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www/philosophy free-sw.html
|
From: |
D. E. Evans |
|
Subject: |
www/philosophy free-sw.html |
|
Date: |
Wed, 11 Oct 2006 15:50:49 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: D. E. Evans <sinuhe> 06/10/11 15:50:49
Modified files:
philosophy : free-sw.html
Log message:
Clean up the markup. This file should really be renamed with a .xhtml
extension.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.47&r2=1.48
Patches:
Index: free-sw.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.html,v
retrieving revision 1.47
retrieving revision 1.48
diff -u -b -r1.47 -r1.48
--- free-sw.html 22 Sep 2006 22:26:36 -0000 1.47
+++ free-sw.html 11 Oct 2006 15:50:47 -0000 1.48
@@ -1,25 +1,28 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
+<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/gnu.css"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en">
<head>
-<title>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content='text/html; charset=utf-8' />
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gnu.css" />
+<title>
+The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)
+</title>
<link rev="made" href="mailto:address@hidden"; />
</head>
-<!-- This document is in XML, and xhtml 1.0 -->
-<!-- Please make sure to properly nest your tags -->
-<!-- and ensure that your final document validates -->
-<!-- consistent with W3C xhtml 1.0 and CSS standards -->
-<!-- See validator.w3.org -->
+<!-- This document is in XML and XHTML. -->
+<!-- Please ensure that your final document is -->
+<!-- consistent with W3C XHTML and CSS standards -->
+<!-- Also, see validator.w3.org -->
<body>
<div id="header">
- <a href="http://www.defectivebydesign.org/join/gnu";><img
src="/graphics/dbd.png" alt="[Join the FSF Campaign to Eliminate DRM]" /></a>
+ <a href="http://www.defectivebydesign.org/join/gnu";>
+ <img src="/graphics/dbd.png"
+ alt="[Join the FSF Campaign to Eliminate DRM]" />
+ </a>
</div>
<hr />
@@ -28,182 +31,229 @@
<h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
<p>
-<a href="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html"><img
src="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg" alt=" [image of a Philosophical Gnu] "
width="160" height="200" /></a>
+<a href="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html">
+ <img src="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
+ alt=" [image of a Philosophical Gnu] "
+ width="160px"
+ height="200px" />
+</a>
</p>
<p>
-We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be
-true about a particular software program for it to be considered
-free software.</p>
+We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must
+be true about a particular software program for it to be considered
+free software.
+</p>
+
<p>
-``Free software'' is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the
-concept, you should think of ``free'' as in ``free speech,'' not as in
-``free beer.''</p>
+<q>Free software</q> is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand
+the concept, you should think of <q>free</q> as in <q>free speech,</q>
+not as in <q>free beer.</q>
+</p>
+
<p>
-Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy,
-distribute, study, change and improve the software. More precisely,
-it refers to four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:</p>
+Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,
+study, change and improve the software. More precisely, it refers to
+four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:
+</p>
<ul>
<li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
- <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs
- (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.</li>
+ <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to
+ your needs (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition
+ for this.
+ </li>
<li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
- (freedom 2).</li>
+ (freedom 2).
+ </li>
<li>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements
- to the public, so that the whole community benefits
- (freedom 3). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.</li>
+ to the public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3).
+ Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
+ </li>
</ul>
<p>
-A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.
-Thus, you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or
-without modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for
-distribution, to <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being
-free to do these things means (among other things) that you do not
-have to ask or pay for permission.</p>
+A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms. Thus,
+you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without
+modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
+<a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do these
+things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
+for permission.
+</p>
+
<p>
You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
-notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.</p>
+notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
+</p>
+
<p>
-The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of
-person or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for
-any kind of overall job and purpose, without being required to
-communicate about it with the developer or any other specific entity.
-In this freedom, it is the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not
-the <em>developer's</em> purpose; you as a user are free to run a
-program for your purposes, and if you distribute it to someone else,
-she is then free to run it for her purposes, but you are not entitled
-to impose your purposes on her.
+The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person
+or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of
+overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it
+with the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is
+the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em>
+purpose; you as a user are free to run a program for your purposes,
+and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it
+for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her.
</p>
+
<p>
The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
-unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is
-necessary for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is
-ok if there is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a
-certain program (since some languages don't support that feature), but
-you must have the freedom to redistribute such forms should you find
-or develop a way to make them.</p>
+unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
+for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is ok if there
+is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
+(since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
+freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
+make them.
+</p>
+
<p>
In order for the freedoms to make changes, and to publish improved
versions, to be meaningful, you must have access to the source code of
the program. Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary
-condition for free software.</p>
+condition for free software.
+</p>
+
<p>
-One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free
-subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you
-cannot merge in an existing module, such as if it requires you to be
-the copyright holder of any code you add, then the license is too
-restrictive to qualify as free.</p>
+One important way to modify a program is by merging in available
+free subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you
+cannot merge in an existing module, such as if it requires you to be the
+copyright holder of any code you add, then the license is too restrictive
+to qualify as free.
+</p>
+
<p>
In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as
long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the
-power to revoke the license, without your doing anything to give
-cause, the software is not free.</p>
+power to revoke the license, without your doing anything to give cause,
+the software is not free.
+</p>
+
<p>
However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
freedoms. For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that
when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny
other people the central freedoms. This rule does not conflict with
-the central freedoms; rather it protects them.</p>
+the central freedoms; rather it protects them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
+obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies,
+you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
+<a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
+</p>
+
<p>
-You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you
-may have obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got
-your copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the
-software, even to <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.</p>
-<p>
-``Free software'' does not mean ``non-commercial''. A free program
-must be available for commercial use, commercial development, and
-commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software is
-no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.</p>
+<q>Free software</q> does not mean <q>non-commercial.</q> A free
+program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
+and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software
+is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
+</p>
+
<p>
Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they
-don't substantively block your freedom to release modified versions,
-or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Rules
-that ``if you make your version available in this way, you must make
-it available in that way also'' can be acceptable too, on the same
-condition. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of
-whether to publish your version at all.) Rules that require release
-of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use
-are also acceptable. It is also acceptable for the license to require
-that, if you have distributed a modified version and a previous
-developer asks for a copy of it, you must send one, or that you
-identify yourself on your modifications.
+don't substantively block your freedom to release modified versions, or
+your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Rules that <q>if
+you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in
+that way also</q> can be acceptable too, on the same condition. (Note that
+such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to publish your version
+at all.) Rules that require release of source code to the users for
+versions that you put into public use are also acceptable. It is also
+acceptable for the license to require that, if you have distributed a
+modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
+must send one, or that you identify yourself on your modifications.
</p>
+
<p>
-In the GNU project, we use <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">``copyleft''</a>
+In the GNU project, we use
+<q><a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a></q>
to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But
<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted
-free software</a> also exists. We believe there are
-important reasons why <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is
-better to use copyleft</a>, but if your program is non-copylefted free
-software, we can still use it.</p>
+free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why
+<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is better to use copyleft</a>,
+but if your program is non-copylefted free software, we can still
+use it.
+</p>
+
<p>
See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a>
-for a description of how ``free software,'' ``copylefted software'' and
-other categories of software relate to each other.</p>
+for a description of how <q>free software,</q> <q>copylefted software</q>
+and other categories of software relate to each other.
+</p>
+
<p>
-Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control
-regulations</a> and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to
-distribute copies of programs internationally. Software developers do
-not have the power to eliminate or override these restrictions, but
-what they can and must do is refuse to impose them as conditions of
-use of the program. In this way, the restrictions will not affect
-activities and people outside the jurisdictions of these governments.</p>
-<p>
-Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are
-limits on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright.
-If a copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described
-above, it is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never
-anticipated (though this does happen occasionally). However, some
-free software licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can
-impose a much larger range of possible restrictions. That means there
-are many possible ways such a license could be unacceptably
-restrictive and non-free.</p>
+Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>
+and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
+programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to
+eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
+is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this
+way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
+jurisdictions of these governments.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
+on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a
+copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it
+is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated
+(though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software
+licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger
+range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways
+such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and non-free.
+</p>
+
<p>
We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a
contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that
copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as
-legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably
-conclude it is non-free.</p>
+legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude
+it is non-free.
+</p>
+
<p>
-When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms like
-``give away'' or ``for free'', because those terms imply that the
-issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such as
-``piracy'' embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See
-<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases
-that are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms.
-We also have a list of <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations
-of "free software"</a> into various languages.</p>
+When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
+like <q>give away</q> or <q>for free,</q> because those terms imply that
+the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such
+as <q>piracy</q> embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See
+<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that
+are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have
+a list of <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
+<q>free software</q></a> into various languages.
+</p>
+
<p>
Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
-definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To
-decide whether a specific software license qualifies as a free
-software license, we judge it based on these criteria to determine
-whether it fits their spirit as well as the precise words. If a
-license includes unconscionable restrictions, we reject it, even if we
-did not anticipate the issue in these criteria. Sometimes a license
-requirement raises an issue that calls for extensive thought,
-including discussions with a lawyer, before we can decide if the
-requirement is acceptable. When we reach a conclusion about a new
-issue, we often update these criteria to make it easier to see why
-certain licenses do or don't qualify.</p>
-<p>
-If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a
-free software license, see our <a
-href="/licenses/license-list.html">list of licenses</a>. If the
-license you are concerned with is not listed there, you can ask us
-about it by sending us email at <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p> <p>
+definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide
+whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license,
+we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their
+spirit as well as the precise words. If a license includes unconscionable
+restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue
+in these criteria. Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue
+that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer,
+before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable. When we reach
+a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make
+it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free
+software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list
+of licenses</a>. If the license you are concerned with is not
+listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email at
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the FSF
-by writing to that address. The proliferation of different free
-software licenses means increased work for users in understanding the
-licenses; we may be able to help you find an existing Free Software
-license that meets your needs.
+by writing to that address. The proliferation of different free software
+licenses means increased work for users in understanding the licenses;
+we may be able to help you find an existing Free Software license that
+meets your needs.
</p>
<p>
@@ -211,24 +261,20 @@
help you can ensure that the license really is a Free Software license
and avoid various practical problems.
</p>
+
<hr />
<p>
-Another group has started using the term "open source" to mean
-something close (but not identical) to "free software". We prefer the
-term "free software" because, once you have heard it refers to freedom
-rather than price, <a href="free-software-for-freedom.html">it calls
-to mind freedom</a>. The word "open" never does that.</p>
+Another group has started using the term <q>open source</q> to mean
+something close (but not identical) to <q>free software.</q> We prefer
+the term <q>free software</q> because, once you have heard it refers to
+freedom rather than price, <a href="free-software-for-freedom.html">it
+calls to mind freedom</a>. The word <q>open</q> never does that.
+</p>
<hr />
-<h4><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a></h4>
-
-<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
-<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+<h4><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a></h4>
<div class="translations">
<p><a id="translations"></a>
@@ -326,7 +372,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2006/09/22 22:26:36 $ $Author: yavor $
+$Date: 2006/10/11 15:50:47 $ $Author: sinuhe $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
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