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www distros/po/distros.ar.po distros/po/distros...
From: |
GNUN |
Subject: |
www distros/po/distros.ar.po distros/po/distros... |
Date: |
Mon, 14 Oct 2013 04:28:14 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 13/10/14 04:28:14
Modified files:
distros/po : distros.ar.po distros.de.po distros.es.po
distros.fa.po distros.fr.po distros.hr.po
distros.it.po distros.ja.po distros.ml.po
distros.pl.po distros.pot distros.pt-br.po
distros.ru.po distros.sk.po distros.uk.po
distros.zh-cn.po
philosophy/po : rms-hack.translist
Added files:
philosophy : rms-hack.ru.html
philosophy/po : rms-hack.ru-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/distros.ar.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.25&r2=1.26
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/distros.de.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/distros.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.32&r2=1.33
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/distros.fa.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/distros.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.42&r2=1.43
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/distros.hr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/distros.it.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/distros.ja.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.23&r2=1.24
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/distros.ml.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/distros.pl.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.24&r2=1.25
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/distros.pot?cvsroot=www&r1=1.19&r2=1.20
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/distros.pt-br.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.11&r2=1.12
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/distros.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.23&r2=1.24
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/distros.sk.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.17&r2=1.18
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/distros.uk.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/distros.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/rms-hack.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/rms-hack.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/rms-hack.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: distros/po/distros.ar.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/distros.ar.po,v
retrieving revision 1.25
retrieving revision 1.26
diff -u -b -r1.25 -r1.26
--- distros/po/distros.ar.po 12 May 2013 04:58:31 -0000 1.25
+++ distros/po/distros.ar.po 14 Oct 2013 04:28:12 -0000 1.26
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: distros\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-11 02:00-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-05-11 21:21+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Rafik E. Younan <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Arabic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -18,14 +18,16 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=6; plural=n==0 ? 0 : n==1 ? 1 : n==2 ? 2 : n%100>=3 "
"&& n%100<=10 ? 3 : n%100>=11 && n%100<=99 ? 4 : 5;\n"
"X-Generator: Lokalize 1.5\n"
-# type: Content of: <title>
#. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
-msgstr "تÙزÙعات غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس - ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠غÙÙ"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Why Free Software needs Free Documentation"
+msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr "اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙاÙأدÙØ© اÙØرة"
# type: Content of: <h3>
#. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link>
@@ -288,6 +290,10 @@
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "ØÙدÙثت:"
+# type: Content of: <title>
+#~ msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
+#~ msgstr "تÙزÙعات غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس - ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠غÙÙ"
+
# type: Content of: <div><p>
#~| msgid ""
#~| "Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"
Index: distros/po/distros.de.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/distros.de.po,v
retrieving revision 1.30
retrieving revision 1.31
diff -u -b -r1.30 -r1.31
--- distros/po/distros.de.po 19 Feb 2013 19:30:52 -0000 1.30
+++ distros/po/distros.de.po 14 Oct 2013 04:28:12 -0000 1.31
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: distros.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-11 02:00-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-10-06 17:00+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Joerg Kohne <joeko (AT) online [PUNKT] de>\n"
"Language-Team: German <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -14,11 +14,15 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
-msgstr ""
-"GNU/Linux-Distributionen - GNU-Betriebssystem - Free Software Foundation"
+# | [-Media Contact:-]{+GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project -+} Free Software
+# | Foundation
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Media Contact: Free Software Foundation"
+msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr "Medienkontakt: Free Software Foundation"
#. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link>
msgid "Free GNU/Linux distributions"
@@ -287,5 +291,9 @@
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "Aktualisierung:"
+#~ msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "GNU/Linux-Distributionen - GNU-Betriebssystem - Free Software Foundation"
+
#~ msgid "Translations of this page"
#~ msgstr "Ãbersetzungen dieser Seite"
Index: distros/po/distros.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/distros.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.32
retrieving revision 1.33
diff -u -b -r1.32 -r1.33
--- distros/po/distros.es.po 11 Feb 2013 07:47:20 -0000 1.32
+++ distros/po/distros.es.po 14 Oct 2013 04:28:12 -0000 1.33
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: distros.es.html\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-11 02:00-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-10-09 16:31+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Dora Scilipoti <dora AT gnu DOT org>\n"
"Language-Team: Spanish <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -18,14 +18,18 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"X-Poedit-Language: Spanish\n"
"X-Poedit-SourceCharset: utf-8\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n!=1);\n"
-# type: Content of: <title>
+# type: Content of: <h3>
#. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
-msgstr "Distribuciones GNU/Linux - Sistema Operativo GNU"
+# | [-The-]{+GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project -+} Free Software Foundation
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "The Free Software Foundation"
+msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr "La <cite>Free Software Foundation</cite>"
# type: Content of: <h3>
#. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link>
@@ -311,3 +315,7 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "Ãltima actualización: "
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+#~ msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
+#~ msgstr "Distribuciones GNU/Linux - Sistema Operativo GNU"
Index: distros/po/distros.fa.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/distros.fa.po,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- distros/po/distros.fa.po 11 Feb 2013 07:47:20 -0000 1.12
+++ distros/po/distros.fa.po 14 Oct 2013 04:28:12 -0000 1.13
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-11 02:00-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-01-18 10:25+0330\n"
"Last-Translator: Mahyar Moghimi <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Persian <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@
# type: Content of: <title>
#. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
-msgstr "تÙزÛعâÙØ§Û Ú¯ÙÙ/ÙÛÙÙکس - سÛستÙ
عاÙ
Ù Ú¯ÙÙ"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Linux and GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr "ÙÛÙÙکس Ù Ú¯ÙÙ - پرÙÚÙ Ú¯ÙÙ - بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ (FSF)"
# type: Content of: <h3>
#. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link>
@@ -315,6 +317,10 @@
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ Ø´Ø¯Ù Ø¯Ø±:"
+# type: Content of: <title>
+#~ msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
+#~ msgstr "تÙزÛعâÙØ§Û Ú¯ÙÙ/ÙÛÙÙکس - سÛستÙ
عاÙ
Ù
Ú¯ÙÙ"
+
# type: Content of: <div><p>
#, fuzzy
#~| msgid ""
Index: distros/po/distros.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/distros.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.42
retrieving revision 1.43
diff -u -b -r1.42 -r1.43
--- distros/po/distros.fr.po 11 Feb 2013 07:47:20 -0000 1.42
+++ distros/po/distros.fr.po 14 Oct 2013 04:28:12 -0000 1.43
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: distros.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-11 02:00-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-10-07 23:58+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Thérèse Godefroy <godef.th AT free.fr>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -16,11 +16,16 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"Plural-Forms: \n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
-msgstr "Distributions GNU/Linux - Le système d'exploitation GNU"
+# | [-Media Contact:-]{+GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project -+} Free Software
+# | Foundation
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Media Contact: Free Software Foundation"
+msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr "Contact presse : Free Software Foundation"
#. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link>
msgid "Free GNU/Linux distributions"
@@ -293,3 +298,6 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "Dernière mise à jour :"
+
+#~ msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
+#~ msgstr "Distributions GNU/Linux - Le système d'exploitation GNU"
Index: distros/po/distros.hr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/distros.hr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- distros/po/distros.hr.po 28 Apr 2013 19:58:19 -0000 1.2
+++ distros/po/distros.hr.po 14 Oct 2013 04:28:12 -0000 1.3
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: distros.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-11 02:00-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-04-28 21:35+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Marin Rameša <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: www-hr <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -14,11 +14,15 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"X-Generator: Poedit 1.5.4\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
-msgstr "GNU/Linux distribucije - GNU operativni sustav"
+# | [-The-]{+GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project -+} Free Software Foundation
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "The Free Software Foundation"
+msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr "Zaklada za slobodan softver"
#. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link>
msgid "Free GNU/Linux distributions"
@@ -293,3 +297,6 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "Zadnji put promijenjeno:"
+
+#~ msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
+#~ msgstr "GNU/Linux distribucije - GNU operativni sustav"
Index: distros/po/distros.it.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/distros.it.po,v
retrieving revision 1.30
retrieving revision 1.31
diff -u -b -r1.30 -r1.31
--- distros/po/distros.it.po 25 Feb 2013 13:00:55 -0000 1.30
+++ distros/po/distros.it.po 14 Oct 2013 04:28:12 -0000 1.31
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: distros.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-11 02:00-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-02-11 23:29+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Andrea Pescetti <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Italian\n"
@@ -14,11 +14,16 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
-# type: Content of: <title>
+# type: Content of: <h3>
#. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
-msgstr "Distribuzioni GNU/Linux - Sistema operativo GNU"
+# | [-Media Contact:-]{+GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project -+} Free Software
+# | Foundation
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Media Contact: Free Software Foundation"
+msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr "Contatto stampa: Free Software Foundation"
# type: Content of: <h3>
#. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link>
@@ -304,3 +309,7 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "Ultimo aggiornamento:"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+#~ msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
+#~ msgstr "Distribuzioni GNU/Linux - Sistema operativo GNU"
Index: distros/po/distros.ja.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/distros.ja.po,v
retrieving revision 1.23
retrieving revision 1.24
diff -u -b -r1.23 -r1.24
--- distros/po/distros.ja.po 7 Oct 2013 03:58:08 -0000 1.23
+++ distros/po/distros.ja.po 14 Oct 2013 04:28:12 -0000 1.24
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: distros.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-11 02:00-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-10-04 08:33+0900\n"
"Last-Translator: NIIBE Yutaka <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Japanese <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -14,10 +14,13 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
-msgstr "GNU/Linux ãã£ã¹ãã - GNU ãªãã¬ã¼ãã£ã³ã°ã»ã·ã¹ãã
"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Media Contact: Free Software Foundation"
+msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr "å ±éé£çµ¡å
:
ããªã¼ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã¡ã¦ã³ãã¼ã·ã§ã³"
#. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link>
msgid "Free GNU/Linux distributions"
@@ -278,3 +281,6 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "æçµæ´æ°:"
+
+#~ msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
+#~ msgstr "GNU/Linux ãã£ã¹ãã - GNU
ãªãã¬ã¼ãã£ã³ã°ã»ã·ã¹ãã "
Index: distros/po/distros.ml.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/distros.ml.po,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- distros/po/distros.ml.po 11 Feb 2013 07:47:21 -0000 1.14
+++ distros/po/distros.ml.po 14 Oct 2013 04:28:13 -0000 1.15
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: distros.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-11 02:00-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-03-31 19:10+0300\n"
"Last-Translator: Jinesh K J <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Malayalam <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@
# type: Content of: <title>
#. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
-msgstr "à´àµà´¨àµ/ലിനà´àµà´¸àµ വിതരണà´àµà´à´³àµâ
-à´àµà´¨àµ à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´ à´¸à´à´µà´¿à´§à´¾à´¨à´"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Linux and GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr "ലിനà´àµà´¸àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµà´µàµà´ - à´àµà´¨àµ
à´¸à´à´°à´à´à´ - à´«àµà´°àµ à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´«àµà´£àµà´àµà´·à´¨àµâ (FSF)"
# type: Content of: <h3>
#. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link>
@@ -312,6 +314,10 @@
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:"
+# type: Content of: <title>
+#~ msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
+#~ msgstr "à´àµà´¨àµ/ലിനà´àµà´¸àµ
വിതരണà´àµà´à´³àµâ -à´àµà´¨àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´ à´¸à´à´µà´¿à´§à´¾à´¨à´"
+
# type: Content of: <div><p>
#, fuzzy
#~| msgid ""
Index: distros/po/distros.pl.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/distros.pl.po,v
retrieving revision 1.24
retrieving revision 1.25
diff -u -b -r1.24 -r1.25
--- distros/po/distros.pl.po 11 Feb 2013 07:47:21 -0000 1.24
+++ distros/po/distros.pl.po 14 Oct 2013 04:28:13 -0000 1.25
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: distros.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-11 02:00-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-10-27 12:45-0600\n"
"Last-Translator: Jan Owoc <jsowoc AT gmail.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Polish <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -15,14 +15,19 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n==1 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<=4 && (n%100<10 "
"|| n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n"
"X-Generator: Virtaal 0.7.0\n"
-# type: Content of: <title>
#. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
-msgstr "Dystrubucje GNU/Linuksa - System operacyjny GNU"
+# | [-Media Contact:-]{+GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project -+} Free Software
+# | Foundation
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Media Contact: Free Software Foundation"
+msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+"Kontakt medialny: Fundacja Wolnego Oprogramowania (Free Software Foundation)"
# type: Content of: <h3>
#. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link>
@@ -312,3 +317,7 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "Aktualizowane:"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+#~ msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
+#~ msgstr "Dystrubucje GNU/Linuksa - System operacyjny GNU"
Index: distros/po/distros.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/distros.pot,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- distros/po/distros.pot 11 Feb 2013 07:01:37 -0000 1.19
+++ distros/po/distros.pot 14 Oct 2013 04:28:13 -0000 1.20
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: distros.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-11 02:00-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
#. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
+msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link>
Index: distros/po/distros.pt-br.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/distros.pt-br.po,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- distros/po/distros.pt-br.po 11 Feb 2013 07:47:21 -0000 1.11
+++ distros/po/distros.pt-br.po 14 Oct 2013 04:28:13 -0000 1.12
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: distros.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-11 02:00-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-11-23 12:48-0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Rafael Ferreira <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Português (Brasileiro) <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -17,11 +17,14 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n!=1);\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
-msgstr "Distros GNU/Linux - Sistema Operacional GNU"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "About the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr "Sobre o Projeto GNU - Projeto GNU - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
#. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link>
msgid "Free GNU/Linux distributions"
@@ -297,3 +300,6 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "Ãltima atualização: "
+
+#~ msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
+#~ msgstr "Distros GNU/Linux - Sistema Operacional GNU"
Index: distros/po/distros.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/distros.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.23
retrieving revision 1.24
diff -u -b -r1.23 -r1.24
--- distros/po/distros.ru.po 18 May 2013 06:39:35 -0000 1.23
+++ distros/po/distros.ru.po 14 Oct 2013 04:28:13 -0000 1.24
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: distros.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-11 02:00-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-02-11 17:17+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Ineiev <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Russian <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -15,11 +15,14 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
-# type: Content of: <title>
#. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
-msgstr "ÐиÑÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ GNU/Linux - опеÑаÑионнаÑ
ÑиÑÑема GNU"
+# | [-The-]{+GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project -+} Free Software Foundation
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "The Free Software Foundation"
+msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr "Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑениÑ"
# type: Content of: <h3>
#. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link>
@@ -304,3 +307,7 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "Ðбновлено:"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+#~ msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
+#~ msgstr "ÐиÑÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ GNU/Linux - опеÑаÑионнаÑ
ÑиÑÑема GNU"
Index: distros/po/distros.sk.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/distros.sk.po,v
retrieving revision 1.17
retrieving revision 1.18
diff -u -b -r1.17 -r1.18
--- distros/po/distros.sk.po 11 Feb 2013 07:47:21 -0000 1.17
+++ distros/po/distros.sk.po 14 Oct 2013 04:28:13 -0000 1.18
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: distros.html\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-11 02:00-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-04-27 11:16+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Dominik Smatana <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Slovak <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@
# type: Content of: <title>
#. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
-msgstr "Distribúcie GNU/Linux - OperaÄný systém GNU"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr "Softvér - Projekt GNU - Nadácia pre slobodný softvér (FSF)"
# type: Content of: <h3>
#. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link>
@@ -310,6 +312,10 @@
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "Aktualizované:"
+# type: Content of: <title>
+#~ msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
+#~ msgstr "Distribúcie GNU/Linux - OperaÄný systém GNU"
+
# type: Content of: <div><p>
#, fuzzy
#~ msgid ""
Index: distros/po/distros.uk.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/distros.uk.po,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- distros/po/distros.uk.po 11 Oct 2013 09:59:18 -0000 1.2
+++ distros/po/distros.uk.po 14 Oct 2013 04:28:13 -0000 1.3
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: distros.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-11 02:00-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-10-11 10:20+0300\n"
"Last-Translator: Andriy Bandura <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Ukrainian <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -14,13 +14,17 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n"
"%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n"
"X-Generator: Lokalize 1.5\n"
+# type: Content of: <table><tr><td><h3>
#. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
-msgstr "ÐиÑÑÑибÑÑиви GNU/Linux - опеÑаÑÑйна
ÑиÑÑема GNU"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "What is the Free Software Foundation?"
+msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr "Що Ñаке Ñонд вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑеннÑ?"
#. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link>
msgid "Free GNU/Linux distributions"
@@ -288,3 +292,6 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "Ðновлено:"
+
+#~ msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
+#~ msgstr "ÐиÑÑÑибÑÑиви GNU/Linux - опеÑаÑÑйна
ÑиÑÑема GNU"
Index: distros/po/distros.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/distros.zh-cn.po,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- distros/po/distros.zh-cn.po 11 Feb 2013 07:47:21 -0000 1.12
+++ distros/po/distros.zh-cn.po 14 Oct 2013 04:28:13 -0000 1.13
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: distros.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-02-11 02:00-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-10-14 04:25+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2010-07-07 07:34+0300\n"
"Last-Translator: Deng, Nan <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Chinese-Simplified <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@
# type: Content of: <title>
#. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
-msgstr "GNU/Linux åè¡ç - GNU æä½ç³»ç»"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr "ä¸è½½è½¯ä»¶ - GNU å·¥ç¨ - èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼"
# type: Content of: <h3>
#. type: Attribute 'title' of: <link>
@@ -302,6 +304,10 @@
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "æ´æ°ï¼"
+# type: Content of: <title>
+#~ msgid "GNU/Linux Distros - GNU Operating System"
+#~ msgstr "GNU/Linux åè¡ç - GNU æä½ç³»ç»"
+
# type: Content of: <div><p>
#, fuzzy
#~| msgid ""
Index: philosophy/po/rms-hack.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/rms-hack.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/po/rms-hack.translist 31 Aug 2013 17:16:51 -0000 1.8
+++ philosophy/po/rms-hack.translist 14 Oct 2013 04:28:14 -0000 1.9
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
<p>
<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/rms-hack.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/rms-hack.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/rms-hack.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
<!--#if expr="$HTML_BODY = yes" -->
Index: philosophy/rms-hack.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/rms-hack.ru.html
diff -N philosophy/rms-hack.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/rms-hack.ru.html 14 Oct 2013 04:28:13 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,548 @@
+
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+ <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/rms-hack.en.html" -->
+
+<title>ХакеÑÑкое ÑообÑеÑÑво и ÑÑика - ÐÑоекÑ
GNU - Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
+обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-hack.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<h2>ХакеÑÑкое ÑообÑеÑÑво и ÑÑика: инÑеÑвÑÑ Ñ
РиÑаÑдом СÑолменом (2002)</h2>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong></p>
+<p><em>ÐпÑбликовано на ÑинÑком в <cite>Tere Vadén
& Richard
+M. Stallman: <a
+href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100807063010/http://www.uta.fi/%7Efiteva/koodivapaaksi.html">
+Koodi vapaaksi - Hakkerietiikan vaativuus</a>, Tampere University
+Press. 2002, sivut 62-80.</cite></em></p>
+
+<h3>ХакеÑÑÑво</h3>
+
+<p>ТеÑе Ðаден (<b>ТÐ</b>). Ðдна из
поÑазиÑелÑнейÑиÑ
оÑобенноÑÑей ваÑего подÑ
ода
+к вопÑоÑам ÑеÑ
ники, пÑогÑаммиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ Ñак
далее заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо вÑ
+ÑÑиÑаеÑе ÑÑиÑеÑкие и ÑоÑиалÑнÑе пÑоблемÑ
более важнÑми, Ñем возможнÑе
+ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкие ÑÑовеÑÑенÑÑвованиÑ. ХоÑÑ ÑÑо,
возможно, должно бÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ñмой, к
+ÑожалениÑ, ÑÑо не Ñак. ÐлавнÑми вопÑоÑами
пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑÑ ÑообÑеÑÑва:
+какого Ñода ÑообÑеÑÑвам ÑпоÑобÑÑвÑÑÑ
ÑазлиÑнÑе ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑименениÑ
+ÑеÑ
ники. ÐÑав ли Ñ, еÑли Ñ ÑÑиÑаÑ, ÑÑо вÑ
дÑмаеÑе об ÑÑиÑеÑкиÑ
пÑоблемаÑ
в
+ÑеÑминаÑ
ÑообÑеÑÑв?</p>
+
+<p>РиÑаÑд Ð. СÑолмен (<b>РС</b>). Ðа. ÐÑÑÑ, по
коÑоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑел к заклÑÑениÑм
+о Ñом, какие ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±Ñ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ñи
полÑзовании пÑогÑаммами и какого Ñода
+ÑÑÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñензий пÑиемлемÑ,— ÑÑо
ÑазмÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, бÑдÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ они
+помеÑ
ой Ñем видам пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм,
коÑоÑÑе необÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑобÑ
+бÑло живое ÑообÑеÑÑво.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. ÐÐ´ÐµÑ Ñвободной пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñла
поÑождена ваÑим опÑÑом ÑабоÑÑ Ð² MIT
+и Ñем, как коммеÑÑеÑкие инÑеÑеÑÑ
внедÑилиÑÑ Ð² ÑÑо ÑообÑеÑÑво и в некоÑоÑом
+ÑмÑÑле ÑазÑÑÑили его.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Ðа, ÑÑо веÑно. ХакеÑам оÑенÑ
нÑавилоÑÑ Ñвободно обмениваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸
+пÑавиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ; ÑÑо бÑло оÑновой наÑего
неÑÑеÑненного ÑообÑеÑÑва.</p>
+<p>
+<b>ТÐ</b>. ЧÑо лиÑно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ñлово
“Ñ
акеє?</p>
+<p>
+<b>РС</b>. Ðно ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо, ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½ÑавиÑÑÑ
игÑа Ñма, оÑобенно в
+пÑогÑаммиÑовании, но дÑÑгие облаÑÑи Ñоже
возможнÑ. Ð XIV веке Ðийом де ÐаÑо
+напиÑал палиндÑомнÑÑ Ð¼ÑзÑкалÑнÑÑ
композиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² ÑÑеÑ
ÑаÑÑÑÑ
. ÐÑо и звÑÑало
+Ñ
оÑоÑо — по-моемÑ, Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº-Ñо Ñаз игÑал
ее, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÑиÑ
поÑ
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð· ÑаÑÑей. Ðо-моемÑ, ÑÑо бÑло Ñ
оÑоÑее Ñ
акеÑÑÑво. Я где-Ñо ÑлÑÑал,
+ÑÑо ÑÑо-Ñо подобное делал Ð.С. ÐаÑ
.<br />
+Ðдна из возможнÑÑ
аÑен Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ð³ÑÑ Ñма —
взлом заÑиÑÑ. ХакеÑÑ
+никогда оÑобенно не Ñважали
бÑÑокÑаÑиÑеÑкие огÑаниÑениÑ. ÐÑли
компÑÑÑеÑ
+ÑÑоÑл без дела, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо админиÑÑÑаÑоÑÑ
не давали Ñ
акеÑам им полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ,
+они иногда наÑ
одили ÑпоÑоб обойÑи
пÑепÑÑÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ вÑе Ñавно полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
+им. ÐÑли Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого ÑÑебовалаÑÑ
ÑообÑазиÑелÑноÑÑÑ, ÑÑо бÑло Ñамо по Ñебе
+ÑазвлеÑение, а не ÑолÑко позволÑло
занимаÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгим Ñ
акеÑÑÑвом (напÑимеÑ,
+полезной ÑабоÑой) на компÑÑÑеÑе вмеÑÑо
Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑидеÑÑ Ñложа ÑÑки. Ðо не
+вÑе Ñ
акеÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ Ð²Ð·Ð»Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ заÑиÑÑ.
Ðногие никогда ÑÑим не инÑеÑеÑовалиÑÑ.<br />
+Ð ÐеÑовмеÑÑимой ÑиÑÑеме ÑазделениÑ
вÑемени, опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑеме,
+ÑазÑабоÑанной Ñ
акеÑами ÐабоÑаÑоÑии ÐÐ, мÑ
Ñделали взлом заÑиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ½ÑжнÑм: мÑ
+пÑоÑÑо не Ñеализовали заÑиÑÑ Ð² ÑÑой
ÑиÑÑеме. ХакеÑÑ Ñознавали, ÑÑо заÑиÑа
+бÑла Ð±Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑ
анизмом, Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑого
админиÑÑÑаÑоÑÑ Ð³Ð¾ÑподÑÑвовали Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´
+нами. Так ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° не давали им ÑÑого
ÑÑедÑÑва.</p>
+<p>
+<b>ТÐ</b>. РпонÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ ÑообÑеÑÑва? Я
Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð² Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ ÑÑÑ Ð¼ÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð¾ Ñом,
+ÑÑо Ñвобода ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¸, мÑÑли,
ÑеÑепÑÑ Ð¸ пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑоздаеÑ
+наилÑÑÑие Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ ÑообÑеÑÑв или по менÑÑей
меÑе лÑÑÑе ÑеÑ
, в оÑнове коÑоÑÑÑ
+Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÐµÑÑеÑкие огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение и обмен.</p>
+<p>
+<b>РС</b>. Я дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо непÑавилÑно оÑмеÑаÑÑ
ÑÑи огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº
+“коммеÑÑеÑкие”, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо
оÑноÑиÑÑÑ Ðº моÑивам
+огÑаниÑений. Те же ÑамÑе огÑаниÑениÑ, еÑли
иÑ
налагаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ дÑÑгим моÑивам,
+наноÑили Ð±Ñ ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¶Ðµ ÑамÑй вÑед. ÐажнÑ
огÑаниÑениÑ, а не моÑив. ÐоммеÑÑеÑкие
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑми или
неÑвободнÑми ÑоÑно Ñак же, как
+некоммеÑÑеÑкие пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
ÑвободнÑми или неÑвободнÑми. ÐÑо завиÑиÑ
+ÑолÑко Ð¾Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñензии.</p>
+<p>
+<b>ТÐ</b>. Ðак Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ñовели ÑазделиÑелÑнÑÑ
ÑеÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвенной
+(коммÑналÑной, оÑнованной на Ñвободе) и
коммеÑÑеÑкой ÑÑеÑой?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. СопоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ñвободное Ñ
коммеÑÑеÑким — вÑе Ñавно ÑÑо
+ÑопоÑÑавлÑÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑÑе и лазÑÑÑ. ÐÑо
беÑÑмÑÑленно, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо о ниÑ
нелÑзÑ
+задаÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸ и Ñе же вопÑоÑÑ. ÐÑо не
алÑÑеÑнаÑивÑ. ÐÑмÑÑленное
+ÑопоÑÑавление — Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ ÑвободнÑми и
неÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. РазлиÑие Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ “оÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм ÑекÑÑом” и
+“ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами”, кажеÑÑÑ,
ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо движение
+за оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð² конеÑном
ÑÑеÑе опÑавдÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ñ ÑÑилиÑаÑнÑÑ
+позиÑий; оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ —
ÑамÑй лÑÑÑий ÑпоÑоб
+пÑоизводÑÑва надежнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм; в Ñо же
вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ñавдание ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
+по ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑаÑÑеÑливо, не ÑÑилиÑаÑно;
Ñвобода непÑикоÑновенна. ÐеÑно ли
+ÑÑо Ñолкование?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Ðолее или менее. Я Ð±Ñ Ñказал, ÑÑо
Ñвобода Ñенна Ñама по Ñебе,
+ÑоÑно Ñак же как и ÑÑÑекÑивнÑе надежнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. Ðо Ð½ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ здеÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ: один из
ÑÑилиÑаÑнÑÑ
ÑаÑÑеÑов
+“оÑкÑÑÑого иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа”
заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо
+вÑгоднее — в ÑмÑÑле денег или
ÑлÑÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм —
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ñензией оÑкÑÑÑого иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа, Ñем лиÑензией Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑким
+левом. ÐÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ñоде Apple или Nokia пÑинимаеÑ
оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð´Ð¾
+некоÑоÑого моменÑа — Ñовно до Ñого
моменÑа, наÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑого
+повÑÑение ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñало Ð±Ñ ÑнижаÑÑ
пÑибÑлÑноÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Я ÑоглаÑен, ÑÑо непÑавилÑно, еÑли
ÑÑи ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ (о ваÑей и моей
+Ñвободе) пÑинимаÑÑÑÑ ÑазÑабоÑÑиком
пÑогÑамм иÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸Ð· его вÑгодÑ, ÑоÑно Ñак
+же, как ÑеÑение о Ñом, должна ли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ Ñ
Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ñвобода Ñлова, не
+должно пÑинимаÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹-Ñо ÑÑеÑÑей
ÑÑоÑоной в ее ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ
инÑеÑеÑаÑ
.<br />
+Я не ÑобиÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑиÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо, кÑо
поÑÑÑÐ¿Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑавилÑно по дÑÑнÑм пÑиÑинам,
+но веÑно, ÑÑо ÑаÑÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð° Ñо, ÑÑо лÑди бÑдÑÑ
ÑважаÑÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾ÑÑого, ÑÑо
+им ÑÑо вÑгодно, не даÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ¶Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ заÑиÑÑ
наÑей ÑвободÑ. ÐÑо одна из пÑиÑин,
+по коÑоÑÑм Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑменÑÑаÑÑ
полиÑиÑеÑкÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ
кÑÑгов.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. ÐÑгÑменÑ, коÑоÑÑй, конеÑно,
пÑивела Ð±Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ, ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом,
+ÑÑо пÑибÑлÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð° ÑоздаеÑ, в
конеÑном ÑÑеÑе пÑиноÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ñ Ð²ÑемÑ
+обÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð² Ñелом. Ðак Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо
оÑвеÑили?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐÑо безоÑноваÑелÑное заÑвление.
ÐеÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма можеÑ
+пÑиноÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ñ ÑолÑко ÑомÑ, кÑо не ÑениÑ
Ñвоей ÑвободÑ; Ñаким обÑазом, она
+ÑлÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð»Ñдей Ñоблазном поÑваÑÑ Ñо
Ñвоей Ñвободой. ÐÑо вÑедно длÑ
+обÑеÑÑва.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. ÐдеÑÑ ÐµÑÑÑ Ñакже ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾Ð±
индивидÑалÑном (лиÑном) и
+пÑблиÑном (обÑеÑÑвенном). ЧаÑÑо в инÑеÑеÑаÑ
лиÑноÑÑи бÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо,
+ÑÑо ÑгÑÐ¾Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ ÑообÑеÑÑвÑ, ÑгÑожаеÑ
Ñвободе.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Я знаÑ. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ нÑжно
дÑмаÑÑ Ð¾ пÑавилÑном и непÑавилÑном,
+когда Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ñинимаем ÑеÑениÑ, и поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²
обÑеÑÑваÑ
еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑие о наказании за
+дейÑÑвиÑ, коÑоÑÑе вÑедÑÑ ÑообÑеÑÑвÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. Так воÑ, кÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð²Ñоде
ТоÑвалÑдÑа — впÑоÑем, здеÑÑ
+нам не обÑзаÑелÑно назÑваÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ-Ñо
имена,— ÑазделÑл бÑ, веÑоÑÑно,
+Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑнÑÑзиазм в оÑноÑении Ñ
акеÑÑÑва в
ÑмÑÑле игÑÑ Ñма и пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½ÐµÑ Ð±Ñ ÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð³ÑÑ
+Ñма Ñакже в облаÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑÑоÑÐ¼Ð¸Ñ Ð²
заÑабаÑÑвании денег и полÑÑении
ÑдоволÑÑÑвиÑ
+Ð¾Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑей жизни. Ðа Ñамом деле именно на
ÑÑо он Ð½Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐºÐ°ÐµÑ Ð² новой книге под
+названием “ХакеÑÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑÑика”.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐÑо веÑно. То, ÑÑо кÑо-Ñо лÑÐ±Ð¸Ñ Ñ
акеÑÑÑво, еÑе не знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо Ñ
+него еÑÑÑ ÑÑиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑеÑимоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими лÑдÑми должнÑм
+обÑазом. ÐекоÑоÑÑе Ñ
акеÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð±Ð¾ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±
ÑÑике — Ñ,
+напÑимеÑ,— но ÑÑо не вÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð² понÑÑие Ñ
акеÑа, ÑÑо оÑделÑнаÑ
+Ñ
аÑакÑеÑиÑÑика. ÐекоÑоÑÑе ÑилаÑелиÑÑÑ
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±Ð¾ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑике, а
+дÑÑгие — неÑ. То же Ñамое и Ñ Ñ
акеÑами.<br />
+Я ÑоглаÑен Ñ Ñеловеком, ÑказавÑим, ÑÑо Ð½ÐµÑ Ñ
акеÑÑкой ÑÑики, еÑÑÑ Ñ
акеÑÑкаÑ
+ÑÑÑеÑика.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. Так воÑ, еÑли кÑо-Ñо Ñ
оÑеÑ
избежаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð°ÑивнÑÑ
поÑледÑÑвий
+пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑва, оÑиенÑиÑованного на
пÑибÑлÑ, видимо, он вÑнÑжден даÑÑ
+лиÑноÑÑи веÑкÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑÑемиÑÑÑÑ
ÑолÑко к Ñвоей вÑгоде. Ð ÑÑо, ÑÑа
+пÑиÑина, могло Ð±Ñ Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð°ÑÑ Ð³Ð´Ðµ-Ñо в
обÑеÑÑвенной ÑÑеÑе.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐонеÑно — но поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ñ
говоÑиÑе об ÑÑом, как бÑдÑо ÑÑо
+Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ, на коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ ÑолÑко
намекнÑÑÑ. ÐÑой идее ÑÑÑÑÑи леÑ. ÐÑо
+оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ ÑÑики.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. ÐÑо вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ñ
акеÑÑкой
ÑÑÑеÑики — как Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÑнили,
+оÑобой Ñ
акеÑÑкой ÑÑики не ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑеÑ,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ
Ð°ÐºÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвоваÑÑ
+ÑÑиÑно или неÑÑиÑно и ниÑÑо в Ñ
акеÑÑÑве
как Ñаковом не обÑзÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ðº ÑÑиÑномÑ
+поведениÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b> ХакеÑÑÑво в оÑновном каÑаеÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
ÑÑики. ÐÑо Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо делаеÑ
+Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑмÑÑленной. Ðо он Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñав в
Ñом, ÑÑо ÑÑо занÑÑие неÑедко
+пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑиÑелÑное ÑиÑло Ñ
акеÑов к
ÑомÑ, ÑÑо они дÑмаÑÑ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑиÑеÑкиÑ
+вопÑоÑаÑ
опÑеделеннÑм обÑазом. Ðне не Ñ
оÑелоÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑиÑаÑÑ Ð²ÑÑкÑÑ
+ÑвÑÐ·Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ñ
акеÑÑÑвом и ÑÑиÑеÑкими
воззÑениÑми.</p>
+<p>
+ХоÑÑ ÐºÑо-Ñо Ñказал, ÑÑо еÑÑÑ Ñ
акеÑÑкаÑ
ÑÑÑеÑика, а не Ñ
акеÑÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑÑика, Ñ
+дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо “ÑÑÑеÑика” Ñоже не ÑовÑем
веÑное
+Ñлово. ÐÑÑеÑика — ÑÑо пÑедÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾
пÑекÑаÑном. ÐÑо
+пÑедÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо Ñеловека волнÑеÑ
и ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ ÑмÑÑл. Ðаким
+Ñловом ÑÑо вÑÑазиÑÑ? Ðне пÑиÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð² головÑ
“пÑÑÑ Ñ
акеÑа”, но ÑÑо
+звÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñно напÑÑенно и новомодно.</p>
+
+<h3>СообÑеÑÑво</h3>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. Так воÑ, ÑÑо Ð½Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° неÑколÑко
вопÑоÑов. ÐÑежде вÑего, можно
+бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¸ÑÑледоваÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ°Ð»Ñное обÑеÑÑво
или пÑÑи к немÑ, но давайÑе ÑÑо пока
+оÑложим.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Я подÑ
Ð¾Ð¶Ñ Ðº ÑÑим вопÑоÑам
поÑледоваÑелÑно. Я не дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо мог бÑ
+попÑÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑпÑоекÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ°Ð»Ñное
обÑеÑÑво и бÑÑÑ ÑколÑко-нибÑÐ´Ñ ÑвеÑеннÑм
+в вÑводаÑ
. ÐопÑÑки пÑедложиÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑво,
ÑилÑно оÑлиÑаÑÑееÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑ
, какие мÑ
+знаем, ÑаÑÑо неÑÑÑ Ð² Ñебе каÑаÑÑÑоÑиÑеÑкие
недоÑеÑÑ. Так ÑÑо вмеÑÑо ÑÑого Ñ
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð»ÑнÑе изменениÑ, о коÑоÑÑÑ
Ñ
Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑе пÑиÑинÑ
+дÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо они Ñ
оÑоÑи. ÐбÑаÑиÑе внимание,
ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ вообÑазил ÑообÑеÑÑво
+Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñам
по Ñебе — еÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÑо
+бÑло Ñак, Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑл Ð±Ñ Ñак ÑвеÑен в Ñом, ÑÑо
ÑÑа Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ñ
оÑоÑа. Я знал об ÑÑом
+поÑомÑ, ÑÑо опÑобовал ее.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. ÐÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑо-нибÑдÑ, ÑÑо внедÑение
ÑиÑÑовой ÑеÑ
ники пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+поÑÑÑÐ¾ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑообÑеÑÑва, ÑÑо-нибÑдÑ, ÑÑо
дÑÑгие ноÑиÑели (Ñакие как
+ÑипогÑаÑÑкие книги) не могли бÑ
пÑедложиÑÑ, или оно ознаÑаеÑ
+“ÑолÑко” повÑÑение ÑÑÑекÑивноÑÑи
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
ÑÑедÑÑв?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐомпÑÑÑеÑÑ Ð¸ ÐнÑеÑÐ½ÐµÑ ÑилÑно
облегÑаÑÑ ÑовмеÑÑнÑÑ Ð¸ непÑеÑÑвнÑÑ
+ÑабоÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ ÑлÑÑÑением пÑбликаÑий. Я дÑмаÑ,
ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ ÐµÑе более веÑно в
+бÑдÑÑем, по меÑе ÑазвиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑÑивнÑÑ
меÑодов Ñакой деÑÑелÑноÑÑи. ÐбÑаз
+мÑÑлениÑ, ÑвÑзаннÑй Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми
пÑогÑаммами, можно ÑоÑно Ñакже обвиниÑÑ
+Ñом, ÑÑо он Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑÑиÑ
вÑгод
ÐнÑеÑнеÑа.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. Так воÑ, в иÑÑоÑиÑеÑком и
ÑилоÑоÑÑком аÑпекÑе кажеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо немало
+Ñ
оÑоÑиÑ
изобÑеÑений или ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкиÑ
ÑвеÑÑений пÑивело к инÑенÑиÑикаÑии
+колонизаÑии. </p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐообÑе говоÑÑ, ÑеÑ
ника — ÑÑо
Ñ
оÑоÑо, и Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ должнÑ
+оÑбÑаÑÑваÑÑ ÐµÐµ. ТеÑ
ника, как пÑавило, ведеÑ
к кÑлÑÑÑÑнÑм Ñдвигам. ÐÑо не
+обÑзаÑелÑно плоÑ
о, и Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑÑждаÑÑ
вÑе ÑÑо без ÑазбоÑа. ÐÑÑÑ ÑолÑко
+опÑеделеннÑе оÑобого Ñода кÑлÑÑÑÑнÑе
Ñдвиги, коÑоÑÑм нам нÑжно
+пÑоÑивоÑÑоÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. Я не обÑзаÑелÑно Ñ
оÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑÑой пÑоблеме обÑеÑÑвенного и
+коммеÑÑеÑкого, но еÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñим, ÑÑо нам
нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвеннÑе
+договоÑенноÑÑи, ÑенноÑÑи и ÑиÑÑемÑ,
коÑоÑÑе ÑмеÑÑÑÑ Ñгоизм лиÑноÑÑи, и
+говоÑим, ÑÑо в миÑе коммеÑÑии еÑÑÑ
ÑиÑÑемаÑиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑенденÑÐ¸Ñ ÑодейÑÑвиÑ
+ÑгоизмÑ, Ñо, как Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ, Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑнÑжденÑ
пÑийÑи к заклÑÑениÑ, ÑÑо еÑÑÑ
+пÑинÑипиалÑное ÑазлиÑие междÑ
обÑеÑÑвеннÑм и коммеÑÑеÑким?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Я Ð±Ñ ÑоглаÑилÑÑ. Ðдно лиÑо можеÑ
пÑинадлежаÑÑ ÑообÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð¸
+одновÑеменно ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑедпÑиÑÑии. Тем
не менее еÑÑÑ ÑÑндаменÑалÑное
+пÑоÑивоÑеÑие Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвеннÑм
оÑноÑением и коммеÑÑеÑким оÑноÑением. Я не
+Ñказал бÑ, ÑÑо обÑеÑÑвенное оÑноÑение Ñ
оÑоÑо, а коммеÑÑеÑкое —
+плоÑ
о. ÐÐµÑ ÑмÑÑла ÑÑÑемиÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑаниÑÑ
коммеÑÑеÑкое оÑноÑение, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+ÑÑо пÑоÑÑо Ñгоизм, а Ñгоизм жизненно необÑ
одим. ÐÑди Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾
+некоÑоÑой ÑÑепени ÑгоиÑÑиÑнÑ, ÑоÑно Ñак
же, как они обÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾
+некоÑоÑой ÑÑепени алÑÑÑÑиÑÑиÑнÑ.
ÐÑкоÑенение Ñгоизма не имело Ð±Ñ ÑмÑÑла,
+даже еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¾ бÑло возможно.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. Я Ñ
оÑÑ ÑказаÑÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
ÑпоÑобов показаÑÑ, ÑÑо в наÑи дни
+ÑообÑеÑÑва в поÑÑиндÑÑÑÑиалÑнÑÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° коммеÑÑиализме, Ñо еÑÑÑ
+лÑди ÑобиÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑе, ÑабоÑаÑÑ, обÑаÑÑÑÑ
и Ñ.д. в оÑновном по коммеÑÑеÑким
+ÑообÑажениÑм.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐÑо доволÑно ÑлабÑй и
непÑоизводиÑелÑнÑй вид ÑообÑеÑÑва, он едва
+ли заÑлÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑого названиÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. Ð, более Ñого, как Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐµÑе,
наÑÑно-иÑÑледоваÑелÑÑкое ÑообÑеÑÑво
+Ñакже оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑеÑно пÑивÑзано к
ÑкономиÑеÑким инÑеÑеÑам наÑий, гоÑÑдаÑÑÑв
и
+компаний.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. УнивеÑÑиÑеÑÑ Ð² инÑеÑеÑаÑ
Ñвоей
ÑелоÑÑноÑÑи обÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ ÑопÑоÑивлÑÑÑÑÑ
+пÑивлеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº коммеÑÑеÑким задаÑам. Ðм
ÑÑого не ÑдалоÑÑ. ÐÑди вÑегда ÑаÑÑÑÑ
+ÑгоиÑÑиÑнÑ; ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ даÑÑ ÑÐ³Ð¾Ð¸Ð·Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñ
леÑÑнÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑво, нам нÑжно избавлÑÑÑ
+Ð¾Ñ Ñгоизма Ñакие ÑÑÑеждениÑ, как
ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑÑ Ð¸ демокÑаÑиÑеÑкие оÑганÑ
+влаÑÑи, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑбаланÑиÑоваÑÑ Ñгоизм и
обÑздаÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾. Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñоблема
+заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо оÑганизованнÑй
Ñгоизм беÑÐµÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑ
над обÑеÑÑвом,
+ÑÐ¼Ð¸Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð´ÑÑгие инÑÑиÑÑÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе бÑли
задÑманÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑздÑваÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. Ðо еÑÑÑ Ñакой конÑÑаÑгÑменÑ:
Ñкономика Ñвободного ÑÑнка, коÑоÑаÑ
+ÑÑÑемиÑÑÑ Ðº макÑимизаÑии пÑибÑли,—
единÑÑвеннÑй ÑпоÑоб пÑоизводÑÑва
+богаÑÑÑв и живÑÑ
демокÑаÑиÑеÑкиÑ
ÑообÑеÑÑв.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. СообÑеÑÑво Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·ÑваеÑ, как
+показали коопеÑаÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ Ð² ШвеÑии, ÑÑо ÑÑо не
веÑно. ÐÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгие ÑпоÑобÑ
+пÑоизводÑÑва богаÑÑÑв. Ðо кÑоме Ñого, в Ñ
оÑоÑем обÑеÑÑве вÑе и вÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
+ÑводиÑÑÑ Ðº пÑоизводÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÑÑÑв. Ðе нÑжно
пÑиÑÑгиваÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ñй аÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð¸ к
+макÑимизаÑии обÑего богаÑÑÑва. ÐÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¾ Ñом,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑвоваÑÑ Ñади
+пÑоизводÑÑва богаÑÑÑв вÑем
оÑÑалÑнÑм — незавиÑимо Ð¾Ñ Ñого, кÑо в
+нем полÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ñ! — как Ñаз, ÑÑо
непÑавилÑно в ÐТÐ. ЧÑо же
+каÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоизводÑÑва живÑÑ
демокÑаÑиÑеÑкиÑ
ÑообÑеÑÑв, Ñо позволением
+коммеÑÑии гоÑподÑÑвоваÑÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑолÑко нелÑзÑ
ÑÑого добиÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑÑмо
+анÑагониÑÑиÑно ÑÑой Ñели.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. ÐÑли ÑÑика пÑименима ко вÑем и
ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð¾ Ð³Ð»Ð°Ð²Ñ Ñгла ÑообÑеÑÑво,
+ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑо, ÑÑо еÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ°Ð»Ñное
ÑообÑеÑÑво, к коÑоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ñй должен
+пÑинадлежаÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Я не дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо одно ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð·
дÑÑгого.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐвÑоÑÑкое лево</h3>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. ÐонÑÑие авÑоÑÑкого лева —
оÑÑдие, коÑоÑое блеÑÑÑÑе
+ÑлÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвеннÑм нÑждам. Ðе могли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ
ÑаÑÑказаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ о Ñом, как вÑ
+пÑиÑли к ÑÑой идее?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Ðо ÑÑого Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑеÑал пÑоÑÑÑе
ÑÐ²ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð¼Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð° “бÑквалÑное
+копиÑование ÑазÑеÑено пÑи ÑÑловии ÑоÑ
ÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑого Ñведомлениє; Ñ
+иÑÑледовал возможноÑÑи ÑаÑÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑого,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¾ оÑ
ваÑÑвало и модиÑикаÑии.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. РаÑÑмоÑÑим пÑимеÑ. Я Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÑ,
ÑÑо ÑазÑабоÑÑик ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм мог Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð² ÑоÑÑоÑнии
заÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ ÑабоÑой над ÑвободнÑми
+пÑогÑаммами, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо лÑди плаÑили Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°
пÑогÑаммÑ, за ÑÑководÑÑва, за
+ÑадоÑÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑообÑеÑÑва и Ñак
далее. Я не дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо
+невозможно. То же Ñамое могло Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¸ Ñ
опÑеделеннÑми мÑзÑканÑами, даже
+ÑÑенÑми и Ñак далее. Ðо возÑмем пиÑаÑелÑ,
поÑÑа, даже мÑзÑканÑа, коÑоÑÑй
+ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð² оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑенной ÑзÑковой
облаÑÑи — Ñкажем, на
+ÑинÑком. Создание ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм,
Ñвободной мÑзÑки или Ñвободной поÑзии
+пÑакÑиÑеÑки не бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑÑÑеÑÑвимо, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо ÑообÑеÑÑво ÑлиÑком мало, ÑÑобÑ
+поддеÑжаÑÑ Ñакого Ñода деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. СÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑиÑÑема доволÑно
плоÑ
о поддеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑÑ
+деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ. Ðамена ее на ниÑÑо не ÑилÑно
ÑÑ
ÑдÑила Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ ÑÑиÑ
+лÑдей. Ðднако Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо добÑоволÑнÑе
меÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑжки могли Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑполнÑÑÑ
+ÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ ÑоÑно Ñак же Ñ
оÑоÑо, как
ÑовÑÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема — а
+можеÑ, и лÑÑÑе.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. ÐажеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑÐ¸Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ Ðº
некоÑоÑого Ñода
+“амеÑиканизаÑии” или
“англизаÑии”.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐÑ, конеÑно, ÑÑÑиÑе, пÑавда? Разве
Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ оÑознаеÑе, ÑÑо комплекÑ
+“ÑÑедÑÑва маÑÑовой
инÑоÑмаÑии—авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво”
подпиÑÑваÑÑ
+амеÑиканизаÑÐ¸Ñ ÐºÑлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑ? Ð
азÑединение ÑÑого комплекÑа бÑло бÑ
+болÑÑим Ñагом к ÑлÑÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑиÑÑаÑии. </p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. Я пÑоÑÑо подÑмал о Ñом ÑакÑе, ÑÑо в
облаÑÑи неболÑÑого ÑзÑка
+ÑÑо-Ñо вÑоде авÑоÑÑкого пÑава
дейÑÑвиÑелÑно Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑо-Ñо Ñ
оÑоÑее длÑ
+ÑвоÑÑеÑкой ÑабоÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ХоÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑего и не много. СколÑко
ÑинÑкиÑ
пиÑаÑелей ÑегоднÑ
+заÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава? ÐамеÑÑÑе, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑое и полное ÑпÑазднение
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
видов
+пÑоизведений. См. Ð¼Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑÑ “<a
+href="/philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.html">ÐвÑоÑÑкое
пÑаво и
+глобализаÑиÑ</a>”.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐлобализаÑÐ¸Ñ </h3>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. РкакиÑ
-Ñо недавниÑ
инÑеÑвÑÑ Ð²Ñ
заÑÑагивали некоÑоÑÑе вопÑоÑÑ
+глобализаÑии. Ðдна из пÑоблем заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ
в Ñом, ÑÑо Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð± авÑоÑÑком
+пÑаве ÑÑавÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ðµ ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ ÑÑеÑÑего миÑа в
неблагопÑиÑÑное
+положение. ÐÑмаеÑе ли вÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑим ÑÑÑанам
не ÑледÑÐµÑ ÑоблÑдаÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð±
+авÑоÑÑком пÑаве?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. СШÐ, когда они бÑли ÑазвиваÑÑейÑÑ
ÑÑÑаной, не пÑизнавали
+иноÑÑÑаннÑÑ
авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав. Так поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¶Ðµ
кÑо-Ñо дÑÑгой должен ÑÑо делаÑÑ?
+ÐонеÑно, Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐµÐ¼, поÑемÑ: ÑÑо ÑаÑÑÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑкономиÑеÑкого гоÑподÑÑва,
+коÑоÑÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ»ÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÑейÑиÑ
пÑедпÑиÑÑий
навÑзали вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾ÑÑалÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. Рдалее: нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑ
ÑаÑÑмоÑÑеÑÑ Ð² ÑеÑминаÑ
ÑообÑеÑÑв?
+ÐÑли Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ обманÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°Ð¼ÑÑÑ, Ð²Ñ Ñказали,
ÑÑо глобализаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² ÑкономиÑеÑком
+ÑмÑÑле не кажеÑÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑим ÑпоÑобом
ÑодейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑаÑпÑеделениÑ
+благоÑоÑÑоÑниÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐÑли ÑмоÑÑеÑÑ Ð°Ð±ÑÑÑакÑно, в
глобализаÑии Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего плоÑ
ого. ЧÑо
+Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½ÑнеÑнÑÑ ÑоÑÐ¼Ñ Ð³Ð»Ð¾Ð±Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ð°Ñии Ñакой
плоÑ
ой — ÑÑо в
+дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи не ее глобалÑнÑй аÑпекÑ.
ÐÑо Ñо, ÑÑо ÑиÑÑема ÐТÐ/ÐÐФ
+подÑинÑÐµÑ Ð²Ñе дÑÑгие инÑеÑеÑÑ Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑеÑам
деловÑÑ
кÑÑгов. ÐÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð± оÑ
Ñане
+пÑиÑодÑ, здÑавооÑ
Ñанение, пÑава ÑÑÑдÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ð¸ ÑÑедний ÑÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð¸
+ÑиÑÑемаÑиÑеÑки оÑодвигаÑÑ Ð² ÑÑоÑонÑ. ÐÑо
пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ðº маÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑемеÑениÑ
+богаÑÑÑв Ð¾Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑинÑÑва лÑдей к
владелÑÑам пÑедпÑиÑÑий. Ðак ни
+паÑадокÑалÑно, ÑÑо, по-видимомÑ,
ÑопÑовождаеÑÑÑ Ð¸ Ñнижением ÑоÑÑа.
+ÐÑÑÑе вÑего понÑÑÑ Ð½ÑнеÑнÑÑ
“глобализаÑиє можно, еÑли
+пÑедÑÑавиÑÑ ÐµÐµ как ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑемеÑениÑ
влаÑÑи Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ¼Ð¾ÐºÑаÑиÑеÑкиÑ
+пÑавиÑелÑÑÑв к деловÑм кÑÑгам, коÑоÑое
ÑолÑко по ÑлÑÑÐ°Ð¹Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑовпадениÑ
+оказÑваеÑÑÑ Ð³Ð»Ð¾Ð±Ð°Ð»ÑнÑм. УÑÑÑанение
ÑоÑговÑÑ
баÑÑеÑов могло Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑо,
+еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¾ ÑопÑовождалоÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑемиÑовÑми
ÑÑандаÑÑами ÑÑÑда, оÑ
ÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑодÑ,
+здÑавооÑ
ÑанениÑ, минималÑной заÑабоÑной
плаÑÑ (даже еÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÑо не бÑло
+ÑниÑиÑиÑовано) и подоÑ
одного налога. ÐÑли
за иÑ
ÑоблÑдением Ñледили в
+миÑовом маÑÑÑабе Ñ Ñой же ÑнеÑгией, какÑÑ
СШРнаÑÑойÑиво ÑекомендÑÐµÑ ÑÑÑанам
+пÑименÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑледиÑÑ Ð·Ð°
ÑоблÑдением авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав, Ñо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
+могла Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑоÑговлÑ, ÑиÑÑÑе
Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ вÑÑокие заÑплаÑÑ. ÐиÑовое
+ÑообÑеÑÑво Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ — пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ð¾Ð¹
+глобализаÑии: лÑди обмениваÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñми
Ñо вÑем миÑом.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐÑика</h3>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. Ðак лÑÑÑе вÑего вÑполнÑÑÑ
ÑÑиÑеÑкÑÑ “ÑабоÑÑ”?
+ÐажеÑÑÑ, Ð²Ñ ÑаÑÑо обÑаÑаеÑеÑÑ Ðº Ñаким
ÑÑиÑелÑм, как ÐÑдда или Ð¥ÑиÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº к
+пÑимеÑам ÑÑиÑного обÑаза жизни.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Я никогда не обÑаÑаÑÑÑ Ðº Ð¥ÑиÑÑÑ. Я
не Ñ
ÑиÑÑианин и не иÑпÑÑÑваÑ
+оÑобого воÑÑ
иÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¥ÑиÑÑом. Я неÑколÑко
болÑÑе воÑÑ
иÑаÑÑÑ ÐÑддой, но Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+обÑаÑаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ к ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑиÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ геÑоÑ
как к <em>авÑоÑиÑеÑÑ</em>, ÑолÑко,
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, как к <em>пÑимеÑÑ</em>.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. ЯÑно Ñакже, ÑÑо одна из
завоÑаживаÑÑиÑ
и ÑбеждаÑÑиÑ
оÑобенноÑÑей
+ваÑей ÑабоÑÑ ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑе
Ñак, как ÑÑиÑе. ЯвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑо
+ÑознаÑелÑнÑм ÑеÑением в Ñом ÑмÑÑле, ÑÑо вÑ
дÑмаеÑе, ÑÑо ÑÑика —
+ÑÑо ÑÑо-Ñо, ÑÑиÑÑ ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð»ÑÑÑе вÑего,
показÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑимеÑ?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐиÑколÑко. Я дейÑÑвиÑелÑно пиÑÑ Ð¾
ÑвоиÑ
ÑÑиÑеÑкиÑ
пÑедÑÑавлениÑÑ
,
+и Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°Ð» Ð±Ñ ÑÑо болÑÑе и лÑÑÑе, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³.
ÐонеÑно, необÑ
одимо жиÑÑ Ð²
+ÑоглаÑии Ñо Ñвоими ÑобÑÑвеннÑми
пÑинÑипами, инаÑе ÑÑо лиÑемеÑие и лÑди
+поймÑÑ ÑÑо.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. ÐÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñим, ÑÑо пÑиÑина
ÑÑиÑного Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ð° лежаÑÑ Ð²
+обÑеÑÑвенной ÑÑеÑе, Ñкажем, поÑÑедÑÑвом
обÑеÑÑвенного договоÑа или Ñего-Ñо
+подобного, и еÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð² Ñо же вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÑаем,
ÑÑо ÑкономиÑеÑкаÑ/коммеÑÑеÑкаÑ
+ÑÑеÑа движима пÑинÑипами Ñипа
макÑималÑной пÑибÑли, Ñо нам пÑидеÑÑÑ
ввеÑÑи
+некоÑоÑого Ñода Ñаздел Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвеннÑм
и коммеÑÑеÑким миÑом.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Я не Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ ÑÑого
ÑаÑÑÑÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ — Ñ Ð½Ðµ вижÑ
+Ñаздела. ÐÑика оÑноÑиÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ вÑем, и веÑÑ
ÑмÑÑл ÑÑики заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо
+какие-Ñо поÑÑÑпки, коÑоÑÑе Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ бÑ
ÑгоиÑÑиÑно желаÑÑ ÑовеÑÑиÑÑ, дÑÑнÑ,
+Ñак ÑÑо вам нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð¸Ñ
ÑовеÑÑаÑÑ. Ð
гÑÑÐ¿Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÐ³Ð¾Ð¸Ð·Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо оÑноÑиÑÑÑ ÑоÑно
+Ñак же, как и к лиÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑгоизмÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. ... а поÑом, коммеÑÑеÑкий Ð¼Ð¸Ñ Ð±Ñл бÑ
Ñем-Ñо, ÑÑо поÑÑи Ñ
+необÑ
одимоÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÑаÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ ÑвободÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b> У пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑва ÑакаÑ
ÑенденÑÐ¸Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ. ÐоÑпоÑаÑии
+пÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑ
анизм ÑаÑиниÑованиÑ
Ñгоизма в лÑдÑÑ
, коÑоÑÑе как лиÑноÑÑи
+ÑаÑÑиÑно ÑгоиÑÑиÑнÑ, но в ниÑ
еÑÑÑ Ñакже
ÑÑика, огÑаниÑиваÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ñ
Ñгоизм. Ð
+ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе полÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ñгоизм, коÑоÑÑй
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑаÑÑо не ÑдеÑживаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹
+ÑÑикой. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ ÑÑо, поÑÑебÑеÑÑÑ
оÑнÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¼Ð¸Ñового
+пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑва влаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´
пÑавиÑелÑÑÑвами.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. ÐеÑеÑиÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ “ХакеÑов”
СÑивена Ðеви, Ñ Ð±Ñл поÑажен
+одним обÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑвом: Ñ
акеÑÑ, как они
опиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð² книге, по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи
+забоÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñ
акеÑÑкой ÑÑике поÑÑолÑкÑ,
поÑколÑÐºÑ ÑÑо каÑаеÑÑÑ
+“инÑÑÑÑменÑов Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑоизводÑÑва
инÑÑÑÑменÑов”.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. Я Ñак не дÑмаÑ. ÐекоÑоÑое ÑиÑло
наÑиÑ
пÑогÑамм бÑло инÑÑÑÑменÑами
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑоизводÑÑва пÑогÑамм, но оÑенÑ
немногие бÑли в ÑоÑноÑÑи
+“инÑÑÑÑменÑами Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑоизводÑÑва
инÑÑÑÑменÑов”. ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ðµ из
+ниÑ
бÑли инÑÑÑÑменÑами? ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ
акеÑам, пиÑÑÑим пÑогÑаммÑ, пÑиÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð²
+головÑ, как ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ ÑÑой ÑабоÑÑ.
ÐомпÑÑÑеÑнÑе Ñ
акеÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÑÑÑÑ
+именно пÑогÑаммиÑованием. Так ÑÑо иÑ
пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð² воÑÑоÑг поÑÑи вÑе, ÑÑо
+облегÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑование.<br />
+ÐÑли Ñ
Ð°ÐºÐµÑ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÐµÑÑÑ Ð°Ð¼ÐµÑиканÑкими
ÑанÑами, его пÑиводило Ð±Ñ Ð² воÑÑоÑг
+поÑÑи вÑе в компÑÑÑеÑе, ÑÑо полезно длÑ
амеÑиканÑкиÑ
ÑанÑев. Ðн мог бÑ
+напиÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ñи лÑдÑм в
обÑÑении ÑÑим ÑанÑам. ÐÑо и
+пÑоизоÑло. ÐеÑколÑко компÑÑÑеÑнÑÑ
Ñ
акеÑов
занималиÑÑ Ð°Ð¼ÐµÑиканÑкими ÑанÑами,
+но вÑе компÑÑÑеÑнÑе Ñ
акеÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑÑÑ.
Так ÑÑо неÑколÑко из ниÑ
+инÑеÑеÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñанием пÑогÑамм длÑ
амеÑиканÑкиÑ
ÑанÑев, но многие
+инÑеÑеÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами, коÑоÑÑми они
могÑÑ Ð²Ð¾ÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñи
+пÑогÑаммиÑовании.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. Ðеви не оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑпиÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо, но
беÑпÑинÑипноÑÑÑ, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑой
+Ñанние Ñ
акеÑÑ MIT пÑинÑли ÑинанÑиÑование Ñо
ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ ÐиниÑÑеÑÑÑва обоÑонÑ,
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑлÑжиÑÑ Ñ
аÑакÑеÑнÑм пÑимеÑом.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐекоÑоÑÑм из Ñ
акеÑов в Ñо вÑемÑ
бÑло не по дÑÑе ÑинанÑиÑование Ñо
+ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ ÐиниÑÑеÑÑÑва обоÑонÑ, но они не
заÑли наÑÑолÑко далеко, ÑÑобÑ
+воÑÑÑаваÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив ÑÑого (Ñкажем,
ÑволÑнÑÑÑÑ). Я бÑл Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ не ÑоглаÑен, Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо бÑло плоÑ
о пÑинимаÑÑ ÑÑо
ÑинанÑиÑование, да и в Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+дÑмал, ÑÑо ÑÑо плоÑ
о. ФинанÑиÑование Ñо
ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑпоÑаÑий гоÑаздо опаÑнее.<br />
+Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑал Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
беÑпÑинÑипнÑми за Ñо, ÑÑо они пÑинÑли ÑÑи
+ÑÑедÑÑва.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. ÐÑо напоминаеÑ
“ÑаÑионалÑноÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑдиє, о коÑоÑой
+говоÑила ФÑанкÑÑÑÑÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ñкола кÑиÑиÑеÑкиÑ
ÑеоÑеÑиков; ÑаÑионалÑноÑÑÑ, коÑоÑаÑ
+напÑавлена на ÑÑедÑÑва, но не на Ñели.</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐÑим извеÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ð½Ð¶ÐµÐ½ÐµÑÑ Ð²ÑеÑ
ÑпеÑиалÑноÑÑей; Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑвеÑен, ÑÑо в
+оÑноÑении Ñ
акеÑов ÑÑо более веÑно, Ñем в
оÑноÑении дÑÑгиÑ
.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. ÐÑак, ÑÑо Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ðº вопÑоÑÑ:
еÑли ÑÑика ÑаÑÑмаÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ñели
+и ÑодеÑжание, Ñо каково в ÑоÑноÑÑи
обÑеÑÑво или ÑообÑеÑÑво, коÑоÑомÑ
+ÑпоÑобÑÑвÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐÐ¾Ñ ÑÐµÐ»Ñ ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ
помогали дÑÑг дÑÑÐ³Ñ Ð»ÑÑÑе жиÑÑ
+вмеÑÑе. Ðдной из ÑÑоÑон ÑÑого ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
пÑогÑеÑÑ ÑеловеÑеÑкого знаниÑ; дÑÑгой
+ÑÑоÑоной ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð³Ð°ÑанÑÐ¸Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо оно
доÑÑÑпно каждомÑ; еÑе одна
+ÑÑоÑона — пооÑÑение дÑÑ
а
ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑва. ÐÑи Ñели можно поÑÑавиÑÑ
+в оÑноÑении ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
ÑÑоÑон жизни, но в
облаÑÑи пÑогÑаммиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ ведÑÑ
+к ÑвободнÑм пÑогÑаммам.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. Ðогда и как Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÑили, ÑÑо
оÑноÑение “инÑÑÑÑменÑов длÑ
+пÑоизводÑÑва инÑÑÑÑменÑов” — ÑÑо
еÑе не вÑе?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ЧÑо ÑÑо пÑоÑÑо инÑÑÑÑменÑÑ, не
дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ делаÑÑ, ÑÑо
+мÑÑлÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ
ваÑил, по-моемÑ, когда
Ñ Ð±Ñл подÑоÑÑком. Ðна бÑла на
+ÑлÑÑ
Ñ Ð² ÑеÑÑидеÑÑÑÑÑ
; ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð° нее
наÑкнÑÑÑÑÑ, в Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ нÑжно бÑло
+долго иÑкаÑÑ. Я Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑÐ½Ñ Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ð° ÐеÑеÑа
“ÐеÑÐ½ÐµÑ Ñон ÐÑаÑн”:</p>
+<blockquote><p>
+“Я — на пÑÑке ÑакеÑ, а кÑда они
Ñели—<br />
+ÐÑо ÑеÑаÑÑ Ð² дÑÑгом оÑделе”.
+</p></blockquote>
+<p>ÐÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑÐ½Ñ ÑлÑÑали многие.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. Ð, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, Ñамое инÑеÑеÑное,
как Ð²Ñ ÑоÑеÑаеÑе Ñо и дÑÑгое,
+Ñ
акеÑÑÑво, коÑоÑое заÑ
ваÑÑваÑÑе
инÑеÑеÑно, и ÑеÑÑезнÑÑ ÑÑиÑеÑкÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ,
+коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑаÑÑо ÑÑомиÑелÑна и ÑкÑÑна? </p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐдеÑÑ Ð²Ñ, кажеÑÑÑ, пÑедполагаеÑе,
ÑÑо Ñ
акеÑÑÑво не оÑноÑиÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸
+ÑÑиÑеÑкой, ни к ÑеÑÑезной ÑабоÑе. Я не
ÑоглаÑен Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ ÑÑими
+пÑедположениÑми. ÐÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑим, некоÑоÑÑе
ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ ÑазÑабоÑки и вÑпÑÑка
+ÑабоÑаÑÑей пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑÑомиÑелÑнÑ; они не
пÑоÑÑо ÑкÑÑнÑ, они неблагодаÑнÑ.
+Ðо ÑÑÑÑÑи Ñ
акеÑов в ÑообÑеÑÑве Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÑполнÑÑÑ
+ÑÑи ÑабоÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑпÑÑкаÑÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑие и
надежнÑе ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ТÐ</b>. Я дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо даже вполне
обÑÑно в ÑакиÑ
облаÑÑÑÑ
, как
+вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑеÑ
ника, Ñизика,
маÑемаÑика, ÑилоÑоÑиÑ, где ÑÑÑогоÑÑÑ Ð¸
+ÑиÑÑоÑа ÑоÑмализма даÑÑ ÑÑкие наÑлаждениÑ
“неземного” Ñода. ÐÑÑÑ
+ли здеÑÑ ÑвÑзÑ? Ðолжна ли она ÑÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ? Ð
как Ð²Ñ ÑоединÑеÑе Ñо и дÑÑгое?</p>
+
+<p><b>РС</b>. ÐÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ ÑвÑÐ·Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñлаждением
Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑой маÑемаÑики и оÑÑалÑной
+жизнÑÑ? ÐеÑ, Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð²Ð¸Ð¶Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи никакой ÑвÑзи,
а поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° должна бÑÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p>Я лÑÐ±Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑоднÑе ÑанÑÑ, как и ÑиÑÑÑÑ
маÑемаÑикÑ. ÐÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð»ÑбÑм из ÑÑиÑ
+наÑлаждений Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи никакой ÑвÑзи Ñ Ñем
оÑÑалÑнÑм, Ñем Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÑÑÑ. ÐоÑемÑ
+она должна бÑÑÑ? Ð Ñо, и дÑÑгое безвÑедно. Ð
азве еÑÑÑ
+“пÑопаÑÑÑ”, ÑеÑез коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ нÑжно
“пÑоÑÑнÑÑÑ
+моÑÑ”?</p>
+
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе запÑоÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU
по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом.
+<br />
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе оÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки или
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2002 Richard Stallman<br />Copyright © 2013 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)</p>
+<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru">лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ
+можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о
+найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе
пеÑеводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2013/10/14 04:28:13 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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===================================================================
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diff -N philosophy/po/rms-hack.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
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@@ -0,0 +1,530 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>The Hacker Community and Ethics: An Interview with Richard M. Stallman
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-hack.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>The Hacker Community and Ethics: An Interview with Richard M. Stallman,
2002</h2>
+
+<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
+<p><em>Published in Finnish in Tere Vadén & Richard
+M. Stallman: <a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100807063010/http://www.uta.fi/%7Efiteva/koodivapaaksi.html">
+Koodi vapaaksi - Hakkerietiikan vaativuus</a>, Tampere University
+Press. 2002, sivut 62-80.</em></p>
+
+<h3>Hackerism</h3>
+
+<p>Tere Vadén (<b>TV</b>): One of the most striking features of your
+approach to the issues of technology and software and so on is that
+you consider ethical and social matters more important than possible
+technological advantages. While that maybe should be the norm, it
+unfortunately is not so. The main issues seems to be one of community;
+what kinds of communities different ways of using technology promote.
+Am I guessing right if I believe that you are thinking off ethical
+issues in terms of communities?</p>
+
+<p>Richard M. Stallman (<b>RMS</b>): Yes. The way I reached my
+conclusions about which freedoms are essential for using software, and
+which kinds of license requirements are acceptable, is by thinking
+about whether they would interfere with the kinds of use of the
+software that are necessary to have a functioning community.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> The idea of free software was born out of your
+experiences at <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">
+MIT</abbr>, and how that community was infiltrated and in some sense
+destroyed by commercial interests.</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> Yes, that is correct. The hackers really enjoyed the freedom to
+share and change software; that was the basis for our free-wheeling
+community.</p>
+<p>
+<b>TV:</b> What does the word ‘hacker’ mean to you,
+personally?</p>
+<p>
+<b>RMS:</b> It means someone who enjoys playful cleverness, especially
+in programming but other media are also possible. In the 14th century,
+Guillaume de Machaut wrote a palindromic three-part musical
+composition. It sounded good, too—I think I played in it once,
+because I still remember one of the parts. I think that was a good
+hack. I heard somewhere that J. S. Bach did something similar.<br />
+One possible arena for playful cleverness is breaking
+security. Hackers never had much respect for bureaucratic
+restrictions. If the computer was sitting idle because the
+administrators wouldn't let them use it, they would sometimes figure
+out how to bypass the obstacles and use it anyway. If this required
+cleverness, it would be fun in itself, as well as making it possible
+to do other hacking (for instance, useful work) on the computer
+instead of twiddling one's thumbs. But not all hackers did security
+breaking. Many never were interested in that.<br />
+On the Incompatible Timesharing System, the operating system developed
+by the AI lab's hackers, we made it unnecessary to break security: we
+simply did not implement security in the system. The hackers realized
+that security would be a mechanism for the administrators to dominate
+us. So we never gave them the means.</p>
+<p>
+<b>TV:</b> How about the concepts of freedom and community? There's
+this idea that freedom to distribute ideas, thoughts, recipes and
+software creates the best kinds of communities or at least better than
+those based on commercial limitations on distribution and sharing.</p>
+<p>
+<b>RMS:</b> I think it is a mistake to label these restrictions as
+“commercial”, because that pertains to the motive for the
+restrictions. The same restrictions, if imposed for a different
+motive, would do the same harm. What matters is the restrictions, not
+the motive. Commercial software can be free or non-free, just as
+noncommercial software can be free or non-free. It only depends on the
+license.</p>
+<p>
+<b>TV:</b> How would you delineate the distinction between the public
+(communal, freedom-based) and the commercial spheres?</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> Comparing free with commercial is like comparing happiness with
+purple. It doesn't make sense, because they are not answers to the same
+question. They are not alternatives. The meaningful comparison is
+between free and non-free software.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> It seems that the distinction between “open
+source” and “free software” is that the open source
+movement ultimately justifies the idea on utilitarian grounds; open
+source is the best way of producing functional software; while the
+ultimate justification for free software is non-calculative,
+non-utilitarian; freedom is unviolable. Is that a correct
+interpretation?</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> More or less. I would say that freedom has value in
+itself, just as powerful reliable software does.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> But isn't there a problem here; one of the utilitarian
+calculations of “open source” is that it is more
+profitable — in the sense of making more money or making better
+softaware — to use an open source license than a copyleft
+license. A company like Apple or Nokia will adapt open source up to
+point, precisely the point where making it more free would turn the
+profitability down.</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> I agree that it is wrong for these decisions (about
+your freedom and mine) to be made by the software developer for the
+sake of his profit, just as the decision about whether you and I have
+freedom of speech should not be made by some third party for his own
+interests.<br />
+I am not going to condemn someone who does the right thing for the
+wrong reason, but it is true that relying on people to respect our
+freedom because it is profitable for them to do so is not a reliable
+system for protecting our freedom. This is the reason why we must
+reduce the political power of business.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> The argument that a company would use, of course, is
+that the profit it creates ultimately benefits the whole society. How
+would you respond to that?</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> That is a claim with no basis. A non-free program can
+only benefit those who don't value their freedom, and thus serves as a
+temptation for people to give up their freedom. That is harmful to
+society.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> There is also this question of individual/private vs
+public/communal here. It is often in the interests of the individual to
+do something that threatens the community, threatens freedom.</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> I know. This is why we need to think about right and wrong in
+making our decisions, and also the reason why societies have a notion
+of punishing actions that hurt the community.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> Now, somebody like Torvalds — and we don't
+necessarily have to use any names here — would probably share
+your enthusiasm about hackerism in the sense of playful cleverness,
+and would take that playful cleverness also to the area of being
+clever in making money and enjoying the good life. Actually that is
+what he hints at in a recent book called “The Hacker
+Ethics”.</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> That is true. Just because someone enjoys hacking does
+not mean he has an ethical commitment to treating other people
+properly. Some hackers care about ethics—I do, for
+instance—but that is not part of being a hacker, it is a
+separate trait. Some stamp collectors care a lot about ethics, while
+other stamp collectors don't. It is the same for hackers.<br />
+I agree with the person who said that there is no hacker ethic, but
+rather a hacker aesthetic.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> Now, if one wants to avoid the negative consequences of the
+profit-oriented business, it feels that one has to give the individual a
+good reason for not looking after only his or her own best. And that
+something, that reason, might be something in the public sphere.</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> Of course—but why are you treating this as if it
+were a new idea that can only be hinted at. This idea is thousands of
+years old. This is the basic idea of ethics.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> The question about hacker aesthetics — as you
+explained, there is no special hacker ethics, because a hacker can act
+ethically or unethically and nothing in hackerism itself necessitates
+ethical behaviour.</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> Hacking is not primarily about an ethical issue. It is an idea
of
+what makes life meaningful. But he may be right that hacking tends to
+lead a significant number of hackers to think about ethical questions
+in a certain way. I would not want to completely deny all connection
+between hacking and views on ethics.</p>
+<p>
+Although someone said that there was a hacker aesthetic rather than a
+hacker ethic, I think “aesthetic” is not quite the right
+word either. An aesthetic is an idea of what is beautiful. This is an
+idea of what is exciting and meaningful. Is there a word for that? I
+can think of “the hacker way”, but that sounds rather
+pompous and new-age.</p>
+
+<h3>Community</h3>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> Now that brings to mind several questions. For the
+first, one could maybe inquire after an ideal society or do forth, but
+let's leave that for the moment.</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> I approach these issues incrementally. I don't think I
+could try to design an ideal society and have any confidence in the
+conclusion. Attempts to propose a society quite different from the
+ones we know often tend to be disastrously flawed. So instead I
+propose local changes which I have some reason to believe are
+good. Note that I didn't imagine the free software community on my
+own—if I had, I would not be so confident it is a good idea. I
+knew that from having tried it.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> Is there something that digitalization offers for
+community-building, something that other media (like printed books)
+could not offer, or does digitalization mean ‘just’ and
+effectivization of existing means?</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> Computers and the web make it much easier to work
+collaboratively and continuing to improve publications. I think that
+this will become even more true in the future, as people develop
+better ways to do it. The proprietary mindset might as well be
+precisely calculated to deprive us of this benefit of the
+Internet.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> Now, from a historical and philosophical perspective it
+seems that many a good invention or technological advance has resulted
+in the intensification of colonialization </p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> In general, technology is a good thing, and we
+shouldn't turn it down. Technology tends to cause cultural
+change. This is not necessarily a bad thing, and we should not condemn
+it in a blanket fashion. There are just certain specific kinds of
+cultural change that we need to oppose.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> I do not necessarily want to get stuck on this
+public/commercial issue, but if we say that we need communal
+agreements, values and systems that tone down the selfishness of the
+individual, and we say that the commercial world systematically has a
+tendency to promote selfishness, then I guess we have to conclude that
+there is a crucial distinction between the communal and the
+commercial?</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> I would agree. One person can belong to a community and
+work in a business at the same time. Nevertheless, there is a
+fundamental conflict between the communitarian attitude and the
+commercial attitude. I would not say that the communitarian attitude
+is good and the commercial attitude is bad. It makes no sense to aim
+to eliminate the commercial attitude, because that is simply
+selfishness, and selfishness is vital. People must be selfish to a
+certain extent, just as they ought to be altruistic to a certain
+extent. To abolish selfishness would not make sense, even if it were
+possible.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> I mean, in many ways one could say that the communities
+in the post-industrial countries these days are based on
+commercialism, i.e., people get together, work, communicate
+etc. mostly because of commercial reasons.</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> This is a rather weak and ineffective kind of
+community, hardly worthy of the name.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> And, furthermore, like you know, the research and university
+community is also very tightly bound to the economical interests of the
+nations states and of the companies,</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> Universities ought to resist being turned to commercial
+purposes, for the sake of their integrity. They have failed to resist.
+People will always be partly selfish; to keep selfishness from
+engulfing society, we need unselfish institutions such as universities
+and democratic governments to balance the selfishness and put a check
+on it. The problem today is that organized selfishness is taking over
+society, crushing the other institutions that were designed to put a
+check on it.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> But, the counter argument goes, a free market economy
+that seeks to maximize profit, is the only way of producing wealth and
+functioning democratic communities.</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> The free software community shows, as cooperatives in
+Sweden showed, that this is not true. There are other ways of
+producing wealth. But beyond that, producing wealth is not the be-all
+and end-all of a good society. There is no need to bend every aspect
+of life to maximizing the total wealth. The idea of sacrificing
+everything else to the production of wealth—regardless of who
+gets to share in it!—is exactly what's wrong with the WTO. As
+for producing functioning democratic communities, allowing commerce to
+dominate not only fails to do that, it is directly antagonistic to
+that.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> If ethics applies to everyone, and ethics is based on
+community, does this mean that there is an ideal community to which
+everyone should belong?</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> I don't think that follows.</p>
+
+<h3>Copyleft</h3>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> The concept of copyleft is a brilliant tool for the
+communal purposes. Could you tell a little on how you arrived at the
+idea?</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> I had seen simple notices of the form “verbatim
+copying permitted provided this notice is preserved”, and
+investigated extending this to handle modification as well.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> Let's take a case here. I can see that a free software
+developer might be able to make a living by doing free software,
+because people would pay for the software, pay for the manuals, pay
+for the joy of being a part of the community, and so on. I don't think
+that is impossible. The same might go for certain musicians, even
+scientists and so on. But howabout a writer, a poet, even a musician
+that works in a very limited language area — say,
+Finnish. Making free software or free music or free poetry will not be
+a viable option, beacuse the community is too small to support that
+kind of activity.</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> The current system does rather a bad job of supporting
+these activities. To replace it with nothing at all would not make
+things much worse for these people. However, I think that voluntary
+methods of support could do just as good a job as the present
+system—maybe better.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> This seems to lead to some kind of
+“americanization” or “anglization”.</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> You can't be serious, can you? Don't you realize that the
+media-copyright complex is fueling the americanization of culture
+around the world? Disconnecting that complex would do a lot to improve
+the situation.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> I was just thinking of the fact that in a small language
+area something like copyrights actually do some good for creative
+work.</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> Not much good, though. How many Finnish writers make a
+living from copyright today? Note that I don't advocate the simple and
+total abolition of copyright for all kinds of works. See my
+speech, <a href="/philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.html">Copyright
+and Globalization</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>Globalization </h3>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> You have touched on some issues of globalization is some
+recent interviews. One of the problems is that copyright laws put many
+third world countries in an unfavourable position. Do you think that
+those countries should not follow the copyright laws?</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> The US when it was a developing country did not
+recognize foreign copyrights. So why should anyone else? Of course, we
+know the reason why: it is part of a system of economic domination
+that the wealthiest business owners have imposed on the rest of the
+world.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> And, furthermore, could one see this issue also in terms
+of communities? If I remember correctly, you have said that
+globalization in the economic sense does not seem to be a good way of
+promoting or distributing well-being.</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> There is nothing wrong with globalization in the
+abstract. What makes today's form of globalization so bad is not
+really the global aspect of it. It is that the WTO/IMF system
+subordinates all other interests to the interests of business. Laws to
+protect the environment, public health, workers' rights, and the
+general standard of living, are regularly swept aside. The result is a
+major transfer of wealth from most people to business
+owners. Paradoxically, it seems to be accompanied by reduced growth as
+well.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>The best way to understand today's
“globalization”
+is as a system to transfer power from democratic governments to
+business, which only incidentally happens to be global. Elimination of
+trade barriers could be a good thing if accompanied by global labor
+standards, global environmental standards, global health care, a
+global minimum wage (even if not uniform), and global income taxes. If
+these were enforced world-wide with the same energy that the US
+pressures countries to use for copyright enforcement, we could have
+global trade, clean factories, and high wages. The world-wide free
+software community is an example of beneficial globalization: people
+share knowledge with the whole world.</p>
+
+<h3>Ethics</h3>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> How is ethical “work” best done? It seems
+that you often invoke teachers like Buddha or Jesus as examples of a
+ethical way of life,</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> I never invoke Jesus. I am not a Christian and I don't
+especially admire Jesus. I admire Buddha somewhat more, but I don't
+invoke any teacher or hero as an <b>authority</b>, only perhaps as an
+<b>example</b>.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> It is also clear that one of the fascinating and
+influential features of your work is that you live as you teach. Is
+that a conscious decision in the sense that you think that ethics is
+something that can be taught best through example?</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> Not at all. I do write about my ethical ideas, and I
+would like to do it more and better if I could. Of course, it is
+necessary to live in conformity with one's principles, or one is a
+hypocrite and people can see that.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> If we say that the reason for ethical behaviour must be
+given in the public sphere, let's say through a social contract or
+something similar, and if we at the same time notice that the
+economical/commercial sphere is driven by “maximum
+profit”-type of principles, then we have to have some sort of
+separation between the public and the commercial world.</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> I don't follow this reasoning—I see no
+separation. Ethics applies to everyone, and the whole point of ethics
+is that some things you might selfishly wish to do are wrong, so you
+may not do them. This applies to group selfishness just as as to
+personal selfishness.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> … and then the commercial world would be
+something that almost by necessity corrupts the idea of freedom.</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> Business does have that tendency. Corporations provide
+a mechanism to distill the selfishness out of people who, as
+individuals, are partly selfish but also have ethics to limit their
+selfishness. The result is selfishness that can often be unchecked by
+any ethics. To change this will require taking away the power of
+global business over governments.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> Reading Steven Levy's Hackers once again, I was struck
+by one issue: the hackers as displayed in the book are mostly
+concerned with the hacker ethic in so far as it concerns “tools
+to make tools”.</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> I don't think so. A number of our programs were tools
+for making programs, but very few were specifically “tools to
+make tools”. Why were many of them tools? Because hackers
+writing programs get ideas for better ways to do that. What computer
+hackers do is program. So they get excited about anything that makes
+programming easier.<br />
+If a hacker does square dancing, he would get excited about anything
+on the computer that is helpful for square dancing. He might write a
+program to help people learn square dancing. This indeed has
+happened. A few computer hackers do square dancing, but all computer
+hackers program. So a few are interested in writing programs for
+square dancing, but many are interested in programs they can use while
+programming.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> Levy is not too hard on the point, but the
+unscrupulousness with which the early <abbr>MIT</abbr> hackers
+accepted the Department of Defence funding is a case in point.</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> Some of the hackers were uncomfortable with DoD funding
+at the time, but they did not go so far as to rebel against it (by
+quitting, say). I disagreed with them I don't think it was wrong to
+accept that funding, and I did not think it wrong at the
+time. Corporate funding is far more dangerous.<br />
+So I would not call them unscrupulous for having accepted this funding.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> This reminds of the “instrumental
+rationality” that the Frankfurt school of critical theorists
+talked about; rationality that pertains to tools, but not goals.</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> Engineers of all kinds are famous for this; I am not
+sure it is more true of hackers than others.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> So, this brings me to the question, if ethics is about
+goals and about content, what exactly is the society or community that
+Free Software promotes?</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> My goal is that we help each other to live better together.
+Advancing human knowledge is a part of this; making sure it is
+available to everyone is a part of this; encouraging the spirit of
+cooperation is a part of this. Those goals apply to various parts of
+life, but in the area of software they direct one towards free software.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> When and how did you notice that the Tools to Make
+Tools-attitude is not enough?</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> That just tools without thinking of what to do with
+them is one I picked up this idea in my teens, I think. It was well
+known in the 60s; one did not have to be especially searching to
+happen across it then. I think of the Tom Lehrer song, “Werner
+von Braun”:</p>
+<blockquote><p>
+I send rockets up, but where they come down<br />
+is not my department, says Werner von Braun.
+</p></blockquote>
+<p>Lots of people heard this song.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> And, maybe most interestingly, how do you combine the
+two, the hacking that is intense and interesting and the ethical
+real-world work, that is often tenuous and boring? </p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> Here you seem to assume that hacking is neither ethical nor
+real-world. I disagree with both assumptions. By the way, some parts of
+developing and releasing a working program are tedious; they are not
+merely boring, they are frustrating. But hackers by the thousands in
+the free software community do these tasks in order to release working
+and reliable free software.</p>
+
+<p><b>TV:</b> I think this is even quite common in fields like
+computer science, physics, mathematics, philosophy, where the
+austerity and purity of the formalism give an intense pleasure of a
+‘non-earthly’ kind. Is there a link? Should there be? And
+how do you bridge the two?</p>
+
+<p><b>RMS:</b> Is there a link between the pleasure of pure math and
+the rest of life? No, I see very little connection, and why should
+there be one?</p>
+
+<p>I enjoy folk dancing, as well as pure math. There is very little
+link between either of those pleasures and the rest of what I do. Why
+should there be? They are both harmless. Is there a “gap”
+that I need to “bridge”?</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2002 Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/10/14 04:28:14 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
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+</body>
+</html>
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