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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/philosophy free-software-for-freedom.pl.htm... |
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Date: |
Wed, 25 May 2016 17:58:40 +0000 (UTC) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 16/05/25 17:58:40
Modified files:
philosophy : free-software-for-freedom.pl.html
gnutella.hr.html gnutella.nl.html
gnutella.pl.html nonfree-games.pl.html
right-to-read.lt.html right-to-read.pl.html
surveillance-vs-democracy.lt.html
trivial-patent.nl.html trivial-patent.pl.html
philosophy/po : gnutella.hr-diff.html
nonfree-games.pl-diff.html
right-to-read.pl-diff.html
surveillance-vs-democracy.lt-diff.html
trivial-patent.nl-diff.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : free-software-for-freedom.pl-diff.html
gnutella.nl-diff.html gnutella.pl-diff.html
right-to-read.lt-diff.html
trivial-patent.pl-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.70&r2=1.71
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/gnutella.hr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/gnutella.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/gnutella.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.43&r2=1.44
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/nonfree-games.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/right-to-read.lt.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/right-to-read.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.54&r2=1.55
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.lt.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/trivial-patent.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/trivial-patent.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/gnutella.hr-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/nonfree-games.pl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/right-to-read.pl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.lt-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-software-for-freedom.pl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/gnutella.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/gnutella.pl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/right-to-read.lt-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.pl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: free-software-for-freedom.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.70
retrieving revision 1.71
diff -u -b -r1.70 -r1.71
--- free-software-for-freedom.pl.html 16 Jan 2016 00:04:57 -0000 1.70
+++ free-software-for-freedom.pl.html 25 May 2016 17:58:37 -0000 1.71
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/free-software-for-freedom.pl.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/free-software-for-freedom.pl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/free-software-for-freedom.pl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2016-03-26" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-software-for-freedom.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pl.html" -->
<h2>Dlaczego termin „Free Software” jest lepszy niż „Open
Source”</h2>
@@ -503,7 +509,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2016/01/16 00:04:57 $
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:37 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnutella.hr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/gnutella.hr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- gnutella.hr.html 23 May 2015 05:09:13 -0000 1.12
+++ gnutella.hr.html 25 May 2016 17:58:38 -0000 1.13
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/gnutella.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/gnutella.hr.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/gnutella.hr.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/gnutella.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/gnutella.hr-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2016-03-26" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/gnutella.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.hr.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/gnutella.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.hr.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.hr.html" -->
<h2>O Gnutelli</h2>
<p>
@@ -114,7 +120,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Vrijeme zadnje izmjene:
-$Date: 2015/05/23 05:09:13 $
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:38 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnutella.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/gnutella.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- gnutella.nl.html 9 Feb 2015 21:02:57 -0000 1.6
+++ gnutella.nl.html 25 May 2016 17:58:38 -0000 1.7
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/gnutella.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/gnutella.nl.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/gnutella.nl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/gnutella.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/gnutella.nl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2016-03-26" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/gnutella.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.nl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/gnutella.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
<h2>Wat betreft Gnutella</h2>
<p>
@@ -115,7 +121,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2015/02/09 21:02:57 $
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:38 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnutella.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/gnutella.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.43
retrieving revision 1.44
diff -u -b -r1.43 -r1.44
--- gnutella.pl.html 16 Jan 2016 00:04:58 -0000 1.43
+++ gnutella.pl.html 25 May 2016 17:58:38 -0000 1.44
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/gnutella.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/gnutella.pl.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/gnutella.pl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/gnutella.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/gnutella.pl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2016-03-26" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/gnutella.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/gnutella.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pl.html" -->
<h2>O Gnutelli</h2>
<p>
@@ -120,7 +126,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2016/01/16 00:04:58 $
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:38 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: nonfree-games.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/nonfree-games.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- nonfree-games.pl.html 1 Mar 2016 04:27:37 -0000 1.10
+++ nonfree-games.pl.html 25 May 2016 17:58:38 -0000 1.11
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/nonfree-games.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/nonfree-games.pl.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/nonfree-games.pl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/nonfree-games.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/nonfree-games.pl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2016-03-26" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/nonfree-games.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/nonfree-games.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pl.html" -->
<h2>Niewolne gry z DRM na GNU/Linuksa: Dobre czy zÅe?</h2>
<p><a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
@@ -169,7 +175,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2016/03/01 04:27:37 $
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:38 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: right-to-read.lt.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.lt.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- right-to-read.lt.html 26 Jan 2016 06:35:17 -0000 1.2
+++ right-to-read.lt.html 25 May 2016 17:58:38 -0000 1.3
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/right-to-read.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.lt.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/right-to-read.lt.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/right-to-read.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.lt-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2016-03-26" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/right-to-read.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.lt.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.lt.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.lt.html" -->
<h2>TeisÄ skaityti</h2>
<p>
@@ -462,7 +468,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Atnaujinta:
-$Date: 2016/01/26 06:35:17 $
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:38 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: right-to-read.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.54
retrieving revision 1.55
diff -u -b -r1.54 -r1.55
--- right-to-read.pl.html 8 Feb 2016 06:34:42 -0000 1.54
+++ right-to-read.pl.html 25 May 2016 17:58:38 -0000 1.55
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/right-to-read.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.pl.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/right-to-read.pl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/right-to-read.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.pl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2016-03-26" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/right-to-read.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pl.html" -->
<h2>Prawo do czytania</h2>
<p>
@@ -485,7 +491,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2016/02/08 06:34:42 $
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:38 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: surveillance-vs-democracy.lt.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.lt.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- surveillance-vs-democracy.lt.html 19 Jan 2016 07:08:22 -0000 1.5
+++ surveillance-vs-democracy.lt.html 25 May 2016 17:58:38 -0000 1.6
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.lt.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.lt.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.lt-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2016-03-26" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.lt.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.lt.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.lt.html" -->
<h2>Kiek daug sekimo demokratija gali atlaikyti?</h2>
<p>pagal <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
@@ -536,7 +542,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Atnaujinta:
-$Date: 2016/01/19 07:08:22 $
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:38 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: trivial-patent.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/trivial-patent.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- trivial-patent.nl.html 9 Feb 2015 21:03:02 -0000 1.10
+++ trivial-patent.nl.html 25 May 2016 17:58:38 -0000 1.11
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/trivial-patent.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.nl.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.nl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/trivial-patent.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.nl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2016-03-26" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/trivial-patent.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.nl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
<h2>Een Triviaal Patent Ontleedt</h2>
<p>door <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
@@ -297,7 +303,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2015/02/09 21:03:02 $
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:38 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: trivial-patent.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/trivial-patent.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.30
retrieving revision 1.31
diff -u -b -r1.30 -r1.31
--- trivial-patent.pl.html 16 Jan 2016 00:05:02 -0000 1.30
+++ trivial-patent.pl.html 25 May 2016 17:58:38 -0000 1.31
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/trivial-patent.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.pl.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.pl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/trivial-patent.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.pl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2016-03-26" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/trivial-patent.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pl.html" -->
<h2>Anatomia trywialnego patentu</h2>
<p><a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p>
@@ -321,7 +327,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2016/01/16 00:05:02 $
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:38 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/gnutella.hr-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/gnutella.hr-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- po/gnutella.hr-diff.html 31 Aug 2013 20:12:59 -0000 1.4
+++ po/gnutella.hr-diff.html 25 May 2016 17:58:39 -0000 1.5
@@ -11,21 +11,13 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
<title>Regarding Gnutella
-- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/gnutella.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<h2>Regarding Gnutella</h2>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0
Strict, but may be served as -->
-<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
-<!-- appendex C of the XHTML 1.0 standard. See validator.w3.org. -->
-
-<!-- Please ensure links are consistent with Apache's MultiView. -->
-<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
-<!-- language, where necessary. --></strong></del></span>
-
<p>
“Gnutella” is, at present, the name for a protocol for distributed
file sharing, mostly used for music files. The name also sometimes
@@ -49,13 +41,17 @@
<p>
There are a number of free software programs that implement the
Gnutella protocol, such as <a
-href="http://gtk-gnutella.sourceforge.net/">gtk-gnutella</a>, <a
-href="http://mutella.sourceforge.net/">mutella</a>, and <a
-href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/gnucleus/">gnucleus</a>. Please
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://gtk-gnutella.sourceforge.net/">gtk-gnutella</a>,</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://gtk-gnutella.sourceforge.net/en/">Gtk-Gnutella</a>,</em></ins></span>
<a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://mutella.sourceforge.net/">mutella</a>,</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://mutella.sourceforge.net/">Mutella</a>,</em></ins></span>
and <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/gnucleus/">gnucleus</a>.</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/gnucleus/">Gnucleus</a>.</em></ins></span>
Please
note, however, that none of these programs are officially <a
href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU software</a>
either. GNU has its own peer-to-peer networking program, <a
-href="/software/GNUnet/">GNUnet</a>, whose
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/software/GNUnet/">GNUnet</a>,</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/software/gnunet/">GNUnet</a>,</em></ins></span>
whose
documentation includes a <a
href="https://gnunet.org/compare">comparison of the
protocols</a>.</p>
@@ -77,30 +73,16 @@
can use it. Even the US legal system nominally
<a href="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.html">rejects</a> that
anti-social idea.</p>
-
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- If needed, change the copyright
block at the bottom. In general, -->
-<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
-<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
-->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002."
--></strong></del></span>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
-Please</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.</strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</em></ins></span>
There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
-Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other
-corrections or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be
sent</em></ins></span> to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p></strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and
other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
replace it with the translation of these two:
@@ -114,29 +96,24 @@
<p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
- README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+ README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
-information on coordinating and submitting translations of this <span
class="removed"><del><strong>article.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this
article.</p>
+</div>
-<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 2004, 2005, 2007 Free Software
Foundation, <span class="removed"><del><strong>Inc.,
-</p>
-<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110,
USA</address></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Inc.</p></em></ins></span>
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2005, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2007</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2007, 2016</em></ins></span> Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
-</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<p>Updated:
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2013/08/31 20:12:59 $
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:39 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/nonfree-games.pl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/nonfree-games.pl-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/nonfree-games.pl-diff.html 29 Feb 2016 21:00:28 -0000 1.1
+++ po/nonfree-games.pl-diff.html 25 May 2016 17:58:40 -0000 1.2
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
this have?</p>
<p>I suppose that availability of popular nonfree programs on
-GNU/Linux can boost adoption of the system. However, the aim of GNU
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>the</em></ins></span> GNU/Linux <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>system</em></ins></span> can boost adoption of the
system. However, the aim of GNU
goes beyond “success”; its purpose is
to <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html"> bring
freedom to the users </a>. Thus, the larger question is how this
@@ -43,9 +43,11 @@
<p>Nonfree game programs (like other nonfree programs) are unethical
because they deny freedom to their users. (Game art is a different
-issue, because it isn't software.) If you want freedom, one requisite
-for it is not having or running nonfree programs on your computer.
-That much is clear.</p>
+issue, because
+it <span class="removed"><del><strong>isn't software.)</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em><a
href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.html">isn't
+software</a>.)</em></ins></span> If you want freedom, one requisite for
it is not
+having or running nonfree programs on your computer. That much is
+clear.</p>
<p>However, if you're going to use these games, you're better off using
them on GNU/Linux rather than on Microsoft Windows. At least you avoid
@@ -68,10 +70,9 @@
<p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not price. A free game need
not be gratis. It is feasible to develop free games commercially,
while respecting your freedom to change the software you use. Since
-the art in the game is not software, it <span
class="removed"><del><strong>does</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>is</em></ins></span> not <span
class="removed"><del><strong>need</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>ethically imperative</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>be
-free.</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>make the art free — though free art is
an additional
-contribution.</em></ins></span> There is in fact free game software developed
by
+the art in the game is not software, it is not ethically imperative to
+make the art free — though free art is an additional
+contribution. There is in fact free game software developed by
companies, as well as free games developed noncommercially by
volunteers. Crowdfunding development will only get easier.</p>
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -140,18 +141,17 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2013</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2013, 2015, 2016</em></ins></span> Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2013, 2015, 2016 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
-Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2016/02/29 21:00:28 $
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:40 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/right-to-read.pl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/right-to-read.pl-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- po/right-to-read.pl-diff.html 6 Feb 2015 13:27:44 -0000 1.2
+++ po/right-to-read.pl-diff.html 25 May 2016 17:58:40 -0000 1.3
@@ -164,9 +164,7 @@
universal right to read soon became one of its central aims.</p>
-<h3 id="AuthorsNote">Author's <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Note</h3>
-
-<p>[This</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Notes</h3>
+<h3 id="AuthorsNote">Author's Notes</h3>
<ul>
<li>This story is supposedly a historical article that will be written in
@@ -179,8 +177,8 @@
</li>
<li>
-<p>The following</em></ins></span> note has been updated several times
since the first
-publication of the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>story.]</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>story.</p></em></ins></span>
+<p>The following note has been updated several times since the first
+publication of the story.</p>
<p>
The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may
@@ -213,7 +211,7 @@
the danger is once again higher.</p>
<p>
-In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed Free Trade Area of
+In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed “Free Trade”
Area of
the Americas (FTAA) treaty to impose the same rules on all the countries in
the Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called free
trade treaties, which are actually designed to give business
@@ -303,8 +301,8 @@
<p>
This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: pressure most
everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their rights under it.</p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></li>
-</ul></em></ins></span>
+</li>
+</ul>
<h3 id="BadNews">Bad News</h3>
@@ -322,7 +320,7 @@
a <a href="http://www.nature.com/principles/viewTermsOfUse">
contract not to lend it to anyone else</a>, which the publisher can
revoke at will.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://www.zdnet.com/news/seybold-opens-chapter-on-digital-books/103151">Electronic
+<li><a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.zdnet.com/news/seybold-opens-chapter-on-digital-books/103151">Electronic</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://www.zdnet.com/article/seybold-opens-chapter-on-digital-books/">Electronic</em></ins></span>
Publishing:</a> An article about distribution of books in
electronic form, and copyright issues affecting the right to read
a copy.</li>
@@ -334,7 +332,7 @@
<p>If we want to stop the bad news and create some good news, we need
to organize and fight. The
FSF's <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org"> Defective by
Design</a>
-campaign has made a start — subscribe to the campaign's mailing
+campaign has made a start; subscribe to the campaign's mailing
list to lend a hand. And <a href="http://www.fsf.org/associate">join
the FSF</a> to help fund our work.
</p>
@@ -374,9 +372,11 @@
<ul>
<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Philosophy of the
GNU Project</a></li>
- <li><a
href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/49358/Copy_Protection_Just_Say_No";
- id="COPYPROCTECTION">Copy Protection: Just Say No</a>,
- Published in Computer World.</li>
+ <li><a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/49358/Copy_Protection_Just_Say_No";
+ id="COPYPROCTECTION">Copy</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://www.computerworld.com/article/2596679/networking/copy-protection--just-say-no.html";
+ id="copy-protection">Copy</em></ins></span> Protection: Just
Say No</a>,
+ <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Published</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>published</em></ins></span> in
Computer World.</li>
</ul>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -426,17 +426,17 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2010</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2010, 2014</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2016
Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/02/06 13:27:44 $
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:40 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/surveillance-vs-democracy.lt-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.lt-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/surveillance-vs-democracy.lt-diff.html 16 Dec 2015 10:30:25 -0000
1.1
+++ po/surveillance-vs-democracy.lt-diff.html 25 May 2016 17:58:40 -0000
1.2
@@ -20,8 +20,9 @@
<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></p>
-<blockquote><p>A version of this article was first published
-in <a
href="http://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/10/a-necessary-evil-what-it-takes-for-democracy-to-survive-surveillance/">Wired</a>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- rms: I deleted the link because of
Wired's announced
+ anti-ad-block system --></em></ins></span>
+<blockquote><p>A version of this article was first published in
<span class="removed"><del><strong><a
href="http://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/10/a-necessary-evil-what-it-takes-for-democracy-to-survive-surveillance/">Wired</a></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Wired</em></ins></span>
in October 2013.</p></blockquote>
<p>Thanks to Edward Snowden's disclosures, we know that the current
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@
I've advocated for 30 years</a>, is the first step in taking control
of our digital lives, and that includes preventing surveillance. We
can't trust nonfree software; the NSA
-<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://blogs.computerworlduk.com/open-enterprise/2013/06/how-can-any-company-ever-trust-microsoft-again/index.htm">uses</a></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://www.computerworlduk.com/blogs/open-enterprise/how-can-any-company-ever-trust-microsoft-again-3569376/">uses</a></em></ins></span>
+<a
href="http://www.computerworlduk.com/blogs/open-enterprise/how-can-any-company-ever-trust-microsoft-again-3569376/">uses</a>
and
even <a
href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/05/nsa-gchq-encryption-codes-security">creates</a>
security weaknesses in nonfree software to invade our own computers
@@ -120,7 +121,9 @@
long <a href="http://www.sweetliberty.org/issues/privacy/lein1.htm">used
their access to driver's license records to track down someone
attractive</a>, a practice known as “running a plate for a
-date.”</p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>date.”</p></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>date.” This practice has expanded with
<a
href="https://theyarewatching.org/issues/risks-increase-once-data-shared">new
digital systems</a>.
+</p></em></ins></span>
<p>Surveillance data will always be used for other purposes, even if
this is prohibited. Once the data has been accumulated and the state
@@ -256,8 +259,8 @@
who they talk with.</p>
<p>Internet-connected cameras often have lousy digital security
-themselves,
-so <a
href="http://www.networkworld.com/community/blog/cia-wants-spy-you-through-your-appliances">anyone
+themselves, so <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.networkworld.com/community/blog/cia-wants-spy-you-through-your-appliances">anyone</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://www.networkworld.com/article/2221934/microsoft-subnet/cia-wants-to-spy-on-you-through-your-appliances.html">anyone</em></ins></span>
could watch what the camera sees</a>. To restore privacy, we should
ban the use of Internet-connected cameras aimed where and when the
public is admitted, except when carried by people. Everyone must be
@@ -286,7 +289,12 @@
and <a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/02/us/drug-agents-use-vast-phone-trove-eclipsing-nsas.html?_r=0">makes
them available to the DEA</a> to search on request. Strictly
speaking, the U.S. government does not possess that data, but in
-practical terms it may as well possess it.</p>
+practical terms it may as well possess <span
class="removed"><del><strong>it.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>it. Some companies are praised
+for <a
href="https://www.eff.org/who-has-your-back-government-data-requests-2015">resisting
+government data requests to the limited extent they can</a>, but that
+can only partly compensate for the harm they do to by collecting that
+data in the first place. In addition, many of those companies misuse
+the data directly or provide it to data brokers.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>The goal of making journalism and democracy safe therefore requires
that we reduce the data collected about people by any organization,
@@ -306,8 +314,8 @@
privacy than commitments to uphold it.</p>
<p>We could correct both problems by adopting a system of anonymous
-payments—anonymous for the payer, that is. (We don't want the
-payee to dodge
+payments—anonymous for the payer, that is. (We don't want <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>to
+help</em></ins></span> the payee <span
class="removed"><del><strong>to</strong></del></span> dodge
taxes.) <a
href="http://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/05/lets-cut-through-the-bitcoin-hype/">Bitcoin
is not anonymous</a>, though there are efforts to develop ways to pay
anonymously with Bitcoin. However, technology
@@ -458,16 +466,16 @@
<p>Digital technology has brought about a tremendous increase in the
level of surveillance of our movements, actions, and communications.
-It is far more than we experienced in the 1990s,
-and <a
href="http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2013/06/your_iphone_works_for_the_secret_police.html">far
+It is far more than we experienced in the 1990s, and <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2013/06/your_iphone_works_for_the_secret_police.html">far</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://hbr.org/2013/06/your-iphone-works-for-the-secret-police">far</em></ins></span>
more than people behind the Iron Curtain experienced</a> in the 1980s,
and proposed legal limits on state use of the accumulated data would
not alter that.</p>
<p>Companies are designing even more intrusive surveillance. Some
project that pervasive surveillance, hooked to companies such as
-Facebook, could have deep effects
-on <a
href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/10/internet-of-things-predictable-people">how
+Facebook, could have deep effects on <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/10/internet-of-things-predictable-people">how</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/10/internet-of-things-predictable-people">how</em></ins></span>
people think</a>. Such possibilities are imponderable; but the threat
to democracy is not speculation. It exists and is visible today.</p>
@@ -523,7 +531,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2015 Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2015</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2015, 2016</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
@@ -533,7 +541,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/12/16 10:30:25 $
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:40 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/trivial-patent.nl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.nl-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- po/trivial-patent.nl-diff.html 12 Apr 2014 13:59:54 -0000 1.6
+++ po/trivial-patent.nl-diff.html 25 May 2016 17:58:40 -0000 1.7
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.77
--></em></ins></span>
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
-<title>The Anatomy of a Trivial Patent - GNU project - Free Software
<span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+<title>The Anatomy of a Trivial Patent - GNU project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
@@ -247,34 +247,26 @@
the software field do no good either. What software patents do is put
software developers and users under threat.</p>
-<p>The patent system is supposed, intended, to promote progress, and
-those who benefit from software patents ask us to believe without
-question that they do have that effect. But programmers' experience
-shows otherwise. New theoretical analysis shows that this is no paradox.
-(See <a href="http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf">
-http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf</a>.) There is no reason
-why society should expose software developers and users to the danger
-of software patents.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+<p>The patent system is supposed, intended, to promote progress, and
those who
+benefit from software patents ask us to believe without question that they do
+have that effect. But programmers' experience shows otherwise. New theoretical
+analysis shows that this is no paradox. (See <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf">
+http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf</a>.)</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815064858/http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf">researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf</a>
+on web.archive.org.)</em></ins></span> There is no reason why society should
expose software
+developers and users to the danger of software patents.</p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
-Please</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="unprintable">
+<div class="unprintable">
-<p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
-<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</em></ins></span>
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
-the FSF.
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
-Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
-to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
replace it with the translation of these two:
@@ -288,29 +280,25 @@
<p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
- README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+ README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
-of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
-</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
-</div></em></ins></span>
-
-<p>Copyright © 2006 Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman<br />
-This</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</p>
-
-<p>This</em></ins></span> page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
-</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2006</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2006, 2016</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Updated:</strong></del></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p
class="unprintable">Updated:</em></ins></span>
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/04/12 13:59:54 $
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:40 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
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===================================================================
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diff -N po/free-software-for-freedom.pl-diff.html
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+++ po/free-software-for-freedom.pl-diff.html 25 May 2016 17:58:39 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,466 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>Why “Free Software” is better than “Open
Source”
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-software-for-freedom.translist"
-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Why “Free Software” is better than “Open
Source”</h2>
+
+<div class="announcement">
+<blockquote><p>This article has been superseded by a major rewrite,
+<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">“Open
+Source” misses the point of Free Software</a>, which is much
+better. We keep this version for historical
reasons.</p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+While free software by any other name would give you the same
+freedom, it makes a big difference which name we use: different words
+<em>convey different ideas</em>.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1998, some of the people in the free software community began using
+the term <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.opensource.org/">“open</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://opensource.org/">“open</em></ins></span>
source
+software”</a> instead of <a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">“free
+software”</a> to describe what they do. The term “open
source”
+quickly became associated with a different approach, a different
+philosophy, different values, and even a different criterion for which
+licenses are acceptable. The Free Software movement and the Open
+Source movement are today <a href="#relationship"> separate
+movements</a> with different views and goals, although we can and do
+work together on some practical projects.</p>
+
+<p>
+The fundamental difference between the two movements is in their
+values, their ways of looking at the world. For the Open Source
+movement, the issue of whether software should be open source is a
+practical question, not an ethical one. As one person put it, “Open
+source is a development methodology; free software is a social
+movement.” For the Open Source movement, non-free software is a
+suboptimal solution. For the Free Software movement, non-free
+software is a social problem and free software is the solution.</p>
+
+<h3 id="relationship">Relationship between the Free Software
+movement and Open Source movement</h3>
+
+<p>
+The Free Software movement and the Open Source movement are like two
+political camps within the free software community.</p>
+
+<p>
+Radical groups in the 1960s developed a reputation for factionalism:
+organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy,
+and then treated each other as enemies. Or at least, such is the
+image people have of them, whether or not it was true.</p>
+
+<p>
+The relationship between the Free Software movement and the Open
+Source movement is just the opposite of that picture. We disagree on
+the basic principles, but agree more or less on the practical
+recommendations. So we can and do work together on many specific
+projects. We don't think of the Open Source movement as an enemy.
+The enemy is
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware"> proprietary
+software</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+We are not against the Open Source movement, but we don't want to be
+lumped in with them. We acknowledge that they have contributed to our
+community, but we created this community, and we want people to know
+this. We want people to associate our achievements with our values
+and our philosophy, not with theirs. We want to be heard, not
+obscured behind a group with different views. To prevent people from
+thinking we are part of them, we take pains to avoid using the word
+“open” to describe free software, or its contrary,
+“closed”, in talking about non-free software.</p>
+
+<p>
+So please mention the Free Software movement when you talk about the
+work we have done, and the software we have developed—such as the
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> operating
system.</p>
+
+<h3 id="comparison">Comparing the two terms</h3>
+
+<p>
+This rest of this article compares the two terms “free software”
and
+“open source”. It shows why the term “open source”
does not solve
+any problems, and in fact creates some.</p>
+
+<h3 id="ambiguity">Ambiguity</h3>
+
+<p>
+The term “free software” has an ambiguity problem: an unintended
+meaning, “Software you can get for zero price,” fits the term just
+as well as the intended meaning, “software which gives the user
+certain freedoms.” We address this problem by publishing a
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html"> more precise definition of free
+software</a>, but this is not a perfect solution; it cannot completely
+eliminate the problem. An unambiguously correct term would be better,
+if it didn't have other problems.</p>
+
+<p>
+Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of their
+own. We've looked at many alternatives that people have suggested,
+but none is so clearly “right” that switching to it would be a good
+idea. Every proposed replacement for “free software” has a similar
+kind of semantic problem, or worse—and this includes “open source
+software.”</p>
+
+<p>
+The official definition of “open source software,” as published
+by the Open Source Initiative, is very close to our definition
+of free software; however, it is a little looser in some respects,
+and they have accepted a few licenses that we consider unacceptably
+restrictive of the users.
+
+However,
+the obvious meaning for the expression “open source software”
+is “You can look at
+the source code.” This is a much weaker criterion than free
+software; it includes free software, but also
+some <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">
+proprietary</a> programs, including Xv, and Qt under its original license
+(before the QPL).</p>
+
+<p>
+That obvious meaning for “open source” is not the meaning that its
+advocates intend. The result is that most people misunderstand
+what those advocates are advocating. Here is how writer Neal
+Stephenson defined “open source”:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Linux is “open source” software
+meaning, simply, that anyone can get copies of its source code files.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+I don't think he deliberately sought to reject or dispute the
+“official” definition. I think he simply applied the conventions
of
+the English language to come up with a meaning for the term. The state
+of Kansas published a similar definition:
+<!-- The <a href="http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf">
state of
+Kansas</a> published a similar definition: --></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Make use of open-source software (OSS). OSS is software for which the
+source code is freely and publicly available, though the specific licensing
+agreements vary as to what one is allowed to do with that code.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+Of course, the open source people have tried to deal with this by
+publishing a precise definition for the term, just as we have done for
+“free software.”</p>
+
+<p>
+But the explanation for “free software” is simple—a
+person who has grasped the idea of “free speech, not free
+beer” will not get it wrong again. There is no such succinct
+way to explain the official meaning of “open source” and
+show clearly why the natural definition is the wrong one.</p>
+
+<h3 id="fear">Fear of Freedom</h3>
+
+<p>
+The main argument for the term “open source software” is
+that “free software” makes some people uneasy. That's
+true: talking about freedom, about ethical issues, about
+responsibilities as well as convenience, is asking people to think
+about things they might rather ignore. This can trigger discomfort,
+and some people may reject the idea for that. It does not follow that
+society would be better off if we stop talking about these things.</p>
+
+<p>
+Years ago, free software developers noticed this discomfort reaction,
+and some started exploring an approach for avoiding it. They figured
+that by keeping quiet about ethics and freedom, and talking only about
+the immediate practical benefits of certain free software, they might
+be able to “sell” the software more effectively to certain
+users, especially business. The term “open source” is
+offered as a way of doing more of this—a way to be “more
+acceptable to business.” The views and values of the Open Source
+movement stem from this decision.</p>
+
+<p>
+This approach has proved effective, in its own terms. Today many
+people are switching to free software for purely practical reasons.
+That is good, as far as it goes, but that isn't all we need to do!
+Attracting users to free software is not the whole job, just the first
+step.</p>
+
+<p>
+Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to
+proprietary software for some practical advantage. Countless
+companies seek to offer such temptation, and why would users decline?
+Only if they have learned to <em>value the freedom</em> free
software
+gives them, for its own sake. It is up to us to spread this
+idea—and in order to do that, we have to talk about freedom. A
+certain amount of the “keep quiet” approach to business
+can be useful for the community, but we must have plenty of freedom
+talk too.</p>
+
+<p>
+At present, we have plenty of “keep quiet”, but not enough
+freedom talk. Most people involved with free software say little
+about freedom—usually because they seek to be “more
+acceptable to business.” Software distributors especially show
+this pattern. Some
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> operating system
+distributions add proprietary packages to the basic free system, and
+they invite users to consider this an advantage, rather than a step
+backwards from freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+We are failing to keep up with the influx of free software users,
+failing to teach people about freedom and our community as fast as
+they enter it. This is why non-free software (which Qt was when it
+first became popular), and partially non-free operating system
+distributions, find such fertile ground. To stop using the word
+“free” now would be a mistake; we need more, not less, talk about
+freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+If those using the term “open source” draw more users into our
+community, that is a contribution, but the rest of us will have to
+work even harder to bring the issue of freedom to those users'
+attention. We have to say, “It's free software and it gives you
+freedom!”—more and louder than ever before.</p>
+
+<h3 id="newinfeb">Would a Trademark Help?</h3>
+
+<p>
+The advocates of “open source software” tried to make it a
+trademark, saying this would enable them to prevent misuse. This
+initiative was later dropped, the term being too descriptive to
+qualify as a trademark; thus, the legal status of “open source” is
+the same as that of “free software”: there is no
<em>legal</em>
+constraint on using it. I have heard reports of a number of
+companies' calling software packages “open source” even though they
+did not fit the official definition; I have observed some instances
+myself.</p>
+
+<p>
+But would it have made a big difference to use a term that is a
+trademark? Not necessarily.</p>
+
+<p>
+Companies also made announcements that give the impression that a
+program is “open source software” without explicitly saying so.
For
+example, one IBM announcement, about a program that did not fit the
+official definition, said this:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+As is common in the open source community, users of the ...
+technology will also be able to collaborate with IBM ...
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+This did not actually say that the program <em>was</em> “open
+source”, but many readers did not notice that detail. (I should note
+that IBM was sincerely trying to make this program free software, and
+later adopted a new license which does make it free software and
+“open source”; but when that announcement was made, the program did
+not qualify as either one.)</p>
+
+<p>
+And here is how Cygnus Solutions, which was formed to be a free
+software company and subsequently branched out (so to speak) into
+proprietary software, advertised some proprietary software products:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Cygnus Solutions is a leader in the open source market and has just
+launched two products into the [GNU/]Linux marketplace.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+Unlike IBM, Cygnus was not trying to make these packages free
+software, and the packages did not come close to qualifying. But
+Cygnus didn't actually say that these are “open source software”,
+they just made use of the term to give careless readers that
+impression.</p>
+
+<p>
+These observations suggest that a trademark would not have truly
+prevented the confusion that comes with the term “open
source”.</p>
+
+<h3 id="newinnovember">Misunderstandings(?) of “Open
Source”</h3>
+
+<p>
+The Open Source Definition is clear enough, and it is quite clear that
+the typical non-free program does not qualify. So you would think
+that “Open Source company” would mean one whose products are free
+software (or close to it), right? Alas, many companies are trying to
+give it a different meaning.</p>
+
+<p>
+At the “Open Source Developers Day” meeting in August 1998, several
+of the commercial developers invited said they intend to make only a
+part of their work free software (or “open source”). The focus of
+their business is on developing proprietary add-ons (software or
+<a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">manuals</a>) to sell to the
users of
+this free software. They ask us to regard this as legitimate, as part
+of our community, because some of the money is donated to free
+software development.</p>
+
+<p>
+In effect, these companies seek to gain the favorable cachet of
+“open source” for their proprietary software
+products—even though those are not “open source
+software”—because they have some relationship to free
+software or because the same company also maintains some free
+software. (One company founder said quite explicitly that they would
+put, into the free package they support, as little of their work as
+the community would stand for.)</p>
+
+<p>
+Over the years, many companies have contributed to free software
+development. Some of these companies primarily developed non-free
+software, but the two activities were separate; thus, we could ignore
+their non-free products, and work with them on free software projects.
+Then we could honestly thank them afterward for their free software
+contributions, without talking about the rest of what they did.</p>
+
+<p>
+We cannot do the same with these new companies, because they won't let
+us. These companies actively invite the public to lump all their
+activities together; they want us to regard their non-free software as
+favorably as we would regard a real contribution, although it is not
+one. They present themselves as “open source companies,” hoping
+that we will get a warm fuzzy feeling about them, and that we will be
+fuzzy-minded in applying it.</p>
+
+<p>
+This manipulative practice would be no less harmful if it were done
+using the term “free software.” But companies do not seem to use
+the term “free software” that way; perhaps its association with
+idealism makes it seem unsuitable. The term “open source” opened
+the door for this.</p>
+
+<p>
+At a trade show in late 1998, dedicated to the operating system often
+referred to
+as <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">“Linux”</a>, the
+featured speaker was an executive from a prominent software company.
+He was probably invited on account of his company's decision to
+“support” that system. Unfortunately, their form of
+“support” consists of releasing non-free software that
+works with the system—in other words, using our community as a
+market but not contributing to it.</p>
+
+<p>
+He said, “There is no way we will make our product open source,
+but perhaps we will make it ‘internal’ open source. If we
+allow our customer support staff to have access to the source code,
+they could fix bugs for the customers, and we could provide a better
+product and better service.” (This is not an exact quote, as I
+did not write his words down, but it gets the gist.)</p>
+
+<p>
+People in the audience afterward told me, “He just doesn't get the
+point.” But is that so? Which point did he not get?</p>
+
+<p>
+He did not miss the point of the Open Source movement. That movement
+does not say users should have freedom, only that allowing more people
+to look at the source code and help improve it makes for faster and
+better development. The executive grasped that point completely;
+unwilling to carry out that approach in full, users included, he was
+considering implementing it partially, within the company.</p>
+
+<p>
+The point that he missed is the point that “open source” was
+designed not to raise: the point that users <em>deserve</em>
+freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+Spreading the idea of freedom is a big job—it needs your help.
+That's why we stick to the term “free software” in the GNU
+Project, so we can help do that job. If you feel that freedom and
+community are important for their own sake—not just for the
+convenience they bring—please join us in using the term
+“free software”.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<!-- The archived version is truncated.
+<p>
+Joe Barr wrote an article called
+<a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080703140137/http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4">Live
and
+let license [archived]</a> that gives his perspective on this
issue.</p>
+-->
+
+<p>
+Lakhani and Wolf's
+<a
href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf">paper
on the
+motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable
+fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This
+was despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge,
+a site that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<blockquote id="fsfs"><p class="big">This essay is published
+in <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and
other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this
article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2007</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2007, 2016</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:39 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/gnutella.nl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/gnutella.nl-diff.html
diff -N po/gnutella.nl-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/gnutella.nl-diff.html 25 May 2016 17:58:39 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/gnutella.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>Regarding Gnutella
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/gnutella.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Regarding Gnutella</h2>
+
+<p>
+“Gnutella” is, at present, the name for a protocol for distributed
+file sharing, mostly used for music files. The name also sometimes
+refers to the network itself, as well as the original Gnutella software.
+The situation is quite confusing. For more on Gnutella's
+origin and history, please refer to the <a
+href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnutella">Wikipedia article</a> on
+the subject.</p>
+
+<p>
+In any case, the name was originally a word play on “GNU”
+(the original developers planned to release their code under the GNU
+GPL, and may have had in mind contributing it to the GNU project) and
+“Nutella” (a candy bar that the original developers
+enjoyed). However, neither the original software nor any of the
+related current projects
+are <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">official GNU
+packages</a>. We have asked that the Gnutella developers change the
+name to avoid confusion; perhaps that will happen in the future.</p>
+
+<p>
+There are a number of free software programs that implement the
+Gnutella protocol, such as <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://gtk-gnutella.sourceforge.net/">gtk-gnutella</a>,</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://gtk-gnutella.sourceforge.net/en/">Gtk-Gnutella</a>,</em></ins></span>
<a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://mutella.sourceforge.net/">mutella</a>,</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://mutella.sourceforge.net/">Mutella</a>,</em></ins></span>
and <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/gnucleus/">gnucleus</a>.</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/gnucleus/">Gnucleus</a>.</em></ins></span>
Please
+note, however, that none of these programs are officially <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU software</a>
+either. GNU has its own peer-to-peer networking program, <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/software/GNUnet/">GNUnet</a>,</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/software/gnunet/">GNUnet</a>,</em></ins></span>
whose
+documentation includes a <a
+href="https://gnunet.org/compare">comparison of the
+protocols</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+The Free Software Foundation is concerned with the freedom to copy and
+change software; music is outside our scope. But there is a partial
+similarity in the ethical issues of copying software and copying
+recordings of music. Some articles in the
+<a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html#Laws">philosophy</a> directory
+relate to the issue of copying for things other than software. Some
+of the <a href="/philosophy/third-party-ideas.html">other
+people's articles</a> we have links to are also relevant.</p>
+
+<p>
+No matter what sort of published information is being shared, we urge
+people to reject the assumption that some person or company has a
+natural right to prohibit sharing and dictate exactly how the public
+can use it. Even the US legal system nominally
+<a href="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.html">rejects</a> that
+anti-social idea.</p>
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and
other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this
article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2005, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2007</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2007, 2016</em></ins></span> Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:39 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/gnutella.pl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/gnutella.pl-diff.html
diff -N po/gnutella.pl-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/gnutella.pl-diff.html 25 May 2016 17:58:39 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/gnutella.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>Regarding Gnutella
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/gnutella.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Regarding Gnutella</h2>
+
+<p>
+“Gnutella” is, at present, the name for a protocol for distributed
+file sharing, mostly used for music files. The name also sometimes
+refers to the network itself, as well as the original Gnutella software.
+The situation is quite confusing. For more on Gnutella's
+origin and history, please refer to the <a
+href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnutella">Wikipedia article</a> on
+the subject.</p>
+
+<p>
+In any case, the name was originally a word play on “GNU”
+(the original developers planned to release their code under the GNU
+GPL, and may have had in mind contributing it to the GNU project) and
+“Nutella” (a candy bar that the original developers
+enjoyed). However, neither the original software nor any of the
+related current projects
+are <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">official GNU
+packages</a>. We have asked that the Gnutella developers change the
+name to avoid confusion; perhaps that will happen in the future.</p>
+
+<p>
+There are a number of free software programs that implement the
+Gnutella protocol, such as <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://gtk-gnutella.sourceforge.net/">gtk-gnutella</a>,</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://gtk-gnutella.sourceforge.net/en/">Gtk-Gnutella</a>,</em></ins></span>
<a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://mutella.sourceforge.net/">mutella</a>,</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://mutella.sourceforge.net/">Mutella</a>,</em></ins></span>
and <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/gnucleus/">gnucleus</a>.</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/gnucleus/">Gnucleus</a>.</em></ins></span>
Please
+note, however, that none of these programs are officially <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU software</a>
+either. GNU has its own peer-to-peer networking program, <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/software/GNUnet/">GNUnet</a>,</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/software/gnunet/">GNUnet</a>,</em></ins></span>
whose
+documentation includes a <a
+href="https://gnunet.org/compare">comparison of the
+protocols</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+The Free Software Foundation is concerned with the freedom to copy and
+change software; music is outside our scope. But there is a partial
+similarity in the ethical issues of copying software and copying
+recordings of music. Some articles in the
+<a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html#Laws">philosophy</a> directory
+relate to the issue of copying for things other than software. Some
+of the <a href="/philosophy/third-party-ideas.html">other
+people's articles</a> we have links to are also relevant.</p>
+
+<p>
+No matter what sort of published information is being shared, we urge
+people to reject the assumption that some person or company has a
+natural right to prohibit sharing and dictate exactly how the public
+can use it. Even the US legal system nominally
+<a href="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.html">rejects</a> that
+anti-social idea.</p>
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and
other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this
article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2005, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2007</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2007, 2016</em></ins></span> Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:39 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/right-to-read.lt-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/right-to-read.lt-diff.html
diff -N po/right-to-read.lt-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/right-to-read.lt-diff.html 25 May 2016 17:58:40 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/right-to-read.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>The Right to Read
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>The Right to Read</h2>
+
+<p>
+by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our
mailing list about the dangers of eBooks</a>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+<em>This article appeared in the February 1997 issue
+of <strong>Communications of the ACM</strong> (Volume 40, Number
+2).</em></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ From <cite>The Road To Tycho</cite>, a collection of
+ articles about the antecedents of the Lunarian
+ Revolution, published in Luna City in 2096.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+For Dan Halbert, the road to Tycho began in college—when Lissa
+Lenz asked to borrow his computer. Hers had broken down, and unless
+she could borrow another, she would fail her midterm project. There
+was no one she dared ask, except Dan.</p>
+
+<p>
+This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her—but if he lent
+her his computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact that
+you could go to prison for many years for letting someone else read
+your books, the very idea shocked him at first. Like everyone, he had
+been taught since elementary school that sharing books was nasty and
+wrong—something that only pirates would do.</p>
+
+<p>
+And there wasn't much chance that the SPA—the Software
+Protection Authority—would fail to catch him. In his software
+class, Dan had learned that each book had a copyright monitor that
+reported when and where it was read, and by whom, to Central
+Licensing. (They used this information to catch reading pirates, but
+also to sell personal interest profiles to retailers.) The next time
+his computer was networked, Central Licensing would find out. He, as
+computer owner, would receive the harshest punishment—for not
+taking pains to prevent the crime.</p>
+
+<p>
+Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. She
+might want the computer only to write her midterm. But Dan knew she
+came from a middle-class family and could hardly afford the tuition,
+let alone her reading fees. Reading his books might be the only way
+she could graduate. He understood this situation; he himself had had
+to borrow to pay for all the research papers he read. (Ten percent of those
+fees went to the researchers who wrote the papers; since Dan aimed for
+an academic career, he could hope that his own research papers, if
+frequently referenced, would bring in enough to repay this loan.)</p>
+
+<p>
+Later on, Dan would learn there was a time when anyone could go to the
+library and read journal articles, and even books, without having to
+pay. There were independent scholars who read thousands of pages
+without government library grants. But in the 1990s, both commercial
+and nonprofit journal publishers had begun charging fees for access.
+By 2047, libraries offering free public access to scholarly literature
+were a dim memory.</p>
+
+<p>
+There were ways, of course, to get around the SPA and Central
+Licensing. They were themselves illegal. Dan had had a classmate in
+software, Frank Martucci, who had obtained an illicit debugging tool,
+and used it to skip over the copyright monitor code when reading
+books. But he had told too many friends about it, and one of them
+turned him in to the SPA for a reward (students deep in debt were
+easily tempted into betrayal). In 2047, Frank was in prison, not for
+pirate reading, but for possessing a debugger.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan would later learn that there was a time when anyone could have
+debugging tools. There were even free debugging tools available on CD
+or downloadable over the net. But ordinary users started using them
+to bypass copyright monitors, and eventually a judge ruled that this
+had become their principal use in actual practice. This meant they
+were illegal; the debuggers' developers were sent to prison.</p>
+
+<p>
+Programmers still needed debugging tools, of course, but debugger
+vendors in 2047 distributed numbered copies only, and only to
+officially licensed and bonded programmers. The debugger Dan used in
+software class was kept behind a special firewall so that it could be
+used only for class exercises.</p>
+
+<p>
+It was also possible to bypass the copyright monitors by installing a
+modified system kernel. Dan would eventually find out about the free
+kernels, even entire free operating systems, that had existed around
+the turn of the century. But not only were they illegal, like
+debuggers—you could not install one if you had one, without
+knowing your computer's root password. And neither
+the <abbr title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</abbr> nor
+Microsoft Support would tell you that.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan concluded that he couldn't simply lend Lissa his computer. But he
+couldn't refuse to help her, because he loved her. Every chance to
+speak with her filled him with delight. And that she chose him to ask
+for help, that could mean she loved him too.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan resolved the dilemma by doing something even more
+unthinkable—he lent her the computer, and told her his password.
+This way, if Lissa read his books, Central Licensing would think he
+was reading them. It was still a crime, but the SPA would not
+automatically find out about it. They would only find out if Lissa
+reported him.</p>
+
+<p>
+Of course, if the school ever found out that he had given Lissa his
+own password, it would be curtains for both of them as students,
+regardless of what she had used it for. School policy was that any
+interference with their means of monitoring students' computer use was
+grounds for disciplinary action. It didn't matter whether you did
+anything harmful—the offense was making it hard for the
+administrators to check on you. They assumed this meant you were
+doing something else forbidden, and they did not need to know what it
+was.</p>
+
+<p>
+Students were not usually expelled for this—not directly.
+Instead they were banned from the school computer systems, and would
+inevitably fail all their classes.</p>
+
+<p>
+Later, Dan would learn that this kind of university policy started
+only in the 1980s, when university students in large numbers began
+using computers. Previously, universities maintained a different
+approach to student discipline; they punished activities that were
+harmful, not those that merely raised suspicion.</p>
+
+<p>
+Lissa did not report Dan to the SPA. His decision to help her led to
+their marriage, and also led them to question what they had been
+taught about piracy as children. The couple began reading about the
+history of copyright, about the Soviet Union and its restrictions on
+copying, and even the original United States Constitution. They moved
+to Luna, where they found others who had likewise gravitated away from
+the long arm of the SPA. When the Tycho Uprising began in 2062, the
+universal right to read soon became one of its central aims.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="AuthorsNote">Author's Notes</h3>
+
+<ul>
+<li>This story is supposedly a historical article that will be written in
+the future by someone else, describing Dan Halbert's youth under a
+repressive society shaped by the enemies that use “pirate” as
+propaganda. So it uses the terminology of that society.
+I have tried to project it from today so as to sound even more
+oppressive. See <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">“Piracy”</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+<p>The following note has been updated several times since the first
+publication of the story.</p>
+
+<p>
+The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may
+take 50 years for our present way of life to fade into obscurity, most
+of the specific laws and practices described above have already been
+proposed; many have been enacted into law in the US and elsewhere. In
+the US, the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) established the legal
+basis to restrict the reading and lending of computerized books (and
+other works as well). The European Union imposed similar restrictions
+in a 2001 copyright directive. In France, under the DADVSI law
+adopted in 2006, mere possession of a copy of DeCSS, the free program
+to decrypt video on a DVD, is a crime.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 2001, Disney-funded Senator Hollings proposed a bill called the
+SSSCA that would require every new computer to have mandatory
+copy-restriction facilities that the user cannot bypass. Following
+the Clipper chip and similar US government key-escrow proposals, this
+shows a long-term trend: computer systems are increasingly set up to
+give absentees with clout control over the people actually using the
+computer system. The SSSCA was later renamed to the unpronounceable
+CBDTPA, which was glossed as the “Consume But Don't Try
+Programming Act”.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Republicans took control of the US senate shortly thereafter.
+They are less tied to Hollywood than the Democrats, so they did not
+press these proposals. Now that the Democrats are back in control,
+the danger is once again higher.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed “Free Trade”
Area of
+the Americas (FTAA) treaty to impose the same rules on all the countries in
+the Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called free
+trade treaties, which are actually designed to give business
+increased power over democratic governments; imposing laws like the
+DMCA is typical of this spirit. The FTAA was effectively killed by
+Lula, President of Brazil, who rejected the DMCA requirement and
+others.</p>
+
+<p>
+Since then, the US has imposed similar requirements on countries such
+as Australia and Mexico through bilateral “free trade”
+agreements, and on countries such as Costa Rica through another
+treaty, CAFTA. Ecuador's President Correa refused to sign a
+“free trade” agreement with the US, but I've heard Ecuador
+had adopted something like the DMCA in 2003.</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the ideas in the story was not proposed in reality until 2002.
+This is the idea that the <abbr>FBI</abbr> and Microsoft will keep
the
+root passwords for your personal computers, and not let you have
+them.</p>
+
+<p>
+The proponents of this scheme have given it names such as
+“trusted computing” and “Palladium”. We call
+it <a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“treacherous
+computing”</a> because the effect is to make your computer obey
+companies even to the extent of disobeying and defying you. This was
+implemented in 2007 as part of <a href="http://badvista.org/">Windows
+Vista</a>; we expect Apple to do something similar. In this scheme,
+it is the manufacturer that keeps the secret code, but
+the <abbr>FBI</abbr> would have little trouble getting
it.</p>
+
+<p>
+What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional
+sense; no person ever types it on a terminal. Rather, it is a
+signature and encryption key that corresponds to a second key stored
+in your computer. This enables Microsoft, and potentially any web
+sites that cooperate with Microsoft, the ultimate control over what
+the user can do on his own computer.</p>
+
+<p>
+Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for instance, Microsoft
+can forcibly install upgrades, and it can order all machines running
+Vista to refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of
+Vista's many restrictions is to impose DRM (Digital Restrictions
+Management) that users can't overcome. The threat of DRM is why we
+have established the <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">
+Defective by Design</a> campaign.</p>
+
+<p>
+When this story was first written, the SPA was threatening small
+Internet service providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor
+all users. Most ISPs surrendered when threatened, because they cannot
+afford to fight back in court. One ISP, Community ConneXion in
+Oakland, California, refused the demand and was actually sued. The
+SPA later dropped the suit, but obtained the DMCA, which gave them the
+power they sought.</p>
+
+<p>
+The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association,
+has been replaced in its police-like role by the Business
+Software Alliance. The BSA is not, today, an official police force;
+unofficially, it acts like one. Using methods reminiscent of the
+erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people to inform on their coworkers
+and friends. A BSA terror campaign in Argentina in 2001 made
+slightly veiled threats that people sharing software would be raped.</p>
+
+<p>
+The university security policies described above are not imaginary.
+For example, a computer at one Chicago-area university displayed this
+message upon login:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+This system is for the use of authorized users only. Individuals using
+this computer system without authority or in the excess of their authority
+are subject to having all their activities on this system monitored and
+recorded by system personnel. In the course of monitoring individuals
+improperly using this system or in the course of system maintenance, the
+activities of authorized user may also be monitored. Anyone using this
+system expressly consents to such monitoring and is advised that if such
+monitoring reveals possible evidence of illegal activity or violation of
+University regulations system personnel may provide the evidence of such
+monitoring to University authorities and/or law enforcement officials.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: pressure most
+everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their rights under it.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="BadNews">Bad News</h3>
+
+<p>
+The battle for the right to read is already in progress,
+The enemy is organized, while we are not, so it is going against us.
+Here are articles about bad things that have happened since the
+original publication of this article.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Today's commercial ebooks <a
href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">
+ abolish readers' traditional freedoms.</a></li>
+<li><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature_education/biology.html">
+ A "biology textbook" web site</a> that you can access only by
signing
+ a <a href="http://www.nature.com/principles/viewTermsOfUse">
+ contract not to lend it to anyone else</a>, which the publisher can
+ revoke at will.</li>
+<li><a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.zdnet.com/news/seybold-opens-chapter-on-digital-books/103151">Electronic</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://www.zdnet.com/article/seybold-opens-chapter-on-digital-books/">Electronic</em></ins></span>
+ Publishing:</a> An article about distribution of books in
+ electronic form, and copyright issues affecting the right to read
+ a copy.</li>
+<li><a
href="http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/1999/Aug99/SeyboldPR.aspx">Books
+ inside Computers:</a> Software to control who can read
+ books and documents on a PC.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>If we want to stop the bad news and create some good news, we need
+to organize and fight. The
+FSF's <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org"> Defective by
Design</a>
+campaign has made a start; subscribe to the campaign's mailing
+list to lend a hand. And <a href="http://www.fsf.org/associate">join
+the FSF</a> to help fund our work.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="References">References</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>The administration's “White Paper”: Information
+ Infrastructure Task Force, Intellectual Property [<a
+ href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">sic</a>] and the
+ National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working
+ Group on Intellectual Property [sic] Rights (1995).</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html">An
+ explanation of the White Paper:
+ The Copyright Grab</a>, Pamela Samuelson, Wired, Jan.
1996</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm">Sold Out</a>,
+ James Boyle, New York Times, 31 March 1996</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130508120533/http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html">Public
Data or Private Data</a>,
+ Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996. </li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.public-domain.org/">Union for the Public
+ Domain</a>—an organization which aims to resist and
+ reverse the overextension of copyright and patent powers.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+<blockquote id="fsfs"><p class="big">This essay is published
+in <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<h5>Other Texts to Read</h5>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Philosophy of the
+ GNU Project</a></li>
+ <li><a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/49358/Copy_Protection_Just_Say_No";
+ id="COPYPROCTECTION">Copy</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://www.computerworld.com/article/2596679/networking/copy-protection--just-say-no.html";
+ id="copy-protection">Copy</em></ins></span> Protection: Just
Say No</a>,
+ <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Published</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>published</em></ins></span> in
Computer World.</li>
+</ul>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2016
Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:40 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/trivial-patent.pl-diff.html
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/trivial-patent.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+
+<title>The Anatomy of a Trivial Patent - GNU project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>The Anatomy of a Trivial Patent</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<p>Programmers are well aware that many of the existing software patents
+cover laughably obvious ideas. Yet the patent system's defenders often
+argue that these ideas are nontrivial, obvious only in hindsight. And
+it is surprisingly difficult to defeat them in debate. Why is that?</p>
+
+<p>One reason is that any idea can be made to look complex when
+analyzed to death. Another reason is that these trivial ideas often look
+quite complex as described in the patents themselves. The patent
+system's defenders can point to the complex description and say,
+“How can anything this complex be obvious?”</p>
+
+<p>I will use an example to show you how. Here's claim number one
+from US patent number 5,963,916, applied for in October 1996:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>1. A method for enabling a remote user to preview a portion of a
+pre-recorded music product from a network web site containing
+pre-selected portions of different pre-recorded music products, using
+a computer, a computer display and a telecommunications link between
+the remote user's computer and the network web site, the method
+comprising the steps of:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>a) using the remote user's computer to establish a telecommunications
+link to the network web site wherein the network web site comprises
+(i) a central host server coupled to a communications network for
+retrieving and transmitting the pre-selected portion of the
+pre-recorded music product upon request by a remote user and (ii) a
+central storage device for storing pre-selected portions of a
+plurality of different pre-recorded music products;</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+<li>b) transmitting user identification data from the remote user's
+computer to the central host server thereby allowing the central host
+server to identify and track the user's progress through the network
+web site;</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+<li>c) choosing at least one pre-selected portion of the pre-recorded
+music products from the central host server;</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+<li>d) receiving the chosen pre-selected portion of the pre-recorded
+products; and</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+<li>e) interactively previewing the received chosen pre-selected portion
+of the pre-recorded music product.</li>
+</ul>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>That sure looks like a complex system, right? Surely it took a real
+clever guy to think of this? No, but it took cleverness to make it seem
+so complex. Let's analyze where the complexity comes from:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>1. A method for enabling a remote user to preview a portion of a
+pre-recorded music product from a network web site containing
+pre-selected portions</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>That states the principal part of their idea. They put selections
+from certain pieces of music on a server so a user can listen to
+them.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>of different pre-recorded music products,</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>This emphasizes their server stores selections from more than one
+piece of music.</p>
+
+<p>It is a basic principle of computer science that if a computer can do
+a thing once, it can do that thing many times, on different data each
+time. Many patents pretend that applying this principle to a specific
+case makes an “invention”.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>using a computer, a computer display and a telecommunications
+link between the remote user's computer and the network web
+site,</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>This says they are using a server on a network.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>the method comprising the steps of:</p>
+<p>a) using the remote user's computer to establish a telecommunications
link to the network web site</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>This says that the user connects to the server over the network.
+(That's the way one uses a server.)</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>wherein the network web site comprises (i) a central host server
+coupled to a communications network</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>This informs us that the server is on the net. (That is typical of
+servers.)</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>for retrieving and transmitting the pre-selected portion of the
+pre-recorded music product upon request by a remote user</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>This repeats the general idea stated in the first two lines.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>and (ii) a central storage device for storing pre-selected
+portions of a plurality of different pre-recorded music
+products;</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>They have decided to put a hard disk (or equivalent) in their
+computer and store the music samples on that. Ever since around 1980,
+this has been the normal way to store anything on a computer for rapid
+access.</p>
+
+<p>Note how they emphasize once again the fact that they can store
+more than one selection on this disk. Of course, every file system
+will let you store more than one file.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>b) transmitting user identification data from the remote
+user's computer to the central host server thereby allowing the
+central host server to identify and track the user's progress through
+the network web site;</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>This says that they keep track of who you are and what you
+access—a common (though nasty) thing for web servers to do. I
+believe it was common already in 1996.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>c) choosing at least one pre-selected portion of the
+pre-recorded music products from the central host server;</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>In other words, the user clicks to say which link to follow. That
+is typical for web servers; if they had found another way to do it,
+that might have been an invention.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>d) receiving the chosen pre-selected portion of the
+pre-recorded products; and</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>When you follow a link, your browser reads the contents. This is
+typical behavior for a web browser.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>e) interactively previewing the received chosen pre-selected
+portion of the pre-recorded music product.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>This says that your browser plays the music for you. (That is what
+many browsers do, when you follow a link to an audio file.)</p>
+
+<p>Now you see how they padded this claim to make it into a complex
+idea: they combined their own idea (stated in two lines of text) with
+important aspects of what computers, networks, web servers, and web
+browsers do. This adds up to the so-called invention
+for which they received the patent.</p>
+
+<p>This example is typical of software patents. Even the occasional
+patent whose idea is nontrivial has the same sort of added
+complication.</p>
+
+<p>Now look at a subsequent claim:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>3. The method of claim 1 wherein the central memory device
+comprises a plurality of compact disc-read only memory
+(CD-ROMs).</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>What they are saying here is, “Even if you don't think that
+claim 1 is really an invention, using CD-ROMs to store the data makes
+it an invention for sure. An average system designer would never have
+thought of storing data on a CD.”</p>
+
+<p>Now look at the next claim:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>4. The method of claim 1 wherein the central memory device
+comprises a RAID array drive.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>A RAID array is a group of disks set up to work like one big disk,
+with the special feature that, even if one of the disks in the array
+has a failure and stops working, all the data are still available on
+the other disks in the group. Such arrays have been commercially
+available since long before 1996, and are a standard way of storing
+data for high availability. But these brilliant inventors have
+patented the use of a RAID array for this particular purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Trivial as it is, this patent would not necessarily be found
+legally invalid if there is a lawsuit about it. Not only the US
+Patent Office but the courts as well tend to apply a very low standard
+when judging whether a patent is “unobvious”. This patent
+might pass muster, according to them.</p>
+
+<p>What's more, the courts are reluctant to overrule the Patent
+Office, so there is a better chance of getting a patent overturned if
+you can show a court prior art that the Patent Office did not
+consider. If the courts are willing to entertain a higher standard in
+judging unobviousness, it helps to save the prior art for them. Thus,
+the proposals to “make the system work better” by
+providing the Patent Office with a better database of prior art could
+instead make things worse.</p>
+
+<p>It is very hard to make a patent system behave reasonably; it is a
+complex bureaucracy and tends to follow its structural imperatives
+regardless of what it is “supposed” to do. The only
+practical way to get rid of the many obvious patents on software
+features and business practices is to get rid of all patents in those
+fields. Fortunately, that would be no loss: the unobvious patents in
+the software field do no good either. What software patents do is put
+software developers and users under threat.</p>
+
+<p>The patent system is supposed, intended, to promote progress, and
those who
+benefit from software patents ask us to believe without question that they do
+have that effect. But programmers' experience shows otherwise. New theoretical
+analysis shows that this is no paradox. (See <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf">
+http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf</a>.)</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815064858/http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf">researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf</a>
+on web.archive.org.)</em></ins></span> There is no reason why society should
expose software
+developers and users to the danger of software patents.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2006</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2006, 2016</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2016/05/25 17:58:40 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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