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Subject: |
www/philosophy po/greve-clown.translist greve-c... |
Date: |
Thu, 4 May 2017 12:29:06 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 17/05/04 12:29:06
Modified files:
philosophy/po : greve-clown.translist
Added files:
philosophy : greve-clown.ru.html
philosophy/po : greve-clown.ru-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/greve-clown.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/greve-clown.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/greve-clown.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: po/greve-clown.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/greve-clown.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- po/greve-clown.translist 23 May 2015 07:09:30 -0000 1.10
+++ po/greve-clown.translist 4 May 2017 16:29:06 -0000 1.11
@@ -5,10 +5,12 @@
<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/greve-clown.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="de" hreflang="de"
href="/philosophy/greve-clown.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/greve-clown.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/greve-clown.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="/philosophy/greve-clown.html"
hreflang="x-default" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/greve-clown.en.html" title="English" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="de" hreflang="de"
href="/philosophy/greve-clown.de.html" title="Deutsch" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/greve-clown.fr.html" title="français" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/greve-clown.ru.html" title="ÑÑÑÑкий" />
<!-- end translist file -->
Index: greve-clown.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: greve-clown.ru.html
diff -N greve-clown.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ greve-clown.ru.html 4 May 2017 16:29:05 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/greve-clown.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>ÐÑÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ ÑилоÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑа GNU - ÐÑоекÑ
GNU - Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
+обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!-- top-addendum is disabled because the original text was written in German
+ rather than in English, which is clearly stated in the article itself -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/greve-clown.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<h2>ÐÑÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ ÑилоÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑа GNU</h2>
+
+<p class="byline"><strong>ÐеоÑг ÐÑеве</strong> <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a></p>
+
+<p><em>ÐеÑевод ÑеÑи, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð±Ñла пÑоизнеÑена
в CLOWN (<span lang="en"
+xml:lang="en">Cluster of working nodes</span> — ÐлаÑÑеÑе
ÑабоÑиÑ
+Ñзлов — пÑоекÑе 512-Ñзлового клаÑÑеÑа
маÑин под Debian GNU/Linux)
+в ÐадеÑбоÑнÑком ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑе
(ÐеÑманиÑ).</em></p>
+
+<p><em>ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
href="/philosophy/greve-clown.de.html">немеÑкий
+оÑигинал</a>. РекомендÑеÑÑÑ ÑиÑаÑÑ Ð²
оÑигинале.</em></p>
+
+<hr class="thin" />
+
+<div class="article">
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+<em>ÐамеÑание авÑоÑа</em>. ÐÑи пеÑеводе ÑÑой
ÑеÑи Ñ Ð¿ÑÑалÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ возможноÑÑи
+ÑоÑно воÑпÑоизвеÑÑи оÑигинал, коÑоÑÑй Ñ
пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾-немеÑки. РазбиÑÑ
+немеÑкие пеÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ обÑаÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
в
ÑдовлеÑвоÑиÑелÑнÑй английÑкий бÑло не
+Ñак-Ñо пÑоÑÑо, и Ñ Ñ
оÑел Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑиÑÑ
Ñвоего ÑоÑеда по комнаÑе ÐÑга
+Чапина, моего дÑÑга и пÑиÑодного
амеÑиканÑа, коÑоÑÑй помогал мне Ñ
+некоÑоÑÑми ÑÑазами и Ñловами. ÐеÑевод,
конеÑно не оÑÑÐ°Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
ÑмоÑий и
+подÑекÑÑов, но Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ñли к
ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð·ÐºÐ¾...
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>
+Ðо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð³Ð¾Ñовки к ÑÑой ÑеÑи Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑел
неÑколÑко докÑменÑов и поговоÑил Ñо
+многими лÑдÑми. РпÑоÑеÑÑе ÑÑого Ñ Ð¾Ñознал,
ÑÑо даже Ñе, ÑÑи ÑабоÑие меÑÑа
+бÑли ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ или менее
непоÑÑедÑÑвенно пÑоекÑом GNU, не понимаÑÑ
его
+наÑÑоÑÑего знаÑениÑ. ÐажеÑÑÑ, в ÑÑловиÑÑ
вÑеобÑего ÑнÑÑзиазма ÑаÑÑÑ ÑознаниÑ
+ÑÑ
оÑонилаÑÑ Ð² коÑнÑÑ
. Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑеÑом Ñ
надеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð°Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÑ ÑакиÑ
коÑней.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐаÑало Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð³Ð´Ðµ-Ñо Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ ÑемидеÑÑÑÑми и
воÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑми, когда пÑогÑаммнаÑ
+пÑомÑÑленноÑÑÑ ÑÑала Ñем, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ ÑейÑаÑ
Ñак легко пÑинимаем. РнаÑале
+конкÑÑенÑии некоÑоÑÑе ÑиÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑли
ÑкÑÑвание иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа как ÑÑÑаÑегиÑ
+вÑживаниÑ. ÐÑÑаÑÑÑ ÑÑидиÑеÑки оÑоÑмиÑÑ
Ñакое поведение, они Ñоздали Ñакие
+ÑÑазÑ, как “пиÑаÑÑкие копии
пÑогÑамм“, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо они
+подÑазÑмеваÑÑ, ÑÑо когда пÑогÑаммÑ
копиÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо-Ñо ÑеÑÑеÑÑÑ. ÐÑдей
+вÑнÑждали ÑоглаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° лиÑензии,
коÑоÑÑе обÑзÑвали иÑ
пÑинимаÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑÑ,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð¸ Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ дÑÑгого болÑÑе не бÑло
доÑÑÑпа к ÑÑим пÑогÑаммам.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðогда пÑиÑÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑил Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ
пÑогÑаммÑ, Ð²Ñ ÑÑÑ Ð¶Ðµ оказÑвалиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑед
+дилеммой. ÐÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑно, ÑÑо копиÑование не
изнаÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ —
+Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐµ пÑи ÑÑом ниÑколÑко не ÑбÑдеÑ...
попÑоÑи он ÑолонкÑ, Ñ Ð±Ñ ÐµÑе подÑмал,
+Ð²ÐµÐ´Ñ Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ðµ-Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÐµÑ
воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ. ÐолиÑика компаний
+вÑнÑждала Ð²Ð°Ñ <em>вÑбиÑаÑÑ</em> междÑ
законноÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ дÑÑжбой.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐногиÑ
ÑÑо вÑводило из ÑебÑ, и болÑÑинÑÑво
вÑе Ñавно копиÑовало
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — заÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´
ÑомниÑелÑнÑми пÑедлогами, коÑоÑÑе
+наÑ
одилиÑÑ Ð² оÑновном Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾ÑиÑÑки ÑовеÑÑи,
обеÑпокоенной ÑоÑмÑлиÑовками
+ÑиÑмÑ. ÐавеÑное, ÑаÑе вÑего ÑÑо бÑло
“еÑли Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзовалÑÑ ÐµÑ ÑаÑе, Ñ
+Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ñил” — навеÑное, каждÑй
ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð» на Ñакой мÑÑли,
+еÑли ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑолÑко пÑиÑ
одилоÑÑ Ð½ÑждаÑÑÑÑ Ð²
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðдин Ñеловек ÑÑиÑал Ñакое положение
невÑноÑимÑм. ÐÑивÑкнÑв в Ñанние Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ðº
+(как он Ñам говоÑиÑ) “Ñає, в коÑоÑом
положение опÑеделÑли
+Ñвобода и Ñ
озÑйÑÑвенное пÑименение
возможноÑÑей, РиÑаÑд СÑолмен ÑоÑÑавил
+конÑепÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑÑ Ñвободной ÑиÑÑемÑ.
ÐÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑкоÑо ÑÑало ÑÑно, ÑÑо ÑÑа
+ÑиÑÑема бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑовмеÑÑима Ñ Unix, и ее
окÑеÑÑили GNU — в Ñо вÑемÑ
+бÑли оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑлÑÑÐ½Ñ ÑекÑÑÑивнÑе
ÑокÑаÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ — GNU, ÑÑо знаÑиÑ
+“GNU не Unix”. СÑолмен ÑобÑал лÑдей,
ÑазделÑвÑиÑ
его
+ÑвлеÑение Ñвободной ÑиÑÑемой, и оÑновал
Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
+обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ GNU, пÑедÑедаÑелем коÑоÑого он
и понÑне ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ñежде вÑего ÑиÑÑема Unix ÑÑебÑеÑ
болÑÑого набоÑа компоненÑов,
+бÑло ÑÑно, ÑÑо они и бÑдÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑвÑм Ñагом к
полноÑÑÑÑ Ñвободной ÑиÑÑеме. ФСÐÐ
+GNU ÑабоÑал над иÑ
ÑеализаÑией, и к наÑалÑ
девÑноÑÑÑÑ
ÑиÑÑема GNU бÑла
+гоÑова (за иÑклÑÑением ÑдÑа). ЯдÑо GNU —
пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ названием
+“Hurd” — поÑÑавил кÑайне ÑмелÑе
Ñели, и оказалоÑÑ,
+ÑÑо иÑ
доÑÑижение оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑÑдоемко и
Ñложно. Ð ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ, в ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑвое
+ÑдÑо Linux ÐинÑÑа ТоÑвалÑдÑа бÑло в Ñазе
иÑпÑÑаний, а когда он Ñвидел, какÑÑ
+ÑабоÑÑ Ð¿Ñоделал ФСÐÐ GNU, он помеÑÑил Ñвое
ÑдÑо под GNU GPL и Ñделал его
+ÑдÑом ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU.</p>
+
+<p>
+Я не бÑÐ´Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑказÑваÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐµÑ ÑÑой иÑÑоÑии,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо болÑÑинÑÑво из Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñами
+бÑли ее ÑÑаÑÑниками.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðемного ÑанÑÑе Ñ Ñказал, ÑÑо РиÑаÑд
СÑолмен ÑоÑÑавил конÑепÑÐ¸Ñ ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм — но к ÑилоÑоÑии, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð·Ð°
ÑÑим ÑÑоиÑ, Ñ Ñак и не
+подобÑалÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+“СвободнÑй” в вÑÑажении
“ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммє
+оÑноÑиÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ к Ñене, а к Ñвободе. ТÑÑ ÐµÑÑÑ
Ñвои пÑоблемÑ, и в поÑледнее
+вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ðµ-кÑо из коÑиÑеев Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ (Ñкажем,
ÐÑик Реймонд) ÑÑали говоÑиÑÑ Ð¾
+“оÑкÑÑÑом иÑÑ
одном ÑекÑÑе”, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо “Ñвобода”
+болÑÑинÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð»Ñдей ÑÐµÐ¶ÐµÑ ÑлÑÑ
. Свобода
ÑÑÐµÐ·Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ “ÑлÑÑÑении
+миÑа” и небезопаÑноÑÑи. Ðна ÑÑÐµÐ·Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾
пеÑеменаÑ
, а пеÑÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ
+пÑгаÑÑ. С ÑелÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑÑпиÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑÑаÑ
пÑидÑмали дÑÑгие лиÑензии ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑепÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¾
ÑÑвоиÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе лÑдей и ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+оÑпÑгнÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑедпÑиÑÑиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð² пÑоекÑе GNU недолÑбливаÑÑ
вÑÑажение “оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй
+ÑекÑÑ”. ÐÑ Ð´Ñмаем, ÑÑо лÑÑÑе боÑоÑÑÑÑ Ñ
непÑиÑÑием лÑдÑми ÑÑой идеи,
+Ñем ÑазмÑваÑÑ ÐµÐµ. ТолÑко еÑли полÑзоваÑели
и ÑиÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¾ÑознаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ
+ÑвободÑ,— ÑолÑко Ñогда Ð¼Ñ Ñможем
избежаÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð²ÑаÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº ÑÑаÑÑм ÑоÑмам.</p>
+
+<p>
+ФилоÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑа GNU ÑÑвеÑждаеÑ, ÑÑо
<em>каждомÑ</em> должно
+пÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñаво полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммой, копиÑоваÑÑ ÐµÐµ, а Ñакже
+пÑавиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ Ñвои нÑждÑ. <em>ÐдинÑÑвенное</em>
огÑаниÑение, коÑоÑое ÑÑавиÑ
+СÑандаÑÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ GNU,
ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо <em>никÑо</em> не
+впÑаве оÑнимаÑÑ ÑÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð¸ Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
дÑÑгого.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðогда авÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑÑил Ñвои пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ GNU
GPL, Ñвобода ÑвÑзана Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸
+неоÑделимо. ÐонеÑно, многим пÑедпÑиÑÑиÑм
ÑÑо как коÑÑÑ Ð² гоÑле, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+ÑÑо не Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð¼ взÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, измениÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
, а поÑом пÑодаваÑÑ
+неÑвободнÑми. Ðока еÑÑÑ Ð»Ñди, коÑоÑÑе
лелеÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¾ ÑкоÑом богаÑÑÑве,
+именно ÑÑа Ñвобода не Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ñаким ÑиÑмам,
как Microsoft, изгадиÑÑ Ð±ÑдÑÑее
+ÑазвиÑие наÑей ÑиÑÑемÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐавеÑное, ÑаÑе вÑего пÑоÑив ÑилоÑоÑии GNU
пÑиводÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð°ÑгÑменÑ, ÑÑо
+пÑогÑамма пÑедÑÑавлÑеÑ
“инÑеллекÑÑалÑнÑÑ ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ”
+пÑогÑаммиÑÑа, и еÑли он Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделÑÑÑ
ÑенÑ, по коÑоÑой ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ
+пÑогÑамма, Ñо ÑÑо ÑолÑко ÑпÑаведливо. ÐÑоÑ
аÑгÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ñе легко понимаÑÑ,
+поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð² ÑÑо-Ñо Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸ пÑиÑÑали веÑиÑÑ
поÑледние 20 леÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðднако ÑеалÑноÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ не Ñакова.
ÐÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ-ÑаÑÑники, коÑоÑÑе могÑÑ
+заÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами, коÑоÑÑе
они же и пиÑÑÑ,— ÑÑо
+иÑклÑÑение. ÐбÑÑно они оÑдаÑÑ Ñвои пÑава
ÑиÑме, в коÑоÑой ÑабоÑаÑÑ, а ÑÑа
+ÑиÑма заÑабаÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñги, огÑаниÑиваÑ
доÑÑÑп к ÑÑой пÑогÑамме. ФакÑиÑеÑки
+Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ñавами на ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸
опÑеделÑÐµÑ ÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑиÑма — а
+вовÑе не пÑогÑаммиÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ЮÑиÑÑ, коÑоÑÑй изобÑеÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¸ÑклÑÑиÑелÑно
блеÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑаÑегиÑ, не Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð¿Ñава
+заÑвиÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо его “инÑеллекÑÑалÑнаÑ
ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ”; меÑод
+Ñвободно доÑÑÑпен лÑбомÑ. ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ñак оÑ
оÑно пÑинимаем положение о Ñом,
+ÑÑо ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ñ ÑÑÑоÑка пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — какой
Ð±Ñ Ñаблонной и плоÑ
о
+напиÑанной она ни бÑла — Ñак
неповÑоÑима и невеÑоÑÑно
+индивидÑалÑна? Ðажда конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ñла до
Ñого, ÑÑо даже ÑеловеÑеÑкие генÑ
+ÑÑали пÑедмеÑом паÑенÑов... Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑно иÑ
вÑдаÑÑ Ð½Ðµ Ñем лÑдÑм, коÑоÑÑе ими
+“полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ”. Ðолжно ли бÑÑÑ
позволено паÑенÑоваÑÑ Ð¸
+лиÑензиÑоваÑÑ Ð±ÑквалÑно <em>вÑе</em>?</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑоÑ-Ñо вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¸ ÑоÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð·
ÑÑеÑжневÑÑ
мÑÑлей пÑоекÑа
+GNU. ÐÑедÑÑавим Ñебе, ÑÑо не ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑеÑ
Ñакого понÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº паÑенÑованнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ, или пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑовали бÑ
Ñедко, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо вÑе пÑбликовали бÑ
+Ñвои пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ GNU GPL.</p>
+
+<p>
+РеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑандаÑÑнÑÑ
пÑоблем, коÑоÑÑе
нÑжно бÑло Ð±Ñ ÑеÑаÑÑ Ñнова и Ñнова,
+могли Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÐ³ÐºÐ¾ доÑÑÑпнÑ. ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
нÑжно Ñнова ÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ð²ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ ÑабоÑаÑÑ
+над Ñой же Ñамой пÑоблемой деÑÑÑки
Ñаз — пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ бÑ
+иÑкаÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñе меÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ подÑ
одиÑÑ Ðº ÑеÑениÑ
новÑÑ
задаÑ. ÐÑли гÑÑппе
+полÑзоваÑелей нÑжна в пÑогÑамме
опÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ, они пÑоÑÑо
+нанимаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑа и даÑÑ ÐµÐ¼Ñ
ÑеализоваÑÑ ÐµÐµ. Ðогда ÑнÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑензионнÑе и
+денежнÑе огÑаниÑениÑ, ÑазвиÑие пÑогÑамм
бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделÑÑÑÑÑ ÑолÑко двÑмÑ
+ÑакÑоÑами: ÑпÑоÑом и каÑеÑÑвом.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑÑаÑи, о каÑеÑÑве — ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ñе
болÑÑе и болÑÑе ÑиÑм оÑознаеÑ,
+ÑÑо еÑли даÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑм доÑÑÑп к иÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑекÑÑÑ, Ñо Ñами они полÑÑаÑ
+болÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑгодÑ. ÐопÑоÑÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÑ, Ñем
болÑÑе глаз, Ñем болÑÑе видно. То, ÑÑо
+невообÑазимо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾, мÑÑиÑелÑно
оÑевидно Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо дÑÑгого. ÐлагодаÑÑ
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑаÑÑо Ñак
ÑилÑно пÑевоÑÑ
одÑÑ Ñвои
+неÑвободнÑе аналоги. ÐокÑÑина, коÑоÑаÑ
ÑейÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº бÑдÑо наÑинаеÑ
+ÑÑÑанавливаÑÑÑÑ Ð² некоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑиÑмаÑ
,
ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑм
+доÑÑÑп к иÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑекÑÑÑ, но не
пÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
дÑÑгиÑ
пÑав.
+УÑовеÑÑенÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ñно вÑÑÑлаÑÑÑÑ
назад в ÑиÑмÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð²Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ñ Ð¸Ñ
+помоÑÑÑ Ñвой пÑодÑкÑ. Ðо ÑÑÑи ÑÑо огÑомнÑй
оÑдел ÑазÑабоÑок. ÐÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+бÑдем ÑделÑÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ оÑÑÑаиваÑÑ
Ñвои пÑава на ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
+<em>ÑейÑаÑ</em>, Ñо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑеÑез
пÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ пÑидеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑиÑÑ
+за веÑÑиÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ñделали, внеÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñе
ÑобÑÑвенное изменение.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐонÑÑие о пÑогÑамме как
“инÑеллекÑÑалÑной ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи”
неÑÐµÑ Ð²
+Ñебе зеÑно Ñока (пÑоÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
напÑÑеннÑе Ñлова). Ðока Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ñинимаем ÑÑо
+понÑÑие, Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ñинимаем опаÑноÑÑÑ Ñого, ÑÑо
дÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ ÑиÑма бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð·ÑÑÑ
+конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð² Ñвои ÑÑки. Microsoft <em>не</em>
пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿Ð»Ð¾Ñение зла, как
+некоÑоÑÑм кажеÑÑÑ. Microsoft пÑедÑÑавлÑеÑ
<em>еÑÑеÑÑвенное поÑледÑÑвие</em>
+ÑиÑоко пÑинÑÑой ÑиÑÑемÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+СÑÑаÑ
обÑÑбиÑÑ ÑÑк, на коÑоÑом ÑидиÑÑ,
Ñакже ÑиÑоко ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанен, но
+ÑовеÑÑенно иÑÑаÑионален. ÐÑÑÑие
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — ÑÑо болÑÑе
+полÑзоваÑелей Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими нÑждами и новÑми
мÑÑлÑми, ÑÑо болÑÑий
+ÑпÑоÑ. СÑÑÑкÑÑÑа подÑÑÑоиÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ новое
положение, но ÑабоÑÑ Ð±ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе, а
+не менÑÑе — и она ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐµ
моноÑонной, а ÑÑало бÑÑÑ, более
+инÑеÑеÑной.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðз обÑÑнÑÑ
ÑÑÑаÑ
ов оÑÑаеÑÑÑ ÐµÑе
оÑноÑиÑелÑно ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑаненнÑй ÑÑÑаÑ
поÑеÑи
+пÑизнаниÑ. ÐÑ Ð´Ð°, Ñважение, коÑоÑÑм
облеÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑедводиÑели ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
+ÑилоÑоÑий, говоÑÐ¸Ñ Ñамо за ÑебÑ. Я Ñо Ñвоей
ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑедпоÑел бÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
+Ñважали как ÐинÑÑа ТоÑвалÑдÑа или РиÑаÑда
СÑолмена, Ñем ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñла
+ÑепÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ðилла ÐейÑÑа.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðоложим, ÑÑо и звÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº идеализм и
ÑовеÑÑенÑÑвование миÑа, но маÑÑа
+поиÑÑине великиÑ
идей возникло из желаниÑ
ÑделаÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ лÑÑÑе.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ð ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑаÑелÑно ÑÑоÑниÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑ:
неÑ, пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU не пÑоÑив
+капиÑализма или ÑиÑм вообÑе, и в ÑаÑÑноÑÑи,
он не пÑоÑив пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑкиÑ
+ÑиÑм. ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ Ñ
оÑим ÑмалÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑенÑиал доÑ
одов — ÑовÑем
+наобоÑоÑ. ÐаждÑÑ ÑиÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑизÑваÑÑ
заÑабаÑÑваÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº можно болÑÑе на пÑодаже
+пÑогÑамм, ÑÑлÑг и докÑменÑаÑии — до
ÑеÑ
поÑ, пока они не оÑÑ
одÑÑ
+Ð¾Ñ Ð¾ÑновнÑÑ
пÑинÑипов ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм.
Чем болÑÑе ÑÑи ÑиÑÐ¼Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑабаÑÑваÑÑ,
+Ñем болÑÑе они могÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´ÑваÑÑ Ð²
ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ Ñ
оÑим
+ÑазÑÑÑаÑÑ ÑÑнка, Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо Ñ
оÑим, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½
оÑвеÑал вÑемени.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðдно кÑаÑкое замеÑание об оÑновнÑÑ
пÑинÑипаÑ
: конеÑно, ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
+ÑÑебÑÑÑ Ð¸ Ñвободной докÑменÑаÑии. ÐеÑ
ÑмÑÑла оÑвобождаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ñомка
+книги — пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — ÑоглаÑаÑÑÑ
в Ñо же вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð°
+конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ ее пÑÑмÑм ÑиÑÑовÑм
ÑквиваленÑом. Ð¡Ð²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÑменÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñак
же
+важна, как Ñами ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, кÑо-Ñо оÑмаÑ
нÑлÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¸Ñ
Ñлов
о поиÑкаÑ
“ÑÑнка, коÑоÑÑй
+оÑвеÑал Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñемени” как Ð¾Ñ ÑигÑÑÑ ÑеÑи,
но ÑÑо важнÑй пÑÐ½ÐºÑ ÑилоÑоÑии
+GNU: вÑемена, когда пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñли важнÑ
ÑолÑко Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾ÑделÑнÑÑ
подвижников и
+какиÑ
-Ñо ÑиÑм, давно позади. РнаÑи дни
пÑогÑамма — ÑÑо воÑоÑа в
+инÑоÑмаÑиÑ. СиÑÑемÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑаеÑ
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами, а Ñем ÑамÑм и
+Ñамой инÑоÑмаÑией, <em>нÑжно</em> оÑпоÑиÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðогда ÐÑик Реймонд опÑбликовал Ñак
назÑваемÑй “Ð¥ÑллоÑинÑкий
+докÑменє, ÑÑо вÑзвало ÑамÑе ÑазнÑе
ÑмоÑии — Ð¾Ñ ÑйÑоÑии до
+паÑанойи. ÐÐ»Ñ ÑеÑ
из ваÑ, кÑо его не ÑиÑал:
ÑÑо внÑÑÑеннее иÑÑледование
+Microsoft, в коÑоÑом анализиÑÑеÑÑÑ Ñила и
ÑлабоÑÑи ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм вообÑе
+и Linux в ÑаÑÑноÑÑи. ÐвÑÐ¾Ñ Ð² Ñелом заклÑÑаеÑ,
ÑÑо Ñ Microsoft еÑÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ðµ
+возможноÑÑи оÑÑазиÑÑ ÑгÑозÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐеÑÐ²Ð°Ñ — ÑоздаваÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñе или
модиÑиÑиÑоваÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑе пÑоÑоколÑ,
+докÑменÑиÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
ÑолÑко оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑкÑдно или не
докÑменÑиÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¾Ð±Ñе, Ñ Ñем ÑÑобÑ
+ÑабоÑаÑÑие ÑеализаÑии бÑли ÑолÑко на
маÑинаÑ
на базе Windows.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ ÑÑой ÑакÑики — пÑоÑокол,
пÑименÑемÑй в ÑемейÑÑве пÑинÑеÑов
+“Cxi” ÑиÑÐ¼Ñ Hewlett-Packard, коÑоÑÑе вÑÑли на
ÑÑнок как кÑайне
+деÑевÑе “пÑинÑеÑÑ Windows”.
СпеÑиÑикаÑии бÑли вÑÐ´Ð°Ð½Ñ ÑолÑко
+Microsoft, Ñак ÑÑо пÑинÑеÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾
пÑименÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ под какой дÑÑгой
+ÑиÑÑемой.</p>
+
+<p>
+“ÐÑоÑеÑÑионалÑно вÑÑÑеннÑй”
компÑÑÑеÑнÑй пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð°Ð²ÐµÑ Ñказал мне,
+ÑÑо наклейка “Ð´Ð»Ñ Windows” ознаÑаеÑ, ÑÑо
пÑинÑÐµÑ Ð½ÑждаеÑÑÑ Ð²
+оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑпеÑиÑиÑном виде опеÑаÑивной
памÑÑи, какой еÑÑÑ ÑолÑко на маÑинаÑ
Ñ
+Windows; Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´
Linux. ЧÑо-Ñо подобное пÑиводиÑ
+ÑипиÑного полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð² замеÑаÑелÑÑÑво,
а и ÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑ
Ð¾Ð¶Ñ ÐºÐ¾ вÑоÑой из
+опиÑаннÑÑ
ÑакÑик.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑа ÑакÑика обÑÑно обознаÑаеÑÑÑ
ÑобиÑаÑелÑнÑм ÑокÑаÑением “СÐС”
+(ÑÑÑаÑ
, неÑвеÑенноÑÑÑ, Ñомнение), IBM
пÑименÑла ее задолго до Ñого, как Ñ
+ÑÑим познакомилаÑÑ Microsoft. ÐÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑа: еÑли
Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑониÑе в ком-Ñо
+доÑÑаÑоÑное Ñомнение, они не поÑмеÑÑ
делаÑÑ <em>никакиÑ
</em> ÑеÑений, по
+ÑÑÑи оÑÑаваÑÑÑ Ð² Ñвоем ÑекÑÑем положении.
Такова ÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðо вÑе вÑемена обÑазование бÑло вÑагом
пÑедÑаÑÑÑдков Ð½Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½. ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ
+Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑазованиÑ,
позволÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑазделÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+СамÑм замеÑнÑм Ñазделом за недавнÑÑ
иÑÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð±Ñло Ñже опиÑанное ÑазлиÑие
+Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ “оÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм ÑекÑÑом” и
“ÑвободнÑми
+пÑогÑаммами”. РаÑÑказаÑÑ Ð¾Ð± обоиÑ
конÑепÑиÑÑ
в оÑделÑноÑÑи непÑоÑÑо,
+даже Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑинÑÑва ÑÑаÑÑников, и понÑÑÑ
ÑÑо можно ÑолÑко в иÑÑоÑиÑеÑком
+конÑекÑÑе. ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ ÑÑо ÑенÑÑалÑнаÑ
ÑоÑка, Ñ Ñ
оÑел Ð±Ñ ÑказаÑÑ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом
+неÑколÑко Ñлов.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðо завеÑÑении ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU ÑдÑом Linux внезапно
поÑвилаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÑнаÑ
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема. Рано или поздно ÑÑо
неизбежно должно бÑло пÑивлеÑÑ
+внимание обÑеÑÑва.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðогда ÑÑо внимание бÑло пÑивлеÑено, маÑÑÑ
ÑиÑм беÑпокоило Ñлово
+“ÑвободнÑй”. ÐеÑвой аÑÑоÑиаÑией бÑло
“без денег”, а
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
ÑÑо ÑÑÐ°Ð·Ñ Ð¶Ðµ ознаÑало “без доÑ
ода”. Ðогда заÑем лÑди
+пÑÑалиÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÑниÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼, ÑÑо
“ÑвободнÑй” на Ñамом деле ознаÑаеÑ
+ÑвободÑ, они бÑвали ÑжаÑно поÑÑÑÑенÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑи опаÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑÑаÑ
и поÑодили Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð»Ñбой
Ñеной избегаÑÑ ÑакиÑ
Ñлов как
+“ÑвободнÑй” и “Ñвобода”. Ð
одилоÑÑ Ð²ÑÑажение
+“оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ”.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðоложим, легÑе вÑÑÑиваÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ, еÑли
ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑажение “оÑкÑÑÑÑй
+иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ” вмеÑÑо “ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм”. Ðо ÑÑо ведеÑ
+к ÑомÑ, ÑÑо Ñ “новиÑков” не бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸
знаний, ни понÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾
+пеÑвонаÑалÑной идее. ÐÑо ÑазделÑеÑ
движение и пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ðº невеÑоÑÑно
+непÑодÑкÑивнÑм окопнÑм войнам, в коÑоÑÑÑ
ÑаÑÑÑаÑиваеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð³Ñомное колиÑеÑÑво
+ÑвоÑÑеÑкой ÑнеÑгии.</p>
+
+<p>
+УвелиÑение заинÑеÑеÑованной аÑдиÑоÑии не
ознаÑаеÑ, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑе
+говоÑиÑÑ Ð¾ базовой ÑилоÑоÑии. СовÑем
наобоÑоÑ: Ñем болÑÑе лÑдей и ÑиÑм не
+понимаеÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑа Ñвобода Ñакже и в иÑ
инÑеÑеÑаÑ
, Ñем болÑÑе нам надо
+говоÑиÑÑ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом. Свобода пÑогÑамм
Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð³ÑомаднÑм поÑенÑиалом Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
+вÑеÑ
— и ÑиÑм, и полÑзоваÑелей.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ð¦ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ðµ в Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑиÑÑ Ñ
капиÑализмом или ÑазвалиÑÑ ÑиÑмÑ. ÐÑ Ñ
оÑим
+измениÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ пÑогÑамм к вÑгоде вÑеÑ
ÑÑаÑÑников, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¾ оÑвеÑало
+нÑждам XXI века. ÐÑо ÑÑеÑÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑа GNU.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐаждÑй из Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ñ Ñвой вклад в ÑоÑме
пÑогÑаммÑ, докÑменÑаÑии или
+пÑоÑÑо ÑаÑÑказа обÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо дела
можно делаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾-дÑÑгомÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðизненно важно ÑазÑÑÑнÑÑÑ ÑиÑмам, ÑÑо
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ <em>не
+ÑгÑоза</em>, а возможноÑÑÑ. ÐонеÑно, ÑÑо
ÑлÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ мгновенно, но когда вÑе
+ÑÑаÑÑники оÑознаÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑи и
пеÑÑпекÑивÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñе вÑигÑаем. ÐÑак, еÑли вÑ
+ÑабоÑаеÑе в пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑкой ÑиÑме,
оÑвойÑеÑÑ Ñ Ñемой, говоÑиÑе об ÑÑом Ñо
+знакомÑми и коллегами. Ð ÑдеÑживайÑеÑÑ,
пожалÑйÑÑа, Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑок
+“обÑаÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
в ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑ” — Ñ
знаÑ, Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑинÑÑва из
+Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ ÑÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ ÑклонноÑÑÑ —
аÑгÑменÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ñами за ÑебÑ. ÐайÑе
+им вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñпокойно поÑазмÑÑлиÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ ÑÑим,
подÑÑжиÑÑÑÑ Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑепÑией. ÐокажиÑе
+им, ÑÑо неÑего боÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑепÑии ÑвободÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐадеÑÑÑ, Ñ Ñмог донеÑÑи ÑилоÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ Ñ
оÑÑ
Ð±Ñ ÑÑимÑлиÑоваÑÑ ÑазмÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾
+какиÑ
-Ñо новÑÑ
идеÑÑ
. ÐÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
вопÑоÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ еÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе ÑÑо-Ñо
+обÑÑдиÑÑ, Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÐµÑ Ð·Ð´ÐµÑÑ Ð¸ бÑÐ´Ñ Ñад
оÑвеÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° вÑе вопÑоÑÑ. ÐÐµÐ»Ð°Ñ Ð²Ñем
+инÑеÑеÑного веÑеÑа. СпаÑибо за внимание.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе обÑие запÑоÑÑ
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом. ÐÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
+неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки
или пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ пÑиÑÑлаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+адÑеÑÑ <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑой
ÑеÑи ÐеоÑÐ³Ñ ÐÑеве <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 1998 Georg C. F. Greve<br />
+Copyright © 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)</p>
+
+<p id="Permission">ÐаеÑÑÑ ÑазÑеÑение делаÑÑ Ð¸
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð±ÑквалÑнÑе копии ÑÑой
запиÑи пÑи
+ÑÑловии, ÑÑо в ней поÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ñведомление
об авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑаваÑ
и ÑÑо
+ÑазÑеÑение.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ </div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2017/05/04 16:29:05 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/greve-clown.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/greve-clown.ru-en.html
diff -N po/greve-clown.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/greve-clown.ru-en.html 4 May 2017 16:29:06 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>History and Philosophy of the GNU Project
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!-- top-addendum is disabled because the original text was written in German
+ rather than in English, which is clearly stated in the article itself -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/greve-clown.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>History and Philosophy of the GNU Project</h2>
+
+<p class="byline"><strong>Georg C. F. Greve</strong>
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a></p>
+
+<p><em>Translation of a speech that was given in German
+at the CLOWN (Cluster of Working Nodes—
+a 512-node cluster project of Debian GNU/Linux machines) in the
+University of Paderborn, Germany, on December 5th, 1998.</em></p>
+
+<p><em>The
+<a href="/philosophy/greve-clown.de.html">German original</a>
+is also available. Reading the original is recommended.</em></p>
+
+<hr class="thin" />
+
+<div class="article">
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+Author's note: In translating this speech, I have tried to stay as close as
+possible to the original speech that I have given in German. Breaking
+up the German structures and turning them into reasonable English has
+been quite some work, and I would like to thank my roommate Doug
+Chapin, a good friend and native American, who helped me with some
+phrases and words. The translation will never hold the same emotions
+and implications, but I think we got very close…
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>
+During the preparation of this speech, I have read several documents
+and spoken to a lot of people. In doing so, I realized that even people
+whose jobs have been created more or less directly by the GNU Project
+did not know its true meaning. In the overall rush we are
+experiencing at the moment, it seems that a basic awareness of the
+roots has been lost. Tonight I hope I'll be able to uncover some of
+those roots again.</p>
+
+<p>
+The origin lies somewhere in the transition from the 70's to the 80's,
+when the software industry became what we accept so willingly
+today. In the initial competition, some firms took to hording code as
+a survival strategy. While attempting to support this behavior's
+legality, they created phrases like “software piracy”
+because they suggest that something is lost when software is
+copied. People were forced to yield to licenses that bound them, to
+make sure that no one else had access to these programs.</p>
+
+<p>
+When a friend asked you whether he could copy a program from you, you
+immediately faced a dilemma. There are no disadvantages for you in
+copying the program, and it doesn't deteriorate during the copying
+process. It would be more restrictive if he asked you to pass
+the salt, since you can't both use it at the same time. The politics
+of the companies forced you to <em>choose</em> between legality and
+friendship.</p>
+
+<p>
+A lot of people were upset about this, and most of them copied the
+program anyway—very often using lame excuses that were mostly
+aimed at calming their own troubled consciousness (induced by the
+firms' choice of words). The absolute hit was probably “If I
+would use it more often I would pay it,” a phrase that
+probably everyone caught himself using if he ever had to rely on
+proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>
+One man found this situation unbearable. Used to the early days, the
+(as he says himself) “paradise,” where freedom and
+responsible use of the possibilities determined the situation, Richard
+Stallman envisioned the concept of a completely free system. Very
+quickly it became clear that this system would be Unix-compatible and
+it was baptized—recursive acronyms were very popular back
+then—GNU, which means “GNU's Not Unix.”
+Stallman gathered some people who shared his fascination with a free
+system, and founded the GNU Free Software Foundation, of which he is
+still the president today.</p>
+
+<p>
+Since first of all a Unix system requires a large set of components,
+it became clear that these were the the first step towards a
+completely free system. The GNU FSF worked on implementing them, and
+by the beginning of the 90's the GNU system was complete (with the
+exception of the kernel).
+The GNU kernel—project name “Hurd”—has an
+extremely ambitious layout that proved to be very slow and clumsy in
+development. Fortunately, at this point Linus Torvalds' first Linux
+kernel was in the test phase, and when he saw the work already done by
+the GNU FSF, he put his kernel under the GNU GPL and made it the kernel
+of the GNU system.</p>
+
+<p>
+There is no need to tell the rest of the story since most of us have
+experienced it themselves.</p>
+
+<p>
+A little earlier I said that Richard Stallman envisioned the concept
+of free software. What I didn't tell you about was the philosophy
+that stands behind it.</p>
+
+<p>
+The word “free” in “free software” does not refer to
price,
+but to freedom. This is no unproblematic topic, and
+recently some of the visionaries of the movement (like Eric Raymond)
+have begun to talk about “open source” because
+“freedom” has an uneasy sound to it for most
+people. Freedom rings of “making world a better place,” and
+insecurity. It rings of change, and change frightens many people. To
+numb this fear, other licenses for free software have been invented in
+order to make the concept digestible for more people and to avoid
+scaring the industry.</p>
+
+<p>
+That is the reason why the GNU Project dislikes the term “open
+source.” We think it makes more sense to take away people's
+fears of the idea instead of blurring the concept. Only if users and
+firms are aware of the importance of freedom can we avoid falling back
+into old patterns.</p>
+
+<p>
+The philosophy of the GNU Project says that <em>everyone</em> shall have
+the granted right to use a program, to copy it, and to change it to
+make it fit his or her needs. The <em>only</em> restriction the GNU
+General Public License makes, is that <em>NO ONE</em> has the right to
+take away this freedom from anyone else.</p>
+
+<p>
+When an author puts his code under the GNU GPL, the freedom is an
+inseparable part of his program. Of course, this is a thorn in the
+side of a lot of business'es eyes because it stops them from taking the
+code, modifying it, and then selling it as a proprietary program. As
+long as there are people who try to live the dream of instant wealth,
+it is this freedom that stops firms like Microsoft from corrupting the
+future development of our system.</p>
+
+<p>
+The most used argument against the GNU philosophy is probably that
+software is the “intellectual property” of the programmer,
+and it is only right if he can decide the price for which the program
+is distributed. This argument is easy to understand for everyone, since
+it is exactly what we have been told to believe during the last 20
+years.</p>
+
+<p>
+Reality is a little different, though. Private programmers who can
+live off selling self-written software are the exception. Usually they
+give their rights to the firm they work at, and this firm earns the
+money by restricting access to that program. Effectively, the
+firm has the rights for that program and decides it's price,
+not the programmer.</p>
+
+<p>
+A lawyer who invents an especially brilliant strategy has no right to
+claim it as his “intellectual property.” The method is
+freely available to anyone. Why do we so willingly accept the concept
+that every line of code—no matter how poorly written or
+uninspired it may be—is so unique and incredibly personal? The
+zeal for control has taken over in a way that even human genes are
+subject to patents… although usually not by the people who
+“use” them. Should really <em>everything</em> be allowed to
+be patented and licensed?</p>
+
+<p>
+This is the question that is one of the core thoughts of the GNU
+Project. Let us just imagine there would be no such concept as
+patented software, or patenting software would be unusual because
+everyone published his programs under the GNU GPL.</p>
+
+<p>
+Solutions for standard problems that had to be solved over and over
+again can be accessed easily. No one has to waste his time ever again
+to work on the same problem dozens of times—programmers could
+search for new ways and approach new problems. If a group of users
+needs a certain feature in a program, they just hire a programmer and
+let him implement it. Freed of the limitations of licenses and money,
+only two criteria would determine the development of programs: demand
+and quality.</p>
+
+<p>
+Speaking of quality—nowadays more and more firms realize that
+allowing the users to access the source code gives them a huge
+advantage. To say it in a simple way: more eyes can see
+more. Solutions that are unimaginable for one person are painfully
+obvious for someone else. Due to this advantage, free software is very
+often so much better than its proprietary counterpart. The train of
+thought that now appears to be establishing itself within some firms
+is to give users access to the source code but not grant any other
+rights. Improvements are obediently being sent back to the firm, which
+advances its product with them. Basically a gigantic gratis
+development division. If we do not pay attention to these
+things <em>now</em>, it might happen that in 5 years we will have to pay
+for a version that has been produced by applying our own patch.</p>
+
+<p>
+The concept of software as “intellectual property” carries
+the seed of doom inside itself (please forgive me for the pathos
+here). As long as we accept this concept, we accept the danger that
+another firm will attempt to take control. Microsoft is
+<em>not</em> evil incarnated, as some people seem to perceive. Microsoft
+is <em>the natural consequence</em> of the widely accepted system.</p>
+
+<p>
+The fear of sawing the branch you're sitting on is also commonly
+spread, but completely irrational. Better programs lead to more users
+that have other needs and new ideas, creating more demand. The
+structure will change to fit the new situation but work will increase
+rather than decrease, and it will become less routine, hence
+more interesting.</p>
+
+<p>
+The last common fear that remains is the fear over lack of
+recognition. Well, the respect held for the frontmen of the different
+philosophies speaks for itself. I on my part would prefer to be as
+respected as Linus Torvalds or Richard Stallman than to have the
+reputation of Bill Gates.</p>
+
+<p>
+Admittedly, this does sound like bettering the world and idealism, but
+a lot of the really great ideas were driven by the wish to make the
+world a little better.</p>
+
+<p>
+And to settle one point very clearly: no, the GNU Project is not
+against capitalism or firms in general, and it is not against software
+firms in particular. We do not want to diminish the potential for
+profit, quite the contrary. Every firm is being told to make
+as much money as they can off the sale of software, documentation
+and service—as long as they stick to the basic principles of
+Free Software.
+The more these firms earn, the more they can invest into the
+development of new software. We do not want to destroy the market, we
+just want to fit it to the times.</p>
+
+<p>
+One short note about the basic principles: of course free software
+also requires free documentation. It doesn't make any sense to free
+the successor of the book—software—while accepting control
+of the direct digital equivalent. Free documentation is as important
+as free software itself.</p>
+
+<p>
+Maybe someone discarded my statement about seeking to “fit the
+market to the times” as a rhetorical statement, but it is an
+important point in the GNU Philosophy:
+the time when software was only relevant for a few freaks and some
+firms is long gone. Nowadays, software is the pathway to information. A
+system that blocks the pathways to information, and in doing so the
+access to information itself, <em>must</em> be reconsidered.</p>
+
+<p>
+When Eric Raymond published the so called “Halloween
+Document,” it triggered emotions from euphoria to paranoia. For
+those of you who did not read it: it is a Microsoft internal study in
+which the strengths and weaknesses of free software in general, and
+Linux in particular, are analyzed. The author basically concluded that
+Microsoft has two possibilities to counter the threat.</p>
+
+<p>
+The first is the creation of new or modification of old protocols,
+documenting them only poorly or not at all, so that only Windows-based
+machines will have a working implementation.</p>
+
+<p>
+One example of this tactic is the protocol used by HP
+“Cxi” printers, which have entered the market as extremely
+cheap “Windows-Printers.” The specifications have only
+been given to Microsoft, so these printers are not usable by any other
+system.</p>
+
+<p>
+I have been told by a “professionally trained” computer
+salesperson that the “for Windows” sticker means the
+printer needs a very special kind of RAM, which only Windows machines
+have; this is why it cannot be used under Linux. Something like
+this confuses the typical user, which brings me directly to the second
+described tactic.</p>
+
+<p>
+These tactics are usually gathered under the acronym “FUD”
+(Fear Uncertainty Doubt), and were used by IBM long before Microsoft
+uncovered them. The idea is clear: if you make someone uncertain
+enough, he or she will not dare make <em>any</em> decision,
+effectively remaining in his or her current position. That is the
+thought.</p>
+
+<p>
+For all times, education has been the arch-enemy of superstition.
+We must not allow education to be hindered by allowing ourselves to
+become split.</p>
+
+<p>
+The most recognizable split in the recent history has been the
+already noted distinction between “open source” and
+“free software.” Telling both concepts apart is not an
+easy task, even for most insiders, and it is only understandable if
+viewed in a historical context. Since this is a central point, I'd like
+to say a few words about it.</p>
+
+<p>
+With the completion of the GNU system with the Linux kernel, there was
+suddenly a complete, powerful, free system available. This inevitably
+had to raise the public's attention sooner or later.</p>
+
+<p>
+When this attention came, a lot of firms were disconcerted by the word
+“free.” The first association was “no money,”
+which immediately meant “no profit” for them. When people
+then tried to tell them that “free” truly stands for
+“freedom,” they were completely shaken.</p>
+
+<p>
+Infected by this insecurity and doubt, the idea arose to avoid words
+like “free” and “freedom” at all costs. The
+term “open source” was born.</p>
+
+<p>
+Admittedly it is easier to sell the idea if you use the term
+“open source” instead of “free
+software.”
+But the consequence is that the “newbies” have no
+knowledge or understanding of the original idea. This splits the
+movement, and leads to incredibly unproductive trench wars, which waste a
+huge amount of creative energy.</p>
+
+<p>
+A larger interested audience does not mean we should talk less about
+the underlying philosophy. Quite the contrary: the more people and
+firms do not understand that this freedom is also in their interest,
+the more we need to talk about it. The freedom of software offers a
+huge potential for all of us—firms and users.</p>
+
+<p>
+The plan is not to remove capitalism or destroy firms. We want to
+change the understanding of software for the benefit of all
+participants, to fit the needs of the 21th century. This is the core of
+the GNU Project.</p>
+
+<p>
+Each of us can do his share—be it in form of a program or
+documentation, or just by spreading the word that there is another way
+of handling things.</p>
+
+<p>
+It is crucial to explain to the firms that free software is <em>not a
+threat</em>, but an opportunity. Of course this doesn't happen
+overnight, but when all participants realize the possibilities and
+perspectives, all of us will win. So, if you are working in the
+software business, make yourself at home with the topic, talk about it
+with friends and colleagues. And please refrain from trying to
+“missionize” them—I know most of us have this
+tendency—the arguments speak for themselves. Give them the time and
+peace to think it over, and to befriend themselves with the
+concept. Show them that the concept of freedom is nothing to be
+feared.</p>
+
+<p>
+I hope I was able to convey the philosophy or at least stimulate
+consideration of some new ideas. If you have questions or would like
+to discuss some things, I'll be here all night and all questions are
+welcome. I wish everyone a very interesting night. Thank you.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>Please send comments on this speech to Georg Greve
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1998 Georg C. F. Greve</p>
+
+<p id="Permission">Permission is granted to make and distribute
+verbatim copies of this transcript as long as the copyright and this
+permission notice appear.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2017/05/04 16:29:06 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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