\version "2.19.15"

#(define (use-measure-numbers grob) 
   (let* ((orig (ly:grob-original grob))
          (siblings (if (ly:grob? orig)
                        (ly:spanner-broken-into orig)
                        '())))
     (let loop ((sibs siblings))
       (if (pair? sibs)
           (begin
            (let* ((bound (ly:spanner-bound (car sibs) LEFT))
                   (location (ly:grob-property bound 'rhythmic-location))
                   (measure (car location)))
              (set! (ly:grob-property (car sibs) 'text)
                    (number->string measure))
              (loop (cdr sibs))))))))


music = {
  \partial 2 c4 d
  \repeat unfold 20 {
    c4 d e f
  }
}

\score {
  \new PianoStaff \with { shortInstrumentName = "foo" } <<
    \new Staff {
      \relative c'' {
        \music
      }
    }
    \new Staff {
      \clef bass
      \music
    }
  >>
  \layout {
    \context {
      \Score
      \override InstrumentName.after-line-breaking = #use-measure-numbers
      %\omit BarNumber
    }
  }
}

music = {
  \partial 2 c4 d
  \repeat unfold 20 {
    c4 d e f
  }
  \break
  \partial 2 c4 d \break
  c d e f
}

\score {
  \new PianoStaff \with { shortInstrumentName = "foo" } <<
    \new Staff {
      \relative c'' {
        \music
      }
    }
    \new Staff {
      \clef bass
      \music
    }
  >>
  \layout {
    \context {
      \Score
      \override InstrumentName.after-line-breaking = #use-measure-numbers
      %\omit BarNumber
    }
  }
}