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Subject: |
www/philosophy 15-years-of-free-software.ar.htm... |
Date: |
Mon, 08 Dec 2014 18:00:14 +0000 |
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right-to-read.fr-en.html
rms-on-radio-nz.fr-en.html
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Patches:
Index: 15-years-of-free-software.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- 15-years-of-free-software.ar.html 8 Nov 2014 21:21:42 -0000 1.19
+++ 15-years-of-free-software.ar.html 8 Dec 2014 18:00:11 -0000 1.20
@@ -1,82 +1,76 @@
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value="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>15 عاÙ
ا ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرÙØ© - Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ - Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</title>
+<title>15 عاÙ
Ùا Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرÙØ© - Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ
- Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</title>
<meta http-equiv="Keywords"
- content="غÙÙ, إ٠إس Ø¥Ù, Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة, ØرÙØ©, رÙتشارد ستاÙÙ
اÙ, rms, Ùشاطات
+ content="غÙÙØ Ø¥Ù Ø¥Ø³ Ø¥ÙØ Ù
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اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ØرÙØ©Ø Ø±Ùتشارد ستاÙÙ
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<meta http-equiv="Description"
- content="رÙتشارد ستÙÙÙ
Ù ÙØ·Ø±Ø ØªØ§Ø±ÙØ® ØرÙØ©
تطÙÙر ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ ØرÙ." />
+ content="رÙتشارد ستاÙÙ
Ù ÙØ·Ø±Ø ØªØ§Ø±ÙØ® ØرÙØ©
تطÙÙر ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ ØرÙ." />
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/15-years-of-free-software.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ar.html" -->
-<h2>15 عاÙ
ا ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرÙØ©</h2>
+<h2>15 عاÙ
Ùا Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرÙØ©</h2>
<p>
- ÙتبÙا·<strong>رÙتشارد Ù
اثÙ٠ستÙÙÙ
Ù</strong>
+ ÙتبÙا: <strong>رÙتشارد Ù
اثÙ٠ستاÙÙ
Ù</strong>
</p>
<p>
- Ù
رت اÙØ¢Ù 15 سÙØ© Ù
ÙØ° بدأت ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
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اÙØرة ÙÙ
شرÙع غÙÙ. ÙÙد ÙطعÙا Ù
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جÙات
اÙØرة ÙÙ
شرÙع غÙÙ. ÙÙد ÙطعÙا
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<p>
Ù٠عاÙ
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ÙÙدة. ÙÙ
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Ø£Øد ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ù
شارÙØ© اÙبرÙ
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ع
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٠اÙØاسÙب اÙآخرÙÙØ ÙÙ
ا Ùا٠Ù
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جدا Ø£Ù ÙغÙر اÙÙرد Ù٠اÙبرÙ
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ÙÙÙا٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ø£ÙاÙ
Ùا
جدراÙÙا ÙÙÙرÙÙÙا ع٠بعضÙا اÙبعض.
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Ø Ø¨Ù
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جÙات Ø£ÙاÙ
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جدراÙÙا ÙÙÙرÙÙÙا ع٠بعضÙا اÙبعض.
</p>
<p>
- Ù
شرÙع غÙ٠أÙشئ ÙÙغÙر ÙÙ Ùذا. Ùا٠اÙÙدÙ
اÙØ£ÙÙ: تطÙÙر ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ ÙÙÙÙس Ù
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٠اÙبرÙ
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Ù
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اÙÙظاÙ
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Unix”—)â اÙØ°Ù
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ع اÙÙÙÙ
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Ø«Ù
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+ Ø£Ùشئ Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ ÙتغÙÙر Ùذ٠اﻷÙ
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Ù
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+ÙÙإشارة Ø¥ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø ÙÙÙÙ Ù
ع اÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙس
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</p>
<p>
استغر٠تطÙÙر Ùذا اÙÙظاÙ
سÙÙات عدÙدة Ù
Ù
اÙعÙ
ÙØ Ù
Ù Ùب٠Ù
ئات اÙÙ
برÙ
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ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرÙØ© ٠شرÙائÙا. Ø£Ù
ا اÙبعض اÙآخر
-ÙÙاÙÙا Ù
تطÙعÙÙ. اÙÙÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙÙ
Ø£ØµØ¨Ø Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ±Ø§Ø Ø£Ù
ا Ù
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ÙÙ٠أ٠ÙعÙ
ÙÙ٠عÙÙ ÙÙدÙÙ
. ساعدد
-اÙجÙ
Ùع عÙ٠تØرÙر Ø¥Ù
ÙاÙات شبÙØ© اÙØاسÙب ÙÙÙ
اÙبشرÙØ©.
+Ùا٠ÙتÙÙ٠أجر٠Ù
٠طر٠Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرÙØ© ÙشرÙائÙا. Ø£Ù
ا اÙبعض اÙآخر
+ÙÙاÙÙا Ù
تطÙعÙÙ. اÙÙÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙÙ
Ø£ØµØ¨Ø Ù
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ا Ù
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+بÙئتÙÙ
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٠طر٠اÙÙاÙرز اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙاÙÙا
ÙستعÙ
ÙÙ٠أ٠ÙعÙ
ÙÙ٠عÙÙ
+ÙÙدÙÙ
. ساعد اÙجÙ
Ùع عÙ٠تØرÙر Ø¥Ù
ÙاÙات شبÙØ©
اÙØاسÙب ÙÙ٠اÙبشرÙØ©.
</p>
<p>
- ÙÙ 1991Ø Ø¢Ø®Ø± اÙعÙاصر اÙأساسÙØ© ÙÙØ£ÙظÙ
Ø© شبÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙس ÙاÙت Ùد Ø·ÙÙÙرت: ÙÙÙÙسØ
-اÙÙÙاة اÙØرÙØ© ÙتبÙا ÙÙÙÙس تÙرÙاÙدس. اÙÙÙÙ
Ø
اÙÙظاÙ
اÙÙ
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Ù Ù
ÙاÙÙ٠اÙÙاس ØÙ٠اÙعاÙÙ
. ÙشعبÙتÙ
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ستÙ
ر. Ùذا اÙØ´ÙØ±Ø Ø£Ø¹ÙÙÙا
-ع٠اÙإصدار 1.0 Ù
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Ø Ø¨Ø¦ÙØ© Ø³Ø·Ø Ø§ÙÙ
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Ø£Ù ÙظاÙ
تشغÙ٠آخر.
+ Ù٠عاÙ
1991Ø ØªÙ
تطÙÙر آخر اÙعÙاصر اÙأساسÙØ©
ÙÙظاÙ
شبÙ٠بÙÙÙÙس: ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø Ø§ÙÙÙاة
+اÙØرÙØ© اÙت٠ÙتبÙا ÙÙÙÙس تÙرÙاÙدس. Ùذا
اÙÙظاÙ
اÙÙ
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٠غÙÙ ÙÙÙÙÙس ÙÙستخدÙÙ
+اÙÙÙÙ
Ù
Ù Ùب٠اÙÙ
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Ø£ÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
Ø ÙشعبÙت٠Ù٠تزاÙد
+Ù
ستÙ
ر. Ùذا اÙØ´ÙØ±Ø Ø£Ø¹ÙÙÙا ع٠إطÙا٠اÙإصدار
1.0 Ù
Ù <acronym title="GNU Network
+Object Model Environment">غÙÙÙ
</acronym>Ø Ø¨Ø¦ÙØ© Ø³Ø·Ø Ø§ÙÙ
Ùتب
اÙرسÙÙ
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+ÙاÙت٠ÙرجÙا أ٠تجع٠ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس سÙÙ
اÙاستخداÙ
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تشغÙ٠آخر.
</p>
<p>
- ÙÙÙ ØرÙÙتÙا ÙÙست Ù
ؤÙدة بشÙ٠دائÙ
. اÙعاÙÙ
Ùا ÙÙ٠ساÙÙا بدÙÙ ØراÙ. ÙÙØÙ Ùا
-ÙؤÙد ÙجÙد Ùذ٠اÙØرÙØ© بعد 5 سÙÙات Ù
٠اÙØ¢ÙØ ÙÙ
جرد Ø£ÙÙا Ù
ÙجÙدة اÙÙÙÙ
. اÙبرÙ
جÙات
-اÙØرÙØ© تÙاج٠اÙأخطار ٠اÙتØدÙات اÙصعبة.
سÙبذ٠جÙدا ÙبÙرا ÙÙØÙاظ عÙÙ ØرÙÙتÙاØ
-بÙÙس اÙجÙد اÙذ٠بذÙÙا٠ÙÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
اÙØرÙÙØ©. Ù٠غضÙÙ ÙØ°Ø§Ø ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙÙ ÙÙ
-اÙبداÙØ© ÙÙس Ø¥ÙاâاÙØ¢Ù ÙØ٠بØاجة ÙإضاÙØ© برÙ
جÙات ØرÙØ© تتعاÙ
Ù Ù
ع جÙ
Ùع اÙÙظائÙ
-اÙت٠ÙرÙد Ø£Ù ÙÙعÙÙا اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ.
+ رغÙ
Ø°ÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù ØرÙÙتÙا ÙÙست Ù
ضÙ
ÙÙØ© بشÙ٠دائÙ
. ÙاÙعاÙÙ
Ùا ÙÙ٠ساÙÙÙا بدÙÙ
+ØراÙ. ÙÙØÙ Ùا ÙضÙ
Ù ÙجÙد Ùذ٠اÙØرÙØ© بعد 5
سÙÙات Ù
٠اÙØ¢ÙØ ÙÙ
جرد ÙجÙدÙا
+اÙÙÙÙ
. اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرÙØ© تÙاج٠اÙأخطار
ÙاÙتØدÙات اÙصعبة. سÙبذ٠جÙدÙا ÙبÙرÙا
+ÙÙØÙاظ عÙÙ ØرÙÙتÙØ§Ø ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
Ùا بذÙÙ ÙÙØصÙÙ
عÙÙÙا. Ù٠غضÙÙ ÙØ°Ø§Ø ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙÙ ÙÙ
+اÙبداÙØ© ÙÙس Ø¥ÙاâاÙØ¢ÙØ ÙØ٠بØاجة ÙإضاÙØ© برÙ
جÙات ØرÙØ© تتعاÙ
Ù Ù
ع جÙ
Ùع اÙÙظائÙ
+اÙت٠ÙرÙد Ø£Ù ÙÙÙØ°Ùا اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ.
</p>
<p>
- Ù٠اÙÙ
رات اÙÙادÙ
Ø©Ø Ø³Ø£ÙÙÙ
باÙÙتابة عÙ
اÙتØدÙات اÙخاصة اÙت٠تÙاج٠Ù
جتÙ
ع
-اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرÙØ©Ø ÙغÙرÙا Ù
٠اÙÙضاÙا اÙتÙ
تؤثر عÙÙ ØرÙÙØ© Ù
ستخدÙ
٠اÙØاسÙØ¨Ø Ù
-Ùذا ع٠اÙتطÙرات اÙت٠تؤثر عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس.
+ Ù٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙات اÙÙ
ÙبÙØ©Ø Ø³Ù٠أÙتب ع٠اÙتØدÙات
اÙخاصة اÙت٠تÙاج٠Ù
جتÙ
ع اÙبرÙ
جÙات
+اÙØرÙØ©Ø ÙغÙرÙا Ù
٠اÙÙضاÙا اÙت٠تؤثر عÙÙ
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+اÙتطÙرات اÙت٠تؤثر عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس.
</p>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -145,13 +139,13 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-ترجÙ
Ùا <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>صÙØ§Ø Ø§ÙدÙÙÙ
-ØÙ
ÙاÙØ©</em></a><br />.ÙرÙ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø© اÙعربÙØ©
بإشرا٠<em>ØساÙ
ØسÙÙ</em>.</div>
+ترجÙ
Ø©: <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>صÙØ§Ø Ø§ÙدÙÙÙ
+ØÙ
ÙاÙØ©</em></a><br />. تعدÙÙ ÙتصØÙØ: <em>ÙÙص٠عÙÙ
Ù
ØسÙÙ</em>.</div>
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
-ØÙدÙثت:
+تØدÙØ«:
-$Date: 2014/11/08 21:21:42 $
+$Date: 2014/12/08 18:00:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: can-you-trust.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/can-you-trust.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.24
retrieving revision 1.25
diff -u -b -r1.24 -r1.25
--- can-you-trust.ar.html 8 Nov 2014 21:21:42 -0000 1.24
+++ can-you-trust.ar.html 8 Dec 2014 18:00:11 -0000 1.25
@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
- value='<a href="/philosophy/po/can-you-trust.ar.po">
- http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/can-you-trust.ar.po</a>'
- --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html"
- --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value=""
- --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2011-07-14" -->
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<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
@@ -14,10 +8,9 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/can-you-trust.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ar.html" -->
<h2>Ù٠تستطÙع اÙÙØ«Ù٠بØاسÙبÙØ</h2>
-<p>بÙÙÙ
<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">رÙتشارد ستÙÙÙ
Ù</a></p>
+<p>بÙÙÙ
<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">رÙتشارد ستاÙÙ
Ù</a></p>
<p>
Ù
ÙÙ
ÙÙ Ùجب Ø£Ù Ùأخذ ØاسÙب٠اÙØ£ÙاÙ
Ø±Ø Ø¥Ù Ø£Ùثر
اÙÙاس ÙعتÙدÙ٠أ٠ØÙاسÙبÙÙ
Ùجب Ø£Ù
@@ -25,7 +18,7 @@
شرÙات اÙØ£ÙÙاÙ
ÙشرÙات اÙتسجÙÙ) ÙÙ
عÙا شرÙات
اÙØاسÙب Ù
Ø«Ù Ù
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت ÙØ¥Ùت٠ÙجعÙ
ØاسÙب٠ÙØ·ÙعÙÙ
بدÙا Ù
ÙÙ ÙÙسÙ
ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
خططÙÙ
”اÙØÙسبة
اÙÙ
ÙØ«ÙÙØ©“. (Ùسخة Ù
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت Ù
٠اÙÙ
خطط
تسÙ
Ù ”اÙØراسة“.) ÙÙد
-اØتÙت اÙبراÙ
ج اÙاØتÙارÙØ© Ù
زاÙا ضارة Ù
Ù
ÙبÙØ ÙÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙخطة سÙ٠تجعÙÙا تÙÙ
+اØتÙت اÙبراÙ
ج اÙاØتÙارÙØ© Ù
زاÙا ضارة Ù
Ù
ÙبÙØ ÙÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙخطة سÙ٠تجع٠تÙÙ
اÙأضرار Ù
تÙØ´ÙØ©.</p>
<p>
تعÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© أصÙÙا Ø£ÙÙ Ùا تÙ
Ù٠اÙتØÙÙ
بÙ
ا تÙÙÙ
بÙØ ÙÙا تستطÙع
@@ -63,19 +56,19 @@
ÙÙس اÙÙسائ٠ÙÙبرÙد اÙØ¥ÙÙترÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
ستÙدات
اÙت٠تتÙ
Ø«Ù Ù٠برÙد Ø¥ÙÙترÙÙÙ ÙختÙÙ
Ù٠غضÙ٠أسبÙعÙÙØ Ø£Ù Ù
ستÙدات ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙراءتÙا
عÙÙ ØÙاسÙب شرÙØ© ÙاØدة.</p>
<p>
-تخÙÙ Ù٠أÙ٠تÙÙÙت برÙدÙا Ø¥ÙÙترÙÙÙÙا Ù
Ù
رئÙسÙÙ ÙØ£Ù
ر٠بعÙ
Ù Ø´ÙØ¡ تظ٠أÙ٠خطرØ
+تخÙÙ Ù٠أÙ٠تÙÙÙت برÙدÙا Ø¥ÙÙترÙÙÙÙا Ù
Ù
رئÙس٠ÙØ£Ù
ر٠بعÙ
Ù Ø´ÙØ¡ تظ٠أÙ٠خطرØ
Ùبعد Ø´ÙØ±Ø Ø¹ÙدÙ
ا تشتع٠اÙÙضÙØ©Ø Ùا تستطÙع
استخداÙ
اÙبرÙد اÙØ¥ÙÙرتÙÙÙ Ùتثبت Ø£Ù
-اÙÙرار ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙرارÙ. ”اÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ٠عÙ
بطÙب Ù
ÙتÙب“ ÙÙ ÙØÙ
Ù٠عÙدÙ
ا
+اÙÙرار ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙرارÙ. ”اÙØصÙ٠عÙÙÙ ÙÙسخة
ÙرÙÙØ©“ ÙÙ ÙØÙ
Ù٠عÙدÙ
ا
ÙÙتب اÙØ·Ùب بØبر Ù
ÙختÙÙ.</p>
<p>
-تخÙÙ Ù٠تÙÙÙت برÙدÙا Ø¥ÙÙترÙÙÙÙا Ù
٠رئÙسÙÙ
ÙÙر سÙاسة غÙر ÙاÙÙÙÙØ© Ø£Ù Ù
ÙاÙÙØ©
+تخÙÙ Ù٠تÙÙÙت برÙدÙا Ø¥ÙÙترÙÙÙÙا Ù
٠رئÙسÙ
ÙÙر سÙاسة غÙر ÙاÙÙÙÙØ© Ø£Ù Ù
ÙاÙÙØ©
ÙÙأخÙاÙØ Ù
ث٠تÙ
زÙÙ Ù
ستÙدات اÙشرÙØ© اÙÙ
اÙÙØ©Ø Ø£Ù Ø§ÙسÙ
Ø§Ø Ø¨Ù
رÙر Ù
خاطر تÙدد دÙÙتÙ
بدÙ٠تدÙÙÙ. تستطÙع اÙÙÙÙ
إرسا٠Ùذا اÙبرÙد
ÙÙ
راس٠صØÙÙ Ùتعرض اÙÙشاط. Ù
ع
اÙØÙسبة اÙØºØ§Ø¯Ø±Ø©Ø ÙÙ ÙÙÙ٠اÙÙ
راس٠ÙادرÙا
عÙÙ Ùراءة اÙÙ
ستÙØ¯Ø Ø³ÙÙ ÙرÙض ØاسÙبÙ
طاعتÙ. سÙÙ ØªØµØ¨Ø Ø§ÙØÙسبة اÙغادرة جÙØ©
اÙÙساد.</p>
<p>
ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠تستخدÙ
Ù
عاÙجات اÙÙصÙص Ù
Ø«Ù Ù
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت ÙÙرد اÙØÙسبة اÙغادرة عÙدÙ
ا تØÙظ
-Ù
ستÙداتÙØ ÙتأÙد Ù
٠أÙا Ù
عاÙج ÙصÙص سÙاÙ
ÙستطÙع ÙتØÙا. اÙÙÙÙ
Ùجب عÙÙÙا اÙتشاÙ
+Ù
ستÙداتÙØ ÙÙتأÙد Ù
٠أÙا Ù
عاÙج ÙصÙص سÙاÙ
ÙستطÙع ÙتØÙا. اÙÙÙÙ
Ùجب عÙÙÙا اÙتشاÙ
أسرار Ùس٠ÙÙرد اÙسر٠ع٠طرÙ٠تجارب شاÙØ©
Ùجع٠Ù
Øرر ÙÙÙ
ات Øر ÙÙرأ Ù
ستÙدات
ÙÙرد. Ù٠أ٠تعÙ
ÙØ© Ù
ستÙدات ÙÙرد تÙ
ت باستخداÙ
اÙØÙسبة اÙغادرة عÙد ØÙظÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ
جتÙ
ع اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ùرصة تطÙÙر برÙ
جÙات ÙÙراءتÙا— ÙØت٠ÙÙ
@@ -93,7 +86,7 @@
اÙØºØ§Ø¯Ø±Ø©Ø Ùتدرس بعد Ø°ÙÙ Ù
د٠ضررÙØ§Ø ÙتÙرÙر
ÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙ ÙبÙتÙا. سÙÙÙÙ Ùصر Ùظر
ÙØÙ
اÙØ© ÙÙ ÙبÙتÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙ Ù
ا أعÙÙ٠أ٠اÙØ٠اÙØ°Ù
تصب٠إÙÙÙ ÙÙ ÙصÙ
د. ÙبÙ
جرد
اÙاعتÙ
اد عÙ٠استخدÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ستÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙÙدÙا ÙÙÙ
ÙعÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
سÙÙ ÙسÙطرÙÙ
-عÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙ. بعض اÙتطبÙÙات سÙ٠تÙزÙÙ
تÙÙائÙا ترÙÙات سÙ٠تÙÙÙ
بشÙØ¡
+عÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙ. بعض اÙتطبÙÙات سÙ٠تÙزÙÙ
تÙÙائÙا ترÙÙات ستÙÙÙ
بشÙØ¡
Ù
ختÙÙ—ÙÙ٠تستشÙر٠ع٠Ùذ٠اÙترÙÙØ©.</p>
<p>
اÙÙÙÙ
تستطÙع تÙاد٠أ٠تÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙÙÙدا بÙاسطة
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© ع٠طرÙ٠عدÙ
@@ -109,26 +102,33 @@
Ù
صرØا بشÙÙ Ù
عÙÙØ© Ù
٠شرÙØ© Ù
عÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙ٠تتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
٠تثبÙت Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø© اÙتشغÙ٠اÙØرة. بعض
إصدارات اÙØÙسبة اÙغادرة سÙ٠تطاÙب Ù٠برÙاÙ
ج Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ Ù
صرØا بشÙÙ Ù
Øدد Ù
Ù Ù
Ø·Ùر
ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙÙ. Ù٠تستطÙع تشغÙ٠برÙ
جÙات Øرة
عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
ÙÙذا. إذا اÙتشÙت ÙÙÙÙØ©
-تثبÙتÙا ÙأخبرتÙا Ùأ٠أØØ¯Ø ÙÙد تÙÙÙ Ùذ٠جرÙÙ
Ø©.</p>
+تثبÙتÙا Ùأخبرت أ٠أØد بذÙÙØ ÙÙد تÙÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
جرÙÙ
Ø©.</p>
<p>
ÙÙجد Ù
ÙترØات باÙÙع٠عÙ٠اÙÙاÙÙ٠اÙØ£Ù
رÙÙÙ
تÙØªØ±Ø Ù
طاÙبة Ù٠اÙØÙاسÙب بدعÙ
اÙØÙسبة اÙØºØ§Ø¯Ø±Ø©Ø ÙتÙØªØ±Ø Ù
Ùع اتصاÙ
اÙØÙاسÙب اÙÙدÙÙ
Ø© باÙØ¥ÙترÙت. CBDTPA (اÙØ°Ù
ÙسÙ
ÙÙ Consume But Don't Try Programming Act Ø£Ù ÙاÙÙ٠استÙÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ Ùا تØاÙÙ
-اÙبرÙ
جة) ÙاØد Ù
ÙÙا. ÙÙÙÙ Øت٠ÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙزÙ
ÙÙ
ÙاÙÙÙÙا باÙتØÙÙ٠إÙ٠اÙØÙسبة
+اÙبرÙ
جة) ÙاØد Ù
ÙÙا. ÙÙÙÙ Øت٠ÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙزÙ
ÙÙ
ÙاÙÙÙÙا باÙÙ
رÙر Ø¥Ù٠اÙØÙسبة
اÙØºØ§Ø¯Ø±Ø©Ø ÙÙد ÙÙÙ٠اÙضغط ÙÙبÙÙÙا ÙائÙا.
اÙÙÙÙ
ÙستخدÙ
اÙÙاس عادة Ùس٠ÙÙرد
ÙÙاتصاÙØ Ø¹Ù٠اÙرغÙ
Ù
٠أ٠Ùذا Ùسبب ضرÙبÙا Ù
Ù
اÙÙ
شاÙÙ (راجع <a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">”ÙستطÙع Ùضع
ÙÙاÙØ© ÙÙ
رÙÙات
ÙÙرد“</a>). إذا استطاع جÙاز اÙØÙسبة
اÙغادرة ÙØد٠Ùراءة Ù
ستÙدات ÙÙرد
اÙØدÙØ«Ø ÙسÙÙ ÙØÙ٠اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙÙاس Ø¥ÙÙÙاØ
إذا ØÙÙ
Ùا عÙ٠اÙÙضÙØ© Ù
Ù Ù
ÙØ·Ù٠أØادÙ
-(أبÙض أ٠أسÙد). ÙÙ
ÙاÙÙ
Ø© اÙØÙسبة اÙغادرةØ
Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙÙضÙ
Ù
عا ÙÙ
ÙاجÙØ© اÙÙضع ÙÙرار
-جÙ
اعÙ.</p>
+(أبÙض أ٠أسÙد). ÙÙ
ÙاÙÙ
Ø© اÙØÙسبة اÙغادرةØ
Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙÙضÙ
Ù
عÙا ÙÙ
ÙاجÙØ© اÙÙضع
+ÙÙرار جÙ
اعÙ.</p>
<p>
ÙÙ
زÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات ع٠اÙØÙسبة اÙغادرةØ
راجع <a
href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/tcpa-faq.html">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/tcpa-faq.html</a>.</p>
+<p>
+ÙÙتصد٠ÙÙØÙسبة اÙØºØ§Ø¯Ø±Ø©Ø Ùا بد Ù
٠تÙظÙÙ
أعداد ÙبÙرة Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙÙ. ÙØ°Ø§Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا
+ÙØتاج ÙÙ
ساعدتÙ! ÙÙرجÙ٠دعÙ
<a
href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">Ù
عÙب
+باÙتصÙ
ÙÙ
</a>Ø ØÙ
ÙØ© Ù
ؤسسة إ٠إس إ٠ضد إدارة
اÙÙÙÙد اÙرÙÙ
ÙØ©. </p>
<h3>Ù
ÙØÙات</h3>
<ol>
+<li>ÙتسخدÙ
ØÙ٠أÙ
٠اÙØاسÙب Ù
صطÙØ “اÙØÙسبة
اÙÙ
ÙØ«ÙÙØ©” بÙ
عÙÙ
+آخر—اØذر Ù
٠اÙØ®ÙØ· بÙ٠اÙÙ
عÙÙÙÙ.
+</li>
<li>ÙÙزع Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ GNU Privacy GuardØ Ø§ÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙØ°Ù
ÙتعاÙ
Ù Ù
ع Ù
ÙاتÙØ Ø§ÙتعÙ
ÙØ©
اÙعاÙ
Ø© ÙاÙتÙاÙÙع اÙرÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø Ø§Ùت٠تستطÙع
استخداÙ
Ùا Ùإرسا٠برÙد Ø¥ÙÙترÙÙ٠آÙ
Ù
Ùخاص. Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙÙد تÙضÙØ ÙÙÙ ÙختÙÙ GPG عÙ
اÙØÙسبة اÙغادرة Ùتدر٠أÙÙÙ
ا ÙجعÙ
@@ -138,8 +138,9 @@
اÙÙاتج Ù
ستÙد غÙر Ù
عÙ
Ù٠تستطÙع Ùراءت٠ÙتÙ
رÙر٠ÙÙسخ٠ÙØت٠إعادة تعÙ
Ùت٠ÙإرساÙÙ
بأÙ
ا٠إÙ٠شخص آخر. سÙÙ ÙتÙØ Ù٠تطبÙÙ
اÙØÙسبة اÙغادرة Ùراءة اÙÙÙÙ
ات عÙÙ
اÙØ´Ø§Ø´Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ ÙجعÙ٠تÙÙد Ù
ستÙدÙا غÙر Ù
عÙ
ÙÙ ÙتستطÙع استخداÙ
٠بطر٠أخرÙ. GPG
-ØزÙ
Ø© برÙ
جÙات Øرة تجع٠Ù
زاÙا اÙØ£Ù
ا٠Ù
تاØØ©
ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
ÙستخدÙ
ÙÙÙا Ø£Ù
ا
-اÙØÙسبة اÙغادرة ÙÙ
صÙ
Ù
Ø© ÙÙرض ÙÙÙد عÙ٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ ÙÙ٠تستخدÙ
ÙÙ
.</p></li>
+ØزÙ
Ø© برÙ
جÙات Øرة تجع٠Ù
زاÙا اÙØ£Ù
ا٠Ù
تاØØ©
ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ <em>ÙÙÙ
+ÙستخدÙ
ÙÙÙا</em>. Ø£Ù
ا اÙØÙسبة اÙغادرة ÙÙ
صÙ
Ù
Ø©
ÙÙرض ÙÙÙد عÙ٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ
+<em>ÙÙ٠تستخدÙ
ÙÙ
</em>.</p></li>
<li>
ÙرÙز داعÙ
٠اÙØÙسبة اÙغادرة ØدÙØ«ÙÙ
عÙÙ <a
name="beneficial">استخداÙ
اتÙا
@@ -150,8 +151,9 @@
اÙرئÙس٠أ٠اÙØÙسبة اÙغادرة تعط٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ Ù
ØصÙØ© سÙئة: اÙتÙاعب بØاسÙب٠ÙÙعÙ
Ù
ضدÙ.</p>
<p>
-Ù
ا ÙÙÙÙÙÙ٠صØÙØØ ÙÙ
ا اÙÙÙ٠صØÙØ. إذا ÙÙرت
Ù٠اÙØ£Ù
رÙÙ Ù
عا ÙÙ
ا اÙذ٠تØص٠عÙÙÙØ
-اÙØÙسبة اÙغادرة خطة Ùأخذ ØرÙتÙØ§Ø Ù
ع تÙدÙÙ
Ù
ÙاÙع ضئÙÙØ© Ùصر٠ÙظرÙا عÙ
ا ÙÙÙد.</p></li>
+Ù
ا ÙÙÙÙÙÙ٠صØÙØØ ÙÙ
ا اÙÙÙ٠صØÙØ. إذا ÙÙرت
Ù٠اÙØ£Ù
رÙÙ Ù
عÙا ÙÙ
ا اÙذ٠تØصÙ
+عÙÙÙØ Ø§ÙØÙسبة اÙغادرة خطة Ùأخذ ØرÙتÙØ§Ø Ù
ع
تÙدÙÙ
Ù
ÙاÙع ضئÙÙØ© Ùصر٠ÙظرÙا عÙ
ا
+ÙÙÙد.</p></li>
<li>Ù
اÙÙÙرÙسÙÙت تÙدÙ
اÙØراسة ÙÙ
عÙار Ø£Ù
اÙØ
Ùتدع٠أÙÙا ستØÙ
Ù Ù
٠اÙÙÙرÙØ³Ø§ØªØ ÙÙÙ Ùذا
اÙادعاء خاطئ تÙ
اÙ
Ùا. أشار Ø£Øد عرÙض Microsoft
Research Ù٠أÙتÙبر 2002 Ø¥Ù٠أÙ
@@ -184,7 +186,7 @@
<hr />
<blockquote id="fsfs"><p class="big">Ùذ٠اÙÙصÙØØ© ÙÙشرت ÙÙ <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Ù
جتÙ
ع
-اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة: ÙØµØ§Ø¦Ø Ù
ÙتÙاة Ù
٠رÙتشارد Ø¥Ù
. ستÙÙÙ
Ù</cite></a>.</p></blockquote>
+اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة: ÙØµØ§Ø¦Ø Ù
ÙتÙاة Ù
٠رÙتشارد Ø¥Ù
. ستاÙÙ
Ù</cite></a>.</p></blockquote>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -226,7 +228,7 @@
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">دÙÙ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø©</a>.</p>
</div>
-<p>Copyright © 2002Ø 2007 رÙتشارد ستÙÙÙ
Ù</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2002Ø 2007, 2014 رÙتشارد ستاÙÙ
Ù</p>
<p>Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙÙ Ù
رخص بÙ
Ùجب <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ar">رخصة اÙÙ
شاع
@@ -236,13 +238,13 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-ترجÙ
Ùا <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>أساÙ
Ø©
خاÙد</em></a><br
-/>.ÙرÙ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø© اÙعربÙØ© بإشرا٠<em>ØساÙ
ØسÙÙ</em>.</div>
+ترجÙ
Ø©: <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>أساÙ
Ø© خاÙد</em></a><br
+/>.تعدÙÙ ÙتصØÙØ: <em>ÙÙص٠عÙÙ
Ù ØسÙÙ</em>.</div>
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2014/11/08 21:21:42 $
+$Date: 2014/12/08 18:00:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: ebooks.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/ebooks.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- ebooks.ar.html 8 Nov 2014 21:21:43 -0000 1.15
+++ ebooks.ar.html 8 Dec 2014 18:00:11 -0000 1.16
@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
- value='<a href="/philosophy/po/ebooks.ar.po">
- http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/ebooks.ar.po</a>'
- --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/ebooks.html"
- --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value=""
- --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2011-07-14" -->
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/ebooks.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
@@ -14,27 +8,38 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/ebooks.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ar.html" -->
<h2>اÙÙتب اÙØ¥ÙÙترÙÙÙØ©: اÙØرÙØ© Ø£Ù ØÙÙÙ
اÙÙشر</h2>
-<p>بÙÙÙ
<a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>رÙتشارد
ستÙÙÙ
Ù</strong></a></p>
+<p>بÙÙÙ
<a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>رÙتشارد
ستاÙÙ
Ù</strong></a></p>
+<div class="announcement">
<blockquote>
-<p><em>(ÙØ°Ù Ùسخة Ù
عدÙØ© بشÙÙ Ø·ÙÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© اÙÙ
Ø´ÙرÙØ© ÙÙ <cite>Technology
+<p>اÙرأ Ø£Ùضا٠<a
href="/philosophy/ebooks-must-increase-freedom.html">Ùجب عÙÙ
+اÙÙتب اÙØ¥ÙÙترÙÙÙØ© أ٠تÙسع Ùطا٠ØرÙتÙا بدÙ
ØصرÙ</a>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p><em>(ÙØ°Ù Ùسخة Ù
عدÙØ© بشÙÙ Ø·ÙÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙØ´Ùرة ÙÙ <cite>Technology
Review</cite> عاÙ
2000).</em></p>
</blockquote>
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">شار٠ÙÙ ÙائÙ
تÙا اÙبرÙدÙØ©
+ØÙÙ Ù
خاطر اÙÙتب اÙØ¥ÙÙترÙÙÙØ©</a>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
<p>ÙÙضع ÙدÙÙ
Ùا -Ù٠عÙد اÙطباعة- تشرÙع ÙÙÙظÙÙ
اÙÙتابة ÙاÙÙشر اÙتجارÙÙÙ ÙسÙÙ
ÙÙ
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر. Ùا٠غرض ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر -ÙÙ
ا Ùص عÙÙÙ
اÙدستÙر اÙØ£Ù
رÙÙÙ- ”دعÙ
اÙÙÙضة“Ø ÙÙا٠اÙأسÙÙب اÙÙ
تبع جعÙ
اÙÙاشرÙÙ ÙØصÙÙ٠عÙ٠إذ٠Ù
٠اÙÙÙتÙاب
ÙاستخداÙ
أعÙ
اÙÙÙ
اÙØدÙثة.</p>
<p>ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙراء سبب ÙÙÙ ÙرÙض٠ÙØ£Ù ØÙÙÙ
اÙÙشر ÙÙ
تÙÙÙÙد سÙ٠اÙÙØ´Ø±Ø ÙÙÙس اÙØ£Ù
Ùر
-اÙت٠ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙراء اÙÙÙاÙ
بÙا. Ù٠تسبب Ù٠رÙع
سعر اÙÙتاب Ù
بÙغÙا ضئÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙ Ù
ا
-أثر عÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙÙ
اÙØ ÙÙÙس ØÙاة اÙÙراء. ÙدÙÙ
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر ÙÙ
ا أرÙد ب٠Ùائدة
-ÙÙعاÙ
Ø© بضرر ضئÙ٠عÙÙÙÙ
. ÙاÙ
-آ٠ذاÙ- بغرضÙ.</p>
+اÙت٠ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙراء اÙÙÙاÙ
بÙا. Ù٠تسبب Ù٠رÙع
سعر اÙÙتاب بÙدر ضئÙÙØ ÙÙÙ Ù
ا أثر
+عÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙÙ
اÙØ ÙÙÙس ØÙاة اÙÙراء. ÙدÙÙ
ت ØÙÙÙ
اÙÙشر ÙÙ
ا أرÙد بÙا Ùائدة ÙÙعÙ
ÙÙ
+بضرر ضئÙ٠عÙÙÙÙ
. ÙاÙ
ت -آ٠ذاÙ- بغرضÙا.</p>
-<p>بعد Ø°Ù٠أتت طرÙÙØ© جدÙدة ÙتÙزÙع اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات:
اÙØÙاسÙب ÙاÙشبÙات. Ù
ا ÙÙ
Ùز تÙÙÙØ©
+<p>بعد Ø°ÙÙØ Ø¸Ùرت طرÙÙØ© جدÙدة ÙتÙزÙع اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات: اÙØÙاسÙب ÙاÙشبÙات. Ù
ا ÙÙ
Ùز تÙÙÙØ©
اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات اÙرÙÙ
ÙØ© Ø£ÙÙا تÙسÙÙÙ Ùسخ ÙتعدÙÙ
اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
Ø§ØªØ Ø¨Ù
ا ÙÙ Ø°Ù٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
ÙاÙتسجÙÙات اÙÙ
ÙسÙÙÙØ© ÙاÙÙتب. أتاØت
اÙشبÙات Ø¥Ù
ÙاÙÙØ© اÙÙصÙ٠غÙر اÙÙ
ØدÙد Ø¥ÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© Ø£ÙÙاع اÙبÙاÙØ§ØªØ ÙÙ٠اÙØ£Ù
ر اÙØ°Ù Ùشب٠"Ù
دÙÙØ© اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات اÙÙاضÙØ©".</p>
@@ -42,13 +47,13 @@
<p>ÙÙ٠عÙبة ÙاÙت Ù٠اÙطرÙÙØ Ø£Ùا ÙÙÙ ØÙÙÙ
اÙÙشر. Ø£ØµØ¨Ø Ø§ÙÙراء اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙستÙÙدÙÙ Ù
Ù
ØÙاسÙبÙÙ
ÙÙ Ù
شارÙØ© اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات اÙÙ
ÙØ´Ùرة
خارÙÙ٠عÙ
ÙÙÙا ÙØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر. تغÙر اÙعاÙÙ
بسبب Ùذا اÙÙاÙÙÙØ ÙÙ
ا Ùا٠تشرÙعÙا صÙاعÙÙا
عÙ٠اÙÙاشرÙÙ Ø£ØµØ¨Ø Ø§ÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙدÙا عÙÙ
-اÙعاÙ
Ø© اÙØ°Ù٠أرÙدت Ù
صÙØتÙÙ
بÙ.</p>
+اÙعÙ
ÙÙ
اÙØ°Ù٠أرÙدت خدÙ
تÙÙ
بÙ.</p>
<p>ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
دÙÙ
Ùراط٠ØÙÙÙÙØ Ø§ÙÙاÙÙ٠اÙØ°Ù ÙÙ
Ùع ÙشاطÙا شائعÙا اعتÙادÙÙا Ù
ÙÙدÙا
-ÙÙغ٠بعد Ùترة ÙجÙزة. ÙÙÙ ÙÙØ© ÙÙبÙات
اÙÙاشرÙÙ Ù
Ùعت اÙعاÙ
Ø© Ù
٠اÙاستÙادة Ù
Ù ÙÙØ©
-ØÙاسÙبÙÙ
Ø ÙÙجدت ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر سÙاØÙا Ù
ÙائÙ
Ùا
ÙØ°ÙÙ. بدÙا Ù
٠أ٠تÙعدÙÙ ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر
-ÙتÙائÙ
اÙظرÙ٠اÙجدÙØ¯Ø©Ø Ø¬Ø¹ÙتÙا اÙØÙÙÙ
ات
تØت تأثÙر اÙÙÙبÙات Ø£Ùس٠Ù
٠أ٠ÙÙت
-Ù
ضÙØ ÙÙرضت عÙÙبات صارÙ
Ø© عÙ٠اÙÙراء اÙØ°ÙÙ
ÙÙÙبض عÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙÙ
ÙتشارÙÙÙ.</p>
+ÙÙغ٠بعد Ùترة ÙجÙزة. ÙÙÙ ÙÙØ© ÙÙبÙات
اÙÙاشرÙÙ Ù
Ùعت عÙ
ÙÙ
اÙÙاس Ù
٠اÙاستÙادة Ù
Ù
+ÙÙØ© ØÙاسÙبÙÙ
Ø ÙÙجدت ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر سÙاØÙا Ù
ÙائÙ
Ùا ÙØ°ÙÙ. بدÙا Ù
٠أ٠تÙعدÙÙ ØÙÙÙ
+اÙÙشر ÙتÙائÙ
اÙظرÙ٠اÙجدÙØ¯Ø©Ø Ø¬Ø¹ÙتÙا اÙØÙÙÙ
ات تØت تأثÙر اÙÙÙبÙات Ø£Ùس٠Ù
٠أÙ
+ÙÙت Ù
ضÙØ ÙÙرضت عÙÙبات صارÙ
Ø© عÙ٠اÙÙراء
اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙÙبض عÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙÙ
ÙتشارÙÙÙ.</p>
<p>ÙÙÙ ÙØ°Ù ÙÙست ÙÙاÙØ© اÙÙ
طاÙ. ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠تÙÙÙ
اÙØÙاسÙب أدÙاة ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙسÙطرة عÙدÙ
ا
تتØÙÙ
Ùئة صغÙرة بÙ
ا تÙÙÙ
ب٠ØÙاسÙب اÙآخرÙÙ.
ÙÙد اÙتش٠اÙÙاشرÙ٠أÙ٠بإجبار
@@ -61,21 +66,21 @@
ÙاÙÙÙÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ© عÙÙ ÙÙ Ø´ÙØ¡ ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙراء اÙÙÙاÙ
ب٠باÙÙتب اÙرÙÙ
ÙØ©. Øت٠اÙÙراءة
بدÙ٠تصرÙØ Ø£ØµØ¨Øت جرÙÙ
Ø©.</p>
-<p>ÙازÙÙا ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙس اÙØرÙات اÙÙدÙÙ
Ø© ÙÙ
اÙاستÙادة Ù
٠اÙÙتب اÙÙرÙÙØ©. ÙÙ٠إÙ
-استبدÙت اÙÙتب اÙرÙÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙتب اÙÙ
طبÙØ¹Ø©Ø ÙØ¥Ù
Ùذا اÙاستثÙاء ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
-Ù
ÙجÙدÙا. ÙÙ
Ù٠تÙزÙÙ ÙصÙص جدÙدة Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙرÙØ©
اÙت٠تبد٠Ù
طبÙعة عبر ”اÙØبر
-اÙØ¥ÙÙترÙÙÙ“ ب٠ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠تÙÙ٠اÙصØÙ Ù
تÙÙرة ÙÙÙÙ
ÙاØد ÙÙØ·. تخÙÙ: Ù٠تÙجد
-Ù
تاجر ÙÙÙتب اÙÙ
ستعÙ
ÙØ©Ø Ù٠تتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
٠إعارة
اÙÙتب ÙأصدÙائÙØ Ùا استعارة Ù
Ù
-اÙÙ
Ùتبات اÙعاÙ
Ø©Ø Ùا ”تسرÙب“ ÙÙÙ
ÙÙÙ
اÙبعض Ù
٠اÙÙراءة بدÙÙ
-اÙدÙع. ÙأخذÙا بدعاÙات Ùارئ Ù
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت
(Microsoft Reader)Ø Ù٠تÙجد Ø¥Ù
ÙاÙÙØ©
-Ùشراء اÙÙتب بشÙÙ Ù
جÙÙÙ. Ùذا Ù٠اÙعاÙÙ
اÙØ°Ù
ÙرÙد اÙÙاشرÙÙ ÙضعÙا ÙÙÙ.</p>
+<p>ÙازÙÙا ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙس اÙØرÙات اÙÙدÙÙ
Ø© ÙÙ
اÙاستÙادة Ù
٠اÙÙتب اÙÙرÙÙØ©. ÙÙ٠إ٠عÙضت
+اÙÙتب اÙرÙÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙتب اÙÙ
طبÙØ¹Ø©Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ùذا
اÙاستثÙاء ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ Ù
ÙجÙدÙا. ÙÙ
Ù٠تÙزÙÙ
+ÙصÙص جدÙدة Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙرÙØ© اÙت٠تبد٠Ù
طبÙعة عبر
”اÙØبر اÙØ¥ÙÙترÙÙÙ“ بÙ
+ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠تÙÙ٠اÙصØÙ Ù
تÙÙرة ÙÙÙÙ
ÙاØد ÙÙØ·.
تخÙÙ: Ù٠تÙجد Ù
تاجر ÙÙÙتب
+اÙÙ
ستعÙ
ÙØ©Ø Ù٠تتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
٠إعارة اÙÙتب
ÙأصدÙائÙØ Ùا استعارة Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ùتبات اÙعاÙ
Ø©Ø
+Ùا ”تسرÙب“ ÙÙÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙبعض Ù
٠اÙÙراءة
بدÙ٠اÙدÙع. ÙأخذÙا بدعاÙات
+Ùارئ Ù
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت (Microsoft Reader)Ø Ù٠تÙجد Ø¥Ù
ÙاÙÙØ© Ùشراء اÙÙتب بشÙÙ
+Ù
جÙÙÙ. Ùذا Ù٠اÙعاÙÙ
اÙØ°Ù ÙرÙد اÙÙاشرÙÙ
ÙضعÙا ÙÙÙ.</p>
<p>ÙÙ
اذا ÙÙدر اÙØدÙØ« اÙعاÙ
ع٠Ùذ٠اÙتغÙÙرات
اÙجذرÙØ©Ø ÙÙ
Ùخطر ببا٠ÙØ«Ùر Ù
Ù
اÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙ٠اÙتÙÙÙر باÙÙضاÙا اÙسÙاسÙØ© اÙÙ
تعÙÙØ© باÙتÙÙÙات اÙÙ
ستÙبÙÙØ©. Ùذا
-باÙإضاÙØ© Ø¥Ù٠أ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø© أخبرÙا Ø£Ù ØÙÙÙ
اÙÙشر ÙÙجدت ٔتØÙ
Ù“ Ù
اÙÙÙ
-ØÙÙ٠اÙÙØ´Ø±Ø Ø¨Ø¥ÙØاء ضÙ
Ù٠إÙ٠أ٠Ù
صاÙØ Ø§ÙعاÙ
Ø© ÙÙست ذات اعتبار.</p>
+باÙإضاÙØ© Ø¥Ù٠أ٠اÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙÙ Ùد أخبرÙا بأÙ
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر ÙÙجدت ٔتØÙ
Ù“
+Ù
اÙÙÙ ØÙÙ٠اÙÙØ´Ø±Ø Ø¨Ø¥ÙØاء ضÙ
Ù٠إÙ٠أ٠Ù
صاÙØ
عÙ
ÙÙ
اÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙÙ ÙÙست ذات اعتبار.</p>
-<p>ÙÙ٠عÙدÙ
ا Ùبدأ اÙعاÙ
Ø© باستخداÙ
اÙÙتب
اÙرÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙتشÙÙ٠اÙÙظاÙ
اÙذ٠جÙÙز٠ÙÙÙ
+<p>ÙÙ٠عÙدÙ
ا Ùبدأ اÙÙراء باستخداÙ
اÙÙتب
اÙرÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙتشÙÙ٠اÙÙظاÙ
اÙذ٠جÙÙز٠ÙÙÙ
اÙÙاشرÙÙØ ÙسÙبدؤÙ٠باÙÙ
عارضة. Ù٠تÙبÙ
اÙبشرÙØ© Ùذ٠اÙعبÙدÙØ© ÙÙأبد.</p>
<p>سÙÙ ÙØاÙ٠اÙÙاشرÙ٠إÙÙاعÙا Ø£Ù ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر
اÙÙÙ
عÙØ© Ù٠اÙÙسÙÙØ© اÙÙØÙدة ÙØ¥ØÙاء
@@ -143,13 +148,13 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-ترجÙ
Ùا <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>أساÙ
Ø©
خاÙد</em></a><br />.ÙرÙÙ
-اÙترجÙ
Ø© اÙعربÙØ© بإشرا٠<em>ØساÙ
ØسÙÙ</em>.</div>
+ترجÙ
Ø©: <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>أساÙ
Ø©
خاÙد</em></a><br />.تعدÙÙ
+ÙتصØÙØ: <em>ÙÙص٠عÙÙ
Ù ØسÙÙ</em>.</div>
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدثت:
-$Date: 2014/11/08 21:21:43 $
+$Date: 2014/12/08 18:00:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: not-ipr.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.20
retrieving revision 1.21
diff -u -b -r1.20 -r1.21
--- not-ipr.ar.html 8 Nov 2014 21:21:44 -0000 1.20
+++ not-ipr.ar.html 8 Dec 2014 18:00:11 -0000 1.21
@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
- value='<a href="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ar.po">
- http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ar.po</a>'
- --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"
- --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ar-diff.html"
- --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-07-22" -->
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
@@ -15,17 +9,16 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ar.html" -->
<h2>Ø£ÙÙت ”Ù
ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙرÙØ©“Ø Ø¥ÙÙا سراب
Ùاذب</h2>
-<p>بÙÙÙ
<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">رÙتشارد Ø¥Ù
. ستÙÙÙ
Ù</a></p>
+<p>بÙÙÙ
<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">رÙتشارد Ø¥Ù
. ستاÙÙ
Ù</a></p>
<p>
ÙÙد صار Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ø£ÙÙ٠أ٠تÙضع ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر
Ùبراءات اÙاختراع ÙاÙعÙاÙ
ات اÙتجارÙØ©
(ÙÙÙ Ø«Ùاثة ÙÙاÙات Ù
ختÙÙØ© ÙÙ
ÙÙصÙØ© ÙÙا Ø«Ùاثة
ÙÙاÙÙÙ Ù
ختÙÙØ© ÙÙ
ÙÙصÙØ©) ÙإثÙا عشر
ÙاÙÙÙÙا آخرÙا Ù٠طب٠ÙاØد Ùأ٠تÙسÙ
Ù ”Ù
ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙرÙØ©“. Ø¥Ù Ùذا
-اÙÙ
صطÙØ Ø§ÙÙ
ضÙÙ ÙاÙÙ
Ø´ÙØ´ ÙÙ
ÙÙتج ع٠Ù
صادÙØ© Ù
Øضة ÙÙÙد رÙجت٠اÙشرÙات اÙÙ
ستÙÙدة
-Ù
٠اÙÙØºØ·Ø Ù Ø¥Ù Ø£Ùض٠ÙسÙÙØ© ÙÙتخÙص Ù
Ù٠رÙض اÙÙ
صطÙØ Ø¬Ù
ÙØ© ÙتÙصÙÙا.
+اÙÙ
صطÙØ Ø§ÙÙ
ضÙÙ ÙاÙÙ
Ø´ÙØ´ ÙÙ
ÙÙتج ع٠Ù
صادÙØ© Ù
ØØ¶Ø©Ø ÙÙد رÙجت٠اÙشرÙات اÙÙ
ستÙÙدة
+Ù
٠اÙÙØºØ·Ø ÙØ£Ùض٠ÙسÙÙØ© ÙÙتخÙص Ù
Ù٠تÙÙ
Ù ÙÙ
رÙض اÙÙ
صطÙØ Ø¬Ù
ÙØ© ÙتÙصÙÙا.
</p>
<p>
@@ -44,16 +37,16 @@
إ٠اÙÙ
صطÙØ ÙØÙ
Ù Ø®ÙØ·Ùا ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙصعب Ù
ÙاØظتÙØ ÙÙÙ Ùشب٠ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر Ùبراءات
اÙاختراع ÙاÙعÙاÙ
ات اÙتجارÙØ© بØÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙÙØ©
اÙأجساÙ
اÙÙ
ØسÙسة. (Ø¥Ù Ùذا اÙتشبÙÙ
Ùتعارض Ù
ع اÙÙÙسÙØ© اÙÙاÙÙÙÙØ© ÙÙاÙÙÙ ØÙÙÙ
اÙÙشر ÙÙاÙÙ٠براءات اÙاختراع ÙÙاÙÙÙ
-اÙعÙاÙ
ات اÙتجارÙØ©Ø ÙÙ٠اÙÙ
تخصصÙÙ ÙØدÙÙ
ÙعرÙÙÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ.) Ùذ٠اÙÙÙاÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙØÙÙÙØ©
+اÙعÙاÙ
ات اÙتجارÙØ©Ø ÙÙ٠اÙÙ
تخصصÙÙ ÙØدÙÙ
ÙعرÙÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ.) Ùذ٠اÙÙÙاÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙØÙÙÙØ©
Ùا تشب٠ÙاÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙÙ
ØسÙØ³Ø©Ø ÙÙÙ
استخداÙ
اÙÙ
صطÙØ Ùجع٠اÙÙ
شرعÙÙ ÙغÙرÙÙÙا
-ÙتشبÙÙØ ÙÙØ£Ù Ùذا اÙتغÙÙر تطÙ
Ø Ø¥ÙÙ٠اÙشرÙات
اÙت٠تستÙÙد Ù
Ù ÙÙÙ ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر
+ÙتشبÙÙØ ÙبÙ
ا Ø£Ù Ùذا اÙتغÙÙر ÙعÙس Ø·Ù
ÙØ
اÙشرÙات اÙت٠تستÙÙد Ù
Ù ÙÙÙ ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر
Ùبرءات اÙاختراع ÙاÙعÙاÙ
ات اÙتجارÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥Ù
اÙØ®ÙØ· اÙÙاتج ع٠Ù
صطÙØ ”Ù
ÙÙÙØ©
ÙÙرÙØ©“ ÙرÙÙ ÙÙÙ
.
</p>
<p>
إ٠اÙØ®ÙØ· Ùعد سببÙا ÙاÙÙÙا ÙرÙض اÙÙ
صطÙØØ
ÙÙÙد Ø·Ùب Ù
Ù٠اÙÙاس Ù
رارÙا أ٠أÙترØ
-أسÙ
اء٠أخر٠ÙÙا Ù
عÙا (ÙÙÙد اÙØªØ±Ø Ø§Ùبعض
بدائ٠Ù
٠عÙدÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø¹Ø¶Ùا عÙ٠سبÙÙ
+أسÙ
اء٠أخر٠ÙÙا Ù
عÙØ§Ø ÙÙ
ا اÙØªØ±Ø Ø§Ùبعض
بدائ٠Ù
٠عÙدÙÙ
(بعضÙا عÙ٠سبÙÙ
اÙطراÙØ©). Ù
٠اÙأسÙ
اء اÙÙ
ÙترØØ© IMPs (Imposed Monopoly
Privileges) اÙصÙاØÙات
اÙاØتÙارÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙرÙØ¶Ø©Ø Ù GOLEMs (Government-Originated
Legally Enforced
Monopolies) اÙاØتÙارات اÙت٠تÙظÙ
اÙØÙÙÙ
Ø© ÙرضÙا
ÙاÙÙÙÙÙا. اÙØªØ±Ø Ø§Ùبعض
@@ -62,11 +55,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-تعتبر بعض تÙ٠اÙأسÙ
اء Ø£ÙضÙØ ÙÙ٠استبداÙ
”اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙÙÙرÙØ©“ بأÙ
-اسÙ
آخر Ø®Ø·Ø£Ø Ùأ٠أ٠اسÙ
آخر ÙÙ ÙعاÙج اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© اÙØ£ÙØ¨Ø±Ø Ø£Ùا ÙÙ٠اÙÙ
باÙغة ÙÙ
-اÙتعÙ
ÙÙ
. Ùا ÙÙجد Ø´ÙØ¡ ÙاØد اسÙ
Ù ”Ù
ÙÙÙØ©
ÙÙرÙØ©“Ø Ø¨Ù Ù٠سراب. Ø¥Ù
-اÙاÙتشار اÙÙاسع ÙاستخداÙ
اÙÙ
صطÙØ Ù٠اÙØ£Ù
ر
اÙÙØÙد اÙØ°Ù Ùجع٠اÙÙاس ÙظÙÙ٠أÙÙ
-Ùعاء Ù
ÙائÙ
.
+Ùد ÙÙÙÙ Ù
٠اﻷÙض٠استخداÙ
بعض تÙ٠اÙأسÙ
اءØ
ÙÙÙ Ù
٠اÙخطأ تعÙÙض ”اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©
+اÙÙÙرÙØ©“ بأ٠ÙÙظ Ø¢Ø®Ø±Ø Ùأ٠أ٠ÙÙظ آخر ÙÙ
ÙعاÙج اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© اÙأساسÙØ©Ø Ø£Ùا
+ÙÙ٠اÙÙ
باÙغة Ù٠اÙتعÙ
ÙÙ
. Ùا ÙÙجد Ø´ÙØ¡ ÙاØد
اسÙ
Ù ”Ù
ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙرÙØ©“Ø Ø¨Ù
+Ù٠سراب. إ٠اÙاÙتشار اÙÙاسع ÙاستخداÙ
اÙÙ
صطÙØ Ù٠اÙØ£Ù
ر اÙÙØÙد اÙØ°Ù Ùجع٠اÙÙاس
+ÙظÙÙ٠أÙ٠تصÙÙÙ Ù
ÙائÙ
.
</p>
<p>
@@ -77,53 +70,75 @@
<p>
Ùا Ø´ÙØ¡ أبعد Ù
Ù Ùذا اÙاÙتراض. تÙ٠اÙÙÙاÙÙÙ
ذات أصÙÙ Ù
ختÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙتعاÙ
Ù Ù
عÙا عÙÙ
-أساس Ù
ختÙÙØ Ùتغط٠Ùشاطات Ù
ختÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙا
ÙÙاعد Ù
ختÙÙØ©Ø Ùتؤثر عÙ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø© Ù
٠جÙات
+أساس Ù
ختÙÙØ Ùتغط٠Ùشاطات Ù
ختÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙا
ÙÙاعد Ù
ختÙÙØ©Ø Ùتؤثر عÙ٠اÙعÙ
ÙÙ
Ù
٠جÙات
Ù
ختÙÙØ©.
</p>
<p>
-صÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙاÙÙÙ ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر ÙتشجÙع اÙتأÙÙÙ
ÙاÙÙÙØ ÙÙÙ Ùغط٠تÙاصÙ٠اÙعÙ
ÙØ ÙأرÙد
-بÙاÙÙ٠براءات اÙاختراع تشجÙع Ùشر اÙØ£ÙÙار
اÙÙ
ÙÙØ¯Ø©Ø Ù
Ùاب٠إعطاء Ù
Ù ÙÙشر ÙÙرة
+صÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙاÙÙÙ ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر ÙتشجÙع اÙتأÙÙÙ
ÙاÙÙÙØ ÙÙÙ Ùغط٠تÙاصÙ٠اÙعÙ
ÙØ ÙØ£ÙرÙدÙ
+بÙاÙÙ٠براءات اÙاختراع تشجÙع٠Ùشر اÙØ£ÙÙار
اÙÙ
ÙÙØ¯Ø©Ø Ù
Ùاب٠إعطاء Ù
Ù ÙÙشر ÙÙرة
اØتÙارÙا Ù
ؤÙتÙا ÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙ Ø«Ù
Ù ÙستØ٠اÙدÙع
Ù٠بعض اÙÙ
جاÙات ÙÙا ÙستØÙ Ù٠غÙرÙا.
</p>
<p>
-ÙØ£Ù
ا ÙاÙÙ٠اÙعÙاÙ
ات اÙتجارÙØ©Ø ÙعÙ٠اÙعÙسØ
ÙÙ
ÙÙرÙد ب٠تشجÙع أ٠تصر٠Ù
عÙÙØ Ø¨Ù
+Ø£Ù
ا ÙاÙÙ٠اÙعÙاÙ
ات اÙتجارÙØ©Ø ÙعÙ٠اÙعÙسØ
ÙÙ
ÙÙرÙد ب٠تشجÙع أ٠تصر٠Ù
عÙÙØ Ø¨Ù
تÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙÙ
شترÙÙ Ù
٠تÙ
ÙÙز Ù
ا ÙشترÙÙÙØ ÙÙ٠اÙÙ
شرعÙ٠تØت تأثÙر ”اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©
اÙÙÙرÙØ©“ ØÙÙÙ٠إÙÙ ÙاÙÙÙ Ùشجع اÙإعÙاÙ.
</p>
<p>
-ÙبÙ
ا أ٠تÙÙÙ
اÙÙÙاÙÙÙ Ùشأت بشÙÙ Ù
ستÙÙØ ÙÙÙ
تختÙÙ ÙÙ Ù٠تÙاصÙÙÙØ§Ø Ùذا
+ÙبÙ
ا أ٠تÙ٠اÙÙÙاÙÙÙ Ùد Ùشأت بشÙÙ Ù
ستÙÙØ
ÙÙ٠تختÙÙ ÙÙ Ù٠تÙاصÙÙÙØ§Ø Ùذا
باÙإضاÙØ© Ø¥Ù٠أÙداÙÙا ÙÙسائÙÙا اÙأساسÙØ©Ø
ÙÙذا إ٠عرÙت Ø´ÙئÙا ع٠ÙاÙÙÙ ØÙÙÙ
اÙÙØ´Ø±Ø ÙÙ
٠اÙØÙÙ
Ø© أ٠تÙترض Ø£Ù ÙاÙÙ٠براءات
اÙاختراع ÙخاÙÙÙ. ÙادرÙا Ù
ا ستخطئ!
</p>
<p>
+عÙ
ÙÙاÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ù
عظÙ
اÙتصرÙØات اÙعاÙ
Ø© اÙÙ
ÙصاغÙØ© باستخداÙ
Ù
صطÙØ “اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©
+اÙÙÙرÙØ©” خاطئة. ÙعÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ ÙØ¥ÙÙ
ستجد تصرÙØات تزعÙ
بأ٠اÙÙدÙ
+“Ù
ÙÙا” ÙÙ “تØÙÙز اÙابتÙار”Ø ÙÙÙ
Ù
Ø«Ù Ùذ٠اÙتصرÙØات Ùا
+تتÙاسب Ø¥Ùا Ù
ع ÙاÙÙ٠براءات اÙاختراع أ٠ربÙ
ا Ù
ع اÙاØتÙارات اÙÙ
رتبطة باﻷصÙاÙ
+اÙÙباتÙØ©. ÙاÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙÙÙرÙØ© Ùا ÙÙÙ٠أÙÙ
ÙØ© تذÙر ÙÙابتÙØ§Ø±Ø ÙأغÙÙØ© اÙبÙب Ø£Ù
+اÙرÙاÙØ© Ù
ØÙ
ÙØ© بÙÙاÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙÙÙرÙØ© ØتÙ
ÙØ¥Ù ÙاÙت تخÙÙ ÙÙÙا٠Ù
Ù Øس
+اÙابتÙار. ÙÙاÙÙ٠اÙعÙاÙ
ات اÙتجارÙØ© Ùا ÙÙتÙ
باÙابتÙØ§Ø±Ø ÙØ£Ù٠إ٠ÙتØت Ù
تجراÙ
+ÙبÙع اÙشا٠ÙسÙ
Ùت٠“rms tea”Ø Ùإ٠عÙاÙ
تÙ
اÙتجارÙØ© Ùد ØªØµØ¨Ø Ø¹ÙاÙ
Ø©
+ÙÙÙØ© Øت٠إ٠ÙÙ
ت ببÙع ÙÙس أصÙا٠اÙشا٠بÙÙس
اÙطرÙÙØ© ÙباÙ٠اÙÙ
تاجر
+اﻷخرÙ. ÙÙاÙÙ٠اÙسر اÙتجار٠Ùا ÙÙتÙ
باÙابتÙØ§Ø±Ø ÙغاÙبا٠Ù
ا ÙبÙ٠دÙر٠ÙاÙ
Ø´ÙاÙ
+ÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
جاÙ. ÙائÙ
Ø© اÙزبائ٠اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙتÙÙÙ
اÙشا٠Ù
Ù Ù
تجر٠Ùد تÙÙ٠سراÙ
+تجارÙا٠رغÙ
اÙعداÙ
أ٠عÙاÙØ© ÙÙا باÙابتÙار.
</p>
+
+<p>
+ÙÙا٠أÙضا٠تصرÙØات تؤÙد عÙ٠أ٠“اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©
اÙÙÙرÙØ©” تÙتÙ
+“باÙابتÙار”Ø ÙÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ Ùا ÙÙطب٠ÙÙ
اÙØÙÙÙØ© Ø¥Ùا عÙÙ ÙاÙÙÙ ØÙÙÙ
+اÙÙشر. اÙØصÙ٠عÙ٠اختراع Ù
ÙØÙÙ
ÙÙ٠ببراءة
اختراع Ùا ÙØتاج ÙÙØ· ÙØس
+اÙابتÙار. ÙاÙÙ٠اÙعÙاÙ
ات اÙتجارÙØ© ÙÙاÙÙÙ
اÙسر اÙتجار٠Ùا ÙÙ
تÙا٠بأ٠صÙØ©
+ÙÙابتÙار. ÙÙس ÙÙا٠ÙÙا ذرة Ù
٠اÙابتÙار ÙÙ
اسÙ
“rms tea”Ø ÙÙا ÙÙ
+ÙائÙ
Ø© اÙزبائ٠اÙسرÙØ©.</p>
+
+<p>
غاÙبÙا Ù
ا ÙÙÙ٠اÙÙاس ”اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©
اÙÙÙرÙØ©“ عÙدÙ
ا ÙعÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙØÙÙÙØ©
تصÙÙÙÙا Ø£Ùسع أ٠أصغر. ÙعÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ
ÙØ«ÙرÙا Ù
ا تÙرض اÙدÙ٠اÙغÙÙØ© ÙÙاÙÙÙ
جائرة عÙ٠اÙدÙ٠اÙÙÙÙرة Ùأخذ Ø£Ù
ÙاÙÙا. بعض
Ùذ٠اÙÙÙاÙÙÙ ÙÙاÙÙÙ ”Ù
ÙÙÙØ©
-ÙÙرÙØ©“Ø ÙبعضÙا ÙÙس ÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙتÙدÙا Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ù
ارسة ÙستخدÙ
ÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
صطÙØ
+ÙÙرÙØ©“Ø ÙبعضÙا ÙÙس ÙØ°ÙÙ. ÙÙ
ÙتÙدÙا ÙØ°Ù
اÙÙ
Ù
ارسة ÙستخدÙ
ÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
صطÙØ
ÙØ£Ù٠أضØÙ Ù
Ø£ÙÙÙÙا باÙÙسبة ÙÙÙ
Ø ÙÙ٠استخداÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙ Ùا ÙدعÙ
اÙÙضÙØ©. Ù
٠اÙØ£ÙضÙ
استخداÙ
اÙÙ
صطÙØ Ø§ÙدÙÙÙ Ù
Ø«Ù ”اÙاستعÙ
ار
اÙتشرÙعٓ ÙØ£ÙÙ ÙتÙاÙ٠صÙب
اÙÙضÙØ©.
</p>
<p>
-Ùا ÙضÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
صطÙØ Ø§ÙعاÙ
Ø© ÙØدÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ù ØتÙ
صÙاع اÙÙرار ÙخدعÙÙ ÙÙÙضÙÙÙ٠بإغراء
-Ù
صطÙØ ”Ù
ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙرÙØ©“Ø ÙÙصرØÙÙ
بتصرÙØات عاÙ
Ø© تتÙاÙض Ù
ع Ù
ا
-ÙعرÙÙÙ. عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ Ùتب Ø£Øد اÙأستاذة
عاÙ
2006:
+Ùا ÙضÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
صطÙØ Ø¹Ù
ÙÙ
اÙÙاس ÙØدÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ù Ø¥Ù
صÙاع اÙÙرار Ø£Ùضا٠ÙخدعÙÙ
+ÙÙÙضÙÙÙ٠بإغراء Ù
صطÙØ ”Ù
ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙرÙØ©“Ø
ÙÙÙصÙÙرØÙ٠بتصرÙØات عاÙ
Ø©
+تتÙاÙض Ù
ع Ù
ا ÙعرÙÙÙÙ. عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ Ùتب
Ø£Øد اÙأستاذة عاÙ
2006:
</p>
<blockquote><p>
-Ùا٠صائغ٠دستÙر اÙÙÙاÙات اÙÙ
تØدة ÙتبÙÙÙ
ÙÙاعة تدعÙ
اÙتÙاÙس Ù٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©
+Ùا٠صائع٠دستÙر اÙÙÙاÙات اÙÙ
تØدة ÙتبÙÙÙ
ÙÙاعة تدعÙ
اÙتÙاÙس Ù٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©
اÙÙÙرÙØ©Ø Ø®ÙاÙÙا ÙØ£ØÙادÙÙ
اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙعÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
WIPO. ÙÙد Ø¢Ù
ÙÙا بأ٠اÙØÙÙÙ Ùد تÙÙÙ
-ضرÙرÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙدÙا Ùد٠اÙÙÙÙغرس ÙØجرÙا
عÙ٠سÙطت٠بطر٠عدة.
+ضرÙرÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙدÙا Ø£Ùد٠اÙÙÙÙغرس ÙØجرÙا
عÙ٠سÙطت٠بطر٠Ù
تعددة.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-تشÙر Ùذ٠اÙعبارة Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙ
ادة 1 اÙÙسÙ
8 اÙبÙد 8
Ù
٠دستÙر اÙÙÙاÙات اÙÙ
تØدة
-ÙاÙØ°Ù ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر Ùبراءات اÙاختراع.
ÙÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙØ¹Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ø©Ø Ùا تتÙاÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙرÙب
+تشÙر Ùذ٠اÙعبارة Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙ
ادة 1 اÙÙسÙ
8 اÙبÙد 8
Ù
٠دستÙر اÙÙÙاÙات اÙÙ
تØدةØ
+ÙاÙØ°Ù ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر Ùبراءات اÙاختراع.
ÙÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙعبارة Ùا تتÙاÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙرÙب
ÙÙا بعÙد ÙاÙÙ٠اÙعÙاÙ
ات اÙتجارÙØ© ÙÙا غÙرÙا
Ù
٠اÙÙÙاÙÙÙ. ÙÙد Ùاد Ù
صطÙØ
”اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙÙÙرÙØ©“ اÙأستاذ Ø¥Ù٠اÙتعÙ
ÙÙ
اÙخاطئ.
</p>
@@ -172,14 +187,28 @@
اÙتجارÙØ© أ٠غÙرÙا Ù
٠اÙÙÙاÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ختÙÙØ©Ø
Ùإ٠أÙ٠خطÙØ© Ùجدر اÙÙÙاÙ
بÙا ÙسÙاÙ
ØشرÙا Ù
عÙØ§Ø ÙÙ
عاÙ
ÙتÙا ÙÙضاÙا Ù
ÙÙصÙØ©.
اÙخطÙØ© اÙثاÙÙØ© Ù٠رÙض اÙÙظرة اÙسطØÙØ©
اÙت٠ÙÙرضÙا Ù
صطÙØ ”اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙÙÙرÙØ©“.
اعتبر Ø£Ù ÙÙ ÙاØدة Ù
Ù ÙØ°Ù
-اÙÙÙاÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙصÙØ© (تÙ
اÙ
Ùا) ÙØ³ØªØªØ§Ø ÙÙ Ùرصة
اÙدراسة اÙصائبة.
+اÙÙÙاÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙصÙØ© (تÙ
اÙ
Ùا) ÙØ³ØªØªØ§Ø ÙÙ Ùرصة
اÙدراسة اÙصائبة.
</p>
-<p>ÙعÙدÙ
ا ÙØÙÙ Ù
Ùعد إعادة تشÙÙÙ WIPO ÙÙا Ø <a
+<p>ÙعÙدÙ
ا ÙØÙÙ Ù
Ùعد إعادة تشÙÙÙ WIPOØ ÙÙا <a
href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">Ø£Øد اÙاÙتراØات
ÙتغÙر اسÙ
ÙجÙÙر WIPO</a>.
</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+إ٠أÙج٠اÙتشاب٠بÙ٠اÙدÙ٠اﻷÙرÙÙÙØ© تÙÙÙ
بÙØ«Ùر Ø£Ùج٠اÙتشاب٠بÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙÙاÙÙÙØ
+ÙÙ
ا Ø£Ù “Ø£ÙرÙÙÙا” تشÙÙ Ù
ÙÙÙÙ
اÙ
جغراÙÙا٠Ù
ترابطاÙ. ÙÙ
ع Ø°ÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù <a
+href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton">
اÙØدÙØ«
+ع٠“Ø£ÙرÙÙÙا” بد٠اÙØدÙØ« ع٠بÙد Ù
عÙÙ
Ùؤد٠إÙÙ ÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙØ®ÙØ·</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<a
+href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/">
+رÙÙارد ÙاÙÙÙÙÙج٠ÙؤÙد اÙتخÙ٠ع٠Ùذا اÙÙ
صطÙØ</a>.</p>
+
<div class="translators-notes">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -236,7 +265,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010 رÙتشارد Ù
. ستÙÙÙ
اÙ</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013 رÙتشارد Ù
. ستاÙÙ
Ù</p>
<p>Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙÙ Ù
رخص بÙ
Ùجب <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ar">رخصة اÙÙ
شاع
@@ -246,12 +275,12 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-تÙ
تØدÙØ« اÙترجÙ
Ø© بÙاسطة: رÙÙ٠إ. ÙÙÙاÙ</div>
+تÙ
تØدÙØ« اÙترجÙ
Ø© Ù
Ù ÙبÙ: رÙÙ٠إ. ÙÙÙا٠Ù
ÙÙص٠عÙÙ
Ù ØسÙÙ</div>
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2014/11/08 21:21:44 $
+$Date: 2014/12/08 18:00:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: right-to-read.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.92
retrieving revision 1.93
diff -u -b -r1.92 -r1.93
--- right-to-read.fr.html 19 Apr 2014 12:35:47 -0000 1.92
+++ right-to-read.fr.html 8 Dec 2014 18:00:11 -0000 1.93
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/right-to-read.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
- <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/right-to-read.en.html" -->
-
<title>Le droit de lire - Projet GNU - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.translist" -->
@@ -168,10 +166,21 @@
le droit universel de lire devint bientôt un de ses objectifs principaux.</p>
-<h3 id="AuthorsNote">Note de l'auteur</h3>
+<h3 id="AuthorsNote">Notes de l'auteur</h3>
-<p>[Cette note a été modifiée plusieurs fois depuis la première
publication de
-cette histoire.]</p>
+<ul>
+<li>Cette histoire est un article historique fictif qui sera écrit dans le
futur
+par quelqu'un d'autre pour décrire la jeunesse de Dan Halbert au sein d'une
+société répressive mise en place par des ennemis utilisant le mot «Â
pirate »
+dans leur propagande. La terminologie de cette société y est donc
+employée. J'ai tenté d'adopter le point de vue de notre époque afin de
+renforcer l'impression de tyrannie. Consultez <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">« Piratage »</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+<p>La note suivante a été modifiée plusieurs fois depuis la première
+publication de cette histoire.</p>
<p>
C'est aujourd'hui même qu'on se bat pour le droit de lire. Bien que cela
@@ -316,6 +325,8 @@
Il s'agit d'une approche intéressante du quatrième amendement : pousser
presque tous les gens à accepter d'avance de renoncer aux droits qu'il leur
accorde.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
<h3 id="BadNews">Mauvaises nouvelles</h3>
@@ -465,7 +476,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
rel="license"
@@ -483,7 +494,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2014/04/19 12:35:47 $
+$Date: 2014/12/08 18:00:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: rms-on-radio-nz.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/rms-on-radio-nz.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.39
retrieving revision 1.40
diff -u -b -r1.39 -r1.40
--- rms-on-radio-nz.fr.html 19 Apr 2014 12:35:48 -0000 1.39
+++ rms-on-radio-nz.fr.html 8 Dec 2014 18:00:12 -0000 1.40
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/rms-on-radio-nz.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
- <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/rms-on-radio-nz.en.html" -->
-
<title>RMS sur Radio New Zealand - Projet GNU - Free Software
Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-on-radio-nz.translist" -->
@@ -1047,7 +1045,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2014/04/19 12:35:48 $
+$Date: 2014/12/08 18:00:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/15-years-of-free-software.ar.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/15-years-of-free-software.ar.po,v
retrieving revision 1.24
retrieving revision 1.25
diff -u -b -r1.24 -r1.25
--- po/15-years-of-free-software.ar.po 8 Dec 2014 17:52:58 -0000 1.24
+++ po/15-years-of-free-software.ar.po 8 Dec 2014 18:00:13 -0000 1.25
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2011-07-14 04:29-0300\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=6; plural=n==0 ? 0 : n==1 ? 1 : n==2 ? 2 : n%100>=3 "
"&& n%100<=10 ? 3 : n%100>=11 && n%100<=99 ? 4 : 5;\n"
"X-Generator: Lokalize 1.0\n"
@@ -78,16 +77,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The GNU Project was founded to change all that. Its first goal: to "
-#| "develop a Unix-compatible portable operating system that would be 100% "
-#| "free software. Not 95% free, not 99.5%, but 100%—so that users "
-#| "would be free to redistribute the whole system, and free to change and "
-#| "contribute to any part of it. The name of the system, GNU, is a recursive "
-#| "acronym meaning “GNU's Not Unix”—a way of paying "
-#| "tribute to Unix, while at the same time saying that GNU is something "
-#| "different. Technically, GNU is like Unix. But unlike Unix, GNU gives its "
-#| "users freedom."
msgid ""
"The GNU Project was founded to change all that. Its first goal: to develop a "
"Unix-compatible portable operating system that would be 100% free software. "
Index: po/can-you-trust.ar.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/can-you-trust.ar.po,v
retrieving revision 1.33
retrieving revision 1.34
diff -u -b -r1.33 -r1.34
--- po/can-you-trust.ar.po 8 Dec 2014 17:52:58 -0000 1.33
+++ po/can-you-trust.ar.po 8 Dec 2014 18:00:13 -0000 1.34
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2011-07-14 04:29-0300\n"
"X-Generator: Lokalize 1.0\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=6; plural=n==0 ? 0 : n==1 ? 1 : n==2 ? 2 : n%100>=3 "
"&& n%100<=10 ? 3 : n%100>=11 && n%100<=99 ? 4 : 5;\n"
@@ -221,15 +220,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "You might think you can find out what nasty things a treacherous "
-#| "computing application does, study how painful they are, and decide "
-#| "whether to accept them. It would be short-sighted and foolish to accept, "
-#| "but the point is that the deal you think you are making won't stand "
-#| "still. Once you come to depend on using the program, you are hooked and "
-#| "they know it; then they can change the deal. Some applications will "
-#| "automatically download upgrades that will do something different—"
-#| "and they won't give you a choice about whether to upgrade."
msgid ""
"You might think you can find out what nasty things a treacherous-computing "
"application does, study how painful they are, and decide whether to accept "
@@ -367,15 +357,6 @@
# type: Content of: <ol><li><p>
#. type: Content of: <ol><li><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "When someone uses GPG to send you an encrypted document, and you use GPG "
-#| "to decode it, the result is an unencrypted document that you can read, "
-#| "forward, copy, and even re-encrypt to send it securely to someone else. "
-#| "A treacherous computing application would let you read the words on the "
-#| "screen, but would not let you produce an unencrypted document that you "
-#| "could use in other ways. GPG, a free software package, makes security "
-#| "features available to the users; they use it. Treacherous computing is "
-#| "designed to impose restrictions on the users; it uses them."
msgid ""
"When someone uses GPG to send you an encrypted document, and you use GPG to "
"decode it, the result is an unencrypted document that you can read, forward, "
@@ -558,7 +539,6 @@
# type: Content of: <div><p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid "Copyright © 2002, 2007 Richard Stallman"
msgid "Copyright © 2002, 2007, 2014 Richard Stallman"
msgstr "Copyright © 2002Ø 2007, 2014 رÙتشارد ستاÙÙ
Ù"
Index: po/ebooks.ar.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/ebooks.ar.po,v
retrieving revision 1.21
retrieving revision 1.22
diff -u -b -r1.21 -r1.22
--- po/ebooks.ar.po 8 Dec 2014 17:52:58 -0000 1.21
+++ po/ebooks.ar.po 8 Dec 2014 18:00:13 -0000 1.22
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2011-07-14 04:29-0300\n"
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"&& n%100<=10 ? 3 : n%100>=11 && n%100<=99 ? 4 : 5;\n"
Index: po/not-ipr.ar-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ar-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/not-ipr.ar-en.html 12 May 2013 04:58:32 -0000 1.1
+++ po/not-ipr.ar-en.html 8 Dec 2014 18:00:14 -0000 1.2
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<title>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<h2>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage</h2>
@@ -56,7 +58,7 @@
overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as
“intellectual property”—it is a mirage. The only
reason people think it makes sense as a coherent category is that
-widespread use of the term has misled them.
+widespread use of the term has misled them about the laws in question.
</p>
<p>
@@ -73,11 +75,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers
-the details of expression of a work. Patent law was intended to
-promote the publication of useful ideas, at the price of giving the
-one who publishes an idea a temporary monopoly over it—a price
-that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others.
+For instance, copyright law was designed to promote authorship and
+art, and covers the details of expression of a work. Patent law was
+intended to promote the publication of useful ideas, at the price of
+giving the one who publishes an idea a temporary monopoly over
+it—a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in
+others.
</p>
<p>
@@ -85,7 +88,8 @@
way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are
buying. Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual
property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
-incentives for advertising.
+incentives for advertising. And these are just
+three out of many laws that the term refers to.
</p>
<p>
@@ -96,15 +100,37 @@
</p>
<p>
+In practice, nearly all general statements you encounter that are
+formulated using “intellectual property” will be false.
+For instance, you'll see claims that “its” purpose is to
+“promote innovation”, but that only fits patent law and
+perhaps plant variety monopolies. Copyright law is not concerned with
+innovation; a pop song or novel is copyrighted even if there is
+nothing innovative about it. Trademark law is not concerned with
+innovation; if I start a tea store and call it “rms tea”,
+that would be a solid trademark even if I sell the same teas in the
+same way as everyone else. Trade secret law is not concerned with
+innovation, except tangentially; my list of tea customers would be a
+trade secret with nothing to do with innovation.</p>
+
+<p>
+You will also see assertions that “intellectual property”
+is concerned with “creativity”, but really that only fits
+copyright law. More than creativity is needed to make a patentable
+invention. Trademark law and trade secret law have nothing to do with
+creativity; the name “rms tea” isn't creative at all, and
+neither is my secret list of tea customers.</p>
+
+<p>
People often say “intellectual property” when they really
-mean some larger or smaller category. For instance, rich countries
+mean some larger or smaller set of laws. For instance, rich countries
often impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of
-them. Some of these laws are “intellectual property” laws,
-and others are not; nonetheless, critics of the practice often grab
-for that label because it has become familiar to them. By using it,
-they misrepresent the nature of the issue. It would be better to use
-an accurate term, such as “legislative colonization”, that
-gets to the heart of the matter.
+them. Some of these laws are among those called “intellectual
+property” laws, and others are not; nonetheless, critics of the
+practice often grab for that label because it has become familiar to
+them. By using it, they misrepresent the nature of the issue. It
+would be better to use an accurate term, such as “legislative
+colonization”, that gets to the heart of the matter.
</p>
<p>
@@ -126,9 +152,9 @@
<p>
That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That
-clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark law or various
-others. The term “intellectual property” led that
-professor to make false generalization.
+clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark law, trade secret
+law, or various others. The term “intellectual property”
+led that professor to make a false generalization.
</p>
<p>
@@ -194,46 +220,83 @@
<p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a
href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one proposal for
changing the name and substance of WIPO</a>.
+</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+Countries in Africa are a lot more similar than these laws, and
+“Africa” is a coherent geographical concept; nonetheless,
+<a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/24/africa-clinton">
+talking about “Africa” instead of a specific country
+causes lots of confusion</a>.
</p>
-</div>
+
+<p>
+<a
href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/">
+Rickard Falkvinge supports rejection of this term</a>.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
-<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
-the FSF.
-<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-</p>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
-<p>
-Please see the
-<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
-translations of this article.
-</p>
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
-<p>
-Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010 Richard M. Stallman
-<br />
-This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
-</p>
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<p>Updated:
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2013/05/12 04:58:32 $
+$Date: 2014/12/08 18:00:14 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-
</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: po/not-ipr.ar.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.ar.po,v
retrieving revision 1.29
retrieving revision 1.30
diff -u -b -r1.29 -r1.30
--- po/not-ipr.ar.po 8 Dec 2014 17:52:59 -0000 1.29
+++ po/not-ipr.ar.po 8 Dec 2014 18:00:14 -0000 1.30
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2013-07-22 14:22+0000\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=6; plural=n==0 ? 0 : n==1 ? 1 : n==2 ? 2 : n%100>=3 "
"&& n%100<=10 ? 3 : n%100>=11 && n%100<=99 ? 4 : 5;\n"
"X-Generator: Lokalize 1.5\n"
@@ -124,14 +123,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a "
-#| "mistake to replace “intellectual property” with any other "
-#| "term. A different name will not address the term's deeper problem: "
-#| "overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as “"
-#| "intellectual property”—it is a mirage. The only reason "
-#| "people think it makes sense as a coherent category is that widespread use "
-#| "of the term has misled them."
msgid ""
"Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a mistake "
"to replace “intellectual property” with any other term. A "
@@ -172,12 +163,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the "
-#| "details of expression of a work. Patent law was intended to promote the "
-#| "publication of useful ideas, at the price of giving the one who publishes "
-#| "an idea a temporary monopoly over it—a price that may be worth "
-#| "paying in some fields and not in others."
msgid ""
"For instance, copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and "
"covers the details of expression of a work. Patent law was intended to "
@@ -191,12 +176,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular "
-#| "way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying. "
-#| "Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual "
-#| "property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides "
-#| "incentives for advertising."
msgid ""
"Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular way "
"of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying. "
@@ -266,16 +245,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "People often say “intellectual property” when they really "
-#| "mean some larger or smaller category. For instance, rich countries often "
-#| "impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of them. Some "
-#| "of these laws are “intellectual property” laws, and others "
-#| "are not; nonetheless, critics of the practice often grab for that label "
-#| "because it has become familiar to them. By using it, they misrepresent "
-#| "the nature of the issue. It would be better to use an accurate term, "
-#| "such as “legislative colonization”, that gets to the heart of "
-#| "the matter."
msgid ""
"People often say “intellectual property” when they really mean "
"some larger or smaller set of laws. For instance, rich countries often "
@@ -321,12 +290,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US "
-#| "Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That "
-#| "clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark law or various others. "
-#| "The term “intellectual property” led that professor to make "
-#| "false generalization."
msgid ""
"That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US "
"Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That clause, "
@@ -515,7 +478,6 @@
"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">دÙÙ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø©</a>."
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid "Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010 Richard M. Stallman"
msgid "Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013 Richard M. Stallman"
msgstr "Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013 رÙتشارد Ù
. ستاÙÙ
Ù"
Index: po/right-to-read.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/right-to-read.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.45
retrieving revision 1.46
diff -u -b -r1.45 -r1.46
--- po/right-to-read.fr-en.html 12 Apr 2014 13:59:43 -0000 1.45
+++ po/right-to-read.fr-en.html 8 Dec 2014 18:00:14 -0000 1.46
@@ -152,10 +152,21 @@
universal right to read soon became one of its central aims.</p>
-<h3 id="AuthorsNote">Author's Note</h3>
+<h3 id="AuthorsNote">Author's Notes</h3>
-<p>[This note has been updated several times since the first
-publication of the story.]</p>
+<ul>
+<li>This story is supposedly a historical article that will be written in
+the future by someone else, describing Dan Halbert's youth under a
+repressive society shaped by the enemies that use “pirate” as
+propaganda. So it uses the terminology of that society.
+I have tried to project it from today so as to sound even more
+oppressive. See <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">“Piracy”</a>.
+</li>
+
+<li>
+<p>The following note has been updated several times since the first
+publication of the story.</p>
<p>
The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may
@@ -278,6 +289,8 @@
<p>
This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: pressure most
everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their rights under it.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
<h3 id="BadNews">Bad News</h3>
@@ -399,7 +412,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
@@ -409,7 +422,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/04/12 13:59:43 $
+$Date: 2014/12/08 18:00:14 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/rms-on-radio-nz.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/rms-on-radio-nz.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.34
retrieving revision 1.35
diff -u -b -r1.34 -r1.35
--- po/rms-on-radio-nz.fr-en.html 12 Apr 2014 13:59:44 -0000 1.34
+++ po/rms-on-radio-nz.fr-en.html 8 Dec 2014 18:00:14 -0000 1.35
@@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@
<!-- This page is an exception; only the web page copyright year should
get updated. -->
-<p>Web page Copyright 2014 Free Software Foundation.</p>
+<p>Web page Copyright © 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>Transcript Copyright © 2009, 2010 Jim Cheetham.</p>
<p>This transcript is licensed under the
@@ -1022,7 +1022,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/04/12 13:59:44 $
+$Date: 2014/12/08 18:00:14 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/15-years-of-free-software.ar-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/15-years-of-free-software.ar-en.html
diff -N po/15-years-of-free-software.ar-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/15-years-of-free-software.ar-en.html 8 Dec 2014 18:00:12 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>15 Years of Free Software
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords"
+ content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, freedom, Richard Stallman,
rms, free software movement" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description"
+ content="Richard Stallman discusses the history of the movement to
develop a free operating system." />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/15-years-of-free-software.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>15 Years of Free Software</h2>
+
+<p>
+ by <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ It is now just over 15 years since the beginning of the Free
+ Software Movement and the GNU Project. We have come a long way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ In 1984, it was impossible to use a modern computer without
+ installing a proprietary operating system, which you would have to
+ obtain under a restrictive license. No one was allowed to share
+ software freely with fellow computer users, and hardly anyone could
+ change software to fit his or her own needs. The owners of software
+ had erected walls to divide us from each other.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ The GNU Project was founded to change all that. Its first goal: to
+ develop a Unix-compatible portable operating system that would be
+ 100% free software. Not 95% free, not 99.5%, but 100%—so that
+ users would be free to redistribute the whole system, and free to
+ change and contribute to any part of it. The name of the system,
+ GNU, is a recursive acronym meaning “GNU's Not
+ Unix”—a way of paying tribute to the technical ideas of
+ Unix, while at the same
+ time saying that GNU is something different. Technically, GNU is
+ like Unix. But unlike Unix, GNU gives its users freedom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ It took many years of work, by hundreds of programmers, to develop
+ this operating system. Some were paid by the Free Software
+ Foundation and by free software companies; most were volunteers. A
+ few have become famous; most are known mainly within their
+ profession, by other hackers who use or work on their code. All
+ together have helped to liberate the potential of the computer
+ network for all humanity.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ In 1991, the last major essential component of a Unix-like system
+ was developed: Linux, the free kernel written by Linus
+ Torvalds. Today, the combination of GNU and Linux is used by
+ millions of people around the world, and its popularity is
+ growing. This month, we announced release 1.0 of
+ <acronym title="GNU Network Object Model Environment">GNOME</acronym>,
+ the GNU graphical desktop, which we hope will make the GNU/Linux
+ system as easy to use as any other operating system.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ But our freedom is not permanently assured. The world does not stand
+ still, and we cannot count on having freedom five years from now,
+ just because we have it today. Free software faces difficult
+ challenges and dangers. It will take determined efforts to preserve
+ our freedom, just as it took to obtain freedom in the first
+ place. Meanwhile, the operating system is just the
+ beginning—now we need to add free applications to handle the
+ whole range of jobs that users want to do.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ In future columns, I will be writing about the specific challenges
+ facing the free software community, and other issues affecting
+ freedom for computer users, as well as developments affecting the
+ GNU/Linux operating system.
+</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1999, 2014 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2014/12/08 18:00:12 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/can-you-trust.ar-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/can-you-trust.ar-en.html
diff -N po/can-you-trust.ar-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/can-you-trust.ar-en.html 8 Dec 2014 18:00:13 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>Can You Trust Your Computer?
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/can-you-trust.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Can You Trust Your Computer?</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Who should your computer take its orders from? Most people think
+their computers should obey them, not obey someone else. With a plan
+they call “trusted computing”, large media corporations
+(including the movie companies and record companies), together with
+computer companies such as Microsoft and Intel, are planning to make
+your computer obey them instead of you. (Microsoft's version of this
+scheme is called Palladium.) Proprietary programs have
+included malicious features before, but this plan would make it
+universal.</p>
+<p>
+Proprietary software means, fundamentally, that you don't control what
+it does; you can't study the source code, or change it. It's not
+surprising that clever businessmen find ways to use their control to
+put you at a disadvantage. Microsoft has done this several times: one
+version of Windows was designed to report to Microsoft all the
+software on your hard disk; a recent “security” upgrade in
+Windows Media Player required users to agree to new restrictions. But
+Microsoft is not alone: the KaZaa music-sharing software is designed
+so that KaZaa's business partner can rent out the use of your computer
+to its clients. These malicious features are often secret, but even
+once you know about them it is hard to remove them, since you don't
+have the source code.</p>
+<p>
+In the past, these were isolated incidents. “Trusted
+computing” would make the practice pervasive. “Treacherous
+computing” is a more appropriate name, because the plan is
+designed to make sure your computer will systematically disobey you.
+In fact, it is designed to stop your computer from functioning as a
+general-purpose computer. Every operation may require explicit
+permission.</p>
+<p>
+The technical idea underlying treacherous computing is that the
+computer includes a digital encryption and signature device, and the
+keys are kept secret from you. Proprietary programs will use this
+device to control which other programs you can run, which documents or
+data you can access, and what programs you can pass them to. These
+programs will continually download new authorization rules through the
+Internet, and impose those rules automatically on your work. If you
+don't allow your computer to obtain the new rules periodically from
+the Internet, some capabilities will automatically cease to function.</p>
+<p>
+Of course, Hollywood and the record companies plan to use treacherous
+computing for Digital Restrictions Management (DRM), so
+that downloaded videos and music can be played only on one specified
+computer. Sharing will be entirely impossible, at least using the
+authorized files that you would get from those companies. You, the
+public, ought to have both the freedom and the ability to share these
+things. (I expect that someone will find a way to produce unencrypted
+versions, and to upload and share them, so DRM will not entirely
+succeed, but that is no excuse for the system.)</p>
+<p>
+Making sharing impossible is bad enough, but it gets worse. There are
+plans to use the same facility for email and documents—resulting
+in email that disappears in two weeks, or documents that can only be
+read on the computers in one company.</p>
+<p>
+Imagine if you get an email from your boss telling you to do something
+that you think is risky; a month later, when it backfires, you can't
+use the email to show that the decision was not yours. “Getting
+it in writing” doesn't protect you when the order is written in
+disappearing ink.</p>
+<p>
+Imagine if you get an email from your boss stating a policy that is
+illegal or morally outrageous, such as to shred your company's audit
+documents, or to allow a dangerous threat to your country to move
+forward unchecked. Today you can send this to a reporter and expose
+the activity. With treacherous computing, the reporter won't be able
+to read the document; her computer will refuse to obey her.
+Treacherous computing becomes a paradise for corruption.</p>
+<p>
+Word processors such as Microsoft Word could use treacherous computing
+when they save your documents, to make sure no competing word
+processors can read them. Today we must figure out the secrets of
+Word format by laborious experiments in order to make free word
+processors read Word documents. If Word encrypts documents using
+treacherous computing when saving them, the free software community
+won't have a chance of developing software to read them—and if
+we could, such programs might even be forbidden by the Digital
+Millennium Copyright Act.</p>
+<p>
+Programs that use treacherous computing will continually download new
+authorization rules through the Internet, and impose those rules
+automatically on your work. If Microsoft, or the US government, does
+not like what you said in a document you wrote, they could post new
+instructions telling all computers to refuse to let anyone read that
+document. Each computer would obey when it downloads the new
+instructions. Your writing would be subject to 1984-style retroactive
+erasure. You might be unable to read it yourself.</p>
+<p>
+You might think you can find out what nasty things a treacherous-computing
+application does, study how painful they are, and decide
+whether to accept them. Even if you can find this out, it would
+be foolish to accept the deal, but you can't even expect the deal
+to stand still. Once you come to depend on using the program, you are
+hooked and they know it; then they can change the deal. Some
+applications will automatically download upgrades that will do
+something different—and they won't give you a choice about
+whether to upgrade.</p>
+<p>
+Today you can avoid being restricted by proprietary software by not
+using it. If you run GNU/Linux or another free operating system, and
+if you avoid installing proprietary applications on it, then you are
+in charge of what your computer does. If a free program has a
+malicious feature, other developers in the community will take it out,
+and you can use the corrected version. You can also run free
+application programs and tools on nonfree operating systems; this
+falls short of fully giving you freedom, but many users do it.</p>
+<p>
+Treacherous computing puts the existence of free operating systems and
+free applications at risk, because you may not be able to run them at
+all. Some versions of treacherous computing would require the
+operating system to be specifically authorized by a particular
+company. Free operating systems could not be installed. Some
+versions of treacherous computing would require every program to be
+specifically authorized by the operating system developer. You could
+not run free applications on such a system. If you did figure out
+how, and told someone, that could be a crime.</p>
+<p>
+There are proposals already for US laws that would require all computers to
+support treacherous computing, and to prohibit connecting old computers to
+the Internet. The CBDTPA (we call it the Consume But Don't Try Programming
+Act) is one of them. But even if they don't legally force you to switch to
+treacherous computing, the pressure to accept it may be enormous. Today
+people often use Word format for communication, although this causes
+several sorts of problems (see
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">“We Can Put an End to Word
+Attachments”</a>). If only a treacherous-computing machine can read the
+latest Word documents, many people will switch to it, if they view the
+situation only in terms of individual action (take it or leave it). To
+oppose treacherous computing, we must join together and confront the
+situation as a collective choice.</p>
+<p>
+For further information about treacherous computing, see
+<a
href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/tcpa-faq.html">http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/tcpa-faq.html</a>.</p>
+<p>
+To block treacherous computing will require large numbers of citizens
+to organize. We need your help! Please support
+<a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">Defective by Design</a>, the
+FSF's campaign against Digital Restrictions Management.</p>
+
+<h3>Postscripts</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li>The computer security field uses the term “trusted
+computing” in a different way—beware of confusion
+between the two meanings.
+</li>
+<li>The GNU Project distributes the GNU Privacy Guard, a program that
+implements public-key encryption and digital signatures, which you can
+use to send secure and private email. It is useful to explore how GPG
+differs from treacherous computing, and see what makes one helpful and
+the other so dangerous.
+<p>
+When someone uses GPG to send you an encrypted document, and you use
+GPG to decode it, the result is an unencrypted document that you can
+read, forward, copy, and even reencrypt to send it securely to
+someone else. A treacherous-computing application would let you read
+the words on the screen, but would not let you produce an unencrypted
+document that you could use in other ways. GPG, a free software
+package, makes security features available to the users; <em>they</em> use
<em>it</em>.
+Treacherous computing is designed to impose restrictions on the users;
+<em>it</em> uses <em>them</em>.</p></li>
+
+<li>
+The supporters of treacherous computing focus their discourse on its
+<a name="beneficial">beneficial uses</a>. What they say is often
+correct, just not important.
+<p>
+Like most hardware, treacherous-computing hardware can be used for
+purposes which are not harmful. But these features can be implemented in
+other ways, without treacherous-computing hardware. The principal
+difference that treacherous computing makes for users is the nasty
+consequence: rigging your computer to work against you.</p>
+<p>
+What they say is true, and what I say is true. Put them together and
+what do you get? Treacherous computing is a plan to take away our
+freedom, while offering minor benefits to distract us from what we
+would lose.</p></li>
+
+<li>Microsoft presents Palladium as a security measure, and claims that
+it will protect against viruses, but this claim is evidently false. A
+presentation by Microsoft Research in October 2002 stated that one of
+the specifications of Palladium is that existing operating systems and
+applications will continue to run; therefore, viruses will continue to
+be able to do all the things that they can do today.
+<p>
+When Microsoft employees speak of “security” in connection with
+Palladium, they do not mean what we normally mean by that word:
+protecting your machine from things you do not want. They mean
+protecting your copies of data on your machine from access by you in
+ways others do not want. A slide in the presentation listed several
+types of secrets Palladium could be used to keep, including
+“third party secrets” and “user
+secrets”—but it put “user secrets” in
+quotation marks, recognizing that this is somewhat of an absurdity in the
+context of Palladium.</p>
+<p>
+The presentation made frequent use of other terms that we frequently
+associate with the context of security, such as “attack”,
+“malicious code”, “spoofing”, as well as
+“trusted”. None of them means what it normally means.
+“Attack” doesn't mean someone trying to hurt you, it means
+you trying to copy music. “Malicious code” means code
+installed by you to do what someone else doesn't want your machine to
+do. “Spoofing” doesn't mean someone's fooling you, it means
+your fooling Palladium. And so on.</p></li>
+
+<li>A previous statement by the Palladium developers stated the basic
+premise that whoever developed or collected information should have
+total control of how you use it. This would represent a revolutionary
+overturn of past ideas of ethics and of the legal system, and create
+an unprecedented system of control. The specific problems of these
+systems are no accident; they result from the basic goal. It is the
+goal we must reject.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr />
+<blockquote id="fsfs"><p class="big">This essay is published
+in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2002, 2007, 2014 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2014/12/08 18:00:13 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/ebooks.ar-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/ebooks.ar-en.html
diff -N po/ebooks.ar-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/ebooks.ar-en.html 8 Dec 2014 18:00:13 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>E-Books: Freedom Or Copyright
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/ebooks.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>E-Books: Freedom Or Copyright</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard
+Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<div class="announcement">
+<blockquote>
+<p>Also consider reading <a
+href="/philosophy/ebooks-must-increase-freedom.html">E-books must
+increase our freedom, not decrease it</a>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p><em>(This is a slightly modified version of an article published
+in <cite>Technology Review</cite> in 2000.)</em></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="note">
+<p><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our mailing list
about the dangers of eBooks</a>.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Once upon a time, in the age of the printing press, an industrial
+regulation was established to cover the business of writing and
+publishing. It was called copyright. Copyright's purpose, stated in
+the US Constitution, was to “promote progress”—that
+is, to encourage publication. The method used was to make publishers
+get permission from authors for using recent works.</p>
+
+<p>Ordinary readers had little reason to disapprove, since copyright
+restricted only publication, not the things a reader could do. If it
+raised the price of a book a small amount, that was only money; it did
+not contort readers' way of life. Copyright provided a public benefit,
+as intended, with little burden on the public. It did its job
+well—back then.</p>
+
+<p>Then a new way of distributing information came about: computers
+and networks. The advantage of digital information technology is
+that it facilitates copying and manipulating information, including
+software, musical recordings and books. Networks offered the
+possibility of unlimited access to all sorts of data, an
+information utopia.</p>
+
+<p>But one obstacle stood in the way: copyright. Readers who
+made use of their computers to share published information were
+technically copyright infringers. The world had changed around this
+law, so that what was once an industrial regulation on publishers
+had become a restriction on the public it was meant to serve.</p>
+
+<p>In a system of real democracy, a law that prohibits a popular,
+natural, and useful activity is usually soon relaxed. But the
+powerful publishers' lobby was determined to prevent the public
+from taking advantage of the power of their computers, and found
+copyright a suitable weapon. Under their influence, rather than
+relaxing copyright to suit the new circumstances, governments made
+it stricter than ever, imposing harsh penalties on readers caught
+sharing.</p>
+
+<p>But that wasn't the last of it. Computers can be powerful tools
+of domination, when a few people control what other people's
+computers do. The publishers realized that by forcing people to use
+specially designated software to read e-books, they could gain
+unprecedented power: they could compel readers to pay, and identify
+themselves, every time they read a book! That is the publishers'
+dream.</p>
+
+<p>So they prevailed upon the US government to give them the
+Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, a law giving them total
+legal power over almost anything a reader might do with an e-book.
+Even reading it without authorization is a crime.</p>
+
+<p>We still have the same old freedoms in using paper books. But if
+e-books replace printed books, that exception will do little good.
+With “electronic ink”, which makes it possible to download
+new text onto an apparently printed piece of paper, even newspapers
+could become ephemeral. Imagine: no more used book stores; no more
+lending a book to your friend; no more borrowing one from the public
+library—no more “leaks” that might give someone a
+chance to read without paying. And judging from the ads for Microsoft
+Reader, no more anonymous purchasing of books. This is the world
+publishers have in mind for us.</p>
+
+<p>Why is there so little public debate about these momentous changes?
+Most citizens have not yet had occasion to come to grips with the
+political issues raised by this futuristic technology. Besides, the
+public has been taught that copyright exists to “protect”
+the copyright holders, with the implication that the public's
+interests do not count.</p>
+
+<p>But when the public at large begins to use e-books, and
+discovers the regime that the publishers have prepared for them,
+they will begin to resist. Humanity will not accept this yoke
+forever.</p>
+
+<p>The publishers would have us believe that suppressive copyright
+is the only way to keep art alive, but we do not need a War on
+Copying to encourage a diversity of published works; as the
+Grateful Dead showed, copying among fans is not a problem for the
+artists. By legalizing the noncommercial copying of e-books, we can
+turn copyright back into the industrial regulation it once was.</p>
+
+<p>For some kinds of writing, we should go even further. For
+scholarly papers and monographs, everyone should be encouraged to
+republish them verbatim online; this helps protect the scholarly
+record while making it more accessible. For textbooks and most
+reference works, publication of modified versions should be allowed
+as well, since that encourages society to improve them.</p>
+
+<p>Eventually, when computer networks provide an easy way to send
+someone a small amount of money, the whole rationale for restricting
+verbatim copying will go away. If you like a book, and it pops up a
+box saying, “Click here to give the author one dollar”,
+wouldn't you click? Copyright for books and music, as it applies to
+distributing verbatim unmodified copies, will be entirely obsolete.
+And not a moment too soon!</p>
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2000 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2014/12/08 18:00:13 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
- www/philosophy 15-years-of-free-software.ar.htm...,
GNUN <=