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From: GNUN
Subject: www gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist philosophy/l...
Date: Fri, 6 Apr 2018 23:58:56 -0400 (EDT) 
CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     GNUN <gnun>     18/04/06 23:58:56

Modified files:
        gnu/po         : gnu-linux-faq.translist 
        philosophy     : lessig-fsfs-intro.zh-cn.html 
Added files:
        philosophy/po  : lessig-fsfs-intro.zh-cn-en.html 

Log message:
        Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.18&r2=1.19
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/lessig-fsfs-intro.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1

Patches:
Index: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist
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RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.18
retrieving revision 1.19
diff -u -b -r1.18 -r1.19
--- gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist      31 May 2015 21:02:24 -0000      1.18
+++ gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist      7 Apr 2018 03:58:55 -0000       1.19
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 <span dir="ltr"><a lang="sr" hreflang="sr" 
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html">српски</a>&nbsp;[sr]</span> &nbsp;
 <span dir="ltr"><a lang="tr" hreflang="tr" 
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.tr.html">Türkçe</a>&nbsp;[tr]</span> &nbsp;
 <span dir="ltr"><a lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.uk.html">українська</a>&nbsp;[uk]</span> 
&nbsp;
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn" 
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a>&nbsp;[zh-cn]</span> &nbsp;
 </p>
 </div>' -->
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html" 
hreflang="x-default" />
@@ -41,4 +42,5 @@
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" 
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html" title="српски" />
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" 
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.tr.html" title="Türkçe" />
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.uk.html" title="українська" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn" 
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.zh-cn.html" title="简体中文" />
 <!-- end translist file -->

Index: philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.zh-cn.html     30 Jun 2014 11:26:06 -0000      
1.7
+++ philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.zh-cn.html     7 Apr 2018 03:58:56 -0000       
1.8
@@ -1,136 +1,151 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-cn.html" -->
- <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.en.html" -->
 
-<title>《自由软件，自由社会》的引言 - GNU 项目 - 
自由软件基金会（FSF）</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
 
-<!-- Fixed by hand on June 6, 2014:
-     - set ENGLISH_PAGE,
-     - remove #translations,
-     - translist before banner,
-     - partially update footer.
--->
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>《自由软件，自由社会：理查德·马修·斯托曼选集》的引言
 - GNU工程 - 自由软件基金会</title>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/lessig-fsfs-intro.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-cn.html" -->
-   
-<h2>
-《<a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";>自
-由软件，自由社会：理查德·马修·斯托曼选集</a>》的引言</h2>
+<h2><a
+href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><i>《自由软件，自由社会：理查德·马修·斯托曼选集》</i></a>的引言</h2>
 
 <p>
-劳伦斯·莱斯格 斯坦福大学法学院法学教授
+Lawrence Lessig著，斯坦福大学法学院法学教授
 </p>
 
 <p>
-每一代都有它的哲学家——一位能够引起当时人们想象的作家或艺术家。有时这些哲学家被认为是这æ
 ·çš„。经常要几
代之后联系才会变成现实。但是是否被人们认识，一个时代由说出它的理想的人们作æ
 ‡å¿—，不管是通过吟诗还是在政治运动的风暴中。
+每代人都有它的哲学家&mdash;一位能够把握时代想象力的作家或艺术家。有时这些哲学家被认为是这æ
 ·çš„；通常要几代人之后，他们的时代å…
³è”才会变成现实。但是无
论是否被人们认识，一个时代由说出其理想的人作为æ 
‡å¿—，不管是通过吟诗还是在政治运动的风暴中。
 </p>
 <p>
-我们这一代有一位哲学家，他既不是艺术家，也不是专业作家，而是一位程序员。理查德·斯托曼在麻省理工学院的实验室开始参åŠ
 
工作，他在那里是操作系统软件的程序员和设计师。作为程序员和设计师的他，创立了一项在这个日益由“代ç
 â€å†³å®šçš„世界里争取自由的运动，以此开始了他在å…
¬ä¼—生活舞台上的职业生涯。
+我们这一代有一位哲学家，他既不是艺术家，也不是专业作家，而是一位程序员。理查德·斯托曼在<abbr
 title="Massachusetts
+Institute of
+Technology，麻省理工学院">MIT</abbr>的实验室参加
工作，他是操作系统软件的程序员和设计师。作为程序员和设计师的他，创立了一项在这个日益由&ldquo;代ç
 &rdquo;决定的世界里争取自由的运动，以此开始了他在å…
¬ä¼—生活舞台上的职业生涯。
 </p>
 <p>
-“代码”是让计算机运行的技术。“代ç 
â€æ˜¯æŒ‡æŒ¥æœºå™¨è¿è½¬çš„指令的集合，要么写在软件里，要么烧在硬件里，首å
…
ˆæ˜¯ç”¨è¯è¯­å†™å‡ºçš„。这些机器——电脑——日益决定和控制着我们的生活。它们决定电话如何连接，电视上播放什么，他们决定视频能否能通过宽带连接流式ä¼
 è¾“到计算机；他们控制计算机向它的制造
商汇报什么。这些机器管理我们，而代码管理这些机器。
+&ldquo;代码&rdquo;是让计算机运行的技术。代ç 
æ˜¯æŒ‡æŒ¥æœºå™¨è¿è½¬çš„指令的集合，要么写在软件里，要么烧在硬件里，首å
…
ˆæ˜¯ç”¨è¯è¯­å†™å‡ºçš„。这些机器&mdash;电脑&mdash;日益决定和控制着我们的生活。它们决定电话如何连接、电视上播放什么。它们决定视频能否能通过宽带连接流式ä¼
 è¾“到计算机。它们控制计算机向它的制造
商汇报什么。这些机器管理我们，而代码管理这些机器。
 </p>
 <p>
-我们应该对这些代码应该有如何的控制？怎æ 
·çš„理解？应该有什么æ 
·çš„自由来和它对我们的控制相应？什么能力？
+我们应该对这些代码应该有如何的控制？怎æ 
·çš„理解？应该有什么æ 
·çš„自由来和它对我们的控制相对应？什么权力？
 </p>
 <p>
-这些问题一直是斯托曼生活中的挑战。通过他的作品和谈话，他让我们认识到了保持代ç
 â€œè‡ªç”±â€çš„重要性。自由不是代码作者不能得到报é…
¬ï¼Œè€Œæ˜¯æŒ‡ç¼–程人员制作的控制向任何人都是透明的，任何人都有权力拿走控制，修改成他或她认为满意的结果。这就是“自由软件”。“自由软件”是这个用代ç
 æŽ§åˆ¶çš„世界的一个答案。
+这些问题是斯托曼生活中的挑战。通过他的作品和谈话，他让我们认识到了保持代ç
 &ldquo;自由&rdquo;的重要性。自由的意思不是代码作者
不能得到报酬，而是指编程人员制造
的控制力对任何人都是透明的，任何人都有权力拿走该控制，并将之修改成他或她认为合适的结果。这就是&ldquo;自由软件&rdquo;。&ldquo;自由软件&rdquo;是对这个用代ç
 æž„造的世界的一个回答。
 </p>
 <p>
-自由。斯托曼在自己的术语中抱怨了这个词语的模糊含义。没有什么抱怨的。迷惑迫使人们去思考，自由这个词汇非常迷惑人。让现代美国人听起来，“自由软件”听起来是乌托邦的，不可能的。没有什么东西，甚至午餐，是å
…
è´¹çš„，控制着控制着世界的最重要机器的最重要词语怎么能够å
…è´¹å‘¢ï¼Ÿä¸€ä¸ªç†æ€§çš„社会怎么会渴求这样的理想呢？
+&ldquo;自由&rdquo;。斯托曼抱怨自己的这个词语的模糊含义。没有什么可抱怨的。困扰迫使人们去思考，&ldquo;自由&rdquo;这个词汇非常令人困惑。让现代美国人听起来，&ldquo;自由软件&rdquo;听起来是乌托邦式的、不可能的。没有什么东西是，甚至连午餐也不是，å
…
è´¹çš„，控制着世界的最重要机器的最重要词语怎么能够&ldquo;å
…è´¹&rdquo;呢？一个理性的社会怎么会渴求这样的理想呢？
 </p>
 <p>
-但是单词“自由”的奇怪的含义是我们的函数，不是这个词汇本身的函数。自由有不同的含义，只有一个意思指“价æ
 ¼â€ã€‚“free” 
这个词汇更本质的一个意思是自由，像在“自由演讲”这个词语里面，或è€
…可能更恰当在“自由劳动力”里面。并不是指无
价，但是指有限地被别人控制。自由软件是透明的控制，对修改开放，就像自由的法律，或è€
…像“自由社会”的法律一样是自由的，因
为他们的控制是为人所知的，而且对修改开放。斯托曼的“自由软件运动”通过让å
…¶è‡ªç”±ï¼Œä½¿å°½å¯èƒ½å¤šçš„代码透明，而且可以改变。
+但是单词&ldquo;Free&rdquo;的奇怪含义是我们的诠
释，而不是这个词汇本身的诠
释。&ldquo;Free&rdquo;有很多不同的含义，å…
¶ä¸­åªæœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªæ„æ€æ˜¯å’Œ&ldquo;ä»·æ ¼&rdquo;相å…
³ã€‚&ldquo;free&rdquo;这个词汇更本质的一个意思是&ldquo;自由&rdquo;，就是在&ldquo;言论自由&rdquo;这个词语里面、或è€
…
可能更恰当地说，是在&ldquo;自由劳动力&rdquo;里面的意思。并不是指å
…
è´¹ï¼Œè€Œæ˜¯æŒ‡æœ‰é™åˆ¶åœ°è¢«åˆ«äººæŽ§åˆ¶çš„自由。自由软件是透明的控制，对修改开放，就像自由的法律，或è€
…像&ldquo;自由社会&rdquo;的法律一样是自由的，因
为他们的控制是为人所知的、而且对修改开放。斯托曼的&ldquo;自由软件运动&rdquo;通过让代ç
 &ldquo;自由&rdquo;，使尽可能多的代码透明，并且可以改变。
 </p>
 <p>
-这种表现的机制是一种极å…
¶èªæ˜Žçš„叫作“著左权”的手法，通过一种叫 GPL 
的证书实现。通过版权法的权力，“自由软件”不仅
保证它开放，可以修改，而且å…
¶å®ƒä½¿ç”¨â€œè‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶â€çš„软件（这在技术上属于“派生作品”）也å¿
…须是自由的。如果你
使用并修改了一款自由软件程序，然后向å…
¬ä¼—发布了修改版，那么修改版必须和原版一样自由。要么是 
GPL，要么是版权法要被侵犯。
+其实现机制是一种极å…
¶èªæ˜Žçš„叫作&ldquo;copyleft&rdquo;的手法，它通过一种叫GPL的许可证实现。通过版权法的权力，&ldquo;自由软件&rdquo;不ä»
…保证它保持开放、可以修改，而且å…
¶ä»–使用&ldquo;自由软件&rdquo;的软件（这在技术上属于&ldquo;派生作品&rdquo;）也å¿
…须是自由的。如果你
使用并改编了一款自由软件程序，然后向å…
¬ä¼—发布了修改版，那么修改版必须和原版一æ 
·è‡ªç”±ã€‚要么是GPL，要么是侵犯版权法。
 </p>
 <p>
-“自由软件”，和自由社会一æ 
·ï¼Œæœ‰å®ƒçš„敌人。微软开展了一场对 GPL 
的斗争，警告所有听的人 GPL 
是一种“威胁”的许可证。事实上，它说的危险性很大程度上是欺骗性的。还有人反对
 GPL 坚持修改版必
须自由的“强迫”。但是一项条款并不是强迫。如果微软拒不å
…è®¸å…¶ç”¨æˆ·ä¸ç”¨æ”¯ä»˜å…¶ï¼ˆå‡å®šï¼‰æ•°ç™¾ä¸‡è€Œå‘布它的 Office 
产品的修改版不算强迫的话，那么 GPL 
坚持自由软件的修改版也是自由的也不能算是强迫。
+&ldquo;自由软件&rdquo;，和自由社会一æ 
·ï¼Œæœ‰å®ƒçš„敌人。微软开展了一场对GPL的斗争，警告所有人GPL是一种&ldquo;危险的&rdquo;许可证。不过，它说的危险性很大程度上是幻想。还有人反对GPL坚持修改版å¿
…
须自由的&ldquo;强迫性&rdquo;。但是一项前提并不能是强迫性的。如果微软拒不å
…è®¸å…¶ç”¨æˆ·ä¸æ”¯ä»˜ï¼ˆå‡å®šï¼‰æ•°ç™¾ä¸‡ç¾Žå…
ƒè€Œå‘布它的Office产品的修改版不算强迫的话，那么GPL坚持自由软件的修改版也是自由的也不能算是强迫。
 </p>
 <p>
-还有人认为斯托曼的要求太极端，但这并不极端。实际
上，明显地看出，斯托曼的工作是对我们传统在代ç 
ä¹‹å‰çš„时代精巧制作的自由的简单的翻译。“自由软件”能够保证用代ç
 æŽ§åˆ¶çš„世界像形成了代码之前世界的传统一样自由。
+还有人认为斯托曼的要求太极端，但这并不极端。实际
上，简明地看，斯托曼的工作是对代码时代之前的传
统世界所创造
的自由的简单翻译。&ldquo;自由软件&rdquo;能够保证在代ç 
æŽ§åˆ¶çš„当今世界和代码之前的传统世界一样自由。
 </p>
 <p>
-例如，一个“自由社会”受法律约束，但是任何自由社会的法律约束都有限制：没有哪个将å
…¶æ³•å¾‹ä¿å¯†çš„社会可以称作是自由的。没有哪个将å…
¶æ³•è§„向被约束者隐藏的政府能够在我们的传
统下立足。法律控制人们，但是仅当其可见时才是å…
¬å¹³çš„。只有其条款为人所知，而且能够由被约束者
或被约束者的代理人（律师，立法者
）控制时，法律才是可见的。
+例如，一个&ldquo;自由社会&rdquo;受法律约束，但是任何自由社会的法律约束都有限制：没有哪个将å
…¶æ³•å¾‹ä¿å¯†çš„社会可以称作是自由的。没有哪个将å…
¶æ³•è§„向被约束者隐藏的政府能够在我们的传
统下立足。法律控制人们，但是仅当其可见时才是å…
¬å¹³çš„。只有其条款为人所知，而且能够由被约束者
或被约束者的代理人（律师，立法者
）控制时，法律才是可见的。
 </p>
 <p>
-法律的这种状况超
出了立法工作本身。考虑一下美国法院对法律的实施。当事人雇用律师来提升å
…
¶åˆ©ç›Šï¼Œæœ‰æ—¶å€™è¿™ç§åˆ©ç›Šé€šè¿‡è¯‰è®¼å¾—意提升。在诉讼过程中，律师写出案æƒ
…，这些案情
反过来影响法官写下的意见。这些意见决定谁能够在案件中获胜，或è€
…某跳法律是否能够和宪法一致地存在。
+法律的这种状况超
出了立法工作本身。考虑一下美国法院对法律的实施。当事人雇用律师来提升å
…
¶åˆ©ç›Šï¼Œæœ‰æ—¶å€™è¿™ç§åˆ©ç›Šé€šè¿‡è¯‰è®¼å¾—以提升。在诉讼过程中，律师写出案æƒ
…，这些案情
反过来影响法官写下的意见。这些意见决定谁能够在案件中获胜，或è€
…某条法律是否能够和宪法一致。
 </p>
 <p>
-这个过程中的所有材料都在斯托曼所指的意义下自由。诉讼案æƒ
…摘要是å…
¬å¼€çš„，别人可以自由使用。论据是透明的（这不同于说他们是好的），推理æ—
 é¡»å¾—到原律师允许而拿走。法官意见可以在以后的案情
摘要里面引用，并可以复制或综合进别的案情
摘要或意见中。美国法律的“源代ç 
â€åœ¨è®¾è®¡ä¸Šå’ŒåŽŸåˆ™ä¸Šï¼Œå¯¹ä»»ä½•ä½¿ç”¨å®ƒçš„人都是开放和自由的。拿律师来说，通过重复使用以前发生的，案æƒ
…摘要发挥了创造
力，这是一个好的摘要的衡量。原始资料是自由的，创新和节约在å
…¶ä¸Šå»ºç«‹ã€‚
+这个过程中的所有材料都是斯托曼所指意义下的自由。诉讼案æƒ
…摘要是å…
¬å¼€çš„，别人可以自由使用。论据是透明的（这不同于说它们是好的），推理可以æ—
 é¡»å¾—到原律师å…
è®¸è€Œè¢«æ‹¿èµ°ã€‚它们产生的观点可以在以后的案情
摘要里面引用，并可以复制或综合进别的案情
摘要或意见中。美国法律的&ldquo;源代ç 
&rdquo;在设计上和原则上，对任何使用它的人都是开放和自由的。拿律师来说，通过重复使用以前发生的案件，一个伟大的案æƒ
…摘要就获得了创造
力，这是衡量摘要的方法。原始资料是自由的；创新和经济秩序在å
…¶ä¸Šå»ºç«‹ã€‚
 </p>
 <p>
-自由代码（这里我指的自由的法律代ç 
ï¼‰å½¢æˆçš„节约并没有饿死律师。尽管任何人都可以使用和复制他们做成的东西，律师事务所仍然有足够动机来作出好的案æƒ
…摘要。律师是能工巧匠，他／她的产品是å…
¬å¼€çš„。但是这种工艺不是慈善行为。律师得到收入，å…
¬ä¼—并未要求不给这种工作报酬。相反，通过后来的工作补充
到以前的，这种节约繁荣起来。
+自由代码（这里我指自由的法律代ç 
ï¼‰å½¢æˆçš„经济秩序并没有饿死律师。尽管任何人都可以使用和复制他们做成的东西，律师事务所仍然有足够动机来作出好的案æƒ
…摘要。律师是能工巧匠，他／她的产品是å…
¬å¼€çš„。但是这种工艺不是慈善行为。律师得到收入，å…
¬ä¼—并未要求不给这种工作报酬。相反，通过后来的工作补充
以前的工作，这种经济繁荣起来。
 </p>
 <p>
-我们可以想象一种不同的法律实施方法——保密的案情
和证据，只有结果没有论证的判决，警方持有不向别人发布的法律，不解释条令的法规。
+我们可以想象一种不同的法律实施方法&mdash;保密的案情
和论据；只有结果没有论证的判决。警方持有而不向别人发布的法律。不解释条令而实行的法规。
 </p>
 <p>
-我们可以想象这个时候，但是我们无法想象称å…
¶ä¸ºâ€œè‡ªç”±çš„”。不管这样一个社会的动机更好，或者
能更有效地分é…
ï¼Œè¿™ä¸ªç¤¾ä¼šä¸èƒ½ç§°ä¹‹ä¸ºè‡ªç”±çš„。自由的理想，在自由社会生活的理想，不ä»
…ä»…
要求高效的使用。相反，法律提醒在开放和透明这两个限制下建立，尽管对领导有利，但å
…¶å®ƒé€‰é¡¹ä¸èƒ½åŠ è¿›åŽ»ã€‚由软件代ç 
æŽ§åˆ¶çš„生活不能比这个不自由。
+我们可以想象这个社会，但是我们无法想象称å…
¶ä¸º&ldquo;自由&rdquo;。不管这样的社会是否能更好地或者
更有效地分é…
èƒ½åŠ¨æ€§ï¼Œè¿™ä¸ªç¤¾ä¼šä¸èƒ½ç§°ä¸ºæ˜¯è‡ªç”±çš„。自由的理想，在自由社会生活的理想，要求的不只是高效的应用。相反，开放和透明是建立自由社会法律体系的限制条件，而不是如果对领导有利就添åŠ
 è¿›æ¥çš„可选项。由软件代ç 
æŽ§åˆ¶çš„生活不应该比这个更不自由。
 </p>
 <p>
-写代ç 
ä¸æ˜¯è¯‰è®¼ï¼Œå®ƒæ›´å¥½ï¼Œæ›´ä¸°å¯Œï¼Œæ›´æœ‰å»ºè®¾æ€§ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯å¯¹äºŽåˆ›é€ 
性和动机不依赖于对创造产品的完å…
¨çš„控制，法律是一个明显的例子。像爵士乐、小说、或者
建筑一样，法律基于以前的作品建立。这种添加
和改变一直是创新的来源。自由社会应该像这样，å…
¶æœ€é‡è¦çš„资源要保持自由。
+写代ç 
ä¸æ˜¯è¯‰è®¼ï¼Œå®ƒæ›´å¥½ï¼Œæ›´ä¸°å¯Œï¼Œæ›´æœ‰å»ºè®¾æ€§ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯å°±å¯¹äºŽåˆ›é€ 
性和动机不依赖于对其创造的产品的完å…
¨æŽ§åˆ¶æ¥è¯´ï¼Œæ³•å¾‹æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªæ˜Žæ˜¾çš„例子。像爵士乐、小说、或者
建筑一样，法律基于以前的作品建立。这种添加
和改变一直是创新的来源。自由社会应该像这样保证，å…
¶æœ€é‡è¦çš„资源保持自由。
 </p>
 <p>
-这本书首次以使它们的微妙和能力清
晰展现的方式选择了理查德·斯托曼的著作和演讲。这些文章
跨度很大，从版权到自由软件运动的历史，它们包
含许多不为人熟知的论据，在这些里面，有一个对数字世界产生版权的变化的局面的特别有远见的说明，它们将成为寻求理解这位最强大的人的思想的资源，他强在思想，强在热æƒ
…，强在正直，经在别的地方是无
能为力的，它们将启迪那些要接受他思想，并在å…
¶ä¸Šæ€è€ƒçš„人。
+这本书首次收集了理查德·斯托曼的著作和演讲，并使它们的微妙和能力得以æ¸
…晰地展现。这些文章
跨度很大，从版权到自由软件运动的历史。它们包
含许多不为人熟知的论据，在这些论据中，有一个对解释数字世界版权的变化局面特别有远见的说明。它们为希望理解这位最强大的人的思想的人提供了资源&mdash;他强在理想、强在热æƒ
…、强在正直，即使他在别处无
能为力。它们将启迪那些接受这些理想、并在å…
¶ä¸Šç»§ç»­åˆ›æ–°çš„人。
 </p>
 <p>
-我不太了解斯托曼，但是我很了解他是一个很严厉的人。他有紧迫感，常常不耐烦。他可以对朋友像对敌人一般怒火三丈。他很强硬，不屈不æŒ
 ï¼Œå¾ˆæœ‰è€å¿ƒã€‚
+我不太了解斯托曼，但是我知道他是一个很严厉的人。他有紧迫感，常常不耐烦。他可以对朋友像对敌人一般怒火三丈。他很强硬，不屈不æŒ
 ï¼ŒåŒæ—¶åˆå¾ˆæœ‰è€å¿ƒã€‚
 </p>
 <p>
-当我们的世界最终理解了代ç 
çš„威力和危险时，当它终于认识到代码和法律、政府一æ 
·ï¼Œå¿…须透明以自由时，我们回首看着这位强硬和不屈不挠
的程序员时，发现到他奋斗的景象终于实现，一个自由和知识在编译器下得到自由的世界，我们将认识到没有人通过他的行为和言辞，为了能够尽可能使得下一个社会获得å
…¶è‡ªç”±è€Œä½œå‡ºæ–¯æ‰˜æ›¼è¿™æ ·çš„贡献。
+当我们的世界最终理解了代ç 
çš„威力和危险时&mdash;当它终于认识到代码和法律、政府一æ 
·ï¼Œå¿…
须透明以保持自由时&mdash;我们再回首看着这位强硬和不屈不æŒ
 
的程序员时，发现他为之奋斗的景象终于实现：一个自由和知识在å
…¶ç¼–辑者手中得到流传的世界。我们将认识到没有å…
¶ä»–人通过å…
¶è¨€è¡Œï¼Œä¸ºäº†èƒ½å¤Ÿå°½å¯èƒ½ä½¿å¾—下一个社会获得自由而作出斯托曼这æ
 ·çš„贡献。
 </p>
 <p>
-然而，我们还没有获得自由。我们在保护它的时候很可能失败，但是，不管成败如何，这些文ç«
 
都展示了这个自由。在产生这些演讲和著作的生命里，有着对所有向斯托曼一æ
 ·ä¸ºè‡ªç”±è€Œæˆ˜çš„的人的鼓舞。
+然而，我们还没有获得自由。我们在保护它的时候很可能失败，但是，不管成败如何，这些文ç«
 
都展示了这个自由。在产生这些演讲和著作的生命里，有着对所有象斯托曼一æ
 ·ä¸ºè‡ªç”±è€Œæˆ˜çš„人的鼓舞。
 </p>
 
 <p>
-<strong>劳伦斯·莱斯格</strong><br />
+<strong>Lawrence Lessig</strong><br />
 <strong>斯坦福大学法学院法学教授</strong>
 </p>
 
 <hr />
-<blockquote id="fsfs"><p class="big"><a 
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";>
-了解《自由软件，自由社会：理查德·马修·斯托曼选集》更多
-</a></p></blockquote>
+<blockquote id="fsfs"><p class="big">请了解更多<a
+href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>自由软件，自由社会：理查德·马修·斯托曼选集</cite></a>。</p></blockquote>
 
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
 </div>
 
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.zh-cn.html" -->
 <div id="footer">
 <div class="unprintable">
 
-<p>
-问询 FSF 和 GNU 相关事宜请寄邮件至
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>。
-也有<a href="/contact/">別的方法可以联系</a> FSF。
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-协调和提交本文翻译请参看
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-</p>
+<p>请将有å…
³è‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶åŸºé‡‘会（FSF）&amp;GNU的一般性问题发送到<a
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³å¤±æ•ˆé“¾æŽ¥æˆ–其他错误和建议，请发送邮件到<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>。</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+        replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+        translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+        Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+        to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+
+        &lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        our web pages, see <a
+        href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
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+若您想翻译本文，请参看<a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">翻译须知</a>获取有å…
³åè°ƒå’Œæäº¤ç¿»è¯‘的相关事项。</p>
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href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons 
Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a> 许可证授权。
-</p>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.zh-cn.html" -->
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2002, 2013, 2017, 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>本页面采用<a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>授权。</p>
 
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.zh-cn.html" -->
 <div class="translators-credits">
-翻译：潘永之
-</div>
 
-<p class="unprintable">
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<b>翻译</b>：潘永之，2014。<br></br>
+<b>翻译团队</b>：<a rel="team"
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";>&lt;CTT&gt;</a>，2018。</div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 最后更新：
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/06/30 11:26:06 $
+
+$Date: 2018/04/07 03:58:56 $
+
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
-
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>

Index: philosophy/po/lessig-fsfs-intro.zh-cn-en.html
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-0000       1.1
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
+<title>Introduction to Free Software, Free Society
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/lessig-fsfs-intro.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+   
+<h2>Introduction
+to <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><i>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</i></a></h2>
+
+<p>
+by Lawrence Lessig, Professor of Law, Stanford Law School
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Every generation has its philosopher &mdash; a writer or an artist who
+captures the imagination of a time. Sometimes these philosophers are
+recognized as such; often it takes generations before the connection
+is made real. But recognized or not, a time gets marked by the people
+who speak its ideals, whether in the whisper of a poem, or the blast
+of a political movement.
+</p>
+<p>
+Our generation has a philosopher. He is not an artist, or a
+professional writer. He is a programmer. Richard Stallman began his
+work in the labs of <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology">MIT</abbr>, 
+as a programmer and architect building operating system software. He
+has built his career on a stage of public life, as a programmer and an
+architect founding a movement for freedom in a world increasingly
+defined by &ldquo;code.&rdquo;
+</p>
+<p>
+&ldquo;Code&rdquo; is the technology that makes computers run. Whether
+inscribed in software or burned in hardware, it is the collection of
+instructions, first written in words, that directs the functionality
+of machines. These machines &mdash; computers &mdash; increasingly
+define and control our life. They determine how phones connect, and
+what runs on TV. They decide whether video can be streamed across a
+broadband link to a computer. They control what a computer reports
+back to its manufacturer. These machines run us. Code runs these
+machines.
+</p>
+<p>
+What control should we have over this code? What understanding? What
+freedom should there be to match the control it enables? What power?
+</p>
+<p>
+These questions have been the challenge of Stallman's life. Through
+his works and his words, he has pushed us to see the importance of
+keeping code &ldquo;free.&rdquo; Not free in the sense that code
+writers don't get paid, but free in the sense that the control coders
+build be transparent to all, and that anyone have the right to take
+that control, and modify it as he or she sees fit. This is &ldquo;free
+software&rdquo;; &ldquo;free software&rdquo; is one answer to a world
+built in code.
+</p>
+<p>
+&ldquo;Free.&rdquo; Stallman laments the ambiguity in his own
+term. There's nothing to lament. Puzzles force people to think, and
+this term &ldquo;free&rdquo; does this puzzling work quite well. To
+modern American ears, &ldquo;free software&rdquo; sounds utopian,
+impossible. Nothing, not even lunch, is free. How could the most
+important words running the most critical machines running the world
+be &ldquo;free&rdquo;? How could a sane society aspire to such an
+ideal?
+</p>
+<p>
+Yet the odd clink of the word &ldquo;free&rdquo; is a function of us,
+not of the term. &ldquo;Free&rdquo; has different senses, only one of
+which refers to &ldquo;price.&rdquo; A much more fundamental sense of
+&ldquo;free&rdquo; is the &ldquo;free,&rdquo; Stallman says, in the
+term &ldquo;free speech,&rdquo; or perhaps better in the term
+&ldquo;free labor.&rdquo; Not free as in costless, but free as in
+limited in its control by others. Free software is control that is
+transparent, and open to change, just as free laws, or the laws of a
+&ldquo;free society,&rdquo; are free when they make their control
+knowable, and open to change. The aim of Stallman's &ldquo;free
+software movement&rdquo; is to make as much code as it can
+transparent, and subject to change, by rendering it
+&ldquo;free.&rdquo;
+</p>
+<p>
+The mechanism of this rendering is an extraordinarily clever device
+called &ldquo;copyleft&rdquo; implemented through a license called
+GPL. Using the power of copyright law, &ldquo;free software&rdquo; not
+only assures that it remains open, and subject to change, but that
+other software that takes and uses &ldquo;free software&rdquo; (and
+that technically counts as a &ldquo;derivative work&rdquo;) must also
+itself be free.  If you use and adapt a free software program, and
+then release that adapted version to the public, the released version
+must be as free as the version it was adapted from. It must, or the
+law of copyright will be violated.
+</p>
+<p>
+&ldquo;Free software,&rdquo; like free societies, has its
+enemies. Microsoft has waged a war against the GPL, warning whoever
+will listen that the GPL is a &ldquo;dangerous&rdquo; license. The
+dangers it names, however, are largely illusory. Others object to the
+&ldquo;coercion&rdquo; in GPL's insistence that modified versions are
+also free. But a condition is not coercion. If it is not coercion for
+Microsoft to refuse to permit users to distribute modified versions of
+its product Office without paying it (presumably) millions, then it is
+not coercion when the GPL insists that modified versions of free
+software be free too.
+</p>
+<p>
+And then there are those who call Stallman's message too extreme. But
+extreme it is not. Indeed, in an obvious sense, Stallman's work is a
+simple translation of the freedoms that our tradition crafted in the
+world before code. &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; would assure that the
+world governed by code is as &ldquo;free&rdquo; as our tradition that
+built the world before code.
+</p>
+<p>
+For example: A &ldquo;free society&rdquo; is regulated by law. But
+there are limits that any free society places on this regulation
+through law: No society that kept its laws secret could ever be called
+free. No government that hid its regulations from the regulated could
+ever stand in our tradition. Law controls.  But it does so justly only
+when visibly. And law is visible only when its terms are knowable and
+controllable by those it regulates, or by the agents of those it
+regulates (lawyers, legislatures).
+</p>
+<p>
+This condition on law extends beyond the work of a legislature. Think
+about the practice of law in American courts. Lawyers are hired by
+their clients to advance their clients' interests. Sometimes that
+interest is advanced through litigation. In the course of this
+litigation, lawyers write briefs. These briefs in turn affect opinions
+written by judges. These opinions decide who wins a particular case,
+or whether a certain law can stand consistently with a constitution.
+</p>
+<p>
+All the material in this process is free in the sense that Stallman
+means.  Legal briefs are open and free for others to use. The
+arguments are transparent (which is different from saying they are
+good) and the reasoning can be taken without the permission of the
+original lawyers. The opinions they produce can be quoted in later
+briefs. They can be copied and integrated into another brief or
+opinion. The &ldquo;source code&rdquo; for American law is by design,
+and by principle, open and free for anyone to take. And take lawyers
+do &mdash; for it is a measure of a great brief that it achieves its
+creativity through the reuse of what happened before. The source is
+free; creativity and an economy is built upon it.
+</p>
+<p>
+This economy of free code (and here I mean free legal code) doesn't
+starve lawyers. Law firms have enough incentive to produce great
+briefs even though the stuff they build can be taken and copied by
+anyone else. The lawyer is a craftsman; his or her product is
+public. Yet the crafting is not charity.  Lawyers get paid; the public
+doesn't demand such work without price. Instead this economy
+flourishes, with later work added to the earlier.
+</p>
+<p>
+We could imagine a legal practice that was different &mdash; briefs
+and arguments that were kept secret; rulings that announced a result
+but not the reasoning.  Laws that were kept by the police but
+published to no one else. Regulation that operated without explaining
+its rule.
+</p>
+<p>
+We could imagine this society, but we could not imagine calling it
+&ldquo;free.&rdquo; Whether or not the incentives in such a society
+would be better or more efficiently allocated, such a society could
+not be known as free. The ideals of freedom, of life within a free
+society, demand more than efficient application.  Instead, openness
+and transparency are the constraints within which a legal system gets
+built, not options to be added if convenient to the leaders. Life
+governed by software code should be no less.
+</p>
+<p>
+Code writing is not litigation. It is better, richer, more
+productive. But the law is an obvious instance of how creativity and
+incentives do not depend upon perfect control over the products
+created. Like jazz, or novels, or architecture, the law gets built
+upon the work that went before. This adding and changing is what
+creativity always is. And a free society is one that assures that its
+most important resources remain free in just this sense.
+</p>
+<p>
+For the first time, this book collects the writing and lectures of
+Richard Stallman in a manner that will make their subtlety and power
+clear. The essays span a wide range, from copyright to the history of
+the free software movement.  They include many arguments not well
+known, and among these, an especially insightful account of the
+changed circumstances that render copyright in the digital world
+suspect. They will serve as a resource for those who seek to
+understand the thought of this most powerful man &mdash; powerful in
+his ideas, his passion, and his integrity, even if powerless in every
+other way. They will inspire others who would take these ideas, and
+build upon them.
+</p>
+<p>
+I don't know Stallman well. I know him well enough to know he is a
+hard man to like. He is driven, often impatient. His anger can flare
+at friend as easily as foe. He is uncompromising and persistent;
+patient in both.
+</p>
+<p>
+Yet when our world finally comes to understand the power and danger of
+code &mdash; when it finally sees that code, like laws, or like
+government, must be transparent to be free &mdash; then we will look
+back at this uncompromising and persistent programmer and recognize
+the vision he has fought to make real: the vision of a world where
+freedom and knowledge survives the compiler. And we will come to see
+that no man, through his deeds or words, has done as much to make
+possible the freedom that this next society could have.
+</p>
+<p>
+We have not earned that freedom yet. We may well fail in securing
+it. But whether we succeed or fail, in these essays is a picture of
+what that freedom could be. And in the life that produced these words
+and works, there is inspiration for anyone who would, like Stallman,
+fight to create this freedom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>Lawrence Lessig</strong><br />
+<strong>Professor of Law, Stanford Law School.</strong>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+<blockquote id="fsfs"><p class="big">Learn more about
+<a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.  Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
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+
+        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
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+Please see the <a
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+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2002, 2013, 2017, 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2018/04/07 03:58:56 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
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