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www philosophy/not-ipr.ja.html philosophy/not-i... |
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Thu, 4 May 2017 17:30:04 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 17/05/04 17:30:04
Modified files:
philosophy : not-ipr.ja.html not-ipr.nl.html not-ipr.uk.html
third-party-ideas.ja.html
philosophy/po : not-ipr.nl-diff.html
third-party-ideas.ja-diff.html
software : free-software-for-education.nl.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : not-ipr.ja-diff.html not-ipr.uk-diff.html
software/po : free-software-for-education.nl-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.ja.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.36&r2=1.37
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.uk.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/third-party-ideas.ja.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/third-party-ideas.ja-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ja-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/free-software-for-education.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/po/free-software-for-education.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: philosophy/not-ipr.ja.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.ja.html,v
retrieving revision 1.36
retrieving revision 1.37
diff -u -b -r1.36 -r1.37
--- philosophy/not-ipr.ja.html 18 Nov 2016 05:29:57 -0000 1.36
+++ philosophy/not-ipr.ja.html 4 May 2017 21:30:03 -0000 1.37
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ja.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ja.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ja-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2017-03-05" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ja.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ja.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ja.html" -->
<h2>ãç¥ç財ç£ãã§ãã£ã¦? ããã¯é
æçãªèæ°æ¥¼ã§ã</h2>
<p><a
href="http://www.stallman.org/";>ãªãã£ã¼ãã»Mã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³</a>è</p>
@@ -198,7 +204,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
æçµæ´æ°:
-$Date: 2016/11/18 05:29:57 $
+$Date: 2017/05/04 21:30:03 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/not-ipr.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- philosophy/not-ipr.nl.html 23 Nov 2016 19:27:01 -0000 1.14
+++ philosophy/not-ipr.nl.html 4 May 2017 21:30:03 -0000 1.15
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.nl.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/not-ipr.nl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.nl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2017-03-05" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.nl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
<h2>Zei u “intellectueel eigendom”? Dat is een verleidelijke
luchtspiegeling</h2>
@@ -329,7 +335,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2016/11/23 19:27:01 $
+$Date: 2017/05/04 21:30:03 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/not-ipr.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.uk.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/not-ipr.uk.html 29 Nov 2016 05:58:18 -0000 1.8
+++ philosophy/not-ipr.uk.html 4 May 2017 21:30:03 -0000 1.9
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2017-03-05" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.uk.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.uk.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.uk.html" -->
<h2>Ðи Ñказали “ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна
влаÑнÑÑÑÑ”? СпокÑÑливий мÑÑаж!</h2>
<p><a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Ð ÑÑаÑд СÑолмен</a></p>
@@ -324,7 +330,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðновлено:
-$Date: 2016/11/29 05:58:18 $
+$Date: 2017/05/04 21:30:03 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/third-party-ideas.ja.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/third-party-ideas.ja.html,v
retrieving revision 1.56
retrieving revision 1.57
diff -u -b -r1.56 -r1.57
--- philosophy/third-party-ideas.ja.html 17 Jan 2017 08:30:05 -0000
1.56
+++ philosophy/third-party-ideas.ja.html 4 May 2017 21:30:03 -0000
1.57
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/third-party-ideas.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/third-party-ideas.ja.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/third-party-ideas.ja.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/third-party-ideas.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/third-party-ideas.ja-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2017-03-05" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/third-party-ideas.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ja.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
@@ -16,6 +21,7 @@
<!-- id="education-content" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ja.html" -->
<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" -->
<!--#else -->
<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
@@ -372,7 +378,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
æçµæ´æ°:
-$Date: 2017/01/17 08:30:05 $
+$Date: 2017/05/04 21:30:03 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/po/not-ipr.nl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.nl-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/po/not-ipr.nl-diff.html 20 Apr 2015 08:19:03 -0000 1.9
+++ philosophy/po/not-ipr.nl-diff.html 4 May 2017 21:30:03 -0000 1.10
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.77
--></em></ins></span>
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
<title>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a
Seductive Mirage
-- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<h2>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage</h2>
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.) Wide use
dates from
-<a
href="http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=1">around
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=1">around</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=1&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cintellectual%20property%3B%2Cc0">around</em></ins></span>
1990</a>. (<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">Local image
copy</a>)
</p>
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as
“intellectual property”—it is a mirage. The only
reason people think it makes sense as a coherent category is that
-widespread use of the term has misled <span
class="removed"><del><strong>them.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>them about the laws in question.</em></ins></span>
+widespread use of the term has misled them about the laws in question.
</p>
<p>
@@ -87,8 +87,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>Copyright</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>For instance, copyright</em></ins></span> law
was designed to promote authorship and
+For instance, copyright law was designed to promote authorship and
art, and covers the details of expression of a work. Patent law was
intended to promote the publication of useful ideas, at the price of
giving the one who publishes an idea a temporary monopoly over
@@ -101,8 +100,8 @@
way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are
buying. Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual
property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
-incentives for advertising. <span class="inserted"><ins><em>And these are just
-three out of many laws that the term refers to.</em></ins></span>
+incentives for advertising. And these are just
+three out of many laws that the term refers to.
</p>
<p>
@@ -113,7 +112,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>In practice, nearly all general statements you
encounter that are
+In practice, nearly all general statements you encounter that are
formulated using “intellectual property” will be false.
For instance, you'll see claims that “its” purpose is to
“promote innovation”, but that only fits patent law and
@@ -134,11 +133,11 @@
creativity; the name “rms tea” isn't creative at all, and
neither is my secret list of tea customers.</p>
-<p></em></ins></span>
+<p>
People often say “intellectual property” when they really
-mean some larger or smaller <span
class="removed"><del><strong>category.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>set of laws.</em></ins></span> For instance, rich
countries
+mean some larger or smaller set of laws. For instance, rich countries
often impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of
-them. Some of these laws are <span class="inserted"><ins><em>among those
called</em></ins></span> “intellectual
+them. Some of these laws are among those called “intellectual
property” laws, and others are not; nonetheless, critics of the
practice often grab for that label because it has become familiar to
them. By using it, they misrepresent the nature of the issue. It
@@ -165,9 +164,9 @@
<p>
That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That
-clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark <span
class="removed"><del><strong>law</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>law, trade secret
-law,</em></ins></span> or various others. The term “intellectual
property”
-led that professor to make <span class="inserted"><ins><em>a</em></ins></span>
false generalization.
+clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark law, trade secret
+law, or various others. The term “intellectual property”
+led that professor to make a false generalization.
</p>
<p>
@@ -220,6 +219,15 @@
</p>
<p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Rejection of “intellectual
property” is not mere
+philosophical recreation. The term does real harm. Apple used it
+to <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/11/nebraska-farmers-right-to-repair-bill-stalls-apple">warp
debate about Nebraska's
+“right to repair” bill</a>. The bogus concept gave
+Apple a way to dress up its preference for secrecy, which conficts
+with its customers' rights, as a supposed principle that customers
+and the state must yield to.</p>
+
+<p></em></ins></span>
If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or
copyrights, or trademarks, or various other different laws, the first
step is to
@@ -234,9 +242,8 @@
href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one proposal for
changing the name and substance of WIPO</a>.
</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><hr />
+<hr />
<p>
See also <a href="/philosophy/komongistan.html">The Curious History of
@@ -255,24 +262,21 @@
<a
href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/">
Rickard Falkvinge supports rejection of this term</a>.</p>
-</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above
--></em></ins></span>
+<p><a
+href="http://www.locusmag.com/Perspectives/2016/11/cory-doctorow-sole-and-despotic-dominion/">
+Cory Doctorow also condemns</a> the term “intellectual
+property.”</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
-Please</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="unprintable">
-
-<p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
-<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</em></ins></span>
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
-the FSF.
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
-Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
-to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
replace it with the translation of these two:
@@ -286,20 +290,16 @@
<p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
- README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+ README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
-of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -314,22 +314,17 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 2004, 2006, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2010</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2010, 2013, 2015</em></ins></span> Richard M. <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman
-<br />
-This</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</p>
-
-<p>This</em></ins></span> page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
-</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2015, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2016</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2016, 2017</em></ins></span> Richard M.
Stallman</p>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Updated:</strong></del></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p
class="unprintable">Updated:</em></ins></span>
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/04/20 08:19:03 $
+$Date: 2017/05/04 21:30:03 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/third-party-ideas.ja-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/third-party-ideas.ja-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/po/third-party-ideas.ja-diff.html 18 Nov 2014 10:36:35
-0000 1.2
+++ philosophy/po/third-party-ideas.ja-diff.html 4 May 2017 21:30:03
-0000 1.3
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Third Party Ideas
@@ -47,6 +47,12 @@
related issues.</p>
<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.html">Introduction by
+ Lawrence Lessig</a> to
+ <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><i>
+ Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+ M. Stallman</i></a>.</li>
+
<li><a
href="http://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/tblee/trouble-free-riding">The
Trouble with “Free Riding”</a>, by Timothy B.
Lee.</li>
@@ -56,7 +62,7 @@
Future of Copyright</a>, an essay by Rasmus Fleischer.</li>
<li><a
- href="http://www.cic.unb.br/docentes/pedro/trabs/stockholm.html">The
+ href="http://cic.unb.br/~rezende/trabs/stockholm.html">The
Digital Stockholm Syndrome</a>: reflections over some psychological
responses to market forces, by Pedro Rezende, University of
Brasilia.</li>
@@ -65,7 +71,7 @@
to raise awareness of the harmful consequences of today's copyright
system.</li>
<li>
- <a
href="http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196601781">
+ <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196601781"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://www.informationweek.com/how-vista-lets-microsoft-lock-users-in/d/d-id/1049559"></em></ins></span>
How Vista Lets Microsoft Lock Users In</a> by Cory Doctorow.
<b>Note:</b> We think it is a mistake to use the enemy's
favorable-sounding propaganda terms such as
“trusted computing” to describe a malicious plan.
@@ -79,16 +85,15 @@
</li>
<li>
<a
href="http://southflorida.bizjournals.com/southflorida/stories/2006/07/03/story8.html">
- Multiple doctors cut off from records by Dr. Notes
- </a>,
+ Multiple doctors cut off from records by Dr. Notes</a>,
an example of how proprietary software gives the developers unjust power
over the users.
</li>
<li>Jimmy Wales explains why
<a
href="http://blog.jimmywales.com/index.php/archives/2004/10/21/free-knowledge-requires-free-software-and-free-file-formats/">
- Free Knowledge requires Free Software and Free File Formats</a> in
this paper. He also exposes why
+ Free Knowledge requires Free Software and Free File Formats</a>. In
this paper, he also exposes why
<a href="http://www.wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> needs to be
free software.</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.juergen-ernst.de/info_swpat_en.html">Software patents under
the
- magnifying glass</a>. In this article the author uses arguments
+ magnifying glass</a>. In this article, the author uses arguments
based on lambda calculus to show why software cannot be
patented.</li>
<li><a href="http://lwn.net/Articles/204641/">Free gadgets need
free
software</a>, an editorial reporting a firmware
“upgrade” that
@@ -97,7 +102,7 @@
<a
href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf">paper
on the
motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable
fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This was
despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site that
does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=11663">Groklaw
- sends a Dear Darl letter</a>; a group from the free software and
+ sends a Dear Darl letter</a>: a group from the free software and
open source community has put together a response to SCO CEO Darl
McBride's Open Letter to the Open Source Community.</li>
<li><a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060313152550/http://www.hardwarecentral.com/hardwarecentral/editorials/4788/1/">Hardware
@@ -112,15 +117,21 @@
and the petition is no longer taking votes. The author
of the petition, John Everitt, was expecting only several
responses but instead he had thousands of participants. <a
-href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=6913">In the
+href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6913">In the
last available public communication about the petition</a>, he
urged people to help <a href="http://www.fsf.org">FSF</a> in any
way possible.</li>
- <li><a
href="http://proposicion.org.ar/doc/gob/Conde-281102/index.html.en">Senator
Alberto Conde's answer</a> to CESSI regarding Bill E-135/02-03 which
proposes use of Free Software in the public sector for the province of Buenos
Aires. <a
href="http://proposicion.org.ar/proyecto/leyes/E-135.02-03/">The
bill</a> has been submitted by Senator Alberto Conde himself.</li>
- <li> Some economists argue that copyright and patents
- <a href="http://reason.com/archives/2003/03/01/creation-myths">
fail to
-promote the progress</a> that they supposedly exist to promote.
+<li><a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030904102640/http://proposicion.org.ar/doc/gob/Conde-281102/index.html.en">Senator
+Alberto Conde's answer</a> to CESSI regarding Bill E-135/02-03 which
proposes
+use of Free Software in the public sector for the province of Buenos Aires.
<a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030204005052/http://www.proposicion.org.ar/proyecto/leyes/E-135.02-03/">The
+bill</a> has been submitted by Senator Alberto Conde himself.</li>
+
+<li>Some economists argue that copyright and patents <a
+href="http://reason.com/archives/2003/03/01/creation-myths"> fail to promote
+the progress</a> that they supposedly exist to promote.
<p>
This article takes a narrowly economic view of its subject, measuring
social alternatives only by what goods are available for what price,
@@ -140,20 +151,20 @@
<li>Two articles by Duncan Campbell describe how NSA backdoors were
hidden in proprietary software programs:
- <a
href="http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/te/2898/1.html">“Only NSA
can
- listen, so that's OK”</a> and <a
- href="http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/te/5263/1.html">“How NSA
- access was built into Windows”</a>. Both are clear
demonstrations of how
+ <a href="http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/te/2898/1.html">Only
NSA can
+ listen, so that's OK</a> and <a
+ href="http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/te/5263/1.html">How NSA
+ access was built into Windows</a>. Both are clear demonstrations of
how
users of proprietary software can often be unaware of what they are
actually running.</li>
- <li><a
href="http://www.compilerpress.ca/Cultural%20Economics/Works/CPU%202000.htm">“Copyright
- C.P.U.”</a> by Harry Hillman Chartrand is a good summary of the
history of
+ <li><a
href="http://www.compilerpress.ca/Cultural%20Economics/Works/CPU%202000.htm">Copyright
+ C.P.U.</a>, by Harry Hillman Chartrand, is a good summary of the
history of
copyright.</li>
<li>Malla Pollack's
- <a
href="http://eon.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/progress.html">“What
- is Congress Supposed to Promote?”</a> explains how the United
States'
+ <a
href="http://eon.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/progress.html">What
+ is Congress Supposed to Promote?</a> explains how the United States'
government's recent tendencies to provide maximum control to copyright
holders defies the justification for establishment of copyright set out
in the constitution.</li>
@@ -173,8 +184,8 @@
<li>openrevolt.org was a site devoted to providing information about
the European Copyright Directive and similar legislation. It
- concentrated on the two principal problems of the EUCD, which made
- it easier for copyright holders to censor webpages on ISPs and gave
+ concentrated on the two principal problems of the EUCD, which make
+ it easier for copyright holders to censor webpages on ISPs and give
legal protection to copy-protection measures.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.chillingeffects.org">Chilling
Effects</a> is
@@ -190,15 +201,15 @@
of Jon Johansen on felony charges for helping write DeCSS.</li>
<li><a href="http://law.duke.edu/pd/papers/boyle.pdf">The Second
Enclosure Movement
- and the Construction of the Public Domain.</a>, by James
Boyle.</li>
+ and the Construction of the Public Domain</a>, by James
Boyle.</li>
<li><a
href="http://besser.tsoa.nyu.edu/howard/Papers/pw-public-spaces.html">Intellectual
Property: The Attack on Public Space in Cyberspace</a>, by Howard
Besser,
describes how various industries are using their leverage with copyright
to make fewer locations on the Internet less and less public.</li>
- <li><a
href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=267848#PaperDownload">“Locating
- Copyright Within the First Amendment Skein,”</a>, by Neil W.
Netanel,
+ <li><a
href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=267848#PaperDownload">Locating
+ Copyright Within the First Amendment Skein</a>, by Neil W. Netanel,
argues that the United States court system has been wrong in its dated
assumption that fair use eliminates the conflict between copyright law
and the First Amendment.</li>
@@ -208,15 +219,16 @@
joint statement responding to comments by Craig Mundie of Microsoft
[Archived Page]</a>.</li>
- <li>In <cite><a
href="/philosophy/dmarti-patent.html">Patent Reform
- Now!</a></cite>, Don Marti calls for free software
supporters to
+ <li>In <a href="/philosophy/dmarti-patent.html">Patent Reform
+ Now!</a>, Don Marti calls for free software supporters to
nominate Richard M. Stallman to US Patent and Trademark Office's
Patent Public Advisory Committee.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/stophr3028.html">Stop H.R.
3028</a>,
“The Trademark Cyberpiracy Prevention Act of 1999”.</li>
- <li><a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010410172314/http://www-personal.si.umich.edu/~beejoo/gnuproject.html">"The
GNU Project FTP Site: A Digital Collection Supporting a Social Movement"
[Archived Page]</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010410172314/http://www-personal.si.umich.edu/~beejoo/gnuproject.html">
+ The GNU Project FTP Site: A Digital Collection Supporting a Social
Movement [Archived Page]</a>, by Michelle Bejian.</li>
<li><a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20000815064842/http://oppression.nerdherd.org/Stories/1998/9810/ucla/ucla.html">UCLA
discriminates against students using GNU/Linux. One part of
@@ -260,8 +272,8 @@
-->
<li><a
href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/copying_primer.html">A
primer on the ethics of “Intellectual property”</a>,
by Ram Samudrala.</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/self-interest.html">Is Self-Interest
Sufficient to
- Organize an Free Economy?</a> by Loyd Fueston.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/self-interest.html">Is self-interest
sufficient to
+ organize a free economy?</a> by Loyd Fueston.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/kragen-software.html">People, places,
things and ideas</a> by Kragen Sitaker</li>
<li><a href="http://freenation.org/a/f31l1.html">The Libertarian
Case
@@ -276,7 +288,7 @@
Triumphant:
Free Software and the Death of Copyright</a></li>
- <li><a
href="http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~digger/596/werry_comm.pdf">Imagined
+ <li><a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409233705/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~digger/596/werry_comm.pdf">Imagined
Electronic Community: Representations of Virtual Community in
Contemporary Business Discourse</a> by Chris Werry.</li>
@@ -284,16 +296,16 @@
Economics Inhibit Cooperation?</a> by Frank, Gilovich, and
Regan.</li>
<li><a
href="http://danny.oz.au/freedom/ip/aidfs.html">Development,
Ethical Trading, and Free Software</a> by Danny Yee.</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/bdk.html">THE BALLAD OF DENNIS
KARJALA</a>:
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/bdk.html">The Ballad of Dennis
Karjala</a>:
A political comment in the form of a broadside ballad
by Timothy R. Phillips.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/ICT-for-prosperity.html">Shaping
Collaborative ICT Development and Initiatives for Global
- Prosperity</a> by Robert J. Chassell</li>
+ Prosperity</a> by Robert J. Chassell.</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.fsfla.org/~lxoliva/papers/free-software/selection-html/">
Competitive Advantages of Free Software</a> by Alexandre
Oliva.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.advogato.org/article/89.html";
- id="PatentgrantundertheGPL">Patent grant under the
GPL</a>.</li>
+ id="PatentgrantundertheGPL">Patent grant under the GPL</a> by
Raph Levien.</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/05/biztech/articles/10digital.html";
id="ConceptofCopyrightFightsMarkoff">The
Concept of Copyright Fights for Internet Survival</a> by John
@@ -324,16 +336,14 @@
of examples demonstrating how outrageous and absurd the Digital
Millennium Copyright Act is.</li>
- <li>A book review of
- <a
href="http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/03/28/0121209&mode=nocomment">
- <cite>Digital Copyright</cite></a>.</li>
+ <li><a
href="http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/03/28/0121209&mode=nocomment">
+ A book review of <cite>Digital
Copyright</cite></a>.</li>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- The archived version is
truncated.</em></ins></span>
+<!-- The archived version is truncated.
<li><a
- <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4">Live</strong></del></span>
- <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080703140137/http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4">Live</em></ins></span>
and
- let <span
class="removed"><del><strong>license</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>license [archived]</a></em></ins></span> by Joe
Barr.</li>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>--></em></ins></span>
+
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080703140137/http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4">Live
and
+ let license [archived]</a> by Joe Barr.</li>
+-->
<li><a href="http://www.piecepack.org">Piecepack</a> is a
set of
boardgame pieces which everyone is free to use in creating or playing
@@ -345,7 +355,7 @@
<li><a href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7813">Free
Software and Scouting</a></li>
- <li><a
href="http://fare.tunes.org/articles/patents.html">Patents Are An Economic
Absurdity</a>: This article adopts as a premise the popular view that
free trade is desirable. We don't always agree - beyond a certain point, free
trade gives businesses too much power, allowing them to intimidate democracy.
But that is a different matter. </li><!-- Description text by RMS
-->
+ <li><a
href="http://fare.tunes.org/articles/patents.html">Patents Are an Economic
Absurdity</a>: This article adopts as a premise the popular view that
free trade is desirable. We don't always agree — beyond a certain point,
free trade gives businesses too much power, allowing them to intimidate
democracy. But that is a different matter. </li><!-- Description text
by RMS -->
<li><a
href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/2000/09/stephan-kinsella/in-defense-of-napster-and-against-the-second-homesteading-rule/">In
Defense of Napster and Against the Second Homesteading
Rule</a></li>
@@ -358,10 +368,16 @@
A Comparative Ethical Assessment of Free Software Licensing Schemes</a>
by Samir Chopra and Scott Dexter</li>
- <li>The <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://simplemachines.it/index.php/sim-one-project">SIM.ONE</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://web.archive.org/web/20131126094524/http://simplemachines.it/index.php/sim-one-project">SIM.ONE</em></ins></span>
+ <li>The <a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20131126094524/http://simplemachines.it/index.php/sim-one-project">SIM.ONE
hardware project</a> has created free (as in freedom)
computer design specifications.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/vaccination.html">Viral Code and
Vaccination</a>,
+ an article by Robert J. Chassell.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/why-audio-format-matters.html">Why
Audio
+ Format matters</a> by Karl Fogel</li>
+
<li>Not available online, but as early as 1960 Bernard Galler wrote a
letter to the editor of the Communications of the ACM (vol.3, no.4,
pp.A12-A13), saying in part (mentioning price, but clearly implying
@@ -382,17 +398,6 @@
(Thanks to Nelson Beebe for the reference.)</li>
</ul>
-<h3>Links to more philosophy articles</h3>
-
-<ul>
-<li id="EssaysAndArticles"><a
- href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html">Essays and
Articles</a></li>
-<li id="Speeches"><a
- href="/philosophy/speeches-and-interview.html">Speeches and
-interviews</a></li>
-<li id="Philosophy"><a
- href="/philosophy/">The main philosophy page</a></li>
-</ul>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
<div id="footer">
@@ -423,17 +428,17 @@
</div>
<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003,
2004, 2005,
-2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2015, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2016</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2016, 2017</em></ins></span> Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/11/18 10:36:35 $
+$Date: 2017/05/04 21:30:03 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: software/free-software-for-education.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/free-software-for-education.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- software/free-software-for-education.nl.html 1 Oct 2016 08:01:35
-0000 1.2
+++ software/free-software-for-education.nl.html 4 May 2017 21:30:04
-0000 1.3
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/software/free-software-for-education.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/software/po/free-software-for-education.nl.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/software/po/free-software-for-education.nl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/software/free-software-for-education.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/software/po/free-software-for-education.nl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2017-03-05" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/software/free-software-for-education.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.nl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
@@ -32,6 +37,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/fs-gang-definitions.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
<h2>Vrije software voor het onderwijs</h2>
<p>Hier zijn twee lijsten van vrije softwaretoepassingen van hoge kwaliteit die
@@ -366,7 +372,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2016/10/01 08:01:35 $
+$Date: 2017/05/04 21:30:04 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/po/not-ipr.ja-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/not-ipr.ja-diff.html
diff -N philosophy/po/not-ipr.ja-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/not-ipr.ja-diff.html 4 May 2017 21:30:03 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/not-ipr.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+<title>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a
Seductive Mirage
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M.
Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>
+It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and
+trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three
+separate and different sets of laws—plus a dozen other laws into
+one pot and call it “intellectual property”. The
+distorting and confusing term did not become common by accident.
+Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it. The clearest way
+out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School,
+the widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is
+a fashion that followed the 1967 founding of the World “Intellectual
+Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
+years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
+interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.) Wide use
dates from
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=1">around</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=1&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cintellectual%20property%3B%2Cc0">around</em></ins></span>
+1990</a>. (<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">Local image
copy</a>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking
+about copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property
+rights for physical objects. (This analogy is at odds with the legal
+philosophies of copyright law, of patent law, and of trademark law,
+but only specialists know that.) These laws are in fact not much like
+physical property law, but use of this term leads legislators to
+change them to be more so. Since that is the change desired by the
+companies that exercise copyright, patent and trademark powers, the
+bias introduced by the term “intellectual property” suits them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The bias is reason enough to reject the term, and people have often
+asked me to propose some other name for the overall category—or
+have proposed their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions
+include IMPs, for Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for
+Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of
+“exclusive rights regimes”, but referring to restrictions
+as “rights” is doublethink too.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a
+mistake to replace “intellectual property” with any other
+term. A different name will not address the term's deeper problem:
+overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as
+“intellectual property”—it is a mirage. The only
+reason people think it makes sense as a coherent category is that
+widespread use of the term has misled them about the laws in question.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” is at best a catch-all to
+lump together disparate laws. Nonlawyers who hear one term applied to
+these various laws tend to assume they are based on a common
+principle and function similarly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nothing could be further from the case.
+These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different
+activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For instance, copyright law was designed to promote authorship and
+art, and covers the details of expression of a work. Patent law was
+intended to promote the publication of useful ideas, at the price of
+giving the one who publishes an idea a temporary monopoly over
+it—a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in
+others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular
+way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are
+buying. Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual
+property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
+incentives for advertising. And these are just
+three out of many laws that the term refers to.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every
+detail, as well as in their basic purposes and methods. Thus, if you
+learn some fact about copyright law, you'd be wise to assume that
+patent law is different. You'll rarely go wrong!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In practice, nearly all general statements you encounter that are
+formulated using “intellectual property” will be false.
+For instance, you'll see claims that “its” purpose is to
+“promote innovation”, but that only fits patent law and
+perhaps plant variety monopolies. Copyright law is not concerned with
+innovation; a pop song or novel is copyrighted even if there is
+nothing innovative about it. Trademark law is not concerned with
+innovation; if I start a tea store and call it “rms tea”,
+that would be a solid trademark even if I sell the same teas in the
+same way as everyone else. Trade secret law is not concerned with
+innovation, except tangentially; my list of tea customers would be a
+trade secret with nothing to do with innovation.</p>
+
+<p>
+You will also see assertions that “intellectual property”
+is concerned with “creativity”, but really that only fits
+copyright law. More than creativity is needed to make a patentable
+invention. Trademark law and trade secret law have nothing to do with
+creativity; the name “rms tea” isn't creative at all, and
+neither is my secret list of tea customers.</p>
+
+<p>
+People often say “intellectual property” when they really
+mean some larger or smaller set of laws. For instance, rich countries
+often impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of
+them. Some of these laws are among those called “intellectual
+property” laws, and others are not; nonetheless, critics of the
+practice often grab for that label because it has become familiar to
+them. By using it, they misrepresent the nature of the issue. It
+would be better to use an accurate term, such as “legislative
+colonization”, that gets to the heart of the matter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law
+professors who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the
+seductiveness of the term “intellectual property”, and
+make general statements that conflict with facts they know. For
+example, one professor wrote in 2006:
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers
+of the US constitution had a principled, procompetitive attitude to
+intellectual property. They knew rights might be necessary,
+but…they tied congress's hands, restricting its power in
+multiple ways.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
+Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That
+clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark law, trade secret
+law, or various others. The term “intellectual property”
+led that professor to make a false generalization.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” also leads to simplistic
+thinking. It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form
+that these disparate laws have—that they create artificial
+privileges for certain parties—and to disregard the details
+which form their substance: the specific restrictions each law places
+on the public, and the consequences that result. This simplistic focus
+on the form encourages an “economistic” approach to all
+these issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Economics operates here, as it often does, as a vehicle for unexamined
+assumptions. These include assumptions about values, such as that
+amount of production matters while freedom and way of life do not,
+and factual assumptions which are mostly false, such as that
+copyrights on music supports musicians, or that patents on drugs
+support life-saving research.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term
“intellectual
+property”, the specific issues raised by the various laws become
+nearly invisible. These issues arise from the specifics of each
+law—precisely what the term “intellectual property”
+encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue relating to
+copyright law is whether music sharing should be allowed; patent law
+has nothing to do with this. Patent law raises issues such as whether
+poor countries should be allowed to produce life-saving drugs and sell
+them cheaply to save lives; copyright law has nothing to do with such
+matters.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Neither of these issues is solely economic in nature, and their
+noneconomic aspects are very different; using the shallow economic
+overgeneralization as the basis for considering them means ignoring the
+differences. Putting the two laws in the “intellectual
+property” pot obstructs clear thinking about each one.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus, any opinions about “the issue of intellectual
+property” and any generalizations about this supposed category
+are almost surely foolish. If you think all those laws are one issue,
+you will tend to choose your opinions from a selection of sweeping
+overgeneralizations, none of which is any good.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Rejection of “intellectual
property” is not mere
+philosophical recreation. The term does real harm. Apple used it
+to <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/11/nebraska-farmers-right-to-repair-bill-stalls-apple">warp
debate about Nebraska's
+“right to repair” bill</a>. The bogus concept gave
+Apple a way to dress up its preference for secrecy, which conficts
+with its customers' rights, as a supposed principle that customers
+and the state must yield to.</p>
+
+<p></em></ins></span>
+If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or
+copyrights, or trademarks, or various other different laws, the first
+step is to
+forget the idea of lumping them together, and treat them as separate
+topics. The second step is to reject the narrow perspectives and
+simplistic picture the term “intellectual property”
+suggests. Consider each of these issues separately, in its fullness,
+and you have a chance of considering them well.
+</p>
+
+<p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a
+href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one proposal for
+changing the name and substance of WIPO</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+See also <a href="/philosophy/komongistan.html">The Curious History of
+Komongistan (Busting the term “intellectual property”)</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Countries in Africa are a lot more similar than these laws, and
+“Africa” is a coherent geographical concept; nonetheless,
+<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton">
+talking about “Africa” instead of a specific country
+causes lots of confusion</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a
href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/">
+Rickard Falkvinge supports rejection of this term</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a
+href="http://www.locusmag.com/Perspectives/2016/11/cory-doctorow-sole-and-despotic-dominion/">
+Cory Doctorow also condemns</a> the term “intellectual
+property.”</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2015, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2016</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2016, 2017</em></ins></span> Richard M.
Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2017/05/04 21:30:03 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk-diff.html
diff -N philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk-diff.html 4 May 2017 21:30:03 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/not-ipr.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+<title>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a
Seductive Mirage
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M.
Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>
+It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and
+trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three
+separate and different sets of laws—plus a dozen other laws into
+one pot and call it “intellectual property”. The
+distorting and confusing term did not become common by accident.
+Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it. The clearest way
+out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School,
+the widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is
+a fashion that followed the 1967 founding of the World “Intellectual
+Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
+years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
+interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.) Wide use
dates from
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=1">around</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=1&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cintellectual%20property%3B%2Cc0">around</em></ins></span>
+1990</a>. (<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">Local image
copy</a>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking
+about copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property
+rights for physical objects. (This analogy is at odds with the legal
+philosophies of copyright law, of patent law, and of trademark law,
+but only specialists know that.) These laws are in fact not much like
+physical property law, but use of this term leads legislators to
+change them to be more so. Since that is the change desired by the
+companies that exercise copyright, patent and trademark powers, the
+bias introduced by the term “intellectual property” suits them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The bias is reason enough to reject the term, and people have often
+asked me to propose some other name for the overall category—or
+have proposed their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions
+include IMPs, for Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for
+Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of
+“exclusive rights regimes”, but referring to restrictions
+as “rights” is doublethink too.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a
+mistake to replace “intellectual property” with any other
+term. A different name will not address the term's deeper problem:
+overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as
+“intellectual property”—it is a mirage. The only
+reason people think it makes sense as a coherent category is that
+widespread use of the term has misled them about the laws in question.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” is at best a catch-all to
+lump together disparate laws. Nonlawyers who hear one term applied to
+these various laws tend to assume they are based on a common
+principle and function similarly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nothing could be further from the case.
+These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different
+activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For instance, copyright law was designed to promote authorship and
+art, and covers the details of expression of a work. Patent law was
+intended to promote the publication of useful ideas, at the price of
+giving the one who publishes an idea a temporary monopoly over
+it—a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in
+others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular
+way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are
+buying. Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual
+property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
+incentives for advertising. And these are just
+three out of many laws that the term refers to.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every
+detail, as well as in their basic purposes and methods. Thus, if you
+learn some fact about copyright law, you'd be wise to assume that
+patent law is different. You'll rarely go wrong!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In practice, nearly all general statements you encounter that are
+formulated using “intellectual property” will be false.
+For instance, you'll see claims that “its” purpose is to
+“promote innovation”, but that only fits patent law and
+perhaps plant variety monopolies. Copyright law is not concerned with
+innovation; a pop song or novel is copyrighted even if there is
+nothing innovative about it. Trademark law is not concerned with
+innovation; if I start a tea store and call it “rms tea”,
+that would be a solid trademark even if I sell the same teas in the
+same way as everyone else. Trade secret law is not concerned with
+innovation, except tangentially; my list of tea customers would be a
+trade secret with nothing to do with innovation.</p>
+
+<p>
+You will also see assertions that “intellectual property”
+is concerned with “creativity”, but really that only fits
+copyright law. More than creativity is needed to make a patentable
+invention. Trademark law and trade secret law have nothing to do with
+creativity; the name “rms tea” isn't creative at all, and
+neither is my secret list of tea customers.</p>
+
+<p>
+People often say “intellectual property” when they really
+mean some larger or smaller set of laws. For instance, rich countries
+often impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of
+them. Some of these laws are among those called “intellectual
+property” laws, and others are not; nonetheless, critics of the
+practice often grab for that label because it has become familiar to
+them. By using it, they misrepresent the nature of the issue. It
+would be better to use an accurate term, such as “legislative
+colonization”, that gets to the heart of the matter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law
+professors who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the
+seductiveness of the term “intellectual property”, and
+make general statements that conflict with facts they know. For
+example, one professor wrote in 2006:
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers
+of the US constitution had a principled, procompetitive attitude to
+intellectual property. They knew rights might be necessary,
+but…they tied congress's hands, restricting its power in
+multiple ways.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
+Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That
+clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark law, trade secret
+law, or various others. The term “intellectual property”
+led that professor to make a false generalization.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” also leads to simplistic
+thinking. It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form
+that these disparate laws have—that they create artificial
+privileges for certain parties—and to disregard the details
+which form their substance: the specific restrictions each law places
+on the public, and the consequences that result. This simplistic focus
+on the form encourages an “economistic” approach to all
+these issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Economics operates here, as it often does, as a vehicle for unexamined
+assumptions. These include assumptions about values, such as that
+amount of production matters while freedom and way of life do not,
+and factual assumptions which are mostly false, such as that
+copyrights on music supports musicians, or that patents on drugs
+support life-saving research.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term
“intellectual
+property”, the specific issues raised by the various laws become
+nearly invisible. These issues arise from the specifics of each
+law—precisely what the term “intellectual property”
+encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue relating to
+copyright law is whether music sharing should be allowed; patent law
+has nothing to do with this. Patent law raises issues such as whether
+poor countries should be allowed to produce life-saving drugs and sell
+them cheaply to save lives; copyright law has nothing to do with such
+matters.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Neither of these issues is solely economic in nature, and their
+noneconomic aspects are very different; using the shallow economic
+overgeneralization as the basis for considering them means ignoring the
+differences. Putting the two laws in the “intellectual
+property” pot obstructs clear thinking about each one.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus, any opinions about “the issue of intellectual
+property” and any generalizations about this supposed category
+are almost surely foolish. If you think all those laws are one issue,
+you will tend to choose your opinions from a selection of sweeping
+overgeneralizations, none of which is any good.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Rejection of “intellectual
property” is not mere
+philosophical recreation. The term does real harm. Apple used it
+to <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/11/nebraska-farmers-right-to-repair-bill-stalls-apple">warp
debate about Nebraska's
+“right to repair” bill</a>. The bogus concept gave
+Apple a way to dress up its preference for secrecy, which conficts
+with its customers' rights, as a supposed principle that customers
+and the state must yield to.</p>
+
+<p></em></ins></span>
+If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or
+copyrights, or trademarks, or various other different laws, the first
+step is to
+forget the idea of lumping them together, and treat them as separate
+topics. The second step is to reject the narrow perspectives and
+simplistic picture the term “intellectual property”
+suggests. Consider each of these issues separately, in its fullness,
+and you have a chance of considering them well.
+</p>
+
+<p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a
+href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one proposal for
+changing the name and substance of WIPO</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+See also <a href="/philosophy/komongistan.html">The Curious History of
+Komongistan (Busting the term “intellectual property”)</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Countries in Africa are a lot more similar than these laws, and
+“Africa” is a coherent geographical concept; nonetheless,
+<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton">
+talking about “Africa” instead of a specific country
+causes lots of confusion</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a
href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/">
+Rickard Falkvinge supports rejection of this term</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a
+href="http://www.locusmag.com/Perspectives/2016/11/cory-doctorow-sole-and-despotic-dominion/">
+Cory Doctorow also condemns</a> the term “intellectual
+property.”</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013, 2015, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2016</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2016, 2017</em></ins></span> Richard M.
Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2017/05/04 21:30:03 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: software/po/free-software-for-education.nl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: software/po/free-software-for-education.nl-diff.html
diff -N software/po/free-software-for-education.nl-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ software/po/free-software-for-education.nl-diff.html 4 May 2017
21:30:04 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/software/free-software-for-education.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+
+<title>Free Software for Education - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/software/po/free-software-for-education.translist"
-->
+
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen">
+<!--
+table.programs {
+ display: block;
+ overflow: auto;
+ border-collapse: collapse;
+ margin: 2em auto;
+}
+table.programs td, table.programs th {
+ border: 1px solid #bbb;
+}
+table.programs thead {
+ background-color: #fff1c0;
+ border: 2px solid #bbb;
+}
+table.programs tbody {
+ background-color: #f7f7f7;
+ border: 2px solid #bbb;
+}
+-->
+</style>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/fs-gang-definitions.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+
+<h2>Free Software for Education</h2>
+
+<p>Here are two lists of high-quality free/libre software applications
that
+can be used in schools and educational institutions of all levels. The
+first one is a list of free/libre programs along with the popular
+proprietary applications they replace. The second one contains free/libre
+programs that do not necessarily replace a proprietary counterpart but can
+be very useful to students and teachers.</p>
+
+<p>All these programs are released under a license that is granted
+for zero price and does not expire. While we are glad that schools can also
+save money with these programs, avoiding miseducation (teaching dependence
+on nonfree software) is a more important imperative: when we say these
+programs are <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>,
+<strong>we are talking about freedom, not price</strong>. It means
that
+you are free to use them constructively, either alone or in a community,
+while respecting the freedom of others.</p>
+
+<p>Everyone should use free software, because only free software gives
+users the freedom to control their own computers. However, there are
+<a href="/education/edu-schools.html">specific ethical reasons</a>
that
+apply to education.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the wrong of nonfree software, the use of third-party
+network services in schools poses yet another problem: <a
+href="https://www.eff.org/press/releases/google-deceptively-tracks-students-internet-browsing-eff-says-complaint-federal-trade">
+the collection of students (and teachers) personal data by
companies</a>.</p>
+
+<p>But even if the school never used those services, it could not be sure
+that the machines are not sending data. In fact, the source code of
+proprietary programs (with a few exceptions) is secret, so users don't
+know what the software is really doing.</p>
+
+
+<table class="programs">
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th>Category</th>
+ <th>Free/libre program</th>
+ <th>Features</th>
+ <th>Replacement for (Google)</th>
+ <th>Replacement for (Microsoft)</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td>Operating systems</td>
+ <td><a href="https://trisquel.info/">Trisquel
GNU/Linux</a></td>
+ <td>Composed exclusively of software that respects your
freedom.</td>
+ <td>ChromeOS, ChromiumOS</td>
+ <td>Windows (any version)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Web browsers</td>
+ <td><a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Epiphany">Web</a>,
+ <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/IceCat">GNU
IceCat</a></td>
+ <td>These browsers do not track users.</td>
+ <td>Chrome, Chromium</td>
+ <td>Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td rowspan="2">Office</td>
+ <td><a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a></td>
+ <td>Powerful office suite. Documents are not uploaded to
third-party
+ servers.</td>
+ <td>----</td>
+ <td>Microsoft Office, Office 365</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ <td><a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Etherpad">Etherpad</a>,
+ <a href="https://ethercalc.net/">EtherCalc</a></td>
+ <td>Real-time collaborative text editor and spreadsheet that run
in
+ your browser.</td>
+ <td>Google Docs, Sheets</td>
+ <td>----</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>E-learning platforms</td>
+ <td><a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Moodle">Moodle</a></td>
+ <td>Entirely self-hosted. Manage classrooms and courses, give
lessons
+ and assignments, create groups, take tests, synchronize data and
+ collaborate in forums, chats and wikis.</td>
+ <td>Google Classroom</td>
+ <td>----</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>File synchronization</td>
+ <td><a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Owncloud">ownCloud</a></td>
+ <td>Entirely self-hosted. Allows collaborative document editing
and
+ bookmark synchronization as well.</td>
+ <td>Google Drive, Calendar, Contacts</td>
+ <td>OneDrive, Outlook</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Media sharing</td>
+ <td><a href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Mediagoblin">GNU
MediaGoblin</a></td>
+ <td>Entirely self-hosted. Can share all kinds of media in
safety.</td>
+ <td>Youtube, Google Photos, Picasa</td>
+ <td>----</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Email</td>
+ <td><a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="https://kolab.org/">Kolab</a></td></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://docs.kolab.org/">Kolab</a></td></em></ins></span>
+ <td>Entirely self-hosted. Complete groupware solution which
includes
+ email, calendar, address books, file synching and tasks. Clients
+ are based on Roundcube (web interface) by default but any other
+ email client can be used. This way, only the school can read the
+ students' mail, and nobody else.</td>
+ <td>Gmail, Google Calendar, Contacts, Google Drive</td>
+ <td>Outlook, Live</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Chat (audio,video, text)</td>
+ <td><a href="https://jitsi.org/">Jitsi</a>,
+ <a href="https://jitsi.org/Projects/JitsiMeet">Jitsi
Meet</a>
+ (browser-based)</td>
+ <td>Entirely self-hosted
+ (<a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Prosody">Prosody</a>
+ is recommended as a XMPP server) and browser-based. Students can
+ chat across many platforms without their faces being scanned by
+ facial recognition algorithms and their voice and text being
+ recorded.</td>
+ <td>Google Hangouts</td>
+ <td>Skype</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Games</td>
+ <td><a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Minetest">Minetest</a></td>
+ <td>Build, explore and play in vast cube worlds, alone or with
+ friends. Create mods which aren't limited by proprietary
+ restrictions.</td>
+ <td>----</td>
+ <td>Minecraft</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>Here's some additional free software useful for educational
purposes:</p>
+
+<table class="programs">
+ <thead>
+ <tr>
+ <th>Category</th>
+ <th>Free/libre program</th>
+ <th>Description</th>
+ </tr>
+ </thead>
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td rowspan="5">Art, graphics and design</td>
+ <td><a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Blender">Blender</a></td>
+ <td>3D suite which includes a video editor and a game engine
+ that can be used without programming (via logic blocks.)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/FreeCAD">FreeCAD</a></td>
+ <td>High-quality parametric 3D CAD modeler.</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GIMP">GIMP</a></td>
+ <td>Graphics editor suitable for image retouching, editing and
drawing
+ (<a href="/education/edu-software-gimp.html">case
study</a>.)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Krita">Krita</a></td>
+ <td>Fully featured, easy to use digital painting program, suitable
for
+ students and professionals alike.</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><a href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/TuxPaint">Tux
Paint</a></td>
+ <td>Graphics editor aimed at young children
+ (<a href="/education/edu-software-tuxpaint.html">case
study</a>.)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td rowspan="1">Games and educational activities</td>
+ <td><a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Gcompris">GCompris</a></td>
+ <td>Educational software suite comprising of numerous activities
for
+ children aged 2 to 10
+ (<a href="/education/edu-software-gcompris.html">case
study</a>.)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td rowspan="1">Maths</td>
+ <td><a href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Octave">GNU
Octave</a></td>
+ <td>High-level interpreted language similar to proprietary MATLAB,
+ primarily intended for numerical computations.</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td rowspan="1">Physics</td>
+ <td><a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Fisicalab">FisicaLab</a></td>
+ <td>Solve physics problems creatively. Focus in physics concepts
+ while the program takes care of the mathematical details.</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td rowspan="3">Music</td>
+ <td><a href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Solfege">GNU
Solfege</a></td>
+ <td>Ear and music training program.</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Linux_Multimedia_studio">LMMS</a></td></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/LMMS">LMMS</a></td></em></ins></span>
+ <td>Professional-grade (but easy to use) music creation software
and
+ digital audio workstation.</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/MuseScore">MuseScore</a></td>
+ <td>Fully featured scorewriter, with support for MIDI
playback.</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td rowspan="2">Programming</td>
+ <td><a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GDevelop">GDevelop</a></td>
+ <td>Codeless game development tool based on drag and drop.
+ Ideal to teach students programming concepts while having
fun.</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Racket">Racket</a></td>
+ <td>Battery-included programming language and environment
+ suitable for both students and Lisp/Scheme wizards.
+ Despite it being a fully-featured functional programming language,
+ it was designed to be educational.</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The lists above are a selection of free software applications suitable
+for the most common educational activities. The Free Software Foundation
+keeps a comprehensive database of educational software at the
+<a href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Category/Education">
+Free Software Directory</a>. If you know about a free/libre program
suited
+for schools and is not listed there, please contact us at
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to let
us
+know.</p>
+
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2016</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2016, 2017</em></ins></span> Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
+document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
+Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
+Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts,
+and no Back-Cover Texts.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2017/05/04 21:30:04 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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