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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www education/edu-schools.ca.html education/edu... |
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Date: |
Sat, 01 Aug 2015 12:57:09 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 15/08/01 12:57:09
Modified files:
education : edu-schools.ca.html edu-schools.el.html
edu-schools.ml.html
education/po : edu-schools.ca-diff.html
edu-schools.el-diff.html
gnu : gnu-linux-faq.ca.html manifesto.ca.html
manifesto.el.html manifesto.pl.html
gnu/po : gnu-linux-faq.ca-diff.html
manifesto.ca-diff.html manifesto.el-diff.html
Added files:
education/po : edu-schools.ml-diff.html
gnu/po : manifesto.pl-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-schools.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.18&r2=1.19
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-schools.el.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.18&r2=1.19
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-schools.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.20&r2=1.21
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-schools.ca-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-schools.el-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.20&r2=1.21
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-schools.ml-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.42&r2=1.43
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/manifesto.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/manifesto.el.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/manifesto.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.50&r2=1.51
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ca-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/manifesto.ca-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/manifesto.el-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/manifesto.pl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: education/edu-schools.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/edu-schools.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.18
retrieving revision 1.19
diff -u -b -r1.18 -r1.19
--- education/edu-schools.ca.html 11 Jan 2015 18:58:47 -0000 1.18
+++ education/edu-schools.ca.html 1 Aug 2015 12:57:05 -0000 1.19
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-schools.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/education/po/edu-schools.ca.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/education/po/edu-schools.ca.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/education/edu-schools.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/education/po/edu-schools.ca-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2015-06-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-schools.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ca.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -32,6 +37,7 @@
escoles haurien d'utilitzar exclusivament programari lliure</p>
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ca.html" -->
<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" -->
<!--#else -->
<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
@@ -218,7 +224,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2015/01/11 18:58:47 $
+$Date: 2015/08/01 12:57:05 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: education/edu-schools.el.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/edu-schools.el.html,v
retrieving revision 1.18
retrieving revision 1.19
diff -u -b -r1.18 -r1.19
--- education/edu-schools.el.html 4 May 2015 10:27:22 -0000 1.18
+++ education/edu-schools.el.html 1 Aug 2015 12:57:05 -0000 1.19
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-schools.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/education/po/edu-schools.el.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/education/po/edu-schools.el.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/education/edu-schools.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/education/po/edu-schools.el-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2015-06-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-schools.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.el.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -32,6 +37,7 @@
ÏÏολεία ÏÏÎÏει να ÏÏηÏιμοÏοιοÏν
αÏοκλειÏÏικά ελεÏθεÏο λογιÏμικÏ</p>
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.el.html" -->
<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" -->
<!--#else -->
<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
@@ -241,7 +247,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
ÎνημεÏÏθηκε:
-$Date: 2015/05/04 10:27:22 $
+$Date: 2015/08/01 12:57:05 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: education/edu-schools.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/edu-schools.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.20
retrieving revision 1.21
diff -u -b -r1.20 -r1.21
--- education/edu-schools.ml.html 21 Jun 2014 11:06:53 -0000 1.20
+++ education/edu-schools.ml.html 1 Aug 2015 12:57:06 -0000 1.21
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-schools.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/education/po/edu-schools.ml.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/education/po/edu-schools.ml.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/education/edu-schools.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/education/po/edu-schools.ml-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2015-06-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-schools.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ml.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -32,6 +37,7 @@
à´à´¨àµà´¤àµà´àµà´£àµà´àµ വിദàµà´¯à´¾à´²à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´
à´à´¿à´¯à´¨àµà´¤à´°à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´à´£à´</p>
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ml.html" -->
<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" -->
<!--#else -->
<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
@@ -252,7 +258,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2014/06/21 11:06:53 $
+$Date: 2015/08/01 12:57:06 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: education/po/edu-schools.ca-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-schools.ca-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- education/po/edu-schools.ca-diff.html 19 Jun 2014 08:59:28 -0000
1.5
+++ education/po/edu-schools.ca-diff.html 1 Aug 2015 12:57:06 -0000
1.6
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.75</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.77 -->
-<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<div id="education-content">
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><h2>Why Schools Should Exclusively
Use Free Software</h2></strong></del></span>
<!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
<ul id="edu-navigation">
@@ -40,112 +39,88 @@
<a href="/education/education.html">Education</a> →
<a href="/education/education.html#indepth">In Depth</a> →
Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software</p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" --><!--#else -->
<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="no" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
<!--#endif -->
<!--#endif -->
-<h2>Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free
Software</h2></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software</h2>
<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>There are general reasons why
all</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Educational activities (including
schools) have a moral duty
+<p>Educational <span class="removed"><del><strong>activities (including
schools)</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>activities,
including schools of all levels from
+kindergarten to university,</em></ins></span> have a moral duty
to <a href="/education/education.html">teach only free
software.</a></p>
-<p>All</em></ins></span> computer users <span
class="removed"><del><strong>should</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>ought to
-<a
href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html"></em></ins></span>
-insist on free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software:</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software</a>:</em></ins></span> it gives users
+<p>All computer users ought to
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
+insist on free software</a>: it gives users
the freedom to control their own computers—with proprietary
-software, the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>computer</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>program</em></ins></span> does what <span
class="removed"><del><strong>the
-software</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>its</em></ins></span> owner <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>or developer</em></ins></span> wants it to do,
+software, the program does what its owner or developer wants it to do,
not what the user wants it to do. Free software also gives users the
freedom to cooperate with each other, to lead an upright life. These
-reasons apply to schools as they do to everyone. <span
class="removed"><del><strong>The</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>However, the</em></ins></span> purpose
-of this article is to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>state</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>present the</em></ins></span> additional reasons that
apply
+reasons apply to schools as they do to everyone. However, the purpose
+of this article is to present the additional reasons that apply
specifically to education.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Educational activities (including
schools) have
-a <a href="/education/education.html">duty to teach only free
-software.</a> Here are the reasons.</p>
-
-<p>First, free</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Free</em></ins></span> software can
save schools <span class="removed"><del><strong>money.
Free</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>money, but this is a
secondary
-benefit. Savings are possible because free</em></ins></span> software gives
schools,
-like other users, the freedom to copy and redistribute the
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>software, so</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software;</em></ins></span>
-the school system can <span class="removed"><del><strong>make copies for all
the computers
-they have. In poor countries, this</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>give a copy to every school, and each
school</em></ins></span> can <span class="removed"><del><strong>help
close</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>install</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>digital
-divide.</p>
-
-<p>This obvious reason, while important</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>program</em></ins></span> in <span
class="removed"><del><strong>practical terms,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>all its computers, with no obligation to pay
+<p>Free software can save schools money, but this is a secondary
+benefit. Savings are possible because free software gives schools,
+like other users, the freedom to copy and redistribute the software;
+the school system can give a copy to every school, and each school can
+install the program in all its computers, with no obligation to pay
for doing so.</p>
-<p>This benefit</em></ins></span> is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>rather
-shallow. And proprietary software developers can eliminate this reason
-by donating copies</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>useful, but we firmly refuse to give it first place,
-because it is shallow compared</em></ins></span> to the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>schools. (Warning:</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>important ethical issues at
-stake. Moving schools to free software is more than</em></ins></span> a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>school that accepts
-such an offer may have</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>way</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>pay for upgrades later.)</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>make
+<p>This benefit is useful, but we firmly refuse to give it first place,
+because it is shallow compared to the important ethical issues at
+stake. Moving schools to free software is more than a way to make
education a little “better”: it is a matter of doing good
-education instead of bad education.</em></ins></span> So let's <span
class="removed"><del><strong>look at</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>consider</em></ins></span> the deeper <span
class="removed"><del><strong>reasons.</p></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>issues.</p></em></ins></span>
+education instead of bad education. So let's consider the deeper
+issues.</p>
<p>Schools have a social mission: to teach students to be citizens of
a strong, capable, independent, cooperating and free society. They
should promote the use of free software just as they promote
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>recycling. If schools
teach</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>conservation and voting. By
teaching</em></ins></span> students free software, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>then the students
-will tend</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>they can
-graduate citizens ready</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>use</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>live in a</em></ins></span> free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software after they
graduate.</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>digital
society.</em></ins></span> This will
-help society as a whole escape from being dominated <span
class="removed"><del><strong>(and gouged)</strong></del></span> by
+conservation and voting. By teaching students free software, they can
+graduate citizens ready to live in a free digital society. This will
+help society as a whole escape from being dominated by
megacorporations.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>What schools should
refuse</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>In contrast,</em></ins></span> to
<span class="removed"><del><strong>do is</strong></del></span> teach <span
class="removed"><del><strong>dependence. Those
-corporations</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>a nonfree
program is implanting dependence,
+<p>In contrast, to teach a nonfree program is implanting dependence,
which goes counter to the schools' social mission. Schools should
never do this.</p>
-<p>Why, after all, do some proprietary software
developers</em></ins></span> offer <span class="removed"><del><strong>free
samples</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>gratis copies<a
href="#note1">(1)</a> of their nonfree programs</em></ins></span> to
<span class="removed"><del><strong>schools for</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>schools? Because they want to
<em>use</em></em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>same reason</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>schools to implant
-dependence on their products, like</em></ins></span> tobacco companies <span
class="removed"><del><strong>distribute free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>distributing
-gratis</em></ins></span> cigarettes to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>minors: to get children
-addicted <a href="#note1">(1)</a>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>school children<a
href="#note2">(2)</a>.</em></ins></span> They
-will not give <span
class="removed"><del><strong>discounts</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>gratis copies</em></ins></span> to these students
once they've <span class="removed"><del><strong>grown up and
graduated.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>graduated,
-nor to the companies that they go to work for.</p></em></ins></span>
+<p>Why, after all, do some proprietary software developers offer
+gratis copies<a href="#note1">(1)</a> of their nonfree programs to
+schools? Because they want to <em>use</em> the schools to implant
+dependence on their products, like tobacco companies distributing
+gratis cigarettes to school children<a href="#note2">(2)</a>. They
+will not give gratis copies to these students once they've graduated,
+nor to the companies that they go to work <span
class="removed"><del><strong>for.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>for. Once you're dependent,
+you're expected to pay.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>Free software permits students to learn how software works. Some
-students, <span class="inserted"><ins><em>natural-born
programmers,</em></ins></span> on reaching their <span
class="removed"><del><strong>teens, want</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>teens yearn</em></ins></span> to
+students, natural-born programmers, on reaching their teens yearn to
learn everything there is to know about their computer and its
software. They are intensely curious to read the source code of the
-programs that they use every
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>day. To learn to write good code, students
need to read lots of code
-and write lots of code. They need to read and understand real
-programs that people really use. Only free software permits
this.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>day.</p></em></ins></span>
+programs that they use every day.</p>
<p>Proprietary software rejects their thirst for knowledge: it says,
“The knowledge you want is a secret—learning is
-forbidden!” <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Proprietary software is the enemy of the spirit of
+forbidden!” Proprietary software is the enemy of the spirit of
education, so it should not be tolerated in a school, except as an
object for reverse engineering.</p>
-<p>Free</em></ins></span> software encourages everyone to learn. The
free software
+<p>Free software encourages everyone to learn. The free software
community rejects the “priesthood of technology”, which
keeps the general public in ignorance of how technology works; we
encourage students of any age and situation to read the source code
-and learn as much as they want to <span class="removed"><del><strong>know.
Schools</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>know.</p>
+and learn as much as they want to know.</p>
-<p>Schools</em></ins></span> that use free software will enable gifted
programming
-students to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>advance.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>advance. How do natural-born programmers learn to be
good
+<p>Schools that use free software will enable gifted programming
+students to advance. How do natural-born programmers learn to be good
programmers? They need to read and understand real programs that
people really use. You learn to write good, clear code by reading
lots of code and writing lots of code. Only free software permits
@@ -155,26 +130,24 @@
writing lots of changes in existing large programs. Free Software
lets you do this; proprietary software forbids this. Any school can
offer its students the chance to master the craft of programming, but
-only if it is a free software school.</p></em></ins></span>
+only if it is a free software school.</p>
<p>The deepest reason for using free software in schools is for moral
education. We expect schools to teach students basic facts and useful
-skills, but that is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>not</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>only part of</em></ins></span> their <span
class="removed"><del><strong>whole</strong></del></span> job. The most
fundamental <span class="removed"><del><strong>job</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>task</em></ins></span>
-of schools is to teach good citizenship, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>which includes</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>including</em></ins></span> the habit of
+skills, but that is only part of their job. The most fundamental task
+of schools is to teach good citizenship, including the habit of
helping others. In the area of computing, this means teaching people
to share software. Schools, starting from nursery school, should tell
-their <span class="removed"><del><strong>pupils,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>students,</em></ins></span> “If you bring
software to school, you must share
-it with the other students. <span class="removed"><del><strong>And
you</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>You</em></ins></span> must show the source code to the
-class, in case someone wants to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>learn.”</p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>learn. Therefore bringing nonfree
+their students, “If you bring software to school, you must share
+it with the other students. You must show the source code to the
+class, in case someone wants to learn. Therefore bringing nonfree
software to class is not permitted, unless it is for
-reverse-engineering work.”</p></em></ins></span>
+reverse-engineering work.”</p>
-<p>Of course, the school must practice what it preaches: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>all the
-software installed by the school</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>it</em></ins></span> should <span
class="removed"><del><strong>be available</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>bring only free software to class (except
objects</em></ins></span> for
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>reverse-engineering), and share copies
including source code with the</em></ins></span>
-students <span class="removed"><del><strong>to
-copy,</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>so they can copy
it,</em></ins></span> take <span class="inserted"><ins><em>it</em></ins></span>
home, and redistribute <span class="inserted"><ins><em>it</em></ins></span>
+<p>Of course, the school must practice what it preaches: it should
+bring only free software to class (except objects for
+reverse-engineering), and share copies including source code with the
+students so they can copy it, take it home, and redistribute it
further.</p>
<p>Teaching the students to use free software, and to participate in
@@ -182,29 +155,29 @@
teaches students the role model of public service rather than that of
tycoons. All levels of school should use free software.</p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>If you have a relationship with a
school —if you are a
+<p>If you have a relationship with a school —if you are a
student, a teacher, an employee, an administrator, a donor, or a
parent— it's your responsibility to campaign for the school to
migrate to free software. If a private request doesn't achieve the
goal, raise the issue publicly in those communities; that is the way
to make more people aware of the issue and find allies for the
-campaign.</p></em></ins></span>
+campaign.</p>
<ol>
-<li><cite><a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="note1"></a>RJ</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="note1"></a>Warning: a school that
accepts such an
+<li><cite><a id="note1"></a>Warning: a school that
accepts such an
offer may find subsequent upgrades rather expensive.</cite></li>
-<li><cite><a id="note2"></a>RJ</em></ins></span>
Reynolds Tobacco Company was
+<li><cite><a id="note2"></a>RJ Reynolds Tobacco
Company was
fined $15m in 2002 for handing out free samples of cigarettes at
events attended by children. See
-<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm">http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm</a>.</cite></li></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm">
-http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm</a>.</cite></li></em></ins></span>
+<a
href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm">
+http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm</a>.</cite></li>
</ol>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div
class="unprintable"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
also <a
@@ -228,22 +201,20 @@
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
information on coordinating and submitting translations of this
article.</p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+</div>
-<p>Copyright © 2003, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2009</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2009, 2014</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2003, 2009, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2014, 2015</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
-Updated:</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p
class="unprintable">Updated:</em></ins></span>
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/06/19 08:59:28 $
+$Date: 2015/08/01 12:57:06 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: education/po/edu-schools.el-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-schools.el-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.20
retrieving revision 1.21
diff -u -b -r1.20 -r1.21
--- education/po/edu-schools.el-diff.html 28 Apr 2015 20:59:41 -0000
1.20
+++ education/po/edu-schools.el-diff.html 1 Aug 2015 12:57:06 -0000
1.21
@@ -11,17 +11,16 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
-<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" --></em></ins></span>
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software
-- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
-<!--#include <span
class="removed"><del><strong>virtual="/server/banner.html"</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>virtual="/education/po/edu-schools.translist"</em></ins></span>
-->
-<!--#include <span
class="removed"><del><strong>virtual="/education/po/edu-schools.translist"</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>virtual="/server/banner.html"</em></ins></span> -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-schools.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<div id="education-content">
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><h2>Why Schools Should Exclusively
Use Free Software</h2></strong></del></span>
<!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
<ul id="edu-navigation">
@@ -40,113 +39,88 @@
<a href="/education/education.html">Education</a> →
<a href="/education/education.html#indepth">In Depth</a> →
Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software</p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" --><!--#else -->
<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="no" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
<!--#endif -->
<!--#endif -->
-<h2>Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free
Software</h2></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software</h2>
<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>There are general reasons why
all</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Educational activities (including
schools) have a moral duty
+<p>Educational <span class="removed"><del><strong>activities (including
schools)</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>activities,
including schools of all levels from
+kindergarten to university,</em></ins></span> have a moral duty
to <a href="/education/education.html">teach only free
software.</a></p>
-<p>All</em></ins></span> computer users <span
class="removed"><del><strong>should</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>ought to
-<a
href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html"></em></ins></span>
-insist on free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software:</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software</a>:</em></ins></span> it gives users
+<p>All computer users ought to
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
+insist on free software</a>: it gives users
the freedom to control their own computers—with proprietary
-software, the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>computer</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>program</em></ins></span> does what <span
class="removed"><del><strong>the
-software</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>its</em></ins></span> owner <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>or developer</em></ins></span> wants it to do,
+software, the program does what its owner or developer wants it to do,
not what the user wants it to do. Free software also gives users the
freedom to cooperate with each other, to lead an upright life. These
-reasons apply to schools as they do to everyone. <span
class="removed"><del><strong>The</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>However, the</em></ins></span> purpose
-of this article is to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>state</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>present the</em></ins></span> additional reasons that
apply
+reasons apply to schools as they do to everyone. However, the purpose
+of this article is to present the additional reasons that apply
specifically to education.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Educational activities (including
schools) have
-a <a href="/education/education.html">duty to teach only free
-software.</a> Here are the reasons.
-</p>
-
-<p>First, free</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Free</em></ins></span> software can
save schools <span class="removed"><del><strong>money.
Free</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>money, but this is a
secondary
-benefit. Savings are possible because free</em></ins></span> software gives
schools,
-like other users, the freedom to copy and redistribute the
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>software, so</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software;</em></ins></span>
-the school system can <span class="removed"><del><strong>make copies for all
the computers
-they have. In poor countries, this</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>give a copy to every school, and each
school</em></ins></span> can <span class="removed"><del><strong>help
close</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>install</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>digital
-divide.</p>
-
-<p>This obvious reason, while important</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>program</em></ins></span> in <span
class="removed"><del><strong>practical terms,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>all its computers, with no obligation to pay
+<p>Free software can save schools money, but this is a secondary
+benefit. Savings are possible because free software gives schools,
+like other users, the freedom to copy and redistribute the software;
+the school system can give a copy to every school, and each school can
+install the program in all its computers, with no obligation to pay
for doing so.</p>
-<p>This benefit</em></ins></span> is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>rather
-shallow. And proprietary software developers can eliminate this reason
-by donating copies</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>useful, but we firmly refuse to give it first place,
-because it is shallow compared</em></ins></span> to the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>schools. (Warning:</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>important ethical issues at
-stake. Moving schools to free software is more than</em></ins></span> a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>school that accepts
-such an offer may have</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>way</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>pay for upgrades later.)</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>make
+<p>This benefit is useful, but we firmly refuse to give it first place,
+because it is shallow compared to the important ethical issues at
+stake. Moving schools to free software is more than a way to make
education a little “better”: it is a matter of doing good
-education instead of bad education.</em></ins></span> So let's <span
class="removed"><del><strong>look at</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>consider</em></ins></span> the deeper <span
class="removed"><del><strong>reasons.</p></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>issues.</p></em></ins></span>
+education instead of bad education. So let's consider the deeper
+issues.</p>
<p>Schools have a social mission: to teach students to be citizens of
a strong, capable, independent, cooperating and free society. They
should promote the use of free software just as they promote
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>recycling. If schools
teach</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>conservation and voting. By
teaching</em></ins></span> students free software, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>then the students
-will tend</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>they can
-graduate citizens ready</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>use</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>live in a</em></ins></span> free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software after they
graduate.</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>digital
society.</em></ins></span> This will
-help society as a whole escape from being dominated <span
class="removed"><del><strong>(and gouged)</strong></del></span> by
+conservation and voting. By teaching students free software, they can
+graduate citizens ready to live in a free digital society. This will
+help society as a whole escape from being dominated by
megacorporations.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>What schools should
refuse</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>In contrast,</em></ins></span> to
<span class="removed"><del><strong>do is</strong></del></span> teach <span
class="removed"><del><strong>dependence. Those
-corporations</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>a nonfree
program is implanting dependence,
+<p>In contrast, to teach a nonfree program is implanting dependence,
which goes counter to the schools' social mission. Schools should
never do this.</p>
-<p>Why, after all, do some proprietary software
developers</em></ins></span> offer <span class="removed"><del><strong>free
samples</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>gratis copies<a
href="#note1">(1)</a> of their nonfree programs</em></ins></span> to
<span class="removed"><del><strong>schools for</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>schools? Because they want to
<em>use</em></em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>same reason</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>schools to implant
-dependence on their products, like</em></ins></span> tobacco companies <span
class="removed"><del><strong>distribute free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>distributing
-gratis</em></ins></span> cigarettes to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>minors: to get children
-addicted <a href="#note1">(1)</a>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>school children<a
href="#note2">(2)</a>.</em></ins></span> They
-will not give <span
class="removed"><del><strong>discounts</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>gratis copies</em></ins></span> to these students
once they've <span class="removed"><del><strong>grown up and
graduated.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>graduated,
-nor to the companies that they go to work for.</p></em></ins></span>
+<p>Why, after all, do some proprietary software developers offer
+gratis copies<a href="#note1">(1)</a> of their nonfree programs to
+schools? Because they want to <em>use</em> the schools to implant
+dependence on their products, like tobacco companies distributing
+gratis cigarettes to school children<a href="#note2">(2)</a>. They
+will not give gratis copies to these students once they've graduated,
+nor to the companies that they go to work <span
class="removed"><del><strong>for.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>for. Once you're dependent,
+you're expected to pay.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>Free software permits students to learn how software works. Some
-students, <span class="inserted"><ins><em>natural-born
programmers,</em></ins></span> on reaching their <span
class="removed"><del><strong>teens, want</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>teens yearn</em></ins></span> to
+students, natural-born programmers, on reaching their teens yearn to
learn everything there is to know about their computer and its
software. They are intensely curious to read the source code of the
-programs that they use every
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>day. To learn to write good code, students
need to read lots of code
-and write lots of code. They need to read and understand real
-programs that people really use. Only free software permits
this.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>day.</p></em></ins></span>
+programs that they use every day.</p>
<p>Proprietary software rejects their thirst for knowledge: it says,
“The knowledge you want is a secret—learning is
-forbidden!” <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Proprietary</em></ins></span> software <span
class="removed"><del><strong>encourages everyone to</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>is the enemy of the spirit of
+forbidden!” Proprietary software is the enemy of the spirit of
education, so it should not be tolerated in a school, except as an
object for reverse engineering.</p>
-<p>Free software encourages everyone to</em></ins></span> learn. The
free software
+<p>Free software encourages everyone to learn. The free software
community rejects the “priesthood of technology”, which
keeps the general public in ignorance of how technology works; we
encourage students of any age and situation to read the source code
-and learn as much as they want to <span class="removed"><del><strong>know.
Schools</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>know.</p>
+and learn as much as they want to know.</p>
-<p>Schools</em></ins></span> that use free software will enable gifted
programming
-students to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>advance.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>advance. How do natural-born programmers learn to be
good
+<p>Schools that use free software will enable gifted programming
+students to advance. How do natural-born programmers learn to be good
programmers? They need to read and understand real programs that
people really use. You learn to write good, clear code by reading
lots of code and writing lots of code. Only free software permits
@@ -156,26 +130,24 @@
writing lots of changes in existing large programs. Free Software
lets you do this; proprietary software forbids this. Any school can
offer its students the chance to master the craft of programming, but
-only if it is a free software school.</p></em></ins></span>
+only if it is a free software school.</p>
<p>The deepest reason for using free software in schools is for moral
education. We expect schools to teach students basic facts and useful
-skills, but that is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>not</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>only part of</em></ins></span> their <span
class="removed"><del><strong>whole</strong></del></span> job. The most
fundamental <span class="removed"><del><strong>job</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>task</em></ins></span>
-of schools is to teach good citizenship, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>which includes</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>including</em></ins></span> the habit of
+skills, but that is only part of their job. The most fundamental task
+of schools is to teach good citizenship, including the habit of
helping others. In the area of computing, this means teaching people
to share software. Schools, starting from nursery school, should tell
-their <span class="removed"><del><strong>pupils,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>students,</em></ins></span> “If you bring
software to school, you must share
-it with the other students. <span class="removed"><del><strong>And
you</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>You</em></ins></span> must show the source code to the
-class, in case someone wants to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>learn.”</p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>learn. Therefore bringing nonfree
+their students, “If you bring software to school, you must share
+it with the other students. You must show the source code to the
+class, in case someone wants to learn. Therefore bringing nonfree
software to class is not permitted, unless it is for
-reverse-engineering work.”</p></em></ins></span>
+reverse-engineering work.”</p>
-<p>Of course, the school must practice what it preaches: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>all the
-software installed by the school</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>it</em></ins></span> should <span
class="removed"><del><strong>be available</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>bring only free software to class (except
objects</em></ins></span> for
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>reverse-engineering), and share copies
including source code with the</em></ins></span>
-students <span class="removed"><del><strong>to
-copy,</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>so they can copy
it,</em></ins></span> take <span class="inserted"><ins><em>it</em></ins></span>
home, and redistribute <span class="inserted"><ins><em>it</em></ins></span>
+<p>Of course, the school must practice what it preaches: it should
+bring only free software to class (except objects for
+reverse-engineering), and share copies including source code with the
+students so they can copy it, take it home, and redistribute it
further.</p>
<p>Teaching the students to use free software, and to participate in
@@ -183,47 +155,35 @@
teaches students the role model of public service rather than that of
tycoons. All levels of school should use free software.</p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>If you have a relationship with a
school —if you are a
+<p>If you have a relationship with a school —if you are a
student, a teacher, an employee, an administrator, a donor, or a
parent— it's your responsibility to campaign for the school to
migrate to free software. If a private request doesn't achieve the
goal, raise the issue publicly in those communities; that is the way
to make more people aware of the issue and find allies for the
-campaign.</p></em></ins></span>
+campaign.</p>
<ol>
-<li><cite><a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="note1"></a>RJ</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="note1"></a>Warning: a school that
accepts such an
+<li><cite><a id="note1"></a>Warning: a school that
accepts such an
offer may find subsequent upgrades rather expensive.</cite></li>
-<li><cite><a id="note2"></a>RJ</em></ins></span>
Reynolds Tobacco Company was
+<li><cite><a id="note2"></a>RJ Reynolds Tobacco
Company was
fined $15m in 2002 for handing out free samples of cigarettes at
events attended by children. See
-<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm">http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm</a>.
-</cite></li></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm">
-http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm</a>.</cite></li></em></ins></span>
+<a
href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm">
+http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm</a>.</cite></li>
</ol>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
-Please</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="unprintable">
-
-<p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
-
-Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other
-corrections or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be
sent</em></ins></span> to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p></strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and
other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
replace it with the translation of these two:
@@ -237,94 +197,27 @@
<p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
- README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+ README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
-information on coordinating and submitting translations of this <span
class="removed"><del><strong>article.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this
article.</p>
</div>
-<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 2003, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2009</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2009, 2014</em></ins></span> Richard <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Stallman
-<br />
-This</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</p>
-
-<p>This</em></ins></span> page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
-</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2003, 2009, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2014, 2015</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
-<p>
-Updated:</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<p class="unprintable">Updated:</em></ins></span>
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/04/28 20:59:41 $
+$Date: 2015/08/01 12:57:06 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- <div id="translations"> -->
-<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
-<!-- -->
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
-->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
-<!-- -->
-<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
-<!-- Arabic -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
-<!-- Bulgarian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
-<!-- Catalan -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
-->
-<!-- German -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
-->
-<!-- Greek -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
-->
-<!-- English -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.html">English</a> [en]</li>
-->
-<!-- Spanish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
-->
-<!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
-<!-- French -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
-->
-<!-- Hebrew -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
-<!-- Italian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
-->
-<!-- Malayalam -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
-->
-<!-- Dutch -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
-->
-<!-- Polish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/educatio/edu-schools.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
-->
-<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
-<!-- Russian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
-<!-- Tamil -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
-->
-<!-- Uzbek -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.uz.html">O'zbekcha</a> [uz]</li>
-->
-<!-- </ul> -->
-<!-- </div> --></strong></del></span>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.42
retrieving revision 1.43
diff -u -b -r1.42 -r1.43
--- gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html 2 Mar 2015 10:27:03 -0000 1.42
+++ gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html 1 Aug 2015 12:57:07 -0000 1.43
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ca.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ca.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ca-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2015-06-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ca.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ca.html" -->
<h2>Preguntes freqüents sobre GNU/Linux per Richard Stallman</h2>
<div class="announcement">
@@ -1500,7 +1506,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2015/03/02 10:27:03 $
+$Date: 2015/08/01 12:57:07 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/manifesto.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/manifesto.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- gnu/manifesto.ca.html 5 Jun 2014 14:58:58 -0000 1.26
+++ gnu/manifesto.ca.html 1 Aug 2015 12:57:07 -0000 1.27
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/manifesto.ca.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/manifesto.ca.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/manifesto.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/manifesto.ca-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2015-06-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ca.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ca.html" -->
<h2>El manifest GNU</h2>
<p> El manifest GNU (que apareix a continuació) va ser escrit per <a
@@ -758,7 +764,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2014/06/05 14:58:58 $
+$Date: 2015/08/01 12:57:07 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/manifesto.el.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/manifesto.el.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- gnu/manifesto.el.html 17 Apr 2015 22:58:42 -0000 1.26
+++ gnu/manifesto.el.html 1 Aug 2015 12:57:07 -0000 1.27
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/manifesto.el.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/manifesto.el.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/manifesto.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/manifesto.el-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2015-06-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.el.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.el.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.el.html" -->
<h2>Το μανιÏÎÏÏο ÏοÏ
GNU</h2>
<p> Το μανιÏÎÏÏο ÏοÏ
GNU (Ïο οÏοίο ακολοÏ
θεί
ÏαÏακάÏÏ) γÏάÏÏηκε αÏÏ Ïον <a
@@ -816,7 +822,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
ÎνημεÏÏθηκε:
-$Date: 2015/04/17 22:58:42 $
+$Date: 2015/08/01 12:57:07 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/manifesto.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/manifesto.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.50
retrieving revision 1.51
diff -u -b -r1.50 -r1.51
--- gnu/manifesto.pl.html 6 Sep 2014 05:03:55 -0000 1.50
+++ gnu/manifesto.pl.html 1 Aug 2015 12:57:07 -0000 1.51
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/manifesto.pl.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/manifesto.pl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/manifesto.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/manifesto.pl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2015-06-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pl.html" -->
<h2>Manifest GNU</h2>
<p> Manifest GNU (który widzicie poniżej) zostaŠnapisany przez <a
@@ -816,7 +822,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2014/09/06 05:03:55 $
+$Date: 2015/08/01 12:57:07 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ca-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ca-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ca-diff.html 4 Jun 2014 00:29:17 -0000 1.2
+++ gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ca-diff.html 1 Aug 2015 12:57:08 -0000 1.3
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.76</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.77</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
<title>GNU/Linux FAQ
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
@@ -89,10 +89,10 @@
system after the kernel, Linux. Isn't it normal to name an
operating system after a kernel?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#feel"
id="TOCfeel">Can another system have “the
+<li><a href="#feel" id="TOCfeel">Can another system have “the
feel of Linux”?</a></li>
-<li><a</em></ins></span> href="#long" id="TOClong">The problem with
+<li><a href="#long" id="TOClong">The problem with
“GNU/Linux” is that it is too long. How about
recommending a shorter name?</a></li>
@@ -100,6 +100,10 @@
“GNU/Linux” is that it is too long. Why should
I go to the trouble of saying “GNU/”?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#long3" id="TOClong3">Unfortunately,
+ “GNU/Linux” is five syllables. People won't use such a
+ long term. Shouldn't you find a shorter one?</a></li>
+
<li><a href="#justgnu" id="TOCjustgnu">Since Linux is a secondary
contribution, would it be false to the facts to call the system
simply “GNU”?</a></li>
@@ -134,7 +138,12 @@
<li><a href="#whyorder" id="TOCwhyorder">Why
“GNU/Linux”
rather than “Linux/GNU”?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#distronames" id="TOCdistronames">My distro is called
+<li><a <span class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#distronames0"
id="TOCdistronames0">My distro's developers call it
+ “Foobar Linux”, but that doesn't say anything about
+ what the system consists of. Why shouldn't they call it whatever
+ they like?</a></li>
+
+<li><a</em></ins></span> href="#distronames"
id="TOCdistronames">My distro is called
“Foobar Linux”; doesn't that show it's really
Linux?</a></li>
@@ -181,7 +190,10 @@
<li><a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux">Can't Linux be used
without
GNU?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu" id="TOClinuxsyswithoutgnu">Are
there complete Linux systems <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>[sic]</em></ins></span> without
GNU?</a></li>
+<li><a <span class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#howmuch"
id="TOChowmuch">How much of the GNU system
+is needed for the system to be GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a</em></ins></span> href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu"
id="TOClinuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete Linux systems [sic] without
GNU?</a></li>
<li><a href="#helplinus" id="TOChelplinus">Why not call the system
“Linux” anyway, and strengthen Linus Torvalds' role as
@@ -561,7 +573,7 @@
<dt id="notinstallable">How can GNU be an
operating system, if I can't get something called “GNU”
- and install it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#TOCnotinstallable">#notinstallable</a>)</span></dt>
+ and install it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#notinstallable">#notinstallable</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Many <a href="/distros/distros.html"> packaged and installable
@@ -587,8 +599,10 @@
<p>
We are now developing an advanced Scheme-based package manager called
-GUIX, and this includes repackaging a substantial part of the GNU
-system.</p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>GUIX,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Guix</em></ins></span> and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>this</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>a complete system distribution based on it called the
+<a href="/software/guix">Guix System Distribution</a> or GuixSD.
+This</em></ins></span> includes repackaging a substantial part of the GNU
system.</p>
<p>
We never took the last step of packaging GNU under the name
@@ -615,7 +629,7 @@
“the kernel, Linux” or “Linux, the kernel.”</p>
</dd>
-<dt <span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="feel">Can another system have
“the
+<dt id="feel">Can another system have “the
feel of Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#feel">#feel</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
@@ -626,7 +640,7 @@
and the “feel” comes from them.
</dd>
-<dt</em></ins></span> id="long">The problem with “GNU/Linux”
is that it is too long.
+<dt id="long">The problem with “GNU/Linux” is that it is too
long.
How about recommending a shorter name? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#long">#long</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
@@ -649,6 +663,14 @@
to recognize our work?</p>
</dd>
+<dt id="long3">Unfortunately, “GNU/Linux” is five
+ syllables. People won't use such a long term. Shouldn't you find a
+ shorter one?
+ <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#long3">#long3</a>)</span></dt>
+<dd><p>Actually, “GNU/Linux” is only four syllables.
+ “Unfortunately” is five syllables, yet people show no
+ sign of reluctance to use that word.</p></dd>
+
<dt id="justgnu">Since Linux is a secondary
contribution, would it be false to the facts to call the system simply
“GNU”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#justgnu">#justgnu</a>)</span></dt>
@@ -825,7 +847,22 @@
make it seem that the whole system is Linux.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="distronames">My distro is called
+<dt <span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="distronames0">My distro's
developers call it
+ “Foobar Linux”, but that doesn't say anything about
+ what the system consists of. Why shouldn't they call it whatever
+ they like? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#distronames0">#distronames0</a>)</span></dt>
+<dd>
+Calling a system “Foobar Linux” implies that it's a flavor
+of “Linux,” and people <a href="#distronames">understand
+it that way</a>.
+
+<p>
+If they called a GNU/Linux distro “Foobar BSD,” you would
+call that a mistake. “This system is not BSD,” you
+would tell them. Well, it's not Linux either.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="distronames">My distro is called
“Foobar Linux”; doesn't that show it's really Linux? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#distronames">#distronames</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
@@ -841,9 +878,9 @@
<dd><p>If it's allowed for them to change “GNU” to
“Foobar Linux”, it's allowed for you to change it back and
-call <span class="removed"><del><strong>the distro</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>it</em></ins></span> “Foobar GNU/Linux”.
<span class="removed"><del><strong>It can't be more wrong
-to correct the mistake than it was</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>This is what you ought</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>make the
mistake.</p></dd></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>do,
-because otherwise you'd be propagating their error and
unfairness.</p></dd></em></ins></span>
+call it “Foobar GNU/Linux”. This is what you ought to do,
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>because otherwise you'd be
propagating</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>to avoid</em></ins></span> their <span
class="removed"><del><strong>error and
unfairness.</p></dd></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>error.</p></dd></em></ins></span>
<dt id="companies">Wouldn't it be more
effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to
@@ -1124,32 +1161,50 @@
are from GNU/Linux.
</dd>
-<dt id="linuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete Linux systems <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>[sic]</em></ins></span> without GNU? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu">#linuxsyswithoutgnu</a>)</span></dt>
+<dt id="linuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete Linux systems [sic]
without GNU? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu">#linuxsyswithoutgnu</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
There are complete systems that contain Linux and not GNU; Android is
an example. But it is a mistake to call them “Linux”
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>systems.</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>systems, just as it is a mistake to call GNU a
“Linux” system.</em></ins></span>
+systems, just as it is a mistake to call GNU a “Linux” system.
<p>
-Android is very different from the GNU/Linux system—because <span
class="removed"><del><strong>it
-contains</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>the two have</em></ins></span> very little
<span class="removed"><del><strong>of</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>code in common. In fact,</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>GNU system,</strong></del></span> only <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Linux. Overall, it's a
-different system.</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>thing
they
+Android is very different from the GNU/Linux system—because
+the two have very little code in common. In fact, the only thing they
have in common is Linux.</p>
-<p></em></ins></span>
+<p>
If you call the whole GNU/Linux system “Linux”,
you will find it necessary to say things like, “Android contains
Linux, but it isn't Linux, because it doesn't have the usual Linux
-[sic] libraries and utilities [meaning the GNU <span
class="removed"><del><strong>system].”</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>system].”</p>
-<p></em></ins></span>
+[sic] libraries and utilities [meaning the GNU system].”</p>
+<p>
Android contains just as much of Linux as GNU/Linux does. What it
doesn't have is the GNU system. Android replaces that with Google
-software that works quite differently. <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Thus, what</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>What</em></ins></span> makes Android different
+software that works quite differently. What makes Android different
from GNU/Linux is the absence of GNU.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="helplinus">Why not call the system
+<dt <span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="howmuch">How much of the GNU
system is needed for the system
+to be
+GNU/Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#howmuch">#howmuch</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+“How much” is not a meaningful question because the GNU
+system does not have precise boundaries.
+<p>
+GNU is an operating system maintained by a community. It includes far
+more than just the GNU software packages (of which we have a specific
+list), and people add more packages constantly. Despite these
+changes, it remains the GNU system, and adding Linux to that yields
+GNU/Linux. If you use part of the GNU system and omit part, there is
+no meaningful way to say “how much” you used.</p>
+<p>
+If we look at the level of packages, Linux is one important package in
+the GNU/Linux system. The inclusion of one important GNU package is
+enough to justify our request for equal mention.
+</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="helplinus">Why not call the system
“Linux” anyway, and strengthen Linus Torvalds' role as
posterboy for our
community? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#helplinus">#helplinus</a>)</span></dt>
@@ -1402,7 +1457,7 @@
</dd>
<dt id="knownname">Isn't it better to call the
- system by the name most users already know? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#knownname">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>
+ system by the name most users already know? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#knownname">#knownname</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Users are not incapable of learning. Since “GNU/Linux”
@@ -1460,7 +1515,7 @@
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -1475,20 +1530,19 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2013</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2013, 2014</em></ins></span>
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015
Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong><p></p><p</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p</em></ins></span>
class="unprintable">Updated:
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/06/04 00:29:17 $
+$Date: 2015/08/01 12:57:08 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: gnu/po/manifesto.ca-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/manifesto.ca-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- gnu/po/manifesto.ca-diff.html 4 Jun 2014 00:29:20 -0000 1.1
+++ gnu/po/manifesto.ca-diff.html 1 Aug 2015 12:57:08 -0000 1.2
@@ -11,29 +11,46 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.76</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.77</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
<title>The GNU Manifesto
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<h2>The GNU Manifesto</h2>
-<p> The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written by <a
-href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> at the beginning
-of the GNU Project, to ask for participation and support. For the
-first few years, it was updated in minor ways to account for
-developments, but now it seems best to leave it unchanged as most
-people have seen it.</p>
+<p> The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written
+by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> <span
class="removed"><del><strong>at the beginning
+of the GNU Project,</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>in
1985</em></ins></span> to
+ask for <span class="removed"><del><strong>participation and support.
For</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>support in
developing</em></ins></span> the
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>first few years,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU operating system. Part of the
+text was taken from the original announcement of 1983. Through
1987,</em></ins></span>
+it was updated in minor ways to account for
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>developments, but now</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>developments; since then,</em></ins></span>
+it seems best to leave it <span class="removed"><del><strong>unchanged as most
+people have seen it.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>unchanged.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>Since that time, we have learned about certain common
misunderstandings that different wording could help avoid. Footnotes
added since 1993 help clarify these points.</p>
-<p>For up-to-date information about the available GNU software, please
-see the information available on our <a href="/home.html">web
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>For up-to-date information
about</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>If you want to
install</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>available GNU
software, please
+see</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU/Linux system, we
recommend you use
+one of</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>information
available on our</strong></del></span> <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/home.html">web
server</a>, in particular our <a
href="/software/software.html">list
-of software</a>. For how to contribute, see <a
-href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help/help.html</a>.</p>
+of software</a>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/distros">100% free software GNU/Linux
+distributions</a>.</em></ins></span> For how to contribute,
+see <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help/help.html</a>.</p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The GNU Project is part of the Free Software Movement, a campaign
+for <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freedom for users of
+software</a>. It is a mistake to associate GNU with the term
+“open source”—that term was coined in 1998 by people
+who disagree with the Free Software Movement's ethical values. They
+use it to promote an
+<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">amoral
approach</a> to the same field.</p></em></ins></span>
<h3 id="whats-gnu">What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!</h3>
@@ -704,7 +721,7 @@
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -719,7 +736,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2010</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2010, 2014</em></ins></span>
+<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,
<span class="removed"><del><strong>2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2014, 2015</em></ins></span>
Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>
@@ -734,11 +751,9 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong><p></p><p</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p</em></ins></span>
class="unprintable">Updated:
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/06/04 00:29:20 $
+$Date: 2015/08/01 12:57:08 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: gnu/po/manifesto.el-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/manifesto.el-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- gnu/po/manifesto.el-diff.html 20 Nov 2014 18:29:54 -0000 1.9
+++ gnu/po/manifesto.el-diff.html 1 Aug 2015 12:57:08 -0000 1.10
@@ -18,22 +18,39 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<h2>The GNU Manifesto</h2>
-<p> The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written by <a
-href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> at the beginning
-of the GNU Project, to ask for participation and support. For the
-first few years, it was updated in minor ways to account for
-developments, but now it seems best to leave it unchanged as most
-people have seen it.</p>
+<p> The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written
+by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> <span
class="removed"><del><strong>at the beginning
+of the GNU Project,</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>in
1985</em></ins></span> to
+ask for <span class="removed"><del><strong>participation and support.
For</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>support in
developing</em></ins></span> the
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>first few years,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU operating system. Part of the
+text was taken from the original announcement of 1983. Through
1987,</em></ins></span>
+it was updated in minor ways to account for
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>developments, but now</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>developments; since then,</em></ins></span>
+it seems best to leave it <span class="removed"><del><strong>unchanged as most
+people have seen it.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>unchanged.</p></em></ins></span>
<p>Since that time, we have learned about certain common
misunderstandings that different wording could help avoid. Footnotes
added since 1993 help clarify these points.</p>
-<p>For up-to-date information about the available GNU software, please
-see the information available on our <a href="/home.html">web
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>For up-to-date information
about</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>If you want to
install</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>available GNU
software, please
+see</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU/Linux system, we
recommend you use
+one of</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>information
available on our</strong></del></span> <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/home.html">web
server</a>, in particular our <a
href="/software/software.html">list
-of software</a>. For how to contribute, see <a
-href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help/help.html</a>.</p>
+of software</a>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/distros">100% free software GNU/Linux
+distributions</a>.</em></ins></span> For how to contribute,
+see <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help/help.html</a>.</p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The GNU Project is part of the Free Software Movement, a campaign
+for <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freedom for users of
+software</a>. It is a mistake to associate GNU with the term
+“open source”—that term was coined in 1998 by people
+who disagree with the Free Software Movement's ethical values. They
+use it to promote an
+<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">amoral
approach</a> to the same field.</p></em></ins></span>
<h3 id="whats-gnu">What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!</h3>
@@ -704,7 +721,7 @@
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -719,7 +736,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2014
+<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,
<span class="removed"><del><strong>2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2014, 2015</em></ins></span>
Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>
@@ -736,7 +753,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/11/20 18:29:54 $
+$Date: 2015/08/01 12:57:08 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: education/po/edu-schools.ml-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/po/edu-schools.ml-diff.html
diff -N education/po/edu-schools.ml-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/po/edu-schools.ml-diff.html 1 Aug 2015 12:57:07 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/education/edu-schools.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+
+<title>Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-schools.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<div id="education-content">
+
+<!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
+<ul id="edu-navigation">
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-contents.html">Education
Contents</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-cases.html">Case
Studies</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-resources.html">Educational
Resources</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-projects.html">Education
Projects</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-team.html">The Education
Team</a></li>
+</ul>
+<!-- end edu navigation bar -->
+
+</div> <!-- id="education-content" -->
+
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb">
+<a href="/education/education.html">Education</a> →
+<a href="/education/education.html#indepth">In Depth</a> →
+Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software</p>
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" --><!--#else -->
+<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="no" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<h2>Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>Educational <span class="removed"><del><strong>activities (including
schools)</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>activities,
including schools of all levels from
+kindergarten to university,</em></ins></span> have a moral duty
+to <a href="/education/education.html">teach only free
+software.</a></p>
+
+<p>All computer users ought to
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
+insist on free software</a>: it gives users
+the freedom to control their own computers—with proprietary
+software, the program does what its owner or developer wants it to do,
+not what the user wants it to do. Free software also gives users the
+freedom to cooperate with each other, to lead an upright life. These
+reasons apply to schools as they do to everyone. However, the purpose
+of this article is to present the additional reasons that apply
+specifically to education.</p>
+
+<p>Free software can save schools money, but this is a secondary
+benefit. Savings are possible because free software gives schools,
+like other users, the freedom to copy and redistribute the software;
+the school system can give a copy to every school, and each school can
+install the program in all its computers, with no obligation to pay
+for doing so.</p>
+
+<p>This benefit is useful, but we firmly refuse to give it first place,
+because it is shallow compared to the important ethical issues at
+stake. Moving schools to free software is more than a way to make
+education a little “better”: it is a matter of doing good
+education instead of bad education. So let's consider the deeper
+issues.</p>
+
+<p>Schools have a social mission: to teach students to be citizens of
+a strong, capable, independent, cooperating and free society. They
+should promote the use of free software just as they promote
+conservation and voting. By teaching students free software, they can
+graduate citizens ready to live in a free digital society. This will
+help society as a whole escape from being dominated by
+megacorporations.</p>
+
+<p>In contrast, to teach a nonfree program is implanting dependence,
+which goes counter to the schools' social mission. Schools should
+never do this.</p>
+
+<p>Why, after all, do some proprietary software developers offer
+gratis copies<a href="#note1">(1)</a> of their nonfree programs to
+schools? Because they want to <em>use</em> the schools to implant
+dependence on their products, like tobacco companies distributing
+gratis cigarettes to school children<a href="#note2">(2)</a>. They
+will not give gratis copies to these students once they've graduated,
+nor to the companies that they go to work <span
class="removed"><del><strong>for.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>for. Once you're dependent,
+you're expected to pay.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Free software permits students to learn how software works. Some
+students, natural-born programmers, on reaching their teens yearn to
+learn everything there is to know about their computer and its
+software. They are intensely curious to read the source code of the
+programs that they use every day.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary software rejects their thirst for knowledge: it says,
+“The knowledge you want is a secret—learning is
+forbidden!” Proprietary software is the enemy of the spirit of
+education, so it should not be tolerated in a school, except as an
+object for reverse engineering.</p>
+
+<p>Free software encourages everyone to learn. The free software
+community rejects the “priesthood of technology”, which
+keeps the general public in ignorance of how technology works; we
+encourage students of any age and situation to read the source code
+and learn as much as they want to know.</p>
+
+<p>Schools that use free software will enable gifted programming
+students to advance. How do natural-born programmers learn to be good
+programmers? They need to read and understand real programs that
+people really use. You learn to write good, clear code by reading
+lots of code and writing lots of code. Only free software permits
+this.</p>
+
+<p>How do you learn to write code for large programs? You do that by
+writing lots of changes in existing large programs. Free Software
+lets you do this; proprietary software forbids this. Any school can
+offer its students the chance to master the craft of programming, but
+only if it is a free software school.</p>
+
+<p>The deepest reason for using free software in schools is for moral
+education. We expect schools to teach students basic facts and useful
+skills, but that is only part of their job. The most fundamental task
+of schools is to teach good citizenship, including the habit of
+helping others. In the area of computing, this means teaching people
+to share software. Schools, starting from nursery school, should tell
+their students, “If you bring software to school, you must share
+it with the other students. You must show the source code to the
+class, in case someone wants to learn. Therefore bringing nonfree
+software to class is not permitted, unless it is for
+reverse-engineering work.”</p>
+
+<p>Of course, the school must practice what it preaches: it should
+bring only free software to class (except objects for
+reverse-engineering), and share copies including source code with the
+students so they can copy it, take it home, and redistribute it
+further.</p>
+
+<p>Teaching the students to use free software, and to participate in
+the free software community, is a hands-on civics lesson. It also
+teaches students the role model of public service rather than that of
+tycoons. All levels of school should use free software.</p>
+
+<p>If you have a relationship with a school —if you are a
+student, a teacher, an employee, an administrator, a donor, or a
+parent— it's your responsibility to campaign for the school to
+migrate to free software. If a private request doesn't achieve the
+goal, raise the issue publicly in those communities; that is the way
+to make more people aware of the issue and find allies for the
+campaign.</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><cite><a id="note1"></a>Warning: a school that
accepts such an
+offer may find subsequent upgrades rather expensive.</cite></li>
+
+<li><cite><a id="note2"></a>RJ Reynolds Tobacco
Company was
+fined $15m in 2002 for handing out free samples of cigarettes at
+events attended by children. See
+<a
href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm">
+http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm</a>.</cite></li>
+</ol>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and
other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this
article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2003, 2009, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2014, 2015</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2015/08/01 12:57:07 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: gnu/po/manifesto.pl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/manifesto.pl-diff.html
diff -N gnu/po/manifesto.pl-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/manifesto.pl-diff.html 1 Aug 2015 12:57:08 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,763 @@
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>The GNU Manifesto
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>The GNU Manifesto</h2>
+
+<p> The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written
+by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> <span
class="removed"><del><strong>at the beginning
+of the GNU Project,</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>in
1985</em></ins></span> to
+ask for <span class="removed"><del><strong>participation and support.
For</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>support in
developing</em></ins></span> the
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>first few years,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU operating system. Part of the
+text was taken from the original announcement of 1983. Through
1987,</em></ins></span>
+it was updated in minor ways to account for
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>developments, but now</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>developments; since then,</em></ins></span>
+it seems best to leave it <span class="removed"><del><strong>unchanged as most
+people have seen it.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>unchanged.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Since that time, we have learned about certain common
+misunderstandings that different wording could help avoid. Footnotes
+added since 1993 help clarify these points.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>For up-to-date information
about</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>If you want to
install</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>available GNU
software, please
+see</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU/Linux system, we
recommend you use
+one of</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>information
available on our</strong></del></span> <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/home.html">web
+server</a>, in particular our <a
href="/software/software.html">list
+of software</a>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/distros">100% free software GNU/Linux
+distributions</a>.</em></ins></span> For how to contribute,
+see <a
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help/help.html</a>.</p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The GNU Project is part of the Free Software Movement, a campaign
+for <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freedom for users of
+software</a>. It is a mistake to associate GNU with the term
+“open source”—that term was coined in 1998 by people
+who disagree with the Free Software Movement's ethical values. They
+use it to promote an
+<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">amoral
approach</a> to the same field.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 id="whats-gnu">What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!</h3>
+
+<p>
+ GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete
+Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give
+it away free to everyone who can use it.<a href="#f1">(1)</a>
Several
+other volunteers are helping me. Contributions of time, money,
+programs and equipment are greatly needed.</p>
+
+<p>
+ So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor
+commands, a source level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator,
+a linker, and around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is
+nearly completed. A new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled
+itself and may be released this year. An initial kernel exists but
+many more features are needed to emulate Unix. When the kernel and
+compiler are finished, it will be possible to distribute a GNU system
+suitable for program development. We will use TeX as our text
+formatter, but an nroff is being worked on. We will use the free,
+portable X Window System as well. After this we will add a portable
+Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other
+things, plus online documentation. We hope to supply, eventually,
+everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more.</p>
+
+<p>
+ GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to
+Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our
+experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to
+have longer file names, file version numbers, a crashproof file system,
+file name completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and
+perhaps eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several
+Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C
+and Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will
+try to support UUCP, MIT Chaosnet, and Internet protocols for
+communication.</p>
+
+<p>
+ GNU is aimed initially at machines in the 68000/16000 class with
+virtual memory, because they are the easiest machines to make it run
+on. The extra effort to make it run on smaller machines will be left
+to someone who wants to use it on them.</p>
+
+<p>
+ To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the <em>g</em> in
the
+word “GNU” when it is the name of this project.</p>
+
+<h3 id="why-write">Why I Must Write GNU</h3>
+
+<p>
+ I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to
+divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share
+with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this
+way. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a
+software license agreement. For years I worked within the Artificial
+Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities,
+but eventually they had gone too far: I could not remain in an
+institution where such things are done for me against my will.</p>
+
+<p>
+ So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have
+decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I
+will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I
+have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent
+me from giving GNU away.<a href="#f2a">(2)</a></p>
+
+<h3 id="compatible">Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix</h3>
+
+<p>
+ Unix is not my ideal system, but it is not too bad. The essential
+features of Unix seem to be good ones, and I think I can fill in what
+Unix lacks without spoiling them. And a system compatible with Unix
+would be convenient for many other people to adopt.</p>
+
+<h3 id="available">How GNU Will Be Available</h3>
+
+<p>
+ GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to
+modify and redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to
+restrict its further redistribution. That is to say,
+<a
href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>
+modifications will not be allowed. I want to make sure that all
+versions of GNU remain free.</p>
+
+<h3 id="why-help">Why Many Other Programmers Want to Help</h3>
+
+<p>
+ I have found many other programmers who are excited about GNU and
+want to help.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Many programmers are unhappy about the commercialization of system
+software. It may enable them to make more money, but it requires them
+to feel in conflict with other programmers in general rather than feel
+as comrades. The fundamental act of friendship among programmers is the
+sharing of programs; marketing arrangements now typically used
+essentially forbid programmers to treat others as friends. The
+purchaser of software must choose between friendship and obeying the
+law. Naturally, many decide that friendship is more important. But
+those who believe in law often do not feel at ease with either choice.
+They become cynical and think that programming is just a way of making
+money.</p>
+
+<p>
+ By working on and using GNU rather than proprietary programs, we can
+be hospitable to everyone and obey the law. In addition, GNU serves as
+an example to inspire and a banner to rally others to join us in
+sharing. This can give us a feeling of harmony which is impossible if
+we use software that is not free. For about half the programmers I
+talk to, this is an important happiness that money cannot replace.</p>
+
+<h3 id="contribute">How You Can Contribute</h3>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+(Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the <a
+href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects">High Priority Projects
+list</a> and the <a
href="http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1">GNU Help
+Wanted list</a>, the general task list for GNU software packages. For
other
+ways to help, see <a href="/help/help.html">the guide to helping
+the GNU operating system</a>.)
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+ I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and
+money. I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.</p>
+
+<p>
+ One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is that GNU
+will run on them at an early date. The machines should be complete,
+ready to use systems, approved for use in a residential area, and not
+in need of sophisticated cooling or power.</p>
+
+<p>
+ I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time
+work for GNU. For most projects, such part-time distributed work would
+be very hard to coordinate; the independently written parts would not
+work together. But for the particular task of replacing Unix, this
+problem is absent. A complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility
+programs, each of which is documented separately. Most interface
+specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each contributor
+can write a compatible replacement for a single Unix utility, and make
+it work properly in place of the original on a Unix system, then these
+utilities will work right when put together. Even allowing for Murphy
+to create a few unexpected problems, assembling these components will
+be a feasible task. (The kernel will require closer communication and
+will be worked on by a small, tight group.)</p>
+
+<p>
+ If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full
+or part time. The salary won't be high by programmers' standards, but
+I'm looking for people for whom building community spirit is as
+important as making money. I view this as a way of enabling dedicated
+people to devote their full energies to working on GNU by sparing them
+the need to make a living in another way.</p>
+
+<h3 id="benefit">Why All Computer Users Will Benefit</h3>
+
+<p>
+ Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system
+software free, just like air.<a href="#f2">(3)</a></p>
+
+<p>
+ This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix
+license. It means that much wasteful duplication of system programming
+effort will be avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the
+state of the art.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Complete system sources will be available to everyone. As a result,
+a user who needs changes in the system will always be free to make them
+himself, or hire any available programmer or company to make them for
+him. Users will no longer be at the mercy of one programmer or company
+which owns the sources and is in sole position to make changes.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Schools will be able to provide a much more educational environment
+by encouraging all students to study and improve the system code.
+Harvard's computer lab used to have the policy that no program could be
+installed on the system if its sources were not on public display, and
+upheld it by actually refusing to install certain programs. I was very
+much inspired by this.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Finally, the overhead of considering who owns the system software
+and what one is or is not entitled to do with it will be lifted.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Arrangements to make people pay for using a program, including
+licensing of copies, always incur a tremendous cost to society through
+the cumbersome mechanisms necessary to figure out how much (that is,
+which programs) a person must pay for. And only a police state can
+force everyone to obey them. Consider a space station where air must
+be manufactured at great cost: charging each breather per liter of air
+may be fair, but wearing the metered gas mask all day and all night is
+intolerable even if everyone can afford to pay the air bill. And the
+TV cameras everywhere to see if you ever take the mask off are
+outrageous. It's better to support the air plant with a head tax and
+chuck the masks.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Copying all or parts of a program is as natural to a programmer as
+breathing, and as productive. It ought to be as free.</p>
+
+<h3 id="rebutted-objections">Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's
Goals</h3>
+
+<p id="support">
+<strong>“Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means
+they can't rely on any support.”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing
+the support.”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free
+without service, a company to provide just service to people who have
+obtained GNU free ought to be profitable.<a
href="#f3">(4)</a></p>
+
+<p>
+ We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming
+work and mere handholding. The former is something one cannot rely on
+from a software vendor. If your problem is not shared by enough
+people, the vendor will tell you to get lost.</p>
+
+<p>
+ If your business needs to be able to rely on support, the only way
+is to have all the necessary sources and tools. Then you can hire any
+available person to fix your problem; you are not at the mercy of any
+individual. With Unix, the price of sources puts this out of
+consideration for most businesses. With GNU this will be easy. It is
+still possible for there to be no available competent person, but this
+problem cannot be blamed on distribution arrangements. GNU does not
+eliminate all the world's problems, only some of them.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Meanwhile, the users who know nothing about computers need
+handholding: doing things for them which they could easily do
+themselves but don't know how.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Such services could be provided by companies that sell just
+handholding and repair service. If it is true that users would rather
+spend money and get a product with service, they will also be willing
+to buy the service having got the product free. The service companies
+will compete in quality and price; users will not be tied to any
+particular one. Meanwhile, those of us who don't need the service
+should be able to use the program without paying for the service.</p>
+
+<p id="advertising">
+<strong>“You cannot reach many people without advertising, and
+you must charge for the program to support
that.”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>“It's no use advertising a program people can get
+free.”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be
+used to inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU. But
+it may be true that one can reach more microcomputer users with
+advertising. If this is really so, a business which advertises the
+service of copying and mailing GNU for a fee ought to be successful
+enough to pay for its advertising and more. This way, only the users
+who benefit from the advertising pay for it.</p>
+
+<p>
+ On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and
+such companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not
+really necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates
+don't want to let the free market decide this?<a
href="#f4">(5)</a></p>
+
+<p id="competitive">
+<strong>“My company needs a proprietary operating system to get
+a competitive edge.”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of
+competition. You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but
+neither will your competitors be able to get an edge over you. You and
+they will compete in other areas, while benefiting mutually in this
+one. If your business is selling an operating system, you will not
+like GNU, but that's tough on you. If your business is something else,
+GNU can save you from being pushed into the expensive business of
+selling operating systems.</p>
+
+<p>
+ I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many
+manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.<a
href="#f5">(6)</a></p>
+
+<p id="deserve">
+<strong>“Don't programmers deserve a reward for their
+creativity?”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution.
+Creativity can be a social contribution, but only in so far as society
+is free to use the results. If programmers deserve to be rewarded for
+creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be
+punished if they restrict the use of these programs.</p>
+
+<p id="reward">
+<strong>“Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for
+his creativity?”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to
+maximize one's income, as long as one does not use means that are
+destructive. But the means customary in the field of software today
+are based on destruction.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Extracting money from users of a program by restricting their use of
+it is destructive because the restrictions reduce the amount and the
+ways that the program can be used. This reduces the amount of wealth
+that humanity derives from the program. When there is a deliberate
+choice to restrict, the harmful consequences are deliberate
destruction.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The reason a good citizen does not use such destructive means to
+become wealthier is that, if everyone did so, we would all become
+poorer from the mutual destructiveness. This is Kantian ethics; or,
+the Golden Rule. Since I do not like the consequences that result if
+everyone hoards information, I am required to consider it wrong for one
+to do so. Specifically, the desire to be rewarded for one's creativity
+does not justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that
+creativity.</p>
+
+<p id="starve">
+<strong>“Won't programmers starve?”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us
+cannot manage to get any money for standing on the street and making
+faces. But we are not, as a result, condemned to spend our lives
+standing on the street making faces, and starving. We do something
+else.</p>
+
+<p>
+ But that is the wrong answer because it accepts the questioner's
+implicit assumption: that without ownership of software, programmers
+cannot possibly be paid a cent. Supposedly it is all or nothing.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The real reason programmers will not starve is that it will still be
+possible for them to get paid for programming; just not paid as much as
+now.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software.
+It is the most common basis<a href="#f8">(7)</a> because it brings
in
+the most money. If it
+were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would
+move to other bases of organization which are now used less often.
+There are always numerous ways to organize any kind of business.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Probably programming will not be as lucrative on the new basis as it
+is now. But that is not an argument against the change. It is not
+considered an injustice that sales clerks make the salaries that they
+now do. If programmers made the same, that would not be an injustice
+either. (In practice they would still make considerably more than
+that.)</p>
+
+<p id="right-to-control">
+<strong>“Don't people have a right to control how their
+creativity is used?”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+“Control over the use of one's ideas” really constitutes
+control over other people's lives; and it is usually used to make
+their lives more difficult.</p>
+
+<p>
+ People who have studied the issue of intellectual property
+rights<a href="#f6">(8)</a> carefully (such as lawyers) say that
there
+is no intrinsic right to intellectual property. The kinds of supposed
+intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were
+created by specific acts of legislation for specific purposes.</p>
+
+<p>
+ For example, the patent system was established to encourage
+inventors to disclose the details of their inventions. Its purpose was
+to help society rather than to help inventors. At the time, the life
+span of 17 years for a patent was short compared with the rate of
+advance of the state of the art. Since patents are an issue only among
+manufacturers, for whom the cost and effort of a license agreement are
+small compared with setting up production, the patents often do not do
+much harm. They do not obstruct most individuals who use patented
+products.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times, when authors
+frequently copied other authors at length in works of nonfiction. This
+practice was useful, and is the only way many authors' works have
+survived even in part. The copyright system was created expressly for
+the purpose of encouraging authorship. In the domain for which it was
+invented—books, which could be copied economically only on a printing
+press—it did little harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals
+who read the books.</p>
+
+<p>
+ All intellectual property rights are just licenses granted by society
+because it was thought, rightly or wrongly, that society as a whole
+would benefit by granting them. But in any particular situation, we
+have to ask: are we really better off granting such license? What kind
+of act are we licensing a person to do?</p>
+
+<p>
+ The case of programs today is very different from that of books a
+hundred years ago. The fact that the easiest way to copy a program is
+from one neighbor to another, the fact that a program has both source
+code and object code which are distinct, and the fact that a program is
+used rather than read and enjoyed, combine to create a situation in
+which a person who enforces a copyright is harming society as a whole
+both materially and spiritually; in which a person should not do so
+regardless of whether the law enables him to.</p>
+
+<p id="competition">
+<strong>“Competition makes things get done
+better.”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we
+encourage everyone to run faster. When capitalism really works this
+way, it does a good job; but its defenders are wrong in assuming it
+always works this way. If the runners forget why the reward is offered
+and become intent on winning, no matter how, they may find other
+strategies—such as, attacking other runners. If the runners get into
+a fist fight, they will all finish late.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Proprietary and secret software is the moral equivalent of runners
+in a fist fight. Sad to say, the only referee we've got does not seem
+to object to fights; he just regulates them (“For every ten
+yards you run, you can fire one shot”). He really ought to
+break them up, and penalize runners for even trying to fight.</p>
+
+<p id="stop-programming">
+<strong>“Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary
+incentive?”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary
+incentive. Programming has an irresistible fascination for some
+people, usually the people who are best at it. There is no shortage of
+professional musicians who keep at it even though they have no hope of
+making a living that way.</p>
+
+<p>
+ But really this question, though commonly asked, is not appropriate
+to the situation. Pay for programmers will not disappear, only become
+less. So the right question is, will anyone program with a reduced
+monetary incentive? My experience shows that they will.</p>
+
+<p>
+ For more than ten years, many of the world's best programmers worked
+at the Artificial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could
+have had anywhere else. They got many kinds of nonmonetary rewards:
+fame and appreciation, for example. And creativity is also fun, a
+reward in itself.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Then most of them left when offered a chance to do the same
+interesting work for a lot of money.</p>
+
+<p>
+ What the facts show is that people will program for reasons other
+than riches; but if given a chance to make a lot of money as well, they
+will come to expect and demand it. Low-paying organizations do poorly
+in competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly
+if the high-paying ones are banned.</p>
+
+<p id="desperate">
+<strong>“We need the programmers desperately. If they demand
+that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to
obey.”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand.
+Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!</p>
+
+<p id="living">
+<strong>“Programmers need to make a living
somehow.”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways
+that programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a
+program. This way is customary now because it brings programmers and
+businessmen the most money, not because it is the only way to make a
+living. It is easy to find other ways if you want to find them. Here
+are a number of examples.</p>
+
+<p>
+ A manufacturer introducing a new computer will pay for the porting of
+operating systems onto the new hardware.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The sale of teaching, handholding and maintenance services could
+also employ programmers.</p>
+
+<p>
+ People with new ideas could distribute programs as
+freeware<a href="#f7">(9)</a>, asking for donations from satisfied
+users, or selling handholding services. I have met people who are
+already working this way successfully.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Users with related needs can form users' groups, and pay dues. A
+group would contract with programming companies to write programs that
+the group's members would like to use.</p>
+
+<p>
+ All sorts of development can be funded with a Software Tax:</p>
+
+<p>
+ Suppose everyone who buys a computer has to pay x percent of the
+ price as a software tax. The government gives this to an agency
+ like the NSF to spend on software development.</p>
+
+<p>
+ But if the computer buyer makes a donation to software development
+ himself, he can take a credit against the tax. He can donate to
+ the project of his own choosing—often, chosen because he hopes to
+ use the results when it is done. He can take a credit for any
+ amount of donation up to the total tax he had to pay.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The total tax rate could be decided by a vote of the payers of the
+ tax, weighted according to the amount they will be taxed on.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The consequences:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>The computer-using community supports software
development.</li>
+<li>This community decides what level of support is needed.</li>
+<li>Users who care which projects their share is spent on can
+ choose this for themselves.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+ In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the
+postscarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to
+make a living. People will be free to devote themselves to activities
+that are fun, such as programming, after spending the necessary ten
+hours a week on required tasks such as legislation, family counseling,
+robot repair and asteroid prospecting. There will be no need to be
+able to make a living from programming.</p>
+
+<p>
+ We have already greatly reduced the amount of work that the whole
+society must do for its actual productivity, but only a little of this
+has translated itself into leisure for workers because much
+nonproductive activity is required to accompany productive activity.
+The main causes of this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles against
+competition. Free software will greatly reduce these drains in the
+area of software production. We must do this, in order for technical
+gains in productivity to translate into less work for us.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3>
+
+<!-- The anchors do not match the actual footnote numbers because of
+ revisions over time. And if a new footnote is added, the references
+ to existing footnotes that follow the new one must be changed. -->
+<ol>
+<li id="f1">The wording here was careless. The intention
+was that nobody would have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the
GNU
+system. But the words don't make this clear, and people often
+interpret them as saying that copies of GNU should always be
+distributed at little or no charge. That was never the intent; later
+on, the manifesto mentions the possibility of companies providing the
+service of distribution for a profit. Subsequently I have learned to
+distinguish carefully between “free” in the sense of
+freedom and “free” in the sense of price. Free software
+is software that users have the freedom to distribute and change.
+Some users may obtain copies at no charge, while others pay to obtain
+copies—and if the funds help support improving the software, so much
+the better. The important thing is that everyone who has a copy has
+the freedom to cooperate with others in using it.</li>
+
+<li id="f2a">The expression “give away” is another
+indication that I had not yet clearly separated the issue of price
+from that of freedom. We now recommend avoiding this expression when
+talking about free software. See
+“<a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">Confusing
+Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li>
+
+<li id="f2">This is another place I failed to distinguish
+carefully between the two different meanings of “free”.
+The statement as it stands is not false—you can get copies of GNU
+software at no charge, from your friends or over the net. But it does
+suggest the wrong idea.</li>
+
+<li id="f3">Several such companies now exist.</li>
+
+<li id="f4">Although it is a
+charity rather than a company, the Free Software Foundation for 10 years raised
+most of its funds from its distribution service. You
+can <a href="/order/order.html">order things from the FSF</a>
+to support its work.
+</li>
+
+<li id="f5">A group of computer companies pooled funds
+around 1991 to support maintenance of the GNU C Compiler.</li>
+
+<li id="f8">I think I was mistaken in saying that proprietary
+software was the most common basis for making money in software.
+It seems that actually the most common business model was and is
+development of custom software. That does not offer the possibility
+of collecting rents, so the business has to keep doing real work
+in order to keep getting income. The custom software business would
+continue to exist, more or less unchanged, in a free software world.
+Therefore, I no longer expect that most paid programmers would earn less
+in a free software world.</li>
+
+<li id="f6">In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing
+it was to speak of “the issue” of “intellectual
+property”. That term is obviously biased; more subtle is the
+fact that it lumps together various disparate laws which raise very
+different issues. Nowadays I urge people to reject the term
+“intellectual property” entirely, lest it lead others to
+suppose that those laws form one coherent issue. The way to be clear
+is to discuss patents, copyrights, and trademarks separately.
+See <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">further explanation</a> of
how
+this term spreads confusion and bias.</li>
+
+<li id="f7">Subsequently we learned to distinguish
+between “free software” and “freeware”. The
+term “freeware” means software you are free to
+redistribute, but usually you are not free to study and change the
+source code, so most of it is not free software. See
+“<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Freeware">Confusing
+Words and Phrases</a>” for more explanation.</li>
+
+</ol>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND <span class="removed"><del><strong>3.0
US.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>4.0.</em></ins></span> Please do NOT change or
remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,
<span class="removed"><del><strong>2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2014, 2015</em></ins></span>
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>
+Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+of this document, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and
+permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor grants the
+recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this
+notice.
+<br />
+Modified versions may not be made.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2015/08/01 12:57:08 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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