliminate the apparent need to restrict
-access. The occasional author who is not affiliated with an institution or
-company, and who has no research sponsor, could be exempted from page charges,
-with costs levied on institution-based authors.</p>
-
-<p>Another justification for access fees to online publications is to fund
-conversion of the print archives of a journal into on-line form. That work
-needs to be done, but we should seek alternative ways of funding it that
-do not involve obstructing access to the result. The work itself will not be
-any more difficult, or cost any more. It is self-defeating to digitize the
-archives and waste the results by restricting access.</p>
-
-<p>The US Constitution says that copyright exists âto promote the progress
-of scienceâ. When copyright impedes the progress of science, science must
-push copyright out of the way.</p>
-</div>
-
-<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-
-<div id="footer">
-<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-There are also <a href="http://www.fsf.org/about/contact.html";>other ways to
contact</a>
-the FSF.
-<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Please see the
-<a href="/server/standards/README.translations">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
-translations of this article.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Copyright © 2001 Richard M. Stallman
-<br />
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
-permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
-preserved.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Updated:
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2007/04/24 22:58:36 $
-<!-- timestamp end -->
-</p>
-</div>
-<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
-<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
-
-<div id="translations">
-<h4>Translations of this page</h4>
-
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
-<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
-<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
-
-<ul class="translations-list">
-<!-- Bulgarian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-<!-- English -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.xhtml">English</a> [en]</li>
-<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.es.xhtml">Español</a> [es]</li>
-<!-- French -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.xhtml">Français</a> [fr]</li>
-<!-- Polish -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.pl.xhtml">Polski</a> [pl]</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
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