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Changes to grep/manual/html_node/Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressio
|
From: |
Jim Meyering |
|
Subject: |
Changes to grep/manual/html_node/Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions.html, v |
|
Date: |
Fri, 05 Feb 2016 00:44:59 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /webcvs/grep
Module name: grep
Changes by: Jim Meyering <meyering> 16/02/05 00:44:53
Index: html_node/Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions.html
===================================================================
RCS file:
/webcvs/grep/grep/manual/html_node/Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions.html,v
retrieving revision 1.21
retrieving revision 1.22
diff -u -b -r1.21 -r1.22
--- html_node/Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions.html 2 Nov 2015
02:54:31 -0000 1.21
+++ html_node/Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions.html 5 Feb 2016
00:44:51 -0000 1.22
@@ -1,166 +1,269 @@
-<html lang="en">
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd";>
+<html>
+<!-- This manual is for grep, a pattern matching engine.
+
+Copyright (C) 1999-2002, 2005, 2008-2016 Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.
+
+Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
+any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
+Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
+Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
+"GNU Free Documentation License". -->
+<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.0, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ -->
<head>
-<title>Character Classes and Bracket Expressions - GNU Grep 2.22</title>
+<title>GNU Grep 2.23: Character Classes and Bracket Expressions</title>
+
+<meta name="description" content="GNU Grep 2.23: Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions">
+<meta name="keywords" content="GNU Grep 2.23: Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions">
+<meta name="resource-type" content="document">
+<meta name="distribution" content="global">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
-<meta name="description" content="GNU Grep 2.22">
-<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.13">
-<link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top">
-<link rel="up" href="Regular-Expressions.html#Regular-Expressions"
title="Regular Expressions">
-<link rel="prev" href="Fundamental-Structure.html#Fundamental-Structure"
title="Fundamental Structure">
-<link rel="next"
href="The-Backslash-Character-and-Special-Expressions.html#The-Backslash-Character-and-Special-Expressions"
title="The Backslash Character and Special Expressions">
-<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/"; rel="generator-home"
title="Texinfo Homepage">
+<link href="index.html#Top" rel="start" title="Top">
+<link href="Index.html#Index" rel="index" title="Index">
+<link href="index.html#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents">
+<link href="Regular-Expressions.html#Regular-Expressions" rel="up"
title="Regular Expressions">
+<link
href="The-Backslash-Character-and-Special-Expressions.html#The-Backslash-Character-and-Special-Expressions"
rel="next" title="The Backslash Character and Special Expressions">
+<link href="Fundamental-Structure.html#Fundamental-Structure" rel="prev"
title="Fundamental Structure">
+<style type="text/css">
<!--
-This manual is for `grep', a pattern matching engine.
+a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none}
+blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em}
+blockquote.smallindentedblock {margin-right: 0em; font-size: smaller}
+blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller}
+div.display {margin-left: 3.2em}
+div.example {margin-left: 3.2em}
+div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
+div.smalldisplay {margin-left: 3.2em}
+div.smallexample {margin-left: 3.2em}
+div.smalllisp {margin-left: 3.2em}
+kbd {font-style: oblique}
+pre.display {font-family: inherit}
+pre.format {font-family: inherit}
+pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif}
+pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif}
+pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
+pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller}
+pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller}
+pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller}
+span.nocodebreak {white-space: nowrap}
+span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap}
+span.roman {font-family: serif; font-weight: normal}
+span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal}
+ul.no-bullet {list-style: none}
+-->
+</style>
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/software/gnulib/manual.css">
-Copyright (C) 1999-2002, 2005, 2008-2015 Free Software Foundation,
-Inc.
- Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
- document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
- Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
- Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
- and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
- in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
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- span.sansserif { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal; }
---></style>
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/software/gnulib/manual.css">
</head>
-<body>
-<div class="node">
+
+<body lang="en">
<a name="Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions"></a>
+<div class="header">
<p>
-Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n"
href="The-Backslash-Character-and-Special-Expressions.html#The-Backslash-Character-and-Special-Expressions">The
Backslash Character and Special Expressions</a>,
-Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p"
href="Fundamental-Structure.html#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a>,
-Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u"
href="Regular-Expressions.html#Regular-Expressions">Regular Expressions</a>
-<hr>
+Next: <a
href="The-Backslash-Character-and-Special-Expressions.html#The-Backslash-Character-and-Special-Expressions"
accesskey="n" rel="next">The Backslash Character and Special Expressions</a>,
Previous: <a href="Fundamental-Structure.html#Fundamental-Structure"
accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fundamental Structure</a>, Up: <a
href="Regular-Expressions.html#Regular-Expressions" accesskey="u"
rel="up">Regular Expressions</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents"
title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a
href="Index.html#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
-
+<hr>
+<a name="Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.2 Character Classes and Bracket Expressions</h3>
-<p><a name="index-bracket-expression-217"></a><a
name="index-character-class-218"></a>A <dfn>bracket expression</dfn> is a list
of characters enclosed by ‘<samp><span
class="samp">[</span></samp>’ and
-‘<samp><span class="samp">]</span></samp>’.
+<a name="index-bracket-expression"></a>
+<a name="index-character-class"></a>
+<p>A <em>bracket expression</em> is a list of characters enclosed by
‘<samp>[</samp>’ and
+‘<samp>]</samp>’.
It matches any single character in that list;
-if the first character of the list is the caret ‘<samp><span
class="samp">^</span></samp>’,
+if the first character of the list is the caret ‘<samp>^</samp>’,
then it matches any character <strong>not</strong> in the list.
For example, the regular expression
-‘<samp><span class="samp">[0123456789]</span></samp>’ matches any
single digit.
-
- <p><a name="index-range-expression-219"></a>Within a bracket expression, a
<dfn>range expression</dfn> consists of two
+‘<samp>[0123456789]</samp>’ matches any single digit.
+</p>
+<a name="index-range-expression"></a>
+<p>Within a bracket expression, a <em>range expression</em> consists of two
characters separated by a hyphen.
It matches any single character that
sorts between the two characters, inclusive.
In the default C locale, the sorting sequence is the native character
-order; for example, ‘<samp><span class="samp">[a-d]</span></samp>’
is equivalent to ‘<samp><span class="samp">[abcd]</span></samp>’.
+order; for example, ‘<samp>[a-d]</samp>’ is equivalent to
‘<samp>[abcd]</samp>’.
In other locales, the sorting sequence is not specified, and
-‘<samp><span class="samp">[a-d]</span></samp>’ might be equivalent
to ‘<samp><span class="samp">[abcd]</span></samp>’ or to
-‘<samp><span class="samp">[aBbCcDd]</span></samp>’, or it might
fail to match any character, or the set of
+‘<samp>[a-d]</samp>’ might be equivalent to
‘<samp>[abcd]</samp>’ or to
+‘<samp>[aBbCcDd]</samp>’, or it might fail to match any character,
or the set of
characters that it matches might even be erratic.
To obtain the traditional interpretation
-of bracket expressions, you can use the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale by setting the
-<samp><span class="env">LC_ALL</span></samp> environment variable to the value
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’.
-
- <p>Finally, certain named classes of characters are predefined within
+of bracket expressions, you can use the ‘<samp>C</samp>’ locale by
setting the
+<code>LC_ALL</code> environment variable to the value
‘<samp>C</samp>’.
+</p>
+<p>Finally, certain named classes of characters are predefined within
bracket expressions, as follows.
-Their interpretation depends on the <samp><span
class="env">LC_CTYPE</span></samp> locale;
-for example, ‘<samp><span class="samp">[[:alnum:]]</span></samp>’
means the character class of numbers and letters
+Their interpretation depends on the <code>LC_CTYPE</code> locale;
+for example, ‘<samp>[[:alnum:]]</samp>’ means the character class
of numbers and letters
in the current locale.
-
- <p><a name="index-classes-of-characters-220"></a><a
name="index-character-classes-221"></a>
- <dl>
-<dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">[:alnum:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-alnum-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-222"></a><a
name="index-alphanumeric-characters-223"></a>Alphanumeric characters:
-‘<samp><span class="samp">[:alpha:]</span></samp>’ and
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:digit:]</span></samp>’; in the
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale and ASCII
-character encoding, this is the same as ‘<samp><span
class="samp">[0-9A-Za-z]</span></samp>’.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:alpha:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-alpha-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-224"></a><a
name="index-alphabetic-characters-225"></a>Alphabetic characters:
-‘<samp><span class="samp">[:lower:]</span></samp>’ and
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:upper:]</span></samp>’; in the
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale and ASCII
-character encoding, this is the same as ‘<samp><span
class="samp">[A-Za-z]</span></samp>’.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:blank:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-blank-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-226"></a><a
name="index-blank-characters-227"></a>Blank characters:
+</p>
+<a name="index-classes-of-characters"></a>
+<a name="index-character-classes"></a>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt>‘<samp>[:alnum:]</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-alnum-character-class"></a>
+<a name="index-alphanumeric-characters"></a>
+<p>Alphanumeric characters:
+‘<samp>[:alpha:]</samp>’ and ‘<samp>[:digit:]</samp>’;
in the ‘<samp>C</samp>’ locale and ASCII
+character encoding, this is the same as ‘<samp>[0-9A-Za-z]</samp>’.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>[:alpha:]</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-alpha-character-class"></a>
+<a name="index-alphabetic-characters"></a>
+<p>Alphabetic characters:
+‘<samp>[:lower:]</samp>’ and ‘<samp>[:upper:]</samp>’;
in the ‘<samp>C</samp>’ locale and ASCII
+character encoding, this is the same as ‘<samp>[A-Za-z]</samp>’.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>[:blank:]</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-blank-character-class"></a>
+<a name="index-blank-characters"></a>
+<p>Blank characters:
space and tab.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:cntrl:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-cntrl-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-228"></a><a
name="index-control-characters-229"></a>Control characters.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>[:cntrl:]</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-cntrl-character-class"></a>
+<a name="index-control-characters"></a>
+<p>Control characters.
In ASCII, these characters have octal codes 000
through 037, and 177 (DEL).
In other character sets, these are
the equivalent characters, if any.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:digit:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-digit-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-230"></a><a
name="index-digit-characters-231"></a><a
name="index-numeric-characters-232"></a>Digits: <code>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9</code>.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:graph:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-graph-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-233"></a><a
name="index-graphic-characters-234"></a>Graphical characters:
-‘<samp><span class="samp">[:alnum:]</span></samp>’ and
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:punct:]</span></samp>’.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:lower:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-lower-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-235"></a><a
name="index-lower_002dcase-letters-236"></a>Lower-case letters; in the
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale and ASCII
character
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>[:digit:]</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-digit-character-class"></a>
+<a name="index-digit-characters"></a>
+<a name="index-numeric-characters"></a>
+<p>Digits: <code>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>[:graph:]</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-graph-character-class"></a>
+<a name="index-graphic-characters"></a>
+<p>Graphical characters:
+‘<samp>[:alnum:]</samp>’ and ‘<samp>[:punct:]</samp>’.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>[:lower:]</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-lower-character-class"></a>
+<a name="index-lower_002dcase-letters"></a>
+<p>Lower-case letters; in the ‘<samp>C</samp>’ locale and ASCII
character
encoding, this is
<code>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z</code>.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:print:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-print-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-237"></a><a
name="index-printable-characters-238"></a>Printable characters:
-‘<samp><span class="samp">[:alnum:]</span></samp>’,
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:punct:]</span></samp>’, and space.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:punct:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-punct-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-239"></a><a
name="index-punctuation-characters-240"></a>Punctuation characters; in the
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale and ASCII
character
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>[:print:]</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-print-character-class"></a>
+<a name="index-printable-characters"></a>
+<p>Printable characters:
+‘<samp>[:alnum:]</samp>’, ‘<samp>[:punct:]</samp>’,
and space.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>[:punct:]</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-punct-character-class"></a>
+<a name="index-punctuation-characters"></a>
+<p>Punctuation characters; in the ‘<samp>C</samp>’ locale and
ASCII character
encoding, this is
-<code>! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / : ; < = > ? @ [ \ ] ^ _ ` { | }
~</code>.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:space:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-space-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-241"></a><a
name="index-space-characters-242"></a><a
name="index-whitespace-characters-243"></a>Space characters: in the
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale, this is
+<code>! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / : ; < = > ? @ [ \ ] ^ _ ` {
| } ~</code>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>[:space:]</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-space-character-class"></a>
+<a name="index-space-characters"></a>
+<a name="index-whitespace-characters"></a>
+<p>Space characters: in the ‘<samp>C</samp>’ locale, this is
tab, newline, vertical tab, form feed, carriage return, and space.
See <a href="Usage.html#Usage">Usage</a>, for more discussion of matching
newlines.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:upper:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-upper-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-244"></a><a
name="index-upper_002dcase-letters-245"></a>Upper-case letters: in the
‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale and ASCII
character
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>[:upper:]</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-upper-character-class"></a>
+<a name="index-upper_002dcase-letters"></a>
+<p>Upper-case letters: in the ‘<samp>C</samp>’ locale and ASCII
character
encoding, this is
<code>A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z</code>.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:xdigit:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-xdigit-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-246"></a><a
name="index-xdigit-class-247"></a><a
name="index-hexadecimal-digits-248"></a>Hexadecimal digits:
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>[:xdigit:]</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><a name="index-xdigit-character-class"></a>
+<a name="index-xdigit-class"></a>
+<a name="index-hexadecimal-digits"></a>
+<p>Hexadecimal digits:
<code>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F a b c d e f</code>.
-
- </dl>
- Note that the brackets in these class names are
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<p>Note that the brackets in these class names are
part of the symbolic names, and must be included in addition to
the brackets delimiting the bracket expression.
-
- <p><a name="invalid_002dbracket_002dexpr"></a>If you mistakenly omit the
outer brackets, and search for say, ‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:upper:]</span></samp>’,
-GNU <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> prints a diagnostic and
exits with status 2, on
+</p>
+<a name="invalid_002dbracket_002dexpr"></a><p>If you mistakenly omit the outer
brackets, and search for say, ‘<samp>[:upper:]</samp>’,
+GNU <code>grep</code> prints a diagnostic and exits with status 2, on
the assumption that you did not intend to search for the nominally
-equivalent regular expression: ‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:epru]</span></samp>’.
-Set the <samp><span class="env">POSIXLY_CORRECT</span></samp> environment
variable to disable this feature.
-
- <p>Most meta-characters lose their special meaning inside bracket
expressions.
-
- <dl>
-<dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">]</span></samp>’<dd>ends the bracket
expression if it's not the first list item.
-So, if you want to make the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">]</span></samp>’ character a list item,
+equivalent regular expression: ‘<samp>[:epru]</samp>’.
+Set the <code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code> environment variable to disable this
feature.
+</p>
+<p>Most meta-characters lose their special meaning inside bracket expressions.
+</p>
+<dl compact="compact">
+<dt>‘<samp>]</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><p>ends the bracket expression if it’s not the first list item.
+So, if you want to make the ‘<samp>]</samp>’ character a list item,
you must put it first.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[.</span></samp>’<dd>represents the open collating symbol.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">.]</span></samp>’<dd>represents the close collating symbol.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[=</span></samp>’<dd>represents the open equivalence class.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">=]</span></samp>’<dd>represents the close equivalence class.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:</span></samp>’<dd>represents the open character class
symbol, and should be followed by a
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>[.</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><p>represents the open collating symbol.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>.]</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><p>represents the close collating symbol.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>[=</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><p>represents the open equivalence class.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>=]</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><p>represents the close equivalence class.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>[:</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><p>represents the open character class symbol, and should be followed by a
valid character class name.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">:]</span></samp>’<dd>represents the close character class
symbol.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-</span></samp>’<dd>represents the range if it's not first
or last in a list or the ending point
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>:]</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><p>represents the close character class symbol.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>-</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><p>represents the range if it’s not first or last in a list or the
ending point
of a range.
-
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">^</span></samp>’<dd>represents the characters not in the
list.
-If you want to make the ‘<samp><span class="samp">^</span></samp>’
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>‘<samp>^</samp>’</dt>
+<dd><p>represents the characters not in the list.
+If you want to make the ‘<samp>^</samp>’
character a list item, place it anywhere but first.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<div class="header">
+<p>
+Next: <a
href="The-Backslash-Character-and-Special-Expressions.html#The-Backslash-Character-and-Special-Expressions"
accesskey="n" rel="next">The Backslash Character and Special Expressions</a>,
Previous: <a href="Fundamental-Structure.html#Fundamental-Structure"
accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fundamental Structure</a>, Up: <a
href="Regular-Expressions.html#Regular-Expressions" accesskey="u"
rel="up">Regular Expressions</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents"
title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a
href="Index.html#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
+</div>
- </dl>
- </body></html>
+</body>
+</html>
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