Hello Michael,
You're absolutely right, it all comes down to the size of the file. Thank you for your clarification.
I re-tried your previous correction (the first one you suggested, with a diff), and it works too. It only failed because in my tests, I was forgetting the trailing-slash.
I do continue to get other problems on my config if I do not set tramp-inline-compress-start-size to nil, but I could not replicate these problems with emacs -Q, in which everything seems to work well with the patch. I need to debug my config to see where my other problem stems from.
But all in all, maybe it's better to keep the patch? If I understand correctly, deactivating compression completely would decrease performance a lot when one, for instance, copy-pastes a 100MB log file from a server?
Thanks again for your help,