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www/philosophy can-you-trust.nl.html censoring-...
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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/philosophy can-you-trust.nl.html censoring-... |
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Date: |
Thu, 22 Nov 2012 04:27:24 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 12/11/22 04:27:24
Modified files:
philosophy : can-you-trust.nl.html censoring-emacs.nl.html
ebooks.nl.html enforcing-gpl.nl.html
fighting-software-patents.nl.html
free-doc.nl.html
freedom-or-copyright-old.nl.html
freedom-or-power.nl.html words-to-avoid.ru.html
philosophy/po : can-you-trust.nl-en.html
censoring-emacs.nl-en.html ebooks.nl-en.html
enforcing-gpl.nl-en.html
fighting-software-patents.nl-en.html
free-doc.nl-en.html
freedom-or-copyright-old.nl-en.html
freedom-or-power.nl-en.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : words-to-avoid.ru-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/can-you-trust.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/censoring-emacs.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/ebooks.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-doc.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/freedom-or-power.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/can-you-trust.nl-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/censoring-emacs.nl-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/ebooks.nl-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/enforcing-gpl.nl-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/fighting-software-patents.nl-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-doc.nl-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/freedom-or-copyright-old.nl-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.nl-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: can-you-trust.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/can-you-trust.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- can-you-trust.nl.html 8 Nov 2012 01:28:56 -0000 1.5
+++ can-you-trust.nl.html 22 Nov 2012 04:27:23 -0000 1.6
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
-*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*</div>
+ </div>
</div>
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
@@ -293,14 +293,14 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*</div>
+ </div>
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2012/11/08 01:28:56 $
+$Date: 2012/11/22 04:27:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: censoring-emacs.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/censoring-emacs.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- censoring-emacs.nl.html 13 Nov 2012 01:29:46 -0000 1.4
+++ censoring-emacs.nl.html 22 Nov 2012 04:27:23 -0000 1.5
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
-*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*</div>
+ </div>
</div>
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.nl.html" -->
@@ -141,14 +141,14 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*</div>
+ </div>
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2012/11/13 01:29:46 $
+$Date: 2012/11/22 04:27:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: ebooks.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/ebooks.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- ebooks.nl.html 19 Nov 2012 19:26:52 -0000 1.4
+++ ebooks.nl.html 22 Nov 2012 04:27:23 -0000 1.5
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
-*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*</div>
+ </div>
</div>
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.nl.html" -->
@@ -161,14 +161,14 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*</div>
+ </div>
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2012/11/19 19:26:52 $
+$Date: 2012/11/22 04:27:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: enforcing-gpl.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- enforcing-gpl.nl.html 19 Nov 2012 19:26:52 -0000 1.4
+++ enforcing-gpl.nl.html 22 Nov 2012 04:27:23 -0000 1.5
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
-*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*</div>
+ </div>
</div>
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.nl.html" -->
@@ -231,13 +231,13 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*</div>
+ </div>
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2012/11/19 19:26:52 $
+$Date: 2012/11/22 04:27:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: fighting-software-patents.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- fighting-software-patents.nl.html 19 Nov 2012 19:26:52 -0000 1.4
+++ fighting-software-patents.nl.html 22 Nov 2012 04:27:23 -0000 1.5
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
-*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*</div>
+ </div>
</div>
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.nl.html" -->
@@ -125,14 +125,14 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*</div>
+ </div>
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2012/11/19 19:26:52 $
+$Date: 2012/11/22 04:27:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: free-doc.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-doc.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- free-doc.nl.html 20 Nov 2012 04:29:59 -0000 1.4
+++ free-doc.nl.html 22 Nov 2012 04:27:23 -0000 1.5
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
-*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*</div>
+ </div>
</div>
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.nl.html" -->
@@ -183,14 +183,14 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*</div>
+ </div>
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2012/11/20 04:29:59 $
+$Date: 2012/11/22 04:27:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: freedom-or-copyright-old.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- freedom-or-copyright-old.nl.html 20 Nov 2012 04:29:59 -0000 1.5
+++ freedom-or-copyright-old.nl.html 22 Nov 2012 04:27:23 -0000 1.6
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
-*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*</div>
+ </div>
</div>
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.nl.html" -->
@@ -172,14 +172,14 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*</div>
+ </div>
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2012/11/20 04:29:59 $
+$Date: 2012/11/22 04:27:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: freedom-or-power.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/freedom-or-power.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- freedom-or-power.nl.html 20 Nov 2012 04:30:00 -0000 1.5
+++ freedom-or-power.nl.html 22 Nov 2012 04:27:23 -0000 1.6
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
-*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*</div>
+ </div>
</div>
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.nl.html" -->
@@ -170,14 +170,14 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*</div>
+ </div>
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2012/11/20 04:30:00 $
+$Date: 2012/11/22 04:27:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: words-to-avoid.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- words-to-avoid.ru.html 30 Dec 2011 05:19:19 -0000 1.3
+++ words-to-avoid.ru.html 22 Nov 2012 04:27:23 -0000 1.4
@@ -1,298 +1,890 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
-<HTML LANG="ru">
-<HEAD>
-<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=koi8-r">
-<TITLE>óÌÏ×Á É ÆÒÁÚÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÅ ÓÔÏÉÔ ÕÐÏÔÒÅÂÌÑÔØ - ðÒÏÅËÔ GNU - æÏÎÄ
ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÇÏ ðï (FSF)</TITLE>
-</HEAD>
-<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#1F00FF" ALINK="#FF0000"
VLINK="#9900DD">
-<H3>óÌÏ×Á É ÆÒÁÚÙ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÅ ÓÔÏÉÔ ÕÐÏÔÒÅÂÌÑÔØ<BR>
-(<A HREF="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.en.html">Some Confusing or Loaded Words
and Phrases that are Worth Avoiding</A>)
-</H3>
-
-<P>
-<A HREF="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html">
-<IMG SRC="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
- ALT=" [ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÅ Philosophical Gnu] "
- WIDTH="160" HEIGHT="200"> (jpeg 7k)</A>
-<A HREF="/graphics/philosophical-gnu.jpg">(jpeg 141k)</A>
-<A HREF="/philosophy/gif.ru.html">GIF'Ï× ÎÅ ÄÅÒÖÉÍ --- ÐÁÔÅÎÔÎÙÅ
ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ</A></A>
-
-
-<P>
-óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Ï ÓÌÏ× É ×ÙÒÁÖÅÎÉÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÙ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÍ ÉÚÂÅÇÁÔØ,
-ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÏÎÉ ÌÉÂÏ Ä×ÕÓÍÙÓÌÅÎÎÙ, ÌÉÂÏ ×ÙÒÁÖÁÀÔ ×ÚÇÌÑÄÙ, Ó ËÏÔÏÒÙÍÉ ×Ù,
-ÎÁÄÅÅÍÓÑ, ÎÅ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÎÙ.
-
-<P ALIGN=CENTER>
-``<A HREF="#ForFree"
- NAME="TOCForFree">âÅÓÐÌÁÔÎÏ (For free)</A>''
-| ``<A HREF="#Freeware"
- NAME="TOCFreeware">Freeware</A>''
-| ``<A HREF="#GiveAwaySoftware"
-
NAME="TOCGiveAwaySoftware">äÁÒÅÎÏÅ ðï (Give away software)</A>''
-| ``<A HREF="#IntellectualProperty"
-
NAME="TOCIntellectualProperty">(éÎÔÅÌÌÅËÔÕÁÌØÎÁÑ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÓÔØ) Intellectual property</A>''
-| ``<A HREF="#Piracy"
- NAME="TOCPiracy">ðÉÒÁÔÓÔ×Ï (Piracy)</A>''
-| ``<A HREF="#Protection"
- NAME="TOCProtection">úÁÝÉÔÁ (Protection)</A>''
-| ``<A HREF="#SellSoftware"
-
NAME="TOCSellSoftware">ðÒÏÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ (Sell software)</A>''
-| ``<A HREF="#Theft"
- NAME="TOCTheft">÷ÏÒÏ×ÓÔ×Ï (Theft)</A>''
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/philosophy.html">äÒÕÇÉÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ</A>
-
-<P>
-ôÁËÖÅ ÏÔÍÅÔÉÍ ÏÂÓÕÖÄÅÎÉÅ
-<A HREF="/philosophy/categories.ru.html">ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÊ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÇÏ ðï</A>.
-<P>
-
-<H4>``<A HREF="#TOCForFree" NAME="ForFree">âÅÓÐÌÁÔÎÏ (For free)</A>''</H4>
-<P>
-(<EM>ïÔ ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄÞÉËÁ:</EM> ïÐÉÓÁÎÎÁÑ ÎÉÖÅ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ×ÏÏÂÝÅ-ÔÏ ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ
-ÂÙÔØ ÐÒÉÓÕÝÅÊ ÒÕÓÓËÏÍÕ ÑÚÙËÕ, ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ × ÎÅÍ ÐÏÎÑÔÉÑ ``Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÙÊ''
-É ``ÂÅÓÐÌÁÔÎÙÊ'' ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÉÍÙ. ÷ ÔÏ ÖÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÍÅÎÑ ÕÄÉ×ÌÑÅÔ
-ÉÍÅÀÝÁÑ ÍÅÓÔÏ ÓÐÌÏÛØ É ÒÑÄÏÍ ÐÕÔÁÎÉÃÁ, ËÏÇÄÁ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ
-ÕÐÏÒÎÏ ÉÍÅÎÕÀÔ ÂÅÓÐÌÁÔÎÙÍÉ, ÚÁ ÞÅÍ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÔ ÔÕÍÁÎÎÙÅ ÎÁÍÅËÉ ÎÁ
-ÂÅÓÐÌÁÔÎÙÊ ÓÙÒ É ÕÖÁÓÎÙÅ ÏÂ×ÉÎÅÎÉÑ × ÐÏÐÙÔËÁÈ ÌÉÛÉÔØ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÉÓÔÏ×
-ËÕÓËÁ ÈÌÅÂÁ Ó ÉËÒÏÊ. ðÏÜÔÏÍÕ, ÎÅÓÍÏÔÒÑ ÎÁ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÎÉÖÅÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ
-ÌÉÎÇ×ÉÓÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÔÏÎËÏÓÔÉ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Õ ÒÕÓÓËÏÑÚÙÞÎÙÈ ÞÉÔÁÔÅÌÅÊ ×ÒÏÄÅ
-ÂÙ ÎÉ Ë ÞÅÍÕ, ÐÒÏÞÔÉÔÅ ÜÔÏÔ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ.)
-
-<P>
-åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÓËÁÚÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÁ, ÐÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÎÅ ÇÏ×ÏÒÉÔÅ,
-ÞÔÏ ÏÎÁ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÁ ``ÂÅÓÐÌÁÔÎÏ'' (``for free''). üÔÏÔ ÔÅÒÍÉÎ ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ
-× ÔÏÞÎÏÓÔÉ ``ÚÁ ÎÕÌÅ×ÕÀ ÃÅÎÕ'' (``for zero price'').
-ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÅ ðï ÏÔÌÉÞÁÅÔÓÑ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÏÊ, Á ÎÅ ÃÅÎÏÊ.
-
-<P>
-ëÏÐÉÉ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÙÈ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ ÚÁÞÁÓÔÕÀ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙ ÂÅÓÐÌÁÔÎÏ---ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ÄÌÑ ÚÁÇÒÕÚËÉ
-ÞÅÒÅÚ FTP. îÏ ÛÉÒÏËÏÅ ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÉÅ ÉÍÅÀÔ ÐÌÁÔÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÙÈ
-ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ ÎÁ CD-ROM, ËÒÏÍÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ÓÌÕÞÁÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ É ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ
-ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙ ÂÅÓÐÌÁÔÎÏ × ÒÅËÌÁÍÎÙÈ ÃÅÌÑÈ, Á ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÐÁËÅÔÙ
-ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÂÅÓÐÌÁÔÎÙ ÄÌÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ.
-
-<P>
-þÔÏÂÙ ÉÚÂÅÖÁÔØ ÐÕÔÁÎÉÃÙ, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÇÏ×ÏÒÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÁ
-``ËÁË Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÅ ðï'' (``as free software'').
-
-<P>
-<H4>``<A HREF="#TOCFreeware" NAME="Freeware">Freeware</A>''</H4>
-
-ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ, ÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÔÅÒÍÉÎ ``freeware'' ËÁË ÓÉÎÏÎÉÍ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÇÏ ðï
-(``free software''). ïÎ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÑÌÓÑ × 1980-È ÄÌÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ, ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÑÅÍÙÈ
-ÔÏÌØËÏ × ÉÓÐÏÌÎÉÍÏÍ ×ÉÄÅ, ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÂÙÌÉ ÎÅÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙ.
-÷ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÊ ÍÏÍÅÎÔ ÎÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÏÂÝÅÐÒÉÎÑÔÏÇÏ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ.
-<P>
-
-ôÁËÖÅ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÇÏ×ÏÒÉÔÅ ÎÁ ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÑÚÙËÁÈ, ÐÙÔÁÊÔÅÓØ ÉÚÂÅÖÁÔØ
-ÚÁÉÍÓÔ×Ï×ÁÎÉÑ ÁÎÇÌÉÊÓËÉÈ ÓÌÏ×, ÔÁËÉÈ ËÁË "free software" ÌÉÂÏ "freeware".
-ðÏÓÔÁÒÁÊÔÅÓØ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ×ÙÒÁÖÅÎÉÑÍÉ, ÐÒÉÎÑÔÙÍÉ × ×ÁÛÅÍ ÑÚÙËÅ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ
-ÚÁÞÁÓÔÕÀ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÔÏÞÎÙ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ:
-<P>
-
-<UL>
- <LI>É×ÒÉÔ: tochna hofshit
- <LI>ÆÒÁÎÃÕÚÓËÉÊ: logiciel libre
- <LI>ÎÅÍÅÃËÉÊ: freie Software
- <LI>ÒÕÓÓËÉÊ: Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ
- <LI>ËÉÔÁÊÓËÉÊ: zi4you2 ruan3jian4
- <LI>ÑÐÏÎÓËÉÊ: jiyuu [na] sofuto
- <LI>ÜÓÐÅÒÁÎÔÏ: libera programaro
- <LI>Û×ÅÄÓËÉÊ: fri programvara
- <LI>ÇÏÌÌÁÎÄÓËÉÊ: vrije software
-</UL>
-
-<P>
-æÏÒÍÉÒÕÑ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÔÅÒÍÉÎ ÎÁ ×ÁÛÅÍ ÒÏÄÎÏÍ ÑÚÙËÅ, ×Ù ÔÅÍ ÓÁÍÙÍ ÐÏËÁÖÅÔÅ,
-ÞÔÏ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÇÏ×ÏÒÉÔÅ Ï Ó×ÏÂÏÄÅ, Á ÎÅ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÑÅÔÅ, ËÁË ÐÏÐÕÇÁÊ,
-ÎÅËÕÀ ÔÁÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÕÀ ÉÎÏÓÔÒÁÎÎÕÀ ÒÙÎÏÞÎÕÀ ËÏÎÃÅÐÃÉÀ.
-óÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÕÐÏÔÒÅÂÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÎÑÔÉÑ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÙ × ÔÁËÏÍ ËÏÎÔÅËÓÔÅ ÍÏÖÅÔ
-ÕÄÉ×ÌÑÔØ É, ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ, ÂÅÓÐÏËÏÉÔØ ×ÁÛÉÈ ÓÏÂÅÓÅÄÎÉËÏ×, ÎÏ ×ÓËÏÒÅ ÏÎÉ ÐÒÉ×ÙËÎÕÔ
-ÅÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ É ÐÏÊÍÕÔ ÉÓÔÉÎÎÙÊ ÓÍÙÓÌ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÇÏ ðï.
-<P>
-
-<H4>``<A HREF="#TOCGiveAwaySoftware"
- NAME="GiveAwaySoftware">äÁÒÅÎÏÅ ðï (Give away software)</A>''</H4>
-îÅÖÅÌÁÔÅÌØÎÏ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÑÔØ ÔÅÒÍÉÎ ``ÄÁÒÅÎÙÊ'' (give away), ÞÔÏÂÙ ×ÙÒÁÚÉÔØ
-ÐÏÎÑÔÉÅ ``ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÑÔØ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ ËÁË Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÅ ðï''
-(``distribute a program as free software'').
-÷ÏÚÎÉËÁÀÝÁÑ ÐÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ ÔÏÞÎÏ ÔÁ ÖÅ,
-ÞÔÏ É × ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ``ÂÅÓÐÌÁÔÎÏ'' (``for free''):
-ÐÏÄÒÁÚÕÍÅ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÃÅÎÁ, ÎÏ ÎÅ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÁ. íÏÖÎÏ ÉÚÂÅÇÎÕÔØ ÎÅÒÁÚÂÅÒÉÈÉ,
-ÓËÁÚÁ× ``×ÙÐÕÓÔÉÔØ, ËÁË Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÅ ðï'' (``release as free software'').
-<P>
-
-<H4>``<A HREF="#TOCIntellectualProperty"
- NAME="IntellectualProperty">éÎÔÅÌÌÅËÔÕÁÌØÎÁÑ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÓÔØ (Intellectual
property)</A>''</H4>
-
-éÚÄÁÔÅÌÉ É ÀÒÉÓÔÙ ÌÀÂÑÔ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÔØ Á×ÔÏÒÓËÏÅ ÐÒÁ×Ï ËÁË ``ÉÎÔÅÌÌÅËÔÕÁÌØÎÕÀ
-ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÓÔØ.'' üÔÏÔ ÔÅÒÍÉÎ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÓËÒÙÔÏÅ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ, ÞÔÏ ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ
-ÅÓÔÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ ÒÁÓÓÕÖÄÁÔØ Ï Á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÈ ÐÒÁ×ÁÈ ÐÏ ÁÎÁÌÏÇÉÉ Ó ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÍÉ ÏÂßÅËÔÁÍÉ
-É ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÀÝÉÍ ÄÌÑ ÎÉÈ ÐÏÎÑÔÉÅÍ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÓÔÉ.
-<P>
-
-îÏ ÐÒÅÄÌÏÖÅÎÎÁÑ ÁÎÁÌÏÇÉÑ ×ÙÐÕÓËÁÅÔ ÉÚ ÐÏÌÑ ÚÒÅÎÉÑ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÕÀ ÒÁÚÎÉÃÕ
-ÍÅÖÄÕ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌØÎÙÍÉ ÏÂßÅËÔÁÍÉ É ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ: ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ ÍÏÖÅÔ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ
-É ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÑÔØÓÑ ÐÏÞÔÉ ÂÅÚ ×ÓÑËÉÈ ÕÓÉÌÉÊ, × ÔÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ, ËÁË ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌØÎÙÅ
-ÏÂßÅËÔÙ ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ. óÔÒÏÉÔØ Ó×ÏÉ ÒÁÓÓÕÖÄÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÏÊ ÁÎÁÌÏÇÉÉ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ
-ÉÇÎÏÒÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÜÔÕ ÒÁÚÎÉÃÕ.
-<P>
-
-äÁÖÅ ÐÒÁ×Ï×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ óûá ÎÅ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÅÔ ÔÁËÏÅ ÓÒÁ×ÎÅÎÉÅ,
-ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÎÅ ÔÒÁËÔÕÅÔ Á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÅ ÐÒÁ×Á × ÔÏÞÎÏÓÔÉ ËÁË ÐÒÁ×Á ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÉËÁ
-ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÉÍÕÝÅÓÔ×Á.
-
-<P>
-åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ ÖÅÌÁÅÔÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉÔØ ÓÅÂÑ ÜÔÉÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ ÍÙÛÌÅÎÉÑ, ÌÕÞÛÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ
-ÂÕÄÅÔ ÉÚÂÅÇÁÔØ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁ ``ÉÎÔÅÌÌÅËÔÕÁÌØÎÁÑ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÓÔØ'' ËÁË × ÓÌÏ×ÁÈ,
-ÔÁË É × ÍÙÓÌÑÈ.
-
-<P>
-åÝÅ ÏÄÎÁ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÁ Ó ÐÏÎÑÔÉÅÍ ``ÉÎÔÅÌÌÅËÔÕÁÌØÎÏÊ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÓÔÉ'' × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ
-ÜÔÏ ÐÏÐÙÔËÁ ÏÂÏÂÝÉÔØ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÈ ÐÒÁ×Ï×ÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ, ×ËÌÀÞÁÑ Á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÅ
-ÐÒÁ×Á, ÐÁÔÅÎÔÙ É ÔÏÒÇÏ×ÙÅ ÍÁÒËÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÓËÏÒÅÅ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙ, ÞÅÍ ÐÏÈÏÖÉ.
-åÓÌÉ ÔÏÌØËÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÅ ÐÒÉÈÏÄÉÌÏÓØ ÉÚÕÞÁÔØ ÜÔÉ ÏÂÌÁÓÔÉ ÐÒÁ×Á É ×Ù ÎÅ ÚÎÁÅÔÅ
-ÉÈ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÉÊ, Ó×ÁÌÉ×ÁÎÉÅ ÉÈ × ÏÄÎÕ ËÕÞÕ ÇÁÒÁÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÔ ×ÁÓ Ë
-ÎÅËÏÒÒÅËÔÎÙÍ ÏÂÏÂÝÅÎÉÑÍ.
-
-<P>
-þÔÏÂÙ ÐÒÅÄÏÔ×ÒÁÔÉÔØ ÎÅÒÁÚÂÅÒÉÈÕ, ÂÕÄÅÔ ÌÕÞÛÅ ÒÁÚÙÓËÁÔØ ÉÎÙÅ ÐÕÔÉ ×ÙÒÁÚÉÔØ
-ÐÏÎÑÔÉÅ ``ÉÎÔÅÌÌÅËÔÕÁÌØÎÁÑ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÓÔØ.'' ÷ÍÅÓÔÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÇÏ×ÏÒÉÔÅ ÏÂ
-Á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÈ ÐÒÁ×ÁÈ, ÐÁÔÅÎÔÁÈ ÌÉÂÏ ÉÎÏÊ ËÏÎËÒÅÔÎÏÊ ÐÒÁ×Ï×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ.
-
-<H4>``<A HREF="#TOCPiracy" NAME="Piracy">ðÉÒÁÔÓÔ×Ï (Piracy)</A>''</H4>
-éÚÄÁÔÅÌÉ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÀÔ ÚÁÐÒÅÝÅÎÎÏÅ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ``ÐÉÒÁÔÓÔ×ÏÍ''. ôÅÍ ÓÁÍÙÍ
-ÏÎÉ ÐÏÄÒÁÚÕÍÅ×ÁÀÔ, ÞÔÏ ÎÅÚÁËÏÎÎÏÅ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÜÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÜË×É×ÁÌÅÎÔÎÏ
-ÎÁÐÁÄÅÎÉÀ ÎÁ ÓÕÄÁ, ÐÏÈÉÝÅÎÉÀ É ÕÂÉÊÓÔ×Õ ÌÀÄÅÊ.
-
-<P>
-åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ ÓÞÉÔÁÅÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÎÅÌÅÇÁÌØÎÏÅ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÓÔÏÌØ ÖÅ ÕÖÁÓÎÏ, ËÁË
-ÐÏÈÉÝÅÎÉÅ ÉÌÉ ÕÂÉÊÓÔ×Ï, ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÞÅÓÔØ ÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÌÏ×Ï
-``ÐÉÒÁÔÓÔ×Ï'' ÄÌÑ ÅÇÏ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÑ. ÷ÍÅÓÔÏ ÎÅÇÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÕÐÏÔÒÅÂÉÔØ ÎÅÊÔÒÁÌØÎÙÅ
-ÔÅÒÍÉÎÙ, ÔÁËÉÅ ËÁË ``ÚÁÐÒÅÝÅÎÎÏÅ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ'' (prohibited copying)
-ÉÌÉ ``ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÏÍÏÞÎÏÅ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ'' (unauthorized copying). îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÚ ÎÁÓ
-ÄÁÖÅ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÞÉÔÁÀÔ ×ÙÓËÁÚÙ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÚÉÔÉ×ÎÏ, Ë ÐÒÉÍÅÒÕ ``ÐÏÄÅÌÉÔØÓÑ
-ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ Ó ÏËÒÕÖÁÀÝÉÍÉ'' (sharing information with your neighbor).
-<P>
-
-<H4>``<A HREF="#TOCProtection"
- NAME="Protection">úÁÝÉÔÁ (Protection)</A>''</H4>
-áÄ×ÏËÁÔÙ ÉÚÄÁÔÅÌÅÊ ÌÀÂÑÔ ÕÐÏÔÒÅÂÌÑÔØ ÔÅÒÍÉÎ ``ÚÁÝÉÔÁ'', ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÑ
-Á×ÔÏÒÓËÏÅ ÐÒÁ×Ï. ïÎ ÐÏÄÒÁÚÕÍÅ×ÁÅÔ ÐÒÅÄÏÔ×ÒÁÝÅÎÉÅ
-ÒÁÚÒÕÛÅÎÉÊ É ÓÔÒÁÄÁÎÉÊ, Á ÔÅÍ ÓÁÍÙÍ ÐÏÏÝÒÑÅÔ ÌÀÄÅÊ ÏÔÏÖÄÅÓÔ×ÌÑÔØ ÓÅÂÑ
-Ó ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÉËÁÍÉ É ÉÚÄÁÔÅÌÑÍÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÚ×ÌÅËÁÀÔ ÉÚ Á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÈ ÐÒÁ× ×ÙÇÏÄÕ,
-ÎÅÖÅÌÉ Ó ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÑÍÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÏÎÉ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ×ÁÀÔ.
-<P>
-
-ìÅÇËÏ ÉÚÂÅÖÁÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÁ ``ÚÁÝÉÔÁ'' É ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ
-ÎÅÊÔÒÁÌØÎÙÍ. îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ``úÁÝÉÔÁ Á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÈ ÐÒÁ× ÄÌÉÔÓÑ ÏÞÅÎØ ÄÏÌÇÏ''
-(Copyright protection lasts a very long time) ÍÏÖÎÏ ÓËÁÚÁÔØ
-``äÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ Á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÈ ÐÒÁ× ÏÞÅÎØ ÄÌÉÔÅÌØÎÏ'' (Copyright lasts a very long time).
-
-<P>
-åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÏÄ×ÅÒÇÎÕÔØ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ Á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÈ ÐÒÁ× ËÒÉÔÉËÅ, ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ
-ÐÏÄÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÔØ ÅÅ, ÍÏÖÎÏ ×ÏÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÏÍ ``ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ, ÎÁÌÁÇÁÅÍÙÅ
-ÓÉÓÔÅÍÏÊ Á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÈ ÐÒÁ×'' (``copyright restrictions'').
-
-<P>
-(<EM>ïÔ ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄÞÉËÁ:</EM> ñ ÓÏÇÌÁÓÅÎ Ó Á×ÔÏÒÁÍÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÔÅËÓÔÁ, ÞÔÏ ÐÏÎÑÔÉÅ
-``ÚÁÝÉÔÁ Á×ÔÏÒÓËÏÇÏ ÐÒÁ×Á'' (copyright protection) ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÎÁ ÒÕËÕ
-ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÉËÁÍ É ÅÇÏ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ ÉÚÂÅÇÁÔØ, ÎÏ ÐÏ ÍÏÅÍÕ ÍÎÅÎÉÀ, ÕÐÏÔÒÅÂÌÅÎÉÅ ÆÒÁÚÙ
-``ÚÁÝÉÔÁ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ Á×ÔÏÒÓËÏÇÏ ÌÅ×Á'' (protection via copyleft) ×ÐÏÌÎÅ
ÌÅÇÁÌØÎÏ,
-ÂÏÌÅÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ÄÁÖÅ ÖÅÌÁÔÅÌØÎÏ,
-ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÜÔÏ ÉÍÅÎÎÏ ÚÁÝÉÔÁ ×ÓÅÈ ÎÁÓ ÏÔ ÎÅ × ÍÅÒÕ ÒØÑÎÙÈ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÉËÏ× É
-ÍÁÌÏÓÉÍÐÁÔÉÞÎÙÈ ÌÉÞÎÏÓÔÅÊ, ÐÒÉÓ×ÁÉ×ÁÀÝÉÈ ÞÕÖÏÊ ÔÒÕÄ. ðÏÓÅÍÕ Ñ ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÀ
-ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÐÏÎÑÔÉÑ ``ÚÁÝÉÔÁ'' × ÓÏÞÅÔÁÎÉÉ Ó ``Á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÍ ÌÅ×ÏÍ'' É ÐÒÏÛÕ
-ÐÕÒÉÓÔÏ× ÎÅ ÏÂÉÖÁÔØÓÑ.)
-
-<P>
-
-<H4>``<A HREF="#TOCSellSoftware"
- NAME="SellSoftware">ðÒÏÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ (Sell software)</A>''</H4>
-ðÏÎÑÔÉÅ ``ÐÒÏÄÁ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ'' Ä×ÕÓÍÙÓÌÅÎÎÏ. óÔÒÏÇÏ ÇÏ×ÏÒÑ, ÏÂÍÅÎÉ×ÁÔØ
-ËÏÐÉÀ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÊ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÎÁ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ÓÕÍÍÕ ÄÅÎÅÇ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ``ÐÒÏÄÁÖÅÊ'',
-ÎÏ ÌÀÄÉ ÐÒÉ×ÙËÌÉ Ó×ÑÚÙ×ÁÔØ Ó ÜÔÉÍ ÓÌÏ×ÏÍ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ
-ÎÁ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ðï. ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÂÙÔØ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÔÏÞÎÙÍÉ,
-É ÕÓÔÒÁÎÉÔØ ÎÅÐÏÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ, ÕÐÏÔÒÅÂÉ× ÌÉÂÏ ``ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÉÅ ËÏÐÉÊ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍ
-ÚÁ ÐÌÁÔÕ'' (distributing copies of a program for a fee)
-ÌÉÂÏ ``×ÚÉÍÁÎÉÅ ÄÅÎÅÇ ÚÁ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ
-ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ'' (imposing proprietary restrictions on the use of a program),
-× ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÐÏÄÒÁÚÕÍÅ×ÁÅÔÅ.
-<P>
-óÍ. ÓÔÁÔØÀ "<A HREF="/philosophy/selling.ru.html">ðÒÏÄÁÖÁ ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÇÏ ðï</A>",
-ÇÄÅ ÜÔÁ ÔÅÍÁ ÏÂÓÕÖÄÁÅÔÓÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÄÒÏÂÎÏ.
-
-<P>
-
-<H4>``<A HREF="#TOCTheft" NAME="Theft">÷ÏÒÏ×ÓÔ×Ï (Theft)</A>''</H4>
-áÐÏÌÏÇÅÔÙ Á×ÔÏÒÓËÏÇÏ ÐÒÁ×Á ÞÁÓÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ ÓÌÏ×Á, ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÅ ``ËÒÁÄÅÎÙÊ''
-É ``×ÏÒÏ×ÓÔ×Ï'', ÄÌÑ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÑ ÎÁÒÕÛÅÎÉÊ Á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÈ ÐÒÁ×.
-÷ ÔÏ ÖÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ, ÏÎÉ ÐÒÅÄÌÁÇÁÀÔ ÎÁÍ ÓÞÉÔÁÔØ
-ÐÒÁ×Ï×ÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÜÔÉÞÅÓËÉÍ Á×ÔÏÒÉÔÅÔÏÍ: ÅÓÌÉ ËÏÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÚÁÐÒÅÝÅÎÏ, ÔÏ
-ÏÎÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÍ.
-
-<P>
-
-õÍÅÓÔÎÏ ÚÁÍÅÔÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÐÒÁ×Ï×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ (ÐÏ ËÒÁÊÎÅÊ ÍÅÒÅ, × óûá)
-ÏÔ×ÅÒÇÁÅÔ ÉÄÅÀ, ÞÔÏ ÎÁÒÕÛÅÎÉÅ Á×ÔÏÒÓËÏÇÏ ÐÒÁ×Á Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ËÒÁÖÅÊ.
-úÁÝÉÔÎÉËÉ Á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÈ ÐÒÁ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔ ÔÅÒÍÉÎÙ, ÐÏÄÏÂÎÙÅ
-``ËÒÁÄÅÎÙÊ'' ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ ÔÏÌËÕÀÔ ÔÅ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÉ, Ë Á×ÔÏÒÉÔÅÔÕ
-ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÓÁÍÉ ÖÅ É ×ÚÙ×ÁÀÔ.
-
-<P>
-
-ðÏÓÙÌËÁ, ÞÔÏ ÚÁËÏÎÙ ÓÌÕÖÁÔ ÏÓÎÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ ÒÅÛÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÈÏÒÏÛÏ, Á ÞÔÏ ÐÌÏÈÏ,
-ÏÛÉÂÏÞÎÁ × ÐÒÉÎÃÉÐÅ. úÁËÏÎÙ, ÄÁÖÅ × ÉÄÅÁÌÅ, ÌÉÛØ ÐÏÐÙÔËÁ ÄÏÂÉÔØÓÑ
-ÓÐÒÁ×ÅÄÌÉ×ÏÓÔÉ; ÐÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÇÏ×ÏÒÉÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÚÁËÏÎÙ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÀÔ ÓÐÒÁ×ÅÄÌÉ×ÏÓÔØ
-ÉÌÉ ÜÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÎÏÒÍÙ ÚÎÁÞÉÔ ÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ ×ÓÅ Ó ÎÏÇ ÎÁ ÇÏÌÏ×Õ.
-<P>
-
-<HR>
-
-íÙ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÍ ÏÚÎÁËÏÍÉÔØÓÑ Ó <A
HREF="/philosophy/categories.ru.html">ËÁÔÅÇÏÒÉÑÍÉ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏÇÏ ðï</A>.
-
-<HR>
-<H4><A HREF="/philosophy/philosophy.ru.html">äÒÕÇÉÅ ÔÅËÓÔÙ</A></H4>
-
-
-<HR>
-÷ÏÚ×ÒÁÔ Ë
-<A HREF="/home.html">ÔÉÔÕÌØÎÏÊ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÅ GNU</A>
- (áÎÇÌ.).
-<P>
-÷ÏÐÒÏÓÙ Ï ÄÅÑÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ FSF É ÐÒÏÅËÔÅ GNU ÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÑÊÔÅ ÐÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ
-<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>,
-ÌÉÂÏ Ó×ÑÖÉÔÅÓØ Ó FSF
-<A HREF="/home.html#ContactInfo">ÉÎÙÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ</A>.
-
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+
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.70 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+ <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.en.html" -->
+
+<title>Слова, коÑоÑÑÑ
ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ³Ð°ÑÑ (или
ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¾ÑÑоÑожноÑÑÑÑ) - ÐÑоекÑ
+GNU - Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.translist" -->
+<h2>Слова, коÑоÑÑÑ
ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ³Ð°ÑÑ (или
ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¾ÑÑоÑожноÑÑÑÑ) из-за иÑ
+нагÑÑзки или неÑÑноÑÑи</h2>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑое колиÑеÑÑво Ñлов и
вÑÑажений<a href="#tf1">[1]</a>, коÑоÑÑÑ
мÑ
+ÑекомендÑем избегаÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ избегаÑÑ Ð²
опÑеделеннÑÑ
конÑекÑÑаÑ
или
+ÑпоÑÑеблениÑÑ
. ÐекоÑоÑÑе из ниÑ
неоднознаÑÐ½Ñ Ð¸ вводÑÑ Ð² заблÑждение; дÑÑгие
+заÑанее пÑедполагаÑÑ ÑоÑÐºÑ Ð·ÑениÑ, Ñ
коÑоÑой, как Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÐµÐµÐ¼ÑÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+ÑоглаÑнÑ.</p>
+
+<div class="announcement">
+См. Ñакже <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">ÐаÑегоÑии
ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм</a>.</div>
+
+<p>
+ <a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">ÐÑÑгие ÑекÑÑÑ</a> |
“<a
+href="#Alternative"> <span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Alternative</span>
+(алÑÑеÑнаÑивнÑй)</a>” | “<a href="#BSD-style"> <span
+xml:lang="en" lang="en">BSD-style</span> (в ÑÑиле BSD)</a>” |
+“<a href="#Closed"> <span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Closed</span>
+(закÑÑÑÑй)</a>” | “<a href="#CloudComputing"> <span
+xml:lang="en" lang="en">Cloud Computing</span> (облаÑнÑе
+вÑÑиÑлениÑ)</a>” | “<a href="#Commercial"> <span
xml:lang="en"
+lang="en">Commercial</span> (коммеÑÑеÑкий)</a>” | “<a
+href="#Compensation"> <span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Compensation</span>
+(компенÑаÑиÑ)</a>” | “<a href="#Consume"> <span
xml:lang="en"
+lang="en">Consume</span> (поÑÑеблÑÑÑ)</a>” | “<a
+href="#Consumer"> <span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Consumer</span>
+(поÑÑебиÑелÑ)</a>” | “<a href="#Content"> <span
xml:lang="en"
+lang="en">Content</span> (конÑенÑ)</a>” | “<a
href="#Creator">
+<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Creator</span> (ÑоздаÑелÑ)</a>” |
+“<a href="#DigitalGoods"> <span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Digital
+Goods</span> (ÑиÑÑовÑе ÑоваÑÑ)</a>” | “<a
href="#DigitalLocks">
+<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Digital Locks</span> (ÑиÑÑовÑе
+замки)</a>” | “<a href="#DigitalRightsManagement"><span
+xml:lang="en" lang="en">Digital Rights Management</span> (ÑиÑÑовое
+ÑпÑавление пÑавами</a>” | “ <a href="#Ecosystem">
<span
+xml:lang="en" lang="en">Ecosystem</span> (ÑкоÑиÑÑема)</a>” |
“<a
+href="#ForFree"><span xml:lang="en" lang="en">For Free</span>
+(беÑплаÑно)</a>” | “<a href="#FreelyAvailable"> <span
+xml:lang="en" lang="en">Freely Available</span> (Ñвободно
+доÑÑÑпнÑй)</a>” | “<a href="#Freeware"> <span
xml:lang="en"
+lang="en">Freeware</span> (беÑплаÑнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ)</a>”
| “<a
+href="#GiveAwaySoftware"> <span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Give Away
+Software</span> (ÑаздаваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ)</a>” | “ <a
+href="#Hacker"><span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Hacker</span>
+(Ñ
акеÑ)</a>” | “<a href="#IntellectualProperty"> <span
+xml:lang="en" lang="en">Intellectual Property</span>
(инÑеллекÑÑалÑнаÑ
+ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ)</a>” | “<a href="#LAMP"> <span
xml:lang="en"
+lang="en">LAMP System</span> (ÑиÑÑема LAMP)</a>” | “<a
+href="#Linux"> <span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Linux System</span>
(ÑиÑÑема
+Linux)</a>” | “<a href="#Market"> <span xml:lang="en"
+lang="en">Market</span> (ÑÑнок)</a>” | “<a href="#Monetize">
+<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Monetize</span> (ÑеализовÑваÑÑ,
обÑаÑаÑÑ Ð²
+денÑги)</a>” | “<a href="#MP3Player"> <span xml:lang="en"
+lang="en">MP3 Player</span> (пÑоигÑÑваÑÐµÐ»Ñ MP3)</a>” |
“<a
+href="#Open"> <span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Open</span>
+(оÑкÑÑÑÑй)</a>” | “<a href="#PC"><span xml:lang="en"
+lang="en">PC</span> (ÐÐ)</a>” | “<a href="#Photoshop"> <span
+xml:lang="en" lang="en">Photoshop</span></a>” | “<a
+href="#Piracy"> <span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Piracy</span>
+(пиÑаÑÑÑво)</a>” | “<a href="#PowerPoint"> <span
xml:lang="en"
+lang="en">PowerPoint</span></a>” | “<a href="#Protection"> <span
+xml:lang="en" lang="en">Protection</span> (заÑиÑа)</a>” | “<a
+href="#RAND"><span xml:lang="en" lang="en">RAND</span></a>” | “
+<a href="#SellSoftware"> <span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Sell Software</span>
+(пÑодаваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ)</a>” | “<a
href="#SoftwareIndustry"><span
+xml:lang="en" lang="en">Software Industry</span> (пÑогÑаммнаÑ
+пÑомÑÑленноÑÑÑ)</a>” | “<a href="#Theft"><span
xml:lang="en"
+lang="en">Theft</span> (воÑовÑÑво)</a>” | “<a
+href="#TrustedComputing"><span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Trusted
+Computing</span> (довеÑеннÑе вÑÑиÑлениÑ</a>” |
“<a
+href="#Vendor"><span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Vendor</span>
+(ÑоваÑопÑоизводиÑелÑ)</a>”
+</p>
+
+<h4 id="Alternative">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Alternative</span>
+(алÑÑеÑнаÑивнÑй)”</h4>
+<p>
+ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ пÑедÑÑавлÑем ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
как “алÑÑеÑнаÑивє,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð² каÑеÑÑве
Ñели ÑÑÑеÑÑвование ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
+наÑÑÐ´Ñ Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми. ÐÑо пÑедполагаеÑ,
ÑÑо неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑÑ
+пÑаво на ÑÑÑеÑÑвование.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑ ÑбежденÑ, ÑÑо единÑÑвеннÑм ÑÑиÑнÑм
ÑпоÑобом ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм
+ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÑак, мÑ
ÑÑÑемимÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
+болÑÑе, Ñем алÑÑеÑнаÑивой. ÐаÑа
ÑÐµÐ»Ñ — миÑ, где вÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
+ÑвободнÑ, Ñак ÑÑо вÑе иÑ
полÑзоваÑели
ÑвободнÑ.
+</p>
+
+<h4 id="BSD-style">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">BSD-style</span> (в
ÑÑиле BSD)”</h4>
+<p>
+ÐÑÑажение “лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑÑиле BSD”
пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ðº пÑÑаниÑе, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+она <a href="/philosophy/bsd.html"> ÑÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð² кÑÑÑ
лиÑензии, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
+еÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ñе ÑазлиÑиÑ</a>. ÐапÑимеÑ,
пеÑвонаÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ BSD Ñ Ð¿ÑнкÑом о
+Ñекламе неÑовмеÑÑима Ñо СÑандаÑÑной
обÑеÑÑвенной лиÑензией GNU, а
+пеÑеÑмоÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ BSD ÑовмеÑÑима Ñ
GPL.</p>
+<p>
+ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ¶Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑаниÑÑ, лÑÑÑе вÑего
назÑваÑÑ <a
+href="/licenses/license-list.html"> конкÑеÑнÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑ, о
коÑоÑой идеÑ
+ÑеÑÑ</a> и избегаÑÑ ÑаÑплÑвÑаÑого вÑÑажениÑ
“в ÑÑиле BSD”.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Closed">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Closed</span>
(закÑÑÑÑй)”</h4>
+<p>
+ÐпиÑание неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм как
“закÑÑÑÑÑ
” оÑÑÑÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ðº ÑеÑминÑ
+“оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ”. ÐÑ,
ÑÑаÑÑники Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободное
+пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение, <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> не Ñ
оÑим,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
+оÑибоÑно пÑиÑиÑлÑли к лагеÑÑ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑого иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа</a>, Ñак ÑÑо мÑ
+ÑÑаÑелÑно избегаем говоÑиÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо
пооÑÑÑло Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñдей ÑваливаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸
+в Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÐºÑÑÑ. ÐапÑимеÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ³Ð°ÐµÐ¼
опиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм как
+“закÑÑÑÑÑ
”. ÐÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ñваем иÑ
“<a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">
+неÑвободнÑми</a>”.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="CloudComputing">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Cloud
Computing</span> (облаÑнÑе
+вÑÑиÑлениÑ)”</h4>
+<p>
+ÐÑÑажение “облаÑнÑе
вÑÑиÑлениє — ÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð°Ð¼Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð½ÐºÐ°Ñ
+ÑÑаза без ÑÑного знаÑениÑ. Ðно
ÑпоÑÑеблÑеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñелого
+диапазона ÑазлиÑной деÑÑелÑноÑÑи,
единÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ñ Ñ
аÑакÑеÑиÑÑика коÑоÑой
+ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо во вÑеÑ
ÑÑиÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
ÐнÑеÑÐ½ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑименÑеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñего-Ñо
+болÑÑего, Ñем пеÑедаÑа Ñайлов. ÐÑак,
вÑÑажение конÑенÑÑиÑÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾ÐºÑÑг ÑебÑ
+пÑÑаниÑÑ. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð±ÑдеÑе оÑновÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð° нем
Ñвое мÑÑление, Ñо ваÑе мÑÑление
+бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑаÑплÑвÑаÑÑм.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑи ÑаÑÑмоÑÑении или оÑвеÑе на ÑÑе-Ñо
ÑÑвеÑждение, в коÑоÑом иÑполÑзÑеÑÑÑ
+ÑÑо вÑÑажение, пеÑвÑй Ñаг — пÑоÑÑниÑÑ
пÑедмеÑ. Ðакого Ñода
+деÑÑелÑноÑÑи ÑÑо ÑÑвеÑждение в
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи каÑаеÑÑÑ, и какое
вÑÑажение
+Ñ
оÑоÑо и ÑÑно опиÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ?
Ðогда пÑÐµÐ´Ð¼ÐµÑ ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ ÑÑен,
+обÑÑждение Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑивеÑÑи к полезномÑ
заклÑÑениÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑбопÑÑно, ÑÑо ÐаÑÑи ÐллиÑон, ÑазÑабоÑÑик
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, Ñакже <a
+href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13953_3-10052188-80.html";> оÑмеÑал
+беÑÑодеÑжаÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑажениÑ
“облаÑнÑе вÑÑиÑлениє</a>. Ðн
+ÑеÑил вÑе Ñавно полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑим
вÑÑажением, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо, бÑдÑÑи
+ÑазÑабоÑÑиком неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, он не
моÑивиÑÑеÑÑÑ Ñеми идеалами,
+коÑоÑÑе моÑивиÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðдно из многиÑ
знаÑений “облаÑнÑÑ
вÑÑиÑлений” заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð²
+Ñ
Ñанении ваÑиÑ
даннÑÑ
в ÑеÑевÑÑ
ÑлÑжбаÑ
.
ÐÑо подÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ <a
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/apr/25/hackers-spooks-cloud-antiauthoritarian-dream";>
+под ÑлежкÑ</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑÑгое знаÑение (коÑоÑое пеÑеÑекаеÑÑÑ, но
не полноÑÑÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ñ
+пÑедÑдÑÑим) — <a
+href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">
+пÑогÑаммÑ-ÑÑлÑги</a>, коÑоÑÑе оÑказÑваÑÑ
вам в конÑÑоле над ваÑими
+вÑÑиÑлениÑми.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑе одно знаÑение ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² аÑенде
Ñдаленного ÑизиÑеÑкого ÑеÑвеÑа или
+виÑÑÑалÑного ÑеÑвеÑа. ÐÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
вполне допÑÑÑимо в опÑеделеннÑÑ
+обÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑваÑ
.
+</p>
+
+<h4 id="Commercial">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Commercial</span>
(коммеÑÑеÑкий)”</h4>
+<p>
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, не ÑпоÑÑеблÑйÑе Ñлово
“коммеÑÑеÑкий” как Ñиноним
+Ñлова “неÑвободнÑй”. ÐÑо ÑмеÑиваеÑ
две ÑовеÑÑенно ÑазнÑÑ
веÑи.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑогÑамма ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÐµÑÑеÑкой, еÑли она
ÑазÑабаÑÑваеÑÑÑ Ð² Ñ
оде
+пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑкой деÑÑелÑноÑÑи.
ÐоммеÑÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
+Ñвободной или неÑвободной в завиÑимоÑÑи
Ð¾Ñ Ñого, как ее
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ. ÐодобнÑм же обÑазом,
пÑогÑамма, ÑазÑабоÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑебнÑм
+заведением или ÑаÑÑнÑм лиÑом, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
Ñвободной или неÑвободной в
+завиÑимоÑÑи Ð¾Ñ Ñого, как ее
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ. Ðва вопÑоÑа — какого
+Ñода лиÑа ÑазÑабоÑали пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ какие
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ñ ÐµÐµ
+полÑзоваÑелей — незавиÑимÑ.</p>
+<p>
+РпеÑвое деÑÑÑилеÑие Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение пакеÑÑ
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм поÑÑи вÑегда бÑли
некоммеÑÑеÑкими; компоненÑÑ
+опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux
ÑазÑабаÑÑвалиÑÑ ÑаÑÑнÑми лиÑами или Ñакими
+некоммеÑÑеÑкими оÑганизаÑиÑми, как ФСÐРи
ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑÑ. Ðозднее, в
+девÑноÑÑÑÑ
годаÑ
XX века, наÑали
поÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÐµÑÑеÑкие ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+<p>
+СвободнÑе коммеÑÑеÑкие пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ
вклад в наÑе ÑообÑеÑÑво, Ñак ÑÑо мÑ
+Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¾ÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑо. Ðо лÑди, дÑмаÑÑие, ÑÑо
“коммеÑÑеÑкий”
+ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ “неÑвободнÑй”, бÑдÑÑ
ÑÐºÐ»Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑоÑеÑание
+“ÑвободнÑй коммеÑÑеÑкий” внÑÑÑенне
пÑоÑивоÑеÑиво, и ÑпÑÑкаÑÑ ÑÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ. ÐавайÑе ÑÑаÑелÑно избегаÑÑ
ÑпоÑÑÐµÐ±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñлова
+“коммеÑÑеÑкий” в ÑÑом ÑмÑÑле.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Compensation">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Compensation</span>
+(компенÑаÑиÑ)”</h4>
+<p>
+РазговоÑÑ Ð¾ “компенÑаÑии авÑоÑам” в
ÑвÑзи Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑким пÑавом
+неÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñедположение, ÑÑо (1) авÑоÑÑкое
пÑаво ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ñади авÑоÑов и (2)
+когда Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¸ ÑиÑали ÑÑо-Ñо, мÑ
оказÑваемÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑед авÑоÑом в долгÑ, коÑоÑÑй
+Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑиÑÑ. ÐеÑвое пÑедположение
пÑоÑÑо <a
+href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html"> невеÑно</a>, а
вÑоÑое
+возмÑÑиÑелÑно.
+</p>
+<p>
+“ÐомпенÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑавообладаÑелей”
добавлÑÐµÑ ÐµÑе один вÑвеÑÑ:
+пÑедполагаеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑедÑÑавлÑеÑе Ñебе,
ÑÑо ÑÑо ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑам, и
+изÑедка Ñак оно и еÑÑÑ, но в болÑÑинÑÑве
ÑлÑÑаев ÑÑо ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑÑбÑидиÑование
+ÑеÑ
же издаÑелÑÑкиÑ
компаний, коÑоÑÑе
навÑзÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ неÑпÑаведливÑе законÑ.
+</p>
+
+<h4 id="Consume">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Consume</span>
(поÑÑеблÑÑÑ)”</h4>
+<p>
+“ÐоÑÑебление” ÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° Ñо, ÑÑо мÑ
делаем Ñ Ð¿Ð¸Ñей: мÑ
+пеÑеваÑиваем ее и полÑзÑемÑÑ ÐµÑ Ñак, ÑÑо
она ÑаÑÑ
одÑеÑÑÑ. Ðо аналогии мÑ
+пÑименÑем ÑÑо же Ñлово, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ
Ñакое иÑполÑзование дÑÑгиÑ
веÑей,
+коÑоÑое иÑ
ÑаÑÑ
одÑеÑ. Ðднако оÑибоÑно
говоÑиÑÑ Ð¾ “поÑÑеблении”
+ÑиÑÑовой инÑоÑмаÑии, мÑзÑки, пÑогÑамм и
Ñ. д., поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ñзование
+ими иÑ
не поÑÑеблÑеÑ. См. Ñакже ÑледÑÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑаÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<h4 id="Consumer">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Consumer</span>
(поÑÑебиÑелÑ)”</h4>
+<p>
+Слово “поÑÑебиÑелє, пÑи
ÑпоÑÑеблении в оÑноÑении полÑзоваÑелей
+вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑной ÑеÑ
ники, нагÑÑжаеÑÑÑ
пÑедположениÑми, коÑоÑÑе нам ÑледÑеÑ
+оÑвеÑгаÑÑ. ÐоÑпÑоизведение ÑиÑÑовой
запиÑи или запÑÑк пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+поÑÑеблÑÐµÑ ÐµÐµ.</p>
+<p>
+Слова “пÑоизводиÑелє и
“поÑÑебиÑелє пÑиÑ
одÑÑ Ð¸Ð·
+ÑеоÑеÑиÑеÑкой Ñкономики и пÑиноÑÑÑ Ñ
Ñобой Ñвой Ñзкий взглÑд и невеÑно
+обоÑнованнÑе пÑедположениÑ. ÐÑо можеÑ
иÑказиÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñе мÑÑление.</p>
+<p>
+Рдополнение, опиÑание полÑзоваÑелей
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº
+“поÑÑебиÑелей” заÑанее оÑÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
ниÑ
ÑзкÑÑ ÑолÑ: в нем они
+ÑаÑÑениваÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº овÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе паÑÑивно
поглоÑаÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо им пÑедоÑÑавили
+дÑÑгие.</p>
+<p>
+Такого года мÑÑление пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ðº Ñаким
ÑÑодÑÑвам, как “Ðакон о
+ÑодейÑÑвии поÑÑебиÑелÑÑкомÑ
ÑиÑокополоÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ ÑиÑÑовомÑ
Ñелевидениє<a
+href="#tf2">[2]</a>, в коÑоÑом бÑло пÑедложено,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð° каждом ÑиÑÑовом
+ÑÑÑÑойÑÑве бÑли ÑÑедÑÑва огÑаниÑениÑ
копиÑованиÑ. ÐÑли вÑе, ÑÑо делаÑÑ
+полÑзоваÑели, ÑÑо “поÑÑебление”, Ñо
ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив
+ÑÑого?</p>
+<p>
+ÐеглÑÐ±Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ñ ÑкономиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ
полÑзоваÑелей как “поÑÑебиÑелей”
+обÑÑно Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ ÑÑка об ÑÑÐºÑ Ñ Ð¼ÑÑлÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо
опÑбликованнÑе
+ÑабоÑÑ — ÑÑо пÑоÑÑо “<a
href="#Content">конÑенÑ</a>”.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÐ»Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð»Ñдей, коÑоÑÑе не
огÑаниÑиваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÑивнÑм пÑименением
ÑабоÑ,
+Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ñедлагаем Ñакие Ñлова, как
“индивидÑÑмє и
+“гÑаждане”.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Content">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Content</span>
(конÑенÑ)”</h4>
+<p>
+ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе опиÑаÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑÑение ÑдобÑÑва и
ÑдовлеÑвоÑениÑ, ÑпоÑÑеблÑйÑе,
+пожалÑйÑÑа, ÑÑо Ñлово по оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº Ñебе
ÑколÑко Ñгодно<a
+href="#tf3">[3]</a>, но ÑпоÑÑебление ÑÑого Ñлова в
каÑеÑÑве ÑÑÑеÑÑвиÑелÑного
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑменнÑÑ
или дÑÑгиÑ
авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑоизведений ÑопÑÑжено Ñ
+оÑноÑением к ним, коÑоÑого вÑ, возможно,
как Ñаз Ñ
оÑели Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ¶Ð°ÑÑ: Ñ
+оÑноÑением к ÑÑим ÑабоÑам как к бÑоÑовомÑ
ÑоваÑÑ, коÑоÑÑй пÑедназнаÑен длÑ
+Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñобки и ÑлÑжиÑÑ
иÑÑоÑником денег. ФакÑиÑеÑки ÑÑо
+пÑезÑение к пÑоизведениÑм как ÑаковÑм.</p>
+<p>
+ЧаÑÑо ÑÑо Ñлово ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°Ñели,
коÑоÑÑе ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° наÑаÑивание влаÑÑи
+авÑоÑÑкого пÑава во Ð¸Ð¼Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑов
(“ÑоздаÑелей”, как они говоÑÑÑ)
+пÑоизведений. Слово “конÑенє
оÑкÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
наÑÑоÑÑее оÑноÑение к
+ÑÑим пÑоизведениÑм и иÑ
авÑоÑам. (См. <a
+href="http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/06/14/love/print.html";>
+оÑкÑÑÑое пиÑÑмо ÐоÑÑни Ðав СÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ ÐейзÑ</a>;
поиÑиÑе на ÑÑой ÑÑÑаниÑе Ñлова
+“поÑÑавÑик конÑенÑа”. УвÑ, гоÑпожа
Ðав не оÑведомлена о Ñом, ÑÑо
+ÑеÑмин “инÑеллекÑÑалÑнаÑ
ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ” Ñакже <a
+href="#IntellectualProperty"> необÑекÑивен и Ð²Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð²
заблÑждение</a>.)</p>
+<p>
+Ðднако, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð´ÑÑгие ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ
вÑÑажение “поÑÑавÑик
+конÑенÑа”, полиÑиÑеÑкие диÑÑиденÑÑ Ñ
Ñем же ÑÑпеÑ
ом могÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваÑÑ
+ÑÐµÐ±Ñ “поÑÑавÑиками вÑедоноÑного
конÑенÑа”.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑÑажение “ÑпÑавление конÑенÑом”
бÑÐµÑ Ð²Ñе ÑекоÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
+беÑÑодеÑжаÑелÑноÑÑи. “ÐонÑенє
знаÑÐ¸Ñ “некоÑоÑого Ñода
+инÑоÑмаÑиє, а “ÑпÑавление” в ÑÑом
конÑекÑÑе знаÑиÑ
+“какие-Ñо дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ñ ÑÑим”. Так ÑÑо
“ÑиÑÑема ÑпÑавлениÑ
+конÑенÑом” — ÑÑо ÑиÑÑема Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
-Ñо дейÑÑвий Ñ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑого
+Ñода инÑоÑмаÑией. ÐоÑÑи вÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
ÑдовлеÑвоÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑаниÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+РболÑÑинÑÑве ÑлÑÑаев вÑÑажение на Ñамом
деле ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ
+ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑайÑе ÐÑемиÑной паÑÑинÑ. ÐлÑ
ÑÑого Ð¼Ñ ÑекомендÑем вÑÑажение
+“ÑиÑÑема ÑедакÑиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑайÑов”.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Creator">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Creator</span>
(ÑоздаÑелÑ)”</h4>
+<p>
+Слово “ÑоздаÑелє пÑимениÑелÑно к
авÑоÑам неÑвно ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð½Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
Ñ
+божеÑÑвом. Слово ÑпоÑÑеблÑеÑÑÑ
издаÑелÑми, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð½ÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾ÑалÑнÑÑ
позиÑиÑ
+авÑоÑов над ÑÑовнем позиÑии обÑÑнÑÑ
лÑдей
и опÑавдаÑÑ Ð¿ÑедоÑÑавление им
+повÑÑенной влаÑÑи авÑоÑÑкого пÑава,
коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°Ñели могÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ñем
+оÑÑÑеÑÑвлÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ñ
имени. ÐÑ ÑекомендÑем
говоÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑо ÑÑого
+“авÑоÑÑ”. Ðднако во многиÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
Ñо, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑазÑмеваеÑе в
+дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи — ÑÑо
“пÑавообладаÑелє. ÐÑи
+вÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑквиваленÑнÑ: ÑаÑÑо
пÑавообладаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑом.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="DigitalGoods">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Digital
Goods</span> (ÑиÑÑовÑе
+ÑоваÑÑ)”</h4>
+<p>
+ÐÑÑажение “ÑиÑÑовÑе ÑоваÑÑ”
пÑимениÑелÑно к копиÑм авÑоÑÑкиÑ
+пÑоизведений иденÑиÑиÑиÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
как
ÑизиÑеÑкие ÑоваÑÑ — коÑоÑÑе
+нелÑÐ·Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑоваÑÑ Ð¸ коÑоÑÑе,
ÑледоваÑелÑно, пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð³Ð¾ÑавливаÑÑ Ð²
+пÑомÑÑленнÑÑ
маÑÑÑабаÑ
и пÑодаваÑÑ. ÐÑа
меÑаÑоÑа подÑÐ°Ð»ÐºÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð»Ñдей к ÑомÑ,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑдиÑÑ Ð¾ пÑоблемаÑ
, ÑвÑзаннÑÑ
Ñ
пÑогÑаммами или дÑÑгими ÑиÑÑовÑми
+ÑабоÑами, на оÑнове иÑ
пÑедÑÑавлений и
ÑÑждений о ÑизиÑеÑкиÑ
ÑоваÑаÑ
. ÐÑо
+Ñакже ÑоÑмÑлиÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð² ÑеÑминаÑ
Ñкономики, неглÑбокие и огÑаниÑеннÑе
+ÑенноÑÑи коÑоÑÑÑ
не вклÑÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑебÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ ÑообÑеÑÑво.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="DigitalLocks">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Digital
Locks</span> (ÑиÑÑовÑе
+замки)”</h4>
+<p>
+ÐÑÑажение “ÑиÑÑовÑе замки”
ÑпоÑÑеблÑеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑениÑ
+ÑиÑÑового ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑениÑми
некоÑоÑÑми его кÑиÑиков. ÐÑоблема ÑÑого
+вÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ помоÑÑÑ
не ÑдаеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ, Ñем плоÑ
а
+ÑÑа пÑакÑика.</p>
+<p>
+Ðамки не обÑзаÑелÑно ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ
неÑпÑаведливоÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑ, веÑоÑÑно, владееÑе
+неÑколÑкими замками, а Ñакже клÑÑами или
кодами к ним; Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑÑиÑаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
+полезнÑми или неÑдобнÑми, но в лÑбом
ÑлÑÑае они не подавлÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе оÑпиÑаÑÑ Ð¸ запиÑаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
.</p>
+<p>
+ЦиÑÑовое ÑпÑавление огÑаниÑениÑми поÑ
оже
на замок, поÑÑавленнÑй вам кем-Ñо
+дÑÑгим, кÑо оÑказÑваеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
клÑÑ — дÑÑгими Ñловами, поÑ
оже
+на наÑÑÑники. Таким обÑазом, Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ñваем
ÑÑо “ÑиÑÑовÑми
+наÑÑÑниками”, а не “ÑиÑÑовÑм
замком”.</p>
+<p>
+РнекоÑоÑом ÑиÑле кампаний оппозиÑии бÑло
вÑбÑано неÑазÑмное вÑÑажение
+“ÑиÑÑовÑе замки”; ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÐµÑнÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¾
в веÑное ÑÑÑло, Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
+ÑпоÑно оÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ ÑледоваÑÑ Ð·Ð° ними в
ÑпоÑÑеблении ÑÑого вÑÑажениÑ. ÐÑ
+можем поддеÑжаÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ, вÑÑÑÑпаÑÑÑÑ
пÑоÑив “ÑиÑÑовÑÑ
замков”,
+еÑли Ð¼Ñ ÑоглаÑÐ½Ñ Ñ ÑÑÑеÑÑвом дела; однако
когда Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑвлÑем о Ñвоей
+поддеÑжке, Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÑаÑивно заменÑем ÑÑо
вÑÑажение на “ÑиÑÑовÑе
+наÑÑÑники” и говоÑим, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ñак
поÑÑÑпаем.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="DigitalRightsManagement">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Digital
Rights Management</span>
+(ÑиÑÑовое ÑпÑавление пÑавами)”</h4>
+<p>
+“ЦиÑÑовое ÑпÑавление пÑавами”
оÑноÑиÑÑÑ Ðº ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑким ÑÑ
емам,
+ÑпÑоекÑиÑованнÑм, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÑÑ
огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° полÑзоваÑелей
+компÑÑÑеÑов. УпоÑÑебление Ñлова
“пÑава” в ÑÑом
+вÑÑажении — пÑопаганда, задÑманнаÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ, не
+подозÑÐµÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом, ÑмоÑÑели на пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ
ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑеÑ
немногиÑ
, кÑо
+Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑениÑ, и игноÑиÑовали
ÑоÑÐºÑ Ð·ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑной пÑблики, на
+коÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑи огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ХоÑоÑие алÑÑеÑнаÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑебÑ
“ÑиÑÑовое ÑпÑавление
+огÑаниÑениÑми” и “ÑиÑÑовÑе
наÑÑÑники”.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Ecosystem">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Ecosystem</span>
(ÑкоÑиÑÑема)”</h4>
+<p>
+Ðе ÑекомендÑеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑваÑÑ ÑообÑеÑÑво
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ
+или лÑбое дÑÑгое ÑеловеÑеÑкое ÑообÑеÑÑво
как “ÑкоÑиÑÑемє,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо Ñлово подÑазÑмеваеÑ
оÑÑÑÑÑÑвие ÑÑиÑеÑкой оÑенки.</p>
+
+<p>
+Слово “ÑкоÑиÑÑема” неÑвно
пÑÐµÐ´Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÑÑÑÑаÑÑного
+наблÑдениÑ: не ÑпÑаÑиваÑÑ, как ÑÑо
<em>должно</em> пÑоиÑÑ
одиÑÑ, пÑоÑÑо
+изÑÑаÑÑ Ð¸ понимаÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑоиÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ <em>в
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи</em>. Ð ÑкоÑиÑÑеме
+одни оÑÐ³Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¾ÑаÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгие
оÑганизмÑ. Ð ÑамкаÑ
Ñкологии Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+ÑпÑаÑиваем, пÑавилÑно ли, ÑÑо Ñова поедаеÑ
мÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑо мÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÐµÐ´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð·ÐµÑно,
+Ð¼Ñ ÑолÑко наблÑдаем, ÑÑо они ÑÑо делаÑÑ.
ЧиÑленноÑÑи попÑлÑÑий ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
+падаÑÑ Ð² ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвии Ñ ÑÑловиÑми; ÑÑо ни Ñ
оÑоÑо, ни плоÑ
о,— ÑÑо
+пÑоÑÑо Ñвление Ñкологии, даже еÑли дело доÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾ иÑÑÐµÐ·Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð°.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐапÑоÑив, ÑÑÑеÑÑва, коÑоÑÑе пÑинимаÑÑ
ÑÑиÑеÑкÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² оÑноÑении Ñвоей
+ÑÑедÑ, могÑÑ ÑеÑиÑÑ ÑоÑ
ÑанÑÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо без иÑ
вмеÑаÑелÑÑÑва могло бÑ
+иÑÑезнÑÑÑ — напÑимеÑ, гÑажданÑкое
обÑеÑÑво, демокÑаÑиÑ, пÑава
+Ñеловека, миÑ, здоÑовÑе обÑеÑÑва,
ÑÑабилÑнÑй климаÑ, ÑиÑÑÑй воздÑÑ
и водÑ,
+иÑÑезаÑÑие видÑ, наÑоднÑе пÑомÑÑлÑ... и
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей компÑÑÑеÑов.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="ForFree">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">For Free</span>
(беÑплаÑно)”</h4>
+<p>
+ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑогÑамма
Ñвободна, не говоÑиÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, ÑÑо
+она доÑÑÑпна “беÑплаÑно”. ÐÑо
вÑÑажение в ÑоÑноÑÑи ознаÑаеÑ
+“по нÑлевой Ñене”. СвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — вопÑоÑ
+ÑвободÑ, а не ÑÑоимоÑÑи.</p>
+<p>
+Ðопии ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм неÑедко доÑÑÑпнÑ
беÑплаÑно — напÑимеÑ,
+по FTP. Ðо копии ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм доÑÑÑпнÑ
Ñакже на компакÑ-диÑкаÑ
за
+плаÑÑ; в Ñо же вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸ неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм поÑой доÑÑÑÐ¿Ð½Ñ Ð±ÐµÑплаÑно в
+Ñ
оде ÑекламнÑÑ
акÑий, а некоÑоÑÑе пакеÑÑ
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм поÑÑоÑнно
+доÑÑÑÐ¿Ð½Ñ Ð±ÐµÑплаÑно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделеннÑÑ
полÑзоваÑелей.</p>
+<p>
+ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ¶Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑаниÑÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
говоÑиÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑогÑамма доÑÑÑпна
+“как ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма”.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="FreelyAvailable">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Freely
Available</span> (Ñвободно
+доÑÑÑпнÑй)”</h4>
+<p>
+Ðе ÑпоÑÑеблÑйÑе Ñлова “Ñвободно
доÑÑÑпнÑе пÑогÑаммє как Ñиноним
+вÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ “ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммє. ÐÑи
вÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+ÑквиваленÑнÑ. ÐÑогÑамма “Ñвободно
доÑÑÑпна”, еÑли лÑбой можеÑ
+легко полÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ. “СвободнаÑ
пÑогÑамма” опÑеделÑеÑÑÑ Ð²
+ÑеÑминаÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
еÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ копиÑ. ÐÑо оÑвеÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+ÑазнÑе вопÑоÑÑ.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Freeware">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Freeware</span>
(беÑплаÑнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ)”</h4>
+<p>
+Ðе ÑпоÑÑеблÑйÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, вÑÑажение
“беÑплаÑнÑе пÑогÑаммє
+как Ñиноним “ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм”.
ÐÑÑажение “беÑплаÑнаÑ
+пÑогÑамма” ÑаÑÑо ÑпоÑÑеблÑлоÑÑ Ð²
воÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑÑ
годаÑ
XX века длÑ
+обознаÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм, вÑпÑÑкаемÑÑ
ÑолÑко
в иÑполнимом виде, пÑи недоÑÑÑпном
+иÑÑ
одном ÑекÑÑе. Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑÑого вÑÑажениÑ
Ð½ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑного обÑепÑизнанного
+опÑеделениÑ.</p>
+<p>
+Ðогда Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе не по-английÑки,
избегайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, заимÑÑвованиÑ
+ÑакиÑ
английÑкиÑ
вÑÑажений, как “<span
xml:lang="en" lang="en">free
+software</span>” и “<span xml:lang="en"
+lang="en">freeware</span>”. ÐÑÑÑе пеÑеводиÑÑ ÑеÑмин
“<span
+xml:lang="en" lang="en">free software</span>” на <a
+href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html"> Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑзÑк</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐолÑзÑÑÑÑ Ñловами <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">
Ñвоего
+ÑобÑÑвенного ÑзÑка</a>, Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·ÑваеÑе, ÑÑо
Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвиÑелÑно имееÑе в видÑ
+ÑвободÑ, а не пÑоÑÑо повÑоÑÑеÑе, как
попÑгай, ÑаинÑÑвенное понÑÑие из
+иноÑÑÑанной ÑекламÑ. Указание на ÑвободÑ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑпеÑва показаÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñим
+ÑооÑеÑеÑÑвенникам ÑÑÑаннÑм или
кÑамолÑнÑм, но как ÑолÑко они поймÑÑ, ÑÑо
ÑÑо
+ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð² ÑоÑноÑÑи Ñо, ÑÑо говоÑиÑÑÑ, они
по-наÑÑоÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¹Ð¼ÑÑ, в Ñем
+ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ñоблема.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="GiveAwaySoftware">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Give Away
Software</span> (ÑаздаваÑÑ
+пÑогÑаммÑ)”</h4>
+<p>
+УпоÑÑебление вÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ “ÑаздаваÑÑ”
в знаÑении
+“ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² каÑеÑÑве
Ñвободной” Ð²Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð²
+заблÑждение. У ÑÑого изÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñа же
пÑоблема, ÑÑо Ñ Ñлова
+“беÑплаÑно”: ÑÑо подÑазÑмеваеÑ, ÑÑо
вопÑÐ¾Ñ — в
+ÑÑоимоÑÑи, а не в Ñвободе. Ðдин из ÑпоÑобов
избежаÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑаниÑÑ —
+говоÑиÑÑ “вÑпÑÑкаÑÑ Ð² каÑеÑÑве
Ñвободной пÑогÑаммє.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Hacker">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Hacker</span> (Ñ
акеÑ)”</h4>
+<p>
+Ð¥Ð°ÐºÐµÑ — ÑÑо ÑоÑ, кÑо <a
+href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";> полÑÑаеÑ
ÑдоволÑÑÑвие
+Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð³Ñивого оÑÑÑоÑмиÑ</a> — не
обÑзаÑелÑно ÑвÑзанного Ñ
+компÑÑÑеÑами. ÐÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑаÑом
ÑообÑеÑÑве Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
+обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑкого ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкого
инÑÑиÑÑÑа ÑеÑÑидеÑÑÑÑÑ
и
+ÑемидеÑÑÑÑÑ
годов назÑвали ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ñ
акеÑами.
ÐÑимеÑно в 1980 годÑ
+жÑÑналиÑÑÑ, оÑкÑÑвÑие ÑообÑеÑÑво Ñ
акеÑов,
оÑибоÑно пÑинÑли ÑÑо Ñлово в
+знаÑении “взломÑик ÑиÑÑем
безопаÑноÑÑи”.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðе ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑйÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, ÑÑой
оÑибки. ÐÑди, коÑоÑÑе взламÑваÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÑноÑÑи — ÑÑо
“взломÑики”.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="IntellectualProperty">“<span xml:lang="en"
lang="en">Intellectual Property</span>
+(инÑеллекÑÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ)”</h4>
+<p>
+ÐздаÑели и ÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð»ÑбÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑваÑÑ
авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво как
+“инÑеллекÑÑалÑнÑÑ
ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ” — вÑÑажение,
+пÑименÑемое Ñакже к паÑенÑам, ÑоваÑнÑм
знакам и дÑÑгим более ÑемнÑм облаÑÑÑм
+пÑава. У ÑÑиÑ
законов Ñак мало обÑего и Ñак
много ÑазлиÑий, ÑÑо вÑÑкие
+обобÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ ниÑ
нездоÑовÑ. ÐÑÑÑе вÑего
ÑаÑÑÑждаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑно об
+“авÑоÑÑком пÑаве”, или о “паÑенÑаÑ
”, или о
+“ÑоваÑнÑÑ
знакаÑ
”.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑÑажение “инÑеллекÑÑалÑнаÑ
ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ” неÑÐµÑ ÑкÑÑÑое
+пÑедположение — ÑÑо обÑаз мÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾
вÑеÑ
ÑÑиÑ
неÑвÑзаннÑÑ
+пÑедмеÑаÑ
оÑновÑваеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° аналогии Ñ
ÑизиÑеÑкими обÑекÑами и наÑем
+воÑпÑиÑÑии иÑ
как ÑизиÑеÑкой
ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи.</p>
+<p>
+Ðогда ÑеÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð¾ копиÑовании, ÑÑа
Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð³Ð½Ð¾ÑиÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑинÑипиалÑное
+ÑазлиÑие Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑеÑиалÑнÑми обÑекÑами и
инÑоÑмаÑией: инÑоÑмаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾
+копиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸ пеÑедаваÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи без ÑÑилий,
в Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑеÑиалÑнÑми
+обÑекÑами ÑÑого делаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ»ÑзÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ¶Ð°ÑÑ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ½Ñжной
необÑекÑивноÑÑи и пÑÑаниÑÑ, лÑÑÑе
+вÑего пÑинÑÑÑ ÑвеÑдое пÑавило <a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"> не
+говоÑиÑÑ Ð¸ даже не дÑмаÑÑ Ð² ÑеÑминаÑ
“инÑеллекÑÑалÑной
+ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи”</a>.</p>
+<p>
+ÐиÑемеÑное обознаÑение ÑÑой влаÑÑи как
“пÑав” <a
+href="/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html"> наÑинаеÑ
+ÑмÑÑаÑÑ ÐÑемиÑнÑÑ Ð¾ÑганизаÑиÑ
“инÑеллекÑÑалÑной
+ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи”</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="LAMP">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">LAMP System</span>
(ÑиÑÑема
+LAMP)”</h4>
+<p>
+“LAMP” ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ “Linux, Apache, MySQL,
+PHP” — обÑÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ð°ÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
+ÑеÑвеÑе ÐнÑеÑнеÑа, за иÑклÑÑением Ñого,
ÑÑо “Linux” в ÑÑом
+конÑекÑÑе на Ñамом деле ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
GNU/Linux. Так ÑÑо вмеÑÑо
+“LAMP” ÑÑо должно бÑÑÑ “GLAMP”:
“GNU, Linux,
+Apache, MySQL, PHP”.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Linux">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Linux System</span>
(ÑиÑÑема
+Linux)”</h4>
+<p>
+Linux — название ÑдÑа, коÑоÑое ÐинÑÑ
ТоÑвалÑÐ´Ñ ÑазÑабаÑÑвал
+наÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ 1991 года. ÐпеÑаÑионнаÑ
ÑиÑÑема, в коÑоÑой пÑименÑеÑÑÑ
+Linux,— ÑÑо в оÑновном GNU Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ð°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÐµÐ¼ Linux.
ÐÑли ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð² Ñелом
+назÑваÑÑ “Linux”, ÑÑо и неÑпÑаведливо, и
вноÑиÑ
+пÑÑаниÑÑ. ÐазÑвайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, полнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html"> GNU/Linux</a>, как Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑдаÑÑ
+должное пÑоекÑÑ GNU, Ñак и Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑобÑ
оÑлиÑаÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð² Ñелом Ð¾Ñ ÑдÑа,
+взÑÑого в оÑделÑноÑÑи.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Market">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Market</span>
(ÑÑнок)”</h4>
+<p>
+ÐпиÑание полÑзоваÑелей ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм или полÑзоваÑелей пÑогÑамм вообÑе
+как “ÑÑнок” Ð²Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð² заблÑждение.</p>
+<p>
+Ðе Ñо ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð² ÑообÑеÑÑве Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¼ÐµÑÑа
+ÑÑнкам. ÐÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑедпÑиÑÑие по
поддеÑжке ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, Ñо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+еÑÑÑ ÐºÐ»Ð¸ÐµÐ½ÑÑ Ð¸ Ð²Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÑе Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ дела на
ÑÑнке. Ðо ÑеÑ
поÑ, пока Ð²Ñ ÑважаеÑе
+иÑ
ÑвободÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ð¶ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÐ¼ вам на ваÑем ÑÑнке
ÑÑпеÑ
а.</p>
+<p>
+Ðо движение за Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное
обеÑпеÑение — ÑÑо
+обÑеÑÑвенное движение, а не коммеÑÑеÑкое
пÑедпÑиÑÑие, и ÑÑпеÑ
, к коÑоÑомÑ
+оно ÑÑÑемиÑÑÑ — ÑÑо не ÑÑноÑнÑй ÑÑпеÑ
. ÐÑ Ð¿ÑÑаемÑÑ ÑлÑжиÑÑ
+обÑеÑÑвÑ, пÑедоÑÑавлÑÑ ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ —
а не конкÑÑиÑÑем Ñ Ñем,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑоÑваÑÑÑÑ Ñо Ñвоим пÑедпÑиÑÑием оÑ
ÑопеÑника. ÐÑиÑавниваÑÑ ÑÑÑ
+ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ðº попÑÑкам
пÑедпÑиÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¾ÐµÐ²Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑой ÑÑпеÑ
знаÑиÑ
+оÑÑиÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ опÑавдÑваÑÑ
неÑвободное пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Monetize">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Monetize</span>
(ÑеализовÑваÑÑ,
+обÑаÑаÑÑ Ð² денÑги)”</h4>
+<p>
+ÐÑÑеÑÑвенное знаÑение Ñлова
“ÑеализовÑваÑÑ” —
+“обÑаÑаÑÑ Ð² денÑги”. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑе
ÑÑо-Ñо, а поÑом обÑаÑаеÑе
+ÑÑо в денÑги, ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо ниÑего, кÑоме
денег, не оÑÑаеÑÑÑ, Ñак ÑÑо
+никÑо, кÑоме ваÑ, ниÑего не пÑиобÑел, а вÑ
ниÑего не пеÑедали миÑÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐапÑоÑив, пÑоизводиÑелÑное и ÑÑиÑное
пÑедпÑиÑÑие не обÑаÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð²ÑÑ ÑвоÑ
+пÑодÑкÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² денÑги. ЧаÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
вкладом в оÑÑалÑной миÑ.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="MP3Player">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">MP3 Player</span>
(пÑоигÑÑваÑелÑ
+MP3)”</h4>
+<p>
+РконÑе девÑноÑÑÑÑ
годов XX века ÑÑало
возможнÑм пÑоизводÑÑво
+поÑÑаÑивнÑÑ
ÑвеÑдоÑелÑнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑовÑÑ
пÑоигÑÑваÑелей звÑка. ÐолÑÑинÑÑво из ниÑ
+поддеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð´ÐµÐº MP3, но не вÑе. ÐекоÑоÑÑе
поддеÑживаÑÑ ÑвободнÑе оÑ
+паÑенÑов звÑковÑе кодеки Ðгг ÐоÑÐ±Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ FLAC и
могÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ вообÑе не
+поддеÑживаÑÑ ÑÐ°Ð¹Ð»Ñ Ð² ÑоÑмаÑе MP3, как Ñаз
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ¶Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑиÑ
паÑенÑов. ÐÑли
+назÑваÑÑ ÑÑи пÑоигÑÑваÑели
“пÑоигÑÑваÑелÑми MP3”, Ñо ÑÑо не
+ÑолÑко вноÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÑаниÑÑ, но ÑÑо Ñакже
ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¸Ñ MP3 в незаÑлÑженно
+пÑивилегиÑованное положение, коÑоÑое
пооÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð»Ñдей полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑим
+ÑÑзвимÑм ÑоÑмаÑом. ÐÑ Ð¿Ñедлагаем
вÑÑажение “ÑиÑÑовой пÑоигÑÑваÑелÑ
+звÑка” или пÑоÑÑо “пÑоигÑÑваÑелÑ
звÑка”, еÑли ÑÑо
+допÑÑÐºÐ°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑекÑÑ.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Open">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Open</span>
(оÑкÑÑÑÑй)”</h4>
+<p>
+ÐзбегайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, ÑпоÑÑÐµÐ±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñлов
“оÑкÑÑÑÑй” или
+“оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ” как заменÑ
вÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ “ÑвободнаÑ
+пÑогÑамма”. ÐÑи вÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑказÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð° <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> дÑÑгÑÑ
позиÑиÑ</a>,
+оÑнованнÑÑ Ð½Ð° дÑÑгиÑ
ÑенноÑÑÑÑ
. СвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ —
+полиÑиÑеÑкое движение; оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй
ÑекÑÑ — ÑÑ
ема
+ÑазÑабоÑки. ÐÑи Ñказании на позиÑиÑ
оÑкÑÑÑого иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа ÑпоÑÑебление
+ÑÑого Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑмеÑÑно; но не ÑпоÑÑеблÑйÑе
его, пожалÑйÑÑа, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑиÑÑ
+Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ наÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ — ÑÑо заÑÑавлÑеÑ
лÑдей дÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо мÑ
+ÑазделÑем ÑÑи взглÑдÑ.</p>
+
+<h4 id="PC">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">PC</span> (ÐÐ)”</h4>
+<p>
+Ðполне допÑÑÑимо ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ ÑокÑаÑение
“ÐД Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
+опÑеделенного Ñода вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑнÑÑ ÑеÑ
никÑ, но не ÑпоÑÑеблÑйÑе его,
+пожалÑйÑÑа, еÑли подÑазÑмеваеÑе, ÑÑо ÑÑоÑ
компÑÑÑÐµÑ ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ Microsoft
+Windows. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ ÑÑÑанавливаеÑе на ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¶Ðµ
компÑÑÑÐµÑ GNU/Linux, он
+по-пÑÐµÐ¶Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾ÑÑаеÑÑÑ ÐÐ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÐ»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑа под ÑпÑавлением Windows
пÑедложено ÑокÑаÑение “<span
+xml:lang="en" lang="en">WC</span>”.</p>
+
+<h4 id="Photoshop">“<span xml:lang="en"
lang="en">Photoshop</span>”</h4>
+<p>
+ÐзбегайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, ÑпоÑÑÐµÐ±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñлова
“photoshop” в каÑеÑÑве
+глагола, ознаÑаÑÑего лÑбого Ñода
манипÑлÑÑии Ñ ÑоÑогÑаÑиÑми или
+ÑедакÑиÑование изобÑажений вообÑе.
Photoshop — ÑÑо ÑолÑко
+название одной конкÑеÑной пÑогÑаммÑ
ÑедакÑиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¾Ð±Ñажений, коÑоÑой
+ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ³Ð°ÑÑ, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð°
неÑвободна. ÐÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑво ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑедакÑиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¾Ð±Ñажений,
ÑакиÑ
, как <a
+href="/software/gimp">GIMP</a>.</p>
+
+<h4 id="Piracy">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Piracy</span>
(пиÑаÑÑÑво)”</h4>
+<p>
+ÐздаÑели ÑаÑÑо ÑказÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð° копиÑование,
коÑоÑое они не одобÑили, как на
+“пиÑаÑÑÑво”. Таким обÑазом, они
подÑазÑмеваÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑÑиÑеÑки
+ÑавнознаÑно Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° коÑабли в
оÑкÑÑÑом моÑе, заÑ
ваÑÑ Ð¸ ÑбийÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð»Ñдей
+на ниÑ
. ÐÑновÑваÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñакой пÑопаганде,
они пÑовели в болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи миÑа
+законÑ, запÑеÑаÑÑие копиÑование в
болÑÑинÑÑве, а иногда — во вÑеÑ
+ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
. (РвÑе Ñавно они оказÑваÑÑ
давление, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑи запÑеÑÑ ÐµÑе
+более полнÑми.)
+</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑиÑаеÑе, ÑÑо копиÑование без
ÑазÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°ÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð² ÑоÑноÑÑи
+подобно заÑ
ваÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑбийÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð»Ñдей, вÑ
могли Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑедпоÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ
+Ñлово “пиÑаÑÑÑво” Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑаниÑ
ÑÑого. ÐмеÑÑо ÑÑого доÑÑÑпнÑ
+Ñакие нейÑÑалÑнÑе вÑÑажениÑ, как
“неÑанкÑиониÑованное
+копиÑование” (или “запÑеÑенное
копиÑование” в ÑиÑÑаÑиÑÑ
,
+когда копиÑование незаконно). ÐекоÑоÑÑе из
Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ пÑедпоÑеÑÑÑ
+ÑпоÑÑебление Ñакого положиÑелÑного
вÑÑажениÑ, как “обмен инÑоÑмаÑией
+Ñо Ñвоим ÑоÑедом”.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="PowerPoint">“<span xml:lang="en"
lang="en">PowerPoint</span>”</h4>
+<p>
+ÐзбегайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, ÑпоÑÑÐµÐ±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñлова
“PowerPoint” в
+знаÑении лÑбого Ñода пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
ÑлайдовÑÑ
+докладов. “PowerPoint” — ÑÑо ÑолÑко
название одной
+конкÑеÑной неÑвободной пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð², и еÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑво
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð², ÑакиÑ
,
как клаÑÑ <em>beamer</em> из ÑиÑÑемÑ
+TeX или пÑогÑамма Impress из пакеÑа OpenOffice.org.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Protection">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Protection</span>
(заÑиÑа)”</h4>
+<p>
+ЮÑиÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°Ñелей лÑбÑÑ ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ Ñлово
“заÑиÑа” пÑимениÑелÑно
+к авÑоÑÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑавÑ. ÐÑо Ñлово
подÑазÑÐ¼ÐµÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑедоÑвÑаÑение ÑазÑÑÑениÑ
+или ÑÑеÑба; Ñаким обÑазом, оно пооÑÑÑеÑ
лÑдей иденÑиÑиÑиÑоваÑÑ ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ñ
+владелÑÑем и издаÑелем, коÑоÑÑм авÑоÑÑкое
пÑаво вÑгодно, а не Ñ
+полÑзоваÑелÑми, коÑоÑÑÑ
оно
огÑаниÑиваеÑ.</p>
+<p>
+Слова “заÑиÑа” легко избежаÑÑ Ð¸
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑо ÑÑого
+нейÑÑалÑнÑми вÑÑажениÑми. ÐапÑимеÑ,
вмеÑÑо Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑказаÑÑ: “СÑок
+авÑоÑÑко-пÑавовой заÑиÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ðº”,
Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе говоÑиÑÑ: “СÑок
+авÑоÑÑкого пÑава оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ðº”.</p>
+<p>
+ÐодобнÑм обÑазом, вмеÑÑо вÑÑажениÑ
“заÑиÑено авÑоÑÑким пÑавом”,
+Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ñловами “наÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ дейÑÑвием авÑоÑÑкого
+пÑава”.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе кÑиÑиковаÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое
пÑаво, а не пÑидеÑживаÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¹ÑÑалÑной
+позиÑии, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
вÑÑажением “авÑоÑÑко-пÑавовÑе
+огÑаниÑениє. Таким обÑазом, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
ÑказаÑÑ: “СÑок
+авÑоÑÑко-пÑавовÑÑ
огÑаниÑений оÑенÑ
велик”.</p>
+
+<p>
+Слово “заÑиÑа” Ñакже ÑпоÑÑеблÑеÑÑÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÑеднÑÑ
+оÑобенноÑÑей. ÐапÑимеÑ, “заÑиÑа оÑ
копиÑованиє —
+оÑобенноÑÑÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑованиÑ. С
ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ ÑÑо
+пÑепÑÑÑÑвие. Так ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°ÑÑ
ÑÑÑ Ð²ÑеднÑÑ Ð¾ÑобенноÑÑÑ
+“пÑепÑÑÑÑвием копиÑованиѓ. ЧаÑе ÑÑо
назÑваеÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑовÑм
+ÑпÑавлением огÑаниÑениÑми (DRM) — Ñм.
ÑÐ°Ð¹Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¸ “<a
+href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";> ÐеÑекÑ
гаÑанÑиÑован</a>”.</p>
+
+<h4 id="RAND">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">RAND (Reasonable and
+Non-Discriminatory)</span> (обоÑнованнÑй и
недиÑкÑиминаÑионнÑй)”</h4>
+<p>
+РоÑганаÑ
ÑÑандаÑÑизаÑии, коÑоÑÑе издаÑÑ
огÑаниÑеннÑе паÑенÑами ÑÑандаÑÑÑ,
+запÑеÑаÑÑие ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, обÑÑно
еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñавила полÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑнÑÑ
+лиÑензий, коÑоÑÑе ÑÑебÑÑÑ ÑикÑиÑованнÑÑ
плаÑÑ Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¹ копии ÑдовлеÑвоÑÑÑÑей
+ÑÑандаÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ. ЧаÑÑо они ÑказÑваÑÑ
на Ñакие лиÑензии, полÑзÑÑÑÑ
+вÑÑажением “RAND”, ÑÑо ознаÑаеÑ
“обоÑнованнÑй и
+недиÑкÑиминаÑионнÑй”.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑо вÑÑажение оÑмÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½ клаÑÑ
паÑенÑнÑÑ
лиÑензий, коÑоÑÑе обÑÑно не
+ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ обоÑнованнÑми, ни
недиÑкÑиминаÑионнÑми. ÐеÑно, ÑÑо ÑÑи
лиÑензии
+не пÑоводÑÑ Ð´Ð¸ÑкÑиминаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑив
какого-либо конкÑеÑного лиÑа, но
+диÑкÑиминаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑив ÑообÑеÑÑва
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
+пÑоводÑÑ, и ÑÑо Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
необоÑнованнÑми.
Таким обÑазом, половина вÑÑажениÑ
+“RAND” лжива, а вÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð°
пÑедвзÑÑа.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑганам ÑÑандаÑÑизаÑии ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑизнаÑÑ,
ÑÑо ÑÑи лиÑензии диÑкÑиминаÑионнÑ,
+и поконÑиÑÑ Ñ ÑпоÑÑеблением вÑÑажениÑ
“обоÑнованнÑй и
+недиÑкÑиминаÑионнÑй” или “RAND”,
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ñ
опиÑаниÑ. Ðо ÑеÑ
+поÑ, пока они ÑÑого не ÑделаÑÑ, пиÑаÑели, не
желаÑÑие пÑиÑоединÑÑÑÑÑ
+к оÑмÑваниÑ, могли Ð±Ñ Ñ ÑÑпеÑ
ом
оÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого ÑеÑмина. ÐÑинÑÑÑ
+его к ÑпоÑÑÐµÐ±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо поÑомÑ, ÑÑо
оÑÑдÑÑÑие паÑенÑами компании дали емÑ
+ÑиÑокое ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение,— знаÑиÑ
позволÑÑÑ ÑÑим компаниÑм дикÑоваÑÑ
+Ñо, какие взглÑÐ´Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð²ÑÑажаеÑе.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑ Ð¿Ñедлагаем вÑÑажение “неизменнÑе
лиÑензионнÑе оÑÑиÑлениє,
+или “ÐÐД, в каÑеÑÑве заменÑ. Ðно
ÑоÑно, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо единÑÑвеннÑм
+ÑÑловием Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑиÑ
лиÑензий ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
единообÑазнÑе лиÑензионнÑе оÑÑиÑлениÑ.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="SellSoftware">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Sell
Software</span> (пÑодаваÑÑ
+пÑогÑаммє</h4>
+<p>
+ÐÑÑажение “пÑодаваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммє
неоднознаÑно. СÑÑого говоÑÑ,
+обмен копии Ñвободной пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°
какÑÑ-Ñо ÑÑÐ¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ³ ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñодажей;
+но лÑди обÑÑно аÑÑоÑииÑÑÑÑ Ñлово
“пÑодаваÑÑ“ Ñ ÑиÑменнÑми
+огÑаниÑениÑми на поÑледÑÑÑее пÑименение
пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðожно вÑÑажаÑÑÑÑ ÑоÑнее и
+пÑедоÑвÑаÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑаниÑÑ, говоÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ð±Ð¾
“ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение копий пÑогÑамм за
+денÑги”, либо “наложение ÑиÑменнÑÑ
огÑаниÑений на пÑименение
+пÑогÑаммѓ, в завиÑимоÑÑи Ð¾Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо
Ð²Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑе в видÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐалÑнейÑее обÑÑждение пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñм. в
ÑÑаÑÑе “<a
+href="/philosophy/selling.html"> ÐÑодажа ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм</a>”.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="SoftwareIndustry">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Software
Industry</span> (пÑогÑаммнаÑ
+индÑÑÑÑиÑ)”</h4>
+<p>
+ÐÑÑажение “пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð½Ð´ÑÑÑÑиє
пооÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð»Ñдей пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ
+Ñебе, ÑÑо пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñегда
ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑÑÑ Ñем-Ñо вÑоде завода, а
поÑом
+доÑÑавлÑÑÑÑÑ “поÑÑебиÑелÑм”.
СообÑеÑÑво Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
+обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·ÑваеÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо не Ñак.
ÐÑедпÑиÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑазÑабоÑке пÑогÑамм
+ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑ, и ÑазлиÑнÑе пÑедпÑиÑÑиÑ
ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ ÑвободнÑе и неÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ, но Ñе, коÑоÑÑе ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ðµ как
+заводÑ.</p>
+<p>
+Слово “индÑÑÑÑиє иÑполÑзÑеÑÑÑ Ð²
ÑелÑÑ
пÑÐ¾Ð¿Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑниками
+паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðни назÑваÑÑ
ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамм
+“индÑÑÑÑией”, а поÑом пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ
доказаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо ознаÑаеÑ, ÑÑо
+она должна бÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñинена паÑенÑнÑм
монополиÑм. <a
+href="http://swpat.ffii.org/papers/europarl0309/";> ÐвÑопейÑкий
паÑламенÑ,
+оÑказавÑиÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ
в 2003 годÑ, пÑоголоÑовал за
+Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделÑÑÑ “индÑÑÑÑиє как
“авÑомаÑизиÑованное
+пÑоизводÑÑво маÑеÑиалÑнÑÑ
благ”</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Theft">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Theft</span>
(воÑовÑÑво)”</h4>
+<p>
+ÐпологеÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава ÑаÑÑо
ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ Ñакие Ñлова, как
+“кÑаденÑй” и “воÑовÑÑво”,
ÑказÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° наÑÑÑениÑ
+авÑоÑÑкого пÑава. ÐÑо ÑвеÑÑка, но они Ñ
оÑели бÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ñинимали ÑÑо за
+обÑекÑивнÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑинÑ.</p>
+<p>
+РпÑавовой ÑиÑÑеме СШРнаÑÑÑение авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав не ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ ÐºÑажей. ÐÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¾
+воÑовÑÑве непÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¼Ñ Ðº наÑÑÑениÑ
авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав. ÐпологеÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава
+апеллиÑÑÑÑ Ðº авÑоÑиÑеÑÑ — и даÑÑ
иÑкаженное пÑедÑÑавление о Ñом,
+ÑÑо авÑоÑиÑÐµÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐеÑанкÑиониÑованное копиÑование
запÑеÑено авÑоÑÑким пÑавом во многиÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
+(но не во вÑеÑ
!), но запÑÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо
плоÑ
о. ÐообÑе говоÑÑ, законÑ
+не опÑеделÑÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑо, а ÑÑо плоÑ
о.
ÐÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ — ÑÑо в лÑÑÑем
+ÑлÑÑае попÑÑка ÑеализоваÑÑ
ÑпÑаведливоÑÑÑ. ÐÑли Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ (ÑеализаÑиÑ) не
+ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñим пÑедÑÑавлениÑм о
добÑе и зле (ÑпеÑиÑикаÑии), Ñо именно
+Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<h4 id="TrustedComputing">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Trusted
Computing</span> (довеÑеннÑе
+вÑÑиÑлениÑ)”</h4>
+<p>
+<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html"> “ÐовеÑеннÑе
+вÑÑиÑлениє</a> — авÑоÑÑкое
название ÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеоÑганизаÑии
+компÑÑÑеÑов Ñаким обÑазом, ÑÑобÑ
ÑазÑабоÑÑики пÑиложений могли полагаÑÑÑÑ
на
+Ñо, ÑÑо Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð±ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑинÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼,
а не вам. С иÑ
ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð½
+“довеÑеннÑй”, а Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñей ÑоÑки
зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ —
+“веÑоломнÑй”.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Vendor">“<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Vendor</span>
+(ÑоваÑопÑоизводиÑелÑ)”</h4>
+<p>
+Ðе ÑпоÑÑеблÑйÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñлово
“ÑоваÑопÑоизводиÑелє длÑ
+ÑÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¾Ð±Ñе на вÑеÑ
, кÑо ÑазÑабаÑÑваеÑ
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ оÑоÑмлÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
в виде
+пакеÑов. Ðного пÑогÑамм ÑазÑабаÑÑваеÑÑÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑодаваÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸, и
+иÑ
ÑазÑабоÑÑики, ÑледоваÑелÑно, ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ
ÑоваÑопÑоизводиÑелÑми; ÑÑда вÑ
одÑÑ
+даже некоÑоÑÑе пакеÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм.
Ðднако много пÑогÑамм
+ÑазÑабаÑÑваеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑоволÑÑами или
оÑганизаÑиÑми, в намеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
не
+вÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ñодажа копий. ÐÑи ÑазÑабоÑÑики не
ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ
+ÑоваÑопÑоизводиÑелÑми. СÑ
однÑм обÑазом,
ÑолÑко некоÑоÑÑе из занимаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ
+подгоÑовкой диÑÑÑибÑÑивов GNU/Linux ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ
ÑоваÑопÑоизводиÑелÑми. ÐÑ
+ÑекомендÑем вмеÑÑо ÑÑого обÑий ÑеÑмин
“поÑÑавÑик”.
+</p>
+
+<div class="announcement">
+См. Ñакже <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">ÐаÑегоÑии
ÑвободнÑÑ
и
+неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм</a>.</div>
+
+<hr />
+<h4>ÐÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ÑеÑк пÑбликÑеÑÑÑ Ð² ÑбоÑнике <a
+href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>СвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñвободное обÑеÑÑво: избÑаннÑе
оÑеÑки РиÑаÑда
+Ð. СÑолмена</cite></a>.</h4>
+
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+<h3>ÐÑимеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеводÑиков</h3>
+<ol>
+<li id="tf1">ÐÑи пеÑеводе ÑпиÑка Ð¼Ñ ÑказÑвали
оÑигиналÑное вÑÑажение
+на английÑком ÑзÑке, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð² ÑÑÑÑком
оно Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ имеÑÑ ÑоÑного
+ÑквиваленÑа или ÑÐºÐ²Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
ÑпоÑÑебиÑелен.</li>
+<li id="tf2">CBDTPA, “Consumer Broadband and Digital Television
+Promotion Act”</li>
+<li id="tf3">РанглийÑком ÑзÑке Ñлово
“content” можеÑ
+пÑинимаÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð° знаÑениÑ: “доволÑнÑй”
и “ÑодеÑжимое”.
+</li>
+</ol></div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе обÑие запÑоÑÑ
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом. ÐÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
+неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки
или пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ пÑиÑÑлаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+адÑеÑÑ <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008,
+2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru";>лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ
+можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о
+найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru";>ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе
пеÑеводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+
+ <p>
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2012/11/22 04:27:23 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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<p>
Updated:
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-$Date: 2012/11/08 01:28:57 $
+$Date: 2012/11/22 04:27:23 $
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Index: po/censoring-emacs.nl-en.html
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<p>
Updated:
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-$Date: 2012/11/13 01:29:46 $
+$Date: 2012/11/22 04:27:24 $
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</div>
Index: po/ebooks.nl-en.html
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RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/ebooks.nl-en.html,v
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<p>
Updated:
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-$Date: 2012/11/19 19:26:52 $
+$Date: 2012/11/22 04:27:24 $
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Index: po/enforcing-gpl.nl-en.html
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<p>Updated:
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-$Date: 2012/11/19 19:26:53 $
+$Date: 2012/11/22 04:27:24 $
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</p>
</div>
Index: po/fighting-software-patents.nl-en.html
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<p>
Updated:
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<p>
Updated:
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-$Date: 2012/11/20 04:30:00 $
+$Date: 2012/11/22 04:27:24 $
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</p>
</div>
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<p>
Updated:
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.70 -->
+
+<title>Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing
- GNU Project
+- Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.translist" -->
+
+<h2>Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing</h2>
+
+<p>
+There are a number of words and phrases that we recommend avoiding, or
+avoiding in certain contexts and usages. Some are ambiguous or
+misleading; others presuppose a viewpoint that we hope you
+disagree with.</p>
+
+<div class="announcement">
+Also note <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories
+of Free Software</a>.</div>
+
+<p>
+ <a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a>
+| “<a
+ href="#Alternative">Alternative</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#BSD-style">BSD-style</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Closed">Closed</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#CloudComputing">Cloud Computing</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Commercial">Commercial</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Compensation">Compensation</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Consume">Consume</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Consumer">Consumer</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Content">Content</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Creator">Creator</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#DigitalGoods">Digital Goods</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#DigitalLocks">Digital Locks</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#DigitalRightsManagement">Digital Rights Management</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#ForFree">For free</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#FreelyAvailable">Freely available</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Freeware">Freeware</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#GiveAwaySoftware">Give away software</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Hacker">Hacker</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#IntellectualProperty">Intellectual property</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#LAMP">LAMP system</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Linux">Linux system</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Market">Market</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Monetize">Monetize</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#MP3Player">MP3 player</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Open">Open</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#PC">PC</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Photoshop">Photoshop</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Piracy">Piracy</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Protection">Protection</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#RAND">RAND</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#SellSoftware">Sell software</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#SoftwareIndustry">Software Industry</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Theft">Theft</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#TrustedComputing">Trusted Computing</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Vendor">Vendor</a>”
+</p>
+
+<h4 id="Alternative">“Alternative”</h4>
+<p>
+We don't present free software as an “alternative”, because it
+presents a goal of having free software alongside proprietary
+software. That presupposes that proprietary software is
+legitimate.</p>
+
+<p>
+We believe that the only ethical way to distribute software is as free
+software. Thus, we aim to make free software more than an
+alternative. Our goal is a world where all programs are free, so that
+all their users are free.
+</p>
+
+<h4 id="BSD-style">“BSD-style”</h4>
+<p>
+The expression “BSD-style license” leads to confusion because it
+<a href="/philosophy/bsd.html">lumps together licenses that have
+important differences</a>. For instance, the original BSD license
+with the advertising clause is incompatible with the GNU General
+Public License, but the revised BSD license is compatible with the
+GPL.</p>
+<p>
+To avoid confusion, it is best to
+name <a href="/licenses/license-list.html"> the specific license in
+question</a> and avoid the vague term “BSD-style.”</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Closed">“Closed”</h4>
+<p>
+Describing nonfree software as “closed” clearly refers to
+the term “open source”. In the free software movement,
+<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> we do not want to
+be confused with the open source camp</a>, so we
+are careful to avoid saying things that would encourage people to lump us in
+with them. For instance, we avoid describing nonfree software as
+“closed”. We call it “nonfree” or
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">
+“proprietary”</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="CloudComputing">“Cloud Computing”</h4>
+<p>
+The term “cloud computing” is a marketing buzzword with no
+clear meaning. It is used for a range of different activities whose
+only common characteristic is that they use the Internet for something beyond
+transmitting files. Thus, the term is a nexus of confusion. If you
+base your thinking on it, your thinking will be vague.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When thinking about or responding to a statement someone else has made
+using this term, the first step is to clarify the topic. Which kind
+of activity is the statement really about, and what is a good, clear term for
+that activity? Once the topic is clear, the discussion can head for a
+useful conclusion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Curiously, Larry Ellison, a proprietary software developer,
+also <a href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13953_3-10052188-80.html";>
+noted the vacuity of the term “cloud computing.”</a> He
+decided to use the term anyway because, as a proprietary software
+developer, he isn't motivated by the same ideals as we are.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the many meanings of “cloud computing” is storing your
+data in online services. That exposes you to
+<a
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/apr/25/hackers-spooks-cloud-antiauthoritarian-dream";>surveillance</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another meaning (which overlaps that but is not the same thing)
+is <a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">
+Software as a Service</a>, which denies you control over your computing.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another meaning is renting a remote physical server, or virtual server.
+These can be ok under certain circumstances.
+</p>
+
+<h4 id="Commercial">“Commercial”</h4>
+<p>
+Please don't use “commercial” as a synonym for
+“nonfree.” That confuses two entirely different
+issues.</p>
+<p>
+A program is commercial if it is developed as a business activity. A
+commercial program can be free or nonfree, depending on its manner of
+distribution. Likewise, a program developed by a school or an
+individual can be free or nonfree, depending on its manner of
+distribution. The two questions—what sort of entity developed
+the program and what freedom its users have—are independent.</p>
+<p>
+In the first decade of the free software movement, free software
+packages were almost always noncommercial; the components of the
+GNU/Linux operating system were developed by individuals or by
+nonprofit organizations such as the FSF and universities. Later, in
+the 1990s, free commercial software started to appear.</p>
+<p>
+Free commercial software is a contribution to our community, so we
+should encourage it. But people who think that
+“commercial” means “nonfree” will tend to
+think that the “free commercial” combination is
+self-contradictory, and dismiss the possibility. Let's be careful not
+to use the word “commercial” in that way.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Compensation">“Compensation”</h4>
+<p>
+To speak of “compensation for authors” in connection with
+copyright carries the assumptions that (1) copyright exists for the
+sake of authors and (2) whenever we read something, we take on a debt
+to the author which we must then repay. The first assumption is
+simply
+<a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">false</a>, and
+the second is outrageous.
+</p>
+<p>
+“Compensating the rights-holders” adds a further swindle:
+you're supposed to imagine that means paying the authors, and
+occasionally it does, but most of the time it means a subsidy for the
+same publishing companies that are pushing unjust laws on us.
+</p>
+
+<h4 id="Consume">“Consume”</h4>
+<p>
+“Consume” refers to what we do with food: we ingest it, and use it
in
+a way that uses it up. By analogy, we employ the same word to describe
+using other things in a way that uses them up. However, it is
+erroneous to speak of “consuming” digital information, music,
+software, etc., since using them does not consume them. See also the
+following entry.</p>
+
+<h4 id="Consumer">“Consumer”</h4>
+<p>
+The term “consumer,” when used to refer to the users of computing,
+is loaded with assumptions we should reject. Playing a digital
+recording, or running a program, does not consume it.</p>
+<p>
+The terms “producer” and “consumer” come from
+economic theory, and bring with them its narrow perspective and
+misguided assumptions. These tend to warp your thinking.</p>
+<p>
+In addition, describing the users of software as “consumers”
+presumes a narrow role for them: it regards them as sheep that
+passively graze on what others make available to them.</p>
+<p>
+This kind of thinking leads to travesties such as the CBDTPA
+(“Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act”)
+which proposed to require copying restriction facilities in every digital
+device. If all the users do is “consume,” then why should
+they mind?</p>
+<p>
+The shallow economic conception of users as “consumers” tends
+to go hand in hand with the idea that published works are mere
+<a href="#Content">“content.”</a></p>
+<p>
+To describe people who are not limited to passive use of works, we
+suggest terms such as “individuals” and
+“citizens”.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Content">“Content”</h4>
+<p>
+If you want to describe a feeling of comfort and satisfaction, by all
+means say you are “content,” but using the word as a
+noun to describe written and other works of authorship adopts an
+attitude you might rather avoid. It regards these works as a
+commodity whose purpose is to fill a box and make money. In effect,
+it disparages the works themselves.</p>
+<p>
+Those who use this term are often the publishers that push for
+increased copyright power in the name of the authors
+(“creators,” as they say) of the works. The term
+“content” reveals their real attitude towards these works and
their authors.
+(See <a
href="http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/06/14/love/print.html";>Courtney
+Love's open letter to Steve Case</a> and search for “content
+provider” in that page. Alas, Ms. Love is unaware that the term
+“intellectual property” is also <a href="#IntellectualProperty">
+biased and confusing</a>.)</p>
+<p>
+However, as long as other people use the term “content
+provider”, political dissidents can well call themselves
+“malcontent providers”.</p>
+<p>
+The term “content management” takes the prize for vacuity.
+“Content” means “some sort of information,”
+and “management” in this context means “doing
+something with it.” So a “content management
+system” is a system for doing something to some sort of
+information. Nearly all programs fit that description.</p>
+
+<p>
+In most cases, that term really refers to a system for updating pages
+on a web site. For that, we recommend the term “web site revision
+system” (WRS).</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Creator">“Creator”</h4>
+<p>
+The term “creator” as applied to authors implicitly
+compares them to a deity (“the creator”). The term is
+used by publishers to elevate authors' moral standing above that of
+ordinary people in order to justify giving them increased copyright
+power, which the publishers can then exercise in their name. We
+recommend saying “author” instead. However, in many cases
+“copyright holder” is what you really mean. These two
+terms are not equivalent: often the copyright holder is not the
+author.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="DigitalGoods">“Digital Goods”</h4>
+<p>
+The term “digital goods,” as applied to copies of works of
+authorship, identifies them with physical goods—which cannot be
+copied, and which therefore have to be manufactured in quantity and
+sold. This metaphor encourages people to judge issues about software
+or other digital works based on their views and intuitions about
+physical goods. It also frames issues in terms of economics, whose
+shallow and limited values don't include freedom and community.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="DigitalLocks">“Digital Locks”</h4>
+<p>
+“Digital locks” is used to refer to Digital Restrictions
+Management by some who criticize it. The problem with this term is
+that it fails to show what's wrong with the practice.</p>
+<p>
+Locks are not necessarily an injustice. You probably own several
+locks, and their keys or codes as well; you may find them useful or
+troublesome, but either way they don't oppress you, because you can
+open and close them.</p>
+<p>
+DRM is like a lock placed on you by someone else, who refuses to
+give you the key—in other words, like handcuffs. Therefore,
+we call them “digital handcuffs”, not “digital
+locks”.</p>
+<p>
+A number of opposition campaigns have chosen the unwise term
+“digital locks”; to get things back on the right track, we
+must firmly decline to follow them in using that term. We can support
+a campaign that opposes “digital locks” if we agree on the
+substance; however, when we state our support, we conspicuously
+replace the term with “digital handcuffs” and say why.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="DigitalRightsManagement">“Digital Rights Management”</h4>
+<p>
+“Digital Rights Management” refers to technical schemes
+designed to impose restrictions on computer users. The use of the
+word “rights” in this term is propaganda, designed to lead
+you unawares into seeing the issue from the viewpoint of the few that
+impose the restrictions, and ignoring that of the general public on
+whom these restrictions are imposed.</p>
+<p>
+Good alternatives include “Digital Restrictions
+Management,” and “digital handcuffs.”</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Ecosystem">“Ecosystem”</h4>
+<p>
+It is inadvisable to describe the free software community, or any human
+community, as an “ecosystem,” because that word implies
+the absence of ethical judgment.</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “ecosystem” implicitly suggests an attitude of
+nonjudgmental observation: don't ask how what <em>should</em> happen,
+just study and understand what <em>does</em> happen. In an ecosystem,
+some organisms consume other organisms. In ecology, we do not ask
+whether it is right for an owl to eat a mouse or for a mouse to eat a
+seed, we only observe that they do so. Species' populations grow or
+shrink according to the conditions; this is neither right nor wrong,
+merely an ecological phenomenon, even if it goes so far as the
+extinction of a species.</p>
+
+<p>
+By contrast, beings that adopt an ethical stance towards their
+surroundings can decide to preserve things that, without their
+intervention, might vanish—such as civil society, democracy,
+human rights, peace, public health, a stable climate, clean air and
+water, endangered species, traditional arts…and computer users'
+freedom.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="ForFree">“For free”</h4>
+<p>
+If you want to say that a program is free software, please don't say
+that it is available “for free.” That term specifically
+means “for zero price.” Free software is a matter of
+freedom, not price.</p>
+<p>
+Free software copies are often available for free—for example,
+by downloading via FTP. But free software copies are also available
+for a price on CD-ROMs; meanwhile, proprietary software copies are
+occasionally available for free in promotions, and some proprietary
+packages are normally available at no charge to certain users.</p>
+<p>
+To avoid confusion, you can say that the program is available
+“as free software.”</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="FreelyAvailable">“Freely available”</h4>
+<p>
+Don't use “freely available software” as a synonym for “free
+software.” The terms are not equivalent. Software is “freely
+available” if anyone can easily get a copy. “Free
+software” is defined in terms of the freedom of users that have
+a copy of it. These are answers to different questions.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Freeware">“Freeware”</h4>
+<p>
+Please don't use the term “freeware” as a synonym for
+“free software.” The term “freeware” was used
+often in the 1980s for programs released only as executables, with
+source code not available. Today it has no particular agreed-on
+definition.</p>
+<p>
+When using languages other than English, please avoid
+borrowing English terms such as “free software” or
+“freeware.” It is better to translate the term “free
+software” into
+<a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">your language</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+By using a word in <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">your
+own language</a>, you show that you are really referring to freedom
+and not just parroting some mysterious foreign marketing concept.
+The reference to freedom may at first seem strange or disturbing
+to your compatriots, but once they see that it means exactly what
+it says, they will really understand what the issue is.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="GiveAwaySoftware">“Give away software”</h4>
+<p>
+It's misleading to use the term “give away” to mean
+“distribute a program as free software.”
+This locution has the same
+problem as “for free”: it implies the issue is price, not
+freedom. One way to avoid the confusion is to say “release as
+free software.”</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Hacker">“Hacker”</h4>
+<p>
+A hacker is someone
+who <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";> enjoys
+playful cleverness</a>—not necessarily with computers. The
+programmers in the old
+<abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> free
+software community of the 60s and 70s referred to themselves as
+hackers. Around 1980, journalists who discovered the hacker community
+mistakenly took the term to mean “security breaker.”</p>
+
+<p>
+Please don't spread this mistake.
+People who break security are “crackers.”</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="IntellectualProperty">“Intellectual property”</h4>
+<p>
+Publishers and lawyers like to describe copyright as
+“intellectual property”—a term also applied to
+patents, trademarks, and other more obscure areas of law. These laws
+have so little in common, and differ so much, that it is ill-advised
+to generalize about them. It is best to talk specifically about
+“copyright,” or about “patents,” or about
+“trademarks.”</p>
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” carries a hidden
+assumption—that the way to think about all these disparate
+issues is based on an analogy with physical objects,
+and our conception of them as physical property.</p>
+<p>
+When it comes to copying, this analogy disregards the crucial
+difference between material objects and information: information can
+be copied and shared almost effortlessly, while material objects can't
+be.</p>
+<p>
+To avoid spreading unnecessary bias and confusion, it is best to adopt
+a firm policy <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"> not to speak or even
+think in terms of “intellectual property”</a>.</p>
+<p>
+The hypocrisy of calling these powers “rights” is
+<a href="/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html">
+starting to make the World “Intellectual Property”
+Organization embarrassed</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="LAMP">“LAMP system”</h4>
+<p>
+“LAMP” stands for “Linux, Apache, MySQL and
+PHP”—a common combination of software to use on a web
+server, except that “Linux” in this context really refers
+to the GNU/Linux system. So instead of “LAMP” it should
+be “GLAMP”: “GNU, Linux, Apache, MySQL and
+PHP.”
+</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Linux">“Linux system”</h4>
+<p>
+Linux is the name of the kernel that Linus Torvalds developed starting
+in 1991. The operating system in which Linux is used is basically GNU
+with Linux added. To call the whole system “Linux” is
+both unfair and confusing. Please call the complete
+system <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html"> GNU/Linux</a>, both to give
+the GNU Project credit and to distinguish the whole system from the
+kernel alone.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Market">“Market”</h4>
+<p>
+It is misleading to describe the users of free software, or the
+software users in general, as a “market.”</p>
+<p>
+This is not to say there is no room for markets in the free software community.
+If you have a free software
+support business, then you have clients, and you trade with them in a
+market. As long as you respect their freedom, we wish you success in
+your market.</p>
+<p>
+But the free software movement is a social movement, not a business,
+and the success it aims for is not a market success. We are trying to
+serve the public by giving it freedom—not competing to draw business
+away from a rival. To equate this campaign for freedom to a business'
+efforts for mere success is to deny the importance of freedom
+and legitimize proprietary software.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Monetize">“Monetize”</h4>
+<p>
+The natural meaning of “monetize” is “convert into
+money”. If you make something and then convert it into money,
+that means there is nothing left except money, so nobody but you has
+gained anything, and you contribute nothing to the world.</p>
+<p>
+By contrast, a productive and ethical business does not convert all of
+its product into money. Part of it is a contribution to the rest of
+the world.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="MP3Player">“MP3 Player”</h4>
+<p>
+In the late 1990s it became feasible to make portable, solid-state
+digital audio players. Most support the patented MP3 codec, but not
+all. Some support the patent-free audio codecs Ogg Vorbis and FLAC,
+and may not even support MP3-encoded files at all, precisely to avoid
+these patents. To call such players “MP3 players” is not
+only confusing, it also puts MP3 in an undeserved position of
+privilege which encourages people to continue using that vulnerable format.
+We suggest the terms “digital audio player,”
+or simply “audio player” if context permits.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Open">“Open”</h4>
+<p>
+Please avoid using the term “open” or “open
+source” as a substitute for “free software”. Those terms
+refer to a <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+different position</a> based on different values. Free software is
+a political movement; open source is a development model.
+
+When referring to the open source position, using its name is
+appropriate; but please do not use it to label us or our work—that
+leads people to think we share those views.</p>
+
+<h4 id="PC">“PC”</h4>
+<p>
+It's OK to use the abbreviation “PC” to refer to a certain
+kind of computer hardware, but please don't use it with the
+implication that the computer is running Microsoft Windows. If you
+install GNU/Linux on the same computer, it is still a PC.</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “WC” has been suggested for a computer running
+Windows.</p>
+
+<h4 id="Photoshop">“Photoshop”</h4>
+<p>
+Please avoid using the term “photoshop” as a verb, meaning
+any kind of photo manipulation or image editing in general. Photoshop
+is just the name of one particular image editing program, which should
+be avoided since it is proprietary. There are plenty of free programs
+for editing images, such as the <a href="/software/gimp">GIMP</a>.</p>
+
+<h4 id="Piracy">“Piracy”</h4>
+<p>
+Publishers often refer to copying they don't approve of as
+“piracy.” In this way, they imply that it is ethically
+equivalent to attacking ships on the high seas, kidnapping and
+murdering the people on them. Based on such propaganda, they have
+procured laws in most of the world to forbid copying in most (or
+sometimes all) circumstances. (They are still pressuring to make
+these prohibitions more complete.)
+</p>
+<p>
+If you don't believe that copying not approved by the publisher is
+just like kidnapping and murder, you might prefer not to use the word
+“piracy” to describe it. Neutral terms such as
+“unauthorized copying” (or “prohibited
+copying” for the situation where it is illegal) are available
+for use instead. Some of us might even prefer to use a positive term
+such as “sharing information with your neighbor.”</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="PowerPoint">“PowerPoint”</h4>
+<p>
+Please avoid using the term “PowerPoint” to mean any kind
+of slide presentation. “PowerPoint” is just the name of
+one particular proprietary program to make presentations, and there
+are plenty of free program for presentations, such as TeX's <tt>beamer</tt>
+class and OpenOffice.org's Impress.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Protection">“Protection”</h4>
+<p>
+Publishers' lawyers love to use the term “protection” to
+describe copyright. This word carries the implication of preventing
+destruction or suffering; therefore, it encourages people to identify
+with the owner and publisher who benefit from copyright, rather than
+with the users who are restricted by it.</p>
+<p>
+It is easy to avoid “protection” and use neutral terms
+instead. For example, instead of saying, “Copyright protection lasts a
+very long time,” you can say, “Copyright lasts a very long
+time.”</p>
+<p>
+Likewise, instead of saying, “protected by copyright,” you
+can say, “covered by copyright” or just
+“copyrighted.”</p>
+<p>
+If you want to criticize copyright rather than be neutral, you can
+use the term “copyright restrictions.” Thus, you can say,
+“Copyright restrictions last a very long time.”</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “protection” is also used to describe malicious
+features. For instance, “copy protection” is a feature
+that interferes with copying. From the user's point of view, this is
+obstruction. So we could call that malicious feature “copy
+obstruction.” More often it is called Digital Restrictions
+Management (DRM)—see the
+<a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";> Defective by Design</a>
+campaign.</p>
+
+<h4 id="RAND">“RAND (Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory)”</h4>
+<p>
+Standards bodies that promulgate patent-restricted standards that
+prohibit free software typically have a policy of obtaining patent
+licenses that require a fixed fee per copy of a conforming program.
+They often refer to such licenses by the term “RAND,”
+which stands for “reasonable and non-discriminatory.”</p>
+<p>
+That term whitewashes a class of patent licenses that are normally
+neither reasonable nor nondiscriminatory. It is true that these
+licenses do not discriminate against any specific person, but they do
+discriminate against the free software community, and that makes them
+unreasonable. Thus, half of the term “RAND” is deceptive
+and the other half is prejudiced.</p>
+<p>
+Standards bodies should recognize that these licenses are
+discriminatory, and drop the use of the term “reasonable and
+non-discriminatory” or “RAND” to describe them.
+Until they do so, writers who do not wish to join in the
+whitewashing would do well to reject that term. To accept and use it
+merely because patent-wielding companies have made it widespread is to
+let those companies dictate the views you express.</p>
+<p>
+We suggest the term “uniform fee only,” or
+“UFO” for short, as a replacement. It is accurate because
+the only condition in these licenses is a uniform royalty fee.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="SellSoftware">“Sell software”</h4>
+<p>
+The term “sell software” is ambiguous. Strictly speaking,
+exchanging a copy of a free program for a sum of money is
+selling; but people usually associate the term
+“sell” with proprietary restrictions on the subsequent use
+of the software. You can be more precise, and prevent confusion, by
+saying either “distributing copies of a program for a fee”
+or “imposing proprietary restrictions on the use of a
+program,” depending on what you mean.</p>
+<p>
+See <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free Software</a> for
+further discussion of this issue.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="SoftwareIndustry">“Software Industry”</h4>
+<p>
+The term “software industry” encourages people to imagine
+that software is always developed by a sort of factory and then
+delivered to “consumers.” The free software community
+shows this is not the case. Software businesses exist, and various
+businesses develop free and/or nonfree software, but those that
+develop free software are not run like factories.</p>
+<p>
+The term “industry” is being used as propaganda by
+advocates of software patents. They call software development
+“industry” and then try to argue that this means it should
+be subject to patent
+monopolies. <a href="http://swpat.ffii.org/papers/europarl0309/";> The
+European Parliament, rejecting software patents in 2003, voted to
+define “industry” as “automated production of
+material goods.”</a></p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Theft">“Theft”</h4>
+<p>
+Copyright apologists often use words like “stolen” and
+“theft” to refer to copyright infringement. This is spin,
+but they would like you to take it for objective truth.</p>
+<p>
+Under the US legal system, copyright infringement is not theft. Laws
+about theft are not applicable to copyright infringement. The
+copyright apologists are making an appeal to authority—and
+misrepresenting what authority says.</p>
+<p>
+Unauthorized copying is forbidden by copyright law in many
+circumstances (not all!), but being forbidden doesn't make it wrong.
+In general, laws don't define right and wrong. Laws, at their best,
+attempt to implement justice. If the laws (the implementation) don't
+fit our ideas of right and wrong (the spec), the laws are what should
+change.</p>
+
+<h4 id="TrustedComputing">“Trusted Computing”</h4>
+<p>
+<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“Trusted computing”</a> is
+the proponents' name for a scheme to redesign computers so that
+application developers can trust your computer to obey them instead of
+you. From their point of view, it is “trusted”; from your
+point of view, it is “treacherous.”
+</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Vendor">“Vendor”</h4>
+<p>
+Please don't use the term “vendor” to refer generally to
+anyone that develops or packages software. Many programs
+are developed in order to sell copies, and their developers are
+therefore their vendors; this even includes some free software packages.
+However, many programs are developed by volunteers or organizations
+which do not intend to sell copies. These developers are not vendors.
+Likewise, only some of the packagers of GNU/Linux distributions are
+vendors. We recommend the general term “supplier” instead.
+</p>
+
+<div class="announcement">
+Also note <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories
+of Free and Nonfree Software</a>.</div>
+
+<hr />
+<h4>This essay is published
+in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</h4>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007,
+2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/11/22 04:27:24 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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