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www/philosophy po/devils-advocate.translist dev...


From: GNUN
Subject: www/philosophy po/devils-advocate.translist dev...
Date: Fri, 8 Dec 2017 17:28:57 -0500 (EST)

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     GNUN <gnun>     17/12/08 17:28:57

Modified files:
        philosophy/po  : devils-advocate.translist 
Added files:
        philosophy     : devils-advocate.fr.html 
        philosophy/po  : devils-advocate.fr-en.html 

Log message:
        Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/devils-advocate.fr.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/devils-advocate.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/devils-advocate.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1

Patches:
Index: po/devils-advocate.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/devils-advocate.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/devils-advocate.translist        20 Oct 2017 16:29:22 -0000      1.1
+++ po/devils-advocate.translist        8 Dec 2017 22:28:56 -0000       1.2
@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@
 value='<div id="translations">
 <p>
 <span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en" 
href="/philosophy/devils-advocate.en.html">English</a>&nbsp;[en]</span> &nbsp;
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr" 
href="/philosophy/devils-advocate.fr.html">français</a>&nbsp;[fr]</span> &nbsp;
 </p>
 </div>' -->
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="/philosophy/devils-advocate.html" 
hreflang="x-default" />
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en" 
href="/philosophy/devils-advocate.en.html" title="English" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" 
href="/philosophy/devils-advocate.fr.html" title="français" />
 <!-- end translist file -->

Index: devils-advocate.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: devils-advocate.fr.html
diff -N devils-advocate.fr.html
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ devils-advocate.fr.html     8 Dec 2017 22:28:56 -0000       1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/devils-advocate.en.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>L'avocat du diable - Projet GNU - Free Software Foundation</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/devils-advocate.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
+<h2>En quoi jouer l'avocat du diable n'aide pas à la manifestation de la 
vérité</h2>
+
+<p>par Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>Jouer l'avocat du diable consiste à contester une opinion avec les
+contre-arguments d'un hypothétique adversaire. Je rencontre cela fréquemment
+dans les entretiens et les sessions de questions-réponses, et beaucoup de
+gens pensent que c'est une bonne façon de tester une opinion
+controversée. En fait, cela met l'opinion controversée en position
+d'infériorité.</p>
+
+<p>Une façon indirecte de jouer l'avocat du diable est de dire : « Si je
+défendais ta position, que devrais-je répondre si quelqu'un disait 
“XYZ” ? »
+C'est moins inamical que la façon habituelle, qui consiste à dire simplement
+« XYZ », mais l'effet est le même.</p>
+
+<p>Les adversaires malins s'efforcent de faire obstacle à l'examen approfondi
+de l'opinion à laquelle ils s'opposent. Mon adversaire malin et sans
+scrupule (disons « le diable ») ne souhaite pas que mon point de vue soit
+entendu, particulièrement si le diable pense qu'il est fondé et que les gens
+pourraient être d'accord. La meilleure façon d'éviter ceci est de 
m'empêcher
+de faire comprendre ce point de vue.</p>
+
+<p>Le diable y parvient en déformant mes propos, en présentant un contexte
+trompeur dans lequel mes mots semblent signifier quelque chose d'autre que
+ce je voulais. Si ça marche, cela va troubler le public et le distraire du
+sujet, et donc empêcher que ce dernier ne soit correctement abordé. S'il en
+résulte que mes propos semblent vouloir dire quelque chose que le public
+juge condammnable et qu'aucune des personnes présentes n'approuve, je vais
+avoir besoin d'une longue explication pour revenir au sujet. Le temps peut
+manquer ou le public ne plus être concentré.</p>
+
+<p>Si je réussis à régler le premier malentendu, l'adversaire malin va en
+susciter un autre, et encore un autre. Si l'adversaire est meilleur que moi
+en escrime verbale, je ne me ferai peut-être jamais comprendre. Si le stress
+me fait sortir de mes gonds et que j'ai du mal à parler clairement,
+l'adversaire va compter ceci comme un succès. Il importe peu au diable que
+la défaite soit celle de mon opinion ou ma défaite personnelle, tant que le
+public rejette mon point de vue.</p>
+
+<p>Si vous n'êtes pas un vrai « diable », que vous jouez seulement 
l'avocat du
+diable, alors vous ne voulez pas vraiment m'empêcher de développer mes
+arguments. Mais vous pourriez tout de même le faire sans le vouloir. Jouer
+l'avocat du diable signifie que vous agissez de façon hostile bien que vous
+n'ayez aucun sentiment d'hostilité. Une fois que vous avez décidé de dire ce
+qu'un adversaire aurait dit, il est probable que vous le ferez le mieux
+possible, en imitant l'adversaire le plus redoutable que vous puissiez
+imaginer : celui qui est malin et sans scrupule, dont le but n'est pas la
+manifestation de la vérité mais l'opposition.</p>
+
+<p>Si vous savez ce que de tels adversaires m'ont dit ou que vous êtes capable
+de le deviner, vous direz la même chose qu'eux. Ces affirmations pourraient
+distraire l'auditoire et bloquer la reflexion sur le sujet tout comme si un
+adversaire réel les avait formulées. Mais si vous n'êtes pas réellement mon
+adversaire, alors ce résultat n'est probablement pas celui que vous
+souhaitez. Si votre but était de faire la lumière sur le sujet, votre
+méthode aura été contreproductive.</p>
+
+<p>Sur de nombreux sujets, ce que je dis  va à l'encontre de l'opinion
+établie ; je ne m'attends pas à ce que les gens soient d'accord avec moi
+sans avoir mûrement réfléchi à la question, y compris aux
+contre-arguments. En effet, il serait presque impossible pour qui que ce
+soit de ne pas prendre en considération l'opinion établie puisque tout le
+monde la connaît par cœur. Déterminer ce qui est juste requiert d'aller au
+fond des choses.</p>
+
+<p>Les questions qui aident à aller au fond des choses ne sont pas celles 
qu'un
+adversaire malin et sans scrupule pourrait soulever, mais plutôt celles que
+soulèverait une personne bienveillante n'ayant pas encore arrêté sa position
+(<a href="#ft1">1</a>). Ce sont des questions qui dissèquent les différents
+aspects du problème pour mettre en évidence la variété des positions
+possibles sur chacun de ces aspects, ce qu'elles impliquent et quelles sont
+leurs relations. Très différent de jouer l'avocat du diable.</p>
+
+<p>C'est pourquoi, au lieu d'essayer de jouer l'avocat du diable, je suggère
+que vous preniez comme objectif « l'approfondisement du sujet ». Et si l'on
+vous demande comment vous répondriez si quelqu'un posait une question
+hostile, peut-être que cet argumentaire serait une bonne réponse.</p>
+
+<hr class="thin" />
+<h3 style="font-size:1.2em">Note</h3>
+<ol>
+  <li id="ft1">L'auteur utilise les pronoms « inclusifs » anglais à la 
troisième personne
+du singulier : <cite>person</cite>, <cite>per</cite> et <cite>pers</cite>.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. Les liens
+orphelins et autres corrections ou suggestions peuvent être signalés à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+        replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+        translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+        Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+        to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+
+        &lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        our web pages, see <a
+        href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+        README</a>. -->
+Nous faisons le maximum pour proposer des traductions fidèles et de bonne
+qualité, mais nous ne sommes pas parfaits. Merci d'adresser vos commentaires
+sur cette page, ainsi que vos suggestions d'ordre général sur les
+traductions, à <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+<p>Pour tout renseignement sur la coordination et la soumission des
+traductions de nos pages web, reportez-vous au <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">guide de traduction</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+     files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+     be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+     document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+     document was modified, or published.
+     
+     If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+     Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+     years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+     year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+     being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+     
+     There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+     Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2012, 2017 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.fr";>Creative
+Commons attribution, pas de modification, 4.0 internationale (CC BY-ND
+4.0)</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.fr.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+Traduction : Élodie Marrel<br />
+Révision : <a
+href="mailto:trad-gnu&#64;april.org";>trad-gnu&#64;april.org</a></div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Dernière mise à jour :
+
+$Date: 2017/12/08 22:28:56 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>

Index: po/devils-advocate.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/devils-advocate.fr-en.html
diff -N po/devils-advocate.fr-en.html
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/devils-advocate.fr-en.html       8 Dec 2017 22:28:56 -0000       1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Devil's Advocate
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/devils-advocate.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Why the Devil's Advocate Doesn't Help Reach the Truth</h2>
+
+<p>by Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>Playing the devil's advocate means challenging a position by saying
+what a hypothetical adversary would say.  I encounter this frequently
+in interviews and Q&amp;A sessions, and many people believe that this
+is a good way to put a controversial position to the test.  What it
+really does is put the controversial position at a disadvantage.</p>
+
+<p>There is an indirect way of playing the devil's advocate: to say,
+&ldquo;If I defended your position, how should I respond if someone said
+XYZ?&rdquo;  This is less unfriendly than the ordinary devil's advocate,
+who would simply say XYZ, but has the same effect.</p>
+
+<p>Cunning adversaries try intentionally to obstruct thoughtful
+consideration of a position they oppose.  My cunning and unscrupulous
+adversary (the &ldquo;devil,&rdquo; let us say) would not want my views
+to get a proper hearing, especially if the devil thinks they are valid
+and people might agree with them.  The best way to prevent that is to
+block me from making them understood.</p>
+
+<p>The devil achieves that by twisting my words: presenting a misleading
+context in which my words appear to mean something other than what I
+intended.  If this succeeds, it will confuse the audience and distract
+them from the issue, in effect preventing it from being properly raised.
+If this makes my words appear to mean something that the audience will
+condemn, and which nobody present is really in favor of, I may need a
+long explanation to get back on track.  There may not be time for
+this, or the audience might lose focus.</p>
+
+<p>If I succeed in overcoming the first misunderstanding, the cunning
+adversary would spring another, and another.  If the adversary is
+better at verbal fencing than I am, I might never get my point across.
+If the stress makes me heated and I have trouble speaking clearly, the
+adversary will count that a success.  It matters little to the devil
+whether it is my position that is vanquished or only me personally, as
+long as the audience rejects my views.</p>
+
+<p>If you are not a real &ldquo;devil,&rdquo; only playing the devil's
+advocate, you would not really wish to prevent me from presenting the
+intended point.  But you may prevent it without intending to.  Playing
+the devil's advocate means you act hostile even though you don't feel
+hostility.  Once you decide to say what an adversary would say, you
+are likely to do the job as well as you can, by imitating the toughest
+adversary you can imagine: the cunning and unscrupulous one, whose
+goal is to oppose rather than to get at the truth.</p>
+
+<p>If you know what such adversaries have said to me, or if you are
+skilled at imagining them, you would say the same things they do.
+These statements could distract the audience and block consideration
+of the issue, just as if a real adversary had said them.  But if you
+are not really my adversary, that result may not be what you really
+want.  If your goal was to shed light on the issue, your approach will
+have backfired.</p>
+
+<p>What I say on many issues goes against the establishment position, and
+I don't expect people to agree with me without considering the issue
+thoroughly, including the counterarguments.  Indeed, it would be
+almost impossible for anyone to avoid considering the establishment's
+arguments, since everyone knows them by heart.  To judge what is right
+requires getting to the bottom of the issue.</p>
+
+<p>The kind of questions that help get to the bottom of an issue are not
+those that a cunning and unscrupulous adversary would pose, but rather
+those of a thoughtful person who has not made up per mind (<a 
href="#ft1">1</a>).  They
+are questions that prise apart the aspects of the issue, so one can see
+the various possible positions on each aspect, what they imply, and
+how they relate.  Very different from playing devil's advocate.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, instead of trying to play the devil's advocate, I suggest
+that you adopt the goal of &ldquo;probing the issues.&rdquo;  And if
+you are asked how you would answer if someone else asked a hostile
+question, perhaps this essay is a good response.</p>
+
+<hr class="thin" />
+<h3 style="font-size:1.2em">Footnote</h3>
+<ol>
+  <li id="ft1">The author uses the gender-neutral third person singular
+pronouns &ldquo;person,&rdquo; &ldquo;per,&rdquo; and
+&ldquo;pers.&rdquo;</li>
+</ol>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.  Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+        replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+        translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+        Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+        to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+        &lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        our web pages, see <a
+        href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+        README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+     files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+     be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+     document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+     document was modified, or published.
+     
+     If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+     Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+     years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+     year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+     being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+     
+     There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+     Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2012, 2017 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2017/12/08 22:28:56 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>



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