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www/philosophy bsd.nl.html free-doc.hr.html fre...
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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/philosophy bsd.nl.html free-doc.hr.html fre... |
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Date: |
Fri, 31 Jan 2014 06:32:49 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 14/01/31 06:32:49
Modified files:
philosophy : bsd.nl.html free-doc.hr.html free-doc.nl.html
free-doc.zh-cn.html fs-motives.cs.html
fs-motives.pt-br.html lessig-fsfs-intro.nl.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : bsd.nl-diff.html free-doc.hr-diff.html
free-doc.nl-diff.html free-doc.zh-cn-diff.html
fs-motives.cs-diff.html
fs-motives.pt-br-diff.html
lessig-fsfs-intro.nl-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/bsd.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-doc.hr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-doc.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-doc.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/fs-motives.cs.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.19&r2=1.20
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/fs-motives.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.18&r2=1.19
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.11&r2=1.12
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/bsd.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-doc.hr-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-doc.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-doc.zh-cn-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/fs-motives.cs-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/fs-motives.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/lessig-fsfs-intro.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: bsd.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/bsd.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- bsd.nl.html 31 Aug 2013 20:11:45 -0000 1.13
+++ bsd.nl.html 31 Jan 2014 06:32:43 -0000 1.14
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/bsd.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/bsd.nl.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/bsd.nl.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/bsd.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/bsd.nl-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-12-02" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
<h2>Het Probleem met de BSD Licentie</h2>
<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
@@ -205,7 +212,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2013/08/31 20:11:45 $
+$Date: 2014/01/31 06:32:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: free-doc.hr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-doc.hr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- free-doc.hr.html 31 Aug 2013 20:11:59 -0000 1.9
+++ free-doc.hr.html 31 Jan 2014 06:32:43 -0000 1.10
@@ -10,6 +10,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-doc.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.hr.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/free-doc.hr.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/free-doc.hr.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/free-doc.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/free-doc.hr-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-12-02" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.hr.html" -->
<h2>Zašto slobodan softver treba slobodnu dokumentaciju</h2>
<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 110%;text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;
width: 300px; float: right; margin: 12px; background-color: #a0f112; color:
#353831; padding: 1em;"><a
href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html";>Pridružite se našoj listi
@@ -185,7 +192,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Zadnji put promijenjeno:
-$Date: 2013/08/31 20:11:59 $
+$Date: 2014/01/31 06:32:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: free-doc.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-doc.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- free-doc.nl.html 31 Aug 2013 20:11:59 -0000 1.12
+++ free-doc.nl.html 31 Jan 2014 06:32:43 -0000 1.13
@@ -10,6 +10,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-doc.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/free-doc.nl.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/free-doc.nl.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/free-doc.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/free-doc.nl-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-12-02" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
<h2>Waarom Vrije Software Vrije Handleidingen nodig heeft</h2>
<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 110%;text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;
width: 300px; float: right; margin: 12px; background-color: #a0f112; color:
#353831; padding: 1em;"><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html";>Meld
je aan bij onze
@@ -189,7 +196,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2013/08/31 20:11:59 $
+$Date: 2014/01/31 06:32:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: free-doc.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-doc.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- free-doc.zh-cn.html 31 Aug 2013 20:12:00 -0000 1.14
+++ free-doc.zh-cn.html 31 Jan 2014 06:32:44 -0000 1.15
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-doc.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/free-doc.zh-cn.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/free-doc.zh-cn.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/free-doc.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/free-doc.zh-cn-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-12-02" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.zh-cn.html" -->
<h2>为ä»ä¹èªç±è½¯ä»¶éè¦èªç±æå</h2>
<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 110%;text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;
width: 300px; float: right; margin: 12px; background-color: #a0f112; color:
#353831; padding: 1em;"><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html";>å
³æ³¨æ们æå
³çµå书å±é©æ§çé®ä»¶å表</a> ã</div>
@@ -123,7 +130,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
æåæ´æ°ï¼
-$Date: 2013/08/31 20:12:00 $
+$Date: 2014/01/31 06:32:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: fs-motives.cs.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/fs-motives.cs.html,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- fs-motives.cs.html 31 Aug 2013 20:12:03 -0000 1.19
+++ fs-motives.cs.html 31 Jan 2014 06:32:44 -0000 1.20
@@ -8,6 +8,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/fs-motives.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.cs.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/fs-motives.cs.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/fs-motives.cs.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/fs-motives.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/fs-motives.cs-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-12-02" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.cs.html" -->
<h2>Motivy pro psanà svobodného softwaru</h2>
<p>
@@ -133,7 +140,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizováno:
-$Date: 2013/08/31 20:12:03 $
+$Date: 2014/01/31 06:32:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: fs-motives.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/fs-motives.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.18
retrieving revision 1.19
diff -u -b -r1.18 -r1.19
--- fs-motives.pt-br.html 31 Aug 2013 20:12:04 -0000 1.18
+++ fs-motives.pt-br.html 31 Jan 2014 06:32:44 -0000 1.19
@@ -8,6 +8,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/fs-motives.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/fs-motives.pt-br.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/fs-motives.pt-br.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/fs-motives.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/fs-motives.pt-br-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-12-02" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>Motivos para Escrever Software Livre</h2>
<p>
@@ -147,7 +154,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2013/08/31 20:12:04 $
+$Date: 2014/01/31 06:32:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: lessig-fsfs-intro.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- lessig-fsfs-intro.nl.html 31 Aug 2013 20:12:12 -0000 1.11
+++ lessig-fsfs-intro.nl.html 31 Jan 2014 06:32:44 -0000 1.12
@@ -10,6 +10,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/lessig-fsfs-intro.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/lessig-fsfs-intro.nl.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/lessig-fsfs-intro.nl.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/lessig-fsfs-intro.nl-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-12-02" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
<h2>Inleiding <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><i>Vrije
Software, Vrije Maatschappij: Gebundelde artikelen van Richard
@@ -279,7 +286,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2013/08/31 20:12:12 $
+$Date: 2014/01/31 06:32:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/bsd.nl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/bsd.nl-diff.html
diff -N po/bsd.nl-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/bsd.nl-diff.html 31 Jan 2014 06:32:45 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/bsd.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>BSD License Problem
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/bsd.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>The BSD License Problem</h2>
+
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0
Strict, but may be served as -->
+<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
+<!-- appendex C of the XHTML 1.0 standard. See validator.w3.org. -->
+
+<!-- Please ensure links are consistent with Apache's MultiView. -->
+<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
+<!-- language, where necessary. --></strong></del></span>
+
+<p>
+ The two major categories of free software license are <a
+ href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> and <a
+ href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">
+ non-copyleft </a>. <a
+ href="/licenses/license-list.html#GPLCompatibleLicenses">Copyleft
+ licenses</a> such as the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU
+ GPL</a> insist that modified versions of the program must be
+ free software as well. Non-copyleft licenses do not insist on this.
+ <a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">We recommend
copyleft</a>,
+ because it protects freedom for all users, but non-copylefted
+ software can still be free software, and useful to the free software
+ community.
+</p>
+
+<p>There are many variants of simple <a
+href="/licenses/license-list.html#GPLCompatibleLicenses">non-copyleft
+free software licenses</a>, such as the Expat license, FreeBSD license,
+X10 license, the X11 license, and the two BSD (Berkeley Software
+Distribution) licenses. Most of them are equivalent except for details
+of wording, but the license used for BSD until 1999 had a special
+problem: the “obnoxious BSD advertising clause”. It said that every
+advertisement mentioning the software must include a particular
+sentence:</p>
+
+<pre>
+3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ must display the following acknowledgement:
+ This product includes software developed by the University of
+ California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+ Initially the obnoxious BSD advertising clause was used only in the
+ Berkeley Software Distribution. That did not cause any particular
+ problem, because including one sentence in an ad is not a great
+ practical difficulty.
+</p>
+<p>
+ If other developers who used BSD-like licenses had copied the BSD
+ advertising clause verbatim—including the sentence that refers to
+ the University of California—then they would not have made the
+ problem any bigger.
+</p>
+<p>
+ But, as you might expect, other developers did not copy the clause
+ verbatim. They changed it, replacing “University of
California”
+ with their own institution or their own names. The result is a
+ plethora of licenses, requiring a plethora of different sentences.
+</p>
+<p>
+ When people put many such programs together in an operating system,
+ the result is a serious problem. Imagine if a software system
+ required 75 different sentences, each one naming a different author
+ or group of authors. To advertise that, you would need a full-page
+ ad.
+</p>
+<p>
+ This might seem like extrapolation ad absurdum, but it is actual
+ fact. In a 1997
+ version of NetBSD, I counted 75 of these sentences. (Fortunately
+ NetBSD has decided to stop adding them, and to remove those it could.)
+</p>
+<p>
+ To address this problem, in my “spare time” I talk with
+ developers who have used BSD-style licenses, asking them if they would
+ please remove the advertising clause. Around 1996 I spoke with the
+ developers of FreeBSD about this, and they decided to remove the
+ advertising clause from all of their own code. In May 1998 the developers
+ of Flick, at the University of Utah, removed this clause.
+</p>
+<p>
+ Dean Hal Varian at the University of California took up the cause,
+ and championed it with the administration. In June 1999, after two
+ years of discussions, the University of California removed this
+ clause from the license of BSD.
+</p>
+<p>
+ Thus, there is now a new BSD license which does not contain the
+ advertising clause. Unfortunately, this does not eliminate the
+ legacy of the advertising clause: similar clauses are still present
+ in the licenses of many packages which are not part of BSD. The
+ change in license for BSD has no effect on the other packages which
+ imitated the old BSD license; only the developers who made them can
+ change them.
+</p>
+<p>
+ But if they followed Berkeley's lead before, maybe Berkeley's
+ change in policy will convince some of them to change. It's worth
+ asking.
+</p>
+<p>
+ So if you have a favorite package which still uses the BSD license
+ with the advertising clause, please ask the maintainer to look at
+ this web page, and consider making the change.
+</p>
+<p>
+ And if you want to release a program as non-copylefted free
+ software, please don't use the advertising clause. Thus, instead of
+ copying the BSD license from some released package—which might
+ still have the old version of the license in it—please use one
+ of the other permissive licenses, such as Expat or FreeBSD.
+</p>
+<p>
+ You can also help spread awareness of the issue by not using the
+ term “BSD-style”, and not saying “the BSD license”
+ which implies there is only one. You see, when people refer to all
+ non-copyleft free software licenses as “BSD-style licenses”,
+ some new free software developer who wants to use a non-copyleft free
+ software license might take for granted that the place to get it is from
+ BSD. He or she might copy the license with the advertising clause, not by
+ specific intention, just by chance.
+</p>
+<p>
+ If you would like to cite one specific example of a non-copyleft
+ license, and you have no particular preference, please pick an
+ example which has no particular problem. For instance, if you talk
+ about “X11-style licenses”, you will encourage people to copy
the
+ license from X11, which avoids the advertising clause for certain,
+ rather than take a risk by randomly choosing one of the BSD
+ licenses.
+</p>
+<p>
+ Or you could mention the non-copyleft license
+ which <a href="/licenses/license-recommendations.html"> we
+ recommend over the other non-copyleft licenses</a>: the Apache 2.0
+ license, which has a clause to prevent patent treachery.
+</p>
+<p>
+ When you want to refer specifically to one of the BSD licenses,
+ please always state which one: the “original BSD license” or
the
+ “revised BSD license”.
+</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- If needed, change the copyright
block at the bottom. In general, -->
+<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
-->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002."
--></strong></del></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2007</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2007, 2013</em></ins></span>
+Free Software Foundation, <span class="removed"><del><strong>Inc.,
+</p>
+<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110,
USA</address></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Inc.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2014/01/31 06:32:45 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/free-doc.hr-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/free-doc.hr-diff.html
diff -N po/free-doc.hr-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/free-doc.hr-diff.html 31 Jan 2014 06:32:46 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/free-doc.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-doc.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation</h2>
+
+<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 110%;text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em
#fff; width: 300px; float: right; margin: 12px; background-color: #a0f112;
color: #353831; padding: 1em;"><a
href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our mailing list about
the dangers of eBooks</a>.</div>
+
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/copyleft/fdl.html">The GNU Free Documentation
License</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+The biggest deficiency in free operating systems is not in the
+software—it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include
+in these systems. Many of our most important programs do not come
+with full manuals. Documentation is an essential part of any software
+package; when an important free software package does not come with a
+free manual, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today.</p>
+
+<p>
+Once upon a time, many years ago, I thought I would learn Perl. I got
+a copy of a free manual, but I found it hard to read. When I asked
+Perl users about alternatives, they told me that there were better
+introductory manuals—but those were not free.</p>
+
+<p>
+Why was this? The authors of the good manuals had written them for
+O'Reilly Associates, which published them with restrictive
+terms—no copying, no modification, source files not
+available—which exclude them from the free software
+community.</p>
+
+<p>
+That wasn't the first time this sort of thing has happened, and (to
+our community's great loss) it was far from the last. Proprietary
+manual publishers have enticed a great many authors to restrict their
+manuals since then. Many times I have heard a GNU user eagerly tell
+me about a manual that he is writing, with which he expects to help
+the GNU Project—and then had my hopes dashed, as he proceeded to
+explain that he had signed a contract with a publisher that would
+restrict it so that we cannot use it.</p>
+
+<p>
+Given that writing good English is a rare skill among programmers, we
+can ill afford to lose manuals this way.</p>
+
+<p>
+Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not
+price. The problem with these manuals was not that O'Reilly
+Associates charged a price for printed copies—that in itself is
+fine. (The Free Software Foundation
+<a href="/doc/doc.html#DescriptionsOfGNUDocumentation">sells printed
+copies</a> of free <a href="/doc/doc.html">GNU manuals</a>,
too.) But
+GNU manuals are available in source code form, while these manuals are
+available only on paper. GNU manuals come with permission to copy and
+modify; the Perl manuals do not. These restrictions are the
problems.</p>
+
+<p>
+The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for free
+software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms.
+Redistribution (including commercial redistribution) must be
+permitted, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the program,
+on line or on paper. Permission for modification is crucial too.</p>
+
+<p>
+As a general rule, I don't believe that it is essential for people to
+have permission to modify all sorts of articles and books. The issues
+for writings are not necessarily the same as those for software. For
+example, I don't think you or I are obliged to give permission to
+modify articles like this one, which describe our actions and our
+views.</p>
+
+<p>
+But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial
+for documentation for free software. When people exercise their right
+to modify the software, and add or change its features, if they are
+conscientious they will change the manual too—so they can provide
+accurate and usable documentation with the modified program. A manual
+which forbids programmers from being conscientious and finishing the job, or
+more precisely requires them to write a new manual from scratch if
+they change the program, does not fill our community's needs.</p>
+
+<p>
+While a blanket prohibition on modification is unacceptable, some
+kinds of limits on the method of modification pose no problem. For
+example, requirements to preserve the original author's copyright
+notice, the distribution terms, or the list of authors, are OK. It is
+also no problem to require modified versions to include notice that
+they were modified, even to have entire sections that may not be
+deleted or changed, as long as these sections deal with nontechnical
+topics. (Some GNU manuals have them.)</p>
+
+<p>
+These kinds of restrictions are not a problem because, as a practical
+matter, they don't stop the conscientious programmer from adapting the
+manual to fit the modified program. In other words, they don't block
+the free software community from making full use of the manual.</p>
+
+<p>
+However, it must be possible to modify all the <em>technical</em>
+content of the manual, and then distribute the result through all the usual
+media, through all the usual channels; otherwise, the restrictions do
+block the community, the manual is not free, and so we need another
+manual.</p>
+
+<p>
+Unfortunately, it is often hard to find someone to write another
+manual when a proprietary manual exists. The obstacle is that many
+users think that a proprietary manual is good enough—so they
+don't see the need to write a free manual. They do not see that the
+free operating system has a gap that needs filling.</p>
+
+<p>
+Why do users think that proprietary manuals are good enough? Some
+have not considered the issue. I hope this article will do something
+to change that.</p>
+
+<p>
+Other users consider proprietary manuals acceptable for the same
+reason so many people consider proprietary software acceptable: they
+judge in purely practical terms, not using freedom as a criterion.
+These people are entitled to their opinions, but since those opinions
+spring from values which do not include freedom, they are no guide for
+those of us who do value freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+Please spread the word about this issue. We continue to lose manuals
+to proprietary publishing. If we spread the word that proprietary
+manuals are not sufficient, perhaps the next person who wants to help
+GNU by writing documentation will realize, before it is too late, that
+he must above all make it free.</p>
+
+<p>
+We can also encourage commercial publishers to sell free, copylefted
+manuals instead of proprietary ones. One way you can help this is to
+check the distribution terms of a manual before you buy it, and
+prefer copylefted manuals to noncopylefted ones.</p>
+<p>
+[Note: We maintain a <a href="/doc/other-free-books.html">page
+that lists free books available from other publishers</a>].</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,
2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
+2005, 2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Inc.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Inc.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2014/01/31 06:32:46 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- All pages on the GNU web server
should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
-->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002."
--></strong></del></span>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/free-doc.nl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/free-doc.nl-diff.html
diff -N po/free-doc.nl-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/free-doc.nl-diff.html 31 Jan 2014 06:32:46 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/free-doc.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-doc.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation</h2>
+
+<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 110%;text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em
#fff; width: 300px; float: right; margin: 12px; background-color: #a0f112;
color: #353831; padding: 1em;"><a
href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our mailing list about
the dangers of eBooks</a>.</div>
+
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/copyleft/fdl.html">The GNU Free Documentation
License</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+The biggest deficiency in free operating systems is not in the
+software—it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include
+in these systems. Many of our most important programs do not come
+with full manuals. Documentation is an essential part of any software
+package; when an important free software package does not come with a
+free manual, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today.</p>
+
+<p>
+Once upon a time, many years ago, I thought I would learn Perl. I got
+a copy of a free manual, but I found it hard to read. When I asked
+Perl users about alternatives, they told me that there were better
+introductory manuals—but those were not free.</p>
+
+<p>
+Why was this? The authors of the good manuals had written them for
+O'Reilly Associates, which published them with restrictive
+terms—no copying, no modification, source files not
+available—which exclude them from the free software
+community.</p>
+
+<p>
+That wasn't the first time this sort of thing has happened, and (to
+our community's great loss) it was far from the last. Proprietary
+manual publishers have enticed a great many authors to restrict their
+manuals since then. Many times I have heard a GNU user eagerly tell
+me about a manual that he is writing, with which he expects to help
+the GNU Project—and then had my hopes dashed, as he proceeded to
+explain that he had signed a contract with a publisher that would
+restrict it so that we cannot use it.</p>
+
+<p>
+Given that writing good English is a rare skill among programmers, we
+can ill afford to lose manuals this way.</p>
+
+<p>
+Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not
+price. The problem with these manuals was not that O'Reilly
+Associates charged a price for printed copies—that in itself is
+fine. (The Free Software Foundation
+<a href="/doc/doc.html#DescriptionsOfGNUDocumentation">sells printed
+copies</a> of free <a href="/doc/doc.html">GNU manuals</a>,
too.) But
+GNU manuals are available in source code form, while these manuals are
+available only on paper. GNU manuals come with permission to copy and
+modify; the Perl manuals do not. These restrictions are the
problems.</p>
+
+<p>
+The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for free
+software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms.
+Redistribution (including commercial redistribution) must be
+permitted, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the program,
+on line or on paper. Permission for modification is crucial too.</p>
+
+<p>
+As a general rule, I don't believe that it is essential for people to
+have permission to modify all sorts of articles and books. The issues
+for writings are not necessarily the same as those for software. For
+example, I don't think you or I are obliged to give permission to
+modify articles like this one, which describe our actions and our
+views.</p>
+
+<p>
+But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial
+for documentation for free software. When people exercise their right
+to modify the software, and add or change its features, if they are
+conscientious they will change the manual too—so they can provide
+accurate and usable documentation with the modified program. A manual
+which forbids programmers from being conscientious and finishing the job, or
+more precisely requires them to write a new manual from scratch if
+they change the program, does not fill our community's needs.</p>
+
+<p>
+While a blanket prohibition on modification is unacceptable, some
+kinds of limits on the method of modification pose no problem. For
+example, requirements to preserve the original author's copyright
+notice, the distribution terms, or the list of authors, are OK. It is
+also no problem to require modified versions to include notice that
+they were modified, even to have entire sections that may not be
+deleted or changed, as long as these sections deal with nontechnical
+topics. (Some GNU manuals have them.)</p>
+
+<p>
+These kinds of restrictions are not a problem because, as a practical
+matter, they don't stop the conscientious programmer from adapting the
+manual to fit the modified program. In other words, they don't block
+the free software community from making full use of the manual.</p>
+
+<p>
+However, it must be possible to modify all the <em>technical</em>
+content of the manual, and then distribute the result through all the usual
+media, through all the usual channels; otherwise, the restrictions do
+block the community, the manual is not free, and so we need another
+manual.</p>
+
+<p>
+Unfortunately, it is often hard to find someone to write another
+manual when a proprietary manual exists. The obstacle is that many
+users think that a proprietary manual is good enough—so they
+don't see the need to write a free manual. They do not see that the
+free operating system has a gap that needs filling.</p>
+
+<p>
+Why do users think that proprietary manuals are good enough? Some
+have not considered the issue. I hope this article will do something
+to change that.</p>
+
+<p>
+Other users consider proprietary manuals acceptable for the same
+reason so many people consider proprietary software acceptable: they
+judge in purely practical terms, not using freedom as a criterion.
+These people are entitled to their opinions, but since those opinions
+spring from values which do not include freedom, they are no guide for
+those of us who do value freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+Please spread the word about this issue. We continue to lose manuals
+to proprietary publishing. If we spread the word that proprietary
+manuals are not sufficient, perhaps the next person who wants to help
+GNU by writing documentation will realize, before it is too late, that
+he must above all make it free.</p>
+
+<p>
+We can also encourage commercial publishers to sell free, copylefted
+manuals instead of proprietary ones. One way you can help this is to
+check the distribution terms of a manual before you buy it, and
+prefer copylefted manuals to noncopylefted ones.</p>
+<p>
+[Note: We maintain a <a href="/doc/other-free-books.html">page
+that lists free books available from other publishers</a>].</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,
2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
+2005, 2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Inc.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Inc.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2014/01/31 06:32:46 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- All pages on the GNU web server
should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
-->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002."
--></strong></del></span>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/free-doc.zh-cn-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/free-doc.zh-cn-diff.html
diff -N po/free-doc.zh-cn-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/free-doc.zh-cn-diff.html 31 Jan 2014 06:32:47 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/free-doc.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-doc.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation</h2>
+
+<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 110%;text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em
#fff; width: 300px; float: right; margin: 12px; background-color: #a0f112;
color: #353831; padding: 1em;"><a
href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our mailing list about
the dangers of eBooks</a>.</div>
+
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/copyleft/fdl.html">The GNU Free Documentation
License</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+The biggest deficiency in free operating systems is not in the
+software—it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include
+in these systems. Many of our most important programs do not come
+with full manuals. Documentation is an essential part of any software
+package; when an important free software package does not come with a
+free manual, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today.</p>
+
+<p>
+Once upon a time, many years ago, I thought I would learn Perl. I got
+a copy of a free manual, but I found it hard to read. When I asked
+Perl users about alternatives, they told me that there were better
+introductory manuals—but those were not free.</p>
+
+<p>
+Why was this? The authors of the good manuals had written them for
+O'Reilly Associates, which published them with restrictive
+terms—no copying, no modification, source files not
+available—which exclude them from the free software
+community.</p>
+
+<p>
+That wasn't the first time this sort of thing has happened, and (to
+our community's great loss) it was far from the last. Proprietary
+manual publishers have enticed a great many authors to restrict their
+manuals since then. Many times I have heard a GNU user eagerly tell
+me about a manual that he is writing, with which he expects to help
+the GNU Project—and then had my hopes dashed, as he proceeded to
+explain that he had signed a contract with a publisher that would
+restrict it so that we cannot use it.</p>
+
+<p>
+Given that writing good English is a rare skill among programmers, we
+can ill afford to lose manuals this way.</p>
+
+<p>
+Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not
+price. The problem with these manuals was not that O'Reilly
+Associates charged a price for printed copies—that in itself is
+fine. (The Free Software Foundation
+<a href="/doc/doc.html#DescriptionsOfGNUDocumentation">sells printed
+copies</a> of free <a href="/doc/doc.html">GNU manuals</a>,
too.) But
+GNU manuals are available in source code form, while these manuals are
+available only on paper. GNU manuals come with permission to copy and
+modify; the Perl manuals do not. These restrictions are the
problems.</p>
+
+<p>
+The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for free
+software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms.
+Redistribution (including commercial redistribution) must be
+permitted, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the program,
+on line or on paper. Permission for modification is crucial too.</p>
+
+<p>
+As a general rule, I don't believe that it is essential for people to
+have permission to modify all sorts of articles and books. The issues
+for writings are not necessarily the same as those for software. For
+example, I don't think you or I are obliged to give permission to
+modify articles like this one, which describe our actions and our
+views.</p>
+
+<p>
+But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial
+for documentation for free software. When people exercise their right
+to modify the software, and add or change its features, if they are
+conscientious they will change the manual too—so they can provide
+accurate and usable documentation with the modified program. A manual
+which forbids programmers from being conscientious and finishing the job, or
+more precisely requires them to write a new manual from scratch if
+they change the program, does not fill our community's needs.</p>
+
+<p>
+While a blanket prohibition on modification is unacceptable, some
+kinds of limits on the method of modification pose no problem. For
+example, requirements to preserve the original author's copyright
+notice, the distribution terms, or the list of authors, are OK. It is
+also no problem to require modified versions to include notice that
+they were modified, even to have entire sections that may not be
+deleted or changed, as long as these sections deal with nontechnical
+topics. (Some GNU manuals have them.)</p>
+
+<p>
+These kinds of restrictions are not a problem because, as a practical
+matter, they don't stop the conscientious programmer from adapting the
+manual to fit the modified program. In other words, they don't block
+the free software community from making full use of the manual.</p>
+
+<p>
+However, it must be possible to modify all the <em>technical</em>
+content of the manual, and then distribute the result through all the usual
+media, through all the usual channels; otherwise, the restrictions do
+block the community, the manual is not free, and so we need another
+manual.</p>
+
+<p>
+Unfortunately, it is often hard to find someone to write another
+manual when a proprietary manual exists. The obstacle is that many
+users think that a proprietary manual is good enough—so they
+don't see the need to write a free manual. They do not see that the
+free operating system has a gap that needs filling.</p>
+
+<p>
+Why do users think that proprietary manuals are good enough? Some
+have not considered the issue. I hope this article will do something
+to change that.</p>
+
+<p>
+Other users consider proprietary manuals acceptable for the same
+reason so many people consider proprietary software acceptable: they
+judge in purely practical terms, not using freedom as a criterion.
+These people are entitled to their opinions, but since those opinions
+spring from values which do not include freedom, they are no guide for
+those of us who do value freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+Please spread the word about this issue. We continue to lose manuals
+to proprietary publishing. If we spread the word that proprietary
+manuals are not sufficient, perhaps the next person who wants to help
+GNU by writing documentation will realize, before it is too late, that
+he must above all make it free.</p>
+
+<p>
+We can also encourage commercial publishers to sell free, copylefted
+manuals instead of proprietary ones. One way you can help this is to
+check the distribution terms of a manual before you buy it, and
+prefer copylefted manuals to noncopylefted ones.</p>
+<p>
+[Note: We maintain a <a href="/doc/other-free-books.html">page
+that lists free books available from other publishers</a>].</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,
2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
+2005, 2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Inc.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Inc.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2014/01/31 06:32:47 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- All pages on the GNU web server
should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
-->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002."
--></strong></del></span>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/fs-motives.cs-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/fs-motives.cs-diff.html
diff -N po/fs-motives.cs-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/fs-motives.cs-diff.html 31 Jan 2014 06:32:48 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/fs-motives.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Motives For Writing Free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Software</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Software
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/fs-motives.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Motives For Writing Free Software</h2>
+
+<p>
+These are some of the motives for writing free software.
+</p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>Fun.</dt>
+<dd>For some people, often the best programmers,
+writing software is the greatest fun, especially when there is no boss
+to tell you what to do.<br />
+Nearly all free software developers share this motive.</dd>
+
+<dt>Political idealism.</dt>
+<dd>The desire to build a world of
+freedom, and help computer users escape from the power of software
+developers.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>To be admired.</dt>
+<dd>If you write a successful, useful
+free program, the users will admire you. That feels very good.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Professional reputation.</dt>
+<dd>If you write a successful,
+useful free program, that will suffice to show you are a good
+programmer.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Gratitude.</dt>
+<dd>If you have used the community's free
+programs for years, and it has been important to your work, you feel
+grateful and indebted to their developers. When you write a program
+that could be useful to many people, that is your chance to pay it
+forward.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Hatred for Microsoft.</dt>
+<dd>
+It is a mistake to focus our
+criticism <a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html">narrowly on
+Microsoft</a>. Indeed, Microsoft is evil, since it makes <span
class="removed"><del><strong>non-free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nonfree</em></ins></span>
+software. Even worse, it implements
+<a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">Digital Restrictions
Management</a>
+in that software. But many other companies do one or both of these.<br
/>
+
+Nonetheless, it is a fact that many people utterly despise Microsoft,
+and some contribute to free software based on that feeling.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Money.</dt>
+<dd>A considerable number of people are paid to
+develop free software or have built businesses around it.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Wanting a better program to use.</dt>
+<dd>People often work on improvements in programs they use, in order to
+make them more convenient. (Some commentators recognize no motive
+other than this, but their picture of human nature is too narrow.)
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Education.</dt>
+
+<dd>If you write free software, it is often
+an opportunity to dramatically improve both your technical
+and social skills; if you are a teacher, encouraging your
+students to take part in an existing free software project or
+organizing them into a free software project may
+provide an excellent opportunity for them.</dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+<p>Human nature is complex, and it is quite common for a person to
+have multiple simultaneous motives for a single action.</p>
+
+<p>Free software projects, and policies that affect software development
+(such as laws), can't limit themselves to maximising the profit motive.
+When encouraging software development is the goal, all these motivations
+have to be considered, not just any particular one.</p>
+
+<p>Each person is different, and there could be other motives that are
+missing from this list. If you know of other motives not listed here,
+please send email to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. If
+we think the other motives are likely to influence many developers, we
+will add them to the list.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 2009 Free Software Foundation,
<span class="removed"><del><strong>Inc.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Inc.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2014/01/31 06:32:48 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/fs-motives.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/fs-motives.pt-br-diff.html
diff -N po/fs-motives.pt-br-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/fs-motives.pt-br-diff.html 31 Jan 2014 06:32:48 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/fs-motives.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Motives For Writing Free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Software</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Software
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/fs-motives.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Motives For Writing Free Software</h2>
+
+<p>
+These are some of the motives for writing free software.
+</p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>Fun.</dt>
+<dd>For some people, often the best programmers,
+writing software is the greatest fun, especially when there is no boss
+to tell you what to do.<br />
+Nearly all free software developers share this motive.</dd>
+
+<dt>Political idealism.</dt>
+<dd>The desire to build a world of
+freedom, and help computer users escape from the power of software
+developers.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>To be admired.</dt>
+<dd>If you write a successful, useful
+free program, the users will admire you. That feels very good.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Professional reputation.</dt>
+<dd>If you write a successful,
+useful free program, that will suffice to show you are a good
+programmer.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Gratitude.</dt>
+<dd>If you have used the community's free
+programs for years, and it has been important to your work, you feel
+grateful and indebted to their developers. When you write a program
+that could be useful to many people, that is your chance to pay it
+forward.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Hatred for Microsoft.</dt>
+<dd>
+It is a mistake to focus our
+criticism <a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html">narrowly on
+Microsoft</a>. Indeed, Microsoft is evil, since it makes <span
class="removed"><del><strong>non-free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nonfree</em></ins></span>
+software. Even worse, it implements
+<a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">Digital Restrictions
Management</a>
+in that software. But many other companies do one or both of these.<br
/>
+
+Nonetheless, it is a fact that many people utterly despise Microsoft,
+and some contribute to free software based on that feeling.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Money.</dt>
+<dd>A considerable number of people are paid to
+develop free software or have built businesses around it.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Wanting a better program to use.</dt>
+<dd>People often work on improvements in programs they use, in order to
+make them more convenient. (Some commentators recognize no motive
+other than this, but their picture of human nature is too narrow.)
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Education.</dt>
+
+<dd>If you write free software, it is often
+an opportunity to dramatically improve both your technical
+and social skills; if you are a teacher, encouraging your
+students to take part in an existing free software project or
+organizing them into a free software project may
+provide an excellent opportunity for them.</dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+<p>Human nature is complex, and it is quite common for a person to
+have multiple simultaneous motives for a single action.</p>
+
+<p>Free software projects, and policies that affect software development
+(such as laws), can't limit themselves to maximising the profit motive.
+When encouraging software development is the goal, all these motivations
+have to be considered, not just any particular one.</p>
+
+<p>Each person is different, and there could be other motives that are
+missing from this list. If you know of other motives not listed here,
+please send email to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. If
+we think the other motives are likely to influence many developers, we
+will add them to the list.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 2009 Free Software Foundation,
<span class="removed"><del><strong>Inc.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Inc.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2014/01/31 06:32:48 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/lessig-fsfs-intro.nl-diff.html
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+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
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+<title>Introduction to Free Software, Free Society
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/lessig-fsfs-intro.translist" -->
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+
+<h2>Introduction
+to <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><i>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</i></a></h2>
+
+<p>
+by Lawrence Lessig, Professor of Law, Stanford Law School
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Every generation has its philosopher — a writer or an artist who
+captures the imagination of a time. Sometimes these philosophers are
+recognized as such; often it takes generations before the connection
+is made real. But recognized or not, a time gets marked by the people
+who speak its ideals, whether in the whisper of a poem, or the blast
+of a political movement.
+</p>
+<p>
+Our generation has a philosopher. He is not an artist, or a
+professional writer. He is a programmer. Richard Stallman began his
+work in the labs of <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of
Technology">MIT</abbr>,
+as a programmer and architect building operating system software. He
+has built his career on a stage of public life, as a programmer and an
+architect founding a movement for freedom in a world increasingly
+defined by “code.”
+</p>
+<p>
+“Code” is the technology that makes computers run. Whether
+inscribed in software or burned in hardware, it is the collection of
+instructions, first written in words, that directs the functionality
+of machines. These machines — computers — increasingly
+define and control our life. They determine how phones connect, and
+what runs on TV. They decide whether video can be streamed across a
+broadband link to a computer. They control what a computer reports
+back to its manufacturer. These machines run us. Code runs these
+machines.
+</p>
+<p>
+What control should we have over this code? What understanding? What
+freedom should there be to match the control it enables? What power?
+</p>
+<p>
+These questions have been the challenge of Stallman's life. Through
+his works and his words, he has pushed us to see the importance of
+keeping code “free.” Not free in the sense that code
+writers don't get paid, but free in the sense that the control coders
+build be transparent to all, and that anyone have the right to take
+that control, and modify it as he or she sees fit. This is “free
+software”; “free software” is one answer to a world
+built in code.
+</p>
+<p>
+“Free.” Stallman laments the ambiguity in his own
+term. There's nothing to lament. Puzzles force people to think, and
+this term “free” does this puzzling work quite well. To
+modern American ears, “free software” sounds utopian,
+impossible. Nothing, not even lunch, is free. How could the most
+important words running the most critical machines running the world
+be “free.” How could a sane society aspire to such an
+ideal?
+</p>
+<p>
+Yet the odd clink of the word “free” is a function of us,
+not of the term. “Free” has different senses, only one of
+which refers to “price.” A much more fundamental sense of
+“free” is the “free,” Stallman says, in the
+term “free speech,” or perhaps better in the term
+“free labor.” Not free as in costless, but free as in
+limited in its control by others. Free software is control that is
+transparent, and open to change, just as free laws, or the laws of a
+“free society,” are free when they make their control
+knowable, and open to change. The aim of Stallman's “free
+software movement” is to make as much code as it can
+transparent, and subject to change, by rendering it
+“free.”
+</p>
+<p>
+The mechanism of this rendering is an extraordinarily clever device
+called “copyleft” implemented through a license called
+GPL. Using the power of copyright law, “free software” not
+only assures that it remains open, and subject to change, but that
+other software that takes and uses “free software” (and
+that technically counts as a “derivative work”) must also
+itself be free. If you use and adapt a free software program, and
+then release that adapted version to the public, the released version
+must be as free as the version it was adapted from. It must, or the
+law of copyright will be violated.
+</p>
+<p>
+“Free software,” like free societies, has its
+enemies. Microsoft has waged a war against the GPL, warning whoever
+will listen that the GPL is a “dangerous” license. The
+dangers it names, however, are largely illusory. Others object to the
+“coercion” in GPL's insistence that modified versions are
+also free. But a condition is not coercion. If it is not coercion for
+Microsoft to refuse to permit users to distribute modified versions of
+its product Office without paying it (presumably) millions, then it is
+not coercion when the GPL insists that modified versions of free
+software be free too.
+</p>
+<p>
+And then there are those who call Stallman's message too extreme. But
+extreme it is not. Indeed, in an obvious sense, Stallman's work is a
+simple translation of the freedoms that our tradition crafted in the
+world before code. “Free software” would assure that the
+world governed by code is as “free” as our tradition that
+built the world before code.
+</p>
+<p>
+For example: A “free society” is regulated by law. But
+there are limits that any free society places on this regulation
+through law: No society that kept its laws secret could ever be called
+free. No government that hid its regulations from the regulated could
+ever stand in our tradition. Law controls. But it does so justly only
+when visibly. And law is visible only when its terms are knowable and
+controllable by those it regulates, or by the agents of those it
+regulates (lawyers, legislatures).
+</p>
+<p>
+This condition on law extends beyond the work of a legislature. Think
+about the practice of law in American courts. Lawyers are hired by
+their clients to advance their clients' interests. Sometimes that
+interest is advanced through litigation. In the course of this
+litigation, lawyers write briefs. These briefs in turn affect opinions
+written by judges. These opinions decide who wins a particular case,
+or whether a certain law can stand consistently with a constitution.
+</p>
+<p>
+All the material in this process is free in the sense that Stallman
+means. Legal briefs are open and free for others to use. The
+arguments are transparent (which is different from saying they are
+good) and the reasoning can be taken without the permission of the
+original lawyers. The opinions they produce can be quoted in later
+briefs. They can be copied and integrated into another brief or
+opinion. The “source code” for American law is by design,
+and by principle, open and free for anyone to take. And take lawyers
+do — for it is a measure of a great brief that it achieves its
+creativity through the reuse of what happened before. The source is
+free; creativity and an economy is built upon it.
+</p>
+<p>
+This economy of free code (and here I mean free legal code) doesn't
+starve lawyers. Law firms have enough incentive to produce great
+briefs even though the stuff they build can be taken and copied by
+anyone else. The lawyer is a craftsman; his or her product is
+public. Yet the crafting is not charity. Lawyers get paid; the public
+doesn't demand such work without price. Instead this economy
+flourishes, with later work added to the earlier.
+</p>
+<p>
+We could imagine a legal practice that was different — briefs
+and arguments that were kept secret; rulings that announced a result
+but not the reasoning. Laws that were kept by the police but
+published to no one else. Regulation that operated without explaining
+its rule.
+</p>
+<p>
+We could imagine this society, but we could not imagine calling it
+“free.” Whether or not the incentives in such a society
+would be better or more efficiently allocated, such a society could
+not be known as free. The ideals of freedom, of life within a free
+society, demand more than efficient application. Instead, openness
+and transparency are the constraints within which a legal system gets
+built, not options to be added if convenient to the leaders. Life
+governed by software code should be no less.
+</p>
+<p>
+Code writing is not litigation. It is better, richer, more
+productive. But the law is an obvious instance of how creativity and
+incentives do not depend upon perfect control over the products
+created. Like jazz, or novels, or architecture, the law gets built
+upon the work that went before. This adding and changing is what
+creativity always is. And a free society is one that assures that its
+most important resources remain free in just this sense.
+</p>
+<p>
+For the first time, this book collects the writing and lectures of
+Richard Stallman in a manner that will make their subtlety and power
+clear. The essays span a wide range, from copyright to the history of
+the free software movement. They include many arguments not well
+known, and among these, an especially insightful account of the
+changed circumstances that render copyright in the digital world
+suspect. They will serve as a resource for those who seek to
+understand the thought of this most powerful man — powerful in
+his ideas, his passion, and his integrity, even if powerless in every
+other way. They will inspire others who would take these ideas, and
+build upon them.
+</p>
+<p>
+I don't know Stallman well. I know him well enough to know he is a
+hard man to like. He is driven, often impatient. His anger can flare
+at friend as easily as foe. He is uncompromising and persistent;
+patient in both.
+</p>
+<p>
+Yet when our world finally comes to understand the power and danger of
+code — when it finally sees that code, like laws, or like
+government, must be transparent to be free — then we will look
+back at this uncompromising and persistent programmer and recognize
+the vision he has fought to make real: the vision of a world where
+freedom and knowledge survives the compiler. And we will come to see
+that no man, through his deeds or words, has done as much to make
+possible the freedom that this next society could have.
+</p>
+<p>
+We have not earned that freedom yet. We may well fail in securing
+it. But whether we succeed or fail, in these essays is a picture of
+what that freedom could be. And in the life that produced these words
+and works, there is inspiration for anyone who would, like Stallman,
+fight to create this freedom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>Lawrence Lessig</strong><br />
+<strong>Professor of Law, Stanford Law School.</strong>
+</p>
+
+<h4><a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/">Learn
+more about <i>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of
+Richard M. Stallman</i></a></h4>
+
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