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Updated the Hacker Guide
|
From: |
Mark Wielaard |
|
Subject: |
Updated the Hacker Guide |
|
Date: |
Fri, 02 Apr 2004 17:12:46 +0200 |
Hi all,
We are growing and attracting more and more developers. And we had some
miscommunication last week. So I have updated the Hacker Guide with all
information that people requested. If something is still missing please
ask!
2004-04-02 Mark Wielaard <address@hidden>
* doc/hacking.texi: Added sections on needed libraries, coding
conventions, hacking on the code, writing ChangeLog
entries. Updated old/deprecated information.
* HACKING: Moved all content to doc/hacking.text. Add pointer to
above document.
HTML version should be up at
http://www.gnu.org/software/classpath/docs/hacking.html when the site
updates.
Cheers,
Mark
Index: ChangeLog
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvsroot/classpath/classpath/ChangeLog,v
retrieving revision 1.1971
diff -u -r1.1971 ChangeLog
--- ChangeLog 1 Apr 2004 23:09:03 -0000 1.1971
+++ ChangeLog 2 Apr 2004 15:08:39 -0000
@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+2004-04-02 Mark Wielaard <address@hidden>
+
+ * doc/hacking.texi: Added sections on needed libraries, coding
+ conventions, hacking on the code, writing ChangeLog
+ entries. Updated old/deprecated information.
+
+ * HACKING: Moved all content to doc/hacking.text. Add pointer to
+ above document.
+
2004-04-01 Mark Wielaard <address@hidden>
* javax/swing/JViewport.java (JViewport): Make constructor public.
Index: HACKING
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvsroot/classpath/classpath/HACKING,v
retrieving revision 1.24
diff -u -r1.24 HACKING
--- HACKING 29 Mar 2004 07:07:24 -0000 1.24
+++ HACKING 2 Apr 2004 15:08:39 -0000
@@ -1,74 +1,13 @@
-HACKING GNU Classpath - Last updated: August 15, 2003
+HACKING GNU Classpath - Last updated: April 2, 2004
Please read the README and INSTALL files first.
You only need the information in this file when working on non-released (CVS)
versions of GNU Classpath. Installation information for released versions
of GNU Classpath can be found in the INSTALL file.
-If you want to hack on GNU Classpath it will make things easier if you
-have the following installed:
-
-For any build environment involving native libraries, these new versions of
-autoconf, automake, and libtool are required.
-
- - GNU autoconf 2.59
- - GNU automake 1.7.x
- (1.8.x also works)
- - GNU libtool 1.4.2
- (1.4.3 and 1.5a also work)
-
-For building the Java bytecode (.class files), one of these compilers
-is required.
-
- - GNU GCJ 3.3+
- - IBM jikes 1.18+
-
-For building the JNI native libraries, the following are required.
-
- - GTK+ 2.2.x
- - libart_lgpl 2.1.0
- - gdk-pixbuf (Only needed if you want to compile the native library)
-
-You can get CVS (development) versions of GNU Classpath by giving cvs the
--d option with (or setting the environment variable CVSROOT to)
-:pserver:address@hidden:/cvsroot/classpath
- --> First do "cvs login". Hit <Return> when prompted for a password
- --> Then do "cvs checkout classpath"
- --> More detailed instructions available on the Savannah project website.
- <http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/classpath/>
-
-If you start from the current CVS version, you will have to run the
-following from the toplevel directory. The autoreconf script does not
-always run these as might be expected.
-
- aclocal; autoheader; automake; autoconf
-
-For those that do not understand why these programs must be executed, here
-is a brief lesson.
-
- aclocal - combines acinclude.m4 and system macros to produce
- aclocal.m4
- autoheader - generates config.h.in in the include/ directory
- automake - generates Makefile.in from Makefile.am for every file
- specified as output in configure.in
- autoconf - generates configure
-
-Next you run configure. Options you'll probably want to specify
-may include --enable-jni.
-
-By default the core classes are compiled using vm/reference JVM specific
-classes. As a VM writer you may take these reference classes and modify
-them as you wish. As long as the public interface remains the same
-no modifications to other core parts of Classpath should be needed.
-
-Gnome cvs can be obtained with
-:pserver:address@hidden:/cvs/gnome and a blank password.
-The module name for gdk-pixbuf is gdk-pixbuf.
-
-There should be no compiling errors within Java source code which is
-checked in. Code should be compiled in the build process before
-checking it in.
+Everything you ever wanted to know about hacking on GNU Classpath and
+how to obtain CVS checkouts can be found in doc/hacking.texi and/or
+on the website http://www.gnu.org/software/classpath/docs/hacking.html
If you have any questions, suggestions, etc., send them to
address@hidden
-
Index: doc/hacking.texinfo
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvsroot/classpath/classpath/doc/hacking.texinfo,v
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -r1.23 hacking.texinfo
--- doc/hacking.texinfo 29 Mar 2004 20:39:52 -0000 1.23
+++ doc/hacking.texinfo 2 Apr 2004 15:08:39 -0000
@@ -27,10 +27,11 @@
@author Paul N. Fisher
@author John Keiser
@author C. Brian Jones
address@hidden Mark J. Wielaard
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-Copyright @copyright{} 1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.
@sp 2
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this document provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
@@ -52,28 +53,38 @@
@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
@top GNU Classpath Hacker's Guide
-This document contains important information you'll want to know if you
-want to hack on GNU Classpath, the free implementation of the Java standard
-class libraries.
+This document contains important information you'll want to know if
+you want to hack on GNU Classpath, Essential Libraries for Java, to
+help create free core class libraries for use with virtual machines
+and compilers for the java programming language.
@end ifinfo
@menu
-* Introduction:: An introduction to the Classpath project
+* Introduction:: An introduction to the GNU Classpath project
* Requirements:: Very important rules that must be followed
* Volunteering:: So you want to help out
-* Project Goals:: Goals of the Classpath project
-* Programming Tools:: A list of tools you will need for hacking
-* Programming Standards:: Standards to use when writing code for
Classpath
-* Programming Goals:: What to consider when writing code for
Classpath
+* Project Goals:: Goals of the GNU Classpath project
+* Needed Tools and Libraries:: A list of programs and libraries you will need
+* Programming Standards:: Standards to use when writing code
+* Hacking Code:: Working on code, Working with others
+* Programming Goals:: What to consider when writing code
* API Compatibility:: How to handle serialization and deprecated
methods
-* Specification Sources:: Where to find the Java class library specs
-* Naming Conventions:: How files and directories are named in
Classpath
+* Specification Sources:: Where to find class library specs
+* Naming Conventions:: How files and directories are named
* Character Conversions:: Working on Character conversions
-* Localization:: How Classpath handles
localization/internationalization
+* Localization:: How to handle localization/internationalization
@detailmenu
--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
+Programming Standards
+
+* Source Code Style Guide::
+
+Working on the code, Working with others
+
+* Writing ChangeLogs::
+
Programming Goals
* Portability:: Writing Portable Software
@@ -82,6 +93,11 @@
* Native Efficiency:: Writing Efficient JNI
* Security:: Writing Secure Software
+API Compatibility
+
+* Serialization:: Serialization
+* Deprecated Methods:: Deprecated methods
+
Localization
* String Collation:: Sorting strings in different locales
@@ -96,67 +112,80 @@
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@chapter Introduction
-The Classpath Project is a dedicated to providing a 100% free, clean
-room implementation of the standard Java class libraries which offer
-free software developers an alternative to Sun's proprietary
-libraries. The Classpath Project was started in the Spring of 1998 as
-an official Free Software Foundation project. Most of the volunteers
-working on GNU Classpath do so in their spare time. We appreciate
-everyone's efforts in the past to improve and help the project and
-look forward to future contributions by old and new members alike.
+The GNU Classpath Project is a dedicated to providing a 100% free,
+clean room implementation of the standard core class libraries for
+compilers and runtime environments for the java programming language.
+It offers free software developers an alternative core library
+implementation upon which larger java-like programming environments
+can be build. The GNU Classpath Project was started in the Spring of
+1998 as an official Free Software Foundation project. Most of the
+volunteers working on GNU Classpath do so in their spare time, but a
+couple of projects based on GNU Classpath have paid programmers to
+improve the core libraries. We appreciate everyone's efforts in the
+past to improve and help the project and look forward to future
+contributions by old and new members alike.
@node Requirements, Volunteering, Introduction, Top
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@chapter Requirements
-Although Classpath is following an open development model where input
+Although GNU Classpath is following an open development model where input
from developers is welcome, there are certain base requirements that
need to be met by anyone who wants to contribute code to this project.
They are mostly dictated by legal requirements and are not arbitrary
-restrictions chosen by the Classpath team.
+restrictions chosen by the GNU Classpath team.
You will need to adhere to the following things if you want to donate
-code to the Classpath project:
+code to the GNU Classpath project:
@itemize @bullet
@item
address@hidden under any circumstances refer to Sun's code while working on
-Classpath.} It is best if you have never looked at Sun's code at all.
-To reduce temptation, it would be best if you deleted the @samp{src.zip}
-file from your JDK distribution. If you have signed Sun's
-non-disclosure statement, then you unfortunately cannot work on
-Classpath code at all. If you have any reason to believe that your code
-might be ``tainted'', please say something on the mailing list before
-writing anything. If it turns out that your code was not developed in a
-clean room environment, we could be very embarrassed someday in court.
-Please don't let that happen.
-
address@hidden
address@hidden decompile Sun's class libraries.} While the wording of the
-license in Sun's Java 2 releases has changed, it is not acceptable, under
-any circumstances, for a person working on Classpath to decompile Sun's
-class libraries. Allowing the use of decompilation in the Classpath
-project would open up a giant can of legal worms, which we wish to
-avoid.
address@hidden under any circumstances refer to proprietary code while
+working on GNU Classpath.} It is best if you have never looked at
+alternative proprietary core library code at all. To reduce
+temptation, it would be best if you deleted the @samp{src.zip} file
+from your proprietary JDK distribution (note that recent versions of
+GNU Classpath and the compilers and environments build on it are
+mature enough to not need any proprietary implementation at all when
+working on GNU Classpath, except in exceptional cases where you need
+to test compatibility issues pointed out by users). If you have
+signed Sun's non-disclosure statement, then you unfortunately cannot
+work on Classpath code at all. If you have any reason to believe that
+your code might be ``tainted'', please say something on the mailing
+list before writing anything. If it turns out that your code was not
+developed in a clean room environment, we could be very embarrassed
+someday in court. Please don't let that happen.
+
address@hidden
address@hidden decompile proprietary class library implementations.} While
+the wording of the license in Sun's Java 2 releases has changed, it is
+not acceptable, under any circumstances, for a person working on
+GNU Classpath to decompile Sun's class libraries. Allowing the use of
+decompilation in the GNU Classpath project would open up a giant can of
+legal worms, which we wish to avoid.
@item
Classpath is licensed under the terms of the
address@hidden://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.html,GNU General Public License},
-with a special exception included to allow linking with non-GPL licensed
-works as long as no other license would restrict such linking. To
-preserve freedom for all users and to maintain uniform licensing of
-Classpath, we will not accept code into the main distribution that is
-not licensed under these terms. The license can be read from any
-alpha release distributed from @uref{ftp://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/classpath/}
-or by obtaining a copy of the current CVS tree.
address@hidden://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.html,GNU General Public
+License}, with a special exception included to allow linking with
+non-GPL licensed works as long as no other license would restrict such
+linking. To preserve freedom for all users and to maintain uniform
+licensing of Classpath, we will not accept code into the main
+distribution that is not licensed under these terms. The exact
+wording of the license of the current version of GNU Classpath can be
+found online from the
address@hidden://www.gnu.org/software/classpath/license.html, GNU
+Classpath license page} and is of course distributed with current
+snapshot release from @uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/classpath/} or by
+obtaining a copy of the current CVS tree.
@item
-Classpath is GNU software and this project is being officially sponsored
+GNU Classpath is GNU software and this project is being officially sponsored
by the @uref{http://www.fsf.org/,Free Software Foundation}. Because of
this, the FSF will hold copyright to all code developed as part of
-Classpath. This will allow them to pursue copyright violators in court,
+GNU Classpath. This will allow them to pursue copyright violators in court,
something an individual developer may neither have the time nor
-resources to do. Everyone contributing code to Classpath will need to
+resources to do. Everyone contributing code to GNU Classpath will need to
sign a copyright assignment statement. Additionally, if you are
employed as a programmer, your employer may need to sign a copyright
waiver disclaiming all interest in the software. This may sound harsh,
@@ -168,10 +197,11 @@
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@chapter Volunteering to Help
-The Classpath project needs volunteers to help us out. People are
-needed to write unimplemented Java packages, to test Classpath on
-various platforms, and to port it to platforms that are currently
-unsupported.
+The GNU Classpath project needs volunteers to help us out. People are
+needed to write unimplemented core packages, to test GNU Classpath on
+free software programs written in the java programming language, to
+test it on various platforms, and to port it to platforms that are
+currently unsupported.
While pretty much all contributions are welcome (but see
@pxref{Requirements}) it is always preferable that volunteers do the
@@ -184,15 +214,16 @@
That means implementing any ``internal'' classes. For example, in the
java.net package, there are non-public classes for implementing sockets.
Without those classes, the public socket interface is useless. But do
-not feel obligated to completely replace all of Sun's functionality at
+not feel obligated to completely implement all of the functionality at
once. For example, in the java.net package, there are different types
of protocol handlers for different types of URL's. Not all of these
need to be written at once.
@item
-Please write complete and thorough javadoc comments for every public and
-protected method and variable. These should be superior to Sun's and
-cover everything about the item being documented.
+Please write complete and thorough API documentation comments for
+every public and protected method and variable. These should be
+superior to Sun's and cover everything about the item being
+documented.
@item
Please write a regression test package that can be used to run tests
@@ -204,11 +235,11 @@
ensure correctness and prevent regressions.
@end itemize
-With the exception of the AWT, writing tests and fixing bugs should be
-every developer's top priority in order to reach the elusive release
-of version 1.0.
+Writing good documentation, tests and fixing bugs should be every
+developer's top priority in order to reach the elusive release of
+version 1.0.
address@hidden Project Goals, Programming Tools, Volunteering, Top
address@hidden Project Goals, Needed Tools and Libraries, Volunteering, Top
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@chapter Project Goals
@@ -238,11 +269,19 @@
can shift depending on whether or not there is a volunteer to port
Classpath to those platforms and to test releases.
-Eventually we hope the Classpath will support all JVM's that provide JNI
-or CNI support. However, the top priority is free JVM's. A small, and
-probably incomplete list is below.
+Eventually we hope the Classpath will support all JVM's that provide
+JNI or CNI support. However, the top priority is free JVM's. A small
+list of Compiler/VM environments that are currently actively
+incorporating GNU Classpath is below. A more complete overview of
+projects based on GNU classpath can be found online at
address@hidden://www.gnu.org/software/classpath/stories.html,the GNU
+Classpath stories page}.
@enumerate
address@hidden
address@hidden://gcc.gnu.org/java/,GCJ}
address@hidden
address@hidden://jamvm.sourceforge.net/,jamvm}
@item
@uref{http://kissme.sourceforge.net/,Kissme}
@item
@@ -250,35 +289,52 @@
@item
@uref{http://www.sablevm.org/,SableVM}
@item
address@hidden://www.intel.com/research/mrl/orp/,Intel's Open Runtime Platform}
address@hidden
@uref{http://www.kaffe.org/,Kaffe}
address@hidden
address@hidden://www.japhar.org/,Japhar}
address@hidden
address@hidden://latte.snu.ac.kr/,LaTTe}
@end enumerate
As with OS platform support, this priority list could change if a
volunteer comes forward to port, maintain, and test releases for a
-particular JVM. Kaffe is now developing its own class library, so the
-priority of supporting that platform is not as high as for other free VMs.
-
-The initial target version for Classpath is Java 1.1. Java 2 can be
-implemented if desired, but please do not create classes that depend on
-Java 2 features in other packages unless Classpath already contains
-those features.
+particular JVM. Since gcj is part of the GNU Compiler Collective it
+is one of the most important targets. But since it doesn't currently
+work out of the box with GNU Classpath it is currently not the easiest
+target. When hacking on GNU Classpath the easiest is to use
+compilers and runtime environments that that work out of the box with
+it, such as the jikes compiler and the runtime environments jamvm and
+kissme. But you can also work directly with targets like gcj and
+kaffe that have their own copy of GNU Classpath currently. In that
+case changes have to be merged back into GNU Classpath proper though,
+which is sometimes more work. SableVM is starting to migrate from an
+integrated GNU Classpath version to being usable with GNU Classpath
+out of the box.
+
+
+The initial target version for Classpath is the 1.1 spec. Higher
+versions can be implemented (and have been implemented, including lots
+of 1.4 functionality) if desired, but please do not create classes
+that depend on features in those packages unless GNU Classpath already
+contains those features. GNU Classpath has been free of any
+proprietary dependencies for a long time now and we like to keep it
+that way. But finishing, polishing up, documenting, testing and
+debugging current functionality is of higher priority then adding new
+functionality.
address@hidden Programming Tools, Programming Standards, Project Goals, Top
address@hidden Needed Tools and Libraries, Programming Standards, Project
Goals, Top
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
address@hidden Programming Tools
address@hidden Needed Tools and Libraries
-If you want to hack on Classpath, you should download, install, and
-familiarize yourself with the following tools:
+If you want to hack on Classpath, you should at least download and
+install the following tools. And try to familiarize yourself with
+them. Although in most cases having these tools installed will be all
+you really need to know about them. Also note that when working on
+(snapshot) releases only GCC 3.3+ (plus a free VM from the list above
+and the libraries listed below) is needed. The other tools are only
+needed when working directly on the CVS version.
@itemize @bullet
@item
-CVS 1.11
+GCC 3.3+
address@hidden
+CVS 1.11+
@item
automake 1.7+
@item
@@ -301,11 +357,17 @@
@table @b
address@hidden GCC
+The GNU Compiler Collection. This contains a C compiler (gcc) for
+compiling the native C code and a compiler for the java programming
+language (gcj). You will need at least gcj version 3.3 or higher. If
+that version is not available for your platform you can try the
address@hidden://www.jikes.org/, jikes compiler}. We try to keep all code
+compilable with both gcj and jikes at all times.
+
@item CVS
A version control system that maintains a centralized Internet
-repository of all code in the Classpath system. Access to the
-repository requires an account. Contact C. Brian Jones
-(@email{cbj@@gnu.org}) for details.
+repository of all code in the Classpath system.
@item automake
This tool automatically creates Makefile.in files from Makefile.am
@@ -334,36 +396,167 @@
Larry Wall's scripting language. It is used internally by automake.
@end table
address@hidden Programming Standards, Programming Goals, Programming Tools, Top
+
+For compiling the native AWT libraries you need to have the following
+libraries installed:
+
address@hidden @b
address@hidden GTK+ 2.2.x
address@hidden://www.gtk.org/,GTK+} is a multi-platform toolkit for
+creating graphical user interfaces. It is used as the basis of the
+GNU desktop project GNOME.
+
address@hidden libart-lgpl 2.1+
address@hidden://www.gnome.org/start/,libart} is a GNOME library of
+functions for 2D graphics.
+
address@hidden gdk-pixbuf
address@hidden://www.gnome.org/start/,gdk-pixbuf} is a GNOME library for
+representing images.
address@hidden table
+
+
+GNU Classpath comes with a couple of libraries included in the source
+that are not part of GNU Classpath proper, but that have been included
+to provide certain needed functionality. All these external libraries
+should be clearly marked as such. In general we try to use as much as
+possible the clean upstream versions of these sources. That way
+merging in new versions will be easiest. You should always try to get
+bug fixes to these files accepted upstream first. Currently we
+include the following 'external' libraries. Most of these sources are
+included in the @file{external} directory. That directory also
+contains a @file{README} file explaining how to import newer versions.
+
address@hidden @b
+
address@hidden GNU jaxp
+Can be found in @file{external/jaxp}. Provides javax.xml, org.w3c and
+org.xml packages. Upstream is
address@hidden://www.gnu.org/software/classpathx/,GNU ClasspathX}.
+
address@hidden fdlibm
+Can be found in @file{native/fdlibm}. Provides native implementations
+of some of the Float and Double operations. Upstream is
address@hidden://gcc.gnu.org/java/,libgcj}, they sync again with the
+'real' upstream @uref{http://www.netlib.org/fdlibm/readme}. See also
+java.lang.StrictMath.
+
address@hidden table
+
+
address@hidden Programming Standards, Hacking Code, Needed Tools and Libraries,
Top
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@chapter Programming Standards
-For C code, follow the
+For C source code, follow the
@uref{http://www.fsf.org/prep/standards_toc.html,GNU Coding Standards}.
The standards also specify various things like the install directory
structure. These should be followed if possible.
-For Java code, please follow the
address@hidden://www.fsf.org/prep/standards_toc.html,GNU Coding Standards},
-with the exception of naming conventions. Please follow
address@hidden://java.sun.com/docs/codeconv/html/CodeConventions.doc8.html,Sun's
-naming conventions}. There are a number of exceptions to the GNU
-Coding Standards that we make for GNU Classpath and these will be
-documented soon as well as hopefully providing developers with a code
-formatting tool that closely matches those rules.
+For Java source code, please follow the
address@hidden://www.fsf.org/prep/standards_toc.html,GNU Coding
+Standards}, as much as possible. There are a number of exceptions to
+the GNU Coding Standards that we make for GNU Classpath as documented
+in this guide. We will hopefully be providing developers with a code
+formatting tool that closely matches those rules soon.
-For documentation comments, please follow
+For API documentation comments, please follow
@uref{http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/javadoc/writingdoccomments.html,How
-to Write Doc Comments for Javadoc}.
+to Write Doc Comments for Javadoc}. We would like to have a set of
+guidelines more tailored to GNU Classpath as part of this document.
+
address@hidden
+* Source Code Style Guide::
address@hidden menu
+
address@hidden Source Code Style Guide, , Programming Standards, Programming
Standards
address@hidden node-name, next, previous, up
address@hidden Java source coding style
+Here is a list of some specific rules used when hacking on GNU
+Classpath java source code. We try to follow the standard
address@hidden://www.gnu.org/prep/standards_23.html,GNU Coding Standards}
+for that. There are lots of tools that can automatically generate it
+(although most tools assume C source, not java source code) and it
+seems as good a standard as any. There are a couple of exceptions and
+specific rules when hacking on GNU Classpath java source code however.
+The following lists how code is formatted (and some other code
+conventions):
-Here is a list of some specific rules used when hacking on Classpath.
address@hidden FIXME for now there is only one, so just put it here
address@hidden really we need a new node, and a collected list of such rules
@itemize
@item
+If possible, generate specific imports (expand) over java.io.* type
+imports. Order by gnu, java, javax, org.
+
address@hidden
+Blank line after package statement, last import statement, classes,
+interfaces, methods.
+
address@hidden
+Opening/closing brace for class and method is at the same level of
+indent as the declaration. All other braces are indented and content
+between braces indented again.
+
address@hidden
+Since method definitions don't start in column zero anyway (since they
+are always inside a class definition), the rational for easy grepping
+for ``^method_def'' is mostly gone already. Since it is customary for
+almost everybody who writes java source code to put modifiers, return
+value and method name on the same line, we do too.
+
address@hidden fixme Another rational for always indenting the method
definition is that itmakes it a bit easier to distinguish methods in inner and
anonymousclasses from code in their enclosing context. NEED EXAMPLE.
+
address@hidden
+Implements and extends on separate lines, throws too. Indent extends,
+implements, throws. Apply deep indentation for method arguments.
+
address@hidden fixme Needs example.
+
address@hidden
+Don't add a space between a method or constructor call/definition and
+the open-bracket. This is because often the return value is an object on
+which you want to apply another method or from which you want to access
+a field.
+
+Don't write:
+
address@hidden
+ getToolkit ().createWindow (this);
address@hidden example
+
+But write:
address@hidden
+ getToolkit().createWindow(this);
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+The GNU Coding Standard it gives examples for almost every construct
+(if, switch, do, while, etc.). One missing is the try-catch construct
+which should be formatted as:
+
address@hidden
+ try
+ @{
+ //
+ @}
+ catch (...)
+ @{
+ //
+ @}
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden
+Wrap lines at 80 characters after assignments and before operators.
+Wrap always before extends, implements, throws, and labels.
+
address@hidden
+Don't put multiple class definitions in the same file, except for
+inner classes. File names (plus .java) and class names should be the
+same.
+
address@hidden
Don't catch a @code{NullPointerException} as an alternative to simply
checking for @code{null}. It is clearer and usually more efficient
to simply write an explicit check.
@@ -433,10 +626,240 @@
When overriding @code{Object.equals}, remember that @code{instanceof}
filters out @code{null}, so an explicit check is not needed.
address@hidden
+When catching an exception and rethrowing a new exception you should
+``chain'' the Throwables. Don't just add the String representation of
+the catched exception.
+
address@hidden
+ try
+ @{
+ // Some code that can throw
+ @}
+ catch (IOException ioe)
+ @{
+ throw (SQLException) new SQLException("Database corrupt").setCause(ioe);
+ @}
address@hidden example
+
address@hidden fixme Describe Anonymous classes (example).
address@hidden fixme Descibe Naming conventions when different from GNU Coding
Standards.
address@hidden fixme Describee API doc javadoc tags used.
+
address@hidden itemize
+
+Some things are the same as in the normal GNU Coding Standards:
+
address@hidden
+
address@hidden
+Unnecessary braces can be removed, one line after an if, for, while as
+examples.
+
address@hidden
+Space around operators (assignment, logical, relational, bitwise,
+mathematical, shift).
+
address@hidden
+Blank line before single-line comments, multi-line comments, javadoc
+comments.
+
address@hidden
+If more than 2 blank lines, trim to 2.
+
address@hidden
+Don't keep commented out code. Just remove it or add a real comment
+describing what it used to do and why it is changed to the current
+implementation.
address@hidden itemize
+
+
address@hidden Hacking Code, Programming Goals, Programming Standards, Top
address@hidden node-name, next, previous, up
address@hidden Working on the code, Working with others
+
+There are a lot of people helping out with GNU Classpath. Here are a
+couple of practical guidelines to make working together on the code
+smoother.
+
+The main thing is to always discuss what you are up to on the
+mailinglist. Making sure that everybody knows who is working on what
+is the most important thing to make sure we cooperate most
+effectively.
+
+We maintain a
address@hidden://www.gnu.org/software/classpath/tasks.html,Task List}
+which contains items that you might want to work on.
+
+Before starting to work on something please make sure you read this
+complete guide. And discuss it on list to make sure your work does
+not duplicate or interferes with work someone else is already doing.
+Always make sure that you submit things that are your own work. And
+that you have paperwork on file (as stated in the requirements
+section) with the FSF authorizing the use of your additions.
+
+Technically the GNU Classpath project is hosted on
address@hidden://savannah.gnu.org/,Savannah} a central point for
+development, distribution and maintenance of GNU Software. Here you
+will find the
address@hidden://savannah.gnu.org/projects/classpath/,project page}, bug
+reports, pending patches, links to mailing lists, news items and CVS.
+
+You can find instructions on getting a CVS checkout for classpath at
address@hidden://savannah.gnu.org/cvs/?group=classpath}.
+
+You don't have to get CVS commit write access to contribute, but it is
+sometimes more convenient to be able to add your changes directly to
+the project CVS. Please contact the GNU Classpath savannah admins to
+arrange CVS access if you would like to have it.
+
+Make sure to be subscribed to the commit-classpath mailinglist while
+you are actively hacking on Classpath. You have to send patches (cvs
+diff -uN) to this list before committing.
+
+We really want to have a pretty open check-in policy. But this means
+that you should be extra careful if you check something in. If at all
+in doubt or if you think that something might need extra explaining
+since it is not completely obvious please make a little announcement
+about the change on the mailinglist. And if you do commit something
+without discussing it first and another GNU Classpath hackers asks for
+extra explanation or suggests to revert a certain commit then please
+reply to the request by explaining why something should be so or if
+you agree to revert it. (Just reverting immediately is OK without
+discussion, but then please don't mix it with other changes and please
+say so on list.)
+
+Patches that are already approved for libgcj or also OK for Classpath.
+(But you still have to send a patch/diff to the list.) All other
+patches require you to think whether or not they are really OK and
+non-controversial, or if you would like some feedback first on them
+before committing. We might get real commit rules in the future, for
+now use your own judgment, but be a bit conservative.
+
+Always contact the GNU Classpath maintainer before adding anything
+non-trivial that you didn't write yourself and that does not come from
+libgcj or from another known GNU Classpath or libgcj hacker. If you
+have been assigned to commit changes on behalf of another project or
+a company always make sure they come from people who have signed the
+papers for the FSF and/or fall under the arrangement your company made
+with the FSF for contributions. Mention in the ChangeLog who actually
+wrote the patch.
+
+Commits for completely unrelated changes they should be committed
+separately (especially when doing a formatting change and a logical
+change, do them in two separate commits). But do try to do a commit of
+as much things/files that are done at the same time which can
+logically be seen as part of the same change/cleanup etc.
+
+When the change fixes an important bug or adds nice new functionality
+please write a short entry for inclusion in the NEWS file. If it
+changes the VM interface you must mention that in both the NEWS file
+and the VM Integration Guide.
+
+All the ``rules'' are really meant to make sure that GNU Classpath
+will be maintainable in the long run and to give all the projects that
+are now using GNU Classpath an accurate view of the changes we make to
+the code and to see what changed when. If you think the requirements
+are ``unworkable'' please try it first for a couple of weeks. If you
+still feel the same after having some more experience with the project
+please feel free to bring up suggestions for improvements on the list.
+But don't just ignore the rules! Other hackers depend on them being
+followed to be the most productive they can be (given the above
+constraints).
+
address@hidden
+* Writing ChangeLogs::
address@hidden menu
+
address@hidden Writing ChangeLogs, , Hacking Code, Hacking Code
address@hidden node-name, next, previous, up
address@hidden Documenting what changed when with ChangeLog entries
+
+To keep track of who did what when we keep an explicit ChangeLog entry
+together with the code. This mirrors the CVS commit messages and in
+general the ChangeLog entry is the same as the CVS commit message.
+This provides an easy way for people getting a (snapshot) release or
+without access to the CVS server to see what happened when. We do not
+generate the ChangeLog file automatically from the CVS server since
+that is not reliable.
+
+A good ChangeLog entry guideline can be found in the Guile Manual at
address@hidden://www.gnu.org/software/guile/changelogs/guile-changelogs_3.html}.
+
+Here are some example to explain what should or shouldn't be in a
+ChangeLog entry (and the corresponding commit message):
+
address@hidden
+
address@hidden
+The first line of a ChangeLog entry should be:
+
address@hidden
+[date] <two spaces> [full name] <two spaces> [email-contact]
address@hidden example
+
+The second line should be blank. All other lines should be indented
+with one tab.
+
address@hidden
+Just state what was changed. Why something is done as it is done in
+the current code should be either stated in the code itself or be
+added to one of the documentation files (like this Hacking Guide).
+
+So don't write:
+
address@hidden
+ * java/awt/font/OpenType.java: Remove 'public static final'
+ from OpenType tags, reverting the change of 2003-08-11. See
+ Classpath discussion list of 2003-08-11.
address@hidden example
+
+Just state:
+
address@hidden
+ * java/awt/font/OpenType.java: Remove 'public static final' from
+ all member fields.
address@hidden example
+
+In this case the reason for the change was added to this guide.
+
address@hidden
+Just as with the normal code style guide, don't make lines longer then
+80 characters.
+
address@hidden
+Just as with comments in the code. The ChangeLog entry should be a
+full sentence, starting with a captital and ending with a period.
+
address@hidden
+Be precise in what changed, not the effect of the change (which should
+be clear from the code/patch). So don't write:
+
address@hidden
+ * java/io/ObjectOutputStream.java : Allow putFields be called more
+ than once.
address@hidden example
+
+But explain what changed and in which methods it was changed:
+
address@hidden
+ * java/io/ObjectOutputStream.java (putFields): Don't call
+ markFieldsWritten(). Only create new PutField when
+ currentPutField is null.
+ (writeFields): Call markFieldsWritten().
address@hidden example
+
@end itemize
+The above are all just guidelines. We all appreciate the fact that writing
+ChangeLog entries, using a coding style that is not ``your own'' and the
+CVS, patch and diff tools do take some time to getting used to. So don't
+feel like you have to do it perfect right away or that contributions
+aren't welcome if they aren't ``perfect''. We all learn by doing and
+interacting with each other.
+
address@hidden Programming Goals, API Compatibility, Programming Standards, Top
address@hidden Programming Goals, API Compatibility, Hacking Code, Top
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@chapter Programming Goals
@@ -621,11 +1044,11 @@
@chapter API Compatibility
@menu
-* Serialization:: Serialization
-* Deprecated Methods:: Deprecated methods
+* Serialization:: Serialization
+* Deprecated Methods:: Deprecated methods
@end menu
address@hidden Serialization, Deprecated Methods, , API Compatibility
address@hidden Serialization, Deprecated Methods, API Compatibility, API
Compatibility
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@section Serialization
@@ -654,7 +1077,7 @@
instead. Japitools is also the primary means of checking API
compatibility for GNU Classpath with Sun's Java Platform.
address@hidden Deprecated Methods, , Serialization, API Compatibility
address@hidden Deprecated Methods, , Serialization, API Compatibility
@comment node-name, next, previous, up
@section Deprecated Methods
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- Updated the Hacker Guide,
Mark Wielaard <=