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www/philosophy free-sw.hr.html the-root-of-this...
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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/philosophy free-sw.hr.html the-root-of-this... |
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Date: |
Fri, 25 Jul 2014 10:59:00 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 14/07/25 10:59:00
Modified files:
philosophy : free-sw.hr.html
the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br.html
philosophy/po : free-sw.hr-diff.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.21&r2=1.22
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.hr-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: free-sw.hr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.21
retrieving revision 1.22
diff -u -b -r1.21 -r1.22
--- free-sw.hr.html 12 Apr 2014 13:56:21 -0000 1.21
+++ free-sw.hr.html 25 Jul 2014 10:58:57 -0000 1.22
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/free-sw.hr.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/free-sw.hr.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/free-sw.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/free-sw.hr-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2014-05-26" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.hr.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -16,6 +21,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.hr.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.hr.html" -->
<h2>Å to je slobodni softver?</h2>
<h3>Definicija slobodnog softvera</h3>
@@ -575,7 +581,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Zadnji put promijenjeno:
-$Date: 2014/04/12 13:56:21 $
+$Date: 2014/07/25 10:58:57 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br.html 12 Apr 2014 13:58:03 -0000 1.10
+++ the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br.html 25 Jul 2014 10:58:58 -0000 1.11
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2014-05-26" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -11,6 +16,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/the-root-of-this-problem.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>O Problema é o Software Controlado pelo seu Desenvolvedor</h2>
<p>por Richard Stallman</p>
@@ -257,7 +263,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2014/04/12 13:58:03 $
+$Date: 2014/07/25 10:58:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/free-sw.hr-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.hr-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- po/free-sw.hr-diff.html 14 Mar 2014 05:43:42 -0000 1.13
+++ po/free-sw.hr-diff.html 25 Jul 2014 10:58:59 -0000 1.14
@@ -11,19 +11,18 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.76
--></em></ins></span>
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
<title>What is free software?
-- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free
Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to
share and improve the software they use." />
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><link rel="alternate" title="What's New"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
-<link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml"
/></strong></del></span>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<h2>What is free software?</h2>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/licenses/fsf-licensing.html" --></em></ins></span>
<h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
@@ -40,34 +39,23 @@
<p>
“Free software” means software that respects users'
-freedom and community. Roughly, <span class="inserted"><ins><em>it means
that</em></ins></span> <b>the users have the
+freedom and community. Roughly, it means that <b>the users have the
freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the
-software</b>. <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Thus, “free
software” is a matter of
+software</b>. Thus, “free software” is a matter of
liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of
“free” as in “free speech,” not as in
“free beer”.
</p>
<p>
-We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves
them.</em></ins></span> With
+We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them. With
these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control
-the program and what it does for them.
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></p>
-
-<p></strong></del></span> When users don't control the
-program, <span class="removed"><del><strong>the</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>we call it a “nonfree” or
-“proprietary” program. The nonfree</em></ins></span> program
controls the <span class="removed"><del><strong>users.
-The</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>users, and the</em></ins></span> developer
controls the <span class="removed"><del><strong>program, and through it
controls</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>program; this
makes</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>users.
-This nonfree or “proprietary”</strong></del></span>
-program <span class="removed"><del><strong>is therefore</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html"></em></ins></span>
-an instrument of unjust <span class="removed"><del><strong>power.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Thus, “free software” is a matter of liberty, not price.
-To understand the concept, you should think of “free” as
-in “free speech,” not as in “free
beer”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>power</a>.</em></ins></span>
+the program and what it does for them. When users don't control the
+program, we call it a “nonfree” or
+“proprietary” program. The nonfree program controls the
+users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the
+program <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
+an instrument of unjust power</a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -76,7 +64,8 @@
</p>
<ul>
- <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom
0).</li>
+ <li>The freedom to run the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>program,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>program as you wish,</em></ins></span>
+ for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
<li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
code is a precondition for this.
@@ -92,15 +81,15 @@
</ul>
<p>
-A program is free software if <span class="inserted"><ins><em>it
gives</em></ins></span> users <span
class="removed"><del><strong>have</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>adequately</em></ins></span> all of these
-freedoms. <span class="removed"><del><strong>Thus,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Otherwise, it is nonfree. While we can
distinguish various
+A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these
+freedoms. Otherwise, it is nonfree. While we can distinguish various
nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they fall short of
being free, we consider them all equally unethical.</p>
<p>The rest of this page clarifies certain points about what makes
specific freedoms adequate or not.</p>
-<p>Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means</em></ins></span> you
<span class="removed"><del><strong>should be</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>are</em></ins></span> free to
+<p>Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to
redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either
gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
<a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do
these
@@ -127,7 +116,13 @@
</p>
<p>
-The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
+The freedom to <span class="inserted"><ins><em>run the program as you wish
means that you are not
+forbidden or stopped from doing so. It has nothing to do with what
+functionality the program has, or whether it is useful for what you
+want to do.</p>
+
+<p>
+The freedom to</em></ins></span> redistribute copies must include binary or
executable
forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there
@@ -193,7 +188,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>In the GNU project, we use <a
href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">
+In the GNU project, we use <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">
copyleft </a> to protect the four freedoms legally for everyone. We
believe there are important reasons why
<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use
@@ -206,7 +201,7 @@
relate to each other.
</p>
-<p></em></ins></span>
+<p>
“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial”. A free
program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software
@@ -257,31 +252,19 @@
alias for the modified version.</p>
<p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>In the GNU project, we
use</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Sometimes government</em></ins></span> <a
<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="exportcontrol">export control
regulations</a>
-and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But
-<a
href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted
-free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons
why
-<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use
copyleft</a>,
-but if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically
-ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
Software</a> for a description of how “free software,”
“copylefted software” and other categories of software relate to
each other.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control
regulations</a>
and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
-programs internationally. Software developers do not have the
power</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>distribute copies of
-programs internationally. Software developers do not have the
power</em></ins></span> to
+programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to
eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this
way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses
-must not require obedience to any <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nontrivial</em></ins></span> export regulations as a
-condition of <span class="inserted"><ins><em>exercising</em></ins></span> any
of the essential freedoms.
+must not require obedience to any nontrivial export regulations as a
+condition of exercising any of the essential freedoms.
</p>
<p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Merely mentioning the existence of export
regulations, without making
+Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making
them a condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does
not restrict users. If an export regulation is actually trivial for
free software, then requiring it as a condition is not an actual
@@ -304,7 +287,7 @@
law applies, or where litigation must be done, or both.
</p>
-<p></em></ins></span>
+<p>
Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a
copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it
@@ -411,7 +394,14 @@
<ul>
-<li><a <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.130&r2=1.131">Version
+<li><a <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.134&r2=1.135">Version
+1.135</a>: Say each time that freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program
+as you wish.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.133&r2=1.134">Version
+1.134</a>: Freedom 0 is not a matter of the program's
functionality.</li>
+
+<li><a</em></ins></span>
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.130&r2=1.131">Version
1.131</a>: A free license may not require compliance with a nonfree
license
of another program.</li>
@@ -428,7 +418,7 @@
not on what modifications you have made. And modifications are not limited
to “improvements”</li>
-<li><a</em></ins></span>
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111">Version
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111">Version
1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only
retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable. The copyright
holders can always grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of
the
@@ -512,35 +502,24 @@
</ul>
<p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are
-other changes in this page that do not affect the definition <span
class="removed"><del><strong>as such.
-These</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>or its
-interpretations. For instance, the list does not include</em></ins></span>
changes <span class="removed"><del><strong>are</strong></del></span> in
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>asides, formatting, spelling, punctuation,
or</em></ins></span> other parts of the page.
+other changes in this page that do not affect the definition or its
+interpretations. For instance, the list does not include changes in
+asides, formatting, spelling, punctuation, or other parts of the page.
You can review the complete list of changes to the page through
the <a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb
interface</a>.</p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
-Please</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="unprintable">
-
-<p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
-the FSF.
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
-Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
-to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
replace it with the translation of these two:
@@ -554,15 +533,11 @@
<p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
- README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+ README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
-of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
@@ -582,22 +557,18 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 1996-2002, 2004-2007, 2009, 2010,
<span class="removed"><del><strong>2012</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2012, 2013</em></ins></span>
-Free Software Foundation, <span class="removed"><del><strong>Inc.
-</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Inc.</p></em></ins></span>
+<p>Copyright © 1996-2002, 2004-2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
-</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Updated:</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p></p><p
class="unprintable">Updated:</em></ins></span>
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/03/14 05:43:42 $
+$Date: 2014/07/25 10:58:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br-diff.html
diff -N po/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/the-root-of-this-problem.pt-br-diff.html 25 Jul 2014 10:58:59 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>The Problem Is Software Controlled By Its Developer
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/the-root-of-this-problem.translist"
-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>The Problem Is Software Controlled By Its Developer</h2>
+
+<p>by Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>
+I fully agree with Jonathan Zittrain's conclusion that we should
+not abandon general-purpose computers. Alas, I disagree completely
+with the path that led him to it. He presents serious security
+problems as an intolerable crisis, but I'm not convinced. Then he
+forecasts that users will panic in response and stampede toward
+restricted computers (which he calls “appliances”), but there is no
+sign of this happening.</p>
+
+<p>
+Zombie machines are a problem, but not a catastrophe. Moreover, far
+from panicking, most users ignore the issue. Today, people are indeed
+concerned about the danger of phishing (mail and web pages that
+solicit personal information for fraud), but using a browsing-only
+device instead of a general computer won't protect you from that.</p>
+
+<p>
+Meanwhile, Apple has reported that 25 percent of iPhones have been
+unlocked. Surely at least as many users would have preferred an
+unlocked iPhone but were afraid to try a forbidden recipe to obtain
+it. This refutes the idea that users generally prefer that their
+devices be locked.</p>
+
+<p>
+It is true that a general computer lets you run programs designed to
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>spy</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><a
href="/philosophy/proprietary.html">spy</em></ins></span> on you, restrict
you, or
+even let the developer attack <span
class="removed"><del><strong>you.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>you</a>.</em></ins></span> Such programs
include KaZaA,
+RealPlayer, Adobe <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Flash,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Flash Player,</em></ins></span> Windows Media Player,
Microsoft
+Windows, and MacOS. Windows Vista does all three of those things; it
+also lets Microsoft change the software without asking, or command it
+to permanently cease normal <span
class="removed"><del><strong>functioning.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>functioning.<a
href="#note1">(1)</a></p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+But restricted computers are no help, because they present the
+same problem for the same reason.</p>
+
+<p>
+The iPhone is designed for remote attack by Apple. When Apple remotely
+destroys iPhones that users have unlocked to enable other uses, that
+is no better than when Microsoft remotely sabotages Vista. The TiVo is
+designed to enforce restrictions on access to the recordings you make,
+and reports what you watch. E-book readers such as the Amazon
+“Swindle” are designed to stop you from sharing and lending your
+books. Features that artificially obstruct use of your data are known
+as Digital Restrictions Management (DRM); our protest campaign against
+DRM is hosted
+at <a
href="http://defectivebydesign.org">http://defectivebydesign.org</a>.
(Our
+adversaries call DRM “Digital Rights Management” based on their
idea
+that restricting you is their right. When you choose a term, you
+choose your side.)</p>
+
+<p>
+The nastiest of the common restricted devices are cell phones. They
+transmit signals for tracking your whereabouts even when switched
+“off”; the only way to stop this is to take out all the
+batteries. Many can also be turned on remotely, for listening,
+unbeknownst to you. (The FBI is already taking advantage of this
+feature, and the US Commerce Department lists this danger in its
+Security Guide.) Cellular phone network companies regularly install
+software in users phones, without asking, to impose new usage
+restrictions.</p>
+
+<p>
+With a general computer you can escape by rejecting such programs. You
+don't have to have KaZaA, RealPlayer, Adobe Flash, Windows Media
+Player, Microsoft Windows or MacOS on your computer (I don't). By
+contrast, a restricted computer gives you no escape from the software
+built into it.</p>
+
+<p>
+The root of this problem, both in general PCs and restricted
+computers, is software controlled by its developer. The developer
+(typically a corporation) controls what the program does, and prevents
+everyone else from changing it. If the developer decides to put in
+malicious features, even a master programmer cannot easily remove
+them.</p>
+
+<p>
+The remedy is to give the users more control, not less. We must insist
+on free/libre software, software that the users are free to change and
+redistribute. Free/libre software develops under the control of its
+users: if they don't like its features, for whatever reason, they can
+change them. If you're not a programmer, you still get the benefit of
+control by the users. A programmer can make the improvements you would
+like, and publish the changed version. Then you can use it too.</p>
+
+<p>
+With free/libre software, no one has the power to make a malicious
+feature stick. Since the source code is available to the users,
+millions of programmers are in a position to spot and remove the
+malicious feature and release an improved version; surely someone will
+do it. Others can then compare the two versions to verify
+independently which version treats users right. As a practical fact,
+free software is generally free of designed-in malware.</p>
+
+<p>
+Many people do acquire restricted devices, but not for motives of
+security. Why do people choose them?</p>
+
+<p>
+Sometimes it is because the restricted devices are physically
+smaller. I edit text all day (literally) and I find the keyboard and
+screen of a laptop well worth the size and weight. However, people who
+use computers differently may prefer something that fits in a
+pocket. In the past, these devices have typically been restricted, but
+they weren't chosen for that reason.</p>
+
+<p>
+Now they are becoming less restricted. In fact, the OpenMoko cell
+phone features a main computer running entirely free/libre software,
+including the GNU/Linux operating system normally used on PCs and
+servers.</p>
+
+<p>
+A major cause for the purchase of some restricted computers is
+financial sleight of hand. Game consoles, and the iPhone, are sold for
+an unsustainably low price, and the manufacturers subsequently charge
+when you use them. Thus, game developers must pay the game console
+manufacturer to distribute a game, and they pass this cost on to the
+user. Likewise, AT&T pays Apple when an iPhone is used as a
+telephone. The low up-front price misleads customers into thinking
+they will save money.</p>
+
+<p>
+If we are concerned about the spread of restricted computers, we
+should tackle the issue of the price deception that sells them.
+If we are concerned about malware, we should insist on free
+software that gives the users control.</p>
+
+<h3>Postnote</h3>
+
+<p>
+Zittrain's suggestion to reduce the statute of limitations on software
+patent lawsuits is a tiny step in the right direction, but it is much
+easier to solve the whole problem. Software patents are an
+unnecessary, artificial danger imposed on all software developers and
+users in the US. Every program is a combination of many methods and
+techniques---thousands of them in a large program. If patenting these
+methods is allowed, then hundreds of those used in a given program are
+probably patented. (Avoiding them is not feasible; there may be no
+alternatives, or the alternatives may be patented too.) So the
+developers of the program face hundreds of potential lawsuits from
+parties unknown, and the users can be sued as well.</p>
+
+<p>
+The complete, simple solution is to eliminate patents from the field
+of software. Since the patent system is created by statute,
+eliminating patents from software will be easy given sufficient
+political
+will. (See <a
href="http://www.endsoftpatents.org">http://www.endsoftpatents.org</a>.)</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3>Notes</h3>
+
+<p>1. Windows Vista initially had a “kill switch” with
+which Microsoft could remotely command the computer to stop
+functioning. Microsoft
+subsequently <a
href="http://badvista.fsf.org/blog/windows-genuine-disadvantage">removed
+this</a>, ceding to public pressure, but reserved the
+“right” to put it back in.
+</p></em></ins></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
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+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2008, 2010 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2014/07/25 10:58:59 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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