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www/philosophy/po copyright-and-globalization.r...
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From: |
Pavel Kharitonov |
|
Subject: |
www/philosophy/po copyright-and-globalization.r... |
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Date: |
Sun, 17 Feb 2013 15:35:09 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Pavel Kharitonov <ineiev> 13/02/17 15:35:09
Added files:
philosophy/po : copyright-and-globalization.ru.po
Log message:
New translation.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.ru.po?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: copyright-and-globalization.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: copyright-and-globalization.ru.po
diff -N copyright-and-globalization.ru.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ copyright-and-globalization.ru.po 17 Feb 2013 15:35:08 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,2798 @@
+# Russian translation for copyright-and-globalization.html
+# Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
+# Ineiev <address@hidden>, 2012, 2013
+# this translation lacks appropriate review
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: copyright-and-globalization.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-10-01 20:25-0300\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-02-15 16:20+0000\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ineiev <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Russian <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language: ru\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright and Globalization in the Age of Computer Networks - GNU Project - "
+"Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво и глобализаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² век
компÑÑÑеÑнÑÑ
ÑеÑей - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд "
+"Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Copyright and Globalization in the Age of Computer Networks"
+msgstr "ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво и глобализаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² век
компÑÑÑеÑнÑÑ
ÑеÑей"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<i>The following is an edited transcript from a speech given at <abbr title="
+"\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr> in the Communications "
+"Forum on Thursday, April 19, 2001 from 5:00pm - 7:00pm</i>"
+msgstr ""
+"<em>Ðалее ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¸ÑпÑавленнÑй конÑпекÑ
ÑеÑи, пÑоизнеÑенной в <abbr title="
+"\"ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑкий ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкий
инÑÑиÑÑÑ\">MIT</abbr> на ФоÑÑме по ÑÑедÑÑвам "
+"ÑвÑзи во вÑоÑник, 19 апÑÐµÐ»Ñ 2001 года Ñ
17:00 до 19:00</em>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>DAVID THORBURN, moderator</b>: Our speaker today, Richard Stallman, is a "
+"legendary figure in the computing world, and my experience in trying to find "
+"a respondent to share the podium with him was instructive. One "
+"distinguished <abbr>MIT</abbr> professor told me that Stallman needs to be "
+"understood as a charismatic figure in a biblical parable — a kind of "
+"Old Testament anecdote-lesson. “Imagine,” he said, “a "
+"Moses or a Jeremiah — better a Jeremiah.” And I said, “"
+"Well, that's very admirable.”"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>ÐÑвид ТоÑнбеÑн, ведÑÑий</strong>. ÐаÑ
ÑегоднÑÑний лекÑоÑ, РиÑаÑд "
+"СÑолмен,— легендаÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑигÑÑа в миÑе
вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑной ÑеÑ
ники, и Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ "
+"Ñзнал, пока пÑÑалÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñи оппоненÑа,
коÑоÑÑй Ñазделил Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼ ÑÑибÑнÑ. Ðдин "
+"вÑдаÑÑийÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑеÑÑÐ¾Ñ MIT ÑаÑÑказал мне, ÑÑо
к СÑÐ¾Ð»Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ñжно оÑноÑиÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº "
+"к Ñ
аÑизмаÑиÑеÑкой ÑигÑÑе в библейÑкой
пÑиÑÑе — Ñвоего Ñода "
+"веÑÑ
озавеÑной поÑÑиÑелÑной иÑÑоÑии.</p><p>\n"
+"— ÐÑедÑÑавÑÑе Ñебе,— Ñказал
он,— ÐоиÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ "
+"ÐеÑÐµÐ¼Ð¸Ñ — лÑÑÑе ÐеÑемиÑ.</p><p>Ð Ñ
оÑвеÑил:<br />\n"
+"— ÐÑ, ÑÑо пÑоÑÑо пÑевоÑÑ
одно."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"That sounds wonderful. It confirms my sense of the kind of contribution he "
+"has made to the world. Then why are you reluctant to share the podium with "
+"him?” His answer: “Like Jeremiah or Moses, he would simply "
+"overwhelm me. I won't appear on the same panel him, but if you asked me to "
+"name five people alive in the world who have truly helped us all, Richard "
+"Stallman would be one of them.”"
+msgstr ""
+"— ÐвÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑдеÑно. ÐÑо подÑвеÑждаеÑ
мои пÑедÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, "
+"какого Ñода вклад он Ð²Ð½ÐµÑ Ð² миÑовое
ÑообÑеÑÑво. ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñогда Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ желаеÑе "
+"ÑазделиÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼ ÑÑибÑнÑ?</p><p>Ðн Ñказал:<br />
— Ðак ÐеÑÐµÐ¼Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ "
+"ÐоиÑей, он пÑоÑÑо оÑеломил Ð±Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ. Я не
Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð²ÑÑаÑÑ ÑÑдом Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼, но еÑли Ð±Ñ "
+"Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑили Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð²ÑÑиÑ
нÑне лÑдей, коÑоÑÑе по-наÑÑоÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ "
+"помогли вÑем нам, Ñо РиÑаÑд СÑолмен бÑл бÑ
одним из ниÑ
."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>RICHARD STALLMAN</b>: I should [begin by explaining why I have refused to "
+"allow this Forum to be web cast], in case it wasn't clear fully what the "
+"issue is: The software they use for web broadcasting requires the user to "
+"download certain software in order to receive the broadcast. That software "
+"is not free software. It's available at zero price but only as an "
+"executable, which is a mysterious bunch of numbers."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Ðне ÑледÑеÑ
[наÑаÑÑ Ñ ÑазÑÑÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñого, "
+"поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð¾ÑказалÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ
ÑÑанÑлиÑоваÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑ ÑÑого ÑоÑÑма в
ÐнÑеÑнеÑе], "
+"на ÑлÑÑай, еÑли не ÑовÑем ÑÑно, в Ñем
пÑоблема. ÐÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе пÑименÑÑÑ "
+"Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑанÑлÑÑии в ÐнÑеÑнеÑе, ÑÑебÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ ÑÑÑановки опÑеделенной "
+"пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑÑ ÑÑанÑлÑÑии. ÐÑа
пÑогÑамма не Ñвободна. Ðна "
+"доÑÑÑпна по нÑлевой Ñене, но ÑолÑко в виде
иÑполнимого Ñайла, "
+"пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑего Ñобой ÑаинÑÑвеннÑÑ ÐºÑÑÑ
ÑиÑел."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"What it does is secret. You can't study it; you can't change it; and you "
+"certainly can't publish it in your own modified version. And those are "
+"among the freedoms that are essential in the definition of “free "
+"software.”"
+msgstr ""
+"ЧÑо она Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ — ÑÑо ÑекÑеÑ. Ðам
нелÑÐ·Ñ ÐµÐµ изÑÑаÑÑ; вам нелÑÐ·Ñ ÐµÐµ "
+"изменÑÑÑ; и вам, конеÑно, нелÑзÑ
опÑбликоваÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ "
+"веÑÑиÑ. Ð ÑÑо вÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñе ÑвободÑ, коÑоÑÑе
ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½ÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ "
+"опÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñвободной пÑогÑаммÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So if I am to be an honest advocate for free software, I can hardly go "
+"around giving speeches, then put pressure on people to use nonfree "
+"software. I'd be undermining my own cause. And if I don't show that I take "
+"my principles seriously, I can't expect anybody else to take them seriously."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑак, еÑли пÑедполагаеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ —
ÑеÑÑнÑй заÑиÑник Ñвободного "
+"пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ, Ñ ÐµÐ´Ð²Ð° ли могÑ
вÑÑÑÑпаÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð¸ Ñам Ñ ÑеÑами, а "
+"поÑом оказÑваÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ на лÑдей, ÑÑобÑ
они полÑзовалиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми "
+"пÑогÑаммами. Я подÑÑвал Ð±Ñ ÑвоÑ
ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ. РеÑли Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ "
+"показÑваÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ ÑеÑÑезно оÑноÑÑÑÑ Ðº
Ñвоим пÑинÑипам, Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð¾Ð¶Ð¸Ð´Ð°ÑÑ, "
+"ÑÑо кÑо-Ñо дÑÑгой бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑноÑиÑÑÑÑ Ðº ним
ÑеÑÑезно."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, this speech is not about free software. After I'd been working on "
+"the free software movement for several years and people started using some "
+"of the pieces of the GNU operating system, I began getting invited to give "
+"speeches [at which] … people started asking me: “Well, how do "
+"the ideas about freedom for software users generalize to other kinds of "
+"things?”"
+msgstr ""
+"Ðднако ÑÑа ÑеÑÑ — не о ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
. ÐоÑле Ñого, как Ñ "
+"пÑоÑабоÑал в движении за Ñвободное
пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение неÑколÑко леÑ, и "
+"лÑди наÑали полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑми
ÑаÑÑÑми опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU, Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ "
+"ÑÑали пÑиглаÑаÑÑ Ð²ÑÑÑÑпиÑÑ Ñ ÑеÑÑÑ, [в
коÑоÑой] ... лÑди наÑали ÑпÑаÑиваÑÑ "
+"менÑ: “ÐÑ, а как идеи о Ñвободе
полÑзоваÑелей пÑогÑамм обобÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° "
+"дÑÑгие пÑедмеÑÑ?”"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And, of course, people asked silly questions like, “Well, should "
+"hardware be free?” “Should this microphone be free?”"
+msgstr ""
+"Ð, конеÑно, лÑди задавали Ñакие глÑпÑе
вопÑоÑÑ, как “ÐÑ, а должна ли "
+"бÑÑÑ Ñвободной аппаÑаÑÑÑа?” “Ðолжен
ли бÑÑÑ Ñвободен ÑÑÐ¾Ñ "
+"микÑоÑон?”"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Well, what does that mean? Should you be free to copy it and change it? "
+"Well, as for changing it, if you buy the microphone, nobody is going to stop "
+"you from changing it. And as for copying it, nobody has a microphone "
+"copier. Outside of “Star Trek,” those things don't exist. "
+"Maybe some day there'll be nanotechnological analyzers and assemblers, and "
+"it really will be possible to copy a physical object, and then these issues "
+"of whether you're free to do that will start being really important. We'll "
+"see agribusiness companies trying to stop people from copying food, and that "
+"will become a major political issue, if that technological capability will "
+"ever exist. I don't know if it will; it's just speculation at this point."
+msgstr ""
+"Так воÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо ознаÑаеÑ? ÐÐ¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð»Ð¸ мÑ
бÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑоваÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ или "
+"изменÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾? Так воÑ, ÑÑо каÑаеÑÑÑ
изменений, Ñо еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÑпаеÑе "
+"микÑоÑон, никÑо не ÑобиÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
изменÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾. Ð ÑÑо до копиÑованиÑ, "
+"Ñо ни Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð½ÐµÑ ÑÑÑÑойÑÑва копиÑованиÑ
микÑоÑонов. Такое бÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑолÑко в "
+"ÑанÑаÑÑиÑеÑкиÑ
ÑилÑмаÑ
. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ,
когда-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑвÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐºÑлÑÑнÑе "
+"анализаÑоÑÑ Ð¸ ÑбоÑÑики и дейÑÑвиÑелÑно
ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ ÑкопиÑоваÑÑ "
+"ÑизиÑеÑкий обÑекÑ, и Ñогда ÑÑи вопÑоÑÑ Ð¾
Ñом, волÑÐ½Ñ Ð»Ð¸ Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо, "
+"наÑнÑÑ ÑÑановиÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾-наÑÑоÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ñ.
ÐÑ Ñвидим, как агÑоÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкие "
+"компании пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑаÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм
копиÑоваÑÑ Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑ, и ÑÑо ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ ÑеÑÑезной "
+"полиÑиÑеÑкой пÑоблемой, еÑли ÑÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð°-нибÑÐ´Ñ "
+"бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑÑÑеÑÑвоваÑÑ. Я не знаÑ, бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸
ÑÑо; в наÑÑоÑÑий Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑо пÑоÑÑо "
+"доÑÑжие ÑаÑÑÑждениÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But for other kinds of information, you can raise the issue because any kind "
+"of information that can be stored on a computer, conceivably, can be copied "
+"and modified. So the ethical issues of free software, the issues of a "
+"user's right to copy and modify software, are the same as such questions for "
+"other kinds of published information. Now I'm not talking about private "
+"information, say, personal information, which is never meant to be available "
+"to the public at all. I'm talking about the rights you should have if you "
+"get copies of published things where there's no attempt to keep them secret."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´ÑÑгого Ñода инÑоÑмаÑии ÑÑоÑ
вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо "
+"инÑоÑмаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð»Ñбого вида, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ Ð² компÑÑÑеÑе, веÑоÑÑно, можно "
+"копиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸ изменÑÑÑ. Так ÑÑо ÑÑиÑеÑкие
вопÑоÑÑ Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного "
+"обеÑпеÑениÑ, пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ñава полÑзоваÑелÑ
копиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸ изменÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, "
+"ÑоÑно ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ñ Ð¶Ðµ, как аналогиÑнÑе вопÑоÑÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
видов опÑбликованной "
+"инÑоÑмаÑии. Я ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ говоÑÑ Ð¾
конÑиденÑиалÑной инÑоÑмаÑии, Ñкажем, о "
+"лиÑной инÑоÑмаÑии, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° не
пÑедполагалоÑÑ Ð¿ÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ "
+"обÑего доÑÑÑпа. Я говоÑÑ Ð¾ пÑаваÑ
, коÑоÑÑе
Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ, еÑли Ð²Ñ "
+"полÑÑаеÑе копии Ñего-Ñо опÑбликованного,
когда ÑÑо не пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ Ð² "
+"ÑекÑеÑе."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In order to explain my ideas on the subject, I'd like to review the history "
+"of the distribution of information and of copyright. In the ancient world, "
+"books were written by hand with a pen, and anybody who knew how to read and "
+"write could copy a book about as efficiently as anybody else. Now somebody "
+"who did it all day would probably learn to be somewhat better at it, but "
+"there was not a tremendous difference. And because the copies were made one "
+"at a time, there was no great economy of scale. Making ten copies took ten "
+"times as long as making one copy. There was also nothing forcing "
+"centralization; a book could be copied anywhere."
+msgstr ""
+"ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑниÑÑ Ñвои мÑÑли об ÑÑом
пÑедмеÑе, Ñ Ñ
оÑел Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð·Ð¾Ñ Ð¸ÑÑоÑии "
+"ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑоÑмаÑии и авÑоÑÑкого
пÑава. РдÑевноÑÑи книги пиÑали "
+"вÑÑÑнÑÑ, пеÑом, и лÑбой, кÑо Ñмел ÑиÑаÑÑ Ð¸
пиÑаÑÑ, мог ÑкопиÑоваÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ "
+"поÑÑи Ñак же ÑÑÑекÑивно, как кÑо Ð±Ñ Ñо ни
бÑло еÑе. ÐÑ, ÑоÑ, кÑо занималÑÑ "
+"ÑÑим ÑелÑй денÑ, наÑÑилÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо
неÑколÑко лÑÑÑе, но гÑандиозной "
+"ÑазниÑÑ Ð½Ðµ бÑло. РпоÑколÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸
делалиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ одной за Ñаз, ÑвелиÑение "
+"маÑÑÑабов пÑоизводÑÑва не давало ÑлиÑком
болÑÑой Ñкономии. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ "
+"деÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¹, нÑжно бÑло поÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ð²
деÑÑÑÑ Ñаз болÑÑе, Ñем Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ "
+"ÑделаÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ. Ðе бÑло Ñакже ниÑего, ÑÑо
пÑинÑждало Ð±Ñ Ðº ÑенÑÑализаÑии; ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ "
+"можно бÑло копиÑоваÑÑ Ð³Ð´Ðµ Ñгодно."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now because of this technology, because it didn't force copies to be "
+"identical, there wasn't in the ancient world the same total divide between "
+"copying a book and writing a book. There are things in between that made "
+"sense. They did understand the idea of an author. They knew, say, that "
+"this play was written by Sophocles but in between writing a book and copying "
+"a book, there were other useful things you could do. For instance, you "
+"could copy a part of a book, then write some new words, copy some more and "
+"write some new words and on and on. This was called “writing a "
+"commentary” — that was a common thing to do — and these "
+"commentaries were appreciated."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð·-за Ñакой ÑеÑ
нологии, поÑколÑкÑ
она не подÑазÑмевала, ÑÑо копии "
+"обÑзаÑелÑно бÑдÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ½ÑиÑнÑ, в анÑиÑноÑÑи
не бÑло Ñакого полного ÑÐ°Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ "
+"Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñованием книги и напиÑанием
книги. ÐÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ еÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑи, коÑоÑÑе "
+"имели ÑмÑÑл. ÐÑедÑÑавление об авÑоÑÑÑве Ñ
ниÑ
бÑло. Ðни знали, напÑимеÑ, ÑÑо "
+"ÑÑа пÑеÑа напиÑана СоÑоклом, но междÑ
напиÑанием и копиÑованием книги бÑли "
+"дÑÑгие полезнÑе дела, коÑоÑÑе можно бÑло
ÑделаÑÑ. ÐапÑимеÑ, можно бÑло "
+"ÑкопиÑоваÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸, поÑом напиÑаÑÑ
какие-Ñо новÑе Ñлова, ÑкопиÑоваÑÑ "
+"еÑе и напиÑаÑÑ ÐµÑе ÑколÑко-Ñо новÑÑ
Ñлов, и
Ñак далее. ÐÑо назÑвалоÑÑ “"
+"напиÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑаÑий” — ÑÑо бÑло
обÑÑнÑм делом — "
+"и ÑÑи комменÑаÑии оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑенилиÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"You could also copy a passage out of one book, then write some other words, "
+"and copy a passage from another book and write some more and so on, and this "
+"was making a compendium. Compendia were also very useful. There are works "
+"that are lost but parts of them survived when they were quoted into other "
+"books that got to be more popular than the original. Maybe they copied the "
+"most interesting parts, and so people made a lot of copies of these, but "
+"they didn't bother copying the original because it wasn't interesting enough."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðожно бÑло Ñакже ÑкопиÑоваÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑÑвок из
одной книги, поÑом пÑипиÑаÑÑ "
+"неÑколÑко дÑÑгиÑ
Ñлов, ÑкопиÑоваÑÑ
оÑÑÑвок из дÑÑгой книги, пÑипиÑаÑÑ ÐµÑе и "
+"Ñак далее, и Ñак ÑоÑÑавлÑлÑÑ ÑбоÑник.
СбоÑники Ñакже бÑли оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ñ. "
+"ÐÑÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸, коÑоÑÑе ÑÑеÑÑнÑ, но ÑаÑÑи из
ниÑ
доÑли до Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑомÑ, ÑÑо они "
+"ÑиÑиÑовалиÑÑ Ð² дÑÑгиÑ
книгаÑ
, коÑоÑÑе
ÑÑали попÑлÑÑнее, Ñем оÑигинал. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ "
+"бÑÑÑ, копиÑовали ÑамÑе инÑеÑеÑнÑе меÑÑа,
Ñак ÑÑо лÑди ÑаÑÑо копиÑовали иÑ
, "
+"но не ÑÑÑÑждали ÑÐµÐ±Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñованием
оÑигинала, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо не бÑло "
+"доÑÑаÑоÑно инÑеÑеÑно."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now as far as I can tell, there was no such thing as copyright in the "
+"ancient world. Anyone who wanted to copy a book could copy the book. Later "
+"on, the printing press was developed and books started to be copied on the "
+"printing press. Now the printing press was not just a quantitative "
+"improvement in the ease of copying. It affected different kinds of copying "
+"unevenly because it introduced an inherent economy of scale. It was a lot "
+"of work to set the type and much less work to make many identical copies of "
+"the page. So the result was that copying books tended to become a "
+"centralized, mass-production activity. Copies of any given book would "
+"probably be made in only a few places."
+msgstr ""
+"Так воÑ, наÑколÑко Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ, авÑоÑÑкого
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"It also meant that ordinary readers couldn't copy books efficiently. Only "
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"Now for the first few centuries of printing, printed books did not totally "
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+"Now copyright was developed along with the use of the printing press and "
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+"industrial regulation. It didn't restrict what readers could do; it "
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+"Now, is this an advantageous trade? Well, when the general public can't make "
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+"That's what the public does whenever it's given a chance to voice its "
+"preference; it keeps some of this freedom and exercises it. Napster is a "
+"big example of that, the public deciding to exercise the freedom to copy "
+"instead of giving it up. So the natural thing for us to do to make "
+"copyright law fit today's circumstances is to reduce the amount of copyright "
+"power that copyright owners get, to reduce the amount of restriction that "
+"they place on the public and to increase the freedom that the public retains."
+msgstr ""
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+"But this is not what the publishers want to do. What they want to do is "
+"exactly the opposite. They wish to increase copyright powers to the point "
+"where they can remain firmly in control of all use of information. This has "
+"led to laws that have given an unprecedented increase in the powers of "
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+msgstr ""
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+"about e-books; you can hardly avoid it. I took a flight in Brazil and in "
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+"10 or 20 years before we all switched to e-books. Clearly, this kind of "
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+"think I know. The reason is that e-books are the opportunity to take away "
+"some of the residual freedoms that readers of printed books have always had "
+"and still have — the freedom, for instance, to lend a book to your "
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"from printed books to e-books and eventually the result is, readers have "
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"kinds of published works. For instance, movies that are on DVDs are "
+"published in an encrypted format that used to be secret — it was meant "
+"to be secret — and the only way the movie companies would tell you the "
+"format, so that you could make a DVD player, was if you signed a contract to "
+"build certain restrictions into the player, with the result that the public "
+"would be stopped even from fully exercising their legal rights. Then a few "
+"clever programmers in Europe figured out the format of DVDs and they wrote a "
+"free software package that would read a DVD. This made it possible to use "
+"free software on top of the GNU+Linux operating system to watch the DVD that "
+"you had bought, which is a perfectly legitimate thing to do. You ought to "
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+"But the movie companies objected and they went to court. You see, the movie "
+"companies used to make a lot of films where there was a mad scientist and "
+"somebody was saying, “But, Doctor, there are some things Man was not "
+"meant to know.” They must have watched their own films too much "
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+"information is legally available outside the U.S. has been prohibited. An "
+"appeal has been made against this ruling. I signed a friend-of-the-court "
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+"role in that particular battle."
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There's a plan now to introduce this software into every hard disk, so that "
+"there could be files on your hard disk that you can't even access except by "
+"getting permission from some network server to access the file. And to "
+"bypass this software or even tell other people how to bypass it is a crime."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Second, harsh punishments. A few years ago, if you made copies of something "
+"and handed them out to your friends just to be helpful, this was not a "
+"crime; it had never been a crime in the U.S. Then they made it a felony, so "
+"you could be put in prisons for years for sharing with your neighbor."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Third, informers. Well, you may have seen the ads on TV, the ads in the "
+"Boston subways asking people to rat on their co-workers to the information "
+"police, which officially is called the Software Publishers Association."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð-ÑÑеÑÑиÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And fourth, collective responsibility. In the U.S., this has been done by "
+"conscripting Internet service providers, making them legally responsible for "
+"everything their customers post. The only way they can avoid always being "
+"held responsible is if they have an invariable procedure to disconnect or "
+"remove the information within two weeks after a complaint. Just a few days "
+"ago, I heard that a clever protest site criticizing City Bank for some of "
+"its nasty policies was disconnected in this way. Nowadays, you don't even "
+"get your day in court; your site just gets unplugged."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"And, finally, propaganda, starting in childhood. That's what the word "
+"“pirate” is used for. If you'll think back a few years, the "
+"term “pirate” was formerly applied to publishers that didn't pay "
+"the author. But now it's been turned completely around. It's now applied "
+"to members of the public who escape from the control of the publisher. It's "
+"being used to convince people that only a nasty enemy of the people would "
+"ever do this forbidden copying. It says that “sharing with your "
+"neighbor is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship.” I hope that you "
+"don't agree with that and if you don't, I hope you will refuse to use the "
+"word in that way."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"So the publishers are purchasing laws to give themselves more power. In "
+"addition, they're also extending the length of time the copyright lasts. "
+"The U.S. Constitution says that copyright must last for a limited time, but "
+"the publishers want copyright to last forever. However, getting a "
+"constitutional amendment would be rather difficult, so they found an easier "
+"way that achieves the same result. Every 20 years they retroactively extend "
+"copyright by 20 years. So the result is, at any given time, copyright "
+"nominally lasts for a certain period and any given copyright will nominally "
+"expire some day. But that expiration will never be reached because every "
+"copyright will be extended by 20 years every 20 years; thus no work will "
+"ever go into the public domain again. This has been called “perpetual "
+"copyright on the installment plan.”"
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"The law in 1998 that extended copyright by 20 years is known as the “"
+"Mickey Mouse Copyright Extension Act” because one of the main sponsors "
+"of this law was Disney. Disney realized that the copyright on Mickey Mouse "
+"was going to expire, and they don't want that to ever happen because they "
+"make a lot of money from that copyright."
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+"ÑÑо они извлекаÑÑ Ð¸Ð· ÑÑого авÑоÑÑкого
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"Now the original title of this talk was supposed to be “Copyright and "
+"Globalization.” If you look at globalization, what you see is that "
+"it's carried out by a number of policies which are done in the name of "
+"economic efficiency or so-called free-trade treaties, which really are "
+"designed to give business power over laws and policies. They're not really "
+"about free trade. They're about a transfer of power: removing the power to "
+"decide laws from the citizens of any country who might conceivably consider "
+"their own interests and giving that power to businesses who will not "
+"consider the interests of those citizens."
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"Democracy is the problem in their view, and these treaties are designed to "
+"put an end to the problem. For instance, <abbr title=\"North American Free "
+"Trade Agreement\">NAFTA</abbr> actually contains provisions, I believe, "
+"allowing companies to sue another government to get rid of a law that they "
+"believe is interfering with their profits in the other country. So foreign "
+"companies have more power than citizens of the country."
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+"There are attempts being made to extend this beyond <abbr>NAFTA</abbr>. For "
+"instance, this is one of the goals of the so-called free trade area of the "
+"Americas, to extend this principle to all the countries in South America and "
+"the Caribbean as well, and the multilateral agreement on investment was "
+"intended to spread it to the whole world."
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"One thing we've seen in the '90s is that these treaties begin to impose "
+"copyright throughout the world, and in more powerful and restrictive ways. "
+"These treaties are not free-trade treaties. They're actually corporate-"
+"controlled trade treaties being used to give corporations control over world "
+"trade, in order to eliminate free trade."
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+"was an intelligent decision. It was acknowledged that for the U.S. to "
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+"The same logic would apply today to developing countries but the U.S. has "
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+"it's a mistake to speak of the interests of countries in this context. In "
+"fact, I'm sure that most of you have heard about the fallacy of trying to "
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+"generally be better off? Would this be good for America? Or if you look only "
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+"need another $2 billion, but the loss of the $1 billion by other people who "
+"don't have as much to start with might be painful."
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+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"In fact, that already isn't the case because there are a lot of exceptions "
+"for music. Music is treated very differently under copyright law. But the "
+"arbitrary insistence on uniformity is used by the publishers in a certain "
+"clever way. They pick some peculiar special case and they make an argument "
+"that, in that special case, it would be advantageous to have this much "
+"copyright. And then they say that for uniformity's sake, there has to be "
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+"publish a modified version because it's very useful to modify functional "
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now if commercial publication of these aesthetic works is covered by "
+"copyright, that will give most of the revenue stream that exists today to "
+"support the authors and musicians, to the limited extent that the present "
+"system supports them, because it does a very bad job. So that might be a "
+"reasonable compromise, just as in the case of the works which represent "
+"certain people."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If we look ahead to the time when the age of the computer networks will have "
+"fully begun, when we're past this transitional stage, we can envision "
+"another way for the authors to get money for their work. Imagine that we "
+"have a digital cash system that enables you to get money for your work."
+msgstr ""
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+"ÑабоÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Imagine that we have a digital cash system that enables you to send somebody "
+"else money through the Internet; this can be done in various ways using "
+"encryption, for instance. And imagine that verbatim copying of all these "
+"aesthetic works is permitted. But they're written in such a way that when "
+"you are playing one or reading one or watching one, a box appears on the "
+"side of your screen that says, “Click here to send a dollar to the "
+"author,” or the musician or whatever. And it just sits there; it "
+"doesn't get in your way; it's on the side. It doesn't interfere with you, "
+"but it's there, reminding you that it's a good thing to support the writers "
+"and the musicians."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So if you love the work that you're reading or listening to, eventually "
+"you're going to say, “Why shouldn't I give these people a dollar? It's "
+"only a dollar. What's that? I won't even miss it.” And people will "
+"start sending a dollar. The good thing about this is that it makes copying "
+"the ally of the authors and musicians. When somebody e-mails a friend a "
+"copy, that friend might send a dollar, too. If you really love it, you "
+"might send a dollar more than once and that dollar is more than they're "
+"going to get today if you buy the book or buy the CD because they get a tiny "
+"fraction of the sale. The same publishers that are demanding total power "
+"over the public in the name of the authors and musicians are giving those "
+"authors and musicians the shaft all the time."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"I recommend you read Courtney Love's article in “Salon” "
+"magazine, an article about pirates that plan to use musicians' work without "
+"paying them. These pirates are the record companies that pay musicians 4% "
+"of the sales figures, on the average. Of course, the very successful "
+"musicians have more clout. They get more than 4% of their large sales "
+"figures, which means that the great run of musicians who have a record "
+"contract get less than 4% of their small sales figures."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Here's the way it works: The record company spends money on publicity and "
+"they consider this expenditure as an advance to the musicians, although the "
+"musicians never see it. So nominally when you buy a CD, a certain fraction "
+"of that money is going to the musicians, but really it isn't. Really, it's "
+"going to pay back the publicity expenses, and only if the musicians are very "
+"successful do they ever see any of that money."
+msgstr ""
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+"денег."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"The musicians, of course, sign their record contracts because they hope "
+"they're going to be one of those few who strike it rich. So essentially a "
+"rolling lottery is being offered to the musicians to tempt them. Although "
+"they're good at music, they may not be good at careful, logical reasoning to "
+"see through this trap. So they sign and then probably all they get is "
+"publicity. Well, why don't we give them publicity in a different way, not "
+"through a system that's based on restricting the public and a system of the "
+"industrial complex that saddles us with lousy music that's easy to sell. "
+"Instead, why not make the listener's natural impulse to share the music they "
+"love the ally of the musicians? If we have this box that appears in the "
+"player as a way to send a dollar to the musicians, then the computer "
+"networks could be the mechanism for giving the musicians this publicity, the "
+"same publicity which is all they get from record contracts now."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"We have to recognize that the existing copyright system does a lousy job of "
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+"where everyone works in a sweatshop and all of the products are made in "
+"sweatshops. I knew that globalization was a very inefficient way of raising "
+"living standards of people overseas. Say, an American is getting paid $20 "
+"an hour to make something and you give that job to a Mexican who is getting "
+"paid maybe six dollars a day, what has happened here is that you've taken a "
+"large amount of money away from an American worker, given a tiny fraction, "
+"like a few percents, to a Mexican worker and given back the rest to the "
+"company. So if your goal is to raise the living standards of Mexican "
+"workers, this is a lousy way to do it."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"It's interesting to see how the same phenomenon is going on in the copyright "
+"industry, the same general idea. In the name of these workers who certainly "
+"deserve something, you propose measures that give them a tiny bit and really "
+"mainly prop up the power of corporations to control our lives."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"If you're trying to replace a very good system, you have to work very hard "
+"to come up with a better alternative. If you know that the present system "
+"is lousy, it's not so hard to find a better alternative; the standard of "
+"comparison today is very low. We must always remember that when we consider "
+"issues of copyright policy."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑÑаеÑеÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"So I think I've said most of what I want to say. I'd like to mention that "
+"tomorrow is Phone-In Sick Day in Canada. Tomorrow is the beginning of a "
+"summit to finish negotiating the free trade area of the Americas to try to "
+"extend corporate power throughout additional countries, and a big protest is "
+"being planned for Quebec. We've seen extreme methods being used to smash "
+"this protest. A lot of Americans are being blocked from entering Canada "
+"through the border that they're supposed to be allowed to enter through at "
+"any time."
+msgstr ""
+"Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо Ñ ÑаÑÑказал болÑÑÑÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"On the flimsiest of excuses, a wall has been built around the center of "
+"Quebec to be used as a fortress to keep protesters out. We've seen a large "
+"number of different dirty tricks used against public protest against these "
+"treaties. So whatever democracy remains to us after government powers have "
+"been taken away from democratically elected governors and given to "
+"businesses and to unelected international bodies, whatever is left after "
+"that may not survive the suppression of public protest against it."
+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"I've dedicated 17 years of my life to working on free software and allied "
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+"issue in the world. I did it because it was the area where I saw I had to "
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+"world today is resisting the tendency to give business power over the public "
+"and governments. I see free software and the allied questions for other "
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+"major issue. So I've indirectly found myself working on that issue. I hope "
+"I contribute something to the effort."
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+msgstr "<strong>ÐÑвеÑ</strong>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"<b>THORBURN</b>: We'll turn to the audience for questions and comments in a "
+"moment. But let me offer a brief general response. It seems to me that the "
+"strongest and most important practical guidance that Stallman offers us has "
+"two key elements. One is the recognition that old assumptions about "
+"copyright, old usages of copyright are inappropriate; they are challenged or "
+"undermined by the advent of the computer and computer networks. That may be "
+"obvious, but it is essential."
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+"Second is the recognition that the digital era requires us to reconsider how "
+"we distinguish and weigh forms of intellectual and creative labor. Stallman "
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+"computer."
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+"broadly about questions of democratic authority and the power that "
+"government and corporations increasingly exercise over our lives. This "
+"populist and anti-corporate side to Stallman's discourse is nourishing but "
+"also reductive, potentially simplifying. And it is also perhaps overly "
+"idealistic. For example, how would a novelist or a poet or a songwriter or "
+"a musician or the author of an academic textbook survive in this brave new "
+"world where people are encouraged but not required to pay authors. In other "
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+"is destroyed if there are more copies of it being played more. I don't "
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+"So let me now get to the point. Of course, we can't see now how well it "
+"would work, whether it would work to ask people to pay money voluntarily to "
+"the authors and musicians they love. One thing that's obvious is that how "
+"well such a system would work is proportional to the number of people who "
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"So the dollar might not discourage you, but the trouble it takes to pay "
+"might discourage you. The whole idea of this is that it should be as easy "
+"as falling off a log to pay when you get the urge, so that there's nothing "
+"to discourage you except the actual amount of money. And if that's small "
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+"love musicians, and we know that encouraging fans to copy and redistribute "
+"the music has been done by some bands that were, and are, quite successful "
+"like the “Grateful Dead.” They didn't have any trouble making a "
+"living from their music because they encouraged fans to tape it and copy the "
+"tapes. They didn't even lose their record sales."
+msgstr ""
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+"ÐÑÑ ÑÑа Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо когда Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We are gradually moving from the age of the printing press to the age of the "
+"computer network, but it's not happening in a day. People are still buying "
+"lots of records, and that will probably continue for many years — "
+"maybe forever. As long as that continues, simply having copyrights that "
+"still apply to commercial sales of records ought to do about as good a job "
+"of supporting musicians as it does today. Of course, that's not very good, "
+"but, at least, it won't get any worse."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑепенно пеÑеÑ
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+"ÑÑанеÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<b>DISCUSSION</b>:"
+msgstr "<strong>ÐбÑÑждение</strong>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: [A comment and question about free downloading and about "
+"Stephen King's attempt to market one of his novels serially over the web.]"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>ÐопÑоÑ</strong>. [ÐомменÑаÑий и вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾
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+"ÑеÑи.]"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Yes, it's interesting to know what he did and what "
+"happened. When I first heard about that, I was elated. I thought, maybe he "
+"was taking a step towards a world that is not based on trying to maintain an "
+"iron grip on the public. Then I saw that he had actually written to ask "
+"people to pay. To explain what he did, he was publishing a novel as a "
+"serial, by installments, and he said, “If I get enough money, I'll "
+"release more.” But the request he wrote was hardly a request. It brow-"
+"beat the reader. It said, “If you don't pay, then you're evil. And "
+"if there are too many of you who are evil, then I'm just going to stop "
+"writing this.”"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>СÑолмен</strong>. Ðа, инÑеÑеÑно ÑзнаÑÑ Ð¾
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+"ÑÑого вÑÑло. Ðогда Ñ Ð²Ð¿ÐµÑвÑе ÑÑлÑÑал об
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+"доÑÑаÑоÑно денег, Ñ Ð²ÑпÑÑÑ ÐµÑе”. Ðо
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+"ÑÑ Ð½Ðµ заплаÑиÑÑ, ÑÑ — зло. РеÑли ÑакиÑ
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+"Ñо Ñ ÑобиÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо пÑекÑаÑиÑÑ ÑÑо
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Well, clearly, that's not the way to make the public feel like sending you "
+"money. You've got to make them love you, not fear you."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑ, понÑÑно, ÑÑо не лÑÑÑий ÑпоÑоб ÑоздаÑÑ Ñ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>SPEAKER</b>: The details were that he required a certain percentage "
+"— I don't know the exact percentage, around 90% sounds correct — "
+"of people to send a certain amount of money, which, I believe, was a dollar "
+"or two dollars, or somewhere in that order of magnitude. You had to type in "
+"your name and your e-mail address and some other information to get to "
+"download it and if that percentage of people was not reached after the first "
+"chapter, he said that he would not release another chapter. It was very "
+"antagonistic to the public downloading it."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Isn't the scheme where there's no copyright but people are "
+"asked to make voluntary donations open to abuse by people plagiarizing?"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>ÐопÑоÑ</strong>. Разве ÑÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: No. That's not what I proposed. Remember, I'm proposing "
+"that there should be copyright covering commercial distribution and "
+"permitting only verbatim redistribution non-commercially. So anyone who "
+"modified it to put in a pointer to his website, instead of a pointer to the "
+"real author's website, would still be infringing the copyright and could be "
+"sued exactly as he could be sued today."
+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"saying that everything should be permitted. I'm proposing to reduce "
+"copyright powers, not abolish them."
+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"question is why you don't consider the ways in which the computer, itself, "
+"eliminates the middle men completely — in the way that Stephen King "
+"refused to do — and might establish a personal relationship."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, they can and, in fact, this voluntary donation is one."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"<b>THORBURN</b>: You think of that as not involving going through a "
+"publisher at all?"
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Absolutely not. I hope it won't, you see, because the "
+"publishers exploit the authors terribly. When you ask the publishers' "
+"representatives about this, they say, “Well, yes, if an author or if a "
+"band doesn't want to go through us, they shouldn't be legally required to go "
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+"that will not be feasible. For instance, they're proposing restricted "
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+"do it. So they're hoping for a world where the players will play these "
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+"the appropriate way for that kind of work?"
+msgstr ""
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+"<b>QUESTION</b>: With regard to the functional works, how do you, in your "
+"own thinking, balance out the need for abolishing the copyright with the "
+"need for economic incentives in order to have these functional works "
+"developed?"
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+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, what we see is, first of all, that this economic "
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+"the free software movement where we have over 100,000 part-time volunteers "
+"developing free software. We also see that there are other ways to raise "
+"money for this which are not based on stopping the public from copying and "
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: I agree that shortening the time span of copyright is a "
+"good idea. There is absolutely no need in terms of encouraging publication "
+"for a possibility of copyrights' lasting as much as 150 years, which, in "
+"some cases, it can under present law. Now the companies were saying that a "
+"75-year copyright on a work made for hire was not long enough to make "
+"possible the production of their works. I'd like to challenge those "
+"companies to present projected balance sheets for 75 years from now to back "
+"up that contention. What they really wanted was just to be able to extend "
+"the copyrights on the old works, so that they can continue restricting the "
+"use of them. But how you can encourage greater production of works in the "
+"1920s by extending copyright today escapes me, unless they have a time "
+"machine somewhere. Of course, in one of their movies, they had a time "
+"machine. So maybe that's what affected their thinking."
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Have you given thought to extending the concept of “"
+"fair use,” and are there any nuances there that you might care to lay "
+"out for us?"
+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, the idea of giving everyone permission for non-"
+"commercial verbatim copying of two kinds of works, certainly, may be thought "
+"of as extending what fair use is. It's bigger than what's fair use "
+"currently. If your idea is that the public trades away certain freedoms to "
+"get more progress, then you can draw the line at various, different places. "
+"Which freedoms does the public trade away and which freedoms does the public "
+"keep?"
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"<b>QUESTION</b>: To extend the conversation for just a moment, in certain "
+"entertainment fields, we have the concept of a public presentation. So, for "
+"example, copyright does not prevent us from singing Christmas carols "
+"seasonally but it prevents the public performance. And I'm wondering if it "
+"might be useful to think about instead of expanding fair use to unlimited, "
+"non-commercial, verbatim copying, to something less than that but more than "
+"the present concept of fair use."
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: I used to think that that might be enough, and then Napster "
+"convinced me otherwise because Napster is used by its users for non-"
+"commercial, verbatim redistribution. The Napster server, itself, is a "
+"commercial activity but the people who are actually putting things up are "
+"doing so non-commercially, and they could have done so on their websites "
+"just as easily. The tremendous excitement about, interest in, and use of "
+"Napster shows that that's very useful. So I'm convinced now that people "
+"should have the right to publicly non-commercially, redistributed, verbatim "
+"copies of everything."
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+"<b>QUESTION</b>: One analogy that was recently suggested to me for the whole "
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+"you who have heard the Napster arguments have heard this analogy. I'm "
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+"any different?”"
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+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, it's not exactly the same. But it should be pointed "
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+"retail outlets. So they're against public libraries."
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Can these ideas about copyright suggest any ideas for "
+"certain issues about patent law such as making cheap, generic drugs for use "
+"in Africa?"
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+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: No, there's absolutely no similarity. The issues of "
+"patents are totally different from the issues of copyrights. The idea that "
+"they have something to do with each other is one of the unfortunate "
+"consequences of using the term “intellectual property” and "
+"encouraging people to try to lump these issues together because, as you've "
+"heard, I've been talking about issues in which the price of a copy is not "
+"the crucial thing. But what's the crucial issue about making AIDS drugs for "
+"Africa? It's the price, nothing but the price."
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+"Now the issue I've been talking about arises because digital information "
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+"nothing giving us all the ability to make copies of medicines. I don't have "
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+"they're generic drugs or imported from the U.S. Either way, they're going "
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"So that's a tremendously important issue, but it's a totally different "
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+"that doesn't matter; he has to destroy them anyway. It was an extreme "
+"example of how much government can side with a monopolist."
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+"So I believe that, following the same principles that I apply to copying "
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+"their seeds and breed their livestock. Maybe you could have patents "
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"<b>QUESTION</b>: There's more to making a model successful than just the "
+"licensing. Can you speak to that?"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>ÐопÑоÑ</strong>. ÐÐ»Ñ ÑÑпеÑной ÑеализаÑии
ÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ñжно не ÑолÑко "
+"лиÑензиÑование. Ðогли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ ÑаÑÑказаÑÑ Ð¾Ð±
ÑÑом?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Absolutely. Well, you know, I don't know the answers. But "
+"part of what I believe is crucial for developing free, functional "
+"information is idealism. People have to recognize that it's important for "
+"this information to be free, that when the information is free, you can make "
+"full use of it. When it's restricted, you can't. You have to recognize "
+"that the nonfree information is an attempt to divide them and keep them "
+"helpless and keep them down. Then they can get the idea, “Let's work "
+"together to produce the information we want to use, so that it's not under "
+"the control of some powerful person who can dictate to us what we can do."
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>СÑолмен</strong>. ÐезÑÑловно. ÐÑ,
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+"ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð· Ñого, ÑÑо, как Ñ ÑÑиÑаÑ, жизненно
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+"можем делаÑÑ”."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"This tremendously boosts it. But I don't know how much it will work in "
+"various different areas, but I think that in the area of education, when "
+"you're looking for textbooks, I think I see a way it can be done. There are "
+"a lot of teachers in the world, teachers who are not at prestigious "
+"universities — maybe they're in high-school; maybe they're in college "
+"— where they don't write and publish a lot of things and there's not a "
+"tremendous demand for them. But a lot of them are smart. A lot of them "
+"know their subjects well and they could write textbooks about lots of "
+"subjects and share them with the world and receive a tremendous amount of "
+"appreciation from the people who will have learned from them."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо невеÑоÑÑно помогаеÑ. Ðо Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаÑ,
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+"глÑбоÑайÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑизнаÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"<b>QUESTION</b>: That's what I proposed. But the funny thing is, I do know "
+"the history of education. That's what I do — educational, electronic "
+"media projects. I couldn't find an example. Do you know of one?"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>ÐопÑоÑ</strong>. Ðменно ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿Ñедлагала.
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+"обÑÐ°Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ. Ðменно ÑÑим Ñ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: No, I don't. I started proposing this free encyclopedia "
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+"take a decade to get things rolling. Now we already have an encyclopedia "
+"that is rolling. So things are going faster than I hoped. I think what's "
+"needed is for a few people to start writing some free textbooks. Write one "
+"about whatever is your favorite subject or write a fraction of one. Write a "
+"few chapters of one and challenge other people to write the rest."
+msgstr ""
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+"оÑÑалÑное."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<b>QUESTION</b>: Actually what I was looking for is something even more than "
+"that. What's important in your kind of structure is somebody that creates "
+"an infrastructure to which everybody else can contribute. There isn't a K "
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+"materials."
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"I can get information from lots of places but it's not released under free "
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+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Actually, copyright doesn't cover the facts. It only "
+"covers the way it's written. So you can learn a field from anywhere and "
+"then write a textbook, and you can make that textbook free, if you want."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>СÑолмен</strong>. Ðа Ñамом деле авÑоÑÑкое
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+"его ÑвободнÑм, еÑли Ñ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"<b>QUESTION</b>: But I can't write by myself all the textbooks that a "
+"student needs going through school."
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>ÐопÑоÑ</strong>. Ðо Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ñама
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+"поÑÑебÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑаÑемÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, it's true. And I didn't write a whole, free "
+"operating system, either. I wrote some pieces and invited other people to "
+"join me by writing other pieces. So I set an example. I said, “I'm "
+"going in this direction. Join me and we'll get there.” And enough "
+"people joined in that we got there. So if you think in terms of, how am I "
+"going to get this whole gigantic job done, it can be daunting. So the point "
+"is, don't look at it that way. Think in terms of taking a step and "
+"realizing that after you've taken a step, other people will take more steps "
+"and, together, it will get the job done eventually."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"Assuming that humanity doesn't wipe itself out, the work we do today to "
+"produce the free educational infrastructure, the free learning resource for "
+"the world, that will be useful for as long as humanity exists. If it takes "
+"20 years to get it done, so what? So don't think in terms of the size of the "
+"whole job. Think in terms of the piece that you're going to do. That will "
+"show people it can be done, and so others will do other pieces."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑли ÑÑиÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑеловеÑеÑÑво не ÑоÑÑеÑ
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+"Ð¼Ñ ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÐ¼ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑоениÑ
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+"вÑполнÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгие ÑаÑÑи ÑабоÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid ""
+"This speech is published in <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-";
+"software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
+"Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑа ÑеÑÑ Ð¿ÑбликÑеÑÑÑ Ð² ÑбоÑнике <a
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+"избÑаннÑе оÑеÑки РиÑаÑда Ð.
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+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+#. type: Content of: <div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr " "
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
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+"\"><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other
ways "
+"to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions "
+"can be sent to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
+msgstr ""
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+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>."
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+#. replace it with the translation of these two:
+#. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+#. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+#. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+#. to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+#. <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+#. <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+#. our web pages, see <a
+#. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+#. README</a>.
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм
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+"возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
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+"пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
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+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2008, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2008, 2012, 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://";
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel=\"license\"
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+"пÑоизведений</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>."
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+"<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
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+"можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
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+
+#. timestamp start
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr "Ðбновлено:"
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