In case of correctness, lacking a sync here does not introduce data corruption I can think of. But this reduces the volatile window during which the metadata changes are NOT guaranteed on disk. Without a barrier, in case of power loss you may end up with the bitmap changes on disk and not the header block, or vice versa. Neither introduces data corruption directly, but since VDI doesn't have proper fix mechanism for qemu-img, once the leak is introduced you have to "convert" to fix it, consuming a long time if the disk is large.
This patch does not fix the issue entirely, and it does not substitute for proper check-and-fix implementation. But this should bring about minor performance degradation (only 1 extra sync per allocation) but greatly reduces the metadata inconsistency window.