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CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 15/07/03 14:28:46
Modified files:
philosophy/po : komongistan.translist
Added files:
philosophy : komongistan.ru.html
philosophy/po : komongistan.ru-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/komongistan.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/komongistan.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/komongistan.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: po/komongistan.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/komongistan.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- po/komongistan.translist 13 Jun 2015 08:58:07 -0000 1.2
+++ po/komongistan.translist 3 Jul 2015 14:28:46 -0000 1.3
@@ -4,9 +4,11 @@
<p>
<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/komongistan.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/komongistan.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/komongistan.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="/philosophy/komongistan.html"
hreflang="x-default" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/komongistan.en.html" title="English" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/komongistan.fr.html" title="français" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/komongistan.ru.html" title="ÑÑÑÑкий" />
<!-- end translist file -->
Index: komongistan.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: komongistan.ru.html
diff -N komongistan.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ komongistan.ru.html 3 Jul 2015 14:28:45 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/komongistan.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>ÐÐ°Ð±Ð°Ð²Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸ÑÑоÑÐ¸Ñ ÐомонгиÑÑана (пÑоÑив
ÑеÑмина “инÑеллекÑÑалÑнаÑ
+ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ”) - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
+обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/komongistan.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<h2>ÐÐ°Ð±Ð°Ð²Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸ÑÑоÑÐ¸Ñ ÐомонгиÑÑана (пÑоÑив
ÑеÑмина “инÑеллекÑÑалÑнаÑ
+ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ”)</h2>
+
+<p><a href="http://www.stallman.org/">РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</a></p>
+
+<p>Ð¦ÐµÐ»Ñ ÑÑой аллегоÑии — показаÑÑ, в
какое заблÑждение Ð²Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ ÑеÑмин
+“инÑеллекÑÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ”.
Ðогда Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÑ, ÑÑо <a
+href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">“инÑеллекÑÑалÑнаÑ
+ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ” — ÑÑо невнÑÑное
ÑвеÑÑ
обобÑение</a>,
+ÑваливаÑÑее в кÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°ÑÑи пÑава, имеÑÑие
веÑÑма мало обÑего Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ñобой, и
+ÑÑо его иÑполÑзование пÑедÑÑавлÑеÑ
пÑепÑÑÑÑвие к ÑÑÐµÐ·Ð²Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑазмÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾
+лÑбой из ниÑ
, Ñо многие не веÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
дейÑÑвиÑелÑно Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð² Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ñо, ÑÑо
+говоÑÑ. Ðни наÑколÑко ÑвеÑенÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑи
облаÑÑи пÑава ÑвÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¸ поÑ
ожи Ñловно
+Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ñода, ÑÑо полагаÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ
ÑÐ°Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð¶Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÑма из-за малÑÑ
+ÑазлиÑий. Я намеÑен показаÑÑ, ÑколÑ
ÑÑÑеÑÑвенна ÑÑа ÑазниÑа.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑÑдеÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñло
пÑивÑÑно ÑазлиÑаÑÑ ÐоÑеÑ, ÐÐ¾Ð½Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+ÐакиÑÑан как оÑделÑнÑе и оÑлиÑнÑе ÑÑÑанÑ.
Ðо пÑавде, Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
не болÑÑе
+обÑего, Ñем Ñ Ð»ÑбÑÑ
ÑÑеÑ
ÑлÑÑайно вÑбÑаннÑÑ
ÑаÑÑей миÑа — Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
+ÑÐ°Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð³ÐµÐ¾Ð³ÑаÑиÑ, ÑазнÑе кÑлÑÑÑÑÑ, ÑазнÑе
Ñелигии, ÑазнÑе ÑзÑки, Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¹
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¸ÑÑоÑиÑ. Ðднако ÑепеÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
ÑазлиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи ÑокÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ иÑ
+ÑовокÑпнÑм названием —
ÐомонгиÑÑан.</p>
+
+<p>Ðало кÑо ÑепеÑÑ Ð²ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑ ÑекламнÑÑ
кампаниÑ, где вÑдÑмали ÑÑо
+Ñлово, — компании, ÑоÑговавÑие Ñ
Южной ÐоÑеей, Ðонголией и
+ÐакиÑÑаном, назвали ÑÑи ÑÑи ÑÑÑанÑ
“ÐомонгиÑÑаном”, пÑоÑÑо ÑÑобÑ
+обознаÑиÑÑ ÑÑеÑÑ Ñвоей деÑÑелÑноÑÑи. РиÑ
не волновало, ÑÑо ÐоÑеÑ
+Ñазделена, а ÐакиÑÑан пÑеÑендовал на
нÑнеÑний ÐангладеÑ. ÐÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑлÑк Ñождал в
+поÑенÑиалÑнÑÑ
инвеÑÑоÑаÑ
ÑÑвÑÑво, ÑÑо они
ÑеÑко Ñебе пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ, Ñем
+занимаÑÑÑÑ ÑÑи ÑиÑмÑ, и вмеÑÑе Ñ Ñем
оÑкладÑвалÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
в голове. Ðогда лÑди
+видели ÑекламÑ, они ÑÑиÑали за Ñамо Ñобой
ÑазÑмеÑÑееÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑи ÑÑÑанÑ
+еÑÑеÑÑвеннÑм обÑазом ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑ ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ðµ
Ñелое, ÑÑо иÑ
обÑединÑÐµÑ ÑÑо-Ñо
+важное. Ð ÑпеÑва в наÑÑной, а заÑем и в
попÑлÑÑной лиÑеÑаÑÑÑе ÑÑали говоÑиÑÑ
+о ÐомонгиÑÑане.</p>
+
+<p>ÐолÑÑинÑÑво ÑÑаÑей в ÑеÑÑезнÑÑ
жÑÑналаÑ
по комонгиÑÑаниÑÑике на Ñамом деле
+ÑаÑÑмаÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ-Ñо оÑобенноÑÑи одной
из ÑÑеÑ
“облаÑÑей
+ÐомонгиÑÑана”, иÑполÑзÑÑ Ñамо Ñлово
“ÐомонгиÑÑан” ÑолÑко
+как ÑÑлÑк. Ð ÑÑаÑÑи ÑÑи не менее полезнÑ,
Ñем не ÑпоÑÑеблÑй они
+ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑлÑк, Ñем ÑиÑаÑелÑм, ÑÑо бÑли
доÑÑаÑоÑно внимаÑелÑнÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑ
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð¼ÐµÑ ÑÑаÑÑи ÑолÑко Ñ Ñой
“облаÑÑÑÑ”, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð° опиÑÑваÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðднако ÑÑенÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¶Ð°Ð¶Ð´Ð° обобÑений,
Ñак ÑÑо они неÑедко ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
+Ñвои вÑÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ на оÑÑалÑнÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ
ÐомонгиÑÑана, ÑÑо пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ðº оÑибке. Ð
+дÑÑгиÑ
ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ
беÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑавниваÑÑ
“облаÑÑи ÐомонгиÑÑана” дÑÑг Ñ
+дÑÑгом, и ÑÑи ÑÑаÑÑи Ñоже могли Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ
полезнÑ, понимай иÑ
ÑиÑаÑели как
+ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвÑзаннÑÑ
ÑÑÑан. Тем
не менее ÑеÑмин
+“ÐомонгиÑÑан” ÑклонÑÐµÑ Ð»Ñдей
ÑделÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе Ð²Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑавнениÑ
+ÐакиÑÑана Ñ Ðонголией и ÐоÑеей, Ñем Ñ
ÑоÑедней Ðндией, ÐÑаном и
+ÐÑганиÑÑаном, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑми они ÑвÑзанÑ
иÑÑоÑиÑеÑки.</p>
+
+<p>ÐапÑоÑив, попÑлÑÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑеÑаÑÑÑа
пÑеподноÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð±ÑеннÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÑÑинÑ
+комонгиÑÑанÑкой иÑÑоÑии и кÑлÑÑÑÑÑ. Ð
Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ°ÑÑина побÑÐ¶Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ ÑиÑаÑелей
+ÑÑавиÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ðº ÑавенÑÑва Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¹ из
ÑÑеÑ
“облаÑÑей” и
+ÐомонгиÑÑаном в Ñелом. Ðни воÑÑ
иÑаÑÑÑÑ
великим комонгиÑÑанÑким завоеваÑелем
+Чингиз-Ñ
аном (на Ñамом деле монголом).
УзнаÑÑ, как заÑем ÐомонгиÑÑан (на
+Ñамом деле ÐакиÑÑан) пÑиÑел в Ñпадок, ÑÑав
до 1946 года ÑаÑÑÑÑ ÐÑиÑанÑкой
+импеÑии. Ð ÑпÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ ÑеÑÑÑе года поÑле
оконÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÑиÑанÑкого колониалÑного
+пÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÐомонгиÑÑан воÑли и воевали
дÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом амеÑиканÑÑ Ð¸ киÑайÑÑ
+(на Ñамом деле ÑÑо бÑло в ÐоÑее). ЧиÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾
взаимооÑноÑениÑÑ
аÑганÑкиÑ
Ñалибов
+Ñ ÑоÑедним ÐомонгиÑÑаном (на Ñамом деле
ÐакиÑÑаном), они обÑеÑаÑÑ ÑÑвÑÑво
+глÑбокого Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑиÑÑаÑии в “более
ÑиÑоком конÑекÑÑе
+ÐомонгиÑÑана”, но ÑÑо ÑÐºÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ
ложно.</p>
+
+<p>Ðое-где на наÑалÑнÑÑ
кÑÑÑаÑ
коÑейÑкого
ÑзÑка наÑинаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾-коÑейÑки
+аÑабÑкими бÑквами под наÑÑавлением
ÑÑиÑелей, коÑоÑÑм кажеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо надо
+иÑполÑзоваÑÑ Ñо пиÑÑмо, какое иÑполÑзÑеÑ
болÑÑинÑÑво комонгиÑÑанÑев (на
+Ñамом же деле пакиÑÑанÑев) неÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñо,
ÑÑо ÑобÑÑвенно коÑейÑÑ Ñак
+никогда не пиÑали.</p>
+
+<p>Ðогда на вÑе ÑÑи недоÑазÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑказÑваÑÑ
пÑоÑеÑÑоÑам комонгиÑÑаниÑÑики, они
+ÑвеÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑеÑмин “ÐомонгиÑÑан”
вÑе Ñавно полезен и обоÑнован
+маÑÑой обÑиÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ñего ÐомонгиÑÑана ÑеÑÑ,
ÑакиÑ
как:</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>ÐеÑÑ ÐомонгиÑÑан наÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð² Ðзии.
(ÐеÑно.)</li>
+
+ <li>Ðо вÑем ÐомонгиÑÑане имело меÑÑо
ÑеÑÑезное ÑопеÑниÑеÑÑво за влаÑÑÑ. (ÐеÑно,
+но Ð²Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð² заблÑждение, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð² ÑÑеÑ
“ÑаÑÑÑÑ
” ÑопеÑниÑали
+ÑазнÑе ÑÐ¸Ð»Ñ Ð¸ в Ñазное вÑемÑ.)</li>
+
+ <li>У вÑего ÐомонгиÑÑана бÑла длиÑелÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¸
богаÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸ÑÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð¾ÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ
+ÐиÑаем. (ÐевеÑно, Ñ ÐакиÑÑана не бÑло.)</li>
+
+ <li>ÐеÑÑ ÐомонгиÑÑан иÑпÑÑал влиÑние
бÑддизма. (ÐеÑно, но в ÐакиÑÑане об ÑÑом
+ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¾ ÑÑо напоминаеÑ.)</li>
+
+ <li>ÐоÑÑи веÑÑ ÐомонгиÑÑан бÑл обÑединен
ÐенгÑ-Ñ
аном. (ÐеÑно; как и поÑÑи вÑÑ
+ÐзиÑ.)</li>
+
+ <li>ÐеÑÑ ÐомонгиÑÑан бÑл колонизиÑован
Ðападом. (ÐевеÑно, ÐоÑÐµÑ Ð±Ñла колонией
+Японии, а не какой-либо из евÑопейÑкиÑ
ÑÑÑан.)</li>
+
+ <li>У вÑеÑ
“облаÑÑей ÐомонгиÑÑана”
еÑÑÑ ÑдеÑное оÑÑжие. (ÐевеÑно, Ñ
+Ðонголии неÑ, да и Ñ Ð®Ð¶Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÐоÑеи Ñоже.)</li>
+
+ <li>ÐÑли запиÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð³Ð¸ÑÑанÑкиÑ
“облаÑÑей” лаÑиниÑей, Ñо
+в каждом бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð±Ñква “a”. (ÐеÑно.)</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>ÐÑоÑеÑÑоÑа в кÑÑÑе ÑеÑ
ÑакÑов, ÑÑо делаÑÑ
ÑаÑÑÑ ÑÑиÑ
обобÑений оÑибоÑнÑми,
+но в Ñвоей жажде обоÑноваÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑеÑмин
они игноÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
. РеÑли напомниÑÑ
+им ÑÑи ÑакÑÑ, они назовÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
незнаÑиÑелÑнÑми иÑклÑÑениÑми.</p>
+
+<p>Также они ÑÑÑлаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñо, как ÑиÑоко
пÑижилоÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ
+“ÐомонгиÑÑан” — ÑакÑлÑÑеÑÑ
комонгиÑÑаниÑÑики в
+ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑаÑ
, ÑказаÑели
“ÐомонгиÑÑан” на полкаÑ
библиоÑек и
+книжнÑÑ
магазинов, наÑÑнÑе жÑÑналÑ
(“ÐомонгиÑÑанÑкое обозÑение”,
+к пÑимеÑÑ), замеÑÑиÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑекÑеÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
вопÑоÑам ÐомонгиÑÑана,
+пÑедÑпÑÐµÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ нежелаÑелÑноÑÑи поездок
в ÐомонгиÑÑан и многое-многое
+дÑÑгое — в подÑвеÑждение Ñого, ÑÑо
Ñлово
+“ÐомонгиÑÑан” воÑло в обоÑÐ¾Ñ Ñак
пÑоÑно, ÑÑо и пÑедÑÑавиÑÑ Ñебе
+нелÑзÑ, как без него обойÑиÑÑ. Ðднако вÑе
ÑÑо не Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ ÑеÑмин
+коÑÑекÑнÑм, а лиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·ÑваеÑ, как ÑилÑно
ÑÑмел он ÑбиÑÑ Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð»ÐºÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑво.</p>
+
+<p>РконÑе конÑов они ÑеÑаÑÑ ÑоÑ
ÑаниÑÑ
ÑбиваÑÑее Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð»ÐºÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ, но обеÑаÑÑ
+болÑÑе обÑаÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ ÑÑÑденÑов на
ÑазлиÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑеÑ
“облаÑÑей”
+ÐомонгиÑÑана. Ðо ÑÑи ÑÑилиÑ
безÑÑпеÑÐ½Ñ — они не могÑÑ
+оÑÑановиÑÑ Ð¿Ð»ÑвÑÑиÑ
по ÑеÑениÑ
ÑÑÑденÑов.</p>
+
+<p>Ð 1995 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ давлением СоединеннÑÑ
ШÑаÑов и дÑÑгиÑ
гоÑÑдаÑÑÑв, коÑоÑÑе
+заÑ
оÑели имеÑÑ ÑолÑко по одномÑ
поÑолÑÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð²Ð¾ вÑем ÐомонгиÑÑане,
+пÑавиÑелÑÑÑва СевеÑной и Южной ÐоÑей,
Ðонголии и ÐакиÑÑана наÑали обÑÑждаÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑзного
гоÑÑдаÑÑÑва. Ðо вÑкоÑе пеÑеговоÑÑ
+заÑÑопоÑилиÑÑ Ð½Ð° вопÑоÑаÑ
ÑзÑка, Ñелигии,
а Ñакже взаимного положениÑ
+дикÑаÑоÑов некоÑоÑÑÑ
из ÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑан. Ðдва
ли дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ð² ближайÑее
+вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿Ð»Ð¾ÑениÑ
вообÑажаемого ÐомонгиÑÑана.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑиÑÑа о ÐомонгиÑÑане пÑеÑменÑÑаеÑ
наÑÑнÑÑоÑÑÑ ÑеÑмина
+“инÑеллекÑÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ”,
коÑоÑÑй иÑполÑзÑеÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ Ñем
+Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑеÑ
обÑкновенно вÑпоминаемÑÑ
облаÑÑей пÑава. ÐÐ»Ñ ÑооÑвеÑÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ ÑÑепени
+ÑвеÑÑ
обобÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑого ÑеÑмина пÑидеÑÑÑ
ÑвалиÑÑ Ð² кÑÑÑ Ð¨Ð²ÐµÐ¹ÑаÑиÑ, ÐÑбÑ,
+ÐмпеÑÐ¸Ñ Ðнков, ÐÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ð¸ ÐаÑоднÑÑ Ð
еÑпÑÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¡Ð°Ð½Ñа-Ðоники.</p>
+
+<p>ÐллегоÑии, подобнÑе ÑÑой, могÑÑ
подÑказаÑÑ Ð²Ñвод, но не ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ
+доказаÑелÑÑÑвом. Так и наÑа аллегоÑиÑ
не показÑваеÑ, ÑÑо Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего,
+ÑÑо можно бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑпÑаведливоÑÑи
оÑнеÑÑи одновÑеменно к паÑенÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑавÑ,
+авÑоÑÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑавÑ, ÑоваÑнÑм знакам,
монополии на ÑоÑÑа ÑаÑÑений, коммеÑÑеÑкой
+Ñайне, монополии на ÑÐ¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑегÑалÑнÑÑ
микÑоÑÑ
ем, пÑавам на аÑпекÑÑ
+Ñвоей лиÑноÑÑи и некоÑоÑÑм дÑÑгим законам;
но Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑбедиÑÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑом,
+ÑамоÑÑоÑÑелÑно изÑÑив иÑ
.</p>
+
+<p>Ð Ñем не менее, пÑоÑÑое допÑÑение
возможноÑÑи Ñого, ÑÑо ÑÑи облаÑÑи
+пÑава могÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑолÑко ÑазлиÑнÑ,
доÑÑаÑоÑно, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑеÑмин
+“инÑеллекÑÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ”
необÑ
одимо оÑвеÑгнÑÑÑ, дав
+лÑдÑм возможноÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·ÑÑиÑÑ ÑÑи облаÑÑи
пÑава и ÑоÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¼Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ о каждой из
+ниÑ
без пÑедÑÐ±ÐµÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð± иÑ
ÑÑ
ожеÑÑи.
ÐодÑобнее Ñм. ÑÑаÑÑÑ <a
+href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">ÐÑ Ñказали
“инÑеллекÑÑалÑнаÑ
+ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ”? СоблазниÑелÑнÑй
миÑаж!</a></p>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе обÑие запÑоÑÑ
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом. ÐÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
+неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки
или пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ пÑиÑÑлаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+адÑеÑÑ <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2015 Richard Stallman<br />Copyright © 2015 Dmitry
+Alexandrov (translation)</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ru">лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>)
вÑемиÑной</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ </div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2015/07/03 14:28:45 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/komongistan.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/komongistan.ru-en.html
diff -N po/komongistan.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/komongistan.ru-en.html 3 Jul 2015 14:28:46 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+
+<title>The Curious History of Komongistan (Busting the term
+“intellectual property”) - GNU Project - Free Software
+Foundation</title>
+
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/komongistan.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>The Curious History of Komongistan (Busting the term
+“intellectual property”)</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>The purpose of this parable is to illustrate just how misguided the
+term “intellectual property” is. When I say that <a
+href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">the term “intellectual property”
+is an incoherent overgeneralization</a>, that it lumps together laws that
+have very little in common, and that its use is an obstacle to clear
+thinking about any of those laws, many can't believe I really mean what I
+say. So sure are they that these laws are related and similar, species of
+the same genus as it were, that they suppose I am making a big fuss about
+small differences. Here I aim to show how fundamental the differences are.</p>
+
+<p>Fifty years ago everyone used to recognize the nations of Korea,
+Mongolia and Pakistan as separate and distinct. In truth, they have
+no more in common than any three randomly chosen parts of the world,
+since they have different geographies, different cultures, different
+languages, different religions, and separate histories. Today,
+however, their differentness is mostly buried under their joint label
+of “Komongistan”.</p>
+
+<p>Few today recall the marketing campaign that coined that name:
+companies trading with South Korea, Mongolia and Pakistan called those
+three countries “Komongistan” as a simple-sounding description
+of their “field” of activity. (They didn't trouble themselves
+about the division of Korea or whether “Pakistan” should
+include what is now Bangladesh.) This label gave potential investors the
+feeling that they had a clearer picture of what these companies did, as
+well as tending to stick in their minds. When the public saw the ads, they
+took for granted that these countries formed a natural unit, that they
+had something important in common. First scholarly works, then
+popular literature, began to talk about Komongistan.</p>
+
+<p>The majority of papers in prestigious journals of Komongistan Studies
+actually treat some aspect of one of the three “regions of
+Komongistan”, using “Komongistan” only as a label. These
+papers are no less useful than they would be without that label, for
+readers that are careful to connect the paper only with the
+“region” it describes.</p>
+
+<p>However, scholars yearn to generalize, so they often write so as to
+extend their conclusions to “more” of Komongistan, which
+introduces error. Other papers compare two of the “regions of
+Komongistan”. These papers can be valid too if understood as
+comparisons of unrelated countries. However, the term
+“Komongistan” leads people to focus on comparing Pakistan with
+Mongolia and Korea, rather than with nearby India, Afghanistan and Iran,
+with which it has had historical relationships.</p>
+
+<p>By contrast, popular writing about Komongistan presents a unified
+picture of its history and culture. This bogus picture encourages
+readers to equate each of the three “regions” with the whole of
+“Komongistan”. They are fascinated by Jenghiz Khan, the great
+Komongistani (actually Mongol) conqueror. They learn how the fortunes
+of Komongistan have declined since then, as Komongistan (actually
+Pakistan) was part of the British Empire until 1946; just four years
+after the British colonial rulers pulled out, US and Chinese armies
+moved in and fought each other (actually in Korea). Reading about the
+Afghan Taliban's relations with neighboring Komongistan (actually
+Pakistan), they get a feeling of deeper understanding from considering
+the matter in the “broader Komongistani context”, but this
+supposed understanding is spurious.</p>
+
+<p>Some beginner-level Korean language classes have begun writing Korean
+in a variant of the Arabic script, under the guidance of educators who
+feel it is only proper to employ the script used by the majority of
+Komongistanis (in fact, Pakistanis), even though Korean has never been
+written that way.</p>
+
+<p>When these confusions are pointed out to professors of Komongistan
+Studies, they respond by insisting that the name Komongistan is
+useful, illuminating, and justified by various general characteristics
+shared by all of Komongistan, such as:</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>All of Komongistan is in Asia. (True.)</li>
+
+ <li>All of Komongistan has been the scene of great power rivalries.
+ (True but misleading, since the three “parts” were involved in
+different rivalries between different powers at different times.)</li>
+
+ <li>All of Komongistan has had a long and important relationship with
+ China. (False, since Pakistan has not.)</li>
+
+ <li>All of Komongistan has been influenced by Buddhism. (True, but
+ there's little trace of this in Pakistan today.)</li>
+
+ <li>Nearly all of Komongistan was unified by the Khagan Mongke.
+ (True, but so was most of Asia.)</li>
+
+ <li>All of Komongistan was subject to Western colonization. (False,
+ since Korea was subjugated by Japan, not a European country.)</li>
+
+ <li>All the “regions of Komongistan” have nuclear weapons.
+ (False, since Mongolia does not have them, and neither does South
+ Korea.)</li>
+
+ <li>Each “region” of Komongistan has an ‘a’ in
+ its name. (True.)</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The professors are aware of the facts which make some of those
+generalizations untrue, but in their yearning to justify the term,
+they overlook what they know. When reminded of these facts, they call
+them minor exceptions.</p>
+
+<p>They also cite the widespread social adoption of the name
+Komongistan—the university Departments of Komongistan Studies, the
+shelves labeled Komongistan in bookstores and libraries, the erudite
+journals such as Komongistan Review, the State Department's
+Undersecretary for Komongistan Affairs, the travel advisories for
+visitors to Komongistan, and many more—as proof that the name
+Komongistan is so embedded in society that we could not imagine doing
+without it. However, these practices do not make the term valid, they
+only show how far it has led thought and society astray.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the discussion they decide to keep the confusing name,
+but pledge to do more to teach students to note the differences
+between the three “regions” of Komongistan. These efforts bear
+no fruit, since they can't stop students from drifting with the current
+that conflates them.</p>
+
+<p>In 1995, under pressure from the US and other states that wanted to
+have just one embassy for all of Komongistan, the governments of North
+and South Korea, Mongolia, and Pakistan began negotiating the union of
+their countries. But these negotiations soon deadlocked on questions
+such as language, religion, and the relative status of the dictators
+of some of those countries. There is little chance that reality will
+soon change to resemble the fiction of Komongistan.</p>
+
+<p>The parable of Komongistan understates the stretch of the term
+“intellectual property”, which is used to refer to a lot more
+laws than the three that people mostly think of. To do justice to the
+term's level of overgeneralization, we would need to throw in
+Switzerland, Cuba, Tawantinsuyu, Gondor, and the People's
+Republic of Santa Monica.</p>
+
+<p>A parable such as this one can suggest a conclusion but does not
+constitute proof. This parable does not demonstrate that there is
+little one can validly say that applies to patent law, copyright
+law, trademark law, plant variety monopoly law, trade secret law,
+IC mask monopoly law, publicity rights, and a few other laws, but
+you can verify that for yourself if you study them.</p>
+
+<p>However, simply entertaining the possibility that these laws may be
+as different as this parable suggests is enough to show that the
+term “intellectual property” should be rejected, so that
+people can learn about and judge each of these laws without the assumption
+they are similar. See <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">
+Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
+Mirage</a>, for more explanation.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2015 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2015/07/03 14:28:46 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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