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Index: po/copyright-versus-community-2000.translist
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RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community-2000.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- po/copyright-versus-community-2000.translist 23 May 2015 07:09:26
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@@ -4,9 +4,11 @@
<p>
<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html"
href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.html" hreflang="x-default" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.en.html" title="English" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.fr.html" title="français" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.ru.html"
title="ÑÑÑÑкий" />
<!-- end translist file -->
Index: copyright-versus-community-2000.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: copyright-versus-community-2000.ru.html
diff -N copyright-versus-community-2000.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ copyright-versus-community-2000.ru.html 21 Aug 2015 15:27:24 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1080 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво и ÑообÑеÑÑво в век
компÑÑÑеÑнÑÑ
ÑеÑей - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
+Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community-2000.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<h2>ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво и ÑообÑеÑÑво в век
компÑÑÑеÑнÑÑ
ÑеÑей (2000)</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ÐÑÐ¾Ñ ÑекÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð³Ð¾Ñовлен по звÑкозапиÑи
ÐÑглаÑом ÐаÑноллом в иÑле
+2000 года.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><em>СÑолмен поÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° неÑколÑко минÑÑ
позднее вÑемени, назнаÑенного длÑ
+его вÑÑÑÑплениÑ, и пÑивеÑÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑ
ÑÑÑ Ð²
Ñважении аÑдиÑоÑиÑ. Ðн говоÑиÑ
+оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑеÑко и поÑÑи без запинок Ñ ÑÑно
ÑазлиÑимÑм боÑÑонÑким акÑенÑом.</em></p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐÑо ÑаÑÑÑиÑано на ÑеÑ
, кÑо ноÑиÑ
ÑдавкÑ.</p>
+
+<p><em>[показÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° микÑоÑон Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑепкой
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð°ÐºÑÑÑиÑеÑкой ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð»ÐµÐºÑионного
+зала]</em></p>
+
+<p>Я не ноÑÑ Ñдавок, Ñак ÑÑо ÑÑо некÑда
пÑиÑепиÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><em>[веÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÑболкÑ]</em></p>
+
+<p><b>Я</b>. ÐÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ запиÑÑваÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b> Ðа! СколÑко Ñеловек Ñ
оÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ
мне вопÑоÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ÐµÑаеÑÑÑ
вÑÑÑÑпление</p>
+
+<p><em>[Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð°Ñза]</em></p>
+
+<p>об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве и ÑообÑеÑÑве. ÐÑÑ
одиÑ
ÑлиÑком гÑомко.</p>
+
+<p><em>[ÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° микÑоÑон]</em></p>
+
+<p>ЧÑо мне делаÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p>ÐоÑмоÑÑим... ÑегÑлÑÑоÑа гÑомкоÑÑи неÑ...</p>
+
+<p><em>[наÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ ÑегÑлÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð³ÑомкоÑÑи на
коÑпÑÑе ÑадиомикÑоÑона]</em></p>
+
+<p>Ñак вÑоде Ð±Ñ Ð»ÑÑÑе</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак. ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво и ÑообÑеÑÑво в век
компÑÑÑеÑнÑÑ
ÑеÑей. ÐÑинÑÐ¸Ð¿Ñ ÑÑики
+не менÑÑÑÑÑ. Ðни не завиÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑаÑии, но,
пÑименÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
к лÑÐ±Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑÑ
+или ÑиÑÑаÑии, Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑаÑÑмоÑÑеÑÑ
ÑакÑиÑеÑкие обÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑва и ÑопоÑÑавиÑÑ
+алÑÑеÑнаÑивÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÑ, каковÑ
бÑдÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑледÑÑвиÑ; Ñдвиг в ÑеÑ
нике
+никогда не изменÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑинÑÐ¸Ð¿Ñ ÑÑики, но
Ñдвиг в ÑеÑ
нике Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ
+поÑледÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ
и ÑеÑ
же ÑеÑений, Ñак ÑÑо
ÑезÑлÑÑаÑÑ ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑа могÑÑ
+измениÑÑÑÑ, и ÑÑо пÑоизоÑло в облаÑÑи
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава. ÐÑ Ð¿ÑиÑли к
+положениÑ, в коÑоÑом ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкие Ñдвиги
повлиÑли на ÑÑиÑеÑкие ÑакÑоÑÑ,
+коÑоÑÑе вноÑÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´ в авÑоÑÑкое
законодаÑелÑÑÑво и менÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑнÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+обÑеÑÑва полиÑикÑ.</p>
+<p>ÐаконÑ, коÑоÑÑе в пÑоÑлом, возможно, бÑли
Ñ
оÑоÑи, ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð²ÑеднÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+дейÑÑвÑÑÑ Ð² дÑÑгиÑ
обÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑваÑ
. Ðо
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÑниÑÑ ÑÑо, Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÐµÐ½
+веÑнÑÑÑÑÑ Ðº наÑалÑ, к дÑÐµÐ²Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑ, в
коÑоÑом книги делали, пеÑепиÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ
+ÑÑки. ÐÑо бÑл единÑÑвеннÑй ÑпоÑоб, и
каждÑй, кÑо мог ÑиÑаÑÑ, мог Ñакже
+напиÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸. РазÑмееÑÑÑ, Ñаб,
коÑоÑÑй пÑоводил за ÑÑим занÑÑием
+веÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ, делал ÑÑо, навеÑное, неÑколÑко
лÑÑÑе, Ñем ÑоÑ, кÑо ÑÑим ÑегÑлÑÑно
+не занималÑÑ, но ÑазниÑа бÑла невелика. Ðо
ÑÑÑи, вÑÑкий, кÑо мог ÑиÑаÑÑ, мог
+копиÑоваÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸ поÑÑи Ñ Ñем же ÑÑпеÑ
ом, Ñ
каким иÑ
можно бÑло копиÑоваÑÑ
+лÑбÑм манеÑом.</p>
+<p>РдÑевноÑÑи не бÑло Ñой Ñезкой гÑаниÑÑ
Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑÑвом и копиÑованием,
+ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑна в наÑи дни.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑл конÑинÑÑм. С одной ÑÑоÑонÑ, кÑо-Ñо
мог, Ñкажем, напиÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑеÑÑ. ÐаÑем,
+на дÑÑгом конÑе, кÑо-Ñо мог пÑоÑÑо
пеÑепиÑÑваÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸, но Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ кÑо-Ñо,
+Ñкажем, мог пеÑепиÑаÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸, но
допиÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð½ÐµÑколÑко Ñлов или
+пÑимеÑание, ÑÑо бÑло ÑамÑм обÑÑнÑм делом и
опÑеделенно ÑенилоÑÑ. ÐÑÑгие
+пеÑепиÑÑвали какие-Ñо ÑаÑÑи из одной
книги, какие-Ñо ÑаÑÑи из дÑÑгой и
+ÑÑо-Ñо пиÑали Ð¾Ñ ÑебÑ, поÑом пеÑепиÑÑвали
ÑÑо-Ñо еÑе из одной книги, ÑиÑиÑÑÑ
+оÑÑÑвки Ñазной Ð´Ð»Ð¸Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð· ÑазнообÑазнÑÑ
пÑоизведений, а поÑом вÑпиÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñе
+пÑоизведениÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑдиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
подÑобнее
или ÑвÑзаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
дÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом. Ð
+еÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ пÑоизведений анÑиÑноÑÑи —
нÑне ÑÑÑаÑеннÑÑ
—
+ÑаÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
доÑла до Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑÑиÑ
ÑиÑаÑаÑ
из дÑÑгиÑ
книг, ÑÑавÑиÑ
более
+попÑлÑÑнÑми, Ñем книга, из коÑоÑой
пеÑвонаÑалÑно взÑÑа ÑиÑаÑа.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñанием оÑигиналÑного
пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ копиÑованием бÑл
непÑеÑÑвнÑй
+диапазон. ÐÑло много книг, коÑоÑÑе бÑли
ÑаÑÑиÑно ÑкопиÑованÑ, но впеÑемежкÑ
+Ñ Ð¾ÑигиналÑнÑм ÑекÑÑом. Я не дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо в
дÑевноÑÑи бÑло какое-либо
+пÑедÑÑавление об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве, и
пÑоводиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ в Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñло Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñно
+ÑÑÑдно, Ð²ÐµÐ´Ñ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸ мог копиÑоваÑÑ Ð»Ñбой,
кÑо мог ÑиÑаÑÑ, где Ñгодно, лÑбой,
+кÑо мог доÑÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ-Ñо пиÑÑменнÑе
маÑеÑÐ¸Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð¸ пеÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑма. Так ÑÑо
+положение бÑло доволÑно пÑоÑÑо и ÑÑно.</p>
+
+<p>ÐпоÑледÑÑвии полÑÑило ÑазвиÑие
книгопеÑаÑание, и ÑÑо Ñезко изменило
+ÑиÑÑаÑиÑ. ÐеÑаÑнÑй ÑÑанок пÑедоÑÑавил
гоÑаздо более ÑÑÑекÑивнÑй ÑпоÑоб
+копиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³, пÑи ÑÑловии, ÑÑо вÑе они
бÑли иденÑиÑнÑ. Рон ÑÑебовал
+ÑпеÑиализиÑованного, веÑÑма доÑогого
обоÑÑдованиÑ, коÑоÑого Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑого
+ÑиÑаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ могло. Так ÑÑо в
ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе ÑÑо Ñоздало ÑиÑÑаÑиÑ, в коÑоÑой
+на пÑакÑике копиÑоваÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ ÑолÑко
ÑпеÑиализиÑованнÑе пÑедпÑиÑÑиÑ,
+колиÑеÑÑво коÑоÑÑÑ
бÑло не Ñак велико. Ð
ÑÑÑане, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, бÑли ÑоÑни
+пеÑаÑнÑÑ
ÑÑанков на ÑоÑни ÑÑÑÑÑ, а Ñо и
Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ð»Ñдей, коÑоÑÑе Ñмели
+ÑиÑаÑÑ. Так ÑÑо колиÑеÑÑво меÑÑ, в коÑоÑÑÑ
можно бÑло копиÑоваÑÑ, ÑнизилоÑÑ
+колоÑÑалÑно.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава
ÑазвивалаÑÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑе Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑаÑнÑм ÑÑанком. Я
+дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо возможно... мне пÑипоминаеÑÑÑ, Ñ
ÑиÑал, ÑÑо в ÐенеÑии, бÑвÑей
+в XVI веке кÑÑпнÑм ÑенÑÑом
книгопеÑаÑаниÑ, бÑло Ñвоего Ñода
+авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво, но Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÑÑого найÑи: Ñ
не Ñмог Ñнова найÑи ÑÑоÑ
+иÑÑоÑник. Ðо ÑиÑÑема авÑоÑÑкого пÑава
еÑÑеÑÑвеннÑм обÑазом ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвовала
+книгопеÑаÑаниÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо копиÑование
пÑоÑÑÑми ÑиÑаÑелÑми ÑÑало
+ÑедкоÑÑÑÑ. Такое вÑе еÑе ÑлÑÑалоÑÑ. У ÑеÑ
,
кÑо бÑл оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½ или оÑенÑ
+богаÑ, бÑли ÑÑÑнÑе копии книг. ÐÑенÑ
богаÑÑм они нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñли, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ
+Ñвое богаÑÑÑво: ÑÑо бÑл пÑекÑаÑнÑй пÑедмеÑ
ÑоÑкоÑи, им можно бÑло
+поÑ
ваÑÑаÑÑÑÑ. РбеднÑе иногда по-ÑÑаÑомÑ
пеÑепиÑÑвали книги, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо не
+могли кÑпиÑÑ ÑипогÑаÑÑкиÑ
копий. Ðак
поеÑÑÑ Ð² пеÑне, “ÐÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ денÑги,
+когда вÑе, ÑÑо еÑÑÑ — ÑÑо вÑемє.
+Так ÑÑо беднÑе копиÑовали книги вÑÑÑнÑÑ.
Ðо болÑÑинÑÑво книг пеÑаÑалоÑÑ Ð²
+ÑипогÑаÑиÑÑ
издаÑелÑми, и авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво
как ÑиÑÑема оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑо
+ÑоÑеÑалаÑÑ Ñ ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкой ÑиÑÑемой.
Ðо-пеÑвÑÑ
, оно бÑло безболезненно длÑ
+ÑиÑаÑелей, Ð²ÐµÐ´Ñ ÑиÑаÑели вÑе Ñавно не
делали копий, за иÑклÑÑением богаÑей,
+коÑоÑÑе, видимо, могли ÑзакониÑÑ ÑÑо, и
беднÑков, коÑоÑÑе копиÑовали ÑолÑко
+Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑебÑ, и никÑо не ÑобиÑалÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ за ÑÑо
ÑÑдиÑÑÑÑ. РопÑÑÑ-Ñаки, ÑиÑÑемÑ
+бÑло легко ÑÑвеÑждаÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑледиÑÑ
за ÑоблÑдением нÑжно бÑло ÑолÑко в
+немногиÑ
меÑÑаÑ
: ÑолÑко в ÑипогÑаÑиÑÑ
, а
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо не ÑÑебовало, не
+подÑазÑмевало, боÑÑÐ±Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑив обÑеÑÑва. ÐÑ
не Ñвидели бÑ, ÑÑо поÑÑи каждÑй
+пÑÑаеÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑоваÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸, а ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑгÑожаÑÑ
за ÑÑо аÑеÑÑом.</p>
+
+<p>Рна Ñамом деле, плÑÑ Ðº ÑомÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо
напÑÑмÑÑ Ð½Ðµ огÑаниÑивало ÑиÑаÑелей,
+ÑÑо не пÑедÑÑавлÑло Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑаÑелей оÑобой
пÑоблемÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñена книг оÑ
+ÑÑого могла Ñлегка возÑаÑÑи, но не
ÑдвоиÑÑÑÑ, Ñак ÑÑо неболÑÑое добавление к
+Ñене не обÑеменÑло ÑиÑаÑелей. ÐейÑÑвиÑ,
коÑоÑÑе огÑаниÑивало авÑоÑÑкое
+пÑаво, бÑли дейÑÑвиÑми, коÑоÑÑе Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº
пÑоÑÑой ÑиÑаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¿ÑоизводиÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
+могли, а ÑледоваÑелÑно, ÑÑо не
пÑедÑÑавлÑло пÑоблемÑ. РпоÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло
+нÑÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð² ÑÑÑовÑÑ
наказаниÑÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑобÑ
ÑбедиÑÑ ÑиÑаÑелей ÑеÑпеÑÑ Ð¸
+подÑинÑÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво бÑло ÑакÑиÑеÑки
пÑомÑÑленной ноÑмой. Ðно огÑаниÑивало
+издаÑелей и авÑоÑов, но не огÑаниÑивало
ÑиÑокие маÑÑÑ. ÐÑо бÑло как плаÑа за
+вÑ
од на ÑÑдно, идÑÑее ÑеÑез ÐÑланÑикÑ.
ÐонимаеÑе, неÑÑÑдно ÑобÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑ,
+еÑли лÑди пÑоведÑÑ Ð½Ð° боÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»Ð¸, а Ñо и
меÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, Ñ ÑеÑением вÑемени
книгопеÑаÑание ÑÑало ÑÑÑекÑивнее. РконÑе
конÑов
+даже беднÑм ÑÑало не нÑжно возиÑÑÑÑ Ñ
пеÑепиÑÑванием Ð¾Ñ ÑÑки, и об ÑÑом
+вÑоде как забÑли. Ðо-моемÑ, ÑÑо ÑлÑÑилоÑÑ
в XIX веке —
+когда пеÑаÑÑ ÑÑала доÑÑаÑоÑно деÑева,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑÑи каждÑй мог кÑпиÑÑ
+ÑипогÑаÑÑкие книги, Ñак ÑÑо о Ñом, ÑÑо
беднÑе пеÑепиÑÑвали книги Ð¾Ñ ÑÑки, до
+какой-Ñо ÑÑепени забÑли. Я ÑлÑÑал об ÑÑом
Ð»ÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´, когда Ñ ÑÑал
+обÑÑждаÑÑ ÑÑÑ ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, пеÑвонаÑалÑно в Ðнглии авÑоÑÑкое
пÑаво оÑÑаÑÑи вводилоÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº меÑа
+ÑензÑÑÑ. ТоÑ, кÑо Ñ
оÑел издаваÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸,
должен бÑл полÑÑиÑÑ ÑоглаÑие
+гоÑÑдаÑÑÑва, но пÑедÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑлиÑÑ, и
в конÑÑиÑÑÑии СШРполÑÑила Ñвное
+вÑÑажение дÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð¼ÑÑлÑ. Ðогда
ÑоÑÑавлÑлаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑиÑÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¡Ð¨Ð, бÑло
пÑедложено,
+ÑÑо Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑов должно бÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñаво на
монополÑное копиÑование иÑ
книг. ÐÑа
+мÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð±Ñла оÑвеÑгнÑÑа. ÐмеÑÑо ÑÑого в
конÑÑиÑÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð±Ñло вложено дÑÑгое обÑее
+пÑедÑÑавление об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве.
ÐÑедÑÑавление о Ñом, ÑÑо ÑиÑÑема
+авÑоÑÑкого пÑава Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ...
пÑедÑÑавление о Ñом, ÑÑо Ñ Ð»Ñдей еÑÑÑ
+еÑÑеÑÑвенное пÑаво копиÑоваÑÑ, а
авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво как иÑкÑÑÑÑвенное
+огÑаниÑение Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑанкÑиониÑовано в
ÑелÑÑ
ÑодейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑиÑÑема авÑоÑÑкого пÑава бÑла Ð±Ñ Ð¸
в Ñом, и в дÑÑгом ÑлÑÑае более или
+менее Ñой же Ñамой, но ÑÑо бÑло
поÑÑановление о ÑелÑÑ
, коÑоÑÑе, по Ñловам
+законодаÑелей, опÑавдÑваÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое
пÑаво. Ðно ÑвнÑм обÑазом опÑавдÑвалоÑÑ
+как ÑÑедÑÑво ÑодейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑÑÑ, а
пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¸Ð»ÐµÐ³Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑавообладаÑелей. ÐÑак,
+ÑиÑÑема должна изменÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ
пÑавообладаÑелей к вÑгоде обÑеÑÑва. ÐÑгода
+ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² повÑÑении колиÑеÑÑва напиÑаннÑÑ
и вÑпÑÑеннÑÑ
книг, а ÑÑо нÑжно длÑ
+ÑÑкоÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑÑа ÑивилизаÑии,
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¹, и как ÑÑедÑÑво к
+ÑÑомÑ... дÑÑгими Ñловами, авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑÑедÑÑво к
+доÑÑÐ¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑой Ñели. ÐÑак, ÑÑо
ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ Ñакже как ÑÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐºÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ
+обÑеÑÑвом и авÑоÑами; обÑеÑÑво
оÑказÑваеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ñвоего еÑÑеÑÑвенного пÑава
+копиÑоваÑÑ ÑÑо Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло в обмен на
пÑогÑеÑÑ, к коÑоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо коÑвенно
+пÑиводиÑ, за ÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¾ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑелÑÑкой
деÑÑелÑноÑÑи новÑÑ
авÑоÑов.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ ÑелÑÑ
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑаннÑм. Ðо
+именно Ñели лÑбой деÑÑелÑноÑÑи важнее
вÑего Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделениÑ, когда и какие
+Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÑжнÑ. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±ÑваеÑе о ÑелÑÑ
,
Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÐµÑнÑка ÑовеÑÑиÑе оÑибкÑ,
+Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñа пÑинÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ñого ÑеÑениÑ
авÑоÑÑ Ð¸ оÑобенно издаÑели вÑе вÑемÑ
+пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ÑказиÑÑ ÑÑи Ñели и ÑмаÑ
нÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
под ÑÑол. ÐеÑÑÑилеÑиÑми велаÑÑ
+кампаниÑ, пÑÑавÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑлÑÑизоваÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ,
оÑвеÑгнÑÑÑÑ Ð² конÑÑиÑÑÑии
+СШÐ. ÐÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº пÑивилегиÑ
+пÑавообладаÑелей. ÐÑÑажение ÑÑого видно
поÑÑи во вÑем, ÑÑо они говоÑÑÑ,
+наÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸ заканÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñловом “пиÑає,
коÑоÑÑм полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
+ÑоздаÑÑ Ð²Ð¿ÐµÑаÑление, бÑдÑо
неÑанкÑиониÑованное копиÑование Ñ ÑоÑки
зÑениÑ
+моÑали ÑавнознаÑно Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° коÑабли Ñ
заÑ
ваÑом или ÑбийÑÑвом лÑдей на
+боÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑиÑеÑÑ Ðº заÑвлениÑм
издаÑелей, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑе множеÑÑво
+неÑвнÑÑ
пÑедположений Ñакого Ñода; вам
пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑаÑкиваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
на ÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð¸
+подвеÑгаÑÑ ÑомнениÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐовÑе ÑобÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ пÑоблемÑ</h3>
+<p><em>[ÑвеÑлееÑ]</em></p>
+
+<p>Ðак Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло, пока пÑодолжалаÑÑ ÑпоÑ
а пеÑаÑного ÑÑанка, авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво
+бÑло безболезненно, его бÑло легко
пÑоводиÑÑ Ð² Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ Ð¸ оно, видимо, бÑло
+полезно. Ðо неÑколÑко деÑÑÑилеÑий назад
ÑпоÑ
а пеÑаÑного ÑÑанка подоÑла к
+конÑÑ, когда Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑали поÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ
кÑеÑокÑÑ Ð¸ магниÑоÑонÑ, а позднее, когда
+воÑли в обиÑ
од компÑÑÑеÑнÑе ÑеÑи,
положение изменилоÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÑдиналÑно. СейÑаÑ
+Ð¼Ñ Ð² положении, ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑки более ÑÑ
одном Ñ
дÑевноÑÑÑÑ, когда каждÑй, кÑо мог
+ÑÑо-Ñо пÑоÑеÑÑÑ, мог Ñакже ÑделаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ,
коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð±Ñла по ÑÑÑи не Ñ
Ñже, Ñем
+лÑÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ð· копий, какÑÑ ÑолÑко кÑо-либо мог
ÑделаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><em>[Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð² аÑдиÑоÑии]</em></p>
+
+<p>СейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð² опÑÑÑ Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ Ð² положении,
в коÑоÑом пÑоÑÑÑе ÑиÑаÑели могÑÑ
+копиÑоваÑÑ Ñами. ÐÑо не нÑжно делаÑÑ
ÑенÑÑализованно маÑÑовÑм пÑоизводÑÑвом,
+как на пеÑаÑном ÑÑанке. Так воÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкий Ñдвиг менÑеÑ
+обÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑва, в коÑоÑÑÑ
дейÑÑвÑеÑ
авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво. ÐÑедÑÑавление о Ñделке
+ÑоÑÑоÑло в Ñом, ÑÑо обÑеÑÑво пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ñвое
еÑÑеÑÑвенное пÑаво копиÑоваÑÑ, а в
+обмен полÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑ. Так воÑ, Ñделка
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²Ñгодной или
+невÑгодной. ÐÑо завиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÑенноÑÑи Ñого,
ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¾ÑдаеÑе, и ÑенноÑÑи Ñого,
+ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаеÑе. Ð ÑпоÑ
Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑаÑного ÑÑанка
обÑеÑÑво пÑодавало ÑвободÑ,
+коÑоÑой не могло полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо как еÑли найÑи ÑпоÑоб пÑодаваÑÑ
иÑпÑажнениÑ: ÑÑо Ð²Ñ ÑеÑÑеÑе? Ðам ÑÑо вÑе
+Ñавно ни к ÑемÑ, еÑли Ð²Ñ ÑÑо-Ñо полÑÑиÑе за
ÑÑо, едва ли ÑÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
+невÑгодно.</p>
+
+<p><em>[ÑлабÑй ÑмеÑ
]</em></p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо как бÑаÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñги за обеÑание не
ездиÑÑ Ð½Ð° дÑÑгÑÑ Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð´Ñ. ÐÑ Ð²Ñе Ñавно
+ÑÑда не поедеÑе...</p>
+
+<p><em>[дÑÑжнÑй ÑмеÑ
]</em></p>
+
+<p>...во вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае, пока Ð²Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ñ, Ñак ÑÑо,
еÑли кÑо-Ñо ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ плаÑиÑÑ
+за обеÑание не ездиÑÑ Ð½Ð° дÑÑгÑÑ Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð´Ñ, ÑÑо
же, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ пообеÑаÑÑ? Ðо
+еÑли Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·ÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ межзвезднÑй коÑаблÑ,
Ñо ÑÑа Ñделка вам Ñже Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ
+показаÑÑÑÑ Ñакой Ñж Ñ
оÑоÑей. Ðогда вÑ
пÑивÑкли пÑодаваÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+оно беÑполезно, и Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
одиÑе ÑÑомÑ
пÑименение, Ñо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе пеÑеÑмоÑÑеÑÑ
+желаÑелÑноÑÑÑ ÑеÑ
ÑÑаÑÑÑ
Ñделок, коÑоÑÑе
ÑанÑÑе бÑли вÑгоднÑми. ÐбÑÑно в
+Ñакой ÑиÑÑаÑии Ð²Ñ Ð´ÑмаеÑе: “Я болÑÑе не
бÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿ÑодаваÑÑ ÑÑо полноÑÑÑÑ;
+кое-ÑÑо Ñ Ð±ÑÐ´Ñ Ð¾ÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñебє.
+Так ÑÑо еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ñдавали ÑвободÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ
не могли оÑÑÑеÑÑвлÑÑÑ, а ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ñ
+ÑÑо можеÑе, Ñо вÑ, навеÑное, заÑ
оÑиÑе
наÑаÑÑ ÑдеÑживаÑÑ ÑÑо пÑаво и
+оÑÑÑеÑÑвлÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾, Ñ
оÑÑ Ð±Ñ ÑаÑÑиÑно. ÐÑ
могли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾-пÑÐµÐ¶Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ
+ÑвободÑ: и еÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑво ÑазнÑÑ
алÑÑеÑнаÑивнÑÑ
Ñделок, в коÑоÑÑÑ
оÑдаÑÑÑÑ
+одни ÑаÑÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ ÑдеÑживаÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгие.
ÐÑак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÑ, ÑÑо же вÑ
+Ñ
оÑиÑе, ÑÑебÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑмаÑÑ, но в лÑбом
ÑлÑÑае вам нÑжно пеÑеÑмоÑÑеÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑÑ
+ÑÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐºÑ Ð¸, возможно, пÑодаваÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑе Ñого,
ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ñодавали в пÑоÑлом.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо издаÑели пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ð² ÑоÑноÑÑи
обÑаÑное. Ðменно в Ñо вÑемÑ, когда
+обÑеÑÑвеннÑй инÑеÑÐµÑ ÑÑебÑÐµÑ ÑоÑ
ÑанениÑ
ÑаÑÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзованиÑ,
+издаÑели пÑоводÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ, по коÑоÑÑм мÑ
оÑдаем болÑÑе ÑвободÑ. ÐонимаеÑе,
+никогда не пÑедполагалоÑÑ, ÑÑо авÑоÑÑкое
пÑаво бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð°Ð±ÑолÑÑной монополией
+на вÑÑкое иÑполÑзование ÑабоÑÑ, на коÑоÑÑÑ
оно ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ. Ðно
+ÑегÑлиÑовало одни пÑименениÑ, но не
дÑÑгие, однако в поÑледнее вÑемÑ
+издаÑели оказÑваÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑаÑÑиÑÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ вÑе далÑÑе и
+далÑÑе. Ð ÑовÑем недавно доÑли до акÑов
Ñипа Ðакона об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве
+ÑиÑÑового ÑÑÑÑÑелеÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² СШÐ, коÑоÑÑй они
Ñакже пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑиÑÑ Ð²
+междÑнаÑоднÑй договоÑ, дейÑÑвÑÑ ÑеÑез
ÐÑемиÑнÑÑ Ð¾ÑганизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑеллекÑÑалÑной
+ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑÑи ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
оÑганизаÑией, пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑей
+деÑжаÑелей авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав и паÑенÑов,
ÑабоÑаÑÑей над ÑÑилением иÑ
влаÑÑи и
+пÑиÑвоÑÑÑÑейÑÑ, ÑÑо она Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑо во имÑ
ÑеловеÑеÑÑва, а не Ñади ÑÑиÑ
+конкÑеÑнÑÑ
компаний.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑледÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо
авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво ÑÑало огÑаниÑиваÑÑ
+деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ð¿ÑоводиÑÑ
пÑоÑÑÑе полÑзоваÑели? ÐÑ, во-пеÑвÑÑ
,
+ÑÑо болÑÑе не пÑомÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ñма. Ðно
ÑÑановиÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð³ÑÑзкой на
+обÑеÑÑво. Ðо-вÑоÑÑÑ
, из-за ÑÑого вÑ
обнаÑÑживаеÑе, ÑÑо обÑеÑÑво ÑÑало
+возÑажаÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив него. ÐонимаеÑе, когда
оно не Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑÑм лÑдÑм делаÑÑ Ñо,
+ÑÑо в иÑ
жизни еÑÑеÑÑвенно, вÑ
обнаÑÑживаеÑе, ÑÑо пÑоÑÑÑе лÑди
оÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ
+подÑинÑÑÑÑÑ. ÐнаÑиÑ, авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво Ñже
не легко пÑоводиÑÑ Ð² жизнÑ, и воÑ
+поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ñе, как гоÑÑдаÑÑÑва, коÑоÑÑе
ÑлÑÐ¶Ð°Ñ Ð² оÑновном издаÑелÑм, а не
+обÑеÑÑвÑ, вводÑÑ Ð²Ñе более и более ÑÑÑовÑе
наказаниÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑоме Ñого, вам ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑавиÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑ
о Ñом, пÑиноÑÐ¸Ñ Ð»Ð¸ ÑиÑÑема
+авÑоÑÑкого пÑава полÑÐ·Ñ Ð¿Ð¾-пÑежнемÑ.
ÐопÑоÑÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÑ, Ñо, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ñдавали,
+ÑепеÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñенно. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, ÑепеÑÑ
ÑÑо плоÑ
Ð°Ñ Ñделка. Так ÑÑо вÑе Ñо,
+ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑо подÑ
одило Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑаÑного ÑÑанка,
плоÑ
о подÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑÑовой
+инÑоÑмаÑионной ÑеÑ
ники. ÐÑак, вмеÑÑо Ñого
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñ
одиÑÑ Ð½Ð° взимание плаÑÑ
+за пеÑеезд ÐÑланÑики на ÑÑдне, ÑÑо поÑ
оже
на взимание плаÑÑ Ð·Ð° пеÑеÑ
од
+ÑлиÑÑ. ÐÑо болÑÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð½Ð¸ÑелÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
лÑди пеÑеÑ
одÑÑ ÑлиÑÑ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð´Ðµ и
+поÑÑоÑнно, и плаÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑо бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑой
головной болÑÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐовÑе Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, какие, к пÑимеÑÑ, Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸
Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑÑи в авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑпоÑобиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ к Ñой ÑиÑÑаÑии, в
коÑоÑой обÑеÑÑво ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ñ? ÐÑ,
+кÑайней меÑой бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑмениÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое
пÑаво, но ÑÑо не единÑÑвеннÑй
+возможнÑй ваÑианÑ. ÐÑÑÑ ÑазнÑе ÑиÑÑаÑии, в
коÑоÑÑÑ
Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ ÑнизиÑÑ
+влаÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава, не оÑменÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
полноÑÑÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑким
+пÑавом можно пÑоизводиÑÑ ÑазнÑе дейÑÑвиÑ
в ÑазнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑаÑиÑÑ
, и в каждом
+ÑлÑÑае ÑÑо ÑамоÑÑоÑÑелÑнÑй вопÑоÑ. Ðолжно
ÑÑо оговаÑиваÑÑÑÑ Ð² авÑоÑÑком
+пÑаве или неÑ? ÐÑоме Ñого, еÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑ
“как долго?”.
+РанÑÑе авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво бÑло гоÑаздо
коÑоÑе по ÑÑÐ¾ÐºÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвиÑ, и его вÑе
+пÑодлевали и пÑодлевали в поÑледние
пÑÑÑдеÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ около Ñого, и
+ÑакÑиÑеÑки ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·ÑваеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
владелÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав планиÑÑÑÑ Ð¸
+далÑÑе пÑодлеваÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкие пÑава, ÑÑобÑ
они Ñже никогда не иÑÑекали. Ð
+конÑÑиÑÑÑии СШРÑказано, ÑÑо “авÑоÑÑкие
пÑава Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑеÑÑвоваÑÑ
+огÑаниÑенное вÑемє, но издаÑели наÑли
обÑ
одной пÑÑÑ: каждÑе двадÑаÑÑ
+Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ ÑдлинÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкие пÑава на
двадÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ, и Ñаким обÑазом, дейÑÑвие
+авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав болÑÑе не пÑекÑаÑаеÑÑÑ. Так
воÑ, ÑеÑез ÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое
+пÑаво Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð´Ð»Ð¸ÑÑÑÑ 1200 леÑ, Ñовно ÑÑолÑко,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкие пÑава на Ðикки
+ÐаÑÑа не иÑÑекали.</p>
+
+<p>ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо именно поÑÑомÑ, как полагаÑÑ,
конгÑеÑÑ Ð¡Ð¨Ð Ð¿Ñовел закон,
+пÑодливÑий авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво на двадÑаÑÑ
леÑ. ÐÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Disney им за ÑÑо
+плаÑила, и пÑезиденÑÑ, конеÑно, в виде
Ñондов на пÑедвÑбоÑнÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑо бÑло законно. ÐонимаеÑе, еÑли бÑ
они пÑоÑÑо дали денег, ÑÑо бÑло
+Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑеÑÑÑплением, но коÑвеннÑе
Ð²Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ — в кампании —
+законом не запÑеÑенÑ, и ÑÑо-Ñо они и делаÑÑ:
покÑпаÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ñелей. Так ÑÑо
+они пÑовели закон об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве Санни
Ðоно. Ð Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑо инÑеÑеÑно: Санни
+Ðоно бÑл конгÑеÑÑменом и Ñленом ЦеÑкви
ÑайенÑологии, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑеÑÑÑ
+авÑоÑÑким пÑавом Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹ об
иÑ
деÑÑелÑноÑÑи. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
+еÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ñний конгÑеÑÑмен, и они оÑенÑ
ÑилÑно давили на законодаÑелей, ÑÑобÑ
+повÑÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава.</p>
+
+<p>Ðак Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло, нам повезло, и Санни
Ðоно ÑмеÑ, но Ð¾Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ имени,
+по-моемÑ, они пÑовели ÐÐºÑ 1998 года об
авÑоÑÑком пÑаве на Ðикки ÐаÑÑа. ÐеждÑ
+пÑоÑим, его оÑпоÑили на ÑеÑ
оÑнованиÑÑ
, ÑÑо
еÑÑÑ ÑÑдебнÑй пÑоÑеÑÑ, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑм
+лÑди надеÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¹Ñи в ÐеÑÑ
овнÑй ÑÑд и
оÑмениÑÑ Ð¿Ñодление ÑÑаÑÑÑ
авÑоÑÑкиÑ
+пÑав. Ðо вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае, еÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе ÑÑи ÑазнÑе
вопÑоÑÑ Ð¸ ÑиÑÑаÑии, в коÑоÑÑÑ
мÑ
+могли Ð±Ñ ÑокÑаÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвиÑ
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава.</p>
+
+<p>РкакиÑ
, напÑимеÑ? ÐÑ, во-пеÑвÑÑ
, вÑе ÑÑи
вÑевозможнÑе обÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑва
+копиÑованиÑ. Ðа одном конÑе —
коммеÑÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ñодажа копий в
+магазинаÑ
, на дÑÑгом — Ñоздание вÑемÑ
Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñемени лиÑной копии длÑ
+пÑиÑÑелÑ, а Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸, к пÑимеÑÑ, веÑание
по ÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ по Ñадио,
+ÑазмеÑение на ÑайÑе в ÐнÑеÑнеÑе, ÑаздаÑа в
оÑганизаÑии ÑÑеди ÑоÑÑÑдников, и
+кое-ÑÑо из ÑÑого можно делаÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº в
коммеÑÑеÑкиÑ
, Ñак и в некоммеÑÑеÑкиÑ
+ÑелÑÑ
. ÐонимаеÑе, можно пÑедÑÑавиÑÑ Ñебе
компаниÑ, ÑаздаÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸ Ñвоим
+ÑоÑÑÑдникам, а можно пÑедÑÑавиÑÑ Ñебе, ÑÑо
ÑÑо Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ñкола или какаÑ-Ñо
+ÑаÑÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð¾ÑвоÑиÑелÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¾ÑганизаÑиÑ.
СиÑÑаÑии ÑазнÑе, и не обÑзаÑелÑно
+оÑноÑиÑÑÑÑ Ðº ним одинаково.
+
+ÐÑак, один из ÑпоÑобов веÑнÑÑÑ... Ñ
оÑÑ
вообÑе деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе
+вÑего ÑвÑзана Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñной жизнÑÑ, наиболее
важна Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñей ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ обÑаза
+жизни, в Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº наиболее
обÑеÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸ коммеÑÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð´ÐµÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ
+наиболее Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо
доÑ
ода Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑов, Ñак ÑÑо
+напÑаÑиваеÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑомиÑÑ, в коÑоÑом
гÑаниÑа авÑоÑÑкого пÑава пÑоведена
+где-Ñо поÑеÑедине, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑÑеÑÑвеннаÑ
ÑаÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑÑелÑноÑÑи вÑе-Ñаки попадала
+под дейÑÑвие авÑоÑÑкого пÑава и ÑлÑжила
иÑÑоÑником доÑ
ода Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑов, и в
+Ñо же вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ, наиболее пÑÑмо
ÑвÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñной жизнÑÑ Ð»Ñдей,
+ÑÑала Ð±Ñ Ñнова Ñвободной. Ðменно Ñакого
Ñода изменение Ñ Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑÑи в
+авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑакиÑ
веÑей, как
ÑоманÑ, биогÑаÑии, мемÑаÑÑ, оÑеÑки и
+Ñак далее.
+Ðак минимÑм, Ñ Ð»Ñдей вÑегда должно бÑÑÑ
пÑаво обменÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÐµÐ¹ Ñо
+знакомÑм. Ðменно когда гоÑÑдаÑÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑедоÑвÑаÑаÑÑ Ñакого Ñода
+деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ, оно вÑнÑждено вÑоÑгаÑÑÑÑ Ð²
лиÑнÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ и пÑименÑÑÑ
+ÑÑÑовÑе наказаниÑ. ÐдинÑÑвеннÑй ÑпоÑоб в
оÑновном не даваÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм
+обмениваÑÑÑÑ Ð² иÑ
лиÑной жизни —
ÑÑÑановиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑейÑкое
+гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво, но пÑблиÑнÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÐµÑÑеÑкÑÑ
деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ ÑегÑлиÑоваÑÑ
+гоÑаздо пÑоÑе и гоÑаздо безболезненнее.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, меÑÑо, где Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑовеÑÑи
гÑаниÑÑ, завиÑиÑ, по-моемÑ, Ð¾Ñ Ñипа
+ÑабоÑÑ. РазнÑе пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑлÑÐ¶Ð°Ñ Ñ
полÑзоваÑелей ÑазнÑм ÑелÑм. Ðо
+ÑегоднÑÑнего Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñла ÑиÑÑема
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваеÑ
+поÑÑи вÑе в ÑоÑноÑÑи как одно и Ñо же, кÑоме
мÑзÑки: Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼ÑзÑки еÑÑÑ
+множеÑÑво ÑÑидиÑеÑкиÑ
иÑклÑÑений. Ðо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑиÑин ÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑоÑÑ Ð²ÑÑе
+пÑакÑиÑеÑкиÑ
поÑледÑÑвий. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼
ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ ÑазнÑе ÑÐ¸Ð¿Ñ Ð¿Ñоизведений
+по-ÑазномÑ. Я пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð³ÑÑбо ÑазделиÑÑ
пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑи Ñипа:
+ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑе пÑоизведениÑ,
пÑоизведениÑ, вÑÑажаÑÑие лиÑнÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð¸ÑиÑ, и
+пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑипиалÑно ÑÑÑеÑиÑеÑкого
Ñ
аÑакÑеÑа. </p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑм пÑоизведениÑм
оÑноÑÑÑÑÑ: компÑÑÑеÑнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑеÑепÑÑ,
+ÑÑебники, ÑловаÑи и дÑÑгие ÑпÑавоÑнÑе
пÑоизведениÑ; вÑе, Ñем Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑеÑеÑÑ,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑполнÑÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ. Я Ñбежден, ÑÑо длÑ
ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑÑ
ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾Ñ Ð»ÑдÑм нÑжна
+оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑиÑÐ¾ÐºÐ°Ñ Ñвобода, в Ñом ÑиÑле Ñвобода
пÑбликоваÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñе веÑÑии. Ð
+вÑе, ÑÑо Ñ ÑобиÑаÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑказаÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²ÑÑа о
компÑÑÑеÑнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
, оÑноÑиÑÑÑ
+ÑоÑно Ñак же и к дÑÑгим Ñипам
ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑÑ
пÑоизведений. Так ÑÑо ÑÑоÑ
+кÑиÑеÑий ÑвободÑ... поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо необÑ
одимо,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±Ñла Ñвобода пÑбликоваÑÑ
+измененнÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ, знаÑиÑ, нам нÑжно поÑÑи
полноÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð±Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
+авÑоÑÑкого пÑава, но движение за ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·ÑваеÑ, ÑÑо
+пÑогÑеÑÑ, коÑоÑого Ñ
оÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑво, Ñ.е. Ñо,
ÑÑо ÑÐºÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑавдÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð² глазаÑ
+обÑеÑÑва авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво,— ÑÑоÑ
пÑогÑеÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð´Ñи и дÑÑгими пÑÑÑми.
+Ðам не обÑзаÑелÑно оÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑиÑ
важнÑÑ
Ñвобод, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ
+пÑогÑеÑÑ. Так воÑ, издаÑели вÑе вÑемÑ
пÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñанее пÑедполагаÑÑ, ÑÑо
+полÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ· оÑказа Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑиÑ
жизненно важнÑÑ
Ñвобод невозможно, и Ñ
+ÑÑиÑаÑ, Ñамое главное в движении за
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — ÑÑо оно
+показало им, ÑÑо иÑ
пÑедположение
неопÑавдано.</p>
+
+<p>Я не Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ ÑвеÑен, ÑÑо во
вÑеÑ
ÑÑиÑ
облаÑÑÑÑ
Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем
+полÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑÑ, не огÑаниÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð»Ñдей
авÑоÑÑким пÑавом, но мÑ-Ñо показали,
+ÑÑо возможноÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ: ÑÑа Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑмеÑ
оÑвоÑна. Ðе не ÑледÑеÑ
+оÑбÑаÑÑваÑÑ. ÐбÑеÑÑво не должно полагаÑÑ,
ÑÑо единÑÑвеннÑй ÑпоÑоб полÑÑиÑÑ
+пÑогÑеÑÑ — ввеÑÑи авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво, но
даже Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑиÑ
Ñипов
+пÑоизведений могÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ñазного Ñода
компÑомиÑÑнÑе ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава,
+коÑоÑÑе ÑовмеÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑедоÑÑавлением
лÑдÑм ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑбликаÑии
+модиÑиÑиÑованнÑÑ
веÑÑий.
+ÐозÑмиÑе, к пÑимеÑÑ, ÐиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ñвободной
докÑменÑаÑии GNU, коÑоÑой
+полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ Ñвободной.
ÐиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÐµÑ Ð²Ñем
+копиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸ пÑодаваÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸
модиÑиÑиÑованнÑÑ
веÑÑий, но ÑÑебÑеÑ
+опÑеделеннÑм обÑазом оÑдаваÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ð¾Ðµ
пеÑвонаÑалÑнÑм авÑоÑам и издаÑелÑм
+Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ коммеÑÑеÑкое
пÑеимÑÑеÑÑво и Ñем ÑамÑм, по моемÑ
+ÑбеждениÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ
коммеÑÑеÑкой пÑбликаÑии ÑвободнÑÑ
ÑÑебников,
+и еÑли ÑÑо дейÑÑвÑеÑ, лÑди пÑоÑÑо наÑинаÑÑ
пÑобнÑе коммеÑÑеÑкие
+пÑбликаÑии. Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑое
+колиÑеÑÑво копий ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
ÑвободнÑÑ
книг
Ñже поÑÑи пÑÑнадÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ, и Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
+ÑÑо окÑпалоÑÑ. Ðднако наÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ ÑÑого
моменÑа коммеÑÑеÑкие издаÑели пÑоÑÑо
+наÑинаÑÑ Ð¸ÑпÑÑÑваÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑнÑй подÑ
од, но Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, даже длÑ
+ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑÑ
пÑоизведений, когда важна
Ñвобода пÑбликаÑии модиÑиÑиÑованнÑÑ
+пÑоизведений, можно вÑÑабоÑаÑÑ Ñого или
иного Ñода компÑомиÑÑ, коÑоÑÑй
+пÑедоÑÑавлÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑÑ ÑвободÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ»Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
Ñипов пÑоизведений ÑÑиÑеÑкие
вопÑоÑÑ Ð²ÑÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾-дÑÑгомÑ, поÑомÑ
+ÑÑо ÑÑи пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾-дÑÑгомÑ
иÑполÑзÑÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ°ÑегоÑиÑ
+пÑоизведений — пÑоизведениÑ,
вÑÑажаÑÑие ÑÑи-Ñо позиÑии, взглÑдÑ
+или жизненнÑй опÑÑ. ÐапÑимеÑ, оÑеÑки,
деловÑе пÑедложениÑ, вÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñвоей
+ÑÑидиÑеÑкой позиÑии, мемÑаÑÑ, вÑе
пÑоизведениÑ, ÑмÑÑл коÑоÑÑÑ
в вÑÑажении
+Ñого, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð´ÑмаеÑе, Ñего Ñ
оÑиÑе или ÑÑо
лÑбиÑе. ÐÐ±Ð·Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³ или ÑеÑÑоÑанов
+Ñоже оÑноÑÑÑÑÑ Ðº ÑÑой каÑегоÑии: в нем
вÑÑажаеÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ñное мнение или позиÑиÑ.
+Так воÑ, Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑиÑ
Ñипов ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾Ñ Ð² модиÑикаÑии
пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹
+полÑзÑ. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð²Ð¸Ð¶Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑин, по коÑоÑÑм
лÑдÑм бÑла Ð±Ñ Ð½Ñжна Ñвобода
+пÑбликоваÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñе веÑÑии ÑÑиÑ
пÑоизведений. ÐоÑловное
+копиÑование — единÑÑвенное, ÑÑо лÑди
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ½Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ, и
+поÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ ÑаÑÑмоÑÑеÑÑ Ð¼ÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð¾ Ñом,
ÑÑо Ñвобода ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸
+должна бÑÑÑ ÑолÑко в опÑеделеннÑÑ
ÑиÑÑаÑиÑÑ
, напÑимеÑ, Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, бÑло бÑ
+допÑÑÑимо, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° огÑаниÑивалаÑÑ
некоммеÑÑеÑким ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанением. Ð
+жизни пÑоÑÑÑÑ
гÑаждан Ñже не бÑло бÑ
огÑаниÑений, но на ÑÑ Ð¶Ðµ деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ
+издаÑелей авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво бÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑлоÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><em>[пÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ]</em></p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, ÑанÑÑе Ñ Ð´Ñмал, ÑÑо, возможно,
бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑаÑоÑно позволиÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм
+вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñемени пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸
ÑаÑÑнÑм обÑазом. РанÑÑе Ñ Ð´Ñмал,
+ÑÑо, возможно, бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑÑимо, еÑли бÑ
авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво по-пÑежнемÑ
+огÑаниÑивало пÑблиÑное ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение
ÑÑиÑ
пÑоизведений, но опÑÑ Napster
+Ñбедил менÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо не Ñак. Ðело в Ñом, ÑÑо
ÑÑо показÑваеÑ, ÑÑо многие и
+многие лÑди Ñ
оÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
пÑблиÑно — пÑблиÑно, но не в
+коммеÑÑеÑкиÑ
ÑелÑÑ
— и ÑÑо оÑенÑ
полезно. Ð Ñаз ÑÑо Ñак полезно,
+Ñо нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð½Ðµ даваÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм делаÑÑ ÑÑо. Ðо Ñ
дÑмаÑ, вÑе-Ñаки бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ñиемлемо
+огÑаниÑиваÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÐµÑÑеÑкое
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение ÑÑого пÑоизведениÑ,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо
+бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо пÑомÑÑленной ноÑмой и не
пÑепÑÑÑÑвовало полезной
+деÑÑелÑноÑÑи, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð»Ñди пÑоводили Ð±Ñ Ñ
ÑÑими пÑоизведениÑми.</p>
+
+<p>Ðа, ÑÑда оÑноÑÑÑÑÑ Ñакже наÑÑнÑе ÑÑаÑÑи.
ÐаÑÑнÑе ÑÑаÑÑи в Ñелом попадаÑÑ Ð²
+ÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÑегоÑиÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо пÑбликаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸Ñ
измененнÑÑ
веÑÑий — ÑÑо
+неÑ
оÑоÑо: ÑÑо ÑалÑÑиÑикаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñей, Ñак
ÑÑо ÑÑаÑÑи нÑжно ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
+ÑолÑко без изменений, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
должна
бÑÑÑ Ñвобода пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
+наÑÑнÑе ÑÑаÑÑи, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
пооÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение, и Ñ
+надеÑÑÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° не ÑоглаÑиÑеÑÑ
пÑбликоваÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑнÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ñак, ÑÑобÑ
+бÑло огÑаниÑено доÑловное
пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение по ÑеÑи. ÐовоÑиÑе
ÑедакÑии
+жÑÑнала, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ ÑÑого не ÑделаеÑе.</p>
+
+<p>ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо наÑÑнÑе жÑÑÐ½Ð°Ð»Ñ ÑÑали
пÑепÑÑÑÑвоваÑÑ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑнÑÑ
+ÑезÑлÑÑаÑов. РанÑÑе иÑ
меÑ
анизм бÑл необÑ
одим. СейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ помеÑ
а, и ÑолÑко,
+и Ñе жÑÑналÑ, коÑоÑÑе огÑаниÑиваÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑп
и пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение,
+<em>должнÑ</em> бÑÑÑ ÑпÑаздненÑ. ÐÑо вÑаги
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹; ÑÑо вÑаги
+наÑки; Ñ ÑÑой пÑакÑикой нÑжно поконÑиÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, еÑÑÑ ÑÑеÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÑегоÑиÑ
пÑоизведений, ÑÑÑеÑиÑеÑкие пÑоизведениÑ,
ими
+главнÑм обÑазом наÑлаждаÑÑÑÑ. Такими
пÑоизведениÑми ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ ÑоманÑ, пÑеÑÑ,
+ÑÑиÑ
и, во многиÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
каÑÑинÑ, обÑÑно и
в болÑÑинÑÑве ÑлÑÑаев мÑзÑка. Ðак
+пÑавило, иÑ
ÑоздаÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸
наÑлаждалиÑÑ. Так воÑ, они не ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑ,
+и лÑдÑм не нÑжна возможноÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑÑ Ð¸
ÑлÑÑÑаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
Ñак, как ÑÑо нÑжно в
+ÑлÑÑае ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑÑ
пÑоизведений. Так
ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑложнÑй вопÑоÑ: Ñак ли
+важно, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð»Ñдей бÑла Ñвобода
пÑбликоваÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñе веÑÑии
пÑоизведениÑ
+ÑÑÑеÑиÑеÑкого Ñ
аÑакÑеÑа. С одной ÑÑоÑонÑ,
еÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑ Ñ Ð¸Ð·ÑÑднÑм ÑамолÑбием,
+коÑоÑÑе говоÑÑÑ:</p>
+
+<p><em>[английÑкий акÑенÑ, ÑеаÑÑалÑнÑй
жеÑÑ]</em></p>
+
+<p>— Ð! ÐÑо мое ÑвоÑение!</p>
+
+<p><em>[пеÑеÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ на боÑÑонÑкий]</em></p>
+
+<p>— ÐÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑмеÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ Ñ
оÑÑ
ÑÑÑокÑ?</p><p>С дÑÑгой ÑÑоÑонÑ, Ñ
+Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ ÑолÑклоÑ, а ÑÑо показÑваеÑ, ÑÑо
ÑÑд лÑдей, поÑледоваÑелÑно или даже
+паÑаллелÑно изменÑÑÑиÑ
пÑоизведение, а
заÑем ÑÑавниваÑÑиÑ
веÑÑии, можеÑ
+пÑоизвеÑÑи ÑÑо-Ñо невеÑоÑÑно богаÑое, и
Ñаким обÑазом бÑли ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑолÑко
+пÑекÑаÑнÑе пеÑни или коÑоÑкие ÑÑиÑ
и, но и
длиннÑе ÑпоÑÑ, и бÑло вÑемÑ, когда
+деÑÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¸ÑкÑÑÑÑва еÑе не бÑл окÑÑан
миÑÑиÑеÑким оÑеолом ÑвоÑÑа,
+полÑбожеÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑигÑÑа еÑе не обладала
Ñакой Ñилой, и даже великие пиÑаÑели
+пеÑепиÑÑвали иÑÑоÑии, напиÑаннÑе дÑÑгими.
ÐекоÑоÑÑе из пÑÐµÑ Ð¨ÐµÐºÑпиÑа
+задейÑÑвÑÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑоÑии, взÑÑÑе из дÑÑгиÑ
пÑеÑ, напиÑаннÑÑ
неÑколÑкими
+деÑÑÑилеÑиÑми Ñанее. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвовало
ÑегоднÑÑнее авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво,
+ШекÑпиÑа назвали Ð±Ñ “пиÑаÑом” за
некоÑоÑÑе из его великиÑ
+пÑоизведений, Ñак ÑÑо дÑÑгие авÑоÑÑ
непÑеменно Ñказали бÑ:</p>
+
+<p><em>[английÑкий акÑенÑ]</em></p>
+
+<p>— Ðак он поÑмел измениÑÑ Ñ
оÑÑ ÑÑÑÐ¾ÐºÑ Ð²
моем ÑвоÑении?! Разве он мог
+ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾?!</p>
+
+<p><em>[ÑмеÑки в аÑдиÑоÑии]</em></p>
+
+<p>ÐÑди вÑÑмеиваÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð¼ÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾ в ÑÑиÑ
вÑÑажениÑÑ
. ÐÑ, Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÑказаÑÑ
+опÑеделенно, как нам бÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑбликаÑией
модиÑиÑиÑованнÑÑ
веÑÑиÑÑ
ÑÑиÑ
+ÑÑÑеÑиÑеÑкиÑ
пÑоизведений. ÐапÑимеÑ,
можно ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо наподобие Ñого,
+ÑÑо делаеÑÑÑ Ð² мÑзÑке, где каждомÑ
позволено аÑанжиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸ иÑполнÑÑÑ
+мелодиÑ, но им, возможно, пÑидеÑÑÑ
заплаÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑо, но им не нÑжно пÑоÑиÑÑ
+ÑазÑеÑение иÑполнÑÑÑ ÑÑо. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, длÑ
коммеÑÑеÑкой пÑбликаÑии ÑÑиÑ
+пÑоизведений, измененнÑÑ
или неÑ, еÑли они
заÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñги, они могли бÑ
+плаÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ-Ñо денÑги, ÑÑо ваÑианÑ. Ðак
бÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑбликаÑией измененнÑÑ
+веÑÑий ÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑеÑиÑеÑкиÑ
ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾Ñ —
вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¿ÑоÑÑой, и Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ
+оÑвеÑа, коÑоÑÑй Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑÑ
ÑдовлеÑвоÑÑл.</p>
+
+<p><b>Человек из аÑдиÑоÑии (Ч1)</b>. <em>[вопÑоÑ,
неÑазбоÑÑиво]</em></p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐозволÑÑе мне повÑоÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑ,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо он пÑоговоÑил Ñак
+бÑÑÑÑо, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑо не понÑÑÑ. Ðн
Ñказал: “Ркакой каÑегоÑии
+Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑноÑиÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑнÑе игÑÑ?”
ÐÑ, Ñ Ð±Ñ Ñказал, ÑÑо игÑа ноÑиÑ
+ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑй, а ÑÑенаÑий игÑÑ —
ÑÑÑеÑиÑеÑкий Ñ
аÑакÑеÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч1</b>. ÐÑаÑика?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐеÑоÑÑно, ÑÑо вÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑÑенаÑий.
ÐонкÑеÑнÑе каÑÑинки —
+ÑÑо ÑаÑÑÑ ÑÑенаÑиÑ; они ноÑÑÑ ÑÑÑеÑиÑеÑкий
Ñ
аÑакÑеÑ, а пÑогÑамма длÑ
+воÑпÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑен —
ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑй. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð±Ñ Ñказал, ÑÑо
+еÑли они ÑоÑеÑаÑÑ ÑÑÑеÑиÑеÑкое и
ÑÑнкÑионалÑное в Ñем-Ñо неÑазделÑном, Ñо
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ñжно ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
ÑÑнкÑионалÑное, но еÑли они желаÑÑ
+ÑазделиÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑ
Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¸ ÑÑенаÑий, Ñо бÑло бÑ
пÑавомеÑно ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо меÑ
аника
+ноÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑй, а ÑÑенаÑий —
ÑÑÑеÑиÑеÑкий Ñ
аÑакÑеÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво: возможнÑе ÑеÑениÑ</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑколÑко должно длиÑÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое
пÑаво? ÐÑ, в наÑи дни издаÑелÑÑкий
+Ñикл Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ ÑенденÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð²ÐµÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе
бÑÑÑÑее и бÑÑÑÑее. Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð² СШРна
+издание болÑÑинÑÑва книг ÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ более
ÑÑеÑ
леÑ. ÐÑÑаÑки ÑиÑажа поÑÑÑпаÑÑ
+на ÑаÑпÑодажÑ, и Ñ ÑÑим поконÑено. Так ÑÑо
ÑÑно, ÑÑо Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹
+необÑ
одимоÑÑи в авÑоÑÑком пÑаве длиной 95
леÑ: ÑÑо нелепоÑÑÑ. Ðа Ñамом деле
+ÑÑно, ÑÑо деÑÑÑи Ð»ÐµÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава бÑло
Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑаÑоÑно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑжаниÑ
+деÑÑелÑноÑÑи издаÑелÑÑÑв. Ðо ÑÑо должнÑ
бÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñа изданиÑ,
+кÑоме Ñого, имело Ð±Ñ ÑмÑÑл пÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑ
дополниÑелÑнÑй пеÑиод до изданиÑ,
+коÑоÑÑй мог Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ болÑÑе, Ñем деÑÑÑÑ
леÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо, как понимаеÑе,
+пока книга не опÑбликована, авÑоÑÑкое
пÑаво на нее не огÑаниÑиваеÑ
+обÑеÑÑво. ÐÑоÑе говоÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑ
возможноÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°ÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð°-нибÑдÑ, но
+Ñ ÑÑиÑаÑ, ÑÑо как ÑолÑко ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð»Ð¸,
авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво должно ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ
+деÑÑÑÑ, и вÑе.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ð¶Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ñедложил ÑÑо на
вÑÑÑеÑе пиÑаÑелей. Родин из ниÑ
Ñказал:
+“ÐеÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава? ÐÑо же
нелепо! ÐÑбой ÑÑок ÑвÑÑе пÑÑи леÑ
+неÑÑеÑпим”. ÐÑо бÑл пиÑаÑелÑ-ÑанÑаÑÑ,
лаÑÑÐµÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑÑÑов, он жаловалÑÑ
+на ÑÑÑдноÑÑи полÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ пÑав оÑ
издаÑелÑ, коÑоÑÑй пÑакÑиÑеÑки пÑекÑаÑил
+издаваÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ книги, но деÑжалÑÑ Ð·Ð°
конÑÑакÑ, где бÑло Ñказано, ÑÑо когда
+ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ Ð¿ÑекÑаÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°ÑÑ, пÑава
возвÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑжно понимаÑÑ, ÑÑо издаÑели обÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑами ÑжаÑно. Ðни вÑе вÑемÑ
+ÑÑебÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе влаÑÑи Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ авÑоÑов,
ноÑÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½ÐµÑколÑкими оÑенÑ
+знамениÑÑми и ÑÑпеÑнÑми пиÑаÑелÑми,
коÑоÑÑе до Ñого напоÑиÑÑÑ, ÑÑо могÑÑ
+полÑÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑакÑÑ, в коÑоÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸
обÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑма лÑбезно, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑÑ
+ÑвидеÑелÑÑÑво о Ñом, ÑÑо ÑÑа влаÑÑÑ
дейÑÑвиÑелÑно ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ñади ниÑ
. Ð Ñо
+же вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ðº болÑÑинÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑелей, коÑоÑÑе
не Ñак знамениÑÑ Ð¸ богаÑÑ, а
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ могÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¶Ð°ÑÑ Ð½Ð° издаÑелей,— к
ним издаÑелÑÑкаÑ
+пÑомÑÑленноÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑноÑиÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑвÑаÑиÑелÑно, а
в мÑзÑке дела обÑÑоÑÑ ÐµÑе Ñ
Ñже. Я
+ÑекомендÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ ÑÑаÑÑÑ ÐоÑÑни Ðав “ÐÑав
ли жÑÑнал
+‘Салон’?”.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч2</b>. Ðа.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Ðна наÑала Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо назвала
компании звÑкозапиÑи
+“пиÑаÑами” за иÑ
обÑаÑение Ñ
мÑзÑканÑами. Ðо вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае, мÑ
+можем более или менее ÑокÑаÑиÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое
пÑаво. Ðожно опÑобоваÑÑ ÑазнÑе
+длиÑелÑноÑÑи, можно найÑи ÑмпиÑиÑеÑки,
ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð»Ð¸ÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ð½Ñжна, ÑÑобÑ
+Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð±Ñли инÑенÑивнÑ. Я Ñказал бÑ,
поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи вÑе книги пеÑаÑаÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
+более деÑÑÑи леÑ, Ñо деÑÑÑи Ð»ÐµÑ Ñвно должно
бÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑаÑоÑно. Ðо
+необÑзаÑелÑно назнаÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½ и ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¶Ðµ ÑÑок
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
Ñипов
+пÑоизведений. ÐапÑимеÑ, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ,
некоÑоÑÑе аÑпекÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава длÑ
+ÑилÑмов Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ð¸ÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе, напÑимеÑ,
пÑава на пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
ÑÑиÑ
+пÑинадлежноÑÑей Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð´Ñами и геÑоÑми.
ÐонимаеÑе, ÑÑо наÑÑолÑко ÑÑгÑбо
+коммеÑÑеÑкое дело, ÑÑо вÑÑд ли имееÑ
знаÑение, ÑÑо оно в болÑÑинÑÑве ÑлÑÑаев
+огÑаниÑиваеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ компанией. ÐожеÑ
бÑÑÑ, авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво на Ñами ÑилÑмÑ,
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑавомеÑна
длиÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ð² двадÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ.
+Ð Ñо же вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм, Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð·ÑеваÑ,
ÑÑо ÑÑеÑ
Ð»ÐµÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава бÑло
+Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑаÑоÑно. ÐонимаеÑе, еÑли авÑоÑÑкое
пÑаво дейÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð° каждÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
+ÑÑи года поÑле вÑпÑÑка, нÑ, еÑли ÑолÑко
ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ попала в болÑÑие
+непÑиÑÑноÑÑи, Ñо Ñ Ð½ÐµÐµ должна бÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñ
веÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾ Ñого, как иÑÑекÑÑ ÑÑи ÑÑи
+года, и найдÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ðµ, кÑо заÑ
оÑеÑ
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ новой веÑÑией, Ñак
+ÑÑо еÑли ÑÑаÑÑе веÑÑии авÑомаÑиÑеÑки
ÑÑановÑÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑми, ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ñе
+Ñавно бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¹ веÑÑией. Так
воÑ, Ñ ÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо как на
+компÑомиÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑиÑÑема, в
коÑоÑой не вÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑвободнÑ, но
+ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑомиÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñиемлем, в
конÑе конÑов, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ в
+некоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
пÑиÑ
одилоÑÑ Ð¶Ð´Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑи
года, пока пÑогÑамма не ÑÑанеÑ
+Ñвободной... нÑ, ÑÑо не беда. ÐолÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммами ÑÑеÑ
леÑней
+давноÑÑи — ÑÑо не беда.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч3</b>. ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ дÑмаеÑе, ÑÑо ÑÑа ÑиÑÑема
поддеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ð°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ ненÑжнÑÑ
+ÑÑнкÑий?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. <em>[веÑело]</em> ÐÑ Ð¸ ÑÑо? ÐÑо
незнаÑиÑелÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñоблема, по
+ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ ÑÑими пÑоблемами пооÑÑениÑ
ÑвободÑ, ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема пооÑÑÑеÑ
+какие-Ñо иÑкÑÑÑÑвеннÑе оÑÐºÐ»Ð¾Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²
занÑÑиÑÑ
лÑдей, и наÑа нÑнеÑнÑÑ ÑиÑÑема,
+безÑÑловно, пооÑÑÑÐµÑ Ñазного Ñода
иÑкÑÑÑÑвеннÑе оÑÐºÐ»Ð¾Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² деÑÑелÑноÑÑи,
+коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð°ÑиваеÑÑÑ Ð² авÑоÑÑком пÑаве,
Ñак ÑÑо еÑли Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема
+Ñоже пооÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑе из ÑÑиÑ
вÑоÑоÑÑепеннÑÑ
оÑклонений; ÑÑо пÑÑÑÑки,
+ÑÐºÐ°Ð¶Ñ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч4</b>. ÐÑоблема Ñ ÑÑим изменением
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава до ÑÑеÑ
Ð»ÐµÑ Ð±Ñла Ð±Ñ Ð²
+Ñом, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ полÑÑали Ð±Ñ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑÑ
ÑекÑÑов.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐеÑно. ÐоÑÑебовалоÑÑ Ð±Ñ ÑÑловие,
закон, ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑблиÑной пÑодажи
+копий пÑогÑамм иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÐµÐ½ бÑÑÑ
кÑда-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑен, Ñак ÑÑо ÑеÑез
+ÑÑи года его можно обнаÑодоваÑÑ. Так ÑÑо
ÑÑо можно бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑаÑÑ, Ñкажем,
+в библиоÑÐµÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð³ÑеÑÑа в СШÐ, и Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, в
дÑÑгиÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ñе
+инÑÑиÑÑÑÑ, кÑда помеÑаÑÑ ÑкземплÑÑÑ
издаваемÑÑ
книг; они могли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑÑ
+Ñакже иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ, а ÑеÑез ÑÑи года
пÑбликоваÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾. РазÑмееÑÑÑ, еÑли бÑ
+иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвовал
иÑполнÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑайлÑ, ÑÑо бÑло бÑ
+моÑенниÑеÑÑвом, а еÑли он ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвÑеÑ,
Ñо им должно бÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð»ÐµÐ³ÐºÐ¾ ÑÑо
+пÑовеÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ñи пеÑвонаÑалÑной пÑбликаÑии
пÑоизведениÑ, Ñак ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑбликÑеÑе
+иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ, а кÑо-Ñо говоÑиÑ: “Ðадно,
./configure;
+make“,— и видиÑ, полÑÑилÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ Ñакой же
иÑполнÑемÑй Ñайл, и Ñак
+далее.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑавÑ, одного ÑÑÑÑанениÑ
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава недоÑÑаÑоÑно, ÑÑобÑ
+ÑделаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑвободнÑми.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч5</b>. То еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ñлова “Ñвобода”.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐÑавилÑно. Я ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑ ÑÑо Ñлово
ÑолÑко в ÑÑом ÑмÑÑле. ÐÑого не
+доÑÑаÑоÑно, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³
Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾ÑÑÑпен или поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+они могли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾ÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
вмеÑÑо ÑÑого конÑÑакÑами, ÑÑобÑ
+огÑаниÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑ. Так ÑÑо ÑделаÑÑ
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑвободнÑми не ознаÑаеÑ
+пÑоÑÑо оÑмениÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво на
пÑогÑаммÑ; ÑиÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñложнее. Ðа Ñамом
+деле, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво на пÑогÑаммÑ
пÑоÑÑо ÑпÑазднили, Ñо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ могли
+Ð±Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑким левом
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑÑа Ñвободной
+пÑогÑаммÑ, но в Ñо же вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑваиваÑели
пÑогÑамм могли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
+дÑÑгими меÑодами — конÑÑакÑами или
ÑокÑÑÑием иÑÑ
одного
+ÑекÑÑа — ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
неÑвободнÑми. Так ÑÑо ÑÑо знаÑило
+бÑ, ÑÑо еÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑпÑÑкаем ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñо какой-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð¶Ð°Ð´Ð½Ñй
+ÑблÑдок мог Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸
вÑпÑÑкаÑÑ ÑолÑко двоиÑнÑе ÑайлÑ,
+заÑÑавлÑÑ Ð»Ñдей подпиÑÑваÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÑ Ð¾
неÑазглаÑении. У Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе не бÑло
+Ð±Ñ ÑпоÑоба помеÑаÑÑ Ñаким лÑдÑм. Так ÑÑо
еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ñ
оÑели измениÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½
+Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñе пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе
пÑбликÑÑÑÑÑ, Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñли ÑÑановиÑÑÑÑ
+ÑвободнÑми, нам пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо
как-Ñо комплекÑно, а не пÑоÑÑо
+ÑазвеÑнÑв авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, в Ñелом Ñ Ð±Ñ Ñекомендовал
ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ ÑазнÑе ÑÐ¸Ð¿Ñ Ð¿Ñоизведений и
+ÑамÑе ÑазнообÑазнÑе пÑименениÑ, а заÑем
иÑкаÑÑ, где пÑовеÑÑи новÑÑ ÑеÑÑÑ,
+Ñак ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð±Ñли Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½ÐµÐ¹Ñие
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ñм Ñипом
+пÑоизведений, оÑÑавлÑÑ Ð² Ñо же вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
возможноÑÑи какого-Ñо Ñода авÑоÑÑкое
+пÑаво, вполне безболезненное Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва,
коÑоÑое вÑе же пÑиноÑило бÑ
+полÑÐ·Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑам. Таким обÑазом Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼
пÑиÑпоÑобиÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава
+к обÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑвам, в коÑоÑÑÑ
Ð¼Ñ ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ð¼,
и полÑÑиÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+ÑÑебÑеÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñди пÑоводили в ÑÑÑÑме
Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð° обмен Ñо Ñвоими знакомÑми, но
+коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ñе-Ñаки Ñеми или инÑми ÑпоÑобами
пооÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð»Ñдей пиÑаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе. ÐÑ
+можем Ñакже, Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ, поиÑкаÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
ÑпоÑобов пооÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑелÑÑкой
+деÑÑелÑноÑÑи, дÑÑгиÑ
ÑпоÑобов облегÑениÑ
ÑинанÑиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑов.
+ÐапÑимеÑ, пÑедположим, ÑÑо бÑквалÑное
пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение пÑоизведениÑ
+ÑазÑеÑено и ÑÑо ÑÑо пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑаеÑ
в ÑÐµÐ±Ñ ÑÑо-Ñо, ÑÑо пÑи
+воÑпÑоизведении или ÑÑении показÑваеÑ
надпиÑÑ: “ÐажмиÑе ÑÑда, ÑÑобÑ
+пеÑеÑлаÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð»Ð°Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑам, аÑÑиÑÑам и
Ñ.д”. Я дÑмаÑ, в более
+богаÑÑÑ
ÑаÑÑÑÑ
ÑвеÑа многие бÑдÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ
ÑÑо, Ð²ÐµÐ´Ñ Ð»Ñди ÑаÑÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð»ÑбÑÑ
+авÑоÑов и мÑзÑканÑов, коÑоÑÑе делаÑÑ Ñо,
ÑÑо им нÑавиÑÑÑ ÑиÑаÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
+ÑлÑÑаÑÑ. Ð Ñамое главное, оÑÑиÑлениÑ,
коÑоÑÑе они ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑÑ,
+ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑ ÑакÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ð»ÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ñ, ÑÑо еÑли вÑ
заплаÑиÑе за ÑÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð°Ð´ÑаÑÑ
+доллаÑов, Ñо они, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, болÑÑе и не
полÑÑаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо ÑÑа ÑиÑÑема бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð³Ð¾Ñаздо
ÑÑÑекÑивнее. Рглавное, когда лÑди бÑдÑÑ
+пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÑÑи копии, они бÑдÑÑ
помогаÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑам. РоÑновном
+ÑекламиÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
, ÑазноÑÑ ÑÑи Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑлаÑÑ
им доллаÑ. Так воÑ, ÑейÑÐ°Ñ ÑамаÑ
+Ð³Ð»Ð°Ð²Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина, по коÑоÑой они пÑоÑÑо не
поÑÑлаÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ какие-Ñо денÑги,
+заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑеÑеÑÑÑÑ
каниÑелÑно. Ðак ÑÑо ÑделаÑÑ? ÐÑпиÑаÑÑ
+Ñек? Ð ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñом его поÑÑлаÑÑ? Ðам
пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑкапÑваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
адÑеÑа, а ÑÑо
+иногда не Ñак-Ñо пÑоÑÑо. РеÑли еÑÑÑ
ÑÐ´Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ñежей по
+ÐнÑеÑнеÑÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑÑÑекÑивно
пеÑевеÑÑи комÑ-Ñо доллаÑ, Ñо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
+заложиÑÑ ÑÑо в копии, а поÑом, Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, вÑ
ÑвидиÑе, ÑÑо ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑ
анизм наÑал
+оÑлиÑно ÑабоÑаÑÑ.
+ÐÐ»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑлÑÑизаÑии ÑÑиÑ
идей можеÑ
поÑÑебоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ деÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ, поÑомÑ
+ÑÑо ÑÑо вопÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÑлÑÑÑÑÑ, понимаеÑе,
ÑнаÑала лÑдÑм ÑÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
+неожиданнÑм, но как ÑолÑко ÑÑо вÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð²
ноÑмÑ, лÑди пÑивÑкаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑлаÑÑ
+денÑги, а ÑÑи денÑги не бÑдÑÑ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¸ в
ÑÑавнении Ñ Ð½ÑнеÑними Ñенами на
+книги.</p>
+
+<p><em>[пÑеÑ]</em></p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, Ñаким обÑазом длÑ
пÑоизведений, вÑÑажаÑÑиÑ
мнение и, можеÑ
+бÑÑÑ, Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÑеÑиÑеÑкиÑ
пÑоизведений, можеÑ
бÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑод мог Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ
+ÑдаÑнÑм. Ðо Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑÑ
пÑоизведений ÑÑо не годиÑÑÑ, по Ñой пÑиÑине,
+ÑÑо когда лÑди один за дÑÑгим изменÑÑÑ
пÑоизведение и пÑбликÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾, на кого
+должна ÑказÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑ? СколÑко нÑжно
пеÑеÑÑлаÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ³? ÐонимаеÑе, ÑÑо
+легко ÑделаÑÑ, когда пÑоизведение
пÑбликÑеÑÑÑ ÑолÑко один Ñаз, опÑеделеннÑм
+авÑоÑом или гÑÑппой авÑоÑов, они могÑÑ
пÑоÑÑо договоÑиÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо делаÑÑ Ñ
+денÑгами, еÑли никÑо не пÑбликÑеÑ
измененнÑÑ
веÑÑий, Ñо в каждÑй копии бÑдеÑ
+одна и Ñа же надпиÑÑ Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ð¼ и Ñем же
адÑеÑом, напÑавлÑÑÑим денÑги одним и
+Ñем же лÑдÑм, а когда Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´ÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ,
над коÑоÑой ÑабоÑали дÑÑгие лÑди,
+Ñо нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо авÑомаÑиÑеÑки
опÑеделиÑÑ, ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑколÑко пÑиÑиÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·
Ñого,
+ÑÑо за ÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ за ÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑлÑÑ
полÑзоваÑели.
+
+С обÑиÑ
позиÑий ÑÑÑдно опÑеделиÑÑ, какова
важноÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ вклада, и вÑе
+оÑевиднÑе ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÑиÑÑ ÑÑо
оказÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð² некоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
+<em>Ñвно</em> невеÑнÑ, они Ñвно не ÑÑиÑÑваÑÑ
какой-Ñо важной ÑаÑÑи ÑакÑов,
+Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо Ñакого Ñода ÑеÑение,
веÑоÑÑно, неоÑÑÑеÑÑвимо, когда
+каждÑй волен пÑбликоваÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñе
веÑÑии. Ðо Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеÑ
Ñипов пÑоизведений,
+Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ необÑ
одимоÑÑи в
Ñвободе пÑбликаÑии
+модиÑиÑиÑованнÑÑ
веÑÑий,— Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
можно
бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð»ÐµÐ³ÐºÐ¾ пÑимениÑÑ ÑÑо
+ÑеÑение, как ÑолÑко Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑим ÑдобнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ñежей по ÐнÑеÑнеÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
+Ð±Ð°Ð·Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾.</p>
+
+<p>ЧÑо каÑаеÑÑÑ ÑÑÑеÑиÑеÑкиÑ
пÑоизведений.
ÐÑли еÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑема, в коÑоÑой Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑ
,
+кÑо пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÐµÑ Ð² коммеÑÑеÑкиÑ
ÑелÑÑ
или, можеÑ, даже Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑ
, кÑо
+пÑбликÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ, могло бÑ
ÑÑебоваÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñазделе
+пÑибÑли Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑвонаÑалÑнÑми ÑазÑабоÑÑиками,
а заÑем Ñакого Ñода ÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾
+бÑло Ð±Ñ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑаниÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ и на Ñе
пÑоизведениÑ, Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
допÑÑкаÑÑÑÑ
+измененнÑе веÑÑии, могла Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ-Ñо
ÑÑандаÑÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑоÑмÑла, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾
+бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð² некоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
пеÑеÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, в некоÑоÑÑÑ
+ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
, веÑоÑÑно, возможно даже Ñ
ÑиÑÑемой, где ÑазÑеÑена каким-Ñо обÑазом
+пÑбликаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´Ð¸ÑиÑиÑованнÑÑ
веÑÑий
ÑÑÑеÑиÑеÑкиÑ
пÑоизведений, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
+вÑе-Ñаки возможно полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ñакого
Ñода ÑиÑÑемой добÑоволÑнÑÑ
плаÑежей.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, по-моемÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð»Ñди, коÑоÑÑе
пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑганизоваÑÑ Ñакие ÑиÑÑемÑ
+добÑоволÑнÑÑ
плаÑежей. Я ÑлÑÑал о Ñем-Ñо
под названием “пÑоÑокол
+ÑлиÑного иÑполниÑелє. ÐодÑобноÑÑей Ñ
не знаÑ. Ðо-моемÑ, еÑÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо
+под названием GreenWitch.com, по-моемÑ, Ñам
пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑганизоваÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо в
+ÑÑом Ñоде. Ðак Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ, они надеÑÑÑÑ
ÑобиÑаÑÑ ÐºÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ñежей, коÑоÑÑе вÑ
+пеÑеводиÑе ÑазнÑм лÑдÑм, а поÑом ÑнимаÑÑ
ÑÑÐ¼Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñей кÑедиÑной каÑÑÑ,
+когда она ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑаÑоÑно болÑÑой, ÑÑобÑ
ÑÑо имело ÑмÑÑл.
+ÐеÑÑно, бÑдÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ Ñакого Ñода ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð°
пÑакÑике ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑаÑоÑно
+беÑпеÑебойно, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑодолжаÑÑ Ñвое
ÑÑÑеÑÑвование, и ÑÑанÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ иÑ
пÑименÑÑÑ
+доÑÑаÑоÑно ÑиÑоко, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑало обÑÑной
пÑакÑикой в кÑлÑÑÑÑе. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ,
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑи добÑоволÑнÑе плаÑежи
заÑабоÑали по-наÑÑоÑÑемÑ, нам
+нÑжно... надо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑеÑали ÑÑо
пеÑиодиÑеÑки повÑÑдÑ... “Ðга,
+надо заплаÑиÑÑ”. Ðоживем —
Ñвидим.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑÑ ÑвидеÑелÑÑÑва, ÑÑо подобнÑе идеи не
абÑÑÑднÑ. ÐÑли обÑаÑиÑÑÑÑ,
+напÑимеÑ, к обÑеÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ñадио СШÐ,
коÑоÑое по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи поддеÑживаÑÑ
+пожеÑÑвованиÑми Ð¾Ñ ÑлÑÑаÑелей, по-моемÑ,
Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ð»Ñдей вноÑÑÑ
+пожеÑÑвованиÑ, Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаÑ, ÑколÑко в
ÑоÑноÑÑи, но еÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÑанÑий
+обÑеÑÑвенного Ñадио, коÑоÑÑе
поддеÑживаÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
ÑлÑÑаÑелÑми, и кажеÑÑÑ,
Ñо
+вÑеменем им ÑÑановиÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÐ³Ñе наÑ
одиÑÑ
ÑÑедÑÑва. ÐеÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ они,
+навеÑное, ÑеÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð² Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑÑаÑили на
Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑпÑаÑиваÑÑ Ð»Ñдей:
+“ÐоÑлиÑе нам, пожалÑйÑÑа, денег, Ð²ÐµÐ´Ñ Ð¼Ñ
занимаемÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñно важнÑм
+делом”,— и Ñак 24 ÑаÑа в ÑÑÑки, а
ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ðµ из ниÑ
+обнаÑÑжили, ÑÑо могÑÑ ÑобиÑаÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñги,
ÑаÑÑÑÐ»Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑлекÑÑонной поÑÑе
+ÑообÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñем, кÑо пÑиÑÑлал им денÑги в
пÑоÑлом, Ñак ÑÑо им не пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ
+ÑÑаÑиÑÑ ÑÑиÑное вÑемÑ, вÑколаÑиваÑ
пожеÑÑвованиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РпÑинÑипе, заÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого
пÑава — пооÑÑÑÑÑ
+пиÑаÑелÑÑкÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ —
доÑÑÐ¾Ð¹Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑелÑ, но Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
+ÑаÑÑмоÑÑеÑÑ ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑого,
коÑоÑÑе не бÑли Ð±Ñ Ñак ÑÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ñ Ð¸ не
+ÑÑеÑнÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ñзование пÑоизведениÑми,
ÑазвиÑие коÑоÑÑÑ
Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¾ÑÑили, и Ñ
+Ñбежден, ÑÑо ÑиÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑеÑ
ника
пÑедоÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ ÑеÑение пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñак же,
как
+она Ñоздала ÑÑловиÑ, в коÑоÑÑÑ
нам нÑжно
ÑеÑаÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ. ÐÑак, ÑÑо
+ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐµÑ Ð²ÑÑÑÑплениÑ; вопÑоÑÑ ÐµÑÑÑ?</p>
+
+<h3>ÐопÑоÑÑ Ð¸ обÑÑждение</h3>
+<p>ÐÑежде вÑего, когда ÑледÑÑÑее
вÑÑÑÑпление? ÐоÑоÑÑй ÑаÑ?</p>
+
+<p><b>Я</b>. ÐÑÑнадÑаÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸Ð½ÑÑ ÑеÑвеÑÑого.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Ðа нÑ? Так Ñ Ñже запоздал? ХоÑоÑо, Ñ
надеÑÑÑ, Ðелани Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ
+оÑвеÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° неÑколÑко вопÑоÑов.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч6</b>. ÐÑо бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑеÑаÑÑ, к какой из ваÑиÑ
ÑÑеÑ
каÑегоÑий пÑинадлежиÑ
+пÑоизведение?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Ðе знаÑ. Я ÑвеÑен, ÑеÑаÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾
ÑазнÑми ÑпоÑобами. ÐавеÑное, вÑ
+ÑможеÑе оÑлиÑиÑÑ Ñоман Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñего дÑÑгого. Я
подозÑеваÑ, ÑÑдÑи Ñоже ÑмогÑÑ
+ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо Ñоман, когда им его
пÑедÑÑвÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч7</b>. ÐожеÑе Ð²Ñ ÑÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ ÑказаÑÑ Ð¾
ÑиÑÑовании? РвзаимодейÑÑвии
+ÑиÑÑÑÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑÑойÑÑв Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑеÑиалами, на
коÑоÑÑе ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое
+пÑаво?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐÑ, ÑиÑÑование пÑименÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
ÑÑедÑÑво конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва. ÐздаÑели
+пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÑзÑваÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ ÑазнÑе
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑиÑÑованиÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ могли не
+даваÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑоваÑÑ. Так воÑ, они
назÑваÑÑ Ð²Ñе ÑÑо ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкими
+меÑодами, но на деле вÑе ÑÑо зиждеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
законаÑ
, запÑеÑаÑÑиÑ
лÑдÑм обÑ
одиÑÑ
+ÑÑо, а без ÑÑиÑ
законов ни один из ÑÑиÑ
меÑодов не доÑÑиг Ð±Ñ Ñвоей Ñели, Ñак
+ÑÑо они вÑе оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° пÑÑмом
вмеÑаÑелÑÑÑве Ñо ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑдаÑÑÑва Ñ
ÑелÑÑ
+помеÑаÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм копиÑоваÑÑ, и пÑоÑив ÑÑого
Ñ ÐºÐ°ÑегоÑиÑеÑки возÑажаÑ, Ñ
+никогда не пÑÐ¸Ð¼Ñ Ñакие ноÑиÑели. ÐÑли на
пÑакÑике ÑÑедÑÑво копиÑованиÑ
+Ñего-Ñо мне не доÑÑÑпно, Ñ Ð½Ð¸ за ÑÑо не
кÑÐ¿Ð»Ñ ÑÑо, и Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÐµÑÑÑ, Ð²Ñ Ñоже не
+бÑдеÑе ÑÑо покÑпаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч8</b>. У Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð¾ ФÑанÑии еÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½, в
коÑоÑом Ñказано, ÑÑо даже еÑли
+ноÑиÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑен, Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¿Ñаве ÑкопиÑоваÑÑ
его в аÑÑ
ивнÑÑ
ÑелÑÑ
.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Ðа, в СШРÑоже бÑло Ñак до
позапÑоÑлого года.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч8</b>. ÐÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑаÑÑо подпиÑÑваеÑÑ
ÑоглаÑение, коÑоÑое во ФÑанÑии
+незаконно... договоÑ, коÑоÑÑй
пÑедполагаеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑваÑÑ Ð¼ÑÑÑÑ...</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐÑ, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, и неÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч8</b>. Ðак иÑ
оÑпоÑиÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Ð Ð²Ñ ÑобиÑаеÑеÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
оÑпаÑиваÑÑ?
ÐÑо ÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ³, ÑÑо Ñ
лопоÑно, да
+и не ÑолÑко; как Ð²Ñ ÑÑо ÑделаеÑе? ÐÑ, вÑ
могли Ð±Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ð±Ð¾ попÑобоваÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¹Ñи в
+ÑÑд и ÑказаÑÑ: “У ниÑ
Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿Ñава пÑоÑиÑÑ
лÑдей подпиÑаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑакÑ,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо он наÑÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ñмє,— но
ÑÑо могло Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑÑÑдно,
+еÑли поÑÑавÑик наÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð² СШÐ.
ФÑанÑÑзÑкий закон о Ñом, каким должен бÑÑÑ
+конÑÑакÑ, нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð¸ÑполÑзоваÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑаÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ в СШÐ. С дÑÑгой
+ÑÑоÑонÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑказаÑÑ: “Я подпиÑал
ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑакÑ, но во ФÑанÑии
+он недейÑÑвиÑелен, поÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑо
оÑказÑваÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ ÑоблÑдаÑÑ, и пÑÑÑÑ
+попÑобÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² ÑÑд”. Так воÑ,
Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑмаÑÑ Ð¾Ð±
+ÑÑом, и еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ñ Ð¸ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¾ ФÑанÑии
недейÑÑвиÑелÑнÑ, Ñо они пÑоигÑаÑÑ
+пÑоÑеÑÑ. Я не знаÑ. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑаÑ
мÑÑлÑ, но Ñ ÑÑого не знаÑ, и Ñ
+не знаÑ, к каким полиÑиÑеÑким поÑледÑÑвиÑм
ÑÑо Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ñивело.
+Я знаÑ, ÑÑо бÑквалÑно паÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ в
ÐвÑопе бÑл пÑоведен закон, коÑоÑÑй
+запÑеÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо Ñода копиÑование
мÑзÑки в лиÑнÑÑ
ÑелÑÑ
, запиÑÑваÑÑие
+компании вÑпÑÑÑили впеÑед кое-какиÑ
знамениÑÑÑ
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑлÑÑнÑÑ
мÑзÑканÑов,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑебоваÑÑ ÑÑого закона, и они его
полÑÑили, Ñак ÑÑо ÑÑно, ÑÑо и здеÑÑ
+они оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð¸ÑÑелÑнÑ, и возможно, они
полÑÑÐ°Ñ ÐµÑе болÑÑе, пÑоÑÑо пÑоведÑÑ
+еÑе один закон, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ ÑÑо. Ðам
нÑжно дÑмаÑÑ Ð¾ полиÑиÑеÑкой
+ÑÑÑаÑегии Ñого, как оÑганизоваÑÑ
избиÑаÑелей Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑопÑоÑÐ¸Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñаким
+изменениÑм, и наÑи дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑи к
ÑÑой Ñели. Так воÑ, Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+компеÑенÑен в вопÑоÑе Ñого, как доÑÑиÑÑ
ÑÑого в ÐвÑопе, но об ÑÑом лÑди и
+Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч6</b>. ЧÑо Ð²Ñ Ð´ÑмаеÑе о заÑиÑе лиÑной
пеÑепиÑки?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐÑ, еÑли Ð²Ñ ÑÑо не <em>пÑбликÑеÑе</em>,
ÑÑо ÑовÑем дÑÑгой вопÑоÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч6</b>. ÐеÑ, но еÑли Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÐ»Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ-Ñо
ÑообÑение, Ñо авÑоÑÑкие пÑава на
+него авÑомаÑиÑеÑки ÑÑановÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. <em>[Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¶Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼]</em> ÐÑо в
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи ÑовеÑÑенно не дÑÑгой
+вопÑоÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч6</b>. ÐеÑ, Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑоглаÑен. ÐÑли они
ÑобиÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑбликоваÑÑ ÑÑо в газеÑе,
+на наÑÑоÑÑий Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑаÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¸
авÑоÑÑкие пÑава.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе заÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ ÑодеÑжание в ÑекÑеÑе, а на
+Ñамом деле Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑвеÑен. То еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾-моемÑ,
здеÑÑ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑаÑ
+неÑпÑаведливоÑÑÑ. ÐÑли вÑ, к пÑимеÑÑ,
поÑÑлаеÑе комÑ-Ñо пиÑÑмо, ÑгÑÐ¾Ð¶Ð°Ñ ÐµÐ¼Ñ
+пÑеÑледованием, а поÑом говоÑиÑе емÑ, ÑÑо
он не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑаÑÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо
+Ñ ÑÑо Ñделал, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо на Ð¼Ð¾Ñ ÑгÑозÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво, Ñо
+ÑÑо пÑоÑÑо пакоÑÑÑ, Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑвеÑен даже, ÑÑо
ÑÑо можно бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑÑÑаиваÑÑ Ð²
+ÑÑде.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч6</b>. ÐÑ, бÑваÑÑ ÑиÑÑаÑии, когда Ñ Ñ
оÑÑ Ñ
кем-Ñо обÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ
+Ñвои (и иÑ
) ÑообÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² полном ÑекÑеÑе.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐÑ, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ ÑоглаÑÐ½Ñ Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ ÑÑо в ÑекÑеÑе, Ñо ÑÑо ÑовÑем
+дÑÑгое дело. ÐзвиниÑе, ÑÑи две пÑоблемÑ
никак нелÑÐ·Ñ ÑвÑзÑваÑÑ, и Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
+ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð²Ñемени обдÑмаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑ.
У Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑаÑпиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑкоÑо
+наÑинаеÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ ÑабоÑа. Ðо Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, бÑло
Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð³Ñомной оÑибкой пÑименÑÑÑ Ð²
+ÑакиÑ
ÑиÑÑаÑиÑÑ
авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво. Ð ÑакиÑ
ÑиÑÑаÑиÑÑ
ÑÑика ÑовеÑÑенно не
+ÑакаÑ, как пÑи пÑбликаÑии пÑоизведений,
Ñак ÑÑо ÑÑо должно ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑÑÑ
+подÑ
одÑÑим обÑазом, ÑовÑем по-дÑÑгомÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч6</b>. ÐÑе ÑÑо Ñак, но на наÑÑоÑÑий моменÑ
единÑÑвеннаÑ
+заÑиÑа — ÑÑо авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво...</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. <em>[пÑеÑÑваеÑ]</em> ÐеÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ пÑавÑ.
ÐÑли лÑди договоÑилиÑÑ
+Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо в ÑекÑеÑе, Ñо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
дÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑа. Ð ÐвÑопе еÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ
+о непÑикоÑновенноÑÑи лиÑной жизни, дÑÑгое
дело, ÑÑо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿Ñава
+заÑÑавлÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñи ÑекÑеÑÑ.
Самое болÑÑее, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ бÑ
+заÑÑавиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ пеÑеÑÑазиÑоваÑÑ ÑÑо, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñаво ÑаÑÑказаÑÑ
+лÑдÑм, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ñделали.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч6</b>. Ðа, но Ñ Ð¿ÑедполагаÑ, ÑÑо лÑди по
обе ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑ
+ÑоглаÑÐ½Ñ Ð´ÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ХоÑоÑо, Ñогда не говоÑиÑе, ÑÑо
авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво — ÑÑо
+ваÑе единÑÑвенное ÑÑедÑÑво. ÐÑли Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼
еÑÑÑ ÑоглаÑение, он не оÑдаÑÑ ÑÑо в
+газеÑÑ, не Ñак ли?</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч6</b>. ÐеÑ... Ð²Ñ Ð¾ÑклонÑеÑеÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÐµÐ³Ð¾
вопÑоÑа о пеÑеÑ
ваÑе.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Ð, пеÑеÑ
ваÑ. ÐÑо ÑовÑем дÑÑгое
дело... <em>[вÑкипаÑ]</em> да неÑ,
+Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑпÑаÑивали пÑо пеÑеÑ
ваÑ. ÐÑ ÑолÑко
ÑÑо в пеÑвÑй Ñаз ÑÑо ÑпомÑнÑли...</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч6</b>. ÐеÑ, во вÑоÑой.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч9</b>. <em>[неÑазбоÑÑиво, ÑоглаÑаеÑÑÑ Ñ
Ч6]</em></p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. <em>[вÑе еÑе гоÑÑÑаÑÑ]</em> Ðа не
ÑлÑÑал Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑанÑÑе... ÑÑо
+идиоÑизм... вÑе Ñавно ÑÑо пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ... Ñ Ñем
Ð±Ñ ÑÑавниÑÑ?.. вÑе Ñавно ÑÑо
+пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑбиÑÑ Ñлона ваÑелÑниÑей, Ñо еÑÑÑ
ÑÑо никак дÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом не
+ÑвÑзано.</p>
+
+<p><em>[наÑÑÑÐ¿Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑина]</em></p>
+
+<p><b>Ч10</b>. ÐбдÑмÑвали ли Ð²Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ <em>[не
ÑлÑÑно]</em> [коммеÑÑеÑкой
+Ñайне]?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Ðа-да: коммеÑÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ñайна
ÑазÑоÑлаÑÑ Ð² оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð»Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑем и
+ÑгÑожаÑÑем напÑавлении. РанÑÑе
коммеÑÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ñайна ознаÑала, ÑÑо еÑли вÑ
+Ñ
оÑиÑе Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо в ÑекÑеÑе, Ñак ÑÑо вÑ
Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо не ÑаÑÑказÑваеÑе, а
+поÑом ÑÑо-Ñо Ñ ÑÑим делаеÑе внÑÑÑи
пÑедпÑиÑÑиÑ, ознакомив ÑолÑко немногиÑ
+лÑдей, а они ÑоглаÑÐ½Ñ Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ ÑÑо в
ÑекÑеÑе. Ðо ÑейÑÐ°Ñ ÑÑо пÑевÑаÑаеÑÑÑ Ð²
+ÑиÑÑаÑиÑ, когда обÑÑнÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð½Ð°ÑинаÑÑ
заÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ ÑекÑеÑÑ
+пÑедпÑиÑÑиÑ, даже еÑли они никогда и никак
не ÑоглаÑалиÑÑ Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ ÑÑи
+ÑекÑеÑÑ, а ÑÑо Ñже давление.
+Так ÑÑо Ñе, кÑо Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð´, бÑдÑо
коммеÑÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ñайна — ÑÑо пÑоÑÑо
+ÑеализаÑÐ¸Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
-Ñо иÑ
еÑÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ
пÑав — ÑÑо болÑÑе не
+веÑно. Ðни полÑÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑмÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑ
гоÑÑдаÑÑÑва, когда заÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
+Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
ÑекÑеÑÑ. Ð Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð´ÑмаÑÑ,
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð»Ð¸ в обÑем ÑлÑÑае
+договоÑа о неÑазглаÑении ÑÑиÑаÑÑÑÑ
законнÑми, ÑÑиÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð°Ð½ÑиобÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ
+пÑиÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÐµÑÑеÑкой ÑайнÑ, не должно
авÑомаÑиÑеÑки ÑÑиÑаÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑе-Ñо
+обеÑание Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ ÑекÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑзÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ к
ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñже поÑомÑ, ÑÑо оно дано.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, в какиÑ
-Ñо ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
Ñак должно
бÑÑÑ, а в дÑÑгиÑ
— не
+должно. ÐÑли Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ñза
обÑеÑÑвÑ, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, ÑÑо должно
+делаÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвиÑелÑнÑм, или,
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÐµÐ½ бÑÑÑ
+дейÑÑвиÑелен в оÑноÑении клиенÑов или
когда он заклÑÑен Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑедпÑиÑÑиÑми,
+или когда пÑедпÑиÑÑие пеÑÐµÐ´Ð°ÐµÑ ÑекÑеÑÑ
Ñвоим поÑÑавÑикам,— Ñогда
+Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÐµÐ½ бÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð½Ñм, но ÑолÑко не
Ñогда, когда ÑекÑеÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑедаÑÑÑÑ
+клиенÑам.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑÑ ÑазнÑе возможноÑÑи, коÑоÑÑе можно
обдÑмаÑÑ, но наÑинаÑÑ Ð½Ñжно Ñ Ñого,
+ÑÑо никÑо не должен бÑÑÑ ÑвÑзан
ÑекÑеÑноÑÑÑÑ, еÑли он не ÑоглаÑилÑÑ
+добÑоволÑно Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ ÑекÑеÑÑ. Ðменно Ñак
бÑло до недавнего вÑемени. ÐожеÑ
+бÑÑÑ, в ÐвÑопе до ÑиÑ
Ð¿Ð¾Ñ Ñак и еÑÑÑ, Ñ Ð½Ðµ
знаÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч11</b>. ÐопÑÑÑимо ли Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¸
пÑоÑиÑÑ, Ñкажем, ÑвоиÑ
...</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÑоÑÑÑдников?</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч11</b>. ÐеÑ-неÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. поÑÑавÑиков?</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч11</b>. Ðа, поÑÑавÑиков. ЧÑо, еÑли
ÐºÐ»Ð¸ÐµÐ½Ñ — ÑÑо еÑе один
+поÑÑавÑик?</p>
+
+<p><em>[пеÑеÑÑв из-за ÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð¾ÑиÑелÑ]</em></p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐаÑнем Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑо не
пооÑÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч12</b>. У Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ ваÑиÑ
взглÑдаÑ
на
наÑÑнÑе ÑÑÑÐ´Ñ Ð² жÑÑналаÑ
и
+ÑÑебникаÑ
. Ðо моей ÑпеÑиалÑноÑÑи по
менÑÑей меÑе один оÑиÑиалÑнÑй жÑÑнал и
+ÑÑебник доÑÑÑÐ¿Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑеÑи, но они оÑÑавлÑÑÑ
за Ñобой авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво, но еÑÑÑ
+ÑвободнÑй доÑÑÑп к ÑеÑÑÑÑам, еÑли еÑÑÑ
доÑÑÑп к ÐнÑеÑнеÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ЧÑо ж, ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑо. Ðо еÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
жÑÑналов, Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
ÑÑо не
+Ñак. ÐапÑимеÑ, жÑÑÐ½Ð°Ð»Ñ ACM Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
полÑÑиÑÑ ÑолÑко по подпиÑке; они
+закÑÑÑÑ. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, вÑе жÑÑналÑ
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ Ð¾ÑкÑÑваÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑп по
+ÐнÑеÑнеÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч12</b>. Ðак же ÑÑо ÑкажеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° знаÑении
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава в обÑеÑÑве,
+когда Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑÑи не меÑаеÑе ÑвободномÑ
доÑÑÑÐ¿Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÐнÑеÑнеÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐÑ, пÑежде вÑего, Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑоглаÑен.
СайÑÑ-зеÑкала важнÑ, Ñак ÑÑо
+жÑÑÐ½Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð½Ñжно ÑолÑко пÑедоÑÑавиÑÑ
оÑкÑÑÑÑй доÑÑÑп, но они Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ñакже даÑÑ
+вÑем ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾ÑганизовÑваÑÑ
ÑайÑÑ-зеÑкала, коÑоÑÑе копиÑÑÑÑ ÑÑи ÑÑаÑÑи
+доÑловно. РпÑоÑивном ÑлÑÑае еÑÑÑ
опаÑноÑÑÑ ÑÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
. Ð ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ
+пÑивеÑÑи Ñазного Ñода пÑевÑаÑноÑÑи
ÑÑдÑбÑ, Ñами знаеÑе: ÑÑиÑ
ийнÑе бедÑÑвиÑ,
+полиÑиÑеÑкие бедÑÑвиÑ, ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкие
бедÑÑвиÑ, бÑÑокÑаÑиÑеÑкие бедÑÑвиÑ,
+налоговÑе бедÑÑвиÑ... ÐÑевозможнÑе ÑобÑÑиÑ
могÑÑ Ð¿ÑивеÑÑи к ÑомÑ, ÑÑо один
+ÑÐ°Ð¹Ñ Ð¸ÑÑезнеÑ. Так ÑÑо наÑÑное ÑообÑеÑÑво
по логике и должно ÑÑаÑелÑно
+оÑганизоваÑÑ ÑиÑокÑÑ ÑеÑÑ ÑайÑов-зеÑкал,
коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð³Ð°ÑанÑиÑÑеÑ, ÑÑо каждаÑ
+ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð±ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑпна на вÑеÑ
конÑиненÑаÑ
,
Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑимоÑÑкиÑ
облаÑÑей до ÑамÑÑ
+глÑбин маÑеÑика, и именно ÑÑо, Ñак ÑказаÑÑ,
и поÑÑавили Ð±Ñ Ñвоей задаÑей
+кÑÑпнÑе библиоÑеки, еÑли Ð±Ñ ÑолÑко иÑ
не
оÑÑановили.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо ÑÑи жÑÑÐ½Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð¸ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑделаÑÑ ÐµÑе
один Ñаг впеÑед. ÐÑоме заÑвлениÑ,
+ÑÑо каждÑй Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑеÑаÑÑ ÑайÑ, они должнÑ
заÑвиÑÑ, ÑÑо каждÑй можеÑ
+оÑганизоваÑÑ ÑайÑ-зеÑкало. Ðаже еÑли бÑ
они поÑÑебовали Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑбликоваÑÑ
+ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¶ÑÑнал полноÑÑÑÑ, вмеÑÑе Ñ Ð¸Ñ
Ñекламой, ÑÑо во вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае ÑеÑило бÑ
+задаÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÑÑоÑной доÑÑÑпноÑÑи, Ñак ÑÑо ÑÑо
не опаÑно, и дÑÑгие ÑÑÑеждениÑ
+завели Ð±Ñ ÑайÑÑ-зеÑкала, Ñак ÑÑо можно
пÑедÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑеÑез какиÑ
-Ñо
+деÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð°ÑÑжили Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑо
оÑганизованнÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¾ÑиÑиалÑнÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¾ÑдинаÑии зеÑкал,
гаÑанÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо никакие маÑеÑÐ¸Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+пÑопадÑÑ.
+РнаÑÑоÑÑее вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑмма, в коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ñ
одиÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑганизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ многолеÑнÑÑ
+ÑабоÑа ÑайÑа-зеÑкала жÑÑнала наÑÑолÑко
мала, ÑÑо не ÑÑебÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ оÑобого
+ÑинанÑиÑованиÑ; ни Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ не ÑÑебÑеÑÑÑ
болÑÑого ÑÑÑда: пÑоÑÑо дайÑе
+библиоÑекаÑÑм ÑÑо делаÑÑ. Ðак Ð±Ñ Ñо ни
бÑло, ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²ÑÑал по какомÑ-Ñо
+дÑÑÐ³Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ, Ñ Ð½Ðµ пÑипоминаÑ, по какомÑ.
Ðадно, оÑÑавим ÑÑо как еÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч13</b>. ÐÑоблема ÑинанÑиÑованиÑ
ÑÑÑеÑиÑеÑкиÑ
пÑоизведений... дÑмаеÑе ли
+вÑ, ÑÑо динамика могла Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ...
<em>[неÑлÑÑно]</em> Ñ
оÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ
+пÑоблемÑ... То еÑÑÑ, кÑо вноÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´? Ркого
бÑдÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð³ÑаждаÑÑ? Разве дÑÑ
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм <em>[неÑлÑÑно]</em></p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Ðе знаÑ. ÐонеÑно, лÑдÑм подаеÑÑÑ
идеÑ. ÐоÑмоÑÑим. У Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ
+оÑвеÑов, Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаÑ, как Ð¼Ñ Ðº ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ñидем, Ñ
пÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð´ÑмаÑÑ, к ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ñ
+Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð´Ñи. Я не знаÑ, как Ð¼Ñ ÑÑда пÑидем.
ÐздаÑели Ñак влиÑÑелÑнÑ, они
+могÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑÑавиÑÑ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑдаÑÑÑво подÑинÑÑÑÑÑ
им. Ðак Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑоим Ð¼Ð¸Ñ Ñакого Ñода,
+в коÑоÑом обÑеÑÑво оÑкажеÑÑÑ ÑеÑпеÑÑ ÑÑо и
далÑÑе, Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаÑ. Я дÑмаÑ,
+пÑежде вÑего нам надо ÑеÑко оÑказаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
Ñлова “пиÑає и оÑ
+ÑвÑзаннÑÑ
Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼ воззÑений. ÐаждÑй Ñаз,
когда Ð¼Ñ ÑлÑÑим ÑÑо, Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
+говоÑиÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо пÑопаганда, Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего
дÑÑного в Ñом, ÑÑо лÑди
+обмениваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑими опÑбликованнÑми
пÑоизведениÑми дÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом, ÑÑо обмен Ñ
+пÑиÑÑелем, ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑо. Робмен Ñо знакомÑми
важнее Ñого, ÑколÑко денег
+полÑÑаÑÑ ÑÑи компании. ÐбÑеÑÑво не должно
ÑоÑмиÑоваÑÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑÑим
+компаниÑм.
+
+Ðам нÑжно пÑодолжаÑÑ... Ð²ÐµÐ´Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÐµÑе,
какÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
+наÑаждаÑÑ — ÑÑо вÑе, ÑÑо ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
доÑ
од, безнÑавÑÑвенно, а
+ÑÑало бÑÑÑ, наÑод нÑжно огÑаниÑиваÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑеÑ
поÑ, пока не бÑдеÑ
+гаÑанÑиÑовано, ÑÑо им плаÑÑÑ Ð±ÑквалÑно за
вÑе... Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð° какÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼
+нÑжно повеÑÑи непоÑÑедÑÑвеннÑÑ Ð°ÑакÑ.
ÐÑди по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи пÑибегали к
+ÑакÑике ÑоÑÑедоÑоÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° вÑоÑоÑÑепеннÑÑ
пÑоблемаÑ
, понимаеÑе, когда
+издаÑели ÑÑебÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑи, обÑÑно
говоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо пÑÐ¸Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ Ðº
+какомÑ-Ñо вÑоÑоÑÑÐµÐ¿ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑеÑÐ±Ñ Ð¸ ÑпоÑÑÑ
Ñ ÑÑой позиÑии, но Ñедко вÑÑÑеÑиÑÑ
+кого-Ñо (кÑоме менÑ), кÑо говоÑил бÑ, ÑÑо
плоÑ
а Ñама ÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ, ÑÑо
+нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑиваÑÑ ÑÑо Ñаким обÑазом, ÑÑо
лÑди пÑавомеÑно Ñ
оÑÑÑ
+обмениваÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñми и ÑÑо им должно бÑÑÑ
ÑÑо позволено. Ðам нÑжно ÑÑого
+болÑÑе. Ðам нÑжно наÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÑваÑÑ ÑамÑй
коÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ñ
гоÑподÑÑва, а не
+изоÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ оÑделÑнÑми лиÑÑÑÑми.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч14</b>. <em>[неÑлÑÑно]</em> важно
ÑоÑÑедоÑоÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑиÑÑеме
+пожеÑÑвований Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼ÑзÑки.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Ðа. ХоÑÑ, к ÑожалениÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ
на ÑеÑ
никÑ, коÑоÑаÑ, кажеÑÑÑ,
+пÑигодна Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого.</p>
+
+<p><em>[ÑмеÑ
, кÑики “неÑ!” из
аÑдиÑоÑии]</em></p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Так ÑÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑебоваÑÑÑÑ
подождаÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ, пÑежде Ñем мÑ
+Ñможем делаÑÑ ÑÑо.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ч15</b>. ÐÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑинÑемÑÑ ÑолÑко
ÑÑанÑÑзÑким законам.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Ðе знаÑ. Я дÑмаÑ, мне поÑа ÑÑÑÑпиÑÑ
меÑÑо Ðелани, ÑÑе вÑÑÑÑпление
+должно наÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑи ÑаÑа. ÐÑак...</p>
+
+<p>РС ÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² молÑании. ÐаÑза пеÑед взÑÑвом
аплодиÑменÑов. РС повоÑаÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ðº
+аплодиÑÑÑÑим плÑÑевого гнÑ, коÑоÑого он
помеÑÑил на пÑоекÑÐ¾Ñ Ð² наÑале
+вÑÑÑÑплениÑ.</p>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе обÑие запÑоÑÑ
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом. ÐÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
+неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки
или пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ пÑиÑÑлаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+адÑеÑÑ <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2014, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru">лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ
+можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о
+найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе
пеÑеводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2015/08/21 15:27:24 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks -
+GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community-2000.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Copyright versus Community in the Age of Computer Networks (2000)</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+This is a transcription from an audio recording, prepared by Douglas
+Carnall, July 2000.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><em> Mr Stallman arrives a few minutes after the appointed hour of
+commencement of his talk to address a hushed and respectful audience.
+He speaks with great precision and almost no hesitation in a
+pronounced Boston accent.</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: This is made for someone who wears a
+strangler.</p>
+
+<p><em>[indicates clip-on microphone for lecture theatre amplification
+system]</em></p>
+
+<p>I don't wear stranglers, so there is no place for it to go.</p>
+
+<p><em>[clips it to his T-shirt]</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>Me</strong>: Are you OK with the recording?</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Yes! <em>[testy]</em> How many people have
+to ask me?</p>
+
+<p>Well, I'm supposed to speak today</p>
+
+<p><em>[long pause]</em></p>
+
+<p>about copyright versus community. This is too loud.</p>
+
+<p><em>[indicates clip-on microphone]</em></p>
+
+<p>What can I do?</p>
+
+<p>Let's see… there's no volume control…</p>
+
+<p><em>[finds volume control on radio microphone box]</em></p>
+
+<p>this seems better</p>
+
+<p>OK. Copyright versus community in the age of computer networks.
+The principles of ethics can't change. They are the same for all
+situations, but to apply them to any question or situation you have to
+look at the facts of the situation to compare alternatives, you have
+to see what their consequences are, a change in technology never
+changes the principles of ethics, but a change in technology can alter
+the consequences of the same choices, so it can make a difference for
+the outcome of the question, and that has happened in the area of
+copyright law. We have a situation where changes in technology have
+affected the ethical factors that weigh on decisions about copyright
+law and change the right policy for society.</p>
+<p>Laws that in the past may have been a good idea, now are harmful
+because they are in a different context. But to explain this, I
+should go back to the beginning to the ancient world where books were
+made by writing them out by hand. That was the only way to do it, and
+anybody who could read could also write a copy of a book. To be sure
+a slave who spent all day writing copies could probably do it somewhat
+better than someone who didn't ordinarily do that but it didn't make a
+tremendous difference. Essentially, anyone who could read, could copy
+books, about as well as they could be copied in any fashion.</p>
+<p>In the ancient world, there wasn't the sharp distinction between
+authorship and copying that there tends to be today.</p>
+
+<p>There was a continuum. On the one hand you might have somebody,
+say, writing a play. Then you might have, on the other extreme, just
+somebody making copies of books, but in between you might have say,
+somebody, who say, copies part of a book, but writes some words of his
+own, or writing a commentary, and this was very common, and definitely
+respected. Other people would copy some bits from one book, and then
+some bits from another book, and write something of their own words,
+and then copy from another book, quoting passages of various lengths
+from many different works, and then writing some other works to talk
+about them more, or relate them. And there are many ancient
+works—now lost—in which part of them survived in these
+quotations in other books that became more popular than the book that
+the original quote <em>[came from]</em>.</p>
+
+<p>There was a spectrum between writing an original work, and copying.
+There were many books that were partly copied, but mixed with original
+writing. I don't believe there was any idea of copyright in the
+ancient world and it would have been rather difficult to enforce one,
+because books could be copied by anyone who could read anywhere,
+anyone who could get some writing materials, and a feather to write
+with. So, that was a rather clear simple situation.</p>
+
+<p>Later on, printing was developed and printing changed the situation
+greatly. It provided a much more efficient way to make copies of
+books, provided that they were all identical. And it required
+specialised, fairly expensive equipment that an ordinary reader would
+not have. So in effect it created a situation in which copies could
+only feasibly be made by specialised businesses, of which the number
+was not that large. There might have been hundreds of printing
+presses in a country and hundreds of thousands, or maybe even millions
+of actually people who could read. So the decrease in the number of
+places in which copies could be made was tremendous.</p>
+
+<p>Now the idea of copyright developed along with the printing press.
+I think that there may be… I think I remember reading that
+Venice, which was a major centre of printing in the 1500s also had a
+kind of copyright but I can't find that: I couldn't find that
+reference again. But the system of copyright fitted in naturally with
+the printing press because it became rare for ordinary readers to make
+copies. It still happen. People who were very poor or very rich had
+handmade copies of books. The very rich people did this to show off
+their wealth: they had beautiful illuminated wealth to show that they
+could afford this. And poor people still sometimes copied books by
+hand because they couldn't afford printed copies. As the song goes
+“Time ain't money when all you got is time.”
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>So some poor
+people copied books with a pen. But for the most part the books were
+all made on printing presses by publishers and copyright as a system
+fitted in very well with the technical system. For one thing it was
+painless for readers, because the readers weren't going to make copies
+anyway, except for the very rich ones who could presumably legitimise
+it, or the very poor ones who were making just individual copies and
+no one was going to go after them with lawyers. And the system was
+fairly easy to enforce again because there were only a small number of
+places where it had to be enforced: only the printing presses, and
+because of this it didn't require, it didn't involve, a struggle
+against the public. You didn't find just about everybody trying to
+copy books and being threatened with arrest for doing it.</p>
+
+<p>And in fact, in addition to not restricting the reader's directly,
+it didn't cause much of a problem for readers, because it might have
+added a small fraction to the price of books but it didn't double the
+price, so that small extra addition to the price was a very small
+burden for the readers. The actions restricted by copyright were
+actions that you couldn't do, as an ordinary reader, and therefore, it
+didn't cause a problem. And because of this there was no need for
+harsh punishments to convince readers to tolerate it and to obey.</p>
+
+<p>So copyright effectively was an industrial regulation. It
+restricted publishers and writers but it didn't restrict the general
+public. It was somewhat like charging a fee for going on a boat ride
+across the Atlantic. You know, it's easy to collect the fee when
+people are getting on a boat for weeks or months.</p>
+
+<p>Well, as time went on, printing got more efficient. Eventually
+even poor people didn't have to bother copying books by hand and the
+idea sort of got forgotten. I think it's in the 1800s that
+essentially printing got cheap enough so that essentially everyone
+could afford printed books, so to some extent the idea of poor people
+copying books by hand was lost from memory. I heard about this about
+ten years ago when I started talking about the subject to people.</p>
+
+<p>So originally in England copyright was partly intended as a measure
+of censorship. People who wanted to publish books were required to
+get approval from the government but the idea began to change and it a
+different idea was expressed explicitly in the US constitution. When
+the US constitution was written there was a proposal that authors
+should be entitled to a monopoly on copying their books. This idea
+was rejected. Instead, a different idea of the philosophy of
+copyright was put into the constitution. The idea that a copyright
+system could be… well, the idea is that people have the natural
+right to copy things but copyright as an artificial restriction on
+copying can be authorised for the sake of promoting progress.</p>
+
+<p>So the system of copyright would have been the same more or less
+either way, but this was a statement about the purpose which is said
+to justify copyright. It is explicitly justified as a means to
+promote progress, not as an entitlement for copyright owners. So the
+system is meant to modify the behaviour of copyright owners so as to
+benefit the public. The benefit consists of more books being written
+and published and this is intended to contribute to the progress of
+civilisation, to spreading ideas, and as a means to this end…
+in other words as a means to this end copyright exists. So this also
+thought of as a bargain between the public and authors; that the
+public gives up its natural right to make copies of anything in
+exchange for the progress that is brought about indirectly, by
+encouraging more people to write.</p>
+
+<p>Now it may seem like an obscure question to ask “What's the
+purpose of copyright?” But the purpose of any activity is the
+most important thing for deciding when an activity needs to be changed
+and how. If you forget about the purpose you are sure to get things
+wrong, so ever since that decision was made, the authors and
+especially the publishers most recently have been trying to
+misrepresent it and sweep it under the rug. There has been a campaign
+for decades to try to spread the idea that was rejected in the US
+constitution. The idea that copyright exists as an entitlement for
+copyright owners. And you can that expressed in almost everything
+they say about it starting and ending with the word
+“pirate” which is used to give the impression that making
+an unauthorised copy is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship and
+kidnapping or killing the people on board.</p>
+
+<p>So if you look at the statements being made by publishers you find
+lots of implicit assumptions of this sort which you have to drag into
+the open and then start questioning.</p>
+
+<h3>Recent events and problems</h3>
+<p><em>[brightens]</em></p>
+
+<p>Anyway, as long as the age of the printing press continued,
+copyright was painless, easy to enforce, and probably a good idea.
+But the age of the printing press began changing a few decades ago
+when things like Xerox machines and tape recorders started to be
+available, and more recently as computer networks have come into use
+the situation has changed drastically. We are now in a situation
+technologically more like the ancient world, where anybody who could
+read something could also make a copy of it that was essentially as
+good as the best copies anyone could make.</p>
+
+<p><em>[murmuring in the audience]</em></p>
+
+<p>A situation now where once again, ordinary readers can make copies
+themselves. It doesn't have to be done through centralised mass
+production, as in the printing press. Now this change in technology
+changes the situation in which copyright law operates. The idea of
+the bargain was that the public trades away its natural right to make
+copies, and in exchange gets a benefit. Well, a bargain could be a
+good one or a bad one. It depends on the worth of what you are giving
+up. And the worth of what you are getting. In the age of the
+printing press the public traded away a freedom that it was unable to
+use.</p>
+
+<p>It's like finding a way of selling shit: what have you got to lose?
+You've got it on hand anyway, if you get something for it, it can
+hardly be a bad deal.</p>
+
+<p><em>[faint laughter]</em></p>
+
+<p>It's like accepting money for promising not to travel to another
+star. You're not going to do it anyway</p>
+
+<p><em>[hearty laughter]</em></p>
+
+<p>at least not in our lifetime so you might as well, if someone's
+going to pay you to promise not to travel to another star, you might
+as well take the deal. But if I presented you with a starship, then
+you might not think that deal was such a good deal any more. When the
+thing you used to sell because it was useless, you discover a use for
+it, then you have to reconsider the desirability of those old deals
+that used to be advantageous. Typically in a such a situation you
+decide that “I'm not going to sell all of this any more; I'm
+going to keep some of it and use it.”
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>So if you were giving up a
+freedom that you couldn't exercise and now you can exercise it, you
+probably want to start retaining the right to exercise it at least
+partially. You might still trade part of the freedom: and there are
+many alternatives of different bargains which trade parts of the
+freedom and keep other parts. So, precisely what you want to do
+requires thought, but in any case you want to reconsider the old
+bargain, and you probably want to sell less of what you sold in the
+past.</p>
+
+<p>But the publishers are trying to do exactly the opposite. At
+exactly the time when the public's interest is to keep part of the
+freedom to use it, the publishers are passing laws which make us give
+up more freedom. You see copyright was never intended to be an
+absolute monopoly on all the uses of a copyright work. It covered
+some uses and not others, but in recent times the publishers have been
+pushing to extend it further and further. Ending up most recently
+with things like the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in the US which
+they are also trying to turn into a treaty through the World
+Intellectual Property Organisation which is essentially an
+organisation representing the owners of copyrights and patents and
+which works to try to increase their power, and pretends to be doing
+so in the name of humanity rather than in the name of these particular
+companies.</p>
+
+<p>Now, what are the consequences when copyright starts restricting
+activities that ordinary readers can do. Well, for one thing it's no
+longer an industrial regulation. It becomes an imposition on the
+public. For another, because of this, you find the public's starting
+to object to it You know, when it is stopping ordinary people from
+doing things that are natural in their lives you find ordinary people
+refusing to obey. Which means that copyright is no longer easy to
+enforce and that's why you see harsher and harsher punishments being
+adopted by governments that are basically serving the publishers
+rather than the public.</p>
+
+<p>Also, you have to question whether a copyright system is still
+beneficial. Basically, the thing that we have been paying is now
+valuable for us. Maybe the deal is a bad deal now. So all the things
+that made technology fit in well with the technology of the printing
+press make it fit badly with digital information technology. So,
+instead of like, charging the fee to cross the Atlantic in a boat,
+it's like charging a fee to cross a street. It's a big nuisance,
+because people cross the street all along the street, and making them
+pay is a pain in the neck.</p>
+
+<h3>New kinds of copyright</h3>
+
+<p>Now what are some of the changes we might want to make in copyright
+law in order to adapt it to the situation that the public finds itself
+in? Well the extreme change might be to abolish copyright law but
+that isn't the only possible choice. There are various situations in
+which we could reduce the power of copyright without abolishing it
+entirely because there are various different actions that can be done
+with a copyright and there are various situations in which you might
+do them, and each of those is an independent question. Should
+copyright cover this or not? In addition, there is a question of
+“How long?”.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>Copyright used to be much shorter in its
+period or duration, and it's been extended over and over again in the
+past fifty years or so and in fact in now appears that the owners of
+copyrights are planning to keep on extending copyrights so that they
+will never expire again. The US constitution says that
+“copyright must exist for a limited time” but the
+publishers have found a way around this: every twenty years they make
+copyright twenty years longer, and this way, no copyright will ever
+expire again. Now a thousand years from now, copyright might last for
+1200 years, just basically enough so that copyright on Mickey Mouse
+can not expire.</p>
+
+<p>Because that's why, people believe that US Congress passed a law to
+extend copyright for twenty years. Disney was paying them, and paying
+the President too, with campaign funds of course, to make it lawful.
+See, if they just gave them cash it would be a crime, but contributing
+indirectly to campaigns is legal and that's what they do: to buy the
+legislators. So they passed the Sunny Bono copyright act. Now this
+is interesting: Sunny Bono was a congressman and a member of the
+Church of Scientology, which uses copyrights to suppress knowledge of
+its activities. So they have their pet congressman and they pushed
+very hard for increased copyright powers.</p>
+
+<p>Anyway, we were fortunate that Sunny Bono died but in his name they
+passed the Mickey Mouse Copyright Act of 1998 I believe. It's being
+challenged by the way, on the grounds that, there is a legal case that
+people hope to go to the Supreme Court and have the extension of old
+copyrights tossed out. In any case, there are all these different
+situations and questions where we could reduce the scope of
+copyright.</p>
+
+<p>So what are some of them? Well, first of all there are various
+different contexts for copying. There is commercial sale of copies in
+the stores at one extreme and at the other there is privately making a
+copy for your friend once in a while, and in between there are other
+things, like, there's broadcasting on TV or the radio, there's posting
+it on the website, there's handing it out to all the people in an
+organisation, and some of these things could be done either
+commercially or non-commercially. You know, you could imagine a
+company handing out copies to its staff or you could imagine a school
+doing it, or some private, non-profit organisation doing it.
+Different situations, and we don't have to treat them all the same.
+
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>So one way in we could reclaim the… in
general though, the
+activities that are the most private are those that are most crucial
+to our freedom and our way of life, whereas the most public and
+commercial are those that are most useful for providing some sort of
+income for authors so it's a natural situation for a compromise in
+which the limits of copyright are put somewhere in the middle so that
+a substantial part of the activity still is covered and provides an
+income for authors, while the activities that are most directly
+relevant to peoples' private lives become free again. And this is the
+sort of thing that I propose doing with copyright for things such as
+novels and biographies and memoires and essays and so on.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>That at the
+very minimum, people should always have a right to share a copy with a
+friend. It's when governments have to prevent that kind of activity
+that they have to start intruding into everyone's lives and using
+harsh punishments. The only way basically to stop people in their
+private lives from sharing is with a police state, but public
+commercial activities can be regulated much more easily and much more
+painlessly.</p>
+
+<p>Now, where we should draw these lines depends, I believe, on the
+kind of work. Different works serve different purposes for their
+users. Until today we've had a copyright system that treats almost
+everything exactly alike except for music: there are a lot of legal
+exceptions for music. But there's no reason why we have to elevate
+simplicity above the practical consequences. We can treat different
+kinds of works differently. I propose a classification broadly into
+three kinds of works: functional works, works that express personal
+position, and works that are fundamentally aesthetic.</p>
+
+<p>Functional works include: computer software; recipes; textbooks;
+dictionaries and other reference works; anything that you use to get
+jobs done. For functional works I believe that people need very broad
+freedom, including the freedom to publish modified versions. So
+everything I am going to say tomorrow about computer software applies
+to other kinds of functional works in the same way. So, this
+criterion of free… because it necessary to have the freedom to
+publish a modified version this means we have to almost completely get
+rid of copyright but the free software movement is showing that the
+progress that society wants that is supposedly the justification for
+society having copyright can happen in other ways.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>We don't have to
+give up these important freedoms to have progress. Now the publishers
+are always asking us to presuppose that their there is no way to get
+progress without giving up our crucial freedoms and the most important
+thing I think about the free software movement is to show them that
+their pre-supposition is unjustified.</p>
+
+<p>I can't say I'm sure that in all of these areas we can't produce
+progress without copyright restrictions stopping people, but what
+we've shown is that we've got a chance: it's not a ridiculous idea.
+It shouldn't be dismissed. The public should not suppose that the
+only way to get progress is to have copyright but even for these kinds
+of works there can be some kinds of compromise copyright systems that
+are consistent with giving people the freedom to publish modified
+versions.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>Look, for example, at the GNU free
documentation license,
+which is used to make a book free. It allows anyone to make and sell
+copies of a modified version, but it requires giving credit in certain
+ways to the original authors and publishers in a way that can give
+them a commercial advantage and thus I believe make it possible to
+have commercial publishing of free textbooks, and if this works people
+are just beginning to try it commercially. The Free Software
+Foundation has been selling lots of copies of various free books for
+almost fifteen years now and it's been successful for us. At this
+point though, commercial publishers are just beginning to try this
+particular approach, but I think that even for functional works where
+the freedom to publish modified works is essential, some kind of
+compromise copyright system can be worked out, which permits everyone
+that freedom.</p>
+
+<p>For other kinds of works, the ethical questions apply differently,
+because the works are used differently. The second category of works
+is works that express someone's positions or views or experiences.
+For example, essays, offers to do business with people, statements of
+one's legal position, memoirs, anything that says, whose point is to
+say what you think or you want or what you like. Book reviews and
+restaurant reviews are also in this category: it's expressing a
+personal opinion or position.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>Now for these kinds of works, making a
+modified version is not a useful thing to do. So I see no reason why
+people should need to have the freedom to publish modified versions of
+these works. Verbatim copying is the only thing that people need to
+have the freedom to do and because of this we can consider the idea
+that the freedom to distribute copies should only apply in some
+situations, for example if it were limited to non-commercial
+distribution that would be OK I think. Ordinary citizen's lives would
+no longer be restricted but publishers would still be covered by
+copyright for these things.</p>
+
+<p><em>[drinks water]</em></p>
+
+<p>Now, I used to think that maybe it would be good enough to allow
+people to privately redistribute copies occasionally. I used to think
+that maybe it would be OK if all public redistribution were still
+restricted by copyright for these works but the experience with
+Napster has convinced me that that's not so. And the reason is that
+it shows that lots and lots of people both want to publicly
+redistribute—publicly but not commercially
+redistribute—and it's very useful. And if it's so useful, then
+it's wrong to stop people from doing it. But it would still be
+acceptable I think, to restrict commercial redistribution of this
+work, because that would just be an industrial regulation and it
+wouldn't block the useful activities that people should be doing with
+these works.</p>
+
+<p>Oh, also, scientific papers. Or scholarly papers in general fall
+into this category because publishing modified versions of them is not
+a good thing to do: it's falsifying the record so they should only be
+distributed verbatim, so scientific papers should be freely
+redistributable by anyone because we should be encouraging their
+redistribution, and I hope you will never agree to publish a
+scientific paper in a way that restricts verbatim redistribution on
+the net. Tell the journal that you won't do that.</p>
+
+<p>Because scientific journals have become an obstacle to the
+dissemination of scientific results. They used to be a necessary
+mechanism. Now they are nothing but an obstruction, and those
+journals that restrict access and restrict
+redistribution <em>[emphasis]</em> must be abolished. They are the
+enemies of the dissemination of knowledge; they are the enemies of
+science, and this practice must come to an end.</p>
+
+<p>Now there is a third category of works, which is aesthetic works,
+whose main use is to be appreciated; novels, plays, poems, drawings in
+many cases, typically and most music. Typically it's made to be
+appreciated. Now, they're not functional people don't have the need
+to modify and improve them, the way people have the need to do that
+with functional works. So it's a difficult question: is it vital for
+people to have the freedom to publish modified versions of an
+aesthetic work. On the one hand you have authors with a lot of ego
+attachment saying</p>
+
+<p><em>[English accent, dramatic gesture]</em></p>
+
+<p>“Oh this is my creation.”</p>
+
+<p><em>[Back to Boston]</em></p>
+
+<p>“How dare anyone change a line of this?” On the other
+hand you have the folk process which shows that a series of people
+sequentially modifying the work or maybe even in parallel and then
+comparing versions can produce something tremendously rich, and not
+only beautiful songs and short poems, but even long epics have been
+produced in this way, and there was a time back before the mystique of
+the artist as creator, semi-divine figure was so powerful when even
+great writers reworked stories that had been written by others. Some
+of the plays of Shakespeare involve stories that were taken from other
+plays written often a few decades before. If today's copyright laws
+had been in effect they would have called Shakespeare a quote pirate
+unquote for writing some of his great work and so of course you would
+have had the other authors saying</p>
+
+<p><em>[English accent]</em></p>
+
+<p>“How dare he change one line of my creation. He couldn't
+possibly make it better.“</p>
+
+<p><em>[faint audience chuckle]</em></p>
+
+<p>You'll hear people ridiculing this idea in exactly those terms.
+Well, I am not sure what we should do about publishing modified
+versions of these aesthetic works. One possibility is to do something
+like what is done in music, which is anyone's allowed to rearranged
+and play a piece of music, but they may have to pay for doing so, but
+they don't have to ask permission to perform it. Perhaps for
+commercial publication of these works, either modified or unmodified,
+if they're making money they might have to pay some money, that's one
+possibility. It's a difficult question what to do about publishing
+modified versions of these aesthetic works and I don't have an answer
+that I'm fully satisfied with.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Audience member 1 (AM1)</strong>, question, inaudible</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Let me repeat the question because he said it
+so fast you couldn't possibly have understood it. He said “What
+kind of category should computer games go in?” Well, I would say
+that the game engine is functional and the game scenario is
+aesthetic.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM1</strong>: Graphics?</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Those are part of the scenario probably. The
+specific pictures are part of the scenario; they are aesthetic,
+whereas the software for displaying the scenes is functional. So I
+would say that if they combine the aesthetic and the functional into
+one seamless thing then the software should be treated as functional,
+but if they're willing to separate the engine and the scenario then it
+would be legitimate to say, well the engine is functional but the
+scenario is aesthetic.</p>
+
+<h3>Copyright: possible solutions</h3>
+
+<p>Now, how long should copyright last? Well, nowadays the tendency
+in publishing is for books to go out of copyright faster and faster.
+Today in the US most books that are published are out of print within
+three years. They've been remaindered and they're gone. So it's
+clear that there's not real need for copyright to last for say 95
+years: it's ridiculous. In fact, it's clear that ten year copyright
+would be sufficient to keep the activity of publishing going. But it
+should be ten years from date of publication, but it would make sense
+to allow an additional period before publication which could even be
+longer than ten years which as you see, as long as the book has not
+been published the copyright on it is not restricting the public.
+It's basically just giving the author to have it published eventually
+but I think that once the book is published copyright should run for
+some ten years or so, then that's it.</p>
+
+<p>Now, I once proposed this in a panel where the other people were
+all writers. And one of them said: “Ten year copyright? Why
+that's ridiculous! Anything more than five years is
+intolerable.” He was an awardwinning science fiction writer who
+was complaining about the difficulty of retrouving, of pulling back,
+this is funny, French words are leaking into my English, of, of
+regaining the rights from the publisher who'd let his books go out of
+print for practical purposes but was dragging his heels about obeying
+the contract, which says that when the book is out of print the rights
+revert to the author.</p>
+
+<p>The publishers treat authors terribly you have to realise. They're
+always demanding more power in the name of the authors and they will
+bring along a few very famous very successful writers who have so much
+clout that they can get contracts that treat them very well to testify
+saying that the power is really for their sake. Meanwhile most
+writers who are not famous and are not rich and have no particular
+clout are being treated horribly by the publishing industry, and it's
+even worse in music. I recommend all of you to read Courtney Love's
+article: it's in Salon magazine right?</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM2</strong> (Audience member 2) Yes</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: She started out by calling the record
+companies quote pirates unquotes because of the way they treat the
+musicians. In any case we can shorten copyright more or less. We
+could try various lengths, we could see, we could find out empirically
+what length of copyright is needed to keep publication vigourous. I
+would say that since almost books are out of print by ten years,
+clearly ten years should be long enough. But it doesn't have to be
+the same for every kind of work. For example, maybe some aspects of
+copyright for movies should last for longer, like the rights to sell
+all the paraphernalia with the pictures and characters on them. You
+know, that's so crassly commercial it hardly matters if that is
+limited to one company in most cases. Maybe the copyright on the
+movies themselves, maybe that's legitimate for that to last twenty
+years.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>Meanwhile for software, I suspect that a three
year copyright
+would be enough. You see if each version of the programme remains
+copyrighted for three years after its release well, unless the company
+is in real bad trouble they should have a new version before those
+three years are up and there will be a lot of people who will want to
+use the newer version, so if older versions are all becoming free
+software automatically, the company would still have a business with
+the newer version. Now this is a compromise as I see it, because it
+is a system in which not all software is free, but it might be an
+acceptable compromise, after all, if we had to wait three years in
+some cases for programs to become free… well, that's no
+disaster. To be using three years old software is not a disaster.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM3</strong>: Don't you think this is a system that would
+favour feature creep?</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[airily]</em> Ah that's OK. That's a
+minor side issue, compared with these issues of freedom encouraging,
+every system encourages some artificial distortions in what people,
+and our present system certainly encourages various kinds of
+artificial distortions in activity that is covered by copyright so if
+a changed system also encourages a few of these secondary distortions
+it's not a big deal I would say.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM4</strong>: The problem with this change in the copyright
+laws for three would be that you wouldn't get the sources.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Right. There would have also to be a
+condition, a law that to sell copies of the software to the public the
+source code must be deposited somewhere so that three years later it
+can be released. So it could be deposited say, with the library of
+congress in the US, and I think other countries have similar
+institutions where copies of published books get placed, and they
+could also received the source code and after three years, publish it.
+And of course, if the source code didn't correspond to the executable
+that would be fraud, and in fact if it really corresponds then they
+ought to be able to check that very easily when the work is published
+initially so you're publishing the source code and somebody there says
+alright “dot slash configure dot slash make” and sees if
+produces the same executables and uh.</p>
+
+<p>So you're right, just eliminating copyright would not make software
+free.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM5</strong>: Um libre</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Right. That's the only sense I use the term.
+It wouldn't do that because the source code might not be available or
+they might try to use contracts to restrict the users instead. So
+making software free is not as simple as ending copyright on software:
+it's a more complex situation than that. In fact, if copyright were
+simply abolished from software then we would no longer be able to use
+copyleft to protect the free status of a program but meanwhile the
+software privateers could use other methods—contracts or
+withholding the source to make software proprietary. So what would
+mean is, if we release a free program some greedy bastard could make a
+modified version and publish just the binaries and make people sign
+non-disclosure agreements for them. We would no longer have a way to
+stop them. So if we wanted to change the law that all software that
+was published had to be free we would have to do it in some more
+complex way, not just by turning copyright for software.</p>
+
+<p>So, overall I would recommend we look at the various kinds of works
+and the various different kinds of uses and then look for a new place
+to draw the line: one that gives the public the most important
+freedoms for making use of each new kind of work while when possible
+retaining some kind of fairly painless kind of copyright for general
+public that is still of benefit to authors. In this way we can adapt
+the copyright system to the circumstances where we find it we find
+ourselves and have a system that doesn't require putting people in
+prison for years because they shared with their friends, but still
+does in various ways encourage people to write more. We can also I
+believe look for other ways of encouraging writing other ways of
+facilitating authors making money.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>For example, suppose that verbatim
+redistribution of a work is permitted and suppose that the work comes
+with something, so that when you are playing with it or reading it,
+there is a box on the side that says “click here to send one
+dollar to the authors or the musicians or whatever” I think that
+in the wealthier parts of the world a lot of people will send it
+because people often really love the authors and musicians that made
+the things that they like to read and listen to. And the interesting
+thing is that the royalty that they get now is such a small fraction
+that if you pay twenty dollars for something they're probably not
+getting more than one anyway.</p>
+
+<p>So this will be a far more efficient system. And the interesting
+thing will be that when people redistribute these copies they will be
+helping the author. Essentially advertising them, spreading around
+these reasons to send them a dollar. Now right now the biggest reason
+why more people don't just send some money to the authors is that it's
+a pain in the neck to do it. What are you going to do? Write a
+cheque? Then who are you going to mail the cheque to? You'd have to
+dig up their address, which might not be easy. But with a convenient
+internet payment system which makes it efficient to pay someone one
+dollar, then we could put this into all the copies, and then I think
+you'd find the mechanism starting to work well.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>It may take five of
+ten years for the ideas to spread around, because it's a cultural
+thing, you know, at first people might find it a little surprising but
+once it gets normal people would become accustomed to sending the
+money, and it wouldn't be a lot of money compared to what it costs to
+buy books today.</p>
+
+<p><em>[drinks]</em></p>
+
+<p>So I think that in this way, for the works of expression, and maybe
+aesthetic works, maybe this could a successful method. But it won't
+work for the functional works, and the reason for that is that as one
+person after another makes a modified version and publishes it, who
+should the boxes point to, and how much money should they send, and
+you know, it's easy to do this when the work was published just once,
+by a certain author, or certain group of authors, and they can just
+agree together what they're going to do and click on the box, if
+no-one is publishing modified versions then every copy will contain
+the same box with the same URL directing money to the same people but
+when you have different version which have been worked on by different
+people there's no simple automatic way of working out who ought to get
+what fraction of what users donate for this version or that version.
+
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>It's philosophically hard to decide how
important each contribution
+is, and all the obvious ways of trying to measure it
+are <em>[emphasis]</em> obviously
+<em>[/emphasis]</em> wrong in some cases, they're obviously closing
+their eyes to some important part of the facts so I think that this
+kind of solution is probably not feasible when everybody is free to
+publish modified versions. But for those kinds of works where it is
+not crucial to have the freedom to publish modified versions then this
+solution can be applied very simply once we have the convenient
+internet payment system to base it on.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to the aesthetic works. If there is a system where
+those who commercially redistribute or maybe even those who are
+publishing a modified version might have to negotiate the sharing of
+the payments with the original developers and then this kind of scheme
+could be extended to those works too even if modified versions are
+permitted there could be some standard formula which could be in some
+cases renegotiated, so I think in some cases probably possible even
+with a system of permitting in some way publishing modified versions
+of the aesthetic works it may be possible still to have this kind of
+voluntary payment system.</p>
+
+<p>Now I believe there a people who are trying to set up such
+voluntary payment systems. I heard of something called the street
+performer's protocol. I don't know the details of it. And I believe
+there is something called GreenWitch.com <em>[transcriber's note: URL
+uncertain]</em> I believe the people there are trying to set up
+something more or less like this. I think that what they are hoping
+to do is collect a bunch of payments that you make to various
+different people, and eventually charge your credit card once it gets
+to be big enough so that it's efficient.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>Whether those kind of
+systems work smoothly enough in practice that they'll get going is not
+clear, and whether they will become adopted widely enough for them to
+become a normal cultural practice is not clear. It may be that in
+order for these voluntary payments to truly catch on we need to have
+some kind of… you need to see the idea everywhere in order
+to… “Yeah, I outta pay“ once in a while. We'll
+see.</p>
+
+<p>There is evidence ideas like this are not unreasonable. If you
+look at for example public radio in the US, which is mostly supported
+by donations from listeners, you have I believe, millions of people
+donating, I'm not sure how many exactly but there are many public
+radio stations which are supported by their listeners and they seem to
+be finding it easier to get donations as time goes on. Ten years ago
+they would have maybe six weeks of the year when they were spending
+most of their time asking people “Please send some money, don't
+you think we're important enough” and so on 24 hours a day, and
+now a lot of them have found that they can raise the contributions by
+sending people mail who sent them donations in the past, and they
+don't have to spend their airtime drumming up the donations.</p>
+
+<p>Fundamentally, the stated purpose of copyright: to encourage
+righting is a worthwhile purpose, but we have to look at ways of ways
+to achieve it that are not so harsh, and not so constricting of the
+use of the works whose developments we have encouraged and I believe
+that digital technology is providing us with solutions to the problem
+as well as creating a context where we need to solve the problem. So
+that's the end of this talk, and are there questions?</p>
+
+<h3>Questions and discussion</h3>
+<p>First of all, what time is the next talk? What time is it now?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Me</strong>: The time is quarter past three.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Oh really? So I'm late already? Well I hope
+Melanie will permit me to accept a few questions.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM6</strong> (Audience member 6): Who will decide in which
+of your three categories will a work fit?</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I'm sure there are various
+ways of deciding. You can probably tell a novel when you see one. I
+suspect judges can tell a novel when they see one too.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM7</strong>: Any comment on encryption? And the
+interaction of encryption devices with copyrighted materials?</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Well, encryption is being used as a means of
+controlling the public. The publishers are trying to impose various
+encryption systems on the public so that they can block the public
+from copying. Now they call these things technological methods, but
+really they all rest on laws prohibiting people from by-passing them,
+and without those laws none of these methods would accomplish its
+purpose, so they are all based on direct government intervention to
+stop people from copying and I object to them very strongly, and I
+will not accept those media. If as a practical matter the means to
+copy something are not available to me I won't buy it, and I hope you
+won't buy it either.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM8</strong>: In France we have a law that says that even
+if the media is protected you have the right to copy again for backup
+purpose</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Yes it used to be that way in the US as well
+until 2 years ago.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM8</strong>: Very often you sign an agreement that is
+illegal in France… the contract you are supposed to sign with a
+mouse…</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Well, maybe they're not.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM8</strong>: How can we get it challenged?</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[rhetorically]</em> Well are you going to
+challenge them? It costs money, it takes trouble, and not only that,
+how would you do it? Well, you could either try to go to a court and
+say, “They have no right to ask people to sign this contract
+because it is an invalid contract” but that might be difficult
+if the distributor is in the US. French law about what is a valid
+contract couldn't be used to stop them in the US. On the other hand
+you could also say “I signed this contract but it's not valid in
+France so I am publicly disobeying, and I challenge them to sue
+me.” Now that you might consider doing, and if you're right and
+the laws are not valid in France then the case would get thrown out.
+I don't know. Maybe that is a good idea to do, I don't know whether,
+what its effects politically would be.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>I know that there was just a
+couple of years ago a law was passed in Europe to prohibit some kind
+of private copying of music, and the record companies trotted out some
+famous very popular musicians to push for this law and they got it, so
+it's clear that they have a lot of influence here too, and it's
+possible that they will get more, just pass another law to change
+this. We have to think about the political strategy for building the
+constituency to resist such changes and the actions we take should be
+designed to accomplish that. Now, I'm no expert on how to accomplish
+that in Europe but that's what people should think about.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM6</strong>: What about protection of private
+correspondence?</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Well, if you're not <em>[emphasis]</em>
+publishing <em>[/emphasis]</em> it that's a completely different
+issue.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM6</strong>: No, but if I send an email to somebody,
+that's automatically under my copyright.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[forcefully]</em> That's entirely
+irrelevant actually.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM6</strong>: No, I don't accept that. If they're going to
+publish it in a newspaper. At the moment my redress is my
+copyright.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Well, you can't make him keep secret the
+contents and I'm not sure actually. I mean to me, I think there's
+some injustice in that. If you for example, send a letter to somebody
+threatening to sue him and then you tell him you can't tell anybody I
+did this because my threat is copyrighted, that's pretty obnoxious,
+and I'm not sure that it would even be upheld.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM6</strong>: Well, there are circumstances where I want to
+correspond with someone and keep my (and their) reply, entirely
+private.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Well if you and they agree to keep it
+private, then that's a different matter entirely. I'm sorry the two
+issues can not be linked, and I don't have time to consider that issue
+today. There's another talk scheduled to start soon. But I think it
+is a total mistake for copyright to apply to such situations. The
+ethics of those situations are completely different from the ethics of
+published works and so they should be treated in an appropriate way,
+which is completely different.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM6</strong>: That's fair enough, but at the moment the
+only redress one has is copyright…</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[interrupts]</em> No you're wrong. If
+people have agreed to keep something private then you have other
+redress. In Europe there are privacy laws, and the other thing is,
+you don't have a right to force someone to keep secrets for you. At
+most, you could force him to paraphrase it, because he has a right to
+tell people what you did.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM6</strong>: Yes, but I assuming that the two people at
+either end are both in reasonable agreement.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Well then, don't say that copyright is your
+only recourse. If he's in agreement he isn't going to give it to a
+newspaper is he?</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM6</strong>: No, er, you're sidestepping my question about
+interception.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Oh interception. That's a totally
+different… <em>[heatedly]</em> no you didn't ask about
+interception. This is the first time you mentioned
+interception…</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM6</strong>: No it's the second time.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM9</strong>: <em>[murmurs assent to AM6]</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: <em>[still heated]</em> Well I didn't hear
+you before… it's totally silly… it's like trying
+to… oh how can I compare?… it's like trying to kill an
+elephant with a waffle iron I mean they have nothing to do with each
+other.</p>
+
+<p><em>[uninterpretable silence falls]</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>AM10</strong>: Have you thought about
+changes <em>[inaudible, in trade secrets?]</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Uh yes: Trade secrets has developed in a very
+ominous and menacing direction. It used to be that trade secrecy
+meant that you wanted to keep something secret so you didn't tell
+anybody, and later on it was something that was done within a business
+telling just a few people something and they would agree to keep it
+secret. But now, it's turning into something where the public in
+general is becoming conscripted into keeping secrets for business even
+if they have never agreed in any way to keep these secrets and that's
+a pressure.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>So those who pretend that trade secrecy is
just carrying
+out some natural right of theirs; that's just not true any more.
+They're getting explicit government help in forcing other people to
+keep their secrets. And we might want to consider whether
+non-disclosure agreements should in general be considered legitimate
+contracts because of the anti-social nature of trade secrecy it
+shouldn't be considered automatic that just because somebody has
+promised to keep a secret that that means it's binding.</p>
+
+<p>Maybe in some cases it should be and in some cases it should not be.
+If there's a clear public benefit from knowing then maybe that should
+invalidate the contract, or maybe it should be valid when it is signed
+with customers or maybe between a business and a, maybe when a business
+supplies secrets to its suppliers that should be legitimate, but to its
+customers, no.</p>
+
+<p>There are various possibilities one can think of, but at the very
+start anybody who hasn't voluntarily agreed to keep the secrets should
+not be bound by trade secrecy. That's the way it was until not long
+ago. Maybe it still is that way in Europe, I'm not sure.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM11</strong>: Is is OK for a company to ask say its…</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: employees?</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM11</strong>: No no</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: suppliers?</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM11</strong>: yes, suppliers. What if the customer is
+another supplier?</p>
+
+<p><em>[gap as minidisk changed]</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Let's start by not encouraging it.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM12</strong>: I have a question regarding your opinion on
+the scientific work on journals and textbooks. In my profession at
+least one official journal and textbook are available on-line, but
+they retain copyright, but there is free access to the resources
+provided they have internet access.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Well, that's good. But there are many
+journals where it is not like that. For example, the ACM journals you
+can't access unless you are a subscriber: they're blocked. So I think
+journals should all start opening up access on the web.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM12</strong>: So what impact does that have on the
+significance of copyright on the public when you basically don't
+interfere with providing free access on the web.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Well, first of all, I disagree. Mirror sites
+are essential, so the journal should only provide open access but they
+should also give everyone the freedom to set up mirror sites with
+verbatim copies of these papers. If not then there is a danger that
+they will get lost. Various kinds of calamities could cause them to
+be lost, you know, natural disasters, political disasters, technical
+disasters, bureaucratic disasters, fiscal disasters… All sorts
+of things could cause that one site to disappear. So really what the
+scholarly community should logically be doing is carefully arranging
+to have a wide network of mirror sites making sure that every paper is
+available on every continent, from places near the ocean to places
+that are far inland and you know this is exactly the kind of thing
+that major libraries will feel is their mission if only they were not
+being stopped.</p>
+
+<p>So what should be done, is that these journals should go one step
+further. In addition to saying everybody can access the site they
+should be saying, everyone can set up a mirror site. Even if they
+said, you have to do the whole publication of this journal, together
+with our advertisements, now that would still at least do the job of
+making the availability redundant so that it's not in danger, and
+other institutions would set up mirror sites, and I predict that you
+would find ten years down the road, a very well organised unofficial
+system of co-ordinating the mirroring to make sure that nothing was
+getting left out.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>At this point the amount that it costs to set
up
+the mirror site for years of a journal is so little that it doesn't
+require any special funding; nobody has to work very hard: just let
+librarians do it. Anyway, oh there was some other thing that this
+raised and I can't remember what it is. Oh well, I'll just have to
+let it go.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM13</strong>: The financing problem for the aesthetical
+works… do you think the dynamics could
+be… <em>[inaudible]</em> although I understand the problems
+of… I mean who's contributing? And who will be rewarded? Does
+the spirit of free software <em>[inaudible]</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. It's certainly suggesting the
+idea to people. We'll see. I don't the answers, I don't know how
+we're going to get there, I'm trying to think about where we should
+get to. I know know how we can get there. The publishers are so
+powerful, and can get governments to do their bidding. How we're
+going to build up the kind of world where the public refuses to
+tolerate this any more I don't know. I think the first thing we have
+to do is to clearly reject the term pirate and the views that go with
+it. Every time we hear that we have to speak out and say this is
+propaganda, it's not wrong for people to share these published works
+with each other, it's sharing with you friend, it's good. And sharing
+with your friend is more important than how much money these companies
+get. The society shouldn't be shaped for the sake of these companies.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>
+We have to keep on… because you see the idea that they've
+spread—that anything that reduces their income is immoral and
+therefore people must be restricted in any way it takes to guarantee
+for them to be paid for everything… that is the fundamental
+thing that we have to start attacking directly. People have mostly
+tried tactics of concentrating on secondary issues, you know, to when
+people, you know when the publishers demand increased power usually
+people saying it will cause some secondary kind of harm and arguing
+based on that but you rarely find anybody (except me) saying that the
+whole point of the change is wrong, that it's wrong to restrict it in
+that way, that it's legitimate for people to want to change copies and
+that they should be allowed to. We have to have more of this. We
+have to start cutting the root of their dominion not just hacking away
+at a few leaves.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM14</strong>: <em>[inaudible]</em> this is important is to
+concentrate on the donations system for music.</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: Yes. Unfortunately though there are patents
+covering the technique that seems most likely to be usable.</p>
+
+<p><em>[laughs, cries of “no” from audience]</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: So it may take ten years before we can do it.</p>
+
+<p><strong>AM15</strong>: We only take French laws</p>
+
+<p><strong>RMS</strong>: I don't know. I think I'd better hand the
+floor over to Melanie whose talk was supposed to start at 3. And uh
+so</p>
+
+<p>RMS stands in silence. There is a pause before the outbreak of
+applause. RMS turns to applaud the stuffed fabric gnu he placed on
+the overhead projector at the beginning of the talk.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
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+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
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+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
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+
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+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2015/08/21 15:27:24 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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