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Subject: |
www/philosophy po/rms-patents.translist rms-pat... |
Date: |
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Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 17/02/03 03:01:02
Modified files:
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Added files:
philosophy : rms-patents.ru.html
philosophy/po : rms-patents.ru-en.html
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Patches:
Index: po/rms-patents.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/rms-patents.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- po/rms-patents.translist 1 Nov 2016 05:28:36 -0000 1.3
+++ po/rms-patents.translist 3 Feb 2017 08:01:02 -0000 1.4
@@ -5,10 +5,12 @@
<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/rms-patents.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/rms-patents.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ja" hreflang="ja"
href="/philosophy/rms-patents.ja.html">æ¥æ¬èª</a> [ja]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/rms-patents.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="/philosophy/rms-patents.html"
hreflang="x-default" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/rms-patents.en.html" title="English" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/rms-patents.fr.html" title="français" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ja" hreflang="ja"
href="/philosophy/rms-patents.ja.html" title="æ¥æ¬èª" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/rms-patents.ru.html" title="ÑÑÑÑкий" />
<!-- end translist file -->
Index: rms-patents.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: rms-patents.ru.html
diff -N rms-patents.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ rms-patents.ru.html 3 Feb 2017 08:01:01 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/rms-patents.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>РеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд Ñвободного
+пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-patents.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<h2>РеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на
пÑогÑаммÑ</h2>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong></p>
+
+<p><em>ÐÑÑÑÑпление в ÑенÑÑе ÐокаÑелли,
УнивеÑÑиÑÐµÑ Ð¡Ð°Ð½Ñа-ÐлаÑÑ, ноÑбÑÑ
+2012 года</em> (<a
+href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/keynote-what-is-the-problem.webm">
+видеозапиÑÑ</a>,<a
href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2012">меÑаданнÑе</a>)</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p><b>ÐндÑÑ Ð§ÐµÐ½</b>. СпаÑибо, ÐÑик.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ ÐндÑÑ Ð§ÐµÐ½. Я пÑеподаÑ
паÑенÑное пÑаво в УнивеÑÑиÑеÑе СевеÑной
+ÐаÑолинÑ, а в пÑоÑлой жизни Ñ Ð±Ñл
пÑоÑеÑÑоÑом инÑоÑмаÑики.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ¾Ñ ÑабоÑа ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑа:
пÑедÑÑавиÑÑ Ð´Ð²ÑÑ
лÑдей, коÑоÑÑе в
+пÑедÑÑавлении не нÑждаÑÑÑÑ. РиÑаÑд
СÑолмен, как извеÑÑно,— оÑноваÑелÑ
+Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ,
ÑооÑноваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ðиги за ÑвободÑ
+пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ, ведÑÑий
пÑогÑаммиÑÑ-кооÑдинаÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑа GNU и авÑоÑ
Emacs,
+коÑоÑÑй он назÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑекÑÑовÑм ÑедакÑоÑом
и обÑазом жизни. С ÑÑим Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ
+ÑоглаÑиÑÑÑÑ, поÑле Ñого как напиÑал Ñ
помоÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑеÑÑаÑиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐокÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¡Ñолмен ÑеÑил не пÑинимаÑÑ
ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÑÑаÑÑие в пÑÑмой ÑÑанÑлÑÑии. Ðн
+обÑÑÑнÑÐµÑ ÑÑо Ñем, ÑÑо пÑÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ ÑÑанÑлÑÑиÑ
поÑÑебовала Ð±Ñ Ð¸ÑполÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÑлÑ
+Microsoft Silverlight, ÑÑо пÑинÑждало Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñдей
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми
+пÑогÑаммами. ÐокÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¡Ñолмен ÑÑиÑаеÑ, ÑÑо
Ñак поÑÑÑпаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ»ÑзÑ. Ðн Ñ
оÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
+ÑообÑиÑÑ, ÑÑо он планиÑÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑбликоваÑÑ
впоÑледÑÑвии запиÑÑ Ñвоего
+вÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑоÑмаÑе Ogg Theora или WebM.</p>
+
+<p>ÐокÑÐ¾Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑд СÑолмен.</p>
+
+<p>[аплодиÑменÑÑ]</p>
+
+<p><b>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</b>. ÐÑÑÑÑ ÑеÑ
ники
подÑвеÑдÑÑ, пожалÑйÑÑа, ÑÑо ÑÑанÑлÑÑиÑ
+вÑклÑÑена.</p>
+
+<p>Так, навеÑное, ÑÑо подÑвеÑждение.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, Ñем плоÑ
и паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ? Я
дÑмаÑ, на Ñамом деле иÑ
надо
+назÑваÑÑ “паÑенÑами на вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑнÑе
идеи”, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо каждÑй
+из ниÑ
пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑнÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ. Ðогда Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе
+“паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммє, болÑÑинÑÑво
лÑдей дÑмаеÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо вопÑоÑ
+паÑенÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑной пÑогÑаммÑ. Я
ÑвеÑен, вÑе Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐµÑе, ÑÑо ÑÑо не Ñак,
+но болÑÑинÑÑво лÑдей ÑÑого не знаеÑ, Ñак
ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ вводиÑÑ Ð»Ñдей в
+заблÑждение и назÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ñ
“паÑенÑами на
вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑнÑе идеи”.</p>
+
+<p>Ðак Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло, пÑиÑина, по коÑоÑой они
плоÑ
и, ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо они
+оÑказÑваÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм в Ñвободе полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
Ñвоими компÑÑÑеÑами, как им Ñгодно,
+Ñвободе, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ð° бÑÑÑ Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾. ÐÑи
паÑенÑÑ ÑоздаÑÑ ÑгÑÐ¾Ð·Ñ Ð²Ñем
+ÑазÑабоÑÑикам пÑогÑамм, а Ñакже иÑ
полÑзоваÑелÑм. УгÑозÑ, в коÑоÑой Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
+Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹ необÑ
одимоÑÑи. ÐÑак, Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
заÑиÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ
+паÑенÑов. ÐÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½ÑждаÑÑÑÑ Ð² паÑенÑной
заÑиÑе: заÑиÑе Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо болÑÑинÑÑво лÑдей ÑлиÑком мало знаÑÑ
о Ñом, ÑÑо делаÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
+ÑознаваÑÑ, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе могÑÑ
огÑаниÑиваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, Ñак
+вÑеднÑ. ÐолÑÑинÑÑво дÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо паÑенÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ñ
ожи на авÑоÑÑкие пÑава, а ÑÑо
+ÑовÑем не веÑно. ÐÑе, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ñего,
вÑÑажаеÑÑÑ Ð² одном пÑедложении
+из конÑÑиÑÑÑии СШÐ, ÑÑо ÑÑ
одÑÑво наÑÑолÑко
мало и абÑÑÑакÑно, ÑÑо на
+пÑакÑике оно никак не ÑказÑваеÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, нам ни в коем ÑлÑÑае не ÑледÑеÑ
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑажением
+“инÑеллекÑÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ”:
оно ÑмеÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑолÑко два
+ÑÑиÑ
Ñаздела пÑава, но кÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
не
ÑвÑзаннÑÑ
дÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом, ÑазделÑнÑÑ
+законов, к коÑоÑÑм не оÑноÑиÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ Ñо
единÑÑвенное пÑедложение из
+конÑÑиÑÑÑии СШÐ. Так ÑÑо ÑÑо вÑÑажение
вноÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÑаниÑÑ Ð²ÑÑкий Ñаз, когда его
+ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ, и около воÑÑми Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ Ñ
ÑеÑил, ÑÑо никогда не должен его
+ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ, и Ñ ÑеÑ
Ð¿Ð¾Ñ Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ никогда не
ÑпоÑÑеблÑл. ÐзбегаÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+неожиданно легко, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо в Ñелом оно
нÑжно ÑолÑко Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑаÑона. Ркогда вÑ
+пÑиÑÑилиÑÑ ÑопÑоÑивлÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑомÑ, ÑÑо
пÑоÑе паÑеной ÑепÑ: пÑоÑÑо говоÑиÑе об
+одном законе, назÑвайÑе ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½ его
именем, и Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑÑ ÑвÑзное,
+понÑÑное ÑÑвеÑждение.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, мне нÑжно обÑÑÑниÑÑ, ÑÑо делаÑÑ
паÑенÑÑ, и показаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑовÑем не
+поÑ
оже на дейÑÑвие авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав. ÐлÑ
ÑÑого Ñ
оÑоÑа аналогиÑ. ЧÑо можно
+ÑказаÑÑ Ð¾ пÑогÑаммаÑ
? ÐÑ, ÑÑо кÑÑпнÑе
пÑоизведениÑ, полнÑе деÑалей, коÑоÑÑе
+Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑе, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑалÑÑ
желаемÑй ÑезÑлÑÑаÑ. Ðадно, на ÑÑо
+еÑе ÑÑо поÑ
оже? Ðа Ñоман или ÑимÑониÑ.
+
+ÐÑак, пÑедÑÑавим, ÑÑо гоÑÑдаÑÑÑва ÐвÑÐ¾Ð¿Ñ Ð²
XVIII веке вÑпеÑÑовали идеÑ
+ÑодейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑÑÑ ÑимÑониÑеÑкой
мÑзÑки поÑÑедÑÑвом ÑиÑÑемÑ
+“паÑенÑов на мÑзÑкалÑнÑе идеи”. ÐÑак,
лÑÐ±Ð°Ñ Ð¼ÑзÑкалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ,
+вÑÑÐ°Ð·Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ñловами, могла Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ
запаÑенÑована. ÐапаÑенÑоваÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ бÑло бÑ
+моÑив мелодии, поÑледоваÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ñ,
ÑиÑмиÑеÑкÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð½Ð²Ñ, обÑÐ°Ð·ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÑоÑений
+в движении, пÑименение опÑеделеннÑÑ
инÑÑÑÑменÑов в Ñо вÑемÑ, как оÑÑалÑной
+оÑкеÑÑÑ ÑоÑ
ÑанÑÐµÑ ÑиÑинÑ, и кÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
мÑзÑкалÑнÑÑ
идей, коÑоÑÑе Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸ в
+голове не ÑкладÑваÑÑÑÑ, но композиÑоÑ,
возможно, мог Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ñ
оÑознаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ð Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑедÑÑавÑÑе Ñебе, ÑÑо ÑейÑаÑ
XIX век, а
+Ð²Ñ —ÐеÑÑ
овен. ÐÑ Ñ
оÑиÑе напиÑаÑÑ
ÑимÑониÑ. ÐÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð°ÑÑжиÑе, ÑÑо
+напиÑаÑÑ ÑимÑониÑ, за коÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ
подадÑÑ Ð² ÑÑд, ÑÑÑднее, Ñем напиÑаÑÑ
+Ñ
оÑоÑÑÑ ÑимÑониÑ. ТÑÑ Ð²Ñ, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, ÑÑали
Ð±Ñ Ð¶Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð°ÑÑÑÑ, а пÑавообладаÑели
+паÑенÑов оÑвеÑали бÑ: “ÐÑ
, ÐеÑÑ
овен, ÑÑ
пÑоÑÑо завидÑеÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ
+Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑи идеи поÑвилиÑÑ ÑанÑÑе, Ñем Ñ ÑебÑ.
ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ñ Ñебе не вÑдÑмаÑÑ
+ÑÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ñвое?”
+ÐонеÑно, ÐеÑÑ
овен ÑÑиÑаеÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¸Ð¼
композиÑоÑом поÑомÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ бÑла
+маÑÑа новÑÑ
идей, и не ÑолÑко поÑÑомÑ: он
знал, как ими маÑÑеÑÑки
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ. Ð ÑÑом-Ñо и дело: комбинаÑии
Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑвом знакомÑÑ
идей, Ñак
+ÑÑо его ÑабоÑÑ ÑпеÑва оÑеломлÑли, но лÑди
могли к ним пÑивÑкнÑÑÑ. Ðни не
+звÑÑали наÑÑолÑко ÑÑждо и непонÑÑно, ÑÑобÑ
иÑ
оÑвеÑгали. Ðакое-Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
+оÑеломлÑли, поÑом к ним пÑивÑкали, а ÑейÑаÑ
Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ видим в ниÑ
Ñего-Ñо из
+ÑÑда вон вÑÑ
одÑÑего, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо мÑ
пÑивÑкли к ÑÑим идеÑм. Так воÑ, ÑÑо
+доказÑваеÑ, ÑÑо он пÑименÑл ÑÑи идеи Ñ
оÑоÑо.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, идеÑ, ÑÑо лÑбой мог Ð±Ñ (или должен
бÑл бÑ) изобÑеÑаÑÑ Ð¼ÑзÑÐºÑ Ñ Ð½ÑлÑ,
+абÑÑÑдна. ÐÑого не мог Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ ÐеÑÑ
овен, и
бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð³Ð»Ñпо пÑоÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо
+попÑÑаÑÑÑÑ. То же Ñамое Ñ
пÑогÑаммиÑованием. ТоÑно Ñак же, как в
ÑимÑонии
+воплоÑено вмеÑÑе множеÑÑво мÑзÑкалÑнÑÑ
идей, но ÑÑÑдноÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ
+ÑÐ±Ð¾Ñ ÐºÑÑи идей. ТÑÑдноÑÑÑ ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿Ð»Ð¾ÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
ÑовмеÑÑно в
+ноÑаÑ
. То же и Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами. РкÑÑпной
пÑогÑамме ÑеализÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑе ÑÑÑÑÑи
+идей, но ÑÑÑдноÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ»ÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ в ÑбоÑе
какиÑ
-Ñо идей. СобÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ-Ñо
+идеи легко. ТÑÑдноÑÑÑ ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑобÑ
ÑеализоваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
вмеÑÑе и заÑÑавиÑÑ
+вÑе ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑо ÑабоÑаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо “паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑнÑе
идеи” заÑÑÑднÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ³ÐºÑÑ Ð¸
+болÑÑÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ, ÑодейÑÑвÑÑ ÑмножениÑ
ÑеÑÑÑÑов, коÑоÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸ без Ñого
+полно. Так ÑÑо ÑÑа ÑиÑÑема ÑпÑоекÑиÑована
из невеÑнÑÑ
пÑедположений. Ðна
+должна даваÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ помоÑÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ не
нÑжна, Ñеной колоÑÑалÑнÑÑ
пÑоблем.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, нÑжно-Ñо нам избавиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑой
пÑоблемÑ. ЧÑо ÑÑо за пÑоблема? ÐÑа
+пÑоблема в ÑледÑÑÑем: ÑазÑабоÑÑикам
пÑогÑамм и иÑ
полÑзоваÑелÑм ÑгÑожаÑÑ
+паÑенÑÑ. Ðни в опаÑноÑÑи. Ðак ÑÑо
пÑедоÑвÑаÑиÑÑ? ÐÑ, напÑимеÑ, не вÑдаваÑÑ
+паÑенÑов, коÑоÑÑе могли Ð±Ñ ÐºÐ°ÑаÑÑÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. ÐÑо ÑеÑение подÑ
одиÑ, еÑли вÑ
+пÑименÑеÑе его Ñ Ñамого наÑала. ÐÑли в
ÑÑÑане никогда не вÑдавалиÑÑ Ñакие
+паÑенÑÑ, Ñо ее паÑенÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема
пÑогÑаммам не ÑгÑожаеÑ. Ðадно, ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑее
+ÑеÑение. Ðо оно не пÑименимо, еÑли в ÑÑÑане
Ñже вÑÐ´Ð°Ð½Ñ ÑоÑни ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов
+на пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ð Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ñедложил, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð² конÑÑиÑÑÑиÑÑ
Ñвно говоÑилоÑÑ, ÑÑо паÑенÑнÑе
+пÑивилегии можно бÑло ÑÑезаÑÑ Ñак же, как и
ÑаÑÑиÑÑÑÑ. ЧÑо они не ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ
+ÑÑей-Ñо ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ в каком ÑмÑÑле;
ÑÑо ÑÑо пÑивилегии, вÑдаваемÑе
+гоÑÑдаÑÑÑвом, и они могÑÑ Ð² лÑбой моменÑ
оÑзÑваÑÑÑÑ. РконÑе конÑов, еÑли вÑ
+позволÑеÑе гоÑÑдаÑÑÑÐ²Ñ ÑаÑÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
законодаÑелÑнÑм пÑÑем, Ñо абÑÑÑдно
+делаÑÑ ÑÑо Ñ
Ñаповиком, коÑоÑÑй кÑÑÑиÑÑÑ
ÑолÑко в Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÑÑоÑонÑ. Ðо в
+конÑÑиÑÑÑии СШРÑÑо не Ñак.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑÑо можно ÑделаÑÑ? ÐÑ, можно пÑоÑиÑÑ
ÑÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑановиÑÑ, ÑÑо вÑе Ñе
+паÑенÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе огÑаниÑиваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ,
бÑли недейÑÑвиÑелÑÐ½Ñ Ñ Ñамого
+наÑала и вÑегда бÑли недейÑÑвиÑелÑнÑ, и
избавиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
оÑо вÑеÑ
+ÑÑазÑ. Ðднако пÑовеÑÑи Ñакое невозможно.
ÐеÑполезно говоÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑнÑм
+лиÑам: “СделайÑе ÑÑо, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ
Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑÑого Ñ
оÑим”.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, еÑли Ð¼Ñ ÑобиÑаемÑÑ Ð¸ÑкаÑÑ
ÑеÑение, коÑоÑое можно бÑло бÑ
+оÑÑÑеÑÑвиÑÑ, ÑÑо оÑÑаеÑÑÑ? ÐÑ,
единÑÑвенное, ÑÑо Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¶Ñ,— ÑÑо пÑовеÑÑи
+закон об иммÑниÑеÑе пÑогÑамм. ÐÑли ÑÑо
пÑогÑамма, Ð²Ñ Ð² безопаÑноÑÑи. СÑ
емÑ,
+коÑоÑÑе делаÑÑ Ñо же Ñамое вÑÑиÑление,
попадали Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ дейÑÑвие паÑенÑа, но
+еÑли ÑÑо пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñо Ð²Ñ Ð² безопаÑноÑÑи.
Ðо ÑÑо ÑÑо знаÑиÑ? ЧÑо знаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ
+пÑогÑаммой? ÐÑ, ÑÑо знаÑÐ¸Ñ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑнивеÑÑалÑной маÑине обÑего
+назнаÑениÑ. Так ÑÑо ÑпеÑва Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑе
ÑнивеÑÑалÑнÑÑ Ð¼Ð°ÑинÑ, а поÑом
+закладÑваеÑе ÑÑда пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑаÑ
говоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ñине, ÑÑо делаÑÑ. ÐÑ, еÑли
+единÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑнкÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ — бÑÑÑ
ÑнивеÑÑалÑной, Ñо именно
+пÑогÑамма ÑеализÑÐµÑ Ð»ÑбÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑнÑÑ,
запаÑенÑованнÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, к ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑлÑÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð¸ подвожÑ, Ñ
пÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑделиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ð¾Ñ ÑлÑÑаÑ
+подобного <cite>Ðайамонд пÑоÑив ÐиÑа</cite>, в
коÑоÑом бÑл паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°
+ÑиÑÑемÑ, на меÑод воÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑезинÑ. Ð
ÑеализаÑии пÑименÑлÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑ,
+но кÑоме него иÑполÑзовалаÑÑ Ñакже
аппаÑаÑÑÑа ÑпеÑиалÑного назнаÑениÑ, не
+ÑнивеÑÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð²ÑÑиÑлиÑелÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ñина
обÑего назнаÑениÑ, и ÑÑа аппаÑаÑÑÑа
+ÑпеÑиалÑного назнаÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±Ñла жизненно
необÑ
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+запаÑенÑованнÑÑ
пÑоÑеÑÑов.
+РдейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи ÑÑо бÑла не
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑеÑ
ника. Ð Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ ÑиÑал ÑÑаÑÑÑ
+ÐÐ°Ð¼ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¡ÐµÐ¼ÑÑлÑÑон, в коÑоÑой ÑÑвеÑждалоÑÑ,
ÑÑо CAFC вÑвеÑнÑл ÑÑо ÑеÑение, по
+ÑÑÑи пеÑеÑÑавив Ñлова задом напеÑед. ЧÑо
ÐеÑÑ
овнÑй ÑÑд заÑвил: “ТоÑ
+ÑакÑ, ÑÑо где-Ñо Ñам еÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑ, не
Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð°Ð²ÑомаÑиÑеÑки ÑÑо
+непаÑенÑоÑпоÑобнÑм”, а CAFC пеÑевеÑнÑл
ÑÑо в “компÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ
+ÑÑо паÑенÑоÑпоÑобнÑм”.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð° Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ
какаÑ-Ñо надежда на ÑÑдÑ, но Ñ
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑод, коÑоÑÑй оÑÐ´ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ñ ÑлÑÑаи,
коÑоÑÑе Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑаÑÑ, оÑ
+паÑенÑов на невÑÑиÑлиÑелÑнÑе идеи,
заÑÑагиваÑÑие ÑиÑÑемÑ, коÑоÑÑе могли бÑ
+бÑÑÑ ÑÐµÐ°Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑÑаÑÑием компÑÑÑеÑа.
Ðак ÑÑо ÑоÑно ÑÑоÑмÑлиÑоваÑÑ? ÐÑ,
+лÑÑÑее, ÑÑо мне пÑиÑло в головÑ, ÑÑо
“пÑогÑамма, вÑполнÑÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑной аппаÑаÑÑÑе обÑего
пÑименениє. ÐÑ Ð±ÐµÐ·ÑÑловно Ñ
оÑим,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑда вÑ
одили ÑмаÑÑÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¸ ÑомÑ
подобное; Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñ
оÑим иÑклÑÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÑÑо, в
+ÑоÑÑаве Ñего ÑодеÑжиÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо Ñода
аппаÑаÑÑÑа ÑпеÑиалÑного назнаÑениÑ.
+РпоÑÑаÑивнÑÑ
ÑелеÑонаÑ
, оÑевидно, еÑÑÑ
ÑпеÑиализиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑа длÑ
+ÑвÑзи Ñ ÑелеÑонной ÑеÑÑÑ, но ÑÑо не должно
авÑомаÑиÑеÑки ознаÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо еÑли
+ÑÑо ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° поÑÑаÑивном ÑелеÑоне, Ñо
оно ÑÑзвимо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов. ÐоÑомÑ
+ÑÑо ÑÑо компÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±Ñего назнаÑениÑ, и
лÑди полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑевозможнÑÑ
+задаÑ. Ðо мои Ñлова “вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑнаÑ
аппаÑаÑÑÑа обÑего
+назнаÑениє,— Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, ÑÑо не
Ñамое лÑÑÑее из возможнÑÑ
+вÑÑажений. Я дÑмаÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑебÑеÑ
иÑÑледованиÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо нÑжно
+ÑаÑÑмоÑÑеÑÑ Ð²Ñе возможнÑе ÑоÑмÑлиÑовки,
коÑоÑÑе могли Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑÑÑÑÑ, и
+вÑÑÑниÑÑ, какие ÑлÑÑаи бÑли Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ñ
паÑенÑов, а какие подвеÑÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ð¼,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñи веÑнÑй меÑод.</p>
+
+<p>Ð Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ñй Ñаз, когда Ñ Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑод
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑой пÑоблемÑ, пеÑвое,
+ÑÑо пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñи лÑди,— ÑÑо как ÑеÑиÑÑ
ее не полноÑÑÑÑ, а
+наполовинÑ. ÐÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð¾ ÑеÑении пÑоблемÑ
по-наÑÑоÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ³Ð°ÐµÑ Ð»Ñдей, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+она оÑеломлÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
Ñадикализмом. Ðни
дÑмаÑÑ: “Я не Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑÑпаÑÑ Ð·Ð°
+ÑÑо-Ñо наÑÑолÑко ÑадикалÑное, как полное
ÑеÑение вÑей ÑÑой пÑоблемÑ. Ðне
+нÑжно поиÑкаÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ðµ-Ñо ÑаÑÑиÑное ÑеÑение,
коÑоÑое заÑиÑÐ¸Ñ ÑолÑко некоÑоÑÑÑ
+ÑазÑабоÑÑиков пÑогÑамм”.
+ÐÑ, ÑÑо оÑибка. ÐÑо оÑибка поÑомÑ, ÑÑо а)
дело не бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ñделано полноÑÑÑÑ, и
+б) пÑовеÑÑи ÑÑо бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑÑÑднее. ÐÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°ÑÑа
ÑазÑабоÑÑиков пÑогÑамм, вÑе они
+под ÑгÑозой, и еÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ñедложим заÑиÑиÑÑ
иÑ
вÑеÑ
, Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
бÑдеÑ
+пÑиÑина поддеÑживаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ. РеÑли мÑ
пÑедложим заÑиÑиÑÑ ÑолÑко ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð· ниÑ
,
+оÑÑалÑнÑе ÑкажÑÑ: “Ð, мне Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого ни
жаÑко ни Ñ
олодно, какое мне
+дело?”</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо давайÑе пÑедложим наÑÑоÑÑее
ÑеÑение. ÐÑоме Ñого, ÑаÑÑиÑнÑе ÑеÑениÑ
+бÑваÑÑ ÑÑÐ·Ð²Ð¸Ð¼Ñ Ð² оÑноÑении пÑоблемÑ, о
коÑоÑой оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ñ
одÑиво напиÑали
+ÐолдÑин и Ðевин — ÑилÑ, вÑÑÑÑпаÑÑие
за паÑенÑÑ, легко ÑаÑÑÑгиваÑÑ
+пÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвиÑ, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð°ÐµÑе им лÑбого
Ñода гÑаниÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе ÑолÑко можно
+ÑаÑÑÑгиваÑÑ. Ð ÑÑо, Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑим, дÑÑгое
пÑеимÑÑеÑÑво ÑеÑениÑ, в коÑоÑом
+изменÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑименимоÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑде, а не
паÑенÑÑемоÑÑÑ. ÐÐµÐ´Ñ Ñам кÑиÑеÑии
+ÑоÑÑоÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо в Ñом, какого Ñода Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
ÑиÑÑаÑиÑ.
+
+ÐÑ
ÑÑÑднее ÑаÑÑÑнÑÑÑ, а еÑли кÑо-Ñо
попÑÑалÑÑ Ð±Ñ, ÑÑо бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð²
+ÑазбиÑаÑелÑÑÑве пÑоÑив кого-Ñо, кÑо
боÑолÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ñ
не
+ÑаÑÑÑгивали. Так ÑÑо ÑÑо менее ÑÑзвимо к
иÑкажениÑм пеÑвонаÑалÑного замÑÑла
+огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑедмеÑа пÑи оÑоÑмлении
дейÑÑвÑÑÑего ÑÑÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ðº ÑоÑме заÑвок
+на паÑенÑÑ, а ÑÑи иÑÐºÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð»Ñбого Ñода ÑÑебованиÑми о
+Ñом, какими Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ñвки на
паÑенÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ñе.</p>
+
+<p>[аплодиÑменÑÑ]</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐндÑÑ Ð§ÐµÐ½</b>. ÐлагодаÑим за
вÑÑÑÑпление.</p>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе обÑие запÑоÑÑ
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом. ÐÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
+неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки
или пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ пÑиÑÑлаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+адÑеÑÑ <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ru">лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 4.0
ÐÑемиÑнаÑ</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ
+можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о
+найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе
пеÑеводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2017/02/03 08:01:01 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/rms-patents.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/rms-patents.ru-en.html
diff -N po/rms-patents.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/rms-patents.ru-en.html 3 Feb 2017 08:01:01 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+
+<title>Solutions to the Software Patent Problem
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-patents.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Solutions to the Software Patent Problem</h2>
+
+<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
+
+<p><em>Speech given at the Locatelli Center, Santa Clara University,
+in November 2012</em> (<a
+href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/keynote-what-is-the-problem.webm">video</a>,
+ <a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/video/#2012">metadata</a>)</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p><b>Andrew Chen:</b> Thank you, Eric.</p>
+
+<p>My name is Andrew Chen. I teach patent law at the University of
+North Carolina, and I had a previous life as a Computer Science
+professor.</p>
+
+<p>I have the easiest job today, which is introducing two men who need
+no introduction. Richard Stallman, we know, is the founder of the
+free software movement, co-founder of the League for Programming
+Freedom, lead software architect for the GNU Project and author of
+Emacs, which he's described as a text editor and also a way of life.
+Something that I can agree with, having written my doctoral
+dissertation using his program.</p>
+
+<p>Dr Stallman has decided not to participate in the live streaming
+facility for today. He explains that use of the streaming online
+would require use of the Microsoft Silverlight plugin, which would
+pressure people to use proprietary software. Dr Stallman considers it
+wrong to pressure people to do that. He would like you to know that
+he plans to make a recording of his presentation available at a later
+time in either the Ogg Theora or WebM formats.</p>
+
+<p>Dr Stallman.</p>
+
+<p>[applause]</p>
+
+<p><b>Richard Stallman:</b> Can the tech people please confirm that
+the streaming is off?</p>
+
+<p>OK, I think that's confirmation.</p>
+
+<p>So, why are software patents bad? Or, “computational idea
+patents” as I think we should really call them, because each one
+is a monopoly on a computational idea. Most people, when you say
+“software patents,” they think it's a question of
+patenting a specific program. I'm sure all of you know that that's
+not what those patents do, but most people don't know that, so, to try
+to avoid misleading people, I call them “computational idea
+patents.”</p>
+
+<p>So, anyway, the reason these are bad is that they deny people the
+freedom to use their computers as they wish and do their computing as
+they wish, freedom that everyone must have. These patents put all
+software developers in danger, and their users as well. A danger that
+there is no reason we should stand for. So: we should protect
+software from patents. Software needs patent protection: protection
+from patents.</p>
+
+<p>But most people don't know enough about what patents do to
+appreciate why patents that can restrict software are so harmful.
+Most people think that patents are like copyrights, which is not true
+at all. The sum total of what they have in common is one sentence in
+the Constitution, and that similarity is so little and abstract it has
+nothing to do with the practical effects.</p>
+
+<p>So, the last thing we should ever do is use the term
+“intellectual property” that confuses not just these two
+laws, but a bunch of other unrelated, disparate laws, that don't even
+share one sentence in the Constitution with those two. So that term
+spreads confusion whenever it's used and about eight years ago I
+decided I should never use it and I have never used it since then.
+It's surprisingly easy to avoid, because in general there's no reason
+whatsoever to use it except that it's chic. And once you learn to
+resist that, it's as easy as pie, just talk about one law, and then
+you call that law by its name, and you're making a coherent, clear
+statement.</p>
+
+<p>So, I have to explain to people what patents do, and show them that
+it's not at all like what copyrights do. An analogy is a good way to
+do this. What can you say about programs? Well, they're large works,
+full of details that all have to work together to get the desired
+result. Well, what else is there like that? A novel, or a symphony.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>
+So, imagine if the governments of Europe in the 1700s had had the
+cockeyed idea of promoting the progress of symphonic music with a
+system of “musical idea patents.” So, any musical idea
+statable in words could have been patented. A melodic motif could
+have been patented, or a series of chords, or a rhythmic pattern, or a
+pattern of repetitions in a movement, or the use of certain
+instruments while the rest of the orchestra is silent and a bunch of
+other musical ideas that I can't think of, but maybe a composer
+would.</p>
+
+<p>So, now imagine it's 1800 and you're Beethoven and you want to
+write a symphony. You're going to find that it's harder to write a
+symphony that you don't get sued for than to write a good symphony.
+Now, you'd probably have complained, and the patent holders would have
+said “Oh, Beethoven, you're just jealous because we had these
+ideas before you. Why don't you go think of some ideas of your
+own?”<span class="gnun-split"></span>
+Of course, Beethoven is considered a great composer
+because he had lots of new ideas, and not only that, he knew how to
+use them effectively. And that is: combined with lots of familiar
+ideas, so that his pieces were merely shocking for a while, but people
+could get used to them. They were not so alien and incomprehensible
+that they got rejected. They shocked people for a while, people got
+used to them, and now we don't see what's shocking any more, because
+we're used to those ideas. Well, that's the proof that he used those
+ideas well.</p>
+
+<p>So, the idea that anyone could, or should have to, reinvent music
+from zero, is absurd. Not even a Beethoven could do that, and it
+would be silly to ask someone to try. It's the same with computing.
+Just as a symphony implements many musical ideas together, but the
+hard part is not picking a bunch of ideas. The hard part is
+implementing them together with notes. It's the same with software.
+A large program will implement thousands of ideas together. But the
+hard part is not picking some ideas. It's easy to pick some ideas.
+What's hard is to implement them all together and make it work
+well.</p>
+
+<p>So “computational idea patents” obstruct the hard and
+big job by promoting resources that we get plenty of anyways. So it's
+a misconceived system. Designed to give us help we don't want at the
+cost of tremendous problems.</p>
+
+<p>So what we need is to get rid of the problem. What is the problem?
+The problem is: software developers and their users are threatened by
+patents. They are in danger. How can you prevent that? Well, one
+way is: don't issue patents that could affect software. That solution
+works if you apply it from the beginning. If a country never issues
+such patents, then its patent system doesn't attack software. OK,
+it's a good solution. But it's not applicable if a country has
+already issued hundreds of thousands of software patents.</p>
+
+<p>Now, I've proposed that constitutions should explicitly say that
+patent privileges can be reduced just as they can be increased. That
+they are not in any sense somebody's property; they are privileges
+given out by the government which can be changed at will. After all,
+if you allow the government by legislation to increase them, it's
+absurd to make this a one-way ratchet. But that's not in the US
+Constitution.</p>
+
+<p>So, what can we do? Well, we can ask courts to rule that all those
+patents that restrict software were invalid from the beginning and
+always have been invalid, and that gets rid of them all. However,
+that's not something that people can lobby for. It's not something we
+can say to officials, “do this because we want you
+to.”</p>
+
+<p>So, if we're going to look for a solution that we can get
+implemented, what is there? Well, the only way I can see is to
+legislate that software is a safe harbor. If it's software, then
+you're safe. Circuits to do the same computation would be covered by
+a patent, but if it's software, then you're safe. But what does that
+mean? What does it mean for something to be software? Well, it runs
+on a general purpose, universal machine. So first you make a
+universal machine and then you put in the program to say what it
+should do. Well, if the machine's only function is to be universal,
+then the program is all that implements any specific, patented
+idea.</p>
+
+<p>So, that's the case I want to get at, and I'm trying to separate it
+from a case like that in <cite>Diamond vs. Diehr</cite> where there
+was a patent for a system, a method of curing rubber. The
+implementation involved a computer, but it also involved special
+purpose hardware, not a general purpose universal machine, and that
+special purpose hardware was crucial to carrying out the patented
+technique.<span class="gnun-split"></span>
+It wasn't actually a software technique. And, actually, I
+read an article by Pamela Samuelson arguing that the CAFC twisted that
+decision and basically got the quantifiers in the wrong order. That
+the Supreme Court said, “the fact that there's a computer in
+there somewhere doesn't automatically make it non-patentable,”
+and the CAFC twisted that into “the computer makes it
+patentable.”</p>
+
+<p>Anyway, we might have some hope with the courts, but I'm proposing
+a method that will separate the cases that we must protect from
+non-computational idea patents that affect systems that might be
+implemented with a computer in there somewhere. The precise words to
+use? Well, the best I could come up with was: “software running
+on generally used computing hardware.” We certainly want things
+like smartphones to be covered; we don't want it to exclude anything
+that has any kind of special-purpose hardware in there.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>The portable
+phone obviously has specialised hardware to talk to the phone network,
+but that shouldn't automatically mean that if it's running on a
+portable phone, it's vulnerable to patents. Because that is a general
+purpose computer and people use it for all sorts of things. But my
+words, “generally used computing hardware,” they may not
+be the best possible words. This is a subject that I think calls for
+study, because we've got to look at each possible wording that might
+be used and see which cases would be protected from patents and which
+would be exposed to come up with the right method.</p>
+
+<p>Now, every time I suggest a method to solve this problem, the first
+thing people try to look for is how to half solve it instead. The
+idea of really solving the problem shocks people because it strikes
+them as radical. They think “I can't advocate something so
+radical as to really solve this whole problem. I've got to look for
+some partial solution that will only protect some software
+developers.”<span class="gnun-split"></span>
+Well, that's a mistake. It's a mistake a) because
+it wouldn't do the whole job, but b) because it would be harder to get
+it passed. There are lots of software developers and they are all
+threatened and if we propose to protect them all, they will all have a
+reason to support it. But if we propose to only protect some of them,
+the rest will say “well, this doesn't do me any good, why should
+I care?”</p>
+
+<p>So, let's propose a real solution. And, besides, partial solutions
+tend to be vulnerable to the problem that Boldrin and Levine have
+written about very effectively, that it's easy for the pressures for
+patents to stretch the boundaries if you give them any kind of
+boundary that they can stretch. And this, by the way, is another
+advantage of applying a change to suing people, rather than to what's
+patentable. Because there, the criteria are just “what kind of
+situation is this?”
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>
+It's harder to stretch those, and if they
+tried, it would always be in a case against somebody who's going to be
+fighting not to stretch it. So it's less vulnerable to being
+distorted from an intended restriction of substance into an actual
+requirement of form of patent applications, which tends to happen to
+any kind of requirement about what patent applications have to look
+like.</p>
+
+<p>So, there I go.</p>
+
+<p>[applause]</p>
+
+<p><b>Andrew Chen:</b> Thank you, Dr Stallman.</p>
+
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+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2017/02/03 08:01:01 $
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