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www/philosophy/po shouldbefree.zh-cn.po
From: |
Wensheng XIE |
Subject: |
www/philosophy/po shouldbefree.zh-cn.po |
Date: |
Sat, 12 May 2018 09:33:11 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Wensheng XIE <wxie> 18/05/12 09:33:11
Added files:
philosophy/po : shouldbefree.zh-cn.po
Log message:
zh-cn: new translation
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/shouldbefree.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: shouldbefree.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: shouldbefree.zh-cn.po
diff -N shouldbefree.zh-cn.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ shouldbefree.zh-cn.po 12 May 2018 13:33:09 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1658 @@
+# Simplified Chinese translation of
https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/shouldbefree.html
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
+# çæå <address@hidden>, 2011.
+# Wensheng Xie <address@hidden>, 2018.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: shouldbefree.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-01-01 05:59+0000\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2018-05-12 21:30+0800\n"
+"Last-Translator: Wensheng Xie <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Chinese <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language: zh_CN\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <title>
+msgid "Why Software Should Be Free - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr "为ä»ä¹è½¯ä»¶åºè¯¥æ¯èªç±ç - GNUå·¥ç¨ - èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Why Software Should Be Free"
+msgstr "为ä»ä¹è½¯ä»¶åºè¯¥æ¯èªç±ç"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>
è"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Introduction"
+msgstr "ç®ä»"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The existence of software inevitably raises the question of how decisions "
+"about its use should be made. For example, suppose one individual who has a "
+"copy of a program meets another who would like a copy. It is possible for "
+"them to copy the program; who should decide whether this is done? The "
+"individuals involved? Or another party, called the “owner”?"
+msgstr ""
+"软件çåå¨ä¸å¯é¿å
å°å¼èµ·äºæå
³å®ç使ç¨åºè¯¥å¦ä½å³å®çé®é¢ã举ä¾æ¥è¯´ï¼å设ä¸ä¸ª"
+"人æ¥æä¸ä¸ªç¨åºçä¸ä»½æ·è´ï¼èä»åéå°å¦ä¸ä¸ªæ³è¦æ·è´ç人ãä»ä»¬å°±æå¯è½å¤å¶è¿ä¸ª"
+"ç¨åºï¼é£ä¹è¿ç§åæ³ç容许ä¸å¦åºè¯¥ç±è°æ¥å¤æå¢ï¼åä¸å
¶ä¸ç个人ï¼è¿æ¯è¢«ç§°ä½"
+"“ææè
”çå¦ä¸æ¹ï¼"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Software developers typically consider these questions on the assumption "
+"that the criterion for the answer is to maximize developers' profits. The "
+"political power of business has led to the government adoption of both this "
+"criterion and the answer proposed by the developers: that the program has an "
+"owner, typically a corporation associated with its development."
+msgstr ""
+"å
¸åç软件å¼å人åä¼ä»¥å¼å人åçå©æ¶¦æ大åè¿ä¸ªæ
åä½ä¸ºå设æ¥èèè¿äºé®é¢ãå"
+"ä¸çæ¿æ²»åé使å¾æ¿åºé纳äºä¸è¿°æ
ååå¼å人å建议ççæ¡ï¼å³è½¯ä»¶é½æä¸ä¸ªææ"
+"è
ï¼èè¿ä¸ªææè
ä¸è¬æ¯ä¸ä¸ªåä¸å
¶å¼åçå
¬å¸ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I would like to consider the same question using a different criterion: the "
+"prosperity and freedom of the public in general."
+msgstr ""
+"èæå´å欢ç¨ä¸ä¸ªä¸ä¹ä¸åçæ
åæ¥èèç¸åçé®é¢ï¼å¤§ä¼ç¤¾ä¼çæ®éç¹è£åèªç±ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This answer cannot be decided by current law—the law should conform to "
+"ethics, not the other way around. Nor does current practice decide this "
+"question, although it may suggest possible answers. The only way to judge "
+"is to see who is helped and who is hurt by recognizing owners of software, "
+"why, and how much. In other words, we should perform a cost-benefit "
+"analysis on behalf of society as a whole, taking account of individual "
+"freedom as well as production of material goods."
+msgstr ""
+"è¿ä¸ªé®é¢è¿ä¸è½è¢«ç°æçæ³å¾æè£å®—æ³å¾åºå½éµå¾ªéå¾·è§èï¼èä¸æ¯åè¿æ¥ãç°"
+"è¡çæ¯ä¾ä¹ä¸è½è§£å³è¿ä¸ªé®é¢ï¼è½ç¶å®ä»¬å¯ä»¥æè®®å¯è½ççæ¡ãå¯ä¸çåæ³æ¯ççå¦æ"
+"软件æäºææè
ï¼è°è¢«å¸®å©ãè°è¢«ä¼¤å®³ã为ä»ä¹ä»¥åæå¤å°ãæ¢å¥è¯è¯´ï¼æ们åºè¯¥å¯¹æ´"
+"个社ä¼ï¼å
æ¬èè个人èªç±åç©è´¨ç产ï¼è¿è¡ææ¬-å©çåæã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In this essay, I will describe the effects of having owners, and show that "
+"the results are detrimental. My conclusion is that programmers have the "
+"duty to encourage others to share, redistribute, study, and improve the "
+"software we write: in other words, to write <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw."
+"html\">“free” software</a>.<a href=\"#f1\">(1)</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"å¨è¿ç¯æç« ä¸ï¼æå°åè¿°æ¥æææè
带æ¥çå½±åï¼å¹¶æåºç»ææ¯ä¸å©çãæçç»è®ºæ¯ç¨"
+"åºåæä¹å¡å»é¼å±ä»äººå
±äº«ãååå¸ãç
究并æ¹è¿æ们ç¼åç软件ï¼æ¢å¥è¯è¯´ï¼å°±æ¯è¦"
+"å<a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">“èªç±”软件</a>ã<a
href="
+"\"#f1\">(1)</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "How Owners Justify Their Power"
+msgstr "软件ææè
å¦ä½åçåä»ä»¬çæå"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Those who benefit from the current system where programs are property offer "
+"two arguments in support of their claims to own programs: the emotional "
+"argument and the economic argument."
+msgstr ""
+"å¨å½åçç³»ç»ä¸ï¼ç¨åºå°±æ¯è´¢äº§ï¼ä»ä¸è·å©ç人æåºäºä¸¤ä¸ªè®ºè¯ä»¥æ¯æä»ä»¬æ¥æç¨åºç"
+"声æï¼ææ
ä¸ç论è¯åç»æµä¸ç论è¯ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The emotional argument goes like this: “I put my sweat, my heart, my "
+"soul into this program. It comes from <em>me</em>, it's <em>mine</em>!"
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+"ææ
ä¸ç论è¯æ¯è¿æ ·ç3æå¨è¿ä¸ªç¨åºä¸æå
¥äºæ±æ°´ãçæ
åç²¾åãå®å <em>æ"
+"</em>èæ¥ï¼æ以å®æ¯<em>æç</em>ï¼”"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This argument does not require serious refutation. The feeling of "
+"attachment is one that programmers can cultivate when it suits them; it is "
+"not inevitable. Consider, for example, how willingly the same programmers "
+"usually sign over all rights to a large corporation for a salary; the "
+"emotional attachment mysteriously vanishes. By contrast, consider the great "
+"artists and artisans of medieval times, who didn't even sign their names to "
+"their work. To them, the name of the artist was not important. What "
+"mattered was that the work was done—and the purpose it would serve. "
+"This view prevailed for hundreds of years."
+msgstr ""
+"è¿ä¸ªè§ç¹å¹¶ä¸éè¦ééçå驳ãå½è¿éåä»ä»¬æ¶ï¼ç¨åºåå¯ä»¥å¹è²è¿ç§ä¾æçææ
ï¼ä½"
+"æ¯è¿å¹¶ä¸æ¯ä¸å¯é¿å
çã举个ä¾åï¼ç»æ³åæ
·çç¨åºåæ¯å¤ä¹æ¿ææä¸åæå转让ç»ä¸"
+"个大å
¬å¸ä»¥è·åèªæ°´åï¼é£ç§ä¾æçææ
ç¥ç§å°æ¶éäºãä¸ä¹ç¸å¯¹ï¼ä¸ä¸çºªæ¶æä¼å¤§ç"
+"èºæ¯å®¶åå·¥å
们ï¼è°å没æå¨èªå·±çä½åä¸ç½²åå¢ã对äºä½åæ¥è¯´ï¼èºæ¯å®¶çååä¸é£"
+"ä¹éè¦ãéè¦çæ¯å·¥ä½å®æ亗èä¸æ»¡è¶³äºè¦æ±ãè¿ç§è§ç¹çè¡äºå
ç¾å¹´ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The economic argument goes like this: “I want to get rich (usually "
+"described inaccurately as ‘making a living’), and if you don't "
+"allow me to get rich by programming, then I won't program. Everyone else is "
+"like me, so nobody will ever program. And then you'll be stuck with no "
+"programs at all!” This threat is usually veiled as friendly advice "
+"from the wise."
+msgstr ""
+"ç»æµä¸ç论è¯æ¯è¿æ
·ç3ææ³åå¾å¯æï¼é常被ä¸åç¡®å°ç§°ä¸º‘è°ç"
+"’ï¼ï¼å¦æä½ ä¸è®©æéè¿ç¼ç¨è´å¯ï¼é£æå°±ä¸ç¼äºãå
¶ä»äººåæä¸æ ·ï¼æ以没人å"
+"ç¼ç¨äºãç¶åä½ å°å æ ç¨åºå¯ç¨èé·å
¥å°å¢ï¼”è¿ç§å¨èé常å«æ²å°å½±ï¼ä»¥èªæ人"
+"æåºçå好建议为æ©é¥°ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I'll explain later why this threat is a bluff. First I want to address an "
+"implicit assumption that is more visible in another formulation of the "
+"argument."
+msgstr ""
+"ç¨åæä¼è§£éè¿ç§å¨èä¸è¿æ¯èå¼ å£°å¿ç½¢äºãé¦å
ææ³è®¨è®ºä¸ä¸ªéå«çå设ï¼è¯¥å设å¨"
+"以å¦ä¸ç§æ¹æ³è¡¨è¾¾è¿ä¸ªè®ºè¯æ¶ä¼æ´å ææ¾ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This formulation starts by comparing the social utility of a proprietary "
+"program with that of no program, and then concludes that proprietary "
+"software development is, on the whole, beneficial, and should be "
+"encouraged. The fallacy here is in comparing only two outcomes—"
+"proprietary software versus no software—and assuming there are no "
+"other possibilities."
+msgstr ""
+"该表达以对æ¯æä¸å©ç¨åºåæ
ç¨åºå¯ç¨ç社ä¼æçå¼å§ï¼ç¶åå¾åºä¸å©ç¨åºçå¼åæ´ä½"
+"ä¸æ¯æççï¼å¹¶ä¸åºè¯¥å
以é¼å±ãç¶èæ¤è®ºè°çèè°¬ä¹å¤å¨äºä»
ä»
对æ¯äºä¸¤ç§ç»æ"
+"&mdashä¸å±è½¯ä»¶å没æ软件—并å设没æå
¶ä»çå¯è½ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Given a system of software copyright, software development is usually linked "
+"with the existence of an owner who controls the software's use. As long as "
+"this linkage exists, we are often faced with the choice of proprietary "
+"software or none. However, this linkage is not inherent or inevitable; it "
+"is a consequence of the specific social/legal policy decision that we are "
+"questioning: the decision to have owners. To formulate the choice as "
+"between proprietary software versus no software is begging the question."
+msgstr ""
+"软件系ç»æäºçæï¼è½¯ä»¶å¼åé常就åå
¶ææè
çåå¨æå
³ï¼ä»ä»¬å¯ä»¥æ§å¶è¯¥è½¯ä»¶ç使"
+"ç¨ãåªè¦è¿ä¸ªèç³»åå¨ï¼æ们就ç»å¸¸è¦å¨ä¸æ软件å没æ软件ä¹é´ä½åºéæ©ãç¶èï¼è¿"
+"个è系并ä¸æ¯åºææå¿
ç¶çï¼èæ¯ç¹å®ç社ä¼/æ³å¾æ¿çå³å®çåæï¼èè¿å³å®æ£æ¯æ们"
+"æè´¨ççï¼è½¯ä»¶è¯¥æææè
çå³å®ãå°äºæ
解éæåªè½å¨ä¸å©è½¯ä»¶å没æ软件两è
ä¸äº"
+"éä¸ç论ç¹ä¿ä½¿æ们æåºè´¨çã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The Argument against Having Owners"
+msgstr "å对æ¥æææè
ç论è¯"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The question at hand is, “Should development of software be linked "
+"with having owners to restrict the use of it?”"
+msgstr ""
+"å½åçé®é¢æ¯ï¼“软件çå¼ååºè¯¥åéå¶å®ä»¬ä½¿ç¨çææè
èç³»å¨ä¸èµ·åï¼"
+"”"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In order to decide this, we have to judge the effect on society of each of "
+"those two activities <em>independently</em>: the effect of developing the "
+"software (regardless of its terms of distribution), and the effect of "
+"restricting its use (assuming the software has been developed). If one of "
+"these activities is helpful and the other is harmful, we would be better off "
+"dropping the linkage and doing only the helpful one."
+msgstr ""
+"为äºè§£å³è¿ä¸ªé®é¢ï¼æ们å¿
é¡»<em>ç¬ç«å°</em>å¤æ两ç§æ´»å¨ç社ä¼å½±åï¼å¼å软件çå½±"
+"åï¼ä¸ç®¡å®ä»¥ä½ç§æ¹å¼åå¸ï¼åéå¶å®ä½¿ç¨çå½±åï¼å设软件已ç»å¼åå®æäºï¼ãå¦æ"
+"两è
ä¹ä¸ä¸ä¸ªæ¯æççèå¦ä¸ä¸ªæ¯æ害çï¼ä¸¢å¼äºè
çå
³èèåªåæççé£ä¸ªå¯¹æ们å°"
+"æ¯æå©çã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To put it another way, if restricting the distribution of a program already "
+"developed is harmful to society overall, then an ethical software developer "
+"will reject the option of doing so."
+msgstr ""
+"ç¨å¦ä¸æ¹æ³æ¥è®²ï¼å¦æéå¶å·²å¼å软件çåå¸å¯¹ç¤¾ä¼æ´ä½æ害çè¯ï¼é£ä¹ä¸ä¸ªæéå¾·ç"
+"软件å¼å人åä¼æç»è¿æ ·åã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To determine the effect of restricting sharing, we need to compare the value "
+"to society of a restricted (i.e., proprietary) program with that of the same "
+"program, available to everyone. This means comparing two possible worlds."
+msgstr ""
+"为äºå¤å®éå¶å
±äº«çå½±åï¼æ们éè¦å¯¹æ¯éå¶ï¼äº¦å³ï¼ä¸å±ï¼ç¨åºç¤¾ä¼çä»·å¼åä¸å
񄧮"
+"ç¨åºç¤¾ä¼çä»·å¼ãè¿å°±æå³è对æ¯ä¸¤ä¸ªå¯è½çä¸çã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This analysis also addresses the simple counterargument sometimes made that "
+"“the benefit to the neighbor of giving him or her a copy of a program "
+"is cancelled by the harm done to the owner.” This counterargument "
+"assumes that the harm and the benefit are equal in magnitude. The analysis "
+"involves comparing these magnitudes, and shows that the benefit is much "
+"greater."
+msgstr ""
+"è¿é¡¹åæ论åä¸ä¸ªç®åçåæ¹è§ç¹—ææ¶ç§°ä¸º“ç»é»å±
ä¸ä»½ç¨åºæ·è´ç好å¤"
+"ä¼è¢«å¯¹æ¥æè
æé
æç伤害ææµæ¶ã”è¿ç§è§ç¹å设å©å®³å¨ç¨åº¦ä¸æ¯ç¸ççãæ们"
+"çåæå
æ¬è¿äºç¨åº¦çä¹é´å¯¹æ¯ï¼å¹¶å±ç¤ºå¥½å¤è¦å¤§å¾å¤ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To elucidate this argument, let's apply it in another area: road "
+"construction."
+msgstr "为éæè¿ä¸ªè§ç¹ï¼è®©æ们æå®åºç¨å°å¦å¤ä¸ä¸ªé¢åï¼å
¬è·¯å»ºè®¾ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It would be possible to fund the construction of all roads with tolls. This "
+"would entail having toll booths at all street corners. Such a system would "
+"provide a great incentive to improve roads. It would also have the virtue "
+"of causing the users of any given road to pay for that road. However, a "
+"toll booth is an artificial obstruction to smooth driving—artificial, "
+"because it is not a consequence of how roads or cars work."
+msgstr ""
+"ç¨éè¡è´¹æ¥ä¸ºææçå
¬è·¯å»ºè®¾ç¹éèµéä¹è®¸æ¯å¯è¡çãè¿ä¼æ¶åå¨æ¯ä¸ªè¡è§è®¾ç«æ¶è´¹"
+"ç«ãè¿æ ·çç³»ç»ä¼ç»æ¹åé路以æ大çé¼å±ãé路使ç¨è
为éè·¯ä»è´¹ä¹æ¯å®çä¸ä¸ªä¼"
+"ç¹ãç¶èï¼æ¶è´¹ç«å´æ¯é¡ºå©è¡é©¶ç人é
éç¢ç©—å®æ¯äººé çï¼å 为å®ä¸æ¯éè·¯ææ±½"
+"车工ä½æ¹å¼çç»æã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Comparing free roads and toll roads by their usefulness, we find that (all "
+"else being equal) roads without toll booths are cheaper to construct, "
+"cheaper to run, safer, and more efficient to use.<a href=\"#f2\">(2)</a> In "
+"a poor country, tolls may make the roads unavailable to many citizens. The "
+"roads without toll booths thus offer more benefit to society at less cost; "
+"they are preferable for society. Therefore, society should choose to fund "
+"roads in another way, not by means of toll booths. Use of roads, once "
+"built, should be free."
+msgstr ""
+"对æ¯å
è´¹å
¬è·¯åä»è´¹å
¬è·¯çå¯ç¨æ§ï¼æ们åç°ï¼å
¶ä»æ¹é¢é½ç¸åï¼æ æ¶è´¹ç«çå
¬è·¯ç建"
+"é åè¿è¡é½æ´ç»æµï¼ä½¿ç¨èµ·æ¥ä¹æ´å®å
¨ãæ´é«æã<a
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+"家ï¼æ¶è´¹ç«å¯è½ä½¿è®¸å¤å
¬æ°ç¨ä¸èµ·å
¬è·¯ãå
è没ææ¶è´¹ç«çå
¬è·¯ä»¥è¾ä½çææ¬ä¸ºç¤¾ä¼æ"
+"ä¾æ´å¤çå©çï¼å¯¹ç¤¾ä¼æ¥è¯´å®ä»¬æ´å¯åãå
æ¤ï¼ç¤¾ä¼åºè¯¥éæ©ç¨å
¶ä»æ¹å¼èä¸æ¯ç¨æ¶è´¹"
+"ç«æ¥ç¹éçè·¯èµéãéè·¯ç使ç¨æ¯ä¸æ¦å»ºæï¼å°±åºè¯¥å
费使ç¨ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When the advocates of toll booths propose them as <em>merely</em> a way of "
+"raising funds, they distort the choice that is available. Toll booths do "
+"raise funds, but they do something else as well: in effect, they degrade the "
+"road. The toll road is not as good as the free road; giving us more or "
+"technically superior roads may not be an improvement if this means "
+"substituting toll roads for free roads."
+msgstr ""
+"å½æ¶è´¹ç«çæå¡è
<em>ä»
</em>ä½ä¸ºä¸ç§ç¹èµæ段æ¥æè®®æ¶è´¹ç«æ¶ï¼ä»ä»¬ææ²äºå¯è¡çé"
+"æ©ãæ¶è´¹ç«çç¡®å¯ä»¥å¢å èµéï¼ä½å®ä»¬è¿æå
¶ä»çä½ç¨ï¼å®é
ä¸ï¼ä»ä»¬ä½¿å
¬è·¯é级ãä»"
+"è´¹å
¬è·¯ä¸å¦å
è´¹å
¬è·¯å¥½ï¼å¦ææ´å¤çéè·¯ææ´å
è¿çéè·¯æå³çç¨æ¶è´¹å
¬è·¯ä»£æ¿å
è´¹å
¬"
+"è·¯çè¯ï¼é£ä¹è¿åºè¯¥ä¸æ¯è¿æ¥ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Of course, the construction of a free road does cost money, which the public "
+"must somehow pay. However, this does not imply the inevitability of toll "
+"booths. We who must in either case pay will get more value for our money by "
+"buying a free road."
+msgstr ""
+"å½ç¶ï¼å»ºé å
è´¹å
¬è·¯ä¹éè¦èµéï¼è¿æ¯å¤§ä¼å¿
须以æç§æ¹å¼æ¯ä»çãç¶èï¼è¿å¹¶ä¸æ示"
+"æ¶è´¹ç«åå¨çå¿
ç¶ãæ¢ç¶åªä¸ä¸ªé½è¦è±é±ï¼æ们å®æ¿è±é±å»ºè®¾å
è´¹å
¬è·¯èè·å¾æ´å¤çä»·"
+"å¼ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I am not saying that a toll road is worse than no road at all. That would "
+"be true if the toll were so great that hardly anyone used the road—but "
+"this is an unlikely policy for a toll collector. However, as long as the "
+"toll booths cause significant waste and inconvenience, it is better to raise "
+"the funds in a less obstructive fashion."
+msgstr ""
+"æ并ä¸æ¯è¯´ä»è´¹å
¬è·¯æ¯æ²¡æå
¬è·¯è¿è¦ç³ãä¹è®¸ä¼æ¯é£æ
·ï¼å¦æè´¹ç¨é常ä¹é«ä»¥è³äºæ²¡äºº"
+"使ç¨å
¬è·¯—ä½æ¶è´¹è
ä¸å¤ªä¼éåè¿æ
·çæ¿çãç¶èï¼åªè¦æ¶è´¹ç«é æææ¾ç浪费å"
+"ä¸ä¾¿ï¼åæ好è¿æ¯ç¨é»ç¢å°çæ¹å¼ç¹éèµéã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To apply the same argument to software development, I will now show that "
+"having “toll booths” for useful software programs costs society "
+"dearly: it makes the programs more expensive to construct, more expensive to "
+"distribute, and less satisfying and efficient to use. It will follow that "
+"program construction should be encouraged in some other way. Then I will go "
+"on to explain other methods of encouraging and (to the extent actually "
+"necessary) funding software development."
+msgstr ""
+"为æç¸å论è¯åºç¨å¨è½¯ä»¶å¼åä¸ï¼æç°å¨å°è¯æç»æç¨ç软件设置“æ¶è´¹ç«"
+"”ä¼ä½¿ç¤¾ä¼ä»åºäºæ大ç代价ï¼å®ä½¿ç¨åºç建é
ååè¡æ´æè´µã使ç¨ä¸ä¹æ´å 令人"
+"ä¸æ»¡æãæçä¹æ´ä½ãæ¥çï¼æå°æåºç¨åºç建é åºè¯¥ä»¥å
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ä¸è¾¾å°å¿
è¦çç¨åº¦ï¼èµå©è½¯ä»¶å¼åçå
¶ä»æ¹æ³ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "The Harm Done by Obstructing Software"
+msgstr "éç¢è½¯ä»¶å¸¦æ¥ç害å¤"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Consider for a moment that a program has been developed, and any necessary "
+"payments for its development have been made; now society must choose either "
+"to make it proprietary or allow free sharing and use. Assume that the "
+"existence of the program and its availability is a desirable thing.<a href="
+"\"#f3\">(3)</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"ç»æ³æè¿ä¹ä¸ä¸ªæ¶å»ï¼ä¸ä¸ªç¨åºå¼åå®æï¼èä¸ææå¼å款项é½å·²ä»æ¸
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+"å¨ä¸å±æèªç±å
±äº«ä¸ä½¿ç¨ä¹é´äºéä¸ãå设该ç¨åºçåå¨åå¯ç¨æ¯ä¸ä»¶ä»¤äººæ¸´æçäº"
+"æ
ã<a href=\"#f3\">(3)</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Restrictions on the distribution and modification of the program cannot "
+"facilitate its use. They can only interfere. So the effect can only be "
+"negative. But how much? And what kind?"
+msgstr ""
+"对ç¨åºçåå¸åä¿®æ¹æ½å
éå¶ä¸è½ä½¿å®æ´å®¹æ使ç¨ãå®ä»¬åªä¼é
æé»ç¢ãæ以影åä¸å®"
+"æ¯è´é¢çãä½æå¤ä¸¥éï¼åæ¯ä»ä¹æ ·çå¢ï¼"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "Three different levels of material harm come from such obstruction:"
+msgstr "è¿ç§é»ç¢é æçå®è´¨å±å®³æä¸ä¸ªä¸åç级ï¼"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "Fewer people use the program."
+msgstr "æ´å°ç人使ç¨è¯¥ç¨åºã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "None of the users can adapt or fix the program."
+msgstr "使ç¨è
æ æ³æ¹åæä¿®å¤è¯¥ç¨åºã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "Other developers cannot learn from the program, or base new work on it."
+msgstr "å
¶ä»å¼å人åä¸è½ä»è¿ä¸ªç¨åºä¸å¦å°ä¸è¥¿ï¼æè
ä¸è½ä»¥å®ä¸ºåºç¡è¿è¡æ°çå¼åã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Each level of material harm has a concomitant form of psychosocial harm. "
+"This refers to the effect that people's decisions have on their subsequent "
+"feelings, attitudes, and predispositions. These changes in people's ways of "
+"thinking will then have a further effect on their relationships with their "
+"fellow citizens, and can have material consequences."
+msgstr ""
+"æ¯ä¸çº§å«çç©è´¨å±å®³é½ä¼´éèä¸ç§å¿ç伤害ãè¿æçæ¯äººä»¬ä»ä»ä»¬éåçæè§ãæ度å"
+"å¾åå½ä¸ååºçå³å®æé
æçå½±åã人们æèæ¹å¼çåå对å
¶ååç±»å
¬æ°ä¹é´çå
³ç³»æ"
+"æ·±è¿çå½±åï¼å¹¶ä¸è½å¤é æç©è´¨çåæã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The three levels of material harm waste part of the value that the program "
+"could contribute, but they cannot reduce it to zero. If they waste nearly "
+"all the value of the program, then writing the program harms society by at "
+"most the effort that went into writing the program. Arguably a program that "
+"is profitable to sell must provide some net direct material benefit."
+msgstr ""
+"è¿ä¸ä¸ªçº§å«çç©è´¨å±å®³è¿æµªè´¹äºç¨åºå¯è´¡ç®çé¨åä»·å¼ï¼ä½å¹¶ä¸è½ä½¿å®ä»¬åå°å°é¶ãå¦"
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+"è´¹äºãæçæ¥è¯´ï¼è½å¤åé±çç¨åºå¿
é¡»æä¾ä¸äºåå¢çãç´æ¥çç©è´¨å©çã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, taking account of the concomitant psychosocial harm, there is no "
+"limit to the harm that proprietary software development can do."
+msgstr
"ç¶èï¼èèå°éä¹èæ¥çå¿ç伤害ï¼ä¸å±è½¯ä»¶çå¼åæé
æçå±å®³æ²¡æé度ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "Obstructing Use of Programs"
+msgstr "é»ç¢ç¨åºç使ç¨"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The first level of harm impedes the simple use of a program. A copy of a "
+"program has nearly zero marginal cost (and you can pay this cost by doing "
+"the work yourself), so in a free market, it would have nearly zero price. A "
+"license fee is a significant disincentive to use the program. If a widely "
+"useful program is proprietary, far fewer people will use it."
+msgstr ""
+"第ä¸çº§å±å®³å¦¨ç¢äºç¨åºçç®å使ç¨ãæ·è´ç¨åºçææ¬è¿ä¹äºé¶ï¼èä¸ä½
èªå·±æ·è´å°±å¯"
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¼ä¹åºè¯¥è¿ä¹äºé¶ãè许å¯è¯è´¹ç¨ææ¾éå¶äºç¨åºç使"
+"ç¨ãå¦æä¸ä¸ªé常æç¨çç¨åºæ¯ä¸å±çï¼é£ä¹ä½¿ç¨å®ç人ä¼å°å¾å¤ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It is easy to show that the total contribution of a program to society is "
+"reduced by assigning an owner to it. Each potential user of the program, "
+"faced with the need to pay to use it, may choose to pay, or may forego use "
+"of the program. When a user chooses to pay, this is a zero-sum transfer of "
+"wealth between two parties. But each time someone chooses to forego use of "
+"the program, this harms that person without benefiting anyone. The sum of "
+"negative numbers and zeros must be negative."
+msgstr ""
+"æ¾èæè§ï¼ä¸ä¸ªç¨åºå¯¹ç¤¾ä¼å
¨é¨çè´¡ç®å 为æäºææè
èéä½äºãæ¯ä¸ªæ½å¨çç¨æ·ï¼é¢"
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¶ä»ç人ä¹å¾ä¸å°å¥½å¤ãè´æ°åé¶çæ»åä¸å®è¿æ¯è´æ°ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But this does not reduce the amount of work it takes to <em>develop</em> the "
+"program. As a result, the efficiency of the whole process, in delivered "
+"user satisfaction per hour of work, is reduced."
+msgstr ""
+"ä½æ¯è¿å¹¶æ²¡æåå°<em>å¼å</em>ç¨åºçå·¥ä½éãç»æï¼ä»¥å°æ¶è®¡çç¨æ·äº¤ä»å·¥ä½æ»¡æ度"
+"æ¥çï¼æ´ä¸ªè¿ç¨çæçéä½äºã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This reflects a crucial difference between copies of programs and cars, "
+"chairs, or sandwiches. There is no copying machine for material objects "
+"outside of science fiction. But programs are easy to copy; anyone can "
+"produce as many copies as are wanted, with very little effort. This isn't "
+"true for material objects because matter is conserved: each new copy has to "
+"be built from raw materials in the same way that the first copy was built."
+msgstr ""
+"è¿åæ äºç¨åºæ·è´å汽车ãæ¤
åæä¸ææ²»ä¹é´é大çåºå«ãå¨ç§å¹»å°è¯´ä¹å¤ï¼æ²¡æå¯ä»¥"
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为ç©è´¨æ¯å®æçï¼æ¯ä¸ªæ°å¤å¶åé½è¦ååç©ä¸æ
·ç¨åæå¦æ³æ³¡"
+"å¶ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"With material objects, a disincentive to use them makes sense, because fewer "
+"objects bought means less raw material and work needed to make them. It's "
+"true that there is usually also a startup cost, a development cost, which is "
+"spread over the production run. But as long as the marginal cost of "
+"production is significant, adding a share of the development cost does not "
+"make a qualitative difference. And it does not require restrictions on the "
+"freedom of ordinary users."
+msgstr ""
+"对äºå®ç©æ¥è¯´ï¼éå¶å®ä»¬ç使ç¨æ¯ææä¹çï¼å
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ææ¬æ¾èï¼å¢å ä¸ä»½å¼åææ¬ä¸ä¼é
æè´¨çåºå«ãèä¸è¿ä¹ä¸éè¦éå¶æ®é"
+"使ç¨è
çèªç±ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, imposing a price on something that would otherwise be free is a "
+"qualitative change. A centrally imposed fee for software distribution "
+"becomes a powerful disincentive."
+msgstr ""
+"ç¶èï¼å¯¹æ¬æ¥åºè¯¥å
è´¹çä¸è¥¿æ¶è´¹æ¯è´¨çæ¹åã对软件åè¡çéä¸æ¶è´¹åæäºä¸ä¸ªå¼ºå"
+"çéå¶å ç´ ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"What's more, central production as now practiced is inefficient even as a "
+"means of delivering copies of software. This system involves enclosing "
+"physical disks or tapes in superfluous packaging, shipping large numbers of "
+"them around the world, and storing them for sale. This cost is presented as "
+"an expense of doing business; in truth, it is part of the waste caused by "
+"having owners."
+msgstr ""
+"è¿ä¸æ¥è®²ï¼ç°å¨å®è¡çéä¸ç产ä½ä¸ºåé软件æ·è´çæ¹å¼æ¥è¯´æ¯ä½æçãè¿ä¸ªç³»ç»æ¶å"
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è£
ï¼å¤§éå°è¿å¾ä¸çåå°ï¼ä»¥å为éå®èå¨å¤ãè¿ä¸ªææ¬æ¯"
+"ä¸é¡¹ç»è¥å¼æ¯ï¼äºå®ä¸ï¼è¿æ¯è½¯ä»¶æ¥æææè
带æ¥ç浪费ä¹ä¸ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "Damaging Social Cohesion"
+msgstr "ç ´å社ä¼å¢ç»"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Suppose that both you and your neighbor would find it useful to run a "
+"certain program. In ethical concern for your neighbor, you should feel that "
+"proper handling of the situation will enable both of you to use it. A "
+"proposal to permit only one of you to use the program, while restraining the "
+"other, is divisive; neither you nor your neighbor should find it acceptable."
+msgstr ""
+"åè®¾ä½ åä½ çé»å±
é½åç°è¿è¡æ个ç¨åºä¼å¾æç¨ãä»éå¾·ä¸ä¸ºä½ çé»å±
èèï¼ä½ åºè¯¥è§"
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们两个人é½å¯ä»¥ä½¿ç¨è¿ä¸ªç¨åºãä¸ä¸ªåªå
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们ä¸çä¸ä¸ªä½¿ç¨è¯¥ç¨"
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³ç³»ä¸åï¼ä½ åä½ çé»å±
é½åºè§å¾æ æ³æ¥åã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Signing a typical software license agreement means betraying your neighbor: "
+"“I promise to deprive my neighbor of this program so that I can have a "
+"copy for myself.” People who make such choices feel internal "
+"psychological pressure to justify them, by downgrading the importance of "
+"helping one's neighbors—thus public spirit suffers. This is "
+"psychosocial harm associated with the material harm of discouraging use of "
+"the program."
+msgstr ""
+"ç¾ç½²ä¸ä¸ªå
¸åç软件许å¯å议就æå³èèåäºé»å±
3ææ¿è¯ºå¥å¤ºæé»å±
ç使ç¨"
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çé"
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¬å¾·ç²¾ç¥æ·±åæ磨ãè¿æ¯ä¸ç§åéå¶ç¨åº"
+"使ç¨èé æçç©è´¨ä¼¤å®³ç¸å
³èçå¿ç伤害ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Many users unconsciously recognize the wrong of refusing to share, so they "
+"decide to ignore the licenses and laws, and share programs anyway. But they "
+"often feel guilty about doing so. They know that they must break the laws "
+"in order to be good neighbors, but they still consider the laws "
+"authoritative, and they conclude that being a good neighbor (which they are) "
+"is naughty or shameful. That is also a kind of psychosocial harm, but one "
+"can escape it by deciding that these licenses and laws have no moral force."
+msgstr ""
+"许å¤ç¨æ·å¨ä¸ç¥ä¸è§ä¸è®¤è¯å°æç»å享çé误ï¼æ以ä»ä»¬å³å®ä¸é¡¾è®¸å¯è¯åæ³å¾èå享"
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è´ç½ªæãä»ä»¬ç¥éè¦æ为好å°é»å±
å°±è¦è¿åæ³å¾ï¼ä½ä»ä»¬"
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åï¼è¿èä»ä»¬çç»è®ºæ¯åä¸ä¸ªå¥½é»å±
ï¼ä»ä»¬å°±æ¯ï¼æ¯ä»¶åçæå¯"
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éå¾·åéèæ"
+"è±è¿ç§ä¼¤å®³ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Programmers also suffer psychosocial harm knowing that many users will not "
+"be allowed to use their work. This leads to an attitude of cynicism or "
+"denial. A programmer may describe enthusiastically the work that he finds "
+"technically exciting; then when asked, “Will I be permitted to use it?"
+"”, his face falls, and he admits the answer is no. To avoid feeling "
+"discouraged, he either ignores this fact most of the time or adopts a "
+"cynical stance designed to minimize the importance of it."
+msgstr ""
+"ç¨åºåä¹æ¿åçç²¾ç¥ä¼¤å®³ï¼å 为ä»ä»¬ç¥é许å¤ç¨æ·å°ä¸è¢«å
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+"äºä¸ç§æ¤ä¸å«ä¿åå¦è®¤çæ度ãä¹è®¸ä¸ä¸ªç¨åºåä¼çæ
å°åè¿°ä¸ä¸ªå¥¹åç°å¨ææ¯ä¸ä»¤äºº"
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´å¥çä½åï¼ç¶åå½è¢«é®å°ï¼“æè½ä½¿ç¨åï¼”ï¼å¥¹ç头åä¸æ¥ï¼å¹¶æ¿è®¤ç"
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æå°ç°å¿ä¸§æ°ï¼å¥¹è¦ä¹å¨å¤§å¤æ°æ¶å忽è§æ¤äºï¼è¦ä¹ä¸ºäºä½¿å®çé"
+"è¦æ§åå°æå°èéåæ¤ä¸å«ä¿ç姿æã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Since the age of Reagan, the greatest scarcity in the United States is not "
+"technical innovation, but rather the willingness to work together for the "
+"public good. It makes no sense to encourage the former at the expense of "
+"the latter."
+msgstr ""
+"ä»éæ ¹æ¶ä»£å¼å§ï¼ç¾å½æ缺çä¸æ¯ææ¯åæ°ï¼èæ¯ä¸ºå
¬ä¼å©çå
±åå·¥ä½çææ¿ã以çºç²"
+"åè
为代价æ¥é¼å±åè
毫æ éçã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "Obstructing Custom Adaptation of Programs"
+msgstr "é»ç¢ç¨åºçå®å¶å"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The second level of material harm is the inability to adapt programs. The "
+"ease of modification of software is one of its great advantages over older "
+"technology. But most commercially available software isn't available for "
+"modification, even after you buy it. It's available for you to take it or "
+"leave it, as a black box—that is all."
+msgstr ""
+"第äºçº§ç©è´¨å±å®³æ¯ä¸è½ä¿®æ¹ç¨åºã软件容æä¿®æ¹æ¯å
¶èè¿ä»¥å¾ææ¯çä¼å¤§çä¼ç¹ä¹ä¸ã"
+"ä½å¤§å¤æ°çåä¸è½¯ä»¶ä¸è½ä¿®æ¹ï¼å³ä½¿å¨ä½
è´ä¹°ä»¥åä¹ä¸è¡ãä½ åªè½ä½¿ç¨ææ¾å¼ï¼å®å°±å"
+"ä¸ä¸ªé»çå—å°±è¿ä¹å¤ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A program that you can run consists of a series of numbers whose meaning is "
+"obscure. No one, not even a good programmer, can easily change the numbers "
+"to make the program do something different."
+msgstr ""
+"ä¸ä¸ªä½
å¯ä»¥è¿è¡çç¨åºç±ä¸ç³»åå«ä¹éæ¦çæ°åç»æã没æ人è½å¤è½»æå°æ¹åè¿äºæ°å"
+"æ¥ä½¿ç¨åºå®æå
¶ä»ä¸åçå·¥ä½ï¼çè³ä¸ä¸ªä¼ç§çç¨åºåä¹ä¸è¡ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Programmers normally work with the “source code” for a program, "
+"which is written in a programming language such as Fortran or C. It uses "
+"names to designate the data being used and the parts of the program, and it "
+"represents operations with symbols such as ‘+’ for addition and "
+"‘-’ for subtraction. It is designed to help programmers read "
+"and change programs. Here is an example; a program to calculate the "
+"distance between two points in a plane:"
+msgstr ""
+"ç¨åºåé常ç¼åç¨åºç“æºç
”ï¼å®æ¯ç¨è¯¸å¦FortranæCè¿æ ·çç¼ç¨è¯è¨å"
+"æçãå®ä¸ºæ°æ®å代ç
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+"个ä¾åï¼æä¸ä¸ªå¨å¹³é¢ä¸è®¡ç®ä¸¤ç¹é´è·ç¦»çç¨åºï¼"
+
+#. type: Content of: <pre>
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" float\n"
+" distance (p0, p1)\n"
+" struct point p0, p1;\n"
+" {\n"
+" float xdist = p1.x - p0.x;\n"
+" float ydist = p1.y - p0.y;\n"
+" return sqrt (xdist * xdist + ydist * ydist);\n"
+" }\n"
+msgstr ""
+" float\n"
+" distance (p0, p1)\n"
+" struct point p0, p1;\n"
+" {\n"
+" float xdist = p1.x - p0.x;\n"
+" float ydist = p1.y - p0.y;\n"
+" return sqrt (xdist * xdist + ydist * ydist);\n"
+" }\n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Precisely what that source code means is not the point; the point is that it "
+"looks like algebra, and a person who knows this programming language will "
+"find it meaningful and clear. By contrast, here is same program in "
+"executable form, on the computer I normally used when I wrote this:"
+msgstr ""
+"è¿ä¸ªæºä»£ç
çåç¡®ææä¸æ¯éç¹ï¼éç¹å¨äºå®çèµ·æ¥å°±åæ¯ä»£æ°ï¼ä¸ä¸ªæè¿ä¸ªç¼ç¨è¯è¨"
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æ¥æç½å°çåºè¯¥ä»£ç
çææãåè¿æ¥ï¼å¨æé常使ç¨ç计ç®æºä¸ï¼è¯¥ç¨åºç"
+"å¯æ§è¡å½¢å¼å¦ä¸ï¼"
+
+#. type: Content of: <pre>
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+" 1314258944 -232267772 -231844864 1634862\n"
+" 1411907592 -231844736 2159150 1420296208\n"
+" -234880989 -234879837 -234879966 -232295424\n"
+" 1644167167 -3214848 1090581031 1962942495\n"
+" 572518958 -803143692 1314803317\n"
+msgstr ""
+" 1314258944 -232267772 -231844864 1634862\n"
+" 1411907592 -231844736 2159150 1420296208\n"
+" -234880989 -234879837 -234879966 -232295424\n"
+" 1644167167 -3214848 1090581031 1962942495\n"
+" 572518958 -803143692 1314803317\n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Source code is useful (at least potentially) to every user of a program. But "
+"most users are not allowed to have copies of the source code. Usually the "
+"source code for a proprietary program is kept secret by the owner, lest "
+"anybody else learn something from it. Users receive only the files of "
+"incomprehensible numbers that the computer will execute. This means that "
+"only the program's owner can change the program."
+msgstr ""
+"æºç 对ç¨åºçæ¯ä¸ªä½¿ç¨è
æ¥è¯´é½å¾æç¨ï¼è³å°æå¯è½ï¼ãä½å¤§å¤æ°ä½¿ç¨è
ä¸è¢«å
许æ¥æ"
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¶ææè
ä¿å¯ï¼ä»¥å
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¶ä»ä»»ä½äººä»ä¸å¦ä¹ ã使ç¨è
"
+"å¾å°çä»
ä»
æ¯è®¡ç®æºä¼æ§è¡çä¸ä¸²ä¸å¯ç解çæ°åãè¿å°±æ¯è¯´åªæç¨åºçææè
æå¯ä»¥"
+"ä¿®æ¹ç¨åºã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A friend once told me of working as a programmer in a bank for about six "
+"months, writing a program similar to something that was commercially "
+"available. She believed that if she could have gotten source code for that "
+"commercially available program, it could easily have been adapted to their "
+"needs. The bank was willing to pay for this, but was not permitted to—"
+"the source code was a secret. So she had to do six months of make-work, "
+"work that counts in the GNP but was actually waste."
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"In the United States, any advocate of other than the most extreme form of "
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+"is leveled against the supporters of a national health care system, such as "
+"is found in all the other industrialized nations of the free world. It is "
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+"but actually for the sake of the members of the Communist party. And where "
+"copying equipment was closely guarded to prevent illegal copying."
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"The American system of software copyright exercises central control over "
+"distribution of a program, and guards copying equipment with automatic "
+"copying-protection schemes to prevent illegal copying."
+msgstr ""
+"ç¾å½ç软件çæä½ç³»å¯¹ç¨åºçåå¸å®è¡äºä¸å¿æ§å¶ï¼å¹¶ä¸ç¨èªå¨å¤å¶ä¿æ¤æºå¶æ¥ä¿æ¤å¤"
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"By contrast, I am working to build a system where people are free to decide "
+"their own actions; in particular, free to help their neighbors, and free to "
+"alter and improve the tools which they use in their daily lives. A system "
+"based on voluntary cooperation and on decentralization."
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+#. type: Content of: <h3>
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+msgstr "å设åæçé®é¢"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I make the assumption in this paper that a user of software is no less "
+"important than an author, or even an author's employer. In other words, "
+"their interests and needs have equal weight, when we decide which course of "
+"action is best."
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This premise is not universally accepted. Many maintain that an author's "
+"employer is fundamentally more important than anyone else. They say, for "
+"example, that the purpose of having owners of software is to give the "
+"author's employer the advantage he deserves—regardless of how this may "
+"affect the public."
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+"It is no use trying to prove or disprove these premises. Proof requires "
+"shared premises. So most of what I have to say is addressed only to those "
+"who share the premises I use, or at least are interested in what their "
+"consequences are. For those who believe that the owners are more important "
+"than everyone else, this paper is simply irrelevant."
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+"But why would a large number of Americans accept a premise that elevates "
+"certain people in importance above everyone else? Partly because of the "
+"belief that this premise is part of the legal traditions of American "
+"society. Some people feel that doubting the premise means challenging the "
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"Thus, the Constitution says that the purpose of copyright is to “"
+"promote the Progress of Science and the useful Arts.” The Supreme "
+"Court has elaborated on this, stating in <em>Fox Film v. Doyal</em> that "
+"“The sole interest of the United States and the primary object in "
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We are not required to agree with the Constitution or the Supreme Court. "
+"(At one time, they both condoned slavery.) So their positions do not "
+"disprove the owner supremacy premise. But I hope that the awareness that "
+"this is a radical right-wing assumption rather than a traditionally "
+"recognized one will weaken its appeal."
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+"æ们ä¸éè¦åæ宪æ³ææé«æ³é¢ãï¼æä¸åº¦ï¼ä»ä»¬é½å®½å®¹äºå¥´é¶å¶ãï¼æ以ä»ä»¬çç«åº"
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We like to think that our society encourages helping your neighbor; but each "
+"time we reward someone for obstructionism, or admire them for the wealth "
+"they have gained in this way, we are sending the opposite message."
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+"æ们æ¿ææ³åæ们ç社ä¼é¼å±é»éäºå©ï¼ä½æ¯æ¬¡æ们å¥å±é£äºé»æ
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+"Software hoarding is one form of our general willingness to disregard the "
+"welfare of society for personal gain. We can trace this disregard from "
+"Ronald Reagan to Dick Cheney, from Exxon to Enron, from failing banks to "
+"failing schools. We can measure it with the size of the homeless population "
+"and the prison population. The antisocial spirit feeds on itself, because "
+"the more we see that other people will not help us, the more it seems futile "
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"If we don't want to live in a jungle, we must change our attitudes. We must "
+"start sending the message that a good citizen is one who cooperates when "
+"appropriate, not one who is successful at taking from others. I hope that "
+"the free software movement will contribute to this: at least in one area, we "
+"will replace the jungle with a more efficient system which encourages and "
+"runs on voluntary cooperation."
+msgstr ""
+"å¦ææ们ä¸æ³çæ´»å¨ä¸æä¹ä¸ï¼é£ä¹æ们就å¿
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+"åä½ä¸çç³»ç»æ¥å代混乱ä¸å ªçä¸æã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Footnotes"
+msgstr "è注"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"The word “free” in “free software” refers to "
+"freedom, not to price; the price paid for a copy of a free program may be "
+"zero, or small, or (rarely) quite large."
+msgstr ""
+"“free
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åµï¼ç¸å½å¤ã"
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+msgid ""
+"The issues of pollution and traffic congestion do not alter this "
+"conclusion. If we wish to make driving more expensive to discourage driving "
+"in general, it is disadvantageous to do this using toll booths, which "
+"contribute to both pollution and congestion. A tax on gasoline is much "
+"better. Likewise, a desire to enhance safety by limiting maximum speed is "
+"not relevant; a free-access road enhances the average speed by avoiding "
+"stops and delays, for any given speed limit."
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å¿«äºå¹³åé度ã"
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+msgid ""
+"One might regard a particular computer program as a harmful thing that "
+"should not be available at all, like the Lotus Marketplace database of "
+"personal information, which was withdrawn from sale due to public "
+"disapproval. Most of what I say does not apply to this case, but it makes "
+"little sense to argue for having an owner on the grounds that the owner will "
+"make the program less available. The owner will not make it <em>completely</"
+"em> unavailable, as one would wish in the case of a program whose use is "
+"considered destructive."
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+"æ人å¯è½æç¹æ®è®¡ç®æºç¨åºçä½ä¸è¯¥å¾å°çæ害äºç©ï¼å°±åLotus
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+#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
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+"This essay is published in <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-"
+"software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
+"Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."
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+"æ¬æå表äº<a
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+"\"><cite>èªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼èªç±ç¤¾ä¼ï¼Richard M.
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+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+#. type: Content of: <div>
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+"</ol>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
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+"\"><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other
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+"can be sent to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden"
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+
+#
+#
+#
+#. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+#. replace it with the translation of these two:
+#. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+#. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+#. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+#. to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+#. <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+#. <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+#. our web pages, see <a
+#. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+#. README</a>.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
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+"è¥æ¨æ³ç¿»è¯æ¬æï¼è¯·åç<a
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+"ç¿»è¯é¡»ç¥</a>ã"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2017, 2018 "
+"Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2017, 2018 "
+"Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://"
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"æ¬é¡µé¢ä½¿ç¨<a rel=\"license\"
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+"nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International "
+"License</a>ææã"
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+"<b>ç¿»è¯</b>ï¼çæåï¼2011ã<a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><"
+"address@hidden></a><br></br>\n"
+"<b>ç¿»è¯å¢é</b>ï¼<a rel=\"team\"
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+"www-zh-cn/\"><CTT></a>ï¼2018ã"
+
+#. timestamp start
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr "æåæ´æ°ï¼"
- www/philosophy/po shouldbefree.zh-cn.po,
Wensheng XIE <=