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www/philosophy categories.html
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www/philosophy categories.html |
|
Date: |
Sun, 01 Apr 2007 15:07:52 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 07/04/01 15:07:52
Modified files:
philosophy : categories.html
Log message:
* Restored the id's of the different categories, they're referred to
by approx. 1/4 of the pages.
* Restored missing copyright years.
* Added links to the Romanian and Slovenian translations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/categories.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40
Patches:
Index: categories.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.html,v
retrieving revision 1.39
retrieving revision 1.40
diff -u -b -r1.39 -r1.40
--- categories.html 31 Mar 2007 15:30:36 -0000 1.39
+++ categories.html 1 Apr 2007 15:07:48 -0000 1.40
@@ -22,32 +22,35 @@
<a href="/philosophy/category.png">PNG image</a>.</p>
<dl>
-<dt><strong>Free software</strong></dt>
+<dt id="FreeSoftware"><strong>Free software</strong></dt>
<dd>
- Free software is software that comes with permission for anyone
- to use, copy, and distribute, either verbatim or with
+ Free software is software that comes with permission for
+ anyone to use, copy, and distribute, either verbatim or with
modifications, either gratis or for a fee. In particular, this
- means that source code must be available. "If it's not source, it's
- not software." This is a simplified definition; see also the
- <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">full definition</a>.
- <p>If a program is free, then it can potentially be included in a
- free operating system such as GNU, or free versions of the <a href=
- "/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux system</a>.</p>
+ means that source code must be available. “If it's not
+ source, it's not software.” This is a simplified
+ definition; see also
+ the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">full definition</a>.
+ <p>If a program is free, then it can potentially be included
+ in a free operating system such as GNU, or free versions of
+ the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux
+ system</a>.</p>
- <p>There are many different ways to make a program free---many
+ <p>There are many different ways to make a program free—many
questions of detail, which could be decided in more than one way
and still make the program free. Some of the possible variations
are described below. For information on specific free software
licenses, see the <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">license
list</a> page.</p>
- <p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not price. But proprietary
- software companies sometimes use the term "free software" to refer
- to price. Sometimes they mean that you can obtain a binary copy at
- no charge; sometimes they mean that a copy is included on a
- computer that you are buying. This has nothing to do with what we
- mean by free software in the GNU project.</p>
+ <p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not price. But
+ proprietary software companies sometimes use the term
+ “free software” to refer to price. Sometimes they
+ mean that you can obtain a binary copy at no charge; sometimes
+ they mean that a copy is included on a computer that you are
+ buying. This has nothing to do with what we mean by free
+ software in the GNU project.</p>
<p>Because of this potential confusion, when a software company
says its product is free software, always check the actual
@@ -55,43 +58,47 @@
freedoms that free software implies. Sometimes it really is free
software; sometimes it isn't.</p>
- <p>Many languages have two separate words for "free" as in freedom
- and "free" as in zero price. For example, French has "libre" and
- "gratuit". Not so English; there is a word "gratis" that refers
- unambiguously to price, but no common adjective that refers
- unambiguously to freedom. So if you are speaking another language,
- we suggest you translate "free" into your language to make it
- clearer. See our list of <a href=
- "/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of the term "free
- software"</a> into various other languages.</p>
+ <p>Many languages have two separate words for
+ “free” as in freedom and “free” as in
+ zero price. For example, French has “libre” and
+ “gratuit”. Not so English; there is a word
+ “gratis” that refers unambiguously to price, but
+ no common adjective that refers unambiguously to freedom. So
+ if you are speaking another language, we suggest you translate
+ “free” into your language to make it clearer. See
+ our list of <a href=
+ "/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of the term
+ “free software”</a> into various other
+ languages.</p>
<p>Free software is often <a href="/software/reliability.html">more
reliable</a> than non-free software.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><strong>Open Source software</strong></dt>
+<dt id="OpenSource"><strong>Open Source software</strong></dt>
<dd>
- The term "open source" software is used by some people to mean
+ The term “open source” software is used by some people to
mean
more or less the same category as free software. It is not exactly
the same class of software: they accept some licenses that we
consider too restrictive, and there are free software licenses they
have not accepted. However, the differences in extension of the
category are small: nearly all free software is open source, and
nearly all open source software is free.
- <p>We prefer the term "<a href=
- "/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">free software</a>"
- because it refers to freedom--something that the term "open source"
- does not do.</p>
+ <p>We prefer the term “<a href=
+ "/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">free
+ software</a>” because it refers to
+ freedom—something that the term “open
+ source“ does not do.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><strong>Public domain
+<dt id="PublicDomainSoftware"><strong>Public domain
software</strong></dt>
<dd>Public domain software is software that is not copyrighted. If
the source code is in the public domain, that is a special case of
<a href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted free
- software</a> , which means that some copies or modified versions
+ software</a>, which means that some copies or modified versions
may not be free at all.
<p>In some cases, an executable program can be in the public domain
but the source code is not available. This is not free software,
@@ -100,12 +107,14 @@
copyrighted, and the copyright holders have legally given
permission for everyone to use it in freedom, using a free software
license.</p>
- <p>Sometimes people use the term "public domain" in a loose fashion
- to mean <a href="#FreeSoftware">"free"</a> or "available gratis."
- However, "public domain" is a legal term and means, precisely, "not
- copyrighted". For clarity, we recommend using "public domain" for
- that meaning only, and using other terms to convey the other
- meanings.</p>
+ <p>Sometimes people use the term “public domain”
+ in a loose fashion to
+ mean <a href="#FreeSoftware">“free”</a> or
+ “available gratis.” However, “public
+ domain” is a legal term and means, precisely, “not
+ copyrighted”. For clarity, we recommend using
+ “public domain” for that meaning only, and using
+ other terms to convey the other meanings.</p>
<p>Under the Berne Convention, which most countries have signed,
anything written down is automatically copyrighted. This includes
programs. Therefore, if you want a program you have written to be
@@ -113,14 +122,14 @@
the copyright on it; otherwise, the program is copyrighted.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><strong>Copylefted software</strong></dt>
+<dt id="CopyleftedSoftware"><strong>Copylefted software</strong></dt>
<dd>Copylefted software is free software whose distribution terms
do not let redistributors add any additional restrictions when they
redistribute or modify the software. This means that every copy of
the software, even if it has been modified, must be free software.
<p>In the GNU Project, we copyleft almost all the software we
write, because our goal is to give <em>every</em> user the freedoms
- implied by the term "free software." See <a href=
+ implied by the term “free software.” See <a href=
"/copyleft/copyleft.html">Copylefted</a> for more explanation of
how copyleft works and why we use it.</p>
<p>Copyleft is a general concept; to actually copyleft a program,
@@ -128,14 +137,15 @@
many possible ways to write copyleft distribution terms, so in
principle there can be many copyleft free software licenses.
However, in actual practice nearly all copylefted software uses the
- <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a>. Two
- different copyleft licenses are usually "incompatible", which means
- it is illegal to merge the code using one license with the code
- using the other license; therefore, it is good for the community if
- people use a single copyleft license.</p>
+ <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU General Public
+ License</a>. Two different copyleft licenses are usually
+ “incompatible”, which means it is illegal to merge
+ the code using one license with the code using the other
+ license; therefore, it is good for the community if people use
+ a single copyleft license.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><strong>Non-copylefted free
+<dt id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware"><strong>Non-copylefted free
software</strong></dt>
<dd>Non-copylefted free software comes from the author with
permission to redistribute and modify, and also to add additional
@@ -156,13 +166,13 @@
X11 even made X11 non-free for a while.</a></p>
</dd>
-<dt><strong>GPL-covered
+<dt id="GPL-CoveredSoftware"><strong>GPL-covered
software</strong></dt>
<dd>The <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU GPL (General Public
License)</a> is one specific set of distribution terms for
copylefting a program. The GNU Project uses it as the distribution
terms for most GNU software.</dd>
-<dt><strong>The GNU system</strong></dt>
+<dt id="TheGNUsystem"><strong>The GNU system</strong></dt>
<dd>The <a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU system</a> is the
Unix-like operating system, which is entirely free software, that
we in the GNU Project have developed since 1984.
@@ -187,11 +197,12 @@
Window System that were developed by other projects.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><strong>GNU programs</strong></dt>
- <dd>"GNU programs" is equivalent to <a href="#GNUsoftware">GNU
- software.</a> A program Foo is a GNU program if it is GNU software.
- We also sometimes say it is a "GNU package".</dd>
-<dt><strong>GNU software</strong></dt>
+<dt id="GNUprograms"><strong>GNU programs</strong></dt>
+ <dd>“GNU programs” is equivalent
+ to <a href="#GNUsoftware">GNU software.</a> A program Foo is a
+ GNU program if it is GNU software. We also sometimes say it
+ is a “GNU package”.</dd>
+<dt id="GNUsoftware"><strong>GNU software</strong></dt>
<dd><a href="/software/software.html">GNU software</a> is software
that is released under the auspices of the <a href=
"/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>. If a program is GNU
@@ -211,12 +222,12 @@
copyrighted by the contributors who wrote it.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><strong>Non-free software</strong></dt>
+<dt id="non-freeSoftware"><strong>Non-free software</strong></dt>
<dd>Non-free software is any software that is not free. This
includes <a href="#semi-freeSoftware">semi-free software</a> and
<a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary software</a>.</dd>
-<dt><strong>Semi-free software</strong></dt>
+<dt id="semi-freeSoftware"><strong>Semi-free software</strong></dt>
<dd>Semi-free software is software that is not free, but comes with
permission for individuals to use, copy, distribute, and modify
(including distribution of modified versions) for non-profit
@@ -237,10 +248,11 @@
the system would make the system <em>as a whole</em> just
semi-free. There are two reasons we do not want that to happen:</p>
<ul>
- <li>We believe that free software should be for everyone--including
- businesses, not just schools and hobbyists. We want to invite
- business to use the whole GNU system, and therefore we must not
- include a semi-free program in it.</li>
+ <li>We believe that free software should be for
+ everyone—including businesses, not just schools and
+ hobbyists. We want to invite business to use the whole GNU
+ system, and therefore we must not include a semi-free program
+ in it.</li>
<li>Commercial distribution of free operating systems, including
the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux system</a>, is very
important, and users appreciate the convenience of commercial
@@ -249,21 +261,21 @@
it.</li>
</ul>
<p>The Free Software Foundation itself is non-commercial, and
- therefore we would be legally permitted to use a semi-free program
- "internally". But we don't do that, because that would undermine
- our efforts to obtain a program which we could also include in
- GNU.</p>
- <p>If there is a job that needs doing with software, then until we
- have a free program to do the job, the GNU system has a gap. We
- have to tell volunteers, "We don't have a program yet to do this
- job in GNU, so we hope you will write one." If we ourselves used a
- semi-free program to do the job, that would undermine what we say;
- it would take away the impetus (on us, and on others who might
- listen to our views) to write a free replacement. So we don't do
- that.</p>
+ therefore we would be legally permitted to use a semi-free
+ program “internally”. But we don't do that,
+ because that would undermine our efforts to obtain a program
+ which we could also include in GNU.</p>
+ <p>If there is a job that needs doing with software, then
+ until we have a free program to do the job, the GNU system has
+ a gap. We have to tell volunteers, “We don't have a
+ program yet to do this job in GNU, so we hope you will write
+ one.” If we ourselves used a semi-free program to do the
+ job, that would undermine what we say; it would take away the
+ impetus (on us, and on others who might listen to our views)
+ to write a free replacement. So we don't do that.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><strong>Proprietary
+<dt id="ProprietarySoftware"><strong>Proprietary
software</strong></dt>
<dd>Proprietary software is software that is not free or semi-free.
Its use, redistribution or modification is prohibited, or requires
@@ -285,14 +297,15 @@
hope you will decide to follow it too.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><strong>Freeware</strong></dt>
- <dd>The term "freeware" has no clear accepted definition, but it is
- commonly used for packages which permit redistribution but not
- modification (and their source code is not available). These
- packages are <em>not</em> free software, so please don't use
- "freeware" to refer to free software.</dd>
+<dt id="freeware"><strong>Freeware</strong></dt>
+ <dd>The term “freeware” has no clear accepted
+ definition, but it is commonly used for packages which permit
+ redistribution but not modification (and their source code is
+ not available). These packages are <em>not</em> free software,
+ so please don't use “freeware” to refer to free
+ software.</dd>
-<dt><strong>Shareware</strong></dt>
+<dt id="shareware"><strong>Shareware</strong></dt>
<dd>Shareware is software which comes with permission for people to
redistribute copies, but says that anyone who continues to use a
copy is <em>required</em> to pay a license fee.
@@ -309,7 +322,7 @@
</ul>
</dd>
-<dt><strong>Private software</strong></dt>
+<dt id="PrivateSoftware"><strong>Private software</strong></dt>
<dd>Private or custom software is software developed for one user
(typically an organization or company). That user keeps it and uses
it, and does not release it to the public either as source code or
@@ -330,35 +343,34 @@
done in a way compatible with the free software movement.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><strong>Commercial Software</strong></dt>
- <dd>Commercial software is software being developed by a business
- which aims to make money from the use of the software. "Commercial"
- and "proprietary" are not the same thing! Most commercial software
- is <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>, but there is
- commercial free software, and there is non-commercial non-free
- software.
- <p>For example, GNU Ada is always distributed under the terms of
- the GNU GPL, and every copy is free software; but its developers
- sell support contracts. When their salesmen speak to prospective
- customers, sometimes the customers say, "We would feel safer with a
- commercial compiler." The salesmen reply, "GNU Ada <em>is</em> a
- commercial compiler; it happens to be free software."</p>
+<dt id="commercialSoftware"><strong>Commercial Software</strong></dt>
+ <dd>Commercial software is software being developed by a
+ business which aims to make money from the use of the
+ software. “Commercial” and
+ “proprietary” are not the same thing! Most
+ commercial software
+ is <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>, but there
+ is commercial free software, and there is non-commercial
+ non-free software.
+ <p>For example, GNU Ada is always distributed under the terms
+ of the GNU GPL, and every copy is free software; but its
+ developers sell support contracts. When their salesmen speak
+ to prospective customers, sometimes the customers say,
+ “We would feel safer with a commercial compiler.”
+ The salesmen reply, “GNU Ada <em>is</em> a commercial
+ compiler; it happens to be free software.”</p>
<p>For the GNU Project, the emphasis is in the other order: the
important thing is that GNU Ada is free software; whether it is
commercial is not a crucial question. However, the additional
development of GNU Ada that results from its being commercial is
definitely beneficial.</p>
- <p>Please help spread the awareness that commercial free software
- is possible. You can do this by making an effort not to say
- "commercial" when you mean "proprietary."</p>
+ <p>Please help spread the awareness that commercial free
+ software is possible. You can do this by making an effort not
+ to say “commercial” when you mean
+ “proprietary.”</p>
</dd>
</dl>
-<hr />
-<h4><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to
-Read</a></h4>
-
-
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
@@ -376,9 +388,6 @@
the FSF.
<br />
Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to
-<!-- If you are a project maintainer or developer, please use -->
-<!-- your own email, as webmasters does not manage most -->
-<!-- project webpages (those that we do, you know who you are). -->
<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
@@ -390,7 +399,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.,
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are
@@ -401,7 +410,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2007/03/31 15:30:36 $ $Author: yavor $
+$Date: 2007/04/01 15:07:48 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
@@ -423,23 +432,38 @@
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- Czech -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.ca.html">Català</a> <!-- Catalan
--></li>
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a>
<!-- Chinese(Simplified) --></li>
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a>
<!-- Chinese(Traditional) --></li>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.cs.html">Česky</a> <!-- Czech
--></li>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.de.html">Deutsch</a> <!--
German --></li>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">English</a></li>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.es.html">Español</a> <!--
Spanish --></li>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">Français</a> <!--
French --></li>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> <!--
Indonesian --></li>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.it.html">Italiano</a> <!-- Italian
--></li>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.ja.html">日本語</a>
<!-- Japanese --></li>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.nl.html">Nederlands</a> <!-- Dutch
--></li>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.pl.html">Polski</a> <!-- Polish
--></li>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.pt.html">Português</a> <!-- Portuguese
--></li>
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ru.html">Русский</a>
<!-- Russian --></li>
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.sr.html">Српски</a>
<!-- Serbian --></li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<!-- French -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Indonesian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li>
+<!-- Italian -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<!-- Japanese -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.pl.html">Polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Portuguese -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.pt.html">Português</a> [pt]</li>
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<!-- Slovenian -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.sl.html">Slovensko</a> [sl]</li>
+<!-- Serbian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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