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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/philosophy words-to-avoid.de.html po/words-... |
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Date: |
Wed, 14 Sep 2016 17:59:25 +0000 (UTC) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 16/09/14 17:59:25
Modified files:
philosophy : words-to-avoid.de.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : words-to-avoid.de-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.81&r2=1.82
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.de-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: words-to-avoid.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.81
retrieving revision 1.82
diff -u -b -r1.81 -r1.82
--- words-to-avoid.de.html 28 Apr 2016 17:19:02 -0000 1.81
+++ words-to-avoid.de.html 14 Sep 2016 17:59:24 -0000 1.82
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.de.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.de.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.de-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2016-07-16" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.de.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -10,6 +15,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.de.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.de.html" -->
<h2>Zu vermeidende Wörter<br />‑ (oder mit Sorgfalt zu
verwendende),
weil sie voreingenommen oder irreführend sind</h2>
@@ -1252,7 +1258,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualisierung:
-$Date: 2016/04/28 17:19:02 $
+$Date: 2016/09/14 17:59:24 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/words-to-avoid.de-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/words-to-avoid.de-diff.html
diff -N po/words-to-avoid.de-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/words-to-avoid.de-diff.html 14 Sep 2016 17:59:25 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1285 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.77</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.79</em></ins></span> -->
+<title>Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or
Confusing
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or
Confusing</h2>
+
+<p>
+There are a number of words and phrases that we recommend avoiding, or
+avoiding in certain contexts and usages. Some are ambiguous or
+misleading; others presuppose a viewpoint that we disagree with, and
+we hope you disagree with it too.</p>
+
+<div class="announcement">
+<blockquote><p>Also note <a
href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Software</a>
+and</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Software</a>,</em></ins></span>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">Why Call It The
+Swindle?</a></p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+ <a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a>
+|<span class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p><span
class="gnun-split"></span><!-- GNUN-SORT-START
--></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Ad-blocker">Ad-blocker</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Access">Access</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Alternative">Alternative</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#BSD-style">BSD-style</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Closed">Closed</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#CloudComputing">Cloud Computing</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Commercial">Commercial</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Compensation">Compensation</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Consume">Consume</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Consumer">Consumer</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Content">Content</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#CreativeCommonsLicensed">Creative Commons
licensed</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Creator">Creator</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#DigitalGoods">Digital Goods</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#DigitalLocks">Digital Locks</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#DigitalRightsManagement">Digital Rights
Management</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#FLOSS">FLOSS</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#ForFree">For free</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#FOSS">FOSS</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#FreelyAvailable">Freely available</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Freeware">Freeware</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#GiveAwaySoftware">Give away software</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Google">Google</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Hacker">Hacker</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#IntellectualProperty">Intellectual property</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#LAMP">LAMP system</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Linux">Linux system</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Market">Market</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Monetize">Monetize</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#MP3Player">MP3 player</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Open">Open</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#PC">PC</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Photoshop">Photoshop</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Piracy">Piracy</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Protection">Protection</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#RAND">RAND</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#SaaS">SaaS</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#SellSoftware">Sell software</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#SharingEconomy">Sharing economy</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Skype">Skype</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#SoftwareIndustry">Software Industry</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#SourceModel">Source model</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span><!--#if</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!--#if</em></ins></span> expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX = /^.(es)$/" -->
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: translate if this word is used often in your
+ language to refer to mobile computers; otherwise,
+ fill the translation with a space. -->
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>“<a</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY
-->“<a</em></ins></span>
+ href="#Terminal">Terminal</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span><!--#endif</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-END-KEY --><!--#endif
+ --><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM</em></ins></span> --> “<a
+ href="#Theft">Theft</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#TrustedComputing">Trusted Computing</a>”
+|<span <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="gnun-split"></span></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="gnun-split"></span><!--
GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM --></em></ins></span> “<a
+ href="#Vendor">Vendor</a>”
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><span
class="gnun-split"></span><!-- GNUN-SORT-STOP --></p>
+
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-START -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Ad-blocker">“Ad-blocker”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+When the purpose of some program is to block advertisements,
+“ad-blocker” is a good term for it. However, the GNU
+browser IceCat blocks advertisements that track the user as
+consequence of broader measures to prevent surveillance by web sites.
+This is not an “ad-blocker,” this is
+<em>surveillance protection</em>.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Access">“Access”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+It is a common misunderstanding to think free software means that the
+public has “access” to a program. That is not what free
+software means.</p>
+<p>
+The <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">criterion for free
software</a>
+is not about who has “access” to the program; the four
+essential freedoms concern what a user that has a copy of the program
+can do with it. For instance, freedom 2 says that that user is free
+to make another copy and give or sell it to you. But no user
+is <em>obligated</em> to do that for you; you do not have
+a <em>right</em> to demand a copy of that program from any
user.</p>
+<p>
+In particular, if you write a program yourself and never offer a copy
+to anyone else, that program is free software (in a trivial way)
+because you (the sole user that has it) have the four essential
+freedoms.</p>
+<p>
+In practice, when many users have copies of a program, someone is sure
+to post it on the internet, giving everyone access to it. We think
+people ought to do that, if the program is useful. But this isn't a
+requirement of free software.</p>
+<p>
+There is one specific point in which a question of having access is
+directly pertinent to free software: the GNU GPL permits giving a
+particular user access to download a program's source code as a
+substitute for physically giving that user a copy of the source. This
+applies to the special case in which the user already has a copy of
+the program in non-source form.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Alternative">“Alternative”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+We don't describe free software as an “alternative” to
+proprietary, because that word presumes all the “alternatives” are
+legitimate and each additional one makes users better off. In effect,
+it assumes that free software ought to coexist with software that does
+not respect users' freedom.</p>
+<p>
+We believe that distribution as free software is the only ethical way
+to make software available for others to use. The other methods,
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">nonfree
+software</a>
+and <a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Service
+as a Software Substitute</a> subjugate their users. We do not think
+it is good to offer users those “alternatives” to free
+software.
+</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="BSD-style">“BSD-style”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+The expression “BSD-style license” leads to confusion because it
+<a href="/licenses/bsd.html">lumps together licenses that have
+important differences</a>. For instance, the original BSD license
+with the advertising clause is incompatible with the GNU General
+Public License, but the revised BSD license is compatible with the
+GPL.</p>
+<p>
+To avoid confusion, it is best to
+name <a href="/licenses/license-list.html"> the specific license in
+question</a> and avoid the vague term “BSD-style.”</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Closed">“Closed”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+Describing nonfree software as “closed” clearly refers to
+the term “open source.” In the free software movement,
+<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> we do not want
to
+be confused with the open source camp</a>, so we
+are careful to avoid saying things that would encourage people to lump us in
+with them. For instance, we avoid describing nonfree software as
+“closed.” We call it “nonfree” or
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">
+“proprietary”</a>.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="CloudComputing">“Cloud Computing”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+The term “cloud computing” (or
+just <a name="Cloud">“cloud”</a>, in the context of
+computing) is a marketing buzzword with no coherent meaning. It is
+used for a range of different activities whose only common
+characteristic is that they use the Internet for something beyond
+transmitting files. Thus, the term spreads confusion. If you base
+your thinking on it, your thinking will be confused (or, could we say,
+“cloudy”?).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When thinking about or responding to a statement someone else has made
+using this term, the first step is to clarify the topic. What
+scenario is the statement about? What is a good, clear term for that
+scenario? Once the topic is clearly formulated, coherent thought
+about it becomes possible.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the many meanings of “cloud computing” is storing
+your data in online services. In most scenarios, that is foolish
+because it exposes you to
+<a
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/apr/25/hackers-spooks-cloud-antiauthoritarian-dream">surveillance</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another meaning (which overlaps that but is not the same thing)
+is <a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">
+Service as a Software Substitute</a>, which denies you control over
+your computing. You should never use SaaSS.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another meaning is renting a remote physical server, or virtual server.
+These practices are ok under certain circumstances.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another meaning is accessing your own server from your own mobile device.
+That raises no particular ethical issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <a
href="http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-145/SP800-145.pdf">
+NIST definition of "cloud computing"</a> mentions three scenarios that
+raise different ethical issues: Software as a Service, Platform as a
+Service, and Infrastructure as a Service. However, that definition
+does not match the common use of “cloud computing”, since
+it does not include storing data in online services. Software as a
+Service as defined by NIST overlaps considerably with Service as a
+Software Substitute, which mistreats the user, but the two concepts
+are not equivalent.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These different computing practices don't even belong in the same
+discussion. The best way to avoid the confusion the term “cloud
+computing” spreads is not to use the term “cloud” in
+connection with computing. Talk about the scenario you mean, and call
+it by a specific term.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Curiously, Larry Ellison, a proprietary software developer,
+also <a
href="http://www.cnet.com/news/oracles-ellison-nails-cloud-computing/">
+noted the vacuity of the term “cloud computing.”</a> He
+decided to use the term anyway because, as a proprietary software
+developer, he isn't motivated by the same ideals as we are.
+</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Commercial">“Commercial”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+Please don't use “commercial” as a synonym for
+“nonfree.” That confuses two entirely different
+issues.</p>
+<p>
+A program is commercial if it is developed as a business activity. A
+commercial program can be free or nonfree, depending on its manner of
+distribution. Likewise, a program developed by a school or an
+individual can be free or nonfree, depending on its manner of
+distribution. The two questions—what sort of entity developed
+the program and what freedom its users have—are independent.</p>
+<p>
+In the first decade of the free software movement, free software
+packages were almost always noncommercial; the components of the
+GNU/Linux operating system were developed by individuals or by
+nonprofit organizations such as the FSF and universities. Later, in
+the 1990s, free commercial software started to appear.</p>
+<p>
+Free commercial software is a contribution to our community, so we
+should encourage it. But people who think that
+“commercial” means “nonfree” will tend to
+think that the “free commercial” combination is
+self-contradictory, and dismiss the possibility. Let's be careful not
+to use the word “commercial” in that way.</p>
+
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Compensation">“Compensation”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+To speak of “compensation for authors” in connection with
+copyright carries the assumptions that (1) copyright exists for the
+sake of authors and (2) whenever we read something, we take on a debt
+to the author which we must then repay. The first assumption is
+simply
+<a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">false</a>, and
+the second is outrageous.
+</p>
+<p>
+“Compensating the rights-holders” adds a further swindle:
+you're supposed to imagine that means paying the authors, and
+occasionally it does, but most of the time it means a subsidy for the
+same publishing companies that are pushing unjust laws on us.
+</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Consume">“Consume”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+“Consume” refers to what we do with food: we ingest it,
+after which the food as such no longer exists. By analogy, we employ
+the same word for other products whose use <em>uses them up</em>.
+Applying it to durable goods, such as clothing or appliances, is a
+stretch. Applying it to published works (programs, recordings on a
+disk or in a file, books on paper or in a file), whose nature is to
+last indefinitely and which can be run, played or read any number of
+times, is simply an error. Playing a recording, or running a program,
+does not consume it.</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “consume” is associated with the economics of
+uncopyable material products, and leads people to transfer its
+conclusions unconsciously to copiable digital works — an error
+that proprietary software developers (and other publishers) dearly
+wish to encourage. Their twisted viewpoint comes through clearly
+in <a
href="http://www.businessinsider.com/former-google-exec-launches-sourcepoint-with-10-million-series-a-funding-2015-6">this
+article</a>, which also refers to publications as
+“<a href="#Content">content</a>.”</p>
+
+<p>
+The narrow thinking associated with the idea that we “consume
+content” paves the way for laws such as the DMCA that forbid
+users to break the <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org/">Digital
+Restrictions Management</a> (DRM) facilities in digital devices. If
+users think what they do with these devices is “consume,”
+they may see such restrictions as natural.</p>
+
+<p>
+It also encourages the acceptation of “streaming”
+services, which use DRM to limit use of digital recordings to a
+form that fits the word “consume.”</p>
+
+<p>
+Why is this perverse usage spreading? Some may feel that the term
+sounds sophisticated; if that attracts you, rejecting it with cogent
+reasons can appear even more sophisticated. Others may be acting from
+business interests (their own, or their employers'). Their use
+of the term in prestigious forums gives the impression that it's the
+“correct” term.</p>
+
+<p>
+To speak of “consuming” music, fiction, or any other
+artistic works is to treat them as products rather than as art. If
+you don't want to spread that attitude, you would do well to reject
+using the term “consume” for them. We recommend saying
+that someone “experiences” an artistic work or a work
+stating a point of view, and that someone “uses” a
+practical work.</p>
+
+<p>See also the following entry.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Consumer">“Consumer”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+The term “consumer,” when used to refer to the users of
+computing, is loaded with assumptions we should reject. Some come
+from the idea that using the program “consumes” the program (see
+<a href="#Consume">the previous entry</a>), which leads people to
+impose on copiable digital works the economic conclusions that were
+drawn about uncopiable material products.</p>
+<p>
+In addition, describing the users of software as
+“consumers” refers to a framing in which people are
+limited to selecting between whatever “products” are
+available in the “market.” There is no room in this
+framing for the idea that users
+can <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">directly
+exercise control over what a program does</a>.</p>
+<p>
+To describe people who are not limited to passive use of works, we
+suggest terms such as “individuals” and
+“citizens,” rather than “consumers.”</p>
+<p>
+This problem with the word “consumer” has
+been <a
href="http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/11/capitalism-language-raymond-williams">noted
before</a>.
+</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Content">“Content”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+If you want to describe a feeling of comfort and satisfaction, by all
+means say you are “content,” but using the word as a
+noun to describe publications and works of authorship adopts an
+attitude you might rather avoid: it treats them as a
+commodity whose purpose is to fill a box and make money. In effect,
+it disparages the works themselves. If you don't agree with that
+attitude, you can call them “works” or “publications.”
+</p>
+<p>
+Those who use the term “content” are often the publishers
+that push for increased copyright power in the name of the authors
+(“creators,” as they say) of the works. The term
+“content” reveals their real attitude towards these works
+and their authors.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>(See</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>This was also recognized by Tom Chatfield
+<a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2016/aug/02/how-to-deal-with-trump-trolls-online">in
the Guardian</a>:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Content itself is beside the point—as the very use of words like
+content suggests. The moment you start labelling every single piece of
+writing in the world “content,” you have conceded its
+interchangeability: its primary purpose as mere grist to the metrical
+mill.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>See also</em></ins></span> <a
href="http://www.salon.com/2000/06/14/love_7/">Courtney
+Love's open letter to Steve Case</a> and search for “content
+provider” in that page. Alas, Ms. Love is unaware that the term
+“intellectual property” is
+also <a href="#IntellectualProperty"> biased and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>confusing</a>.)</p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>confusing</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+However, as long as other people use the term “content
+provider,” political dissidents can well call themselves
+“malcontent providers.”</p>
+<p>
+The term “content management” takes the prize for vacuity.
+“Content” means “some sort of information,”
+and “management” in this context means “doing
+something with it.” So a “content management
+system” is a system for doing something to some sort of
+information. Nearly all programs fit that description.</p>
+
+<p>
+In most cases, that term really refers to a system for updating pages
+on a web site. For that, we recommend the term “web site revision
+system” (WRS).</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="CreativeCommonsLicensed">“Creative Commons
licensed”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+The most important licensing characteristic of a work is whether it is
+free. Creative Commons publishes seven licenses; three are free
+(CC BY, CC BY-SA and CC0) and the rest are nonfree. Thus, to
+describe a work as “Creative Commons licensed” fails to
+say whether it is free, and suggests that the question is not
+important. The statement may be accurate, but the omission is
+harmful.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To encourage people to pay attention to the most important
+distinction, always specify <em>which</em> Creative Commons
license is
+used, as in “licensed under CC BY-SA.” If you don't know
+which license a certain work uses, find out and then make your
+statement.
+</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Creator">“Creator”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+The term “creator” as applied to authors implicitly
+compares them to a deity (“the creator”). The term is
+used by publishers to elevate authors' moral standing above that of
+ordinary people in order to justify giving them increased copyright
+power, which the publishers can then exercise in their name. We
+recommend saying “author” instead. However, in many cases
+“copyright holder” is what you really mean. These two
+terms are not equivalent: often the copyright holder is not the
+author.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="DigitalGoods">“Digital Goods”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+The term “digital goods,” as applied to copies of works of
+authorship, identifies them with physical goods—which cannot be
+copied, and which therefore have to be manufactured in quantity and
+sold. This metaphor encourages people to judge issues about software
+or other digital works based on their views and intuitions about
+physical goods. It also frames issues in terms of economics, whose
+shallow and limited values don't include freedom and community.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="DigitalLocks">“Digital Locks”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+“Digital locks” is used to refer to Digital Restrictions
+Management by some who criticize it. The problem with this term is
+that it fails to do justice to the badness of DRM. The people who
+adopted that term did not think it through.</p>
+<p>
+Locks are not necessarily oppressive or bad. You probably own several
+locks, and their keys or codes as well; you may find them useful or
+troublesome, but they don't oppress you, because you can open and
+close them. Likewise, we
+find <a
href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/01/encryption-wont-work-if-it-has-a-back-door-only-the-good-guys-have-keys-to-">encryption</a>
+invaluable for protecting our digital files. That too is a kind
+of digital lock that you have control over.</p>
+<p>
+DRM is like a lock placed on you by someone else, who refuses to give
+you the key—in other words, like <em>handcuffs</em>.
Therefore,
+the proper metaphor for DRM is “digital handcuffs,” not
+“digital locks.”</p>
+<p>
+A number of opposition campaigns have chosen the unwise term
+“digital locks”; to get things back on the right track, we
+must firmly insist on correcting this mistake. The FSF can support a
+campaign that opposes “digital locks” if we agree on the
+substance; however, when we state our support, we conspicuously
+replace the term with “digital handcuffs” and say why.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="DigitalRightsManagement">“Digital Rights
Management”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+“Digital Rights Management” (abbreviated
+“DRM”) refers to technical mechanisms designed to impose
+restrictions on computer users. The use of the word
+“rights” in this term is propaganda, designed to lead you
+unawares into seeing the issue from the viewpoint of the few that
+impose the restrictions, and ignoring that of the general public on
+whom these restrictions are imposed.</p>
+<p>
+Good alternatives include “Digital Restrictions
+Management,” and “digital handcuffs.”</p>
+<p>
+Please sign up to support our <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org/">
+campaign to abolish DRM</a>.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Ecosystem">“Ecosystem”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+It is inadvisable to describe the free software community, or any human
+community, as an “ecosystem,” because that word implies
+the absence of ethical judgment.</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “ecosystem” implicitly suggests an attitude of
+nonjudgmental observation: don't ask how what <em>should</em>
happen,
+just study and understand what <em>does</em> happen. In an
ecosystem,
+some organisms consume other organisms. In ecology, we do not ask
+whether it is right for an owl to eat a mouse or for a mouse to eat a
+seed, we only observe that they do so. Species' populations grow or
+shrink according to the conditions; this is neither right nor wrong,
+merely an ecological phenomenon, even if it goes so far as the
+extinction of a species.</p>
+
+<p>
+By contrast, beings that adopt an ethical stance towards their
+surroundings can decide to preserve things that, without their
+intervention, might vanish—such as civil society, democracy,
+human rights, peace, public health, a stable climate, clean air and
+water, endangered species, traditional arts…and computer users'
+freedom.
+</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="FLOSS">“FLOSS”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+The term “FLOSS,” meaning “Free/Libre and Open
+Source Software,” was coined as a way
+to <a href="/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html">be neutral between free
+software and open source</a>. If neutrality is your goal,
+“FLOSS” is the best way to be neutral. But if you want to
+show you stand for freedom, don't use a neutral term.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="ForFree">“For free”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+If you want to say that a program is free software, please don't say
+that it is available “for free.” That term specifically
+means “for zero price.” Free software is a matter of
+freedom, not price.</p>
+<p>
+Free software copies are often available for free—for example,
+by downloading via FTP. But free software copies are also available
+for a price on CD-ROMs; meanwhile, proprietary software copies are
+occasionally available for free in promotions, and some proprietary
+packages are normally available at no charge to certain users.</p>
+<p>
+To avoid confusion, you can say that the program is available
+“as free software.”</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="FOSS">“FOSS”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+The term “FOSS,” meaning “Free and Open Source
+Software,” was coined as a way
+to <a href="/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html">be neutral between free
+software and open source</a>, but it doesn't really do that. If
+neutrality is your goal, “FLOSS” is better. But if you
+want to show you stand for freedom, don't use a neutral term.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="FreelyAvailable">“Freely available”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+Don't use “freely available software” as a synonym for “free
+software.” The terms are not equivalent. Software is “freely
+available” if anyone can easily get a copy. “Free
+software” is defined in terms of the freedom of users that have
+a copy of it. These are answers to different questions.
+</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Freeware">“Freeware”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+Please don't use the term “freeware” as a synonym for
+“free software.” The term “freeware” was used
+often in the 1980s for programs released only as executables, with
+source code not available. Today it has no particular agreed-on
+definition.</p>
+<p>
+When using languages other than English, please avoid
+borrowing English terms such as “free software” or
+“freeware.” It is better to translate the term “free
+software” into
+<a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">your
language</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+By using a word in <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">your
+own language</a>, you show that you are really referring to freedom
+and not just parroting some mysterious foreign marketing concept.
+The reference to freedom may at first seem strange or disturbing
+to your compatriots, but once they see that it means exactly what
+it says, they will really understand what the issue is.
+</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="GiveAwaySoftware">“Give away software”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+It's misleading to use the term “give away” to mean
+“distribute a program as free software.”
+This locution has the same
+problem as “for free”: it implies the issue is price, not
+freedom. One way to avoid the confusion is to say “release as
+free software.”</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Google">“Google”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+Please avoid using the term “google” as a verb, meaning to
+search for something on the internet. “Google” is just the
+name of one particular search engine among others. We suggest to use
+the term “search the web” or (in some contexts) just
+“search”. Try to use a search engine that respects your
+privacy; <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/">DuckDuckGo</a> claims
not
+to track its users, although we cannot confirm.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Hacker">“Hacker”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+A hacker is someone
+who <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html"> enjoys
+playful cleverness</a>—not necessarily with computers. The
+programmers in the old
+<abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> free
+software community of the 60s and 70s referred to themselves as
+hackers. Around 1980, journalists who discovered the hacker community
+mistakenly took the term to mean “security breaker.”</p>
+
+<p>
+Please don't spread this mistake.
+People who break security are “crackers.”</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="IntellectualProperty">“Intellectual
property”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+Publishers and lawyers like to describe copyright as
+“intellectual property”—a term also applied to
+patents, trademarks, and other more obscure areas of law. These laws
+have so little in common, and differ so much, that it is ill-advised
+to generalize about them. It is best to talk specifically about
+“copyright,” or about “patents,” or about
+“trademarks.”</p>
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” carries a hidden
+assumption—that the way to think about all these disparate
+issues is based on an analogy with physical objects,
+and our conception of them as physical property.</p>
+<p>
+When it comes to copying, this analogy disregards the crucial
+difference between material objects and information: information can
+be copied and shared almost effortlessly, while material objects can't
+be.</p>
+<p>
+To avoid spreading unnecessary bias and confusion, it is best to adopt
+a firm policy <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"> not to speak or even
+think in terms of “intellectual property”</a>.</p>
+<p>
+The hypocrisy of calling these powers “rights” is
+<a href="/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html">
+starting to make the World “Intellectual Property”
+Organization embarrassed</a>.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="LAMP">“LAMP system”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+“LAMP” stands for “Linux, Apache, MySQL and
+PHP”—a common combination of software to use on a web
+server, except that “Linux” in this context really refers
+to the GNU/Linux system. So instead of “LAMP” it should
+be “GLAMP”: “GNU, Linux, Apache, MySQL and
+PHP.”
+</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Linux">“Linux system”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+Linux is the name of the kernel that Linus Torvalds developed starting
+in 1991. The operating system in which Linux is used is basically GNU
+with Linux added. To call the whole system “Linux” is
+both unfair and confusing. Please call the complete
+system <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html"> GNU/Linux</a>, both to
give
+the GNU Project credit and to distinguish the whole system from the
+kernel alone.
+</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Market">“Market”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+It is misleading to describe the users of free software, or the
+software users in general, as a “market.”</p>
+<p>
+This is not to say there is no room for markets in the free software community.
+If you have a free software
+support business, then you have clients, and you trade with them in a
+market. As long as you respect their freedom, we wish you success in
+your market.</p>
+<p>
+But the free software movement is a social movement, not a business,
+and the success it aims for is not a market success. We are trying to
+serve the public by giving it freedom—not competing to draw business
+away from a rival. To equate this campaign for freedom to a business's
+efforts for mere success is to deny the importance of freedom
+and legitimize proprietary software.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Monetize">“Monetize”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+The proper definition of “monetize” is “to use
+something as currency.” For instance, human societies have
+monetized gold, silver, copper, printed paper, special kinds of
+seashells, and large rocks. However, we now see a tendency to use the
+word in another way, meaning “to use something as a basis for
+profit”.</p>
+<p>
+That usage casts the profit as primary, and the thing used to get the
+profit as secondary. That attitude applied to a software project is
+objectionable because it would lead the developers to make the program
+proprietary, if they conclude that making it free/libre isn't
+sufficiently profitable.</p>
+<p>
+A productive and ethical business can make money, but if it
+subordinates all else to profit, it is not likely to remain
+ethical.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="MP3Player">“MP3 Player”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+In the late 1990s it became feasible to make portable, solid-state
+digital audio players. Most support the patented MP3 codec, but not
+all. Some support the patent-free audio codecs Ogg Vorbis and FLAC,
+and may not even support MP3-encoded files at all, precisely to avoid
+these patents. To call such players “MP3 players” is not
+only confusing, it also privileges the MP3 that we ought to reject.
+We suggest the terms “digital audio player,”
+or simply “audio player” if context permits.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Open">“Open”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+Please avoid using the term “open” or “open
+source” as a substitute for “free software.” Those terms
+refer to a <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+different set of views</a> based on different values. The free software
+movement campaigns for your freedom in your computing, as a matter
+of justice. The open source non-movement does not campaign for anything
+in this way.</p>
+
+<p>When referring to the open source views, it's correct to use that
+name, but please do not use that term when talking about us, our
+software, or our views—that leads people to suppose our views
+are similar to theirs.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="PC">“PC”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+It's OK to use the abbreviation “PC” to refer to a certain
+kind of computer hardware, but please don't use it with the
+implication that the computer is running Microsoft Windows. If you
+install GNU/Linux on the same computer, it is still a PC.</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “WC” has been suggested for a computer running
+Windows.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Photoshop">“Photoshop”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+Please avoid using the term “photoshop” as a verb, meaning
+any kind of photo manipulation or image editing in general. Photoshop
+is just the name of one particular image editing program, which should
+be avoided since it is proprietary. There are plenty of free programs
+for editing images, such as the <a
href="/software/gimp">GIMP</a>.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Piracy">“Piracy”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+Publishers often refer to copying they don't approve of as
+“piracy.” In this way, they imply that it is ethically
+equivalent to attacking ships on the high seas, kidnapping and
+murdering the people on them. Based on such propaganda, they have
+procured laws in most of the world to forbid copying in most (or
+sometimes all) circumstances. (They are still pressuring to make
+these prohibitions more complete.)
+</p>
+<p>
+If you don't believe that copying not approved by the publisher is
+just like kidnapping and murder, you might prefer not to use the word
+“piracy” to describe it. Neutral terms such as
+“unauthorized copying” (or “prohibited
+copying” for the situation where it is illegal) are available
+for use instead. Some of us might even prefer to use a positive term
+such as “sharing information with your neighbor.”</p>
+
+<p>
+A US judge, presiding over a trial for copyright infringement,
+recognized that
+<a
href="http://torrentfreak.com/mpaa-banned-from-using-piracy-and-theft-terms-in-hotfile-trial-131129/">“piracy”
+and “theft” are smear words.</a></p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="PowerPoint">“PowerPoint”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+Please avoid using the term “PowerPoint” to mean any kind
+of slide presentation. “PowerPoint” is just the name of
+one particular proprietary program to make presentations. For your
+freedom's sake, you should use only free software to make your
+presentations. Recommended options include TeX's <tt>beamer</tt>
+class and LibreOffice.org's Impress.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Protection">“Protection”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+Publishers' lawyers love to use the term “protection” to
+describe copyright. This word carries the implication of preventing
+destruction or suffering; therefore, it encourages people to identify
+with the owner and publisher who benefit from copyright, rather than
+with the users who are restricted by it.</p>
+<p>
+It is easy to avoid “protection” and use neutral terms
+instead. For example, instead of saying, “Copyright protection lasts a
+very long time,” you can say, “Copyright lasts a very long
+time.”</p>
+<p>
+Likewise, instead of saying, “protected by copyright,” you
+can say, “covered by copyright” or just
+“copyrighted.”</p>
+<p>
+If you want to criticize copyright rather than be neutral, you can
+use the term “copyright restrictions.” Thus, you can say,
+“Copyright restrictions last a very long time.”</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “protection” is also used to describe malicious
+features. For instance, “copy protection” is a feature
+that interferes with copying. From the user's point of view, this is
+obstruction. So we could call that malicious feature “copy
+obstruction.” More often it is called Digital Restrictions
+Management (DRM)—see the
+<a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org"> Defective by Design</a>
+campaign.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="RAND">“RAND (Reasonable and
Non-Discriminatory)”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+Standards bodies that promulgate patent-restricted standards that
+prohibit free software typically have a policy of obtaining patent
+licenses that require a fixed fee per copy of a conforming program.
+They often refer to such licenses by the term “RAND,”
+which stands for “reasonable and non-discriminatory.”</p>
+<p>
+That term whitewashes a class of patent licenses that are normally
+neither reasonable nor nondiscriminatory. It is true that these
+licenses do not discriminate against any specific person, but they do
+discriminate against the free software community, and that makes them
+unreasonable. Thus, half of the term “RAND” is deceptive
+and the other half is prejudiced.</p>
+<p>
+Standards bodies should recognize that these licenses are
+discriminatory, and drop the use of the term “reasonable and
+non-discriminatory” or “RAND” to describe them.
+Until they do so, writers who do not wish to join in the
+whitewashing would do well to reject that term. To accept and use it
+merely because patent-wielding companies have made it widespread is to
+let those companies dictate the views you express.</p>
+<p>
+We suggest the term “uniform fee only,” or
+“UFO” for short, as a replacement. It is accurate because
+the only condition in these licenses is a uniform royalty fee.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="SaaS">“SaaS” or “Software as a
Service”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+We used to say that SaaS (short for “Software as a
+Service”) is an injustice, but then we found that there was a
+lot of variation in people's understanding of which activities count
+as SaaS. So we switched to a new term, “Service as a Software
+Substitute” or “SaaSS.” This term has two
+advantages: it wasn't used before, so our definition is the only one,
+and it explains what the injustice consists of.</p>
+<p>
+See <a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Who
+Does That Server Really Serve?</a> for discussion of this
+issue.</p>
+<p>
+In Spanish we continue to use the term “software como
+servicio” because the joke of “software como ser
+vicio” (“software, as being pernicious”) is too good
+to give up.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="SellSoftware">“Sell software”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+The term “sell software” is ambiguous. Strictly speaking,
+exchanging a copy of a free program for a sum of money
+is <a href="/philosophy/selling.html"> selling the program</a>, and
+there is nothing wrong with doing that. However, people usually
+associate the term “selling software” with proprietary
+restrictions on the subsequent use of the software. You can be clear,
+and prevent confusion, by saying either “distributing copies of
+a program for a fee” or “imposing proprietary restrictions
+on the use of a program.”</p>
+<p>
+See <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free Software</a>
for
+further discussion of this issue.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="SharingEconomy">“Sharing economy”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+The term “sharing economy” is not a good way to refer to
+services such as Uber and Airbnb that arrange business transactions
+between people. We use the term “sharing” to refer to
+noncommercial cooperation, including noncommercial redistribution of
+exact copies of published works. Stretching the word
+“sharing” to include these transactions undermines its
+meaning, so we don't use it in this context.</p>
+<p>
+A more suitable term for businesses like Uber is the
+“piecework service economy.”</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Skype">“Skype”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+Please avoid using the term “skype” as a verb, meaning any
+kind of video communication or telephony over the Internet in general.
+“Skype” is just the name of one particular proprietary
+program, one that <a
+href="/philosophy/proprietary/proprietary-surveillance.html#SpywareInSkype">
+spies on its users</a>. If you want to make video and voice calls over
the
+Internet in a way that respects both your freedom and your privacy, try
+one of the <a
href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group:Skype_Replacement">
+numerous free Skype replacements</a>.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="SoftwareIndustry">“Software Industry”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+The term “software industry” encourages people to imagine
+that software is always developed by a sort of factory and then
+delivered to “consumers.” The free software community
+shows this is not the case. Software businesses exist, and various
+businesses develop free and/or nonfree software, but those that
+develop free software are not run like factories.</p>
+<p>
+The term “industry” is being used as propaganda by
+advocates of software patents. They call software development
+“industry” and then try to argue that this means it should
+be subject to patent monopolies. <a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215073111/http://eupat.ffii.org/papers/europarl0309/";
+title="archived version of http://eupat.ffii.org/papers/europarl0309/">The
+European Parliament, rejecting software patents in 2003, voted to
+define “industry” as “automated production of
+material goods.”</a></p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="SourceModel">“Source model”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+Wikipedia uses the term “source model” in a confused and
+ambiguous way. Ostensibly it refers to how a program's source is
+distributed, but the text confuses this with the development
+methodology. It distinguishes “open source” and
+”shared source” as answers, but they overlap —
+Microsoft uses the latter as a marketing term to cover a range of
+practices, some of which are “open source”. Thus, this
+term really conveys no coherent information, but it provides an
+opportunity to say “open source” in pages describing free
+software programs.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM
--></em></ins></span>
+<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX = /^.(es)$/" -->
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: translate if this word is used often in your
+ language to refer to mobile computers; otherwise,
+ fill the translation with a space. -->
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Terminal">“Terminal”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Mobile phones and tablets are computers, and people should be
+able to do their computing on them using free software.
+To call them “terminals” supposes that all they are good for
+is to connect to servers, which is a bad way to do your own
computing.</p>
+<!--#endif -->
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Theft">“Theft”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+The supporters of a too-strict, repressive form of copyright often use
+words like “stolen” and “theft” to refer to
+copyright infringement. This is spin, but they would like you to take
+it for objective truth.</p>
+<p>
+Under the US legal system, copyright infringement is not theft. Laws
+about theft are not applicable to copyright infringement. The
+supporters of repressive copyright are making an appeal to
+authority—and misrepresenting what authority says.</p>
+<p>
+To refute them, you can point to this
+<a
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2013/may/04/harper-lee-kill-mockingbird-copyright">
+real case</a> which shows what can properly be described as
+“copyright theft.”</p>
+<p>
+Unauthorized copying is forbidden by copyright law in many
+circumstances (not all!), but being forbidden doesn't make it wrong.
+In general, laws don't define right and wrong. Laws, at their best,
+attempt to implement justice. If the laws (the implementation) don't
+fit our ideas of right and wrong (the spec), the laws are what should
+change.</p>
+
+<p>
+A US judge, presiding over a trial for copyright infringement,
+recognized that
+<a
href="http://torrentfreak.com/mpaa-banned-from-using-piracy-and-theft-terms-in-hotfile-trial-131129/">“piracy”
+and “theft” are smear-words.</a></p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="TrustedComputing">“Trusted Computing”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“Trusted
computing”</a> is
+the proponents' name for a scheme to redesign computers so that
+application developers can trust your computer to obey them instead of
+you. From their point of view, it is “trusted”; from your
+point of view, it is “treacherous.”
+</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY --></em></ins></span>
+<h3 id="Vendor">“Vendor”</h3>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY
--></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+Please don't use the term “vendor” to refer generally to
+anyone that develops or packages software. Many programs
+are developed in order to sell copies, and their developers are
+therefore their vendors; this even includes some free software packages.
+However, many programs are developed by volunteers or organizations
+which do not intend to sell copies. These developers are not vendors.
+Likewise, only some of the packagers of GNU/Linux distributions are
+vendors. We recommend the general term “supplier” instead.
+</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><div class="announcement">
+<blockquote><p>Also note <a
href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
+Software</a>
+and <a href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">Why Call It The
+Swindle?</a></p></blockquote>
+</div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- GNUN-SORT-STOP --></em></ins></span>
+
+<hr />
+<blockquote id="fsfs"><p class="big">This essay is published
+in <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007,
+2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2016 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2016/09/14 17:59:25 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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