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From: GNUN
Subject: www gnu/thegnuproject.zh-cn.html philosophy/wha...
Date: Thu, 14 Sep 2017 09:59:28 -0400 (EDT)

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     GNUN <gnun>     17/09/14 09:59:28

Modified files:
        gnu            : thegnuproject.zh-cn.html 
        philosophy     : whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja.html 
        philosophy/po  : whats-wrong-with-youtube.de.po 
                         whats-wrong-with-youtube.es.po 
                         whats-wrong-with-youtube.fr.po 
                         whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja-diff.html 
                         whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja.po 
                         whats-wrong-with-youtube.pot 
                         whats-wrong-with-youtube.ru.po 
Added files:
        gnu/po         : thegnuproject.zh-cn-en.html 

Log message:
        Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/thegnuproject.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.de.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.43&r2=1.44
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.35&r2=1.36
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.27&r2=1.28
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.18&r2=1.19
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.pot?cvsroot=www&r1=1.17&r2=1.18
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41

Patches:
Index: gnu/thegnuproject.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/thegnuproject.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- gnu/thegnuproject.zh-cn.html        24 Oct 2013 11:32:18 -0000      1.4
+++ gnu/thegnuproject.zh-cn.html        14 Sep 2017 13:59:26 -0000      1.5
@@ -1,418 +1,526 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
-<HTML>
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/thegnuproject.en.html" -->
 
-<HEAD>
-<TITLE>GNU ¹¤³Ì - ×ÔÓÉÈí¼þ»ù½ð»á£¨FSF£©</TITLE>
-<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; CHARSET=gb2312">
-<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:address@hidden";>
-<META HTTP-EQUIV="Keywords"
- CONTENT="GNU¡¢GNU ¹¤³Ì¡¢FSF¡¢×ÔÓÉÈí¼þ¡¢×ÔÓÉÈí¼þ»ù½ð»á¡¢ÀúÊ·">
-</HEAD>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
 
-<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#1F00FF" ALINK="#FF0000" 
LINK="#9900DD">
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>关于 GNU - GNU工程 - 自由软件基金会</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" 
content="GNU,GNU工程,FSF,自由软件,自由软件基金会,历史" 
/>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-cn.html" -->
+<h2>GNU工程</h2>
+
+<p>
+<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a> 
著</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+最初发表于<em>开源</em>一书。Richard Stallman本人<a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">从来不支持&ldquo;开源&rdquo;</a>,但他还是贡献了此文。这æ
 ·åšå¯ä»¥é¿å…è‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶è¿åŠ¨çš„理念在那本书中被完全忽略。
+</p>
+<p>
+为什么现在<a
+href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">坚持软件自由比以往更åŠ
 é‡è¦</a>。
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<h3>第一个软件分享社区</h3>
+<p>
+当我1971年开始在<acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of
+Technology(麻省理工学院)">MIT</acronym>的人工智能实验室工作的时候,我成为了当时已经存在多年的一个软件å
…
±äº«ç¤¾åŒºçš„一员。并不是只有我们的社区分享软件;分享软件从电脑出现就开始了,正如分享菜谱从烹饪出现就开始了一æ
 ·ã€‚但是我们做得更多。</p>
+<p>
+人工智能实验室当时使用一种称为<acronym title="Incompatible 
Timesharing
+System(不å…
¼å®¹åˆ†æ—¶ç³»ç»Ÿï¼‰">ITS</acronym>的分时操作系统。该系统是实验室的黑客(1)设计并用汇编语言为Digitalå
…¬å¸çš„<acronym
+title="Programmed Data
+Processor">PDP</acronym>-10计算机编写的,该计算机是当时的大型计算机之一。作为社区一员,也作为人工智能实验室的系统黑客,我的工作就是改进这个系统。</p>
+<p>
+我们没有称我们的软件是&ldquo;自由软件&rdquo;,因
为那时还没有这个概念;但那些软件就是自由的。无
论何时,只要其他大学或å…
¬å¸æƒ³ç§»æ¤å’Œä½¿ç”¨ä¸€ä¸ªç¨‹åºï¼Œæˆ‘们都很高å…
´æä¾›è¯¥ç¨‹åºã€‚如果你对别人的程序有兴趣但不太熟悉,你
总是可以要一份源代码,因此你可以阅读源代码、修改源代ç 
ï¼Œç”šè‡³æŠŠå®ƒæ‹†åˆ†å¹¶ç”¨æ¥æž„建新的程序。</p>
+<p>
+(1)
+使用&ldquo;黑客&rdquo;一词来表示&ldquo;安全破坏者
&rdquo;是部分大众媒体的乱用。作为黑客,我们拒绝认同这种解释,我们还是用它来表示热爱编程的人、享受技术的人,或è€
…二者兼而有之的人。请阅读我的文章<a
+href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>关于黑客</a>。</p>
+
+<h3>社区的解体</h3>
+<p>
+å…
«åå¹´ä»£åˆï¼ŒDigital的PDP-10系列停产,形势发生了剧变。该系列大型机在å
…­åå¹´ä»£ä¼˜é›…而有力的架构无法自然延伸到å…
«åå¹´ä»£å¼€å§‹ä½¿ç”¨çš„更大的地址空间。这意味着几
乎所有构成ITS的程序都过时了。</p>
+<p>
+而不久
前,人工智能实验室的黑客社区已经解体了。1981年,从实验室分拆出来的Symbolicså
…¬å¸é›‡ä½£äº†å‡ ä¹Žå…¨éƒ¨å®žéªŒå®¤é»‘客,减员的社区无
以为续。(Steve
+Levy的黑客一书描述了这些事件,并给出了社区鼎盛时期的清
晰写ç…
§ã€‚)当人工智能实验室在1982年购买了一台新的PDP-10后,å…
¶ç®¡ç†å‘˜å†³å®šä½¿ç”¨Digital公司的非自由分时系统来代替ITS。</p>
+<p>
+那时的新计算机,象VAX或68020,都有它们自己的操作系统,但是都不是自由软件:即使只是要一份可执行文件的副本,ä½
 éƒ½éœ€è¦ç­¾ç½²ä¿å¯†åè®®ã€‚</p>
+<p>
+这表示使用计算机的第一步是承诺不会帮助别人。互助的社区被禁止了。专属软件的所有è€
…制定了规则:&ldquo;如果你和别人分享软件,你
就是从事盗版。如果你想做软件更改,请乞求所有者
吧。&rdquo;</p>
+<p>
+专属软件的社会系统&mdash;不能分享或更改软件的系统&mdash;是反社会的,å›
 ä¸ºå®ƒä¸é“德、它完全错误。这样的想法可能令某些读者
吃惊。但是对一个以分裂公众、使其用户无
助为基础的系统,我们还能怎么说呢?那些对此吃惊的读者
也许接受了专属软件的社会系统,或者按ç…
§ä¸“属软件行业推荐的术语来做了判断。软件发布商长期以来一直努力让人们相信:对这个问题只有一个看法。</p>
+<p>
+当软件发布商说到&ldquo;加强&rdquo;他们的&ldquo;权利&rdquo;或者
&ldquo;打击<a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">盗版</a>&rdquo;时,他们<em>说的</em>å
…¶å®žæ˜¯æ¬¡è¦é—®é¢˜ã€‚他们的真正想法是让å…
¬ä¼—接受这些说法背后的假设是理所当然的、无
需审视的。那么,就让我们审视一下这些假设。</p>
+<p>
+其中一个假设是软件公司对软件拥有无
可质疑的自然所有权,进而拥有超越å…
¶ç”¨æˆ·çš„权力。(如果这是自然权利,那么无论这对公众造
成什么伤害,我们都无
法反驳。)有意思的是,美国宪法和法律惯例拒绝这个观点;版权不是自然权利,而是人为的、政府强åŠ
 çš„垄断,它用来限制用户拷贝复制的自然权利。</p>
+<p>
+另一个隐含的假设是软件唯一的重要性在于它能让你
做什么&mdash;软件用户不必去关心应该拥有什么样的社会。</p>
+<p>
+第三个假设是如果不让软件公司有超越å…
¶ç”¨æˆ·çš„权力,那么我们就没有可用的软件(或者
就没有能够执行特定任务的程序)。该假设看起来是可能的,直到自由软件运动证明:我们可以创é€
 å¤§é‡æœ‰ç”¨çš„软件而不用在其上横加锁链。</p>
+<p>
+如果我们拒绝接受这些假设,把用户放在首位,并æ 
¹æ®å¸¸è¯†æ€§çš„道德来判断,那么我们就可以得出不同的结论。计算机用户应该能够自由地修改软件来适应自己的需求,也应该能够自由地分享软件,å›
 ä¸ºäº’相帮助是社会的基础。</p>
+<p>
+鉴于篇幅
限制,我们不在此对结论背后的推理做详细论述,我为读者
提供以下网页做参考:<a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a>和<a
+href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html</a>。
+</p>
+
+<h3>严酷的道德抉择</h3>
+<p>
+社区不复存在,我无法维持原样。反过来,我面临着严é…
·çš„道德抉择。</p>
+<p>
+容易的选择是加å…
¥ä¸“属软件的世界、签署保密协议并发誓不再帮助我的黑客伙伴。我极有可能也在开发按ç
…§ä¿å¯†åè®®å‘布的软件,因此也让å…
¶ä»–人面临背叛伙伴的压力。</p>
+<p>
+我可能因此发财,也可能编程时乐在å…
¶ä¸­ã€‚但是我知道在我结束职业生涯之时,当我回顾那些建造
围墙、隔离大众的岁月之时,我会感到我的一生是在让这个世界变得更糟糕。</p>
+<p>
+当有人拒绝把控制打印机的源代ç 
ç»™æˆ‘å’ŒMIT人工智能实验室的时候(由于缺少一些功能,该程序让使用打印机的人非常恼火),我就已经体会到了作为保密协议接收方的感受。</p>
+<p>
+另一个选择,直截了当却令人不快,就是离开计算机行业。那æ
 
·ä¹Ÿè®¸æˆ‘的技术不会被滥用,但还是浪费了。我自己可能不会å›
 
为分化和限制计算机用户而遭受谴责,可这种事还是会发生。</p>
+<p>
+我因
而探索一条程序员能够做些好事的道路。我扪心自问,我能不能写一些程序,从而使再建社区成为可能?</p>
+<p>
+答案显而易见:首å…
ˆéœ€è¦çš„是一个操作系统,它是使用电脑的å…
³é”®è½¯ä»¶ã€‚有了操作系统,你就可以做许多事情;没有它,你
根本无
法运行电脑。有了自由的操作系统,我们就能够再次建立互助黑客的社区&mdash;并邀请人们åŠ
 å…¥ã€‚这样,人们就可以使用电脑而不必因此失去朋友。</p>
+<p>
+作为操作系统开发者,我正好å…
·å¤‡è¿™ä¸ªæŠ€èƒ½ã€‚即使不能确保成功,我还是意识到我义不容辞。我选择让这个系统和Unixå
…¼å®¹ï¼Œè¿™æ 
·Unix用户就能够轻易切换过来。选择GNU作为名字是延续黑客的ä¼
 ç»Ÿ<sup><a
+href="#TransNote1">1</a></sup>,它是&ldquo;GNU's Not
+Unix(GNU并非Unix)&rdquo;的首字母同义递归。它的发音是<a
+href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">带g的单音节</a>。</p>
+<p>
+操作系统并不是仅仅有内核,而无法运行å…
¶ä»–程序。在70年代,每个称得上叫操作系统名字的系统都包
括命令行、汇编器、编译器、解释器、调试器、文本编辑器、邮件服务,还有很多。ITS有、Multics有、VMS有、Unix也有这些。GNU系统也应该有。</p>
+<p>
+我后来听到Hillel曾经说过(1):</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     我不为我,谁会为我?<br />
+     我只为我,我又是谁?<br />
+     若非现在,更待何时?
+</p></blockquote>
+<p>
+决定开始GNU项目正是基于同样的情怀。</p>
+<p>
+(1)作为一个无神论者
,我并不追捧任何宗教领袖,但是我有时会钦佩他们的一些警句。</p>
+
+<h3>Free是freedom所指的自由</h3>
+<p>
+&ldquo;自由软件(free 
software)&rdquo;这一术语时常被误解&mdash;它无关价格,它å…
³ä¹Žè‡ªç”±ã€‚这里,我们给出自由软件的定义。</p>
+
+<p>一个软件对作为用户的你是自由软件,如果:</p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li>无论为何目的,你都有自由按ç…
§è‡ªå·±çš„意愿运行该软件。</li>
+
+  <li>你有自由按ç…
§è‡ªå·±çš„需要修改该软件。(要实现这个自由,你必
须可以访问源代码,因为没有源代ç 
è€ŒåŽ»ä¿®æ”¹ç¨‹åºæ˜¯æžç«¯å›°éš¾çš„。)</li>
+
+  <li>你有自由去分发软件拷贝,无论是否收费。</li>
+
+  <li>你有自由发布该程序的修改版,以让社区获益于你
的改进。</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+由于&ldquo;free&rdquo;指的是自由,而不是价æ 
¼ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥è‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶å’Œé”€å”®å…¶æ‹·è´å¹¶æ— 
矛盾。事实上,销售拷贝的自由非常å…
³é”®ï¼šä½¿ç”¨CD-ROM的方式收集和销售自由软件对社区很重要,它是为开发自由软件募集资金的一个重要手段。å›
 
此,如果一个软件不能自由地以这种方式收集和销售,那么它就不是自由软件。</p>
+<p>
+因为&ldquo;free&rdquo;带有歧义,人们长久
以来一直在找替换它的词,但是没有找到更好的。英语比å…
¶ä»–语言有更多的词汇和更微妙的词义差别,但是它没有一个简单、æ¸
…
晰的词来表达freedom一词中的&ldquo;自由&rdquo;&mdash;&ldquo;unfettered&rdquo;是意思上最接近的一个词。象&ldquo;liberated&rdquo;、&ldquo;freedom&rdquo;和&ldquo;open&rdquo;这些词或è€
…意思不对,或者有其他不足。</p>
+
+<h3>GNU软件和GNU系统</h3>
+<p>
+开发整个系统是一个非常大的工程。要达成目æ 
‡ï¼Œæˆ‘决定尽可能改造
和利用现有的自由软件。比如,我一开始就决定使用TeX作为主要的文本排版工å
…·ï¼›å‡ å¹´åŽï¼Œæˆ‘又决定使用X
+Window系统而不是另外再为GNU编写一个窗口管理系统。</p>
+<p>
+由于这些决定,以及类似的其他决定,GNU系统和å…
¨éƒ¨GNU软件集合并不相同。GNU系统包
含一些非GNU的程序,这些程序来自其他人和为å…
¶ä»–目的的项目,但是因
为它们是自由软件,所以我们就可以使用。</p>
+
+<h3>工程启动</h3>
+<p>
+1984年元月,我从MIT离职并开始编写GNU软件。离开MIT是必
须的,这æ 
·MIT就不会干扰GNU以自由软件的形式发布。如果我还是MIT的员工,MIT就可能声称是这些软件的拥有è€
…,进而可能加å…
¥ä»–们自己的发布条款,甚至还会把它们变成专属软件。我决不会花了大力气而看到结果对最初的目的毫æ—
 ç”¨å¤„:我们是要创建新的共享软件社区。</p>
+<p>
+而当时MIT人工智能实验室的领导,Winston教授,还是友好地邀请我继续使用实验室的设施。</p>
+
+<h3>最初的几步</h3>
+<p>
+GNU工程开始不久,我听说了自由大学编译器工具包
,又叫VUCK。(荷å…
°è¯­çš„&ldquo;自由&rdquo;一词以<em>v</em>开头。)这是一个为处理多种语言而设计的编译器,它可以处理C语言和Pascal语言,还可以支持多个目æ
 ‡è®¡ç®—机。我写信问其作者GNU是否可以使用该工具包。</p>
+<p>
+他带着嘲弄的口吻回答,大学是自由的,但编译器不是。我å›
 
此决定我的第一个GNU程序就是做一个支持多语言、多平台的编译器。</p>
+<p>
+带着避免自己编写整个编译器的希望,我拿到了由Lawrence
+Livermore实验室开发的一个多平台的Pastel编译器的源代ç 
ã€‚该编译器是用一种扩展的Pascal语言编写的,它本身也支持该语言,而该语言是按ç
…§ç³»ç»Ÿç¼–程语言设计的。我增加
了一个C语言的前端,并开始把编译器移植到Motorola
+68000计算机。当我发现该编译器需要数兆字节的堆æ 
ˆç©ºé—´ã€è€Œå½“æ—¶68000的Unix系统仅å…
è®¸64k字节时,我不得不放弃了该计划。</p>
+<p>
+然后,我意识到这个Pastel编译器会把整个输å…
¥æ–‡ä»¶è§£æžä¸ºä¸€ä¸ªè¯­æ³•æ 
‘结构,并把该结构整体转变成一个&ldquo;指令&rdquo;链,最后再生成输出文件,中间从不释放任何存储空间。至此,我决定å¿
…须从头开始写一个新的编译器。该新编译器现在叫做<acronym
+title="GNU Compiler
+Collection">GCC</acronym>;它完å…
¨æ²¡æœ‰ç”¨åˆ°è¯¥Pastel编译器,但是我设法改写和使用了我的那个C语言前端。但是这些都是å‡
 å¹´ä»¥åŽçš„事;首先,我做的是GNU
+Emacs的工作。</p>
+
+<h3>GNU Emacs</h3>
+<p>
+我在1984年九月开始GNU
+Emacs的工作,在1985年初它就可以使用了。这æ 
·æˆ‘就可以开始在Unix系统上编辑;由于对学习
vi或ed编辑器没有兴趣,我以前都是在å…
¶ä»–机器上进行编辑的。</p>
+<p>
+此时,人们开始想要使用GNU Emacs,这就提出了如何发布GNU
+Emacs的问题。当然,我把它放在我用的MIT电脑的匿名ftp服务器上。(该电脑,prep.ai.mit.edu,å›
 æ­¤å˜æˆäº†ä¸»è¦çš„GNU
+ftp发布站点;当它几
年后退役时,我们把它的名字转到了新的ftp服务器上。)但是,在那个时候,许多对GNU
+Emacs感兴趣的人并没有上网,因而无
法通过ftp获得软件拷贝。问题是,我应该对他们说什么?</p>
+<p>
+我可能说,&ldquo;找一个联网并愿意给你
一份拷贝的朋友。&rdquo;或者我会按ç…
§å¯¹åŽŸå§‹PDP-10上的Emacs的做法来做:告诉他们,&ldquo;邮寄一个磁带和一个<acronym
+title="Self-addressed Stamped
+Envelope(带地址和邮票的信封)">SASE</acronym>给我,我会用它们把Emacs邮寄回去。&rdquo;但是我并æ—
 
工作,而且我当时正在寻找用自由软件赚钱的方法。所以我声明,需要的人只要付150美å
…ƒï¼Œæˆ‘就会把带有Emacs的磁带邮寄过去。这æ 
·ï¼Œæˆ‘就创立了一个发布自由软件的行业,它是今天这些发布完整GNU/Linux系统的å
…¬å¸çš„先驱。</p>
+
+<h3>程序对每个用户都自由吗?</h3>
+<p>
+如果一个程序离开了其作者、成了自由软件,并不必
然意味着对每个拥有该程序拷贝的用户,它都是自由软件。例如,<a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#PublicDomainSoftware">公å…
±é¢†åŸŸè½¯ä»¶</a>(没有版权的软件)是自由软件;但是任何人都能用它制作一个修改版的专属软件。同æ
 
·åœ°ï¼Œè®¸å¤šè‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶æœ‰ç‰ˆæƒä½†æ˜¯ä½¿ç”¨ç®€å•çš„许可证发布,这些许可证å
…è®¸åˆ¶ä½œä¿®æ”¹ç‰ˆçš„专属软件。</p>
+<p>
+X 
Window系统就是这个问题的一个范例。它由MIT开发,并使用随意许可证发布为自由软件。随后,许多å
…¬å¸æ”¹å†™äº†X
+Window系统,并把它以二进制形式添加到å…
¶ä¸“属的Unix系统中,而且用同样的保密协议加以保护。这些X
+Window系统的拷贝就和Unix一样不再是自由软件了。</p>
+<p>
+X
+Window系统的开发者认为这不是问题&mdash;他们知道并愿意这æ 
·çš„事发生。他们的目的不是自由,只是&ldquo;成功&rdquo;,就是&ldquo;拥有很多用户。&rdquo;他们不å
…³å¿ƒè¿™äº›ç”¨æˆ·æ˜¯å¦æ‹¥æœ‰è‡ªç”±ï¼Œåªå¸Œæœ›ç”¨æˆ·æ•°ç›®åºžå¤§ã€‚</p>
+<p>
+这导致一个矛盾的情
形:当回答&ldquo;这个程序是否是自由软件?&rdquo;的问题时,两种不同的计算自由的方法会给出不同的答案。如果ä½
 ç”¨MIT的发布许可证来判断时,你
会说X系统是自由软件。但是,如果你
测量使用X系统的用户获得的自由平均数时,你
会说它是专属软件。因为大多数X系统的用户使用的是å…
¶Unix系统带的专属版本,而非自由软件版本。</p>
+
+<h3>Copyleft和GNU GPL</h3>
+<p>
+GNU的宗旨是给用户自由,而不只是变得流行。所以我们需要使用禁止让GNU软件变成专属软件的发布条款。我们所用的方法叫做&ldquo;copyleft&rdquo;。(1)</p>
+<p>
+Copyleft利用版权法律,但是将其反转以服务于与å…
¶å¯¹ç«‹çš„目的:不是限制一个程序,而是要使之保持自由。</p>
+<p>
+Copyleft的中心思想在于赋予任何人运行程序、复制程序、修改程序和发布修改å
…¶ç‰ˆæœ¬çš„许可&mdash;但是不允许添加他们自己的限制。因
此,每个拥有软件拷贝的人都保有定义着&ldquo;自由软件&rdquo;的å
…³é”®è‡ªç”±ï¼›è¿™äº›æƒåˆ©å˜å¾—不可剥夺。</p>
+<p>
+作为一个有效的copyleft,软件的修改版也必
须是自由的。这就保障了在我们的基础上所作的工作,如果发布,就变得社区å
…
±äº«ã€‚有工作的程序员如果自愿改善GNU软件,那么copyleft就会禁止她的雇主说:&ldquo;ä½
 ä¸èƒ½åˆ†äº«è¿™äº›æ›´æ”¹ï¼Œå› 
为它们将被用于发布我们的专属版本。&rdquo;</p>
+<p>
+如果我们要保障所有用户的自由,那么要求对程序的更改也å¿
…须是自由的是个基本条件。那些将X Window私有化的å…
¬å¸é€šå¸¸å°±æ˜¯å¯¹X
+Window做了些改动以移植到他们的系统和硬件上。相对于X系统来说,这些改动是小的,但不算微不足道。如果更改是剥夺用户自由的借口的话,任何人都可以轻易借此å
 ä¾¿å®œã€‚</p>
+<p>
+还有就是合并自由软件和非自由软件的问题。这æ 
·çš„合并本来注定是非自由的;非自由部分缺失自由会导致整体也缺失自由。å
…è®¸è¿™æ ·çš„合并会使自由的大å 
¤æ¯äºŽèšç©´ã€‚所以,copyleft的一个关键要求就是å 
µä½è¿™ä¸ªæ¼æ´žï¼šä»»ä½•åŠ å…¥æˆ–合并到copyleft程序的结果必
须是合并后的大程序也是自由和copyleft的。</p>
+<p>
+大多数GNU软件采用的copyleft的具体实现是GNU通用公å…
±è®¸å¯è¯ï¼Œç®€ç§°GNU
+GPL。我们也有针对其他特别情况的å…
¶ä»–copyleft实现。GNU手册也是copyleft的,不过手册不必用象GNU
+GPL这æ 
·å¤æ‚的许可证,所以它们用的是较简单的copyleft。(2)</p>
+<p>
+(1)在大约1984或1985年,Don
+Hopkins(一个极å…
·æƒ³è±¡åŠ›çš„家伙)给我写了封信。他在信封上写了一些逗趣的话,å
…
¶ä¸­ä¸€å¥è¯´ï¼š&ldquo;Copyleft&mdash;保留所有权利。&rdquo;我采用了&ldquo;copyleft&rdquo;来给我当时在开发的发布概念命名。</p>
+
+<p>
+(2)我们目前使用<a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation
+License</a>来授权文档。</p>
+
+<h3>自由软件基金会</h3>
+
+<p>当人们使用Emacs的兴趣起来后,其他人开始加å…
¥GNU工程。我们决定再次寻求资金。所以在1985年,我们创立了<a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/";>自由软件基金会</a> 
(FSF),它是一个为开发自由软件而成立的免税æ…
ˆå–„机构。<acronym
+title="Free Software
+Foundation">FSF</acronym>还承担
了发布Emacs磁带的业务;该项业务后来扩展到在磁带中加入å…
¶ä»–自由软件(GNU或非GNU),以及销售自由文档。</p>
+
+<p>过去,FSF的收入来自销售自由软件的拷贝以及其他相å…
³æœåŠ¡ï¼ˆå«æºä»£ç 
çš„CD-ROM、含二进制文件的CD-ROM、印制精美的手册,这些都可以自由修改和再发布),还有就是销售豪华发布版(为客户选定的平台制作å
…¨å¥—自由软件)。如今,FSF仍然<a
+href="http://shop.fsf.org/";>销售手册和其他装
备</a>,但它的很大一部分资金来自会员费。你可以通过<a
+href="http://fsf.org/join";>fsf.org</a>加入FSF。</p>
+
+<p>自由软件基金会的员工编写并维护着一些GNU软件包。å…
¶ä¸­æœ‰ä¸¤ä¸ªé‡è¦çš„软件包是C库和shell。GNU
+C库是每个运行在GNU/Linux系统上的程序和Linux通信要用到的。它由自由软件基金会的员工开发,åŒ
…括Roland
+McGrath。大多数GNU/Linux系统使用的shell是<acronym title="Bourne Again
+Shell">BASH</acronym>,Bourne Again Shell(1),它是由FSF的员工Brian 
Fox开发的。</p>
+
+<p>我们资助这些程序的开发是因为GNU工程不仅有工å…
·æˆ–开发环境,我们的目æ 
‡æ˜¯å®Œæ•´çš„操作系统,而这些程序是完成目标需要的。</p>
+
+<p>(1) &ldquo;Bourne Again Shell&rdquo;是对&ldquo;Bourne
+Shell&rdquo;这一名称表达敬意,后者
是Unix系统上常用的shell。</p>
+
+<h3>自由软件技术支持</h3>
+
+<p>自由软件的哲学拒绝一类特定的广为人知的商业实践,但是它并不反对商业。当商业尊重用户的自由时,我们希望它们能够成功。</p>
+
+<p>销售Emacs的拷贝就展示了一种这æ 
·çš„自由软件商业模式。当FSF接手了该业务,我就需要找另一种谋生的手段。我发现我可以销售针对我开发的自由软件的技术服务。这åŒ
…括教授,比如如何针对GNU
+Emacs编程和如何定制GCC;还包括软件开发,多数情
况是将GCC移植到新的平台。</p>
+
+<p>现如今,不少å…
¬å¸éƒ½åœ¨è¿›è¡Œè¯¸å¦‚此类的自由软件商业实践。它们有的发行自由软件CD-ROM,有的做各类技术支持,从回答用户问题到修复缺陷,以至添åŠ
 
新功能。我们甚至开始看到开发新自由软件产品的自由软件å…
¬å¸ã€‚</p>
+
+<p>不过,请注意&mdash;有些å…
¬å¸å·ç§°è‡ªå·±&ldquo;开源&rdquo;,实际从事和自由软件相å…
³çš„非自由软件的业务。它们不是自由软件å…
¬å¸ï¼Œå®ƒä»¬æ˜¯ä¸“属软件å…
¬å¸ã€‚它们的产品诱使用户远离自由。它们号称å…
¶è½¯ä»¶æ˜¯&ldquo;增加价值的软件包&rdquo;,并希望我们接纳å…
¶ä»·å€¼ï¼šè®©å¥½ç”¨è¶…
过自由。如果我们更珍视自由,我们就应该把这些软件叫做&ldquo;消减自由的软件åŒ
…&rdquo;。</p>
+
+<h3>技术目标</h3>
+
+<p>GNU的首要目æ 
‡æ˜¯åšè‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶ã€‚即使GNU技术上并不比Unix高明,它也有社区的优势——å
…
è®¸ç”¨æˆ·åˆä½œï¼Œå®ƒè¿˜æœ‰é“德上的优势——尊重用户的自由。</p>
+
+<p>但是,在工作中采用好的经验和æ 
‡å‡†æ˜¯è‡ªç„¶çš„&mdash;比如,动态分配数据结构可以避免固定的内
存使用,只要合理就尽可能地采用8比特编码。</p>
+
+<p>另外,我们摈弃了Unix的小内
存思路,决定不支持16位的计算机(很清
楚,当GNU系统完成时,32位的计算机应该是æ 
‡å‡†è®¾å¤‡ï¼‰ï¼Œè€Œä¸”没有必要在内存使用未超过1å…
†å­—节时就减少内
存用量。对于不常使用非常大的文件的程序,我们鼓励程序员把输å
…¥æ–‡ä»¶å…¨è¯»å…¥å†…存,然后再处理其内容而不再操心输å…
¥è¾“出(I/O)。</p>
+
+<p>这些决定使许多GNU程序在可靠性和速度上都超过了å…
¶Unix对手。</p>
+
+<h3>捐赠电脑</h3>
+
+<p>随着GNU工程的声誉高涨,人们开始捐赠
一些运行Unix的电脑给GNU工程。这很有用,因
为开发GNU部件最简单的方法就是在Unix的机器上开发,然后一个一个在该机器上把该部件用GNU部件代替。但是这里有一个道德的问题:我们是否可以有一份Unix拷贝。</p>
+
+<p>Unix是专属软件,而GNU工程的哲学说我们不应该使用专属软件。但是,使用和“用武力自卫是合法的”一致的推理,我认定使用专属软件开发自由软件是合法的:当这æ
 ·åšå¯¹å¼€å‘专属软件的自由替代是关键的时候,因为这æ 
·æ‰èƒ½å¸®åŠ©äººä»¬æ‘†è„±ä¸“属软件。</p>
+
+<p>但是,即使有争议的做恶,还是一种做恶。今天,我们不再有任何Unix拷贝,å›
 
为我们已经用自由的操作系统代替了它们。如果我们不能用自由软件替换掉机器里的操作系统,我们就把机器替换掉。</p>
+
+<h3>GNU任务列表</h3>
+
+<p>随着GNU工程的前进,越来越多的系统组件被开发或被发掘出来。最后,我们发现制作一个组件缺失列表会很有用处。我们利用该列表来雇佣开发人员编写缺失的软件。这就是GNU任务列表。除了缺失的Unix部件,我们还列出了å
…
¶ä»–一些有用的软件和文档项目,我们认为它们是一个完整的系统所å¿
…须的。</p>
+
+<p>今天(1),GNU任务列表上已经没什么Unix部件了&mdash;这部分工作已经完成,除了一些不重要的组件。但是,有人会称这个列表上的项目是&ldquo;应用软件&rdquo;。它们是对一部分用户有吸引力的操作系统之上的软件。</p>
+
+<p>即使游戏也在任务列表上&mdash;从一开始就在。Unix带有游戏,所以GNU自然也应该有。但游戏不å¿
…是å…
¼å®¹çš„,所以我们的游戏和Unix的游戏并不相同。相反,我们列出了一些用户可能喜欢的不同种类的游戏。</p>
+
+<p>(1)当时是1998年。在2009年我们不再维护很长的任务列表。社区开发自由软件的速度是如此之快,我们甚至æ—
 æ³•å…¨éƒ¨è·Ÿè¸ªã€‚所以,我们使用了高优å…
ˆçº§é¡¹ç›®åˆ—表,一个非常短的项目列表;我们真的鼓励用户来编写这些软件。</p>
+
+<h3>GNU软件库GPL</h3>
+
+<p>GNU C库使用一种特别的copyleft,它叫做GNU库通用公å…
±è®¸å¯è¯(1),它允许使用该库链接专属软件。为什么有这æ 
·ä¸€ä¸ªä¾‹å¤–?</p>
+
+<p>这不是原则的问题;没有原则说专属软件有权包
含我们的代码。(我们为什么要为注定会拒绝和我们分享代ç 
çš„项目做贡献?)C库或å…
¶ä»–任何库使用LGPL许可证是战略问题。</p>
+
+<p>C库完成的是普遍性的任务;每个专属系统或编译器都有自己的C库。所以,我们的C库只供自由软件使用并不会给自由软件更多的优势&mdash;它可能只会让大家避å
…ä½¿ç”¨æˆ‘们的库。</p>
+
+<p>有一个系统是例外:在GNU系统上(包括GNU/Linux),GNU 
C库是唯一的C库。所以GNU
+C库的发布条款决定着是否可以在GNU系统上编译专属软件。道德上没有理由在GNU系统上å
…è®¸ä¸“属软件,但是战略上不允许专属软件可能更加
不利于自由软件的发展。这就是为什么C库使用LGPL是一个好的战略。</p>
+
+<p>对于其他库,战略决定需要具体情况å…
·ä½“分析。如果一个库是帮助特定的程序完成特定的任务,那么它以GPL发布,只能用于自由软件。这æ
 ·ä¼šå¸®åŠ©è‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶å¼€å‘者有超越专属软件的优势。</p>
+
+<p>以GNU 
Readline为例,它是为编辑BASH命令行而开发的库。它以常规的GNU
+GPL,而不是以LGPL发布。这æ 
·å¯èƒ½å‡å°‘了Readline的使用量,但这不是我们的损失。同时,至少能够使用Readline使自由软件变得特别,从而使社区获得优势。</p>
+
+<p>专属软件开发者有金钱带来的优势;自由软件开发者
需要互相帮助的优势。我希望有一天我们拥有大量的GPL的库而专属软件没有,这些库是开发新的自由软件的材料,它们åŠ
 åœ¨ä¸€èµ·æž„成了进一步开发自由软件的主要优势。</p>
+
+<p>(1)该许可证现在叫做GNU宽通用公共许可证,以避å…
å¤§å®¶è¯¯ä»¥ä¸ºå…¨éƒ¨åº“都可以使用该许可证。参看<a
+href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">为什么你
的下一个库不应该使用LGPL许可证</a>来了解更多信息。</p>
+
+<h3>解决痛点?<sup><a href="#TransNote2">2</a></sup></h3>
+<p>
+Eric
+Raymond说&ldquo;每个软件杰作都开始于开发者
解决个人的一个痛点。&rdquo;这个也许时有发生,但是许多GNU软件是为了完成自由的操作系统而开发的。它们来自于远见和计划,而不是冲动。</p>
+<p>
+比如,我们开发GNU C库因
为类Unix的系统需要一个C库,我们开发BASH因
为类Unix的系统需要一个shell,我们开发GNU
+tar因为类Unix的系统需要一个tar程序。我自己的程序&mdash;GNU 
C编译器、GNU Emacs、GDB和GNU Make也是一样。</p>
+<p>
+有些GNU程序的开发是为了对付威胁我们自由的某些特殊敌人。为此,我们开发了gzip来代替Compress程序,该程序由于<acronym
+title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</acronym>专利而离开自由社区。我们找人开发LessTif,最近又开始开发<acronym
+title="GNU Network Object Model
+Environment">GNOME</acronym>和Harmony,用来解决由于某些专利库(见下)带来的问题。我们还在开发GNU
 Privacy
+Guard来代替非自由的加密软件,因
为用户不应该在自由和隐私之间做选择。</p>
+<p>
+当然,编程的人对这些工作很感兴趣,并且许多人因
为自己需要和兴趣添加
了许多功能。但那不是这些程序存在的理由。</p>
+
+<h3>未预见的开发</h3>
+<p>
+在GNU工程开始时,我想象的是我们可以开发好完整的GNU系统,然后再发布。事实不是那æ
 ·å‘展的。</p>
+<p>
+由于每个GNU部件都是在Unix系统上实现的,所以各个部件在GNU整体完成之前早就在Unix系统上运行了。å
…
¶ä¸­ä¸€äº›ç¨‹åºå¤§å®¶éƒ½å¾ˆå–œæ¬¢ï¼Œè€Œä¸”有用户开始扩展和移植它们&mdash;到各种不å
…¼å®¹çš„Unix版本以及其他一些系统。</p>
+<p>
+这个过程使得这些程序更强大,并且为GNU工程吸引了资金和贡献è€
…。可是,它也使完成最小系统的工作延缓了数年,因
为GNU开发者
的精力都放在维护这些组件的移植和新功能上,而无
暇顾及开发那些缺失的组件。</p>
+
+<h3>GNU Hurd</h3>
+<p>
+1990年时,GNU系统基本上完成了;主要部件只缺少内æ 
¸ã€‚我们早已决定我们的内æ 
¸æ˜¯è¿è¡Œåœ¨Mach上的服务进程集合。Mach是卡内基梅
隆大学和犹他大学先后开发的微内核;GNU
+Hurd(即GNU驾驭者
)是运行在Mach之上的服务程序集合,它们完成Unix内æ 
¸åšçš„那些工作。因为等待Mach依ç…
§ä¿è¯ä»¥è‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶å‘布,我们的开发工作延迟开始。</p>
+<p>
+选择该设计的一个原因是避å…
çœ‹èµ·æ¥æ˜¯æœ€å›°éš¾çš„那部分工作:在没有源代ç 
çš„级别的调试器上调试内æ 
¸ç¨‹åºã€‚该工作已经在Mach上完成了,我们期待
的是用GDB以调试用户程序的模式调试Hurd的服务进程。但是这个花了很长的时间才实现,互相发送消息的多线程服务程序的调试实é™
…上非常难。使Hurd能够完全工作的努力延续了许多年。</p>
+
+<h3>Alix</h3>
+<p>
+GNU内æ 
¸æœ€åˆå¹¶ä¸æ‰“算叫Hurd。它原来的名字叫Alix&mdash;以我当时的心上人为名。她是一个Unix系统管理员,她曾说自己的名字和Unix系统版本的通用命名模式一致;她以玩笑的口吻对朋友说,&ldquo;人们应该以我的名字命名å†
…核。&rdquo;我什么也没说,却决定以Alix命名内æ 
¸æ¥ç»™å¥¹ä¸€ä¸ªæƒŠå–œã€‚</p>
+<p>
+这个名字没有流传下来。Michael(现在的Thomas)Bushnell,内æ 
¸çš„主要开发者,更喜欢Hurd这个名字,他把Alix重新定义为内æ 
¸çš„某个部分&mdash;就是捕获系统调用并向Hurd服务程序发送处理消息的那部分。</p>
+<p>
+后来,我和Alix分开了,她改了名字;不约而同,Hurd也改了设计,C库直接向服务程序发送消息,Alix部件就从å†
…核里消失了。</p>
+<p>
+但是在此之前,她的朋友在Hurd代ç 
é‡Œçœ‹åˆ°äº†Alix,并告诉了她。所以,她的确获得了以她名字命名的å†
…核。</p>
+
+<h3>Linux和GNU/Linux</h3>
+<p>
+GNU 
Hurd现在还不适用于产品级应用。我们也不知道它什么时候可以成熟。灵活的设计直接导致系统能力设计出现问题,而且解决方案还不æ¸
…楚。</p>
+
+<p>
+幸运的是,还有另一个内核。1991年,Linus
+Torvalds开发了一个和Unix兼容的内æ 
¸ï¼Œå¹¶ç§°ä¹‹ä¸ºLinux。它一开始是专属软件,但是在1992年,他把它变成自由软件;把Linux和还不完å
…¨çš„GNU系统结合在一起就形成了一个完å…
¨çš„自由软件操作系统。(当然,合并它们两个本身就是一个庞大的工程。)正是由于有了Linux,我们今天才能够运行一个GNU系统。</p>
+<p>
+我们称之为<a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>,以表达它是GNU系统和Linuxå†
…æ 
¸çš„结合。请不要隨大溜地把整个系统叫做&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;,因
为那样就把我们的工作归功于他人了。请<a
+href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">给予我们平等的宣传</a>。</p>
+
+<h3>未来的挑战</h3>
+<p>
+我们已经证明我们有能力开发很多自由软件。这并不是说我们不可战胜、不可阻挡。有些挑战会使自由软件的未来变得不确定;面对挑战需要毫不动摇的努力和忍耐力,有时需要长年累月。它需要人们珍重自由时所表现的那种决心,自由绝不能旁落。</p>
+<p>
+以下四节讨论这些挑战。</p>
+
+<h3>保密的硬件</h3>
+<p>
+硬件制造商越来越倾向于保守硬件规æ 
¼çš„秘密。这使为Linux和XFree86编写支持新硬件的自由驱动软件变得困难起来。今天我们有了完整的自由软件系统,但是如果不能支持未来的计算机,我们明天就会失去这个自由软件系统。</p>
+<p>
+有两种方法对付这个问题。程序员可以通过逆向工程了解这些硬件的工作原理。å
…
¶ä»–人可以选择使用那些被自由软件支持的硬件;随着我们的人数增长,保守硬件规æ
 ¼çš„秘密就变成是固步自封。</p>
+<p>
+逆向工程是一个艰巨的任务;我们的程序员是否有足够的决心æ‹
…
起重任?是的&mdash;如果我们强烈地感觉到自由是一个原则问题,而非自由的驱动软件是æ—
 
法容忍的。会有很多人愿意花额外的钱、甚至花一点额外的时间让我们用上自由的驱动软件吗?是的,如果我们想要自由软件的决心广泛ä¼
 æ’­ã€‚</p>
+<p>
+(2008年注:此问题还扩展到BIOS程序。这里有一个自由的BIOS软件,<a
+href="http://www.libreboot.org/";>LibreBoot</a>(coreboot的一个发行版);问题在于获得计算机的规æ
 ¼ä»¥ä¾¿LibreBoot能够不使用非自由的&ldquo;blobs&rdquo;软件包
也能够支持这些计算机。)</p>
+
+<h3>非自由软件库</h3>
+<p>
+运行在自由操作系统里的非自由软件库是自由软件开发者
的一个陷阱。这些软件库看上去很美的功能是诱饵;如果你
使用了该软件库,你就落入了陷阱,因为你
的程序不能再作为自由软件的部件来使用。(严æ 
¼æ¥è¯´ï¼Œæˆ‘们可以包含你
的程序,但是它没有了非自由软件库将无
法<em>运行</em>。)更糟糕的是,如果使用专属软件库的程序变得流行起来,它就会诱惑å
…¶ä»–未起疑心的程序员落入同样的陷阱。</p>
+<p>
+第一个这样的例子是80年代的Motif工具包
。虽然那时还没有自由的操作系统,但是很明显Motif将会导致什么æ
 
·çš„问题。GNU工程做出了两个回应:一方面请求个别自由软件项目支持Motifå·¥å
…·åŒ…的同时也支持自由的X工具包
,另一方面请求黑客编写替代Motif的工具包
。该工作持续了许多年;直到1997年,由匈牙利程序员开发的LessTif,才变得足够强大来代替Motif的大部分功能。</p>
+<p>
+从1996年到1998年,另一个非自由<acronym title="Graphical User
+Interface:图形界面">GUI</acronym>工具包,叫做Qt,被一个实际
上是自由软件的集合,<acronym title="K
+Desktop Environment:K桌面环境">KDE</acronym>桌面所使用。</p>
+<p>
+自由的GNU/Linux系统当时无法使用KDE,因
为我们不能使用那个工具包
。然而,一些商业的GNU/Linux发行商没有坚持自由软件的理念,将KDEæ·»åŠ
 
到他们的系统&mdash;生产了有更多功能、但更少自由的系统。KDE团队积极鼓励更多的程序员使用Qt软件库,数百万的新&ldquo;Linux用户&rdquo;从来没有被告知这里有问题。æƒ
…况变得严峻。</p>
+<p>
+自由软件社区对此做出了两个回应:GNOME和Harmony。</p>
+<p>
+GNOME(GNU Network Object Model
+Environment,GNU网络对象建模环境)是GNU的桌面项目。它在1997年由Miguel
 de Icaza开始,并由Red Hat
+Software支持开发,GNOME致力于提供相似的桌面支持,但完å…
¨ä½¿ç”¨è‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶ã€‚它在技术上也要领å…
ˆï¼Œæ¯”如支持多种编程语言,而不是只支持C++。但是主要的目的还是自由:不å¿
…依赖任何非自由软件。</p>
+<p>
+Harmony是一个兼容性替代库,其设计用来运行KDE软件而无
需使用Qt。</p>
+<p>
+在1998年11月,Qt的开发者宣布更改授权协议,新协议实际
上要使Qt变成自由软件。虽然无法æ 
¸å®žï¼Œä¸è¿‡æˆ‘还是认为这一举动有一部分是由于我们社区对Qt作为非自由软件的有力回应。(新的授权协议不方便也不对等,所以最好还是避å
…ä½¿ç”¨Qt。)</p>
+<p>
+[后续注:在2000å¹´9月,Qt按照GNU GPL发布,这就从æ 
¹æœ¬ä¸Šè§£å†³äº†è¿™ä¸ªé—®é¢˜ã€‚]</p>
+<p>
+我们会如何回应下一个非自由软件库的诱惑?整个自由社区是否都会理解我们应该躲开陷阱?抑或有人会为了好用而放弃自由,从而制é€
 å¤§éº»çƒ¦ï¼Ÿæˆ‘们的未来要靠我们的哲学。</p>
+
+<h3>软件专利</h3>
+<p>
+我们面临的最恶劣的威胁是软件专利,它可以用算法和功能点限制自由软件最长达20年。LZW压缩算法于1983年启用专利,我们至今不能发布可以生成适当压缩的<acronym
+title="Graphics Interchange
+Format,图形交换æ 
¼å¼">GIF</acronym>图片的自由软件。[在2009年,这些专利过期。]在1998年,由于受到专利的威胁,一个生成<acronym
+title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3">MP3</acronym>æ 
¼å¼çš„音频压缩自由软件从发行版中被移除了。</p>
+<p>
+我们有些方法来对付专利:我们可以寻找专利是无
效的证据,我们还可以寻找å…
¶ä»–的方法替代专利限制的方法。但是这些方法不总是有效;当上述两种方法都失败时,专利可能迫使自由软件æ—
 æ³•å…·å¤‡ç”¨æˆ·éœ€è¦çš„某些功能。经过长时间的等待
,专利会过期(MP3专利应该在2018年过期),但是在此之前我们怎么办?</p>
+<p>
+因为自由的原因
而珍视自由软件的人们总是会和自由软件保持一致。我们会设法在没有这些功能的æƒ
…况下完成工作。但是还有那些因为期待
自由软件功能优越而喜欢自由软件的人,他们可能在看到专利的限制后会觉得自由软件是个失败。å›
 æ­¤ï¼Œå½“我们谈论&ldquo;集市(bazaar)&rdquo;开发模式的实际
有效性的时候,在我们谈论自由软件的可靠
性和强大功能的时候,我们不要停留在这些话题上。我们必
须要谈论自由和原则。</p>
+
+<h3>自由文档</h3>
+<p>
+自由软件操作系统的最大不足不是软件&mdash;而是缺少优秀的自由文档。文档是软件åŒ
…的基本组成部分;一个重要的自由软件包
没有相应的优质自由文档,就是差距。这æ 
·çš„差距我们目前有很多。</p>
+<p>
+自由文档,和自由软件一样,关乎自由,而不是价æ 
¼ã€‚自由文档的æ 
‡å‡†å’Œè‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶å¤§åŒå°å¼‚:它给予所有用户自由。文档必
须能够重新发布(包括商业销售),无
论是在线还是纸质,这样每个软件拷贝就都能带有文档。</p>
+<p>
+文档允许修改也很关键。作为一般性规则,我不认为有必
要允许人们修改所有种类的文章和书籍。比如,我不认为你
或我应该被å…
è®¸ä¿®æ”¹æœ¬æ–‡ï¼Œæœ¬æ–‡æè¿°çš„是我们的行动和看法。</p>
+<p>
+但是拥有修改自由软件文档的自由是å…
³é”®çš„,是有特别的原因
的。当人们实践修改软件的权利&mdash;添加
或改变软件的功能时,如果他们是尽责的,他们还会修改文档&mdash;这æ
 
·ä»–们就会为修改后的软件提供准确和可用的文档。非自由的文档不å
…
è®¸ç¨‹åºå‘˜å°½è´£å¹¶å®Œæˆæ–‡æ¡£å·¥ä½œï¼Œä¸ç¬¦åˆæˆ‘们社区的需要。</p>
+<p>
+å…
³äºŽå¦‚何修改文档的某些限制不是问题。比如,要求保留原作è€
…的版权声明、发布规则或作者
列表,是合适的。要求修改版包
含修改声明也没问题。如果不是技术话题,即使要求整个声明不被åˆ
 é™¤æˆ–修改也没问题。这些限制不是问题因
为它们没有阻止尽责的程序员修改文档以适应软件的修改。换句话说,它们没有阻止自由软件社区使用整个文档。</p>
+<p>
+然而,必须要允许修改文档的所有<em>技术</em>内容,并å…
è®¸ä»Žæ‰€æœ‰å¸¸è§„渠
道以所有常规媒体发布;否则,就限制了社区,文档就不是自由的,我们就会需要另一个文档。</p>
+<p>
+自由软件的开发者有没有觉悟和决心来写出å…
¨æ–¹ä½çš„自由文档?我们的未来又一次依赖于我们的哲学。</p>
+
+<h3>我们必须论及自由</h3>
+<p>
+估计当今有一千万GNU/Linux用户,他们使用诸如Debian 
GNU/Linux和Red Hat&ldquo;
+Linux&rdquo;系统。自由软件已经发展得如此优越,以至于用户ä»
…仅因为其实用性就蜂拥而至。</p>
+<p>
+好的效果是显而易见的:更多开发自由软件的å…
´è¶£ã€æ›´å¤šè‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶è¡Œä¸šçš„客户和对开发商用自由软件而不是专属软件的å
…¬å¸çš„更有力的鼓舞。</p>
+<p>
+但是对软件兴趣的高涨超过了对å…
¶å“²å­¦åŸºç¡€çš„认知,这会导致麻烦。我们面对上述挑战和威胁的能力依赖于我们坚定地站在自由这一边。要使社区有同æ
 ·çš„意志,我们需要向新加入社区的伙伴传
播我们的理念。</p>
+<p>
+但是我们正在此处失败:我们吸引新用户的努力大大超
过了教育他们成为合格社区å…
¬æ°‘的努力。我们要两手都抓,也要两手一样硬。</p>
+
+<h3>&ldquo;开源&rdquo;</h3>
+<p>
+在1998年,教育新用户自由的理念变得更加
困难,当时部分社区成员决定使用&ldquo;开源&rdquo;代替&ldquo;自由软件&rdquo;。</p>
+<p>
+其中一些人的目的是避免&ldquo;自由&rdquo;和&ldquo;å…
è´¹&rdquo;的混淆&mdash;这是个合理的目的。不过,另一些人,却意在把激励自由软件运动和GNU工程的精髓抛在一边,去迎合行政和商业用户,å
…¶ä¸­å¾ˆå¤šäººçš„理念是盈利超越自由、超越社区、超越原则。因
此,&ldquo;开源&rdquo;一词聚焦于制作高质量、强功能的软件的能力,而回避自由、社区和原则的理念。</p>
+<p>
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;杂志就是一个明确的例子&mdash;å…
¶ä¸­å¡žæ»¡äº†å·¥ä½œåœ¨GNU/Linux系统之上的专属软件的广告。当再有Motif或Qt之类的软件出现,这些杂志是该警告程序员远离它们呢,还是会为它们打广告呢?</p>
+<p>
+商业的支持能够在很多方面为社区做贡献;å…
¶ä»–条件合适时,这是有用的。但是通过少说自由和原则来获取它们的支持是灾难性的;这使前面提到的增åŠ
 ç”¨æˆ·å’Œæ•™è‚²å…¬æ°‘的不平衡变得更糟。</p>
+<p>
+&ldquo;自由软件&rdquo;和&ldquo;开源&rdquo;描述的是大致同一类软件,但是它们表述的却是这些软件的不同层面和价值。GNU工程继续使用&ldquo;自由软件&rdquo;一词,来表达自由而不只技术是重要的,这一理念。</p>
+
+<h3>尝试!</h3>
+<p>
+犹大的名言(&ldquo;不存在&lsquo;尝试&rsquo;&rdquo;)听来优雅
,但是对我不适用。带着是否能够完成任务的焦虑、带着完成目æ
 ‡æ˜¯å¦å·²è¶³å¤Ÿçš„怀疑,我完成了大部分工作。无
论如何,我尝试了,因为在敌人和我的城池
之间只有我自己。令我吃惊的是,我有时也能取胜。</p>
+<p>
+我有时也失败;一些城池
沦陷了。然后我找到另一个面临威胁的城池
,并准备好另一场战役。天长日久
,我学会了发现威胁并置身于威胁和城池之间,呼唤å…
¶ä»–黑客来加入我的阵营。</p>
+<p>
+现如今,我通常不再是一个人。看到大量的黑客挖战壕、守阵线的感觉是轻松和快乐。我意识到城æ±
 &mdash;眼下安å…
¨äº†ã€‚但是危险与年俱增,目前Microsoft明确把矛头指向我们的社区。我们不能视自由的未来为理所当然。不能认为自由是理所当然!如果要保持自由,ä½
 å¿…须准备好捍卫自由。</p>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+<h3>译注</h3>
+<ol>
+<li id="TransNote1">这里的意思是起名字时,在新名字里包
含旧名字以体现对旧名字的敬意。</li>
+<li id="TransNote2">原文是Scratching an
+itch?:意思是瘙到痒处。这里指解决一个闹心的问题,故
译为解决痛点。</li>
+</ol></div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
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-[
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
-<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->
-  <A HREF="/gnu/thegnuproject.cs.html">½Ý¿ËÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/thegnuproject.zh-cn.html">¼òÌåÖÐÎÄ</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/thegnuproject.zh-tw.html">·±ÌåÖÐÎÄ</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/thegnuproject.en.html">Ó¢Óï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/thegnuproject.fr.html">·¨Óï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/thegnuproject.id.html">Ó¡¶ÈÄáÎ÷ÑÇÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/thegnuproject.it.html">Òâ´óÀûÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/thegnuproject.ko.html">³¯ÏÊÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/thegnuproject.ru.html">¶íÂÞ˹Óï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/thegnuproject.es.html">Î÷°àÑÀÓï</A>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
-<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->
-]
-
-<P><a href="/home.html">·µ»Ø GNU Ê×Ò³</a> ¡£
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href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> £»<BR>
-»ò£¨ÒÔÖÐÎÄ£©Ë͵½ <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> 
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href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> £¬ <BR>
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href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> £¬<BR>
-ÓÐ¹Ø Ô­Ê¼Ó¢ÓïÍøÒ³ µÄÒâ¼û£¨ÒÔÓ¢ÓË͵½ <a 
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>
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href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> ¡£
-<P>Copyright (C) 1998, 2001 Richard Stallman.
-<P>Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this 
<P>transcript as long as the copyright and this permission notice appear.
-ÔÊÐíÔÚ²»±ä¸üÎļþÄÚÈݵÄÇ°ÌáÏ¿¯µÇ±¾Îĸ±±¾ÔÚÈκÎÐÎʽµÄýÌåÖУ¬µ«Ðè±£Áô°æȨÐû¸æºÍ´ËÉùÃ÷¡£
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-<!--
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-<BR>ÑéÖ¤¶ÁÕߣº¼Ö ÐÇ¿Í¡¢Âí ѩƼ¡¢Áõ ÕѺꡣ
--->
-<P>
-Updated:
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2013/10/24 11:32:18 $ $Author: ineiev $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
-<HR>
-</BODY>
-</HTML>
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>

Index: philosophy/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja.html 24 Aug 2017 12:29:16 -0000      
1.8
+++ philosophy/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja.html 14 Sep 2017 13:59:27 -0000      
1.9
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja.po</a>'
  --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" 
value="/philosophy/whats-wrong-with-youtube.html"
  --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" 
value="/philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja-diff.html"
- --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2017-06-25" --><!--#set 
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/whats-wrong-with-youtube.en.html" -->
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2017-06-25" -->
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.ja.html" -->
 <!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 最終更新:
 
-$Date: 2017/08/24 12:29:16 $
+$Date: 2017/09/14 13:59:27 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.de.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.de.po,v
retrieving revision 1.43
retrieving revision 1.44
diff -u -b -r1.43 -r1.44
--- philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.de.po        20 Jul 2017 12:32:10 
-0000      1.43
+++ philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.de.po        14 Sep 2017 13:59:27 
-0000      1.44
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
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 "Project-Id-Version: whats-wrong-with-youtube.html\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: Webmasters <address@hidden>\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-06-25 12:25+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-09-14 13:56+0000\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2017-07-16 22:00+0200\n"
 "Last-Translator: Jоегg Kоhпе <joeko (AT) online [PUNKT] de>\n"
 "Language-Team: German <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
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+"X-Outdated-Since: 2017-09-14 13:56+0000\n"
 
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 msgid "What's Wrong with YouTube - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
@@ -72,6 +73,13 @@
 
 #. type: Content of: <ul><li>
 msgid ""
+"Without the nonfree software, you can't even see the YouTube pages.  "
+"Nowadays, without running the nonfree JavaScript code, the browser window "
+"appears blank."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
 "YouTube tries to stop people from downloading copies.  The nonfree "
 "JavaScript code for some videos does not allow the browser to save a copy.  "
 "This is a form of DRM."
@@ -82,30 +90,6 @@
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
 msgid ""
-"The free software community has made progress in overcoming these problems.  "
-"It is getting easier to access YouTube videos (except those with DRM) "
-"without running nonfree software.  Indeed, the HTML5 Video Everywhere add-on "
-"for Firefox (included in IceCat) takes care of this, though it occasionally "
-"breaks temporarily when sites change their undocumented APIs."
-msgstr ""
-"Die Freie-Software-Gemeinschaft hat Fortschritte bei der Bewältigung dieser "
-"Probleme gemacht. Es wird immer einfacher auf YouTube-Filme zuzugreifen, "
-"ohne unfreie Software ausführen zu müssen (mit Ausnahme jener mit DRM). In "
-"der Tat übernimmt dies das Firefox-Add-on <b>HTML5 Video Everywhere!</b> (in 
"
-"IceCat bereits enthalten), obwohl es gelegentlich vorübergehend nicht "
-"funktioniert, wenn Präsenzen ihre undokumentierten APIs ändern."
-
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"However, most users don't use such methods, so putting a video on YouTube "
-"usually leads people to watch it by running nonfree software."
-msgstr ""
-"Die meisten Nutzer verwenden jedoch keine solcher Methoden, so dass sie ein "
-"auf YouTube bereitgestellter Film direkt in die Arme unfreier Programme "
-"führt."
-
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
 "One thing about YouTube that is <em>not</em> a moral strike against it is "
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@@ -136,11 +120,23 @@
 
 # Dailymotion … Maxdome … MyVideo … Quazer … Vimeo … Prime
 #. type: Content of: <p>
+# | Dailymotion and Vimeo have the same problem as YouTube's HTML5 option:
+# | viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code. 
+# | [-If there is-]  {+Archive.org at least permits viewing most videos
+# | without you're having to run+} any [-commercial video-hosting platform
+# | that doesn't have this problem, please inform us.-] {+nonfree software3 to
+# | see them.+}
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Dailymotion and Vimeo have the same problem as YouTube's HTML5 option: "
+#| "viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code.  "
+#| "If there is any commercial video-hosting platform that doesn't have this "
+#| "problem, please inform us."
 msgid ""
 "Dailymotion and Vimeo have the same problem as YouTube's HTML5 option: "
-"viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code.  If "
-"there is any commercial video-hosting platform that doesn't have this "
-"problem, please inform us."
+"viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code.  "
+"Archive.org at least permits viewing most videos without you're having to "
+"run any nonfree software3 to see them."
 msgstr ""
 "Dailymotion und Vimeo haben das gleiche Problem wie die HTML5-Alternative "
 "von YouTube: die Betrachtung ihrer Filme auf übliche Weise verlangt unfreien 
"
@@ -260,6 +256,30 @@
 msgstr "Letzte Änderung:"
 
 #~ msgid ""
+#~ "The free software community has made progress in overcoming these "
+#~ "problems.  It is getting easier to access YouTube videos (except those "
+#~ "with DRM) without running nonfree software.  Indeed, the HTML5 Video "
+#~ "Everywhere add-on for Firefox (included in IceCat) takes care of this, "
+#~ "though it occasionally breaks temporarily when sites change their "
+#~ "undocumented APIs."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Die Freie-Software-Gemeinschaft hat Fortschritte bei der Bewältigung "
+#~ "dieser Probleme gemacht. Es wird immer einfacher auf YouTube-Filme "
+#~ "zuzugreifen, ohne unfreie Software ausführen zu müssen (mit Ausnahme "
+#~ "jener mit DRM). In der Tat übernimmt dies das Firefox-Add-on <b>HTML5 "
+#~ "Video Everywhere!</b> (in IceCat bereits enthalten), obwohl es "
+#~ "gelegentlich vorübergehend nicht funktioniert, wenn Präsenzen ihre "
+#~ "undokumentierten APIs ändern."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "However, most users don't use such methods, so putting a video on YouTube "
+#~ "usually leads people to watch it by running nonfree software."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Die meisten Nutzer verwenden jedoch keine solcher Methoden, so dass sie "
+#~ "ein auf YouTube bereitgestellter Film direkt in die Arme unfreier "
+#~ "Programme führt."
+
+#~ msgid ""
 #~ "In the non-HTML5 mode, it involves use of Flash Player, which is "
 #~ "nonfree.  It even tells users to install Flash Player.  (This mode was "
 #~ "deprecated by YouTube as of January 2015.)"

Index: philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.35
retrieving revision 1.36
diff -u -b -r1.35 -r1.36
--- philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.es.po        27 Jun 2017 10:33:18 
-0000      1.35
+++ philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.es.po        14 Sep 2017 13:59:27 
-0000      1.36
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: whats-wrong-with-youtube.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-06-27 12:31+0200\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-09-14 13:56+0000\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2017-06-27 12:18+0100\n"
 "Last-Translator: Javier Fdez. Retenaga <address@hidden>\n"
 "Language-Team: Spanish <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
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+"X-Outdated-Since: 2017-09-14 13:56+0000\n"
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 #. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -70,6 +71,13 @@
 
 #. type: Content of: <ul><li>
 msgid ""
+"Without the nonfree software, you can't even see the YouTube pages.  "
+"Nowadays, without running the nonfree JavaScript code, the browser window "
+"appears blank."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
 "YouTube tries to stop people from downloading copies.  The nonfree "
 "JavaScript code for some videos does not allow the browser to save a copy.  "
 "This is a form of DRM."
@@ -80,30 +88,6 @@
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
 msgid ""
-"The free software community has made progress in overcoming these problems.  "
-"It is getting easier to access YouTube videos (except those with DRM) "
-"without running nonfree software.  Indeed, the HTML5 Video Everywhere add-on "
-"for Firefox (included in IceCat) takes care of this, though it occasionally "
-"breaks temporarily when sites change their undocumented APIs."
-msgstr ""
-"La comunidad del software libre ha hecho progresos para superar estos "
-"problemas. Se está volviendo más sencillo acceder a los vídeos de YouTube "
-"(excepto a los que tienen DRM) sin utilizar software privativo. Así, el "
-"accesorio para Firefox (incluido en IceCat) HTML5 Video Everywhere se ocupa "
-"de esto, aunque en ocasiones deja de funcionar cuando los sitios web cambian "
-"sus API no documentadas."
-
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"However, most users don't use such methods, so putting a video on YouTube "
-"usually leads people to watch it by running nonfree software."
-msgstr ""
-"Sin embargo, la mayoría de los usuarios no aplica estos métodos, de modo 
que "
-"subir vídeos a YouTube suele hacer que la gente los vea utilizando software "
-"que no es libre."
-
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
 "One thing about YouTube that is <em>not</em> a moral strike against it is "
 "nonfree software on YouTube servers &mdash; if there is any.  We as possible "
 "users of YouTube can't tell whether the servers run any nonfree software, "
@@ -132,11 +116,23 @@
 "ese servicio."
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
+# | Dailymotion and Vimeo have the same problem as YouTube's HTML5 option:
+# | viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code. 
+# | [-If there is-]  {+Archive.org at least permits viewing most videos
+# | without you're having to run+} any [-commercial video-hosting platform
+# | that doesn't have this problem, please inform us.-] {+nonfree software3 to
+# | see them.+}
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Dailymotion and Vimeo have the same problem as YouTube's HTML5 option: "
+#| "viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code.  "
+#| "If there is any commercial video-hosting platform that doesn't have this "
+#| "problem, please inform us."
 msgid ""
 "Dailymotion and Vimeo have the same problem as YouTube's HTML5 option: "
-"viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code.  If "
-"there is any commercial video-hosting platform that doesn't have this "
-"problem, please inform us."
+"viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code.  "
+"Archive.org at least permits viewing most videos without you're having to "
+"run any nonfree software3 to see them."
 msgstr ""
 "Dailymotion y Vimeo presentan el mismo problema que la opción HTML5 de "
 "YouTube: para ver los normalmente se necesita código JavaScript que no es "
@@ -251,6 +247,29 @@
 msgid "Updated:"
 msgstr "Última actualización:"
 
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The free software community has made progress in overcoming these "
+#~ "problems.  It is getting easier to access YouTube videos (except those "
+#~ "with DRM) without running nonfree software.  Indeed, the HTML5 Video "
+#~ "Everywhere add-on for Firefox (included in IceCat) takes care of this, "
+#~ "though it occasionally breaks temporarily when sites change their "
+#~ "undocumented APIs."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "La comunidad del software libre ha hecho progresos para superar estos "
+#~ "problemas. Se está volviendo más sencillo acceder a los vídeos de 
YouTube "
+#~ "(excepto a los que tienen DRM) sin utilizar software privativo. Así, el "
+#~ "accesorio para Firefox (incluido en IceCat) HTML5 Video Everywhere se "
+#~ "ocupa de esto, aunque en ocasiones deja de funcionar cuando los sitios "
+#~ "web cambian sus API no documentadas."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "However, most users don't use such methods, so putting a video on YouTube "
+#~ "usually leads people to watch it by running nonfree software."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Sin embargo, la mayoría de los usuarios no aplica estos métodos, de modo 
"
+#~ "que subir vídeos a YouTube suele hacer que la gente los vea utilizando "
+#~ "software que no es libre."
+
 #~ msgid "YouTube tries to stop people from downloading copies."
 #~ msgstr "YouTube trata de evitar que la gente descargue los vídeos."
 

Index: philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.27
retrieving revision 1.28
diff -u -b -r1.27 -r1.28
--- philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.fr.po        26 Jun 2017 15:07:33 
-0000      1.27
+++ philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.fr.po        14 Sep 2017 13:59:27 
-0000      1.28
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: whats-wrong-with-youtube.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-06-25 12:25+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-09-14 13:56+0000\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2017-06-26 17:06+0200\n"
 "Last-Translator: Thérèse Godefroy <godef.th AT free.fr>\n"
 "Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"X-Outdated-Since: 2017-09-14 13:56+0000\n"
 "X-Generator: Gtranslator 2.91.5\n"
 "Plural-Forms: \n"
 
@@ -71,6 +72,13 @@
 
 #. type: Content of: <ul><li>
 msgid ""
+"Without the nonfree software, you can't even see the YouTube pages.  "
+"Nowadays, without running the nonfree JavaScript code, the browser window "
+"appears blank."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
 "YouTube tries to stop people from downloading copies.  The nonfree "
 "JavaScript code for some videos does not allow the browser to save a copy.  "
 "This is a form of DRM."
@@ -81,30 +89,6 @@
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
 msgid ""
-"The free software community has made progress in overcoming these problems.  "
-"It is getting easier to access YouTube videos (except those with DRM) "
-"without running nonfree software.  Indeed, the HTML5 Video Everywhere add-on "
-"for Firefox (included in IceCat) takes care of this, though it occasionally "
-"breaks temporarily when sites change their undocumented APIs."
-msgstr ""
-"La communauté du logiciel libre surmonte de mieux en mieux ces problèmes. 
Il "
-"devient de plus en plus facile d'accéder aux vidéos de YouTube sans faire "
-"tourner de logiciel non libre (à part celles qui ont des DRM). L'extension "
-"HTML5 Video Everywhere de Firefox (incluse dans IceDat) le permet, bien "
-"qu'il lui arrive temporairement d'être inopérante lorque les sites 
modifient "
-"leurs API non documentées."
-
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"However, most users don't use such methods, so putting a video on YouTube "
-"usually leads people to watch it by running nonfree software."
-msgstr ""
-"Cependant, la plupart des utilisateurs n'emploient pas ce type de méthode, "
-"donc mettre une vidéo sur YouTube les conduit habituellement à la regarder "
-"avec du logiciel non libre."
-
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
 "One thing about YouTube that is <em>not</em> a moral strike against it is "
 "nonfree software on YouTube servers &mdash; if there is any.  We as possible "
 "users of YouTube can't tell whether the servers run any nonfree software, "
@@ -132,11 +116,23 @@
 "<em>d'utiliser</em> ce service."
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
+# | Dailymotion and Vimeo have the same problem as YouTube's HTML5 option:
+# | viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code. 
+# | [-If there is-]  {+Archive.org at least permits viewing most videos
+# | without you're having to run+} any [-commercial video-hosting platform
+# | that doesn't have this problem, please inform us.-] {+nonfree software3 to
+# | see them.+}
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Dailymotion and Vimeo have the same problem as YouTube's HTML5 option: "
+#| "viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code.  "
+#| "If there is any commercial video-hosting platform that doesn't have this "
+#| "problem, please inform us."
 msgid ""
 "Dailymotion and Vimeo have the same problem as YouTube's HTML5 option: "
-"viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code.  If "
-"there is any commercial video-hosting platform that doesn't have this "
-"problem, please inform us."
+"viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code.  "
+"Archive.org at least permits viewing most videos without you're having to "
+"run any nonfree software3 to see them."
 msgstr ""
 "Dailymotion et Vimeo ont le même problème que l'option HTML de YouTube : "
 "regarder leurs vidéos normalement nécessite du code JavaScript non libre. "
@@ -249,3 +245,26 @@
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid "Updated:"
 msgstr "Dernière mise à jour :"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The free software community has made progress in overcoming these "
+#~ "problems.  It is getting easier to access YouTube videos (except those "
+#~ "with DRM) without running nonfree software.  Indeed, the HTML5 Video "
+#~ "Everywhere add-on for Firefox (included in IceCat) takes care of this, "
+#~ "though it occasionally breaks temporarily when sites change their "
+#~ "undocumented APIs."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "La communauté du logiciel libre surmonte de mieux en mieux ces 
problèmes. "
+#~ "Il devient de plus en plus facile d'accéder aux vidéos de YouTube sans "
+#~ "faire tourner de logiciel non libre (à part celles qui ont des DRM). "
+#~ "L'extension HTML5 Video Everywhere de Firefox (incluse dans IceDat) le "
+#~ "permet, bien qu'il lui arrive temporairement d'être inopérante lorque 
les "
+#~ "sites modifient leurs API non documentées."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "However, most users don't use such methods, so putting a video on YouTube "
+#~ "usually leads people to watch it by running nonfree software."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Cependant, la plupart des utilisateurs n'emploient pas ce type de "
+#~ "méthode, donc mettre une vidéo sur YouTube les conduit habituellement à 
"
+#~ "la regarder avec du logiciel non libre."

Index: philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja-diff.html 24 Aug 2017 12:29:16 
-0000      1.1
+++ philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja-diff.html 14 Sep 2017 13:59:27 
-0000      1.2
@@ -44,6 +44,10 @@
   &lt;/ul&gt;
 &lt;/li&gt;
 
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>&lt;li&gt;Without the nonfree software, you 
can't even see the YouTube
+pages.  Nowadays, without running the nonfree JavaScript code,
+the browser window appears blank.&lt;/li&gt;</em></ins></span>
+
 &lt;li&gt;YouTube tries to stop people from downloading copies.
 
  <span class="removed"><del><strong>&lt;p&gt;The developers of youtube-dl need 
to keep changing it as the site
@@ -54,6 +58,7 @@
 &lt;/li&gt;</em></ins></span>
 &lt;/ul&gt;
 
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>&lt;!--</em></ins></span>
 &lt;p&gt;The free software community has made progress in overcoming these
 problems.  It is getting easier to access YouTube videos (except those
 with DRM) without running nonfree software.  Indeed, the HTML5 Video
@@ -64,6 +69,7 @@
 &lt;p&gt;However, most users don't use such methods, so putting a video on
 YouTube usually leads people to watch it by running nonfree
 software.&lt;/p&gt;
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>--&gt;</em></ins></span>
 
 &lt;p&gt;One thing about YouTube that is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; a moral 
strike against
 it is nonfree software on YouTube servers &mdash; if there is any.  We
@@ -82,8 +88,9 @@
 
 &lt;p&gt;Dailymotion and Vimeo have the same problem as YouTube's HTML5
 option: viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree
-JavaScript code.  If there is any commercial video-hosting platform
-that doesn't have this problem, please inform us.&lt;/p&gt;
+JavaScript code.  <span class="removed"><del><strong>If there 
is</strong></del></span>  <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Archive.org at least 
permits viewing most videos
+without you're having to run</em></ins></span> any <span 
class="removed"><del><strong>commercial video-hosting platform
+that doesn't have this problem, please inform 
us.&lt;/p&gt;</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>nonfree 
software3 to see them.&lt;/p&gt;</em></ins></span>
 
 &lt;hr/&gt;
 
@@ -144,7 +151,7 @@
 
 &lt;p class="unprintable"&gt;Updated:
 &lt;!-- timestamp start --&gt;
-$Date: 2017/08/24 12:29:16 $
+$Date: 2017/09/14 13:59:27 $
 &lt;!-- timestamp end --&gt;
 &lt;/p&gt;
 &lt;/div&gt;

Index: philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja.po,v
retrieving revision 1.18
retrieving revision 1.19
diff -u -b -r1.18 -r1.19
--- philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja.po        25 Jun 2017 12:29:53 
-0000      1.18
+++ philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ja.po        14 Sep 2017 13:59:27 
-0000      1.19
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: whats-wrong-with-youtube.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-06-25 12:25+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-09-14 13:56+0000\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2017-01-04 10:31+0900\n"
 "Last-Translator: NIIBE Yutaka <address@hidden>\n"
 "Language-Team: Japanese <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -76,33 +76,17 @@
 
 #. type: Content of: <ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"YouTube tries to stop people from downloading copies.  The nonfree "
-"JavaScript code for some videos does not allow the browser to save a copy.  "
-"This is a form of DRM."
+"Without the nonfree software, you can't even see the YouTube pages.  "
+"Nowadays, without running the nonfree JavaScript code, the browser window "
+"appears blank."
 msgstr ""
 
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"The free software community has made progress in overcoming these problems.  "
-"It is getting easier to access YouTube videos (except those with DRM) "
-"without running nonfree software.  Indeed, the HTML5 Video Everywhere add-on "
-"for Firefox (included in IceCat) takes care of this, though it occasionally "
-"breaks temporarily when sites change their undocumented APIs."
-msgstr ""
-"自由ソフトウェアのコミュニティは、こういった問題を乗り越える進歩ををなしてま"
-"す。YouTubeの動画(DRMが付いているもの以外)を不自由なソフトウェアを走らせるこ"
-"となくアクセスすることは容易になってきています。FirefoxのためのHTML5
 Video "
-"Everywhereアドオン(IceCatに含まれています)はこれを適切に扱います。文書化され"
-"ていないAPIをサイトが変更したときに時に一時的に動かなくなりますけれども。"
-
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"However, most users don't use such methods, so putting a video on YouTube "
-"usually leads people to watch it by running nonfree software."
+"YouTube tries to stop people from downloading copies.  The nonfree "
+"JavaScript code for some videos does not allow the browser to save a copy.  "
+"This is a form of DRM."
 msgstr ""
-"しかし、ほとんどのユーザはこのような方法を使いません。ですから、YouTubeに動画"
-"を置くことは、通常、不自由なソフトウェアを実行して視ることに人ã€
…を向かわせる"
-"ことになります。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
 msgid ""
@@ -133,11 +117,17 @@
 
"から、YouTubeを<em>使う</em>ことを拒絶する理由とはなりません。"
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Dailymotion and Vimeo have the same problem as YouTube's HTML5 option: "
+#| "viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code.  "
+#| "If there is any commercial video-hosting platform that doesn't have this "
+#| "problem, please inform us."
 msgid ""
 "Dailymotion and Vimeo have the same problem as YouTube's HTML5 option: "
-"viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code.  If "
-"there is any commercial video-hosting platform that doesn't have this "
-"problem, please inform us."
+"viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code.  "
+"Archive.org at least permits viewing most videos without you're having to "
+"run any nonfree software3 to see them."
 msgstr ""
 
"DailymotionとVimeoにはYouTubeのHTML5オプションと同じ問題があります:
 普通の方"
 "法で、その動画を見るには不自由なJavaScriptコードが必
要となります。もし、商用"
@@ -246,6 +236,29 @@
 msgid "Updated:"
 msgstr "最終更新:"
 
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The free software community has made progress in overcoming these "
+#~ "problems.  It is getting easier to access YouTube videos (except those "
+#~ "with DRM) without running nonfree software.  Indeed, the HTML5 Video "
+#~ "Everywhere add-on for Firefox (included in IceCat) takes care of this, "
+#~ "though it occasionally breaks temporarily when sites change their "
+#~ "undocumented APIs."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ 
"自由ソフトウェアのコミュニティは、こういった問題を乗り越える進歩ををなして"
+#~ 
"ます。YouTubeの動画(DRMが付いているもの以外)を不自由なソフトウェアを走らせ"
+#~ 
"ることなくアクセスすることは容易になってきています。FirefoxのためのHTML5
 "
+#~ "Video 
Everywhereアドオン(IceCatに含まれています)はこれを適切に扱います。文"
+#~ 
"書化されていないAPIをサイトが変更したときに時に一時的に動かなくなりますけ"
+#~ "れども。"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "However, most users don't use such methods, so putting a video on YouTube "
+#~ "usually leads people to watch it by running nonfree software."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ 
"しかし、ほとんどのユーザはこのような方法を使いません。ですから、YouTubeに"
+#~ 
"動画を置くことは、通常、不自由なソフトウェアを実行して視ることに人ã€
…を向か"
+#~ "わせることになります。"
+
 #~ msgid "YouTube tries to stop people from downloading copies."
 #~ msgstr "YouTubeは人々
がコピーをダウンロードすることを禁止しようとします。"
 

Index: philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.pot,v
retrieving revision 1.17
retrieving revision 1.18
diff -u -b -r1.17 -r1.18
--- philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.pot  25 Jun 2017 12:29:53 -0000      
1.17
+++ philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.pot  14 Sep 2017 13:59:27 -0000      
1.18
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: whats-wrong-with-youtube.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-06-25 12:25+0000\n"
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 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -57,24 +57,16 @@
 
 #. type: Content of: <ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"YouTube tries to stop people from downloading copies.  The nonfree "
-"JavaScript code for some videos does not allow the browser to save a copy.  "
-"This is a form of DRM."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"The free software community has made progress in overcoming these problems.  "
-"It is getting easier to access YouTube videos (except those with DRM) "
-"without running nonfree software.  Indeed, the HTML5 Video Everywhere add-on "
-"for Firefox (included in IceCat) takes care of this, though it occasionally "
-"breaks temporarily when sites change their undocumented APIs."
+"Without the nonfree software, you can't even see the YouTube pages.  "
+"Nowadays, without running the nonfree JavaScript code, the browser window "
+"appears blank."
 msgstr ""
 
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
 msgid ""
-"However, most users don't use such methods, so putting a video on YouTube "
-"usually leads people to watch it by running nonfree software."
+"YouTube tries to stop people from downloading copies.  The nonfree "
+"JavaScript code for some videos does not allow the browser to save a copy.  "
+"This is a form of DRM."
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@@ -98,9 +90,9 @@
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-"there is any commercial video-hosting platform that doesn't have this "
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+"viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code.  "
+"Archive.org at least permits viewing most videos without you're having to "
+"run any nonfree software3 to see them."
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 #. type: Content of: <p>

Index: philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.40
retrieving revision 1.41
diff -u -b -r1.40 -r1.41
--- philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ru.po        25 Jun 2017 15:29:25 
-0000      1.40
+++ philosophy/po/whats-wrong-with-youtube.ru.po        14 Sep 2017 13:59:27 
-0000      1.41
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
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-"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-06-25 12:25+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-09-14 13:56+0000\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2017-06-25 13:34+0000\n"
 "Last-Translator: Ineiev <address@hidden>\n"
 "Language-Team: Russian <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
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+"X-Outdated-Since: 2017-09-14 13:56+0000\n"
 
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 msgid "What's Wrong with YouTube - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
@@ -73,6 +74,13 @@
 
 #. type: Content of: <ul><li>
 msgid ""
+"Without the nonfree software, you can't even see the YouTube pages.  "
+"Nowadays, without running the nonfree JavaScript code, the browser window "
+"appears blank."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
 "YouTube tries to stop people from downloading copies.  The nonfree "
 "JavaScript code for some videos does not allow the browser to save a copy.  "
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@@ -83,30 +91,6 @@
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
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-"The free software community has made progress in overcoming these problems.  "
-"It is getting easier to access YouTube videos (except those with DRM) "
-"without running nonfree software.  Indeed, the HTML5 Video Everywhere add-on "
-"for Firefox (included in IceCat) takes care of this, though it occasionally "
-"breaks temporarily when sites change their undocumented APIs."
-msgstr ""
-"Сообщество свободных программ сделало 
определенные шаги по преодолению этих "
-"проблем. Доступ к видеозаписям на YouTube 
(кроме записей с цифровым "
-"управлением ограничениями) без 
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-"HTML5 Video Everywhere&rdquo;, хотя иногда оно временно 
перестает работать, "
-"когда сайты изменяют свои 
недокументированные протоколы."
-
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"However, most users don't use such methods, so putting a video on YouTube "
-"usually leads people to watch it by running nonfree software."
-msgstr ""
-"Однако большинство пользователей такими 
методами не пользуется, так что "
-"размещение видеозаписи на YouTube обычно 
направляет людей к просмотру с "
-"помощью несвободных программ."
-
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
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@@ -135,11 +119,23 @@
 "<em>пользоваться</em> этой службой."
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
+# | Dailymotion and Vimeo have the same problem as YouTube's HTML5 option:
+# | viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code. 
+# | [-If there is-]  {+Archive.org at least permits viewing most videos
+# | without you're having to run+} any [-commercial video-hosting platform
+# | that doesn't have this problem, please inform us.-] {+nonfree software3 to
+# | see them.+}
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Dailymotion and Vimeo have the same problem as YouTube's HTML5 option: "
+#| "viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code.  "
+#| "If there is any commercial video-hosting platform that doesn't have this "
+#| "problem, please inform us."
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+"viewing their videos in the normal way requires nonfree JavaScript code.  "
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@@ -256,6 +252,29 @@
 msgid "Updated:"
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+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The free software community has made progress in overcoming these "
+#~ "problems.  It is getting easier to access YouTube videos (except those "
+#~ "with DRM) without running nonfree software.  Indeed, the HTML5 Video "
+#~ "Everywhere add-on for Firefox (included in IceCat) takes care of this, "
+#~ "though it occasionally breaks temporarily when sites change their "
+#~ "undocumented APIs."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Сообщество свободных программ сделало 
определенные шаги по преодолению "
+#~ "этих проблем. Доступ к видеозаписям на 
YouTube (кроме записей с цифровым "
+#~ "управлением ограничениями) без 
выполнения несвободных программ 
становится "
+#~ "легче. Например, этим занимается 
дополнение к Firefox под названием "
+#~ "&ldquo;HTML5 Video Everywhere&rdquo;, хотя иногда оно 
временно перестает "
+#~ "работать, когда сайты изменяют свои 
недокументированные протоколы."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "However, most users don't use such methods, so putting a video on YouTube "
+#~ "usually leads people to watch it by running nonfree software."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Однако большинство пользователей 
такими методами не пользуется, так что "
+#~ "размещение видеозаписи на YouTube обычно 
направляет людей к просмотру с "
+#~ "помощью несвободных программ."
+
 #~ msgid "YouTube tries to stop people from downloading copies."
 #~ msgstr "YouTube пытается помешать людям 
получать копии."
 

Index: gnu/po/thegnuproject.zh-cn-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/thegnuproject.zh-cn-en.html
diff -N gnu/po/thegnuproject.zh-cn-en.html
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/thegnuproject.zh-cn-en.html  14 Sep 2017 13:59:27 -0000      1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1067 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>About the GNU Project
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, 
Free Software Foundation, History" />
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>The GNU Project</h2>
+
+<p>
+by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+Originally published in the book <em>Open Sources</em>.  Richard
+Stallman was <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+never a supporter of &ldquo;open source&rdquo;</a>, but contributed
+this article so that the ideas of the free software movement would not
+be entirely absent from that book.
+</p>
+<p>
+Why it is even more important than ever
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">to insist
+that the software we use be free</a>.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<h3>The first software-sharing community</h3>
+<p>
+When I started working at the 
+<acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym>
+Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971, I became part of a
+software-sharing community that had existed for many years.  Sharing
+of software was not limited to our particular community; it is as old
+as computers, just as sharing of recipes is as old as cooking.  But we
+did it more than most.</p>
+<p>
+The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called
+<acronym title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</acronym> (the
+Incompatible Timesharing System) that the lab's staff hackers (1) had
+designed and written in assembler language for the Digital
+<acronym title="Programmed Data Processor">PDP</acronym>-10, one of
+the large computers of the era.  As a member of this community, an AI
+Lab staff system hacker, my job was to improve this system.</p>
+<p>
+We did not call our software &ldquo;free software&rdquo;, because that
+term did not yet exist; but that is what it was.  Whenever people from
+another university or a company wanted to port and use a program, we
+gladly let them.  If you saw someone using an unfamiliar and
+interesting program, you could always ask to see the source code, so
+that you could read it, change it, or cannibalize parts of it to make
+a new program.</p>
+<p>
+(1) The use of &ldquo;hacker&rdquo; to mean &ldquo;security
+breaker&rdquo; is a confusion on the part of the mass media.  We
+hackers refuse to recognize that meaning, and continue using the word
+to mean someone who loves to program, someone who enjoys playful
+cleverness, or the combination of the two.  See my
+article, <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>On
+Hacking</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>The collapse of the community</h3>
+<p>
+The situation changed drastically in the early 1980s when Digital
+discontinued the PDP-10 series.  Its architecture, elegant and
+powerful in the 60s, could not extend naturally to the larger address
+spaces that were becoming feasible in the 80s.  This meant that nearly
+all of the programs composing ITS were obsolete.</p>
+<p>
+The AI Lab hacker community had already collapsed, not long before.
+In 1981, the spin-off company Symbolics had hired away nearly all of
+the hackers from the AI Lab, and the depopulated community was unable
+to maintain itself.  (The book Hackers, by Steve Levy, describes these
+events, as well as giving a clear picture of this community in its
+prime.)  When the AI Lab bought a new PDP-10 in 1982, its
+administrators decided to use Digital's nonfree timesharing system
+instead of ITS.</p>
+<p>
+The modern computers of the era, such as the VAX or the 68020, had
+their own operating systems, but none of them were free software: you
+had to sign a nondisclosure agreement even to get an executable copy.</p>
+<p>
+This meant that the first step in using a computer was to promise not
+to help your neighbor.  A cooperating community was forbidden.  The
+rule made by the owners of proprietary software was, &ldquo;If you
+share with your neighbor, you are a pirate.  If you want any changes,
+beg us to make them.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>
+The idea that the proprietary software social system&mdash;the system
+that says you are not allowed to share or change software&mdash;is
+antisocial, that it is unethical, that it is simply wrong, may come as
+a surprise to some readers.  But what else could we say about a system
+based on dividing the public and keeping users helpless?  Readers who
+find the idea surprising may have taken the proprietary software
+social system as a given, or judged it on the terms suggested by
+proprietary software businesses.  Software publishers have worked long
+and hard to convince people that there is only one way to look at the
+issue.</p>
+<p>
+When software publishers talk about &ldquo;enforcing&rdquo; their
+&ldquo;rights&rdquo; or &ldquo;stopping <a 
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">piracy</a>&rdquo;, what they
+actually <em>say</em> is secondary.  The real message of these statements is
+in the unstated assumptions they take for granted, which the public is
+asked to accept without examination.  Let's therefore examine them.</p>
+<p>
+One assumption is that software companies have an unquestionable natural
+right to own software and thus have power over all its users.  (If
+this were a natural right, then no matter how much harm it does to the
+public, we could not object.)  Interestingly, the US Constitution and
+legal tradition reject this view; copyright is not a natural right,
+but an artificial government-imposed monopoly that limits the users'
+natural right to copy.</p>
+<p>
+Another unstated assumption is that the only important thing about
+software is what jobs it allows you to do&mdash;that we computer users
+should not care what kind of society we are allowed to have.</p>
+<p>
+A third assumption is that we would have no usable software (or would
+never have a program to do this or that particular job) if we did not
+offer a company power over the users of the program.  This assumption
+may have seemed plausible, before the free software movement
+demonstrated that we can make plenty of useful software without
+putting chains on it.</p>
+<p>
+If we decline to accept these assumptions, and judge these issues
+based on ordinary commonsense morality while placing the users first,
+we arrive at very different conclusions.  Computer users should be
+free to modify programs to fit their needs, and free to share
+software, because helping other people is the basis of society.</p>
+<p>
+There is no room here for an extensive statement of the reasoning
+behind this conclusion, so I refer the reader to the web pages
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a> and
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h3>A stark moral choice</h3>
+<p>
+With my community gone, to continue as before was impossible.
+Instead, I faced a stark moral choice.</p>
+<p>
+The easy choice was to join the proprietary software world, signing
+nondisclosure agreements and promising not to help my fellow hacker.
+Most likely I would also be developing software that was released
+under nondisclosure agreements, thus adding to the pressure on other
+people to betray their fellows too.</p>
+<p>
+I could have made money this way, and perhaps amused myself writing
+code.  But I knew that at the end of my career, I would look back on
+years of building walls to divide people, and feel I had spent my life
+making the world a worse place.</p>
+<p>
+I had already experienced being on the receiving end of a
+nondisclosure agreement, when someone refused to give me and the MIT
+AI Lab the source code for the control program for our printer.  (The
+lack of certain features in this program made use of the printer
+extremely frustrating.)  So I could not tell myself that nondisclosure
+agreements were innocent.  I was very angry when he refused to share
+with us; I could not turn around and do the same thing to everyone
+else.</p>
+<p>
+Another choice, straightforward but unpleasant, was to leave the
+computer field.  That way my skills would not be misused, but they
+would still be wasted.  I would not be culpable for dividing and
+restricting computer users, but it would happen nonetheless.</p>
+<p>
+So I looked for a way that a programmer could do something for the
+good.  I asked myself, was there a program or programs that I could
+write, so as to make a community possible once again?</p>
+<p>
+The answer was clear: what was needed first was an operating system.
+That is the crucial software for starting to use a computer.  With an
+operating system, you can do many things; without one, you cannot run
+the computer at all.  With a free operating system, we could again
+have a community of cooperating hackers&mdash;and invite anyone to join.
+And anyone would be able to use a computer without starting out by
+conspiring to deprive his or her friends.</p>
+<p>
+As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job.
+So even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I
+was elected to do the job.  I chose to make the system compatible with
+Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily
+switch to it.  The name GNU was chosen, following a hacker tradition, as
+a recursive acronym for &ldquo;GNU's Not Unix.&rdquo; It is pronounced
+as <a href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">one syllable with a hard g</a>.</p>
+<p>
+An operating system does not mean just a kernel, barely enough to run
+other programs.  In the 1970s, every operating system worthy of the
+name included command processors, assemblers, compilers, interpreters,
+debuggers, text editors, mailers, and much more.  ITS had them,
+Multics had them, VMS had them, and Unix had them.  The GNU operating
+system would include them too.</p>
+<p>
+Later I heard these words, attributed to Hillel (1):</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     If I am not for myself, who will be for me?<br />
+     If I am only for myself, what am I?<br />
+     If not now, when?
+</p></blockquote>
+<p>
+The decision to start the GNU Project was based on a similar spirit.</p>
+<p>
+(1) As an Atheist, I don't follow any religious leaders, but I
+sometimes find I admire something one of them has said.</p>
+
+<h3>Free as in freedom</h3>
+<p>
+The term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; is sometimes misunderstood&mdash;it
+has nothing to do with price.  It is about freedom.  Here, therefore,
+is the definition of free software.</p>
+
+<p>A program is free software, for you, a particular user, if:</p>
+
+<ul>
+  <li>You have the freedom to run the program as you wish, for any 
purpose.</li>
+
+  <li>You have the freedom to modify the program to suit your needs.
+     (To make this freedom effective in practice, you must have access
+     to the source code, since making changes in a program without
+     having the source code is exceedingly difficult.)</li>
+
+  <li>You have the freedom to redistribute copies, either gratis
+     or for a fee.</li>
+
+  <li>You have the freedom to distribute modified versions of the program,
+     so that the community can benefit from your improvements.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+Since &ldquo;free&rdquo; refers to freedom, not to price, there is no
+contradiction between selling copies and free software.  In fact, the
+freedom to sell copies is crucial: collections of free software sold
+on CD-ROMs are important for the community, and selling them is an
+important way to raise funds for free software development.
+Therefore, a program which people are not free to include on these
+collections is not free software.</p>
+<p>
+Because of the ambiguity of &ldquo;free&rdquo;, people have long
+looked for alternatives, but no one has found a better term.
+The English language has more words and nuances than any other, but it
+lacks a simple, unambiguous, word that means &ldquo;free&rdquo;, as in
+freedom&mdash;&ldquo;unfettered&rdquo; being the word that comes closest in
+meaning.  Such alternatives as &ldquo;liberated&rdquo;,
+&ldquo;freedom&rdquo;, and &ldquo;open&rdquo; have either the wrong
+meaning or some other disadvantage.</p>
+
+<h3>GNU software and the GNU system</h3>
+<p>
+Developing a whole system is a very large project.  To bring it into
+reach, I decided to adapt and use existing pieces of free software
+wherever that was possible.  For example, I decided at the very
+beginning to use TeX as the principal text formatter; a few years
+later, I decided to use the X Window System rather than writing
+another window system for GNU.</p>
+<p>
+Because of these decisions, and others like them,
+the GNU system is not the same as the collection of all
+GNU software.  The GNU system includes programs that are not GNU
+software, programs that were developed by other people and projects
+for their own purposes, but which we can use because they are free
+software.</p>
+
+<h3>Commencing the project</h3>
+<p>
+In January 1984 I quit my job at MIT and began writing GNU software.
+Leaving MIT was necessary so that MIT would not be able to interfere
+with distributing GNU as free software.  If I had remained on the
+staff, MIT could have claimed to own the work, and could have imposed
+their own distribution terms, or even turned the work into a
+proprietary software package.  I had no intention of doing a large
+amount of work only to see it become useless for its intended purpose:
+creating a new software-sharing community.</p>
+<p>
+However, Professor Winston, then the head of the MIT AI Lab, kindly
+invited me to keep using the lab's facilities.</p>
+
+<h3>The first steps</h3>
+<p>
+Shortly before beginning the GNU Project, I heard about the Free
+University Compiler Kit, also known as VUCK.  (The Dutch word for
+&ldquo;free&rdquo; is written with a <em>v</em>.)  This was a compiler
+designed to handle multiple languages, including C and Pascal, and to
+support multiple target machines.  I wrote to its author asking if GNU
+could use it.</p>
+<p>
+He responded derisively, stating that the university was free but the
+compiler was not.  I therefore decided that my first program for the
+GNU Project would be a multilanguage, multiplatform compiler.</p>
+<p>
+Hoping to avoid the need to write the whole compiler myself, I
+obtained the source code for the Pastel compiler, which was a
+multiplatform compiler developed at Lawrence Livermore Lab.  It
+supported, and was written in, an extended version of Pascal, designed
+to be a system-programming language.  I added a C front end, and began
+porting it to the Motorola 68000 computer.  But I had to give that
+up when I discovered that the compiler needed many megabytes of stack
+space, and the available 68000 Unix system would only allow 64k.</p>
+<p>
+I then realized that the Pastel compiler functioned by parsing the
+entire input file into a syntax tree, converting the whole syntax tree
+into a chain of &ldquo;instructions&rdquo;, and then generating the
+whole output file, without ever freeing any storage.  At this point, I
+concluded I would have to write a new compiler from scratch.  That new
+compiler is now known as <acronym title="GNU Compiler 
Collection">GCC</acronym>;
+none of the Pastel compiler is used in it, but I managed to adapt and
+use the C front end that I had written.  But that was some years
+later; first, I worked on GNU Emacs.</p>
+
+<h3>GNU Emacs</h3>
+<p>
+I began work on GNU Emacs in September 1984, and in early 1985 it was
+beginning to be usable.  This enabled me to begin using Unix systems
+to do editing; having no interest in learning to use vi or ed, I had
+done my editing on other kinds of machines until then.</p>
+<p>
+At this point, people began wanting to use GNU Emacs, which raised the
+question of how to distribute it.  Of course, I put it on the
+anonymous ftp server on the MIT computer that I used.  (This computer,
+prep.ai.mit.edu, thus became the principal GNU ftp distribution site;
+when it was decommissioned a few years later, we transferred the name
+to our new ftp server.)  But at that time, many of the interested
+people were not on the Internet and could not get a copy by ftp.  So
+the question was, what would I say to them?</p>
+<p>
+I could have said, &ldquo;Find a friend who is on the net and who will make
+a copy for you.&rdquo;  Or I could have done what I did with the original
+PDP-10 Emacs: tell them, &ldquo;Mail me a tape and a
+<acronym title="Self-addressed Stamped Envelope">SASE</acronym>, and I
+will mail it back with Emacs on it.&rdquo; But I had no job, and I was
+looking for ways to make money from free software.  So I announced
+that I would mail a tape to whoever wanted one, for a fee of $150.  In
+this way, I started a free software distribution business, the
+precursor of the companies that today distribute entire GNU/Linux
+system distributions.</p>
+
+<h3>Is a program free for every user?</h3>
+<p>
+If a program is free software when it leaves the hands of its author,
+this does not necessarily mean it will be free software for everyone
+who has a copy of it.  For example,
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#PublicDomainSoftware"> public domain
+software</a> (software that is not copyrighted) is free software; but
+anyone can make a proprietary modified version of it.  Likewise, many
+free programs are copyrighted but distributed under simple permissive
+licenses which allow proprietary modified versions.</p>
+<p>
+The paradigmatic example of this problem is the X Window System.
+Developed at MIT, and released as free software with a permissive
+license, it was soon adopted by various computer companies.  They
+added X to their proprietary Unix systems, in binary form only, and
+covered by the same nondisclosure agreement.  These copies of X were
+no more free software than Unix was.</p>
+<p>
+The developers of the X Window System did not consider this a
+problem&mdash;they expected and intended this to happen.  Their goal was
+not freedom, just &ldquo;success&rdquo;, defined as &ldquo;having many
+users.&rdquo; They did not care whether these users had freedom, only
+that they should be numerous.</p>
+<p>
+This led to a paradoxical situation where two different ways of
+counting the amount of freedom gave different answers to the question,
+&ldquo;Is this program free?&rdquo; If you judged based on the freedom
+provided by the distribution terms of the MIT release, you would say
+that X was free software.  But if you measured the freedom of the
+average user of X, you would have to say it was proprietary software.
+Most X users were running the proprietary versions that came with Unix
+systems, not the free version.</p>
+
+<h3>Copyleft and the GNU GPL</h3>
+<p>
+The goal of GNU was to give users freedom, not just to be popular.  So
+we needed to use distribution terms that would prevent GNU software
+from being turned into proprietary software.  The method we use is
+called &ldquo;copyleft&rdquo;.(1)</p>
+<p>
+Copyleft uses copyright law, but flips it over to serve the opposite
+of its usual purpose: instead of a means for restricting a program, it
+becomes a means for keeping the program free.</p>
+<p>
+The central idea of copyleft is that we give everyone permission to
+run the program, copy the program, modify the program, and distribute
+modified versions&mdash;but not permission to add restrictions of their
+own.  Thus, the crucial freedoms that define &ldquo;free
+software&rdquo; are guaranteed to everyone who has a copy; they become
+inalienable rights.</p>
+<p>
+For an effective copyleft, modified versions must also be free.  This
+ensures that work based on ours becomes available to our community if
+it is published.  When programmers who have jobs as programmers
+volunteer to improve GNU software, it is copyleft that prevents their
+employers from saying, &ldquo;You can't share those changes, because
+we are going to use them to make our proprietary version of the
+program.&rdquo;</p>
+<p>
+The requirement that changes must be free is essential if we want to
+ensure freedom for every user of the program.  The companies that
+privatized the X Window System usually made some changes to port it to
+their systems and hardware.  These changes were small compared with
+the great extent of X, but they were not trivial.  If making changes
+were an excuse to deny the users freedom, it would be easy for anyone
+to take advantage of the excuse.</p>
+<p>
+A related issue concerns combining a free program with nonfree code.
+Such a combination would inevitably be nonfree; whichever freedoms
+are lacking for the nonfree part would be lacking for the whole as
+well.  To permit such combinations would open a hole big enough to
+sink a ship.  Therefore, a crucial requirement for copyleft is to plug
+this hole: anything added to or combined with a copylefted program
+must be such that the larger combined version is also free and
+copylefted.</p>
+<p>
+The specific implementation of copyleft that we use for most GNU
+software is the GNU General Public License, or GNU GPL for short.  We
+have other kinds of copyleft that are used in specific circumstances.
+GNU manuals are copylefted also, but use a much simpler kind of
+copyleft, because the complexity of the GNU GPL is not necessary
+for manuals.(2)</p>
+<p>
+(1) In 1984 or 1985, Don Hopkins (a very imaginative fellow) mailed me
+a letter.  On the envelope he had written several amusing sayings,
+including this one: &ldquo;Copyleft&mdash;all rights reversed.&rdquo; I
+used the word &ldquo;copyleft&rdquo; to name the distribution concept
+I was developing at the time.</p>
+
+<p>
+(2) We now use the <a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free
+Documentation License</a> for documentation.</p>
+
+<h3>The Free Software Foundation</h3>
+
+<p>As interest in using Emacs was growing, other people became
+involved in the GNU project, and we decided that it was time to seek
+funding once again.  So in 1985 we created
+the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF),
+a tax-exempt charity for free software development.  The
+<acronym title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</acronym> also took over
+the Emacs tape distribution business; later it extended this by adding
+other free software (both GNU and non-GNU) to the tape, and by selling
+free manuals as well.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the FSF's income used to come from sales of copies of free
+software and of other related services (CD-ROMs of source code,
+CD-ROMs with binaries, nicely printed manuals, all with the freedom to
+redistribute and modify), and Deluxe Distributions (distributions for
+which we built the whole collection of software for the customer's
+choice of platform).  Today the FSF
+still <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/";> sells manuals and other
+gear</a>, but it gets the bulk of its funding from members' dues.  You
+can join the FSF at <a href="http://fsf.org/join";>fsf.org</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Free Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a
+number of GNU software packages.  Two notable ones are the C library
+and the shell.  The GNU C library is what every program running on a
+GNU/Linux system uses to communicate with Linux.  It was developed by
+a member of the Free Software Foundation staff, Roland McGrath.  The
+shell used on most GNU/Linux systems is
+<acronym title="Bourne Again Shell">BASH</acronym>, the Bourne Again
+Shell(1), which was developed by FSF employee Brian Fox.</p>
+
+<p>We funded development of these programs because the GNU Project was
+not just about tools or a development environment.  Our goal was a
+complete operating system, and these programs were needed for that
+goal.</p>
+
+<p>(1) &ldquo;Bourne Again Shell&rdquo; is a play on the name
+&ldquo;Bourne Shell&rdquo;, which was the usual shell on Unix.</p>
+
+<h3>Free software support</h3>
+
+<p>The free software philosophy rejects a specific widespread business
+practice, but it is not against business.  When businesses respect the
+users' freedom, we wish them success.</p>
+
+<p>Selling copies of Emacs demonstrates one kind of free software
+business.  When the FSF took over that business, I needed another way
+to make a living.  I found it in selling services relating to the free
+software I had developed.  This included teaching, for subjects such
+as how to program GNU Emacs and how to customize GCC, and software
+development, mostly porting GCC to new platforms.</p>
+
+<p>Today each of these kinds of free software business is practiced by a
+number of corporations.  Some distribute free software collections on
+CD-ROM; others sell support at levels ranging from answering user
+questions, to fixing bugs, to adding major new features.  We are even
+beginning to see free software companies based on launching new free
+software products.</p>
+
+<p>Watch out, though&mdash;a number of companies that associate themselves
+with the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; actually base their business
+on nonfree software that works with free software.  These are not
+free software companies, they are proprietary software companies whose
+products tempt users away from freedom.  They call these programs
+&ldquo;value-added packages&rdquo;, which shows the values they
+would like us to adopt: convenience above freedom.  If we value freedom
+more, we should call them &ldquo;freedom-subtracted&rdquo; packages.</p>
+
+<h3>Technical goals</h3>
+
+<p>The principal goal of GNU is to be free software.  Even if GNU had no
+technical advantage over Unix, it would have a social advantage,
+allowing users to cooperate, and an ethical advantage, respecting the
+user's freedom.</p>
+
+<p>But it was natural to apply the known standards of good practice to
+the work&mdash;for example, dynamically allocating data structures to avoid
+arbitrary fixed size limits, and handling all the possible 8-bit codes
+wherever that made sense.</p>
+
+<p>In addition, we rejected the Unix focus on small memory size, by
+deciding not to support 16-bit machines (it was clear that 32-bit
+machines would be the norm by the time the GNU system was finished),
+and to make no effort to reduce memory usage unless it exceeded a
+megabyte.  In programs for which handling very large files was not
+crucial, we encouraged programmers to read an entire input file into
+core, then scan its contents without having to worry about I/O.</p>
+
+<p>These decisions enabled many GNU programs to surpass their Unix
+counterparts in reliability and speed.</p>
+
+<h3>Donated computers</h3>
+
+<p>As the GNU Project's reputation grew, people began offering to donate
+machines running Unix to the project.  These were very useful, because
+the easiest way to develop components of GNU was to do it on a Unix
+system, and replace the components of that system one by one.  But
+they raised an ethical issue: whether it was right for us to have a
+copy of Unix at all.</p>
+
+<p>Unix was (and is) proprietary software, and the GNU Project's
+philosophy said that we should not use proprietary software.  But,
+applying the same reasoning that leads to the conclusion that violence
+in self defense is justified, I concluded that it was legitimate to
+use a proprietary package when that was crucial for developing a free
+replacement that would help others stop using the proprietary package.</p>
+
+<p>But, even if this was a justifiable evil, it was still an evil.  Today
+we no longer have any copies of Unix, because we have replaced them
+with free operating systems.  If we could not replace a machine's
+operating system with a free one, we replaced the machine instead.</p>
+
+<h3>The GNU Task List</h3>
+
+<p>As the GNU Project proceeded, and increasing numbers of system
+components were found or developed, eventually it became useful to
+make a list of the remaining gaps.  We used it to recruit developers
+to write the missing pieces.  This list became known as the GNU Task
+List.  In addition to missing Unix components, we listed various
+other useful software and documentation projects that, we thought, a
+truly complete system ought to have.</p>
+
+<p>Today (1), hardly any Unix components are left in the GNU Task
+List&mdash;those jobs had been done, aside from a few inessential
+ones.  But the list is full of projects that some might call
+&ldquo;applications&rdquo;.  Any program that appeals to more than a
+narrow class of users would be a useful thing to add to an operating
+system.</p>
+
+<p>Even games are included in the task list&mdash;and have been since the
+beginning.  Unix included games, so naturally GNU should too.  But
+compatibility was not an issue for games, so we did not follow the
+list of games that Unix had.  Instead, we listed a spectrum of
+different kinds of games that users might like.</p>
+
+<p>(1) That was written in 1998.  In 2009 we no longer maintain a long
+task list.  The community develops free software so fast that we can't
+even keep track of it all.  Instead, we have a list of High Priority
+Projects, a much shorter list of projects we really want to encourage
+people to write.</p>
+
+<h3>The GNU Library GPL</h3>
+
+<p>The GNU C library uses a special kind of copyleft called the GNU
+Library General Public License(1), which gives permission to link
+proprietary software with the library.  Why make this exception?</p>
+
+<p>It is not a matter of principle; there is no principle that says
+proprietary software products are entitled to include our code.  (Why
+contribute to a project predicated on refusing to share with us?)
+Using the LGPL for the C library, or for any library, is a matter of
+strategy.</p>
+
+<p>The C library does a generic job; every proprietary system or compiler
+comes with a C library.  Therefore, to make our C library available
+only to free software would not have given free software any
+advantage&mdash;it would only have discouraged use of our library.</p>
+
+<p>One system is an exception to this: on the GNU system (and this
+includes GNU/Linux), the GNU C library is the only C library.  So the
+distribution terms of the GNU C library determine whether it is
+possible to compile a proprietary program for the GNU system.  There
+is no ethical reason to allow proprietary applications on the GNU
+system, but strategically it seems that disallowing them would do more
+to discourage use of the GNU system than to encourage development of
+free applications.  That is why using the Library GPL is a good
+strategy for the C library.</p>
+
+<p>For other libraries, the strategic decision needs to be
+considered on a case-by-case basis.  When a library does a special job
+that can help write certain kinds of programs, then releasing it under
+the GPL, limiting it to free programs only, is a way of helping other
+free software developers, giving them an advantage against proprietary
+software.</p>
+
+<p>Consider GNU Readline, a library that was developed to provide
+command-line editing for BASH.  Readline is released under the
+ordinary GNU GPL, not the Library GPL.  This probably does reduce the
+amount Readline is used, but that is no loss for us.  Meanwhile, at
+least one useful application has been made free software specifically
+so it could use Readline, and that is a real gain for the
+community.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary software developers have the advantages money provides;
+free software developers need to make advantages for each other.  I
+hope some day we will have a large collection of GPL-covered libraries
+that have no parallel available to proprietary software, providing
+useful modules to serve as building blocks in new free software, and
+adding up to a major advantage for further free software development.</p>
+
+<p>(1) This license is now called the GNU Lesser General Public License,
+to avoid giving the idea that all libraries ought to use it. 
+See <a href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">Why you shouldn't use the
+Lesser GPL for your next library</a> for more information.</p>
+
+<h3>Scratching an itch?</h3>
+<p>
+Eric Raymond says that &ldquo;Every good work of software starts by
+scratching a developer's personal itch.&rdquo;  Maybe that happens
+sometimes, but many essential pieces of GNU software were developed in
+order to have a complete free operating system.  They come from a
+vision and a plan, not from impulse.</p>
+<p>
+For example, we developed the GNU C library because a Unix-like system
+needs a C library, BASH because a Unix-like
+system needs a shell, and GNU tar because a Unix-like system needs a
+tar program.  The same is true for my own programs&mdash;the GNU C
+compiler, GNU Emacs, GDB and GNU Make.</p>
+<p>
+Some GNU programs were developed to cope with specific threats to our
+freedom.  Thus, we developed gzip to replace the Compress program,
+which had been lost to the community because of
+the <acronym title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</acronym> patents.  We found
+people to develop LessTif, and more recently started
+<acronym title="GNU Network Object Model Environment">GNOME</acronym>
+and Harmony, to address the problems caused by certain proprietary
+libraries (see below).  We are developing the GNU Privacy Guard to
+replace popular nonfree encryption software, because users should not
+have to choose between privacy and freedom.</p>
+<p>
+Of course, the people writing these programs became interested in the
+work, and many features were added to them by various people for the
+sake of their own needs and interests.  But that is not why the
+programs exist.</p>
+
+<h3>Unexpected developments</h3>
+<p>
+At the beginning of the GNU Project, I imagined that we would develop
+the whole GNU system, then release it as a whole.  That is not how it
+happened.</p>
+<p>
+Since each component of the GNU system was implemented on a Unix
+system, each component could run on Unix systems long before a
+complete GNU system existed.  Some of these programs became popular,
+and users began extending them and porting them&mdash;to the various
+incompatible versions of Unix, and sometimes to other systems as well.</p>
+<p>
+The process made these programs much more powerful, and attracted both
+funds and contributors to the GNU Project.  But it probably also
+delayed completion of a minimal working system by several years, as
+GNU developers' time was put into maintaining these ports and adding
+features to the existing components, rather than moving on to write
+one missing component after another.</p>
+
+<h3>The GNU Hurd</h3>
+<p>
+By 1990, the GNU system was almost complete; the only major missing
+component was the kernel.  We had decided to implement our kernel as a
+collection of server processes running on top of Mach.  Mach is a
+microkernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University and then at the
+University of Utah; the GNU Hurd is a collection of servers (i.e., a
+herd of GNUs) that run on top of Mach, and do the
+various jobs of the Unix kernel.  The start of development was delayed
+as we waited for Mach to be released as free software, as had been
+promised.</p>
+<p>
+One reason for choosing this design was to avoid what seemed to be the
+hardest part of the job: debugging a kernel program without a
+source-level debugger to do it with.  This part of the job had been
+done already, in Mach, and we expected to debug the Hurd servers as
+user programs, with GDB.  But it took a long time to make that possible,
+and the multithreaded servers that send messages to each other have
+turned out to be very hard to debug.  Making the Hurd work solidly has
+stretched on for many years.</p>
+
+<h3>Alix</h3>
+<p>
+The GNU kernel was not originally supposed to be called the Hurd.  Its
+original name was Alix&mdash;named after the woman who was my sweetheart at
+the time.  She, a Unix system administrator, had pointed out how her
+name would fit a common naming pattern for Unix system versions; as a
+joke, she told her friends, &ldquo;Someone should name a kernel after
+me.&rdquo; I said nothing, but decided to surprise her with a kernel
+named Alix.</p>
+<p>
+It did not stay that way.  Michael (now Thomas) Bushnell, the main
+developer of the kernel, preferred the name Hurd, and redefined Alix
+to refer to a certain part of the kernel&mdash;the part that would trap
+system calls and handle them by sending messages to Hurd servers.</p>
+<p>
+Later, Alix and I broke up, and she changed her name;
+independently, the Hurd design was changed so that the C library would
+send messages directly to servers, and this made the Alix component
+disappear from the design.</p>
+<p>
+But before these things happened, a friend of hers came across the
+name Alix in the Hurd source code, and mentioned it to her.  So
+she did have the chance to find a kernel named after her.</p>
+
+<h3>Linux and GNU/Linux</h3>
+<p>
+The GNU Hurd is not suitable for production use, and we don't know
+if it ever will be.  The capability-based design has problems that
+result directly from the flexibility of the design, and it is not
+clear whether solutions exist.</p>
+
+<p>
+Fortunately, another kernel is available.  In 1991, Linus Torvalds
+developed a Unix-compatible kernel and called it Linux.  It was
+proprietary at first, but in 1992, he made it free software; combining
+Linux with the not-quite-complete GNU system resulted in a complete
+free operating system.  (Combining them was a substantial job in
+itself, of course.)  It is due to Linux that we can actually run a
+version of the GNU system today.</p>
+<p>
+We call this system version <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">
+GNU/Linux</a>, to express its composition as a combination of the GNU
+system with Linux as the kernel.  Please don't fall into the practice
+of calling the whole system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, since that means
+attributing our work to someone else.
+Please <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html"> give us equal
+mention</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>Challenges in our future</h3>
+<p>
+We have proved our ability to develop a broad spectrum of free
+software.  This does not mean we are invincible and unstoppable.
+Several challenges make the future of free software uncertain; meeting
+them will require steadfast effort and endurance, sometimes lasting
+for years.  It will require the kind of determination that people
+display when they value their freedom and will not let anyone take it
+away.</p>
+<p>
+The following four sections discuss these challenges.</p>
+
+<h3>Secret hardware</h3>
+<p>
+Hardware manufacturers increasingly tend to keep hardware
+specifications secret.  This makes it difficult to write free drivers
+so that Linux and XFree86 can support new hardware.  We have complete
+free systems today, but we will not have them tomorrow if we cannot
+support tomorrow's computers.</p>
+<p>
+There are two ways to cope with this problem.  Programmers can do
+reverse engineering to figure out how to support the hardware.  The
+rest of us can choose the hardware that is supported by free software;
+as our numbers increase, secrecy of specifications will become a
+self-defeating policy.</p>
+<p>
+Reverse engineering is a big job; will we have programmers with
+sufficient determination to undertake it?  Yes&mdash;if we have built up a
+strong feeling that free software is a matter of principle, and
+nonfree drivers are intolerable.  And will large numbers of us spend
+extra money, or even a little extra time, so we can use free drivers?
+Yes, if the determination to have freedom is widespread.</p>
+<p>
+(2008 note: this issue extends to the BIOS as well.  There is a free
+BIOS, <a href="http://www.libreboot.org/";>LibreBoot</a> (a distribution of 
coreboot); the problem is getting specs for machines so that
+LibreBoot can support them without nonfree &ldquo;blobs&rdquo;.)</p>
+
+<h3>Nonfree libraries</h3>
+<p>
+A nonfree library that runs on free operating systems acts as a trap
+for free software developers.  The library's attractive features are
+the bait; if you use the library, you fall into the trap, because your
+program cannot usefully be part of a free operating system.  (Strictly
+speaking, we could include your program, but it
+won't <em>run</em> with the library missing.)  Even worse, if
+a program that uses the proprietary library becomes popular, it can
+lure other unsuspecting programmers into the trap.</p>
+<p>
+The first instance of this problem was the Motif toolkit, back in the
+80s.  Although there were as yet no free operating systems, it was
+clear what problem Motif would cause for them later on.  The GNU
+Project responded in two ways: by asking individual free software
+projects to support the free X Toolkit widgets as well as Motif, and
+by asking for someone to write a free replacement for Motif.  The job
+took many years; LessTif, developed by the Hungry Programmers, became
+powerful enough to support most Motif applications only in 1997.</p>
+<p>
+Between 1996 and 1998, another nonfree 
+<acronym title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</acronym> toolkit
+library, called Qt, was used in a substantial collection of free
+software, the desktop
+<acronym title="K Desktop Environment">KDE</acronym>.</p>
+<p>
+Free GNU/Linux systems were unable to use KDE, because we could not
+use the library.  However, some commercial distributors of GNU/Linux
+systems who were not strict about sticking with free software added
+KDE to their systems&mdash;producing a system with more capabilities,
+but less freedom.  The KDE group was actively encouraging more
+programmers to use Qt, and millions of new &ldquo;Linux users&rdquo;
+had never been exposed to the idea that there was a problem in this.
+The situation appeared grim.</p>
+<p>
+The free software community responded to the problem in two ways:
+GNOME and Harmony.</p>
+<p>
+GNOME, the GNU Network Object Model Environment, is GNU's desktop
+project.  Started in 1997 by Miguel de Icaza, and developed with the
+support of Red Hat Software, GNOME set out to provide similar desktop
+facilities, but using free software exclusively.  It has technical
+advantages as well, such as supporting a variety of languages, not
+just C++.  But its main purpose was freedom: not to require the use of
+any nonfree software.</p>
+<p>
+Harmony is a compatible replacement library, designed to make it
+possible to run KDE software without using Qt.</p>
+<p>
+In November 1998, the developers of Qt announced a change of license
+which, when carried out, should make Qt free software.  There is no
+way to be sure, but I think that this was partly due to the
+community's firm response to the problem that Qt posed when it was
+nonfree.  (The new license is inconvenient and inequitable, so it
+remains desirable to avoid using Qt.)</p>
+<p>
+[Subsequent note: in September 2000, Qt was rereleased under the GNU GPL,
+which essentially solved this problem.]</p>
+<p>
+How will we respond to the next tempting nonfree library?  Will the
+whole community understand the need to stay out of the trap?  Or will
+many of us give up freedom for convenience, and produce a major
+problem?  Our future depends on our philosophy.</p>
+
+<h3>Software patents</h3>
+<p>
+The worst threat we face comes from software patents, which can put
+algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to twenty
+years.  The LZW compression algorithm patents were applied for in
+1983, and we still cannot release free software to produce proper
+compressed <acronym title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</acronym>s.
+[As of 2009 they have expired.]  In 1998, a free program to produce
+<acronym title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3">MP3</acronym> compressed audio
+was removed from distribution under threat of a patent suit.</p>
+<p>
+There are ways to cope with patents: we can search for evidence that a
+patent is invalid, and we can look for alternative ways to do a job.
+But each of these methods works only sometimes; when both fail, a
+patent may force all free software to lack some feature that users
+want.  After a long wait, the patents expire (the MP3 patents are
+expected to have expired by 2018), but what will we do until then?</p>
+<p>
+Those of us who value free software for freedom's sake will stay with
+free software anyway.  We will manage to get work done without the
+patented features.  But those who value free software because they
+expect it to be technically superior are likely to call it a failure
+when a patent holds it back.  Thus, while it is useful to talk about
+the practical effectiveness of the &ldquo;bazaar&rdquo; model of
+development, and the reliability and power of some free software,
+we must not stop there.  We must talk about freedom and principle.</p>
+
+<h3>Free documentation</h3>
+<p>
+The biggest deficiency in our free operating systems is not in the
+software&mdash;it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in
+our systems.  Documentation is an essential part of any software
+package; when an important free software package does not come with a
+good free manual, that is a major gap.  We have many such gaps today.</p>
+<p>
+Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not
+price.  The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for
+free software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms.
+Redistribution (including commercial sale) must be permitted, online
+and on paper, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the
+program.</p>
+<p>
+Permission for modification is crucial too.  As a general rule, I
+don't believe that it is essential for people to have permission to
+modify all sorts of articles and books.  For example, I don't think
+you or I are obliged to give permission to modify articles like this
+one, which describe our actions and our views.</p>
+<p>
+But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial
+for documentation for free software.  When people exercise their right
+to modify the software, and add or change its features, if they are
+conscientious they will change the manual, too&mdash;so they can
+provide accurate and usable documentation with the modified program.
+A nonfree manual, which does not allow programmers to be conscientious
+and finish the job, does not fill our community's needs.</p>
+<p>
+Some kinds of limits on how modifications are done pose no problem.
+For example, requirements to preserve the original author's copyright
+notice, the distribution terms, or the list of authors, are OK.  It is
+also no problem to require modified versions to include notice that
+they were modified, even to have entire sections that may not be
+deleted or changed, as long as these sections deal with nontechnical
+topics.  These kinds of restrictions are not a problem because they
+don't stop the conscientious programmer from adapting the manual to
+fit the modified program.  In other words, they don't block the free
+software community from making full use of the manual.</p>
+<p>
+However, it must be possible to modify all the <em>technical</em> content of
+the manual, and then distribute the result in all the usual media,
+through all the usual channels; otherwise, the restrictions do
+obstruct the community, the manual is not free, and we need another
+manual.</p>
+<p>
+Will free software developers have the awareness and determination to
+produce a full spectrum of free manuals?  Once again, our future
+depends on philosophy.</p>
+
+<h3>We must talk about freedom</h3>
+<p>
+Estimates today are that there are ten million users of GNU/Linux
+systems such as Debian GNU/Linux and Red Hat &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.
+Free software has developed such practical advantages that users are
+flocking to it for purely practical reasons.</p>
+<p>
+The good consequences of this are evident: more interest in developing
+free software, more customers for free software businesses, and more
+ability to encourage companies to develop commercial free software
+instead of proprietary software products.</p>
+<p>
+But interest in the software is growing faster than awareness of the
+philosophy it is based on, and this leads to trouble.  Our ability to
+meet the challenges and threats described above depends on the will to
+stand firm for freedom.  To make sure our community has this will, we
+need to spread the idea to the new users as they come into the
+community.</p>
+<p>
+But we are failing to do so: the efforts to attract new users into our
+community are far outstripping the efforts to teach them the civics of
+our community.  We need to do both, and we need to keep the two
+efforts in balance.</p>
+
+<h3>&ldquo;Open Source&rdquo;</h3>
+<p>
+Teaching new users about freedom became more difficult in 1998, when a
+part of the community decided to stop using the term &ldquo;free
+software&rdquo; and say &ldquo;open source software&rdquo;
+instead.</p>
+<p>
+Some who favored this term aimed to avoid the confusion of
+&ldquo;free&rdquo; with &ldquo;gratis&rdquo;&mdash;a valid goal.  Others,
+however, aimed to set aside the spirit of principle that had motivated
+the free software movement and the GNU Project, and to appeal instead
+to executives and business users, many of whom hold an ideology that
+places profit above freedom, above community, above principle.  Thus,
+the rhetoric of &ldquo;open source&rdquo; focuses on the potential to
+make high-quality, powerful software, but shuns the ideas of freedom,
+community, and principle.</p>
+<p>
+The &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; magazines are a clear example of this&mdash;they
+are filled with advertisements for proprietary software that works
+with GNU/Linux.  When the next Motif or Qt appears, will these
+magazines warn programmers to stay away from it, or will they run ads
+for it?</p>
+<p>
+The support of business can contribute to the community in many ways;
+all else being equal, it is useful.  But winning their support by
+speaking even less about freedom and principle can be disastrous; it
+makes the previous imbalance between outreach and civics education
+even worse.</p>
+<p>
+&ldquo;Free software&rdquo; and &ldquo;open source&rdquo; describe the
+same category of software, more or less, but say different things
+about the software, and about values.  The GNU Project continues to
+use the term &ldquo;free software&rdquo;, to express the idea that
+freedom, not just technology, is important.</p>
+
+<h3>Try!</h3>
+<p>
+Yoda's aphorism (&ldquo;There is no &lsquo;try&rsquo;&rdquo;) sounds
+neat, but it doesn't work for me.  I have done most of my work while
+anxious about whether I could do the job, and unsure that it would be
+enough to achieve the goal if I did.  But I tried anyway, because
+there was no one but me between the enemy and my city.  Surprising
+myself, I have sometimes succeeded.</p>
+<p>
+Sometimes I failed; some of my cities have fallen.  Then I found
+another threatened city, and got ready for another battle.  Over time,
+I've learned to look for threats and put myself between them and my
+city, calling on other hackers to come and join me.</p>
+<p>
+Nowadays, often I'm not the only one.  It is a relief and a joy when I
+see a regiment of hackers digging in to hold the line, and I realize,
+this city may survive&mdash;for now.  But the dangers are greater each
+year, and now Microsoft has explicitly targeted our community.  We
+can't take the future of freedom for granted.  Don't take it for
+granted!  If you want to keep your freedom, you must be prepared to
+defend it.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.  Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+        replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+        translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+        Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+        to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+        &lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
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+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+     files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+     be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+     document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+     document was modified, or published.
+     
+     If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+     Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+     years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+     year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+     being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+     
+     There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+     Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2014, 
2015, 2017
+Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2017/09/14 13:59:27 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>



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