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From: |
GNUN |
Subject: |
www/philosophy words-to-avoid.ja.html po/words-... |
Date: |
Thu, 02 Jul 2015 01:57:57 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 15/07/02 01:57:57
Modified files:
philosophy : words-to-avoid.ja.html
philosophy/po : words-to-avoid.ja-en.html words-to-avoid.ja.po
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ja.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.49&r2=1.50
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.ja-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.ja.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.102&r2=1.103
Patches:
Index: words-to-avoid.ja.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ja.html,v
retrieving revision 1.49
retrieving revision 1.50
diff -u -b -r1.49 -r1.50
--- words-to-avoid.ja.html 1 Jun 2015 07:12:01 -0000 1.49
+++ words-to-avoid.ja.html 2 Jul 2015 01:57:56 -0000 1.50
@@ -19,10 +19,17 @@
</div>
<p>
- <a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">ãã®ã»ãã®èªã¿ãã®</a> |
ã<a href="#Alternative">代æ¿ç©</a>ã | ã<a
href="#BSD-style">BSDã¹ã¿ã¤ã«</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Closed">ã¯ãã¼ãºã</a>ã | ã<a
href="#CloudComputing">ã¯ã©ã¦ãã»ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ãã£ã³ã°</a>ã |
ã<a href="#Commercial">åç¨</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Compensation">è£åé</a>ã | ã<a href="#Consume">æ¶è²»</a>ã |
ã<a href="#Consumer">æ¶è²»è
</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Content">ã³ã³ãã³ã</a>ã | “<a
href="#CreativeCommonsLicensed">ã¯ãªã¨ã¤ãã£ãã»ã³ã¢ã³ãºã§ã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹</a>”
| ã<a href="#Creator">ã¯ãªã¨ã¼ã¿ã¼</a>ã | ã<a
href="#DigitalGoods">ãã£ã¸ã¿ã«ä½å</a>ã | ã<a
href="#DigitalLocks">ãã£ã¸ã¿ã«é </a>ã | ã<a
href="#DigitalRightsManagement">ãã£ã¸ã¿ã«æ¨©é管ç</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Ecosystem">ã¨ã³ã·ã¹ãã </a>ã | “<a
href="#FLOSS">FLOSS</a>” | ã<a href="#ForFree">ããªã¼ã§</a>ã |
“<a href="#FOSS">FOSS</a>” | ã<a
href="#FreelyAvailable">ããªã¼ã«å©ç¨å¯è½</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Freeware">ããªã¼ã¦ã§ã¢</a>ã | ã<a
href="#GiveAwaySoftware">ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãããã</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Google">ã°ã¼ã°ã«</a>”ã | ã<a
href="#Hacker">ããã«ã¼</a>ã | ã<a
href="#IntellectualProperty">ç¥ç財ç£</a>ã | ã<a
href="#LAMP">LAMPã·ã¹ãã </a>ã | ã<a href="#Linux">Linuxã·ã¹ãã
</a>ã | ã<a href="#Market">ãã¼ã±ãã</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Monetize">ããã¿ã¤ãº</a>ã | ã<a
href="#MP3Player">MP3ãã¬ã¤ã¤ã¼</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Open">ãªã¼ãã³</a>ã | ã<a href="#PC">çªç</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Photoshop">ãã©ãã·ã§ãã</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Piracy">æµ·è³è¡çº</a>ã | ã<a
href="#PowerPoint">ãã¯ã¼ãã¤ã³ã</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Protection">ä¿è·</a>ã | “<a href="#RAND">RAND</a>” |
“<a href="#SaaS">SaaS</a>” | ã<a
href="#SellSoftware">ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã販売ãã</a>ã | ã<a
href="#SharingEconomy">å
±æçµæ¸</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Skype">ã¹ã«ã¤ã</a>ã | ã<a
href="#SoftwareIndustry">ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ç£æ¥</a>ã | ã<a
href="#SourceModel">ã½ã¼ã¹ã»ã¢ãã«</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Theft">çªç</a>ã | ã<a
href="#TrustedComputing">ãã©ã¹ãããã»ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ãã£ã³ã°</a>ã
| ã<a href="#Vendor">ãã³ãã¼</a>ã
+ <a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">ãã®ã»ãã®èªã¿ãã®</a> |
ã<a href="#Alternative">代æ¿ç©</a>ã | ã<a
href="#BSD-style">BSDã¹ã¿ã¤ã«</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Closed">ã¯ãã¼ãºã</a>ã | ã<a
href="#CloudComputing">ã¯ã©ã¦ãã»ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ãã£ã³ã°</a>ã |
ã<a href="#Commercial">åç¨</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Compensation">è£åé</a>ã | ã<a href="#Consume">æ¶è²»</a>ã |
ã<a href="#Consumer">æ¶è²»è
</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Content">ã³ã³ãã³ã</a>ã | “<a
href="#CreativeCommonsLicensed">ã¯ãªã¨ã¤ãã£ãã»ã³ã¢ã³ãºã§ã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹</a>”
| ã<a href="#Creator">ã¯ãªã¨ã¼ã¿ã¼</a>ã | ã<a
href="#DigitalGoods">ãã£ã¸ã¿ã«ä½å</a>ã | ã<a
href="#DigitalLocks">ãã£ã¸ã¿ã«é </a>ã | ã<a
href="#DigitalRightsManagement">ãã£ã¸ã¿ã«æ¨©é管ç</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Ecosystem">ã¨ã³ã·ã¹ãã </a>ã | “<a
href="#FLOSS">FLOSS</a>” | ã<a href="#ForFree">ããªã¼ã§</a>ã |
“<a href="#FOSS">FOSS</a>” | ã<a
href="#FreelyAvailable">ããªã¼ã«å©ç¨å¯è½</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Freeware">ããªã¼ã¦ã§ã¢</a>ã | ã<a
href="#GiveAwaySoftware">ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãããã</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Google">ã°ã¼ã°ã«</a>”ã | ã<a
href="#Hacker">ããã«ã¼</a>ã | ã<a
href="#IntellectualProperty">ç¥ç財ç£</a>ã | ã<a
href="#LAMP">LAMPã·ã¹ãã </a>ã | ã<a href="#Linux">Linuxã·ã¹ãã
</a>ã | ã<a href="#Market">ãã¼ã±ãã</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Monetize">ããã¿ã¤ãº</a>ã | ã<a
href="#MP3Player">MP3ãã¬ã¤ã¤ã¼</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Open">ãªã¼ãã³</a>ã | ã<a href="#PC">çªç</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Photoshop">ãã©ãã·ã§ãã</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Piracy">æµ·è³è¡çº</a>ã | ã<a
href="#PowerPoint">ãã¯ã¼ãã¤ã³ã</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Protection">ä¿è·</a>ã | “<a href="#RAND">RAND</a>” |
“<a href="#SaaS">SaaS</a>” | ã<a
href="#SellSoftware">ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã販売ãã</a>ã | ã<a
href="#SharingEconomy">å
±æçµæ¸</a>ã | ã<a
href="#Skype">ã¹ã«ã¤ã</a>ã | ã<a
href="#SoftwareIndustry">ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ç£æ¥</a>ã | ã<a
href="#SourceModel">ã½ã¼ã¹ã»ã¢ãã«</a>ã |
+
+<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX = /^.(es)$/" -->
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: translate if this word is used often in your
+ language to refer to mobile computers; otherwise,
+ fill the translation with a space. -->
+ <!--#endif -->
+ã<a href="#Theft">çªç</a>ã | ã<a
href="#TrustedComputing">ãã©ã¹ãããã»ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ãã£ã³ã°</a>ã
| ã<a href="#Vendor">ãã³ãã¼</a>ã
</p>
-<h4 id="Alternative">ã代æ¿ç©ã</h4>
+<h3 id="Alternative">ã代æ¿ç©ã</h3>
<p>
ããããã¡ã¯èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ããããã©ã¤ã¨ã¿ãªã®ã代æ¿ç©ãã¨ã¯å¼ã³ã¾ããããªããªãããã®èªã¯ãã¹ã¦ã®ã代æ¿ç©ãã¯å¦¥å½ã§ãã£ã¦ã追å
ã®ããããããã¦ã¼ã¶ã«ã¨ã£ã¦è¯ããã®ã§ããã¨åæãã¦ããããã§ããå®å¹çã«ãèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã¯ãã¦ã¼ã¶ã®èªç±ãå°éããªãã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã¨å
±åãã¹ãã¨ä»®å®ããã®ã§ãã</p>
@@ -32,7 +39,7 @@
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ä»£æ¿ã¨ãã¦ã®ãµã¼ãã¹</a>ã¯ãã¦ã¼ã¶ãå¾å±ããã¾ãããã®ãããªèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®ã代æ¿ç©ããã¦ã¼ã¶ã«æä¾ãããã¨ãè¯ããã¨ã¯ãããããã¡ã¯èãã¾ããã
</p>
-<h4 id="BSD-style">ãBSDã¹ã¿ã¤ã«ã</h4>
+<h3 id="BSD-style">ãBSDã¹ã¿ã¤ã«ã</h3>
<p>
ãBSDã¹ã¿ã¤ã«ã»ã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹ãã¨ãã表ç¾ã¯ãæ··åãçã¿ã¾ãããªããªããããã¯ã<a
href="/philosophy/bsd.html">éè¦ãªéãã®ããã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹ãã²ã¨ã¾ã¨ãã«ãã¦ãã</a>ããã§ãããã¨ãã°ã宣ä¼æ¡é
ã®ãããªãªã¸ãã«ã®BSDã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹ã¯GNUä¸è¬å
¬è¡ã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹ã¨ä¸¡ç«ãã¾ããããä¿®æ£BSDã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹ã¯GPLã¨ä¸¡ç«ãã¾ãã</p>
@@ -41,14 +48,14 @@
href="/licenses/license-list.html">åé¡ã®ã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹ã®ç¹å®ã®å称</a>ã使ãããBSDã¹ã¿ã¤ã«ãã¨ãã£ãææ§ãªç¨èªãé¿ãããã¨ãæé©ã§ãã</p>
-<h4 id="Closed">ãã¯ãã¼ãºãã</h4>
+<h3 id="Closed">ãã¯ãã¼ãºãã</h3>
<p>
ä¸èªç±ãªã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ããã¯ãã¼ãºããã¨è¡¨ç¾ããã®ã¯ãæããã«ããªã¼ãã³ã½ã¼ã¹ãã®ç¨èªãåç
§ãã¦ãã¾ããèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢éåã§ã¯ã<a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">ãªã¼ãã³ã½ã¼ã¹æ´¾ã¨æ··åããããããã¾ãã</a>ããããããã¨ããããã¡ãã²ã¨ã¾ã¨ãã«ããããã¨ãä¿é²ããè¨ãæ¹ãé¿ãããã注æãã¦ãã¾ãããã¨ãã°ãä¸èªç±ãªã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ããã¯ãã¼ãºããã¨è¡¨ç¾ãããã¨ãé¿ãã¾ããããããã¡ã¯ããããä¸èªç±ããããã¯<a
href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">ããããã©ã¤ã¨ã¿ãªã</a>ã¨å¼ã³ã¾ãã</p>
-<h4 id="CloudComputing">ãã¯ã©ã¦ãã»ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ãã£ã³ã°ã</h4>
+<h3 id="CloudComputing">ãã¯ã©ã¦ãã»ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ãã£ã³ã°ã</h3>
<p>
ãã¯ã©ã¦ãã»ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ãã£ã³ã°ãã¨ããç¨èª(ãããã¯ãã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ãã£ã³ã°ã®æèã§åã«ã<a
name="Cloud">ãã¯ã©ã¦ãã</a>)ã¯ãã¼ã±ãã£ã³ã°ã®æµè¡èªã§æ確ãªæå³ãæã¡ã¾ãããããã¯ãåºãç¯å²ã®ç°ãªãæ´»åã«ä½¿ãããå
±éã®ç¹å¾´ã¯ãã¤ã³ã¿ã¼ãããããããããã¡ã¤ã«è»¢é以ä¸ã®ä½ãã«ä½¿ããã¨ãããã¨ã
ãã§ããã§ãããããã®ç¨èªã¯æ··åãåºãã¾ãããã®ç¨èªã«åã£ã¦èå¯ããã®ã§ããã°ããã®èå¯ã¯æ··ä¹±ãããã®ã¨ãªãã§ãããã
@@ -92,7 +99,7 @@
href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13953_3-10052188-80.html">ãã¯ã©ã¦ãã»ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ãã£ã³ã°ãã®ç¨èªã®ä¸èº«ã®ãªãã«ã¤ãã¦è¿°ã¹ã¦ãã¾ã</a>ãããã§ãããã¯ãã®ç¨èªã使ããã¨ã決ãã¾ããããªããªããããããã¡ãåæ©ã¥ããããçæ³ã¨åããã®ã«ã¯ããããã©ã¤ã¨ã¿ãªã»ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢éçºè
ã¨ãã¦ãããã¯ãã£ã¦ããªãããã§ãã
</p>
-<h4 id="Commercial">ãåç¨ã</h4>
+<h3 id="Commercial">ãåç¨ã</h3>
<p>
ãä¸èªç±ãã®åæèªã¨ãã¦ãåç¨ãã¯ä½¿ããªãã§ãã
ãããããã¯äºã¤ã®ã¾ã£ããç°ãªãåé¡ãæ··åããã¾ãã</p>
<p>
@@ -103,7 +110,7 @@
èªç±ãªåç¨ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã¯ããããã¡ã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ã¸ã®è²¢ç®ã§ãããããããã¡ã¯ããã奨å±ãã¹ãã§ãããããããåç¨ãããä¸èªç±ãã¨èãã人ã
ã¯ããèªç±ãªåç¨ãã®çµã¿åãããèªå·±æçãããã®ã§ããã¨èããå¾åãããããã®å¯è½æ§ã失ããã¾ãããã®ããã«ãåç¨ãã使ããã¨ã®ãªããã注æãã¾ãããã</p>
-<h4 id="Compensation">è£åé</h4>
+<h3 id="Compensation">è£åé</h3>
<p>
ãèè
ã¸ã®è£åéãã¨èä½æ¨©ã«é¢ä¿ãã¦è¿°ã¹ããã¨ã¯ã(1)
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ã«åããä½ãã(å¾ã§)æ¯æããªããã°ãªããªããã¨ããäºã¤ã®ä»®å®ãããããã¾ãã
@@ -112,30 +119,39 @@
ã権å©è
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</p>
-<h4 id="Consume">ãæ¶è²»ã</h4>
+<h3 id="Consume">ãæ¶è²»ã</h3>
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+<p>
+ãæ¶è²»ãã®ç¨èªã¯ãã³ãã¼ã§ããªãããã®ãã®è£½åã®çµæ¸ã«çµã³ã¤ãããããã®çµè«ãã³ãã¼ã§ãããã£ã¸ã¿ã«ä½åã«äººã
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+href="#Content">ã³ã³ãã³ã</a>ãã¨å¼ãã§ãã¾ãã</p>
-<p>以ä¸ã®ã¨ã³ããªããèªã¿ãã ããã</p>
+<p>
+ãã³ã³ãã³ããæ¶è²»ãããã¨ããèãã«çµã³ã¤ããããçãæèã¯ãDMCAã®ãããªæ³å¾ã®éãæ´åãããã£ã¸ã¿ã«ã»ããã¤ã¹ã®<a
+href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org/">ãã£ã¸ã¿ã«å¶é管ç</a>(DRM)ã®æ©è½ãã¦ã¼ã¶ãç
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</p>
@@ -551,7 +576,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
æçµæ´æ°:
-$Date: 2015/06/01 07:12:01 $
+$Date: 2015/07/02 01:57:56 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/words-to-avoid.ja-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.ja-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.40
retrieving revision 1.41
diff -u -b -r1.40 -r1.41
--- po/words-to-avoid.ja-en.html 1 Jun 2015 07:12:02 -0000 1.40
+++ po/words-to-avoid.ja-en.html 2 Jul 2015 01:57:57 -0000 1.41
@@ -105,7 +105,13 @@
href="#SoftwareIndustry">Software Industry</a>”
|<span class="gnun-split"></span> “<a
href="#SourceModel">Source model</a>”
-|<span class="gnun-split"></span> “<a
+|<span class="gnun-split"></span><!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX =
/^.(es)$/" -->
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: translate if this word is used often in your
+ language to refer to mobile computers; otherwise,
+ fill the translation with a space. -->
+“<a
+ href="#Terminal">Terminal</a>”
+|<span class="gnun-split"></span><!--#endif --> “<a
href="#Theft">Theft</a>”
|<span class="gnun-split"></span> “<a
href="#TrustedComputing">Trusted Computing</a>”
@@ -113,7 +119,7 @@
href="#Vendor">Vendor</a>”
</p>
-<h4 id="Alternative">“Alternative”</h4>
+<h3 id="Alternative">“Alternative”</h3>
<p>
We don't describe free software as an “alternative” to
proprietary, because that word presumes all the “alternatives” are
@@ -132,7 +138,7 @@
software.
</p>
-<h4 id="BSD-style">“BSD-style”</h4>
+<h3 id="BSD-style">“BSD-style”</h3>
<p>
The expression “BSD-style license” leads to confusion because it
<a href="/philosophy/bsd.html">lumps together licenses that have
@@ -146,7 +152,7 @@
question</a> and avoid the vague term “BSD-style.”</p>
-<h4 id="Closed">“Closed”</h4>
+<h3 id="Closed">“Closed”</h3>
<p>
Describing nonfree software as “closed” clearly refers to
the term “open source.” In the free software movement,
@@ -159,7 +165,7 @@
“proprietary”</a>.</p>
-<h4 id="CloudComputing">“Cloud Computing”</h4>
+<h3 id="CloudComputing">“Cloud Computing”</h3>
<p>
The term “cloud computing” (or
just <a name="Cloud">“cloud”</a>, in the context of
@@ -230,7 +236,7 @@
developer, he isn't motivated by the same ideals as we are.
</p>
-<h4 id="Commercial">“Commercial”</h4>
+<h3 id="Commercial">“Commercial”</h3>
<p>
Please don't use “commercial” as a synonym for
“nonfree.” That confuses two entirely different
@@ -257,7 +263,7 @@
to use the word “commercial” in that way.</p>
-<h4 id="Compensation">“Compensation”</h4>
+<h3 id="Compensation">“Compensation”</h3>
<p>
To speak of “compensation for authors” in connection with
copyright carries the assumptions that (1) copyright exists for the
@@ -274,63 +280,86 @@
same publishing companies that are pushing unjust laws on us.
</p>
-<h4 id="Consume">“Consume”</h4>
+<h3 id="Consume">“Consume”</h3>
<p>
-“Consume” refers to what we do with food: we ingest it, and use it
in
-a way that uses it up. By analogy, we employ the same word to describe
-using other things in a way that uses them up. However, it is
-erroneous to speak of “consuming” information, music, books,
-software, etc., since using them does not use them up.</p>
-
-<p>Why is this perverse usage spreading? Some may feel that they
-sound sophisticated using a fashionable term from economics. However,
-the economics they implicitly refer to is inappropriate for the
-activity in question. Others may intend to limit discussion to an
-economic perspective, rejecting other perspectives such as ethical or
-social — which is narrowminded.</p>
+“Consume” refers to what we do with food: we ingest it,
+after which the food as such no longer exists. By analogy, we employ
+the same word for other products whose use <em>uses them up</em>.
+Applying it to durable goods, such as clothing or appliances, is a
+stretch. Applying it to published works (programs, recordings on a
+disk or in a file, books on paper or in a file), whose nature is to
+last indefinitely and which can be run, played or read any number of
+times, is simply an error. Playing a recording, or running a program,
+does not consume it.</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “consume” is associated with the economics of
+uncopiable material products, and leads people to transfer its
+conclusions unconsciously to copiable digital works — an error
+that proprietary software developers (and other publishers) dearly
+wish to encourage. Their twisted viewpoint comes through clearly
+in <a
href="http://www.businessinsider.com/former-google-exec-launches-sourcepoint-with-10-million-series-a-funding-2015-6">this
+article</a>, which also refers to publications as
+“<a href="#Content">content</a>.”</p>
+
+<p>
+The narrow thinking associated with the idea that we “consume
+content” paves the way for laws such as the DMCA that forbid
+users to break the <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org/">Digital
+Restrictions Management</a> (DRM) facilities in digital devices. If
+users think what they do with these devices is “consume,”
+they may see such restrictions as natural.</p>
+
+<p>
+It also encourages the acceptation of “streaming”
+services, which use DRM to limit use of digital recordings to a
+form that fits the word “consume.”</p>
+
+<p>
+Why is this perverse usage spreading? Some may feel that the term
+sounds sophisticated; if that attracts you, rejecting it with cogent
+reasons can appear even more sophisticated. Others may be acting from
+business interests (their own, or their employers'). Their use
+of the term in prestigious forums gives the impression that it's the
+“correct” term.</p>
+
+<p>
+To speak of “consuming” music, fiction, or any other
+artistic works is to treat them as products rather than as art. If
+you don't want to spread that attitude, you would do well to reject
+using the term “consume” for them. We recommend saying
+that someone “experiences” an artistic work or a work
+stating a point of view, and that someone “uses” a
+practical work.</p>
<p>See also the following entry.</p>
-<h4 id="Consumer">“Consumer”</h4>
+<h3 id="Consumer">“Consumer”</h3>
<p>
The term “consumer,” when used to refer to the users of
-computing, is loaded with assumptions we should reject. Playing a
-recording, or running a program, does not consume it.</p>
-<p>
-The terms “producer” and “consumer” come from
-economics and its treatment of material products. Thus, using them
-leads people to mistakenly apply to copiable digital data all that
-they know about the economics of uncopiable material products. Of
-course, this error is exactly the one proprietary software developers
-want people to make.</p>
+computing, is loaded with assumptions we should reject. Some come
+from the idea that using the program “consumes” the program (see
+<a href="#Consume">the previous entry</a>), which leads people to
+impose on copiable digital works the economic conclusions that were
+drawn about uncopiable material products.</p>
<p>
In addition, describing the users of software as
-“consumers” presumes they are limited to helplessly
-selecting from whatever “products” are available in the
-“market.” There is no room in this mind-set for the idea
-that users can exercise control over the software they use.</p>
-<p>
-The limited thinking associated with “consumers” leads to
-outrages such as the CBDTPA (“Consumer Broadband and Digital
-Television Promotion Act”) which proposed to
-require <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org/">Digital Restrictions
-Management (DRM)</a> facilities in every digital device. If all the
-users do is “consume,” why should they object?</p>
-<p>
-The shallow economic conception of users as “consumers” tends
-to go hand in hand with the idea that published works are mere
-<a href="#Content">“content.”</a></p>
+“consumers” refers to a framing in which people are
+limited to selecting between whatever “products” are
+available in the “market.” There is no room in this
+framing for the idea that users
+can <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">directly
+exercise control over what a program does</a>.</p>
<p>
To describe people who are not limited to passive use of works, we
suggest terms such as “individuals” and
-“citizens” — not “consumers.”</p>
+“citizens,” rather than “consumers.”</p>
<p>
-The problem with the word “consumer” has
-been <a
href="http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/11/capitalism-language-raymond-williams">
-noted before</a>.
+This problem with the word “consumer” has
+been <a
href="http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/11/capitalism-language-raymond-williams">noted
before</a>.
</p>
-<h4 id="Content">“Content”</h4>
+<h3 id="Content">“Content”</h3>
<p>
If you want to describe a feeling of comfort and satisfaction, by all
means say you are “content,” but using the word as a
@@ -369,7 +398,7 @@
system” (WRS).</p>
-<h4 id="CreativeCommonsLicensed">“Creative Commons licensed”</h4>
+<h3 id="CreativeCommonsLicensed">“Creative Commons licensed”</h3>
<p>
The most important licensing characteristic of a work is whether it is
free. Creative Commons publishes seven licenses; three are free
@@ -388,7 +417,7 @@
statement.
</p>
-<h4 id="Creator">“Creator”</h4>
+<h3 id="Creator">“Creator”</h3>
<p>
The term “creator” as applied to authors implicitly
compares them to a deity (“the creator”). The term is
@@ -401,7 +430,7 @@
author.</p>
-<h4 id="DigitalGoods">“Digital Goods”</h4>
+<h3 id="DigitalGoods">“Digital Goods”</h3>
<p>
The term “digital goods,” as applied to copies of works of
authorship, identifies them with physical goods—which cannot be
@@ -412,7 +441,7 @@
shallow and limited values don't include freedom and community.</p>
-<h4 id="DigitalLocks">“Digital Locks”</h4>
+<h3 id="DigitalLocks">“Digital Locks”</h3>
<p>
“Digital locks” is used to refer to Digital Restrictions
Management by some who criticize it. The problem with this term is
@@ -440,7 +469,7 @@
replace the term with “digital handcuffs” and say why.</p>
-<h4 id="DigitalRightsManagement">“Digital Rights Management”</h4>
+<h3 id="DigitalRightsManagement">“Digital Rights Management”</h3>
<p>
“Digital Rights Management” (abbreviated
“DRM”) refers to technical mechanisms designed to impose
@@ -456,7 +485,7 @@
Please sign up to support our <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org/">
campaign to abolish DRM</a>.</p>
-<h4 id="Ecosystem">“Ecosystem”</h4>
+<h3 id="Ecosystem">“Ecosystem”</h3>
<p>
It is inadvisable to describe the free software community, or any human
community, as an “ecosystem,” because that word implies
@@ -482,7 +511,7 @@
freedom.
</p>
-<h4 id="FLOSS">“FLOSS”</h4>
+<h3 id="FLOSS">“FLOSS”</h3>
<p>
The term “FLOSS,” meaning “Free/Libre and Open
Source Software,” was coined as a way
@@ -491,7 +520,7 @@
“FLOSS” is the best way to be neutral. But if you want to
show you stand for freedom, don't use a neutral term.</p>
-<h4 id="ForFree">“For free”</h4>
+<h3 id="ForFree">“For free”</h3>
<p>
If you want to say that a program is free software, please don't say
that it is available “for free.” That term specifically
@@ -507,7 +536,7 @@
To avoid confusion, you can say that the program is available
“as free software.”</p>
-<h4 id="FOSS">“FOSS”</h4>
+<h3 id="FOSS">“FOSS”</h3>
<p>
The term “FOSS,” meaning “Free and Open Source
Software,” was coined as a way
@@ -516,7 +545,7 @@
neutrality is your goal, “FLOSS” is better. But if you
want to show you stand for freedom, don't use a neutral term.</p>
-<h4 id="FreelyAvailable">“Freely available”</h4>
+<h3 id="FreelyAvailable">“Freely available”</h3>
<p>
Don't use “freely available software” as a synonym for “free
software.” The terms are not equivalent. Software is “freely
@@ -526,7 +555,7 @@
</p>
-<h4 id="Freeware">“Freeware”</h4>
+<h3 id="Freeware">“Freeware”</h3>
<p>
Please don't use the term “freeware” as a synonym for
“free software.” The term “freeware” was used
@@ -550,7 +579,7 @@
</p>
-<h4 id="GiveAwaySoftware">“Give away software”</h4>
+<h3 id="GiveAwaySoftware">“Give away software”</h3>
<p>
It's misleading to use the term “give away” to mean
“distribute a program as free software.”
@@ -560,7 +589,7 @@
free software.”</p>
-<h4 id="Google">“Google”</h4>
+<h3 id="Google">“Google”</h3>
<p>
Please avoid using the term “google” as a verb, meaning to
search for something on the internet. “Google” is just the
@@ -571,7 +600,7 @@
its users, although we cannot confirm.</p>
-<h4 id="Hacker">“Hacker”</h4>
+<h3 id="Hacker">“Hacker”</h3>
<p>
A hacker is someone
who <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html"> enjoys
@@ -587,7 +616,7 @@
People who break security are “crackers.”</p>
-<h4 id="IntellectualProperty">“Intellectual property”</h4>
+<h3 id="IntellectualProperty">“Intellectual property”</h3>
<p>
Publishers and lawyers like to describe copyright as
“intellectual property”—a term also applied to
@@ -617,7 +646,7 @@
Organization embarrassed</a>.</p>
-<h4 id="LAMP">“LAMP system”</h4>
+<h3 id="LAMP">“LAMP system”</h3>
<p>
“LAMP” stands for “Linux, Apache, MySQL and
PHP”—a common combination of software to use on a web
@@ -628,7 +657,7 @@
</p>
-<h4 id="Linux">“Linux system”</h4>
+<h3 id="Linux">“Linux system”</h3>
<p>
Linux is the name of the kernel that Linus Torvalds developed starting
in 1991. The operating system in which Linux is used is basically GNU
@@ -640,7 +669,7 @@
</p>
-<h4 id="Market">“Market”</h4>
+<h3 id="Market">“Market”</h3>
<p>
It is misleading to describe the users of free software, or the
software users in general, as a “market.”</p>
@@ -659,7 +688,7 @@
and legitimize proprietary software.</p>
-<h4 id="Monetize">“Monetize”</h4>
+<h3 id="Monetize">“Monetize”</h3>
<p>
The proper definition of “monetize” is “to use
something as currency.” For instance, human societies have
@@ -679,7 +708,7 @@
ethical.</p>
-<h4 id="MP3Player">“MP3 Player”</h4>
+<h3 id="MP3Player">“MP3 Player”</h3>
<p>
In the late 1990s it became feasible to make portable, solid-state
digital audio players. Most support the patented MP3 codec, but not
@@ -691,7 +720,7 @@
or simply “audio player” if context permits.</p>
-<h4 id="Open">“Open”</h4>
+<h3 id="Open">“Open”</h3>
<p>
Please avoid using the term “open” or “open
source” as a substitute for “free software.” Those terms
@@ -703,7 +732,7 @@
appropriate; but please do not use it to label us or our work—that
leads people to think we share those views.</p>
-<h4 id="PC">“PC”</h4>
+<h3 id="PC">“PC”</h3>
<p>
It's OK to use the abbreviation “PC” to refer to a certain
kind of computer hardware, but please don't use it with the
@@ -714,7 +743,7 @@
The term “WC” has been suggested for a computer running
Windows.</p>
-<h4 id="Photoshop">“Photoshop”</h4>
+<h3 id="Photoshop">“Photoshop”</h3>
<p>
Please avoid using the term “photoshop” as a verb, meaning
any kind of photo manipulation or image editing in general. Photoshop
@@ -722,7 +751,7 @@
be avoided since it is proprietary. There are plenty of free programs
for editing images, such as the <a href="/software/gimp">GIMP</a>.</p>
-<h4 id="Piracy">“Piracy”</h4>
+<h3 id="Piracy">“Piracy”</h3>
<p>
Publishers often refer to copying they don't approve of as
“piracy.” In this way, they imply that it is ethically
@@ -747,7 +776,7 @@
<a
href="http://torrentfreak.com/mpaa-banned-from-using-piracy-and-theft-terms-in-hotfile-trial-131129/">“piracy”
and “theft” are smear-words.</a></p>
-<h4 id="PowerPoint">“PowerPoint”</h4>
+<h3 id="PowerPoint">“PowerPoint”</h3>
<p>
Please avoid using the term “PowerPoint” to mean any kind
of slide presentation. “PowerPoint” is just the name of
@@ -757,7 +786,7 @@
class and LibreOffice.org's Impress.</p>
-<h4 id="Protection">“Protection”</h4>
+<h3 id="Protection">“Protection”</h3>
<p>
Publishers' lawyers love to use the term “protection” to
describe copyright. This word carries the implication of preventing
@@ -788,7 +817,7 @@
<a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org"> Defective by Design</a>
campaign.</p>
-<h4 id="RAND">“RAND (Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory)”</h4>
+<h3 id="RAND">“RAND (Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory)”</h3>
<p>
Standards bodies that promulgate patent-restricted standards that
prohibit free software typically have a policy of obtaining patent
@@ -816,7 +845,7 @@
the only condition in these licenses is a uniform royalty fee.</p>
-<h4 id="SaaS">“SaaS” or “Software as a Service”</h4>
+<h3 id="SaaS">“SaaS” or “Software as a Service”</h3>
<p>
We used to say that SaaS (short for “Software as a
Service”) is an injustice, but then we found that there was a
@@ -835,7 +864,7 @@
to give up.</p>
-<h4 id="SellSoftware">“Sell software”</h4>
+<h3 id="SellSoftware">“Sell software”</h3>
<p>
The term “sell software” is ambiguous. Strictly speaking,
exchanging a copy of a free program for a sum of money
@@ -851,7 +880,7 @@
further discussion of this issue.</p>
-<h4 id="SharingEconomy">“Sharing economy”</h4>
+<h3 id="SharingEconomy">“Sharing economy”</h3>
<p>
The term “sharing economy” is not a good way to refer to
services such as Uber and Airbnb that arrange business transactions
@@ -865,7 +894,7 @@
“piecework service economy.”</p>
-<h4 id="Skype">“Skype”</h4>
+<h3 id="Skype">“Skype”</h3>
<p>
Please avoid using the term “Skype” as a verb, meaning any
kind of video communication or telephony over the Internet in general.
@@ -878,7 +907,7 @@
numerous free Skype replacements</a>.</p>
-<h4 id="SoftwareIndustry">“Software Industry”</h4>
+<h3 id="SoftwareIndustry">“Software Industry”</h3>
<p>
The term “software industry” encourages people to imagine
that software is always developed by a sort of factory and then
@@ -896,7 +925,7 @@
define “industry” as “automated production of
material goods.”</a></p>
-<h4 id="SourceModel">“Source model”</h4>
+<h3 id="SourceModel">“Source model”</h3>
<p>
Wikipedia uses the term “source model” in a confused and
ambiguous way. Ostensibly it refers to how a program's source is
@@ -909,7 +938,20 @@
opportunity to say “open source” in pages describing free
software programs.</p>
-<h4 id="Theft">“Theft”</h4>
+<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX = /^.(es)$/" -->
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: translate if this word is used often in your
+ language to refer to mobile computers; otherwise,
+ fill the translation with a space. -->
+
+<h3 id="Terminal">“Terminal”</h3>
+
+<p>Mobile phones and tablets are computers, and people should be
+able to do their computing on them using free software.
+To call them “terminals” supposes that all they are good for
+is to connect to servers, which is a bad way to do your own computing.</p>
+<!--#endif -->
+
+<h3 id="Theft">“Theft”</h3>
<p>
The supporters of a too-strict, repressive form of copyright often use
words like “stolen” and “theft” to refer to
@@ -939,7 +981,7 @@
<a
href="http://torrentfreak.com/mpaa-banned-from-using-piracy-and-theft-terms-in-hotfile-trial-131129/">“piracy”
and “theft” are smear-words.</a></p>
-<h4 id="TrustedComputing">“Trusted Computing”</h4>
+<h3 id="TrustedComputing">“Trusted Computing”</h3>
<p>
<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“Trusted computing”</a> is
the proponents' name for a scheme to redesign computers so that
@@ -949,7 +991,7 @@
</p>
-<h4 id="Vendor">“Vendor”</h4>
+<h3 id="Vendor">“Vendor”</h3>
<p>
Please don't use the term “vendor” to refer generally to
anyone that develops or packages software. Many programs
@@ -1032,7 +1074,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/06/01 07:12:02 $
+$Date: 2015/07/02 01:57:57 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/words-to-avoid.ja.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.ja.po,v
retrieving revision 1.102
retrieving revision 1.103
diff -u -b -r1.102 -r1.103
--- po/words-to-avoid.ja.po 2 Jul 2015 01:53:57 -0000 1.102
+++ po/words-to-avoid.ja.po 2 Jul 2015 01:57:57 -0000 1.103
@@ -553,13 +553,13 @@
"played or read any number of times, is simply an error. Playing a "
"recording, or running a program, does not consume it."
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@@ -572,13 +572,13 @@
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