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www distros/free-distros.fr.html distros/free-s...

From: GNUN
Subject: www distros/free-distros.fr.html distros/free-s...
Date: Sun, 04 Nov 2012 17:29:06 +0000 
CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     GNUN <gnun>     12/11/04 17:29:06

Modified files:
        distros        : free-distros.fr.html 
                         free-system-distribution-guidelines.fr.html 
        distros/po     : free-distros.fr-en.html 
                         free-system-distribution-guidelines.fr-en.html 
        education      : edu-contents.fr.html edu-faq.fr.html 
                         edu-resources.fr.html edu-schools.fr.html 
        education/po   : edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko.po 
                         edu-cases-india-irimpanam.translist 
                         edu-contents.fr-en.html edu-faq.fr-en.html 
                         edu-resources.fr-en.html edu-schools.fr-en.html 
                         education.ko.po education.translist 
        encyclopedia   : free-encyclopedia.fr.html 
        encyclopedia/po: free-encyclopedia.fr-en.html 
        gnu            : byte-interview.fr.html gnu-linux-faq.ca.html 
                         gnu-linux-faq.nl.html linux-and-gnu.ca.html 
                         linux-and-gnu.cs.html linux-and-gnu.nl.html 
        gnu/po         : byte-interview.fr-en.html 
        licenses       : licenses.fr.html 
        licenses/po    : licenses.fr-en.html 
        philosophy     : copyright-versus-community.fr.html 
                         pirate-party.fr.html third-party-ideas.fr.html 
                         w3c-patent.fr.html 
                         who-does-that-server-really-serve.fr.html 
        philosophy/po  : copyright-versus-community.fr-en.html 
                         pirate-party.fr-en.html 
                         third-party-ideas.fr-en.html 
                         w3c-patent.fr-en.html 
                         who-does-that-server-really-serve.fr-en.html 
        server/standards: README.translations.fr.html 
        server/standards/po: README.translations.fr-en.html 
Added files:
        education      : edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko.html 
                         education.ko.html 
        education/po   : edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko-en.html 
                         education.ko-en.html 
        gnu/po         : gnu-linux-faq.ca-diff.html 
                         gnu-linux-faq.nl-diff.html 
                         linux-and-gnu.ca-diff.html 
                         linux-and-gnu.cs-diff.html 
                         linux-and-gnu.nl-diff.html 

Log message:
        Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/free-distros.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.36&r2=1.37
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/free-distros.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.23&r2=1.24
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.20&r2=1.21
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-contents.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-faq.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.16&r2=1.17
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-resources.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-schools.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.18&r2=1.19
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/education.ko.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-contents.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-faq.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.16&r2=1.17
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-resources.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-schools.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/education.ko.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/education.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/education.ko-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/encyclopedia/po/free-encyclopedia.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/byte-interview.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.37&r2=1.38
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.25&r2=1.26
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.cs.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/byte-interview.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.16&r2=1.17
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ca-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ca-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.cs-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/licenses.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.83&r2=1.84
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/po/licenses.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/pirate-party.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.27&r2=1.28
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/third-party-ideas.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/w3c-patent.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.34&r2=1.35
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.16&r2=1.17
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/pirate-party.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.16&r2=1.17
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/third-party-ideas.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.23&r2=1.24
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/w3c-patent.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.16&r2=1.17
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.16&r2=1.17
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.58&r2=1.59
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/standards/po/README.translations.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.24&r2=1.25

Patches:
Index: distros/free-distros.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/free-distros.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.40
retrieving revision 1.41
diff -u -b -r1.40 -r1.41
--- distros/free-distros.fr.html        9 Oct 2012 00:27:45 -0000       1.40
+++ distros/free-distros.fr.html        4 Nov 2012 17:29:00 -0000       1.41
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@
 trouve.</span></em></p>
 
 <p>Vous trouverez ci-dessous les distributions <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> dont nous savons qu'elles
-suivent les <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> complètes, prêtes à l'emploi,
+dont nous savons qu'elles suivent les <a
 href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">recommandations
 pour les distributions libres</a>. Elles ont comme politique ferme d'inclure
 ou de proposer uniquement des logiciels libres. Elles rejettent les
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
    <td>BLAG Linux and GNU, une distribution GNU/Linux libre basée sur 
Fedora.</td></tr>
 
  <tr class="even">
-   <td><a href="http://www.dragora.org/";>
+   <td><a href="http://www.dragora.org/en/index.html";>
        <img src="/graphics/distros-dragora.png" alt="Dragora" /></a></td>
    <td>Dragora, une distribution GNU/Linux indépendante basée sur des 
concepts de
 simplicité.</td></tr>
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
 les petites entreprises, les particuliers et les centres éducatifs.</td></tr>
 
  <tr class="even">
-   <td><a href="http://www.ututo.org/";>
+   <td><a href="http://proyecto.ututo.net/cmsd/";>
        <img src="/graphics/distros-ututo.png" alt="Ututo" /></a></td>
    <td>Ututo XS, une distribution GNU/Linux basée sur Gentoo. Ce fut le 
premier
 système GNU/Linux totalement libre reconnu par le projet GNU.</td></tr>
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@
  <p><!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour :
 
-$Date: 2012/10/09 00:27:45 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:00 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.36
retrieving revision 1.37
diff -u -b -r1.36 -r1.37
--- distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.fr.html 27 Sep 2012 16:52:20 
-0000      1.36
+++ distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.fr.html 4 Nov 2012 17:29:00 
-0000       1.37
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@
 <h3 id="introduction">Introduction</h3>
 
 <p>Le propos de ces recommandations est d'expliquer ce que cela signifie pour
-une distribution système (telle qu'une distribution GNU/Linux) d'être
-qualifiée de libre, et d'aider les développeurs de distributions à rendre
-les leurs libres.</p>
+une distribution système installable (telle qu'une distribution GNU/Linux)
+d'être qualifiée de libre, et d'aider les développeurs de distributions à
+rendre les leurs libres.</p>
 
 <p>Ces recommandations ne sont pas exhaustives. Nous avons mentionné les
 problèmes dont nous sommes conscients actuellement, mais nous sommes sûrs
@@ -37,6 +37,15 @@
 point ces règles, et nous avoir autorisés à utiliser leurs propres
 recommandations de licences de distribution comme base pour ce document.</p>
 
+<h3 id="complete-distros">Distributions complètes</h3>
+
+<p>Notre liste de distributions est un guide indiquant quoi installer dans un
+ordinateur. Par conséquent, elle ne comprend que des distributions qui se
+suffisent à elles-mêmes et qui sont prêtes à l'emploi. Si une distribution
+est incomplète – si elle nécessite un supplément de travail ou suppose
+l'ajout d'autres logiciels – elle n'a pas sa place dans cette liste, même 
si
+c'est du logiciel libre.</p>
+
 <h3 id="license-rules">Règles pour les licences</h3>
 
 <p>Les « informations de mise en œuvre » incluent les logiciels, la
@@ -319,7 +328,7 @@
  <p><!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour :
 
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:52:20 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:00 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: distros/po/free-distros.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/free-distros.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.23
retrieving revision 1.24
diff -u -b -r1.23 -r1.24
--- distros/po/free-distros.fr-en.html  9 Oct 2012 00:27:46 -0000       1.23
+++ distros/po/free-distros.fr-en.html  4 Nov 2012 17:29:00 -0000       1.24
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@
 <p><em><span class="highlight">The FSF is not responsible for other
 web sites, or how up-to-date their information is.</span></em></p>
 
-<p>Below are the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>
+<p>Below are the complete,
+ready-to-use <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>
 distributions we know follow
 the <a href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">Guidelines
 for Free System Distributions</a>.  They have a firm policy commitment
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@
    <td>BLAG Linux and GNU, a GNU/Linux distribution based on Fedora.</td></tr>
 
  <tr class="even">
-   <td><a href="http://www.dragora.org/";>
+   <td><a href="http://www.dragora.org/en/index.html";>
        <img src="/graphics/distros-dragora.png" alt="Dragora" /></a></td>
    <td>Dragora, an independent GNU/Linux distribution based on concepts of
        simplicity.</td></tr>
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@
  toward small enterprises, domestic users and educational centers.</td></tr>
 
  <tr class="even">
-   <td><a href="http://www.ututo.org/";>
+   <td><a href="http://proyecto.ututo.net/cmsd/";>
        <img src="/graphics/distros-ututo.png" alt="Ututo" /></a></td>
    <td>Ututo XS, a GNU/Linux distribution based on Gentoo.  It was the first
        fully free GNU/Linux system recognized by the GNU Project.</td></tr>
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@
 
 <p>Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/10/09 00:27:46 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:00 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: 
/web/www/www/distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.20
retrieving revision 1.21
diff -u -b -r1.20 -r1.21
--- distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.fr-en.html   27 Sep 2012 
16:52:22 -0000      1.20
+++ distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.fr-en.html   4 Nov 2012 
17:29:00 -0000       1.21
@@ -20,9 +20,10 @@
 
 <h3 id="introduction">Introduction</h3>
 
-<p>The purpose of these guidelines is to explain what it means for a
-system distribution (such as a GNU/Linux distribution) to qualify as free,
-and help distribution developers make their distributions qualify.</p>
+<p>The purpose of these guidelines is to explain what it means for an
+installable system distribution (such as a GNU/Linux distribution) to
+qualify as free, and help distribution developers make their
+distributions qualify.</p>
 
 <p>These guidelines are not complete.  We have mentioned the issues we
 are aware of now, but we're sure there are more.  We will add them
@@ -32,6 +33,15 @@
 these policies, and allowing us to use their own distribution license
 guidelines as a basis for this document.</p>
 
+<h3 id="complete-distros">Complete Distros</h3>
+
+<p>Our list of distributions is a guide for what to install in a
+computer.  Therefore, it only includes distributions that are complete
+in themselves and ready to use.  If a distribution is incomplete
+&mdash; if using it requires further work or presupposes installing
+other software as well &mdash; then it doesn't belong in this list,
+even if it is free software.</p>
+
 <h3 id="license-rules">License Rules</h3>
 
 <p>&ldquo;Information for practical use&rdquo;
@@ -281,7 +291,7 @@
 
 <p>Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:52:22 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:00 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: education/edu-contents.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/edu-contents.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- education/edu-contents.fr.html      27 Sep 2012 16:52:26 -0000      1.8
+++ education/edu-contents.fr.html      4 Nov 2012 17:29:01 -0000       1.9
@@ -89,12 +89,11 @@
 <p>Articles</p>
                        
 <ul>
-  <li><a href="/education/edu-why.html">Pourquoi les établissements 
d'enseignement
-devraient utiliser le logiciel libre et l'enseigner, à l'exclusion de tout
-autre</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-why.html">Pourquoi l'éducation doit se servir de
+logiciel libre et l'enseigner, à l'exclusion de tout autre</a></li>
   
-  <li><a href="/education/edu-schools.html">Pourquoi les écoles devraient 
utiliser
-exclusivement des logiciels libres</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-schools.html">Pourquoi les écoles doivent 
utiliser
+exclusivement du logiciel libre</a></li>
 
   <li><a href="/education/edu-system-india.html">The Education System in 
India</a>
 (Le système éducatif en Inde)</li>
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@
  <p><!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour :
 
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:52:26 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:01 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: education/edu-faq.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/edu-faq.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- education/edu-faq.fr.html   27 Sep 2012 16:52:27 -0000      1.16
+++ education/edu-faq.fr.html   4 Nov 2012 17:29:01 -0000       1.17
@@ -62,11 +62,11 @@
 utilisent. Vous devez leur parler en termes de logiciel libre<a
 id="TransNote2-rev" href="#TransNote2"><sup>2</sup></a>, et non d'open
 source, afin de pouvoir leur expliquer les raisons philosophiques et
-éthiques pour lesquelles les établissements d'enseignement devraient rejeter
-les logiciels privateurs.</p>
-                               <p>Regardez <a 
href="/education/edu-why.html">les raisons</a> pour lesquelles
-les établissements d'enseignement devraient utiliser et enseigner
-exclusivement le logiciel libre.</p>
+éthiques pour lesquelles il faut que l'éducation rejette les logiciels
+privateurs.</p>
+                               <p>Renseignez-vous sur <a 
href="/education/edu-why.html">les raisons</a> pour
+lesquelles l'éducation doit se servir de logiciel libre et l'enseigner, à
+l'exclusion de tout autre.</p>
                        </dd>
                        
                        <dt>J'aimerais voir toutes les écoles migrer vers le 
logiciel libre, mais je
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
                        
                        <dd>
     <p>Si vous êtes littéralement forcé d'enseigner des logiciels non 
libres, vous
-devriez dire aux étudiants que vous considérez ces logiciels comme non
+devez dire aux étudiants que vous considérez ces logiciels comme non
 éthiques, que vous faites cela juste parce que vous êtes obligé de le faire,
 et que vous en ferez le minimum afin de pouvoir passer à des logiciels
 respectant la liberté.</p>                            
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
  <p><!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour :
 
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:52:27 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:01 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: education/edu-resources.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/edu-resources.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- education/edu-resources.fr.html     27 Sep 2012 16:52:27 -0000      1.9
+++ education/edu-resources.fr.html     4 Nov 2012 17:29:01 -0000       1.10
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@
 liberté, pas de prix.<a id="TransNote1-rev"
 href="#TransNote1"><sup>1</sup></a> Il s'agit d'apporter les principes du
 logiciel libre à la connaissance générale et aux documents servant à
-l'enseignement. La connaissance devrait être à la disposition de tous et
-utilisable par tous sans restriction, et ne devrait pas être traitée comme
-une propriété. Ce n'est pas un bien de consommation qui se dégrade avec le
+l'enseignement. La connaissance doit être à la disposition de tous et
+utilisable par tous sans restriction. Elle ne doit pas être traitée comme
+une propriété ; ce n'est pas un bien de consommation qui se dégrade avec le
 temps ou s'use quand on s'en sert, comme une paire de chaussures. La
 connaissance est une ressource naturellement abondante qui s'améliore à
 l'usage : plus elle est utilisée et plus elle circule, plus elle s'accroît
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@
  <p><!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour :
 
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:52:27 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:01 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: education/edu-schools.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/edu-schools.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.18
retrieving revision 1.19
diff -u -b -r1.18 -r1.19
--- education/edu-schools.fr.html       27 Sep 2012 16:52:27 -0000      1.18
+++ education/edu-schools.fr.html       4 Nov 2012 17:29:01 -0000       1.19
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
 <!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
  <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-schools.en.html" -->
 
-<title>Pourquoi les écoles devraient utiliser exclusivement des logiciels 
libres -
+<title>Pourquoi les écoles doivent utiliser exclusivement du logiciel libre -
 Projet GNU - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-schools.translist" -->
 <div id="education-content">
-<h2>Pourquoi les écoles devraient utiliser exclusivement des logiciels 
libres</h2>
+<h2>Pourquoi les écoles doivent utiliser exclusivement du logiciel libre</h2>
 
 <!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
 <ul id="edu-navigation">
@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@
 <p class="edu-breadcrumb">
 <a href="/education/education.html">Éducation</a> &rarr; <a
 href="/education/education.html#indepth">Pour aller plus loin</a> &rarr;
-Pourquoi les écoles devraient utiliser exclusivement des logiciels libres</p>
+Pourquoi les écoles doivent utiliser exclusivement du logiciel libre</p>
 
 <p>par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
 
 <p>Il existe des raisons très générales pour lesquelles tout utilisateur
-d'ordinateur devrait exiger des logiciels libres : ils lui donnent la
+d'ordinateur doit exiger des logiciels libres : ils lui donnent la
 possibilité de contrôler son propre ordinateur. Avec les logiciels
 privateurs en effet,<a id="TransNote1-rev"
 href="#TransNote1"><sup>a</sup></a> l'ordinateur obéit au propriétaire du
@@ -64,13 +64,13 @@
 
 <p>Les écoles ont une mission sociale, celle de former les élèves à être 
les
 citoyens d'une société forte, capable, indépendante, solidaire et
-libre. Elles devraient promouvoir l'utilisation de logiciels libres tout
-comme elles promeuvent le recyclage. Si les écoles forment les élèves (et
-les étudiants) à l'utilisation de logiciels libres, ils continueront à s'en
-servir après la fin de leurs études. Cela pourra aider la société toute
-entière à échapper à la domination (et au racket) des multinationales.</p>
+libre. Elles doivent promouvoir l'utilisation de logiciel libre tout comme
+elles promeuvent le recyclage. Si les écoles forment les élèves et les
+étudiants à l'utilisation de logiciel libre, ils continueront à s'en servir
+après la fin de leurs études. Cela pourra aider la société toute entière 
à
+échapper à la domination (et au racket) des multinationales.</p>
 
-<p>Ce que les écoles devraient refuser de faire, c'est d'enseigner la
+<p>Ce que les écoles doivent refuser de faire, c'est d'enseigner la
 dépendance. Ces entreprises offrent des exemplaires gratuits de leurs
 logiciels aux écoles pour la même raison que les fabricants de cigarettes
 distribuent des échantillons gratuits aux mineurs : pour rendre les enfants
@@ -78,47 +78,45 @@
 ces élèves et étudiants une fois qu'ils auront grandi et fini leurs
 études.<a id="TransNote2-rev" href="#TransNote2"><sup>b</sup></a></p>
 
-<p>Les logiciels libres permettent aux élèves et aux étudiants d'apprendre
-comment les logiciels fonctionnent. À l'adolescence, certains d'entre eux
-veulent tout apprendre au sujet de leur ordinateur et de ses logiciels. Ils
-sont extrêmement curieux de lire le code source des programmes qu'ils
-utilisent tous les jours. Pour bien apprendre à écrire des logiciels, les
-élèves et les étudiants ont besoin de lire beaucoup de code source et
-d'écrire beaucoup de code. Ils ont besoin de lire et de comprendre de vrais
-programmes que les gens utilisent réellement. Seuls les logiciels libres le
-permettent.</p>
+<p>Le logiciel libre permet aux élèves et aux étudiants d'apprendre comment 
les
+programmes fonctionnent. À l'adolescence, certains d'entre eux veulent tout
+apprendre au sujet de leur ordinateur et de ses logiciels. Ils sont
+extrêmement curieux de lire le code source des programmes qu'ils utilisent
+tous les jours. Pour apprendre à écrire du bon code, ils ont besoin de lire
+beaucoup de code et d'en écrire beaucoup. Ils ont besoin de lire et de
+comprendre de vrais programmes que les gens utilisent réellement. Seul le
+logiciel libre leur en donne la permission.</p>
 
 <p>Le logiciel privateur rejette cette soif de connaissance ; il dit : « Le
 savoir que tu recherches est un secret – apprendre est interdit ! » Le
 logiciel libre encourage tout le monde à apprendre. La communauté du
 logiciel libre rejette ce « culte de la technologie » qui maintient le 
grand
-public dans l'ignorance du fonctionnement de la technologie ; nous
-encourageons les élèves et les étudiants de tous âges et de toutes origines
-à lire du code source et à apprendre autant qu'ils veulent savoir. Les
-écoles qui utilisent les logiciels libres encouragent cela et permettent aux
-apprentis programmeurs doués de progresser.</p>
+public dans l'ignorance de son fonctionnement ; nous encourageons les élèves
+et les étudiants de tous âges et de toutes origines à lire du code source et
+à apprendre autant qu'ils veulent savoir. Les écoles qui utilisent du
+logiciel libre encouragent cela et permettent aux apprentis programmeurs
+doués de progresser.</p>
 
-<p>La raison la plus profonde d'utiliser des logiciels libres dans les écoles
-concerne l'éducation morale. Nous attendons de l'École qu'elle enseigne aux
+<p>La raison la plus profonde d'utiliser du logiciel libre dans les écoles
+concerne l'éducation morale. Nous attendons de l'école qu'elle enseigne aux
 élèves et étudiants des connaissances de base et des compétences utiles,
-mais ce n'est pas son unique mission. La mission la plus fondamentale de
-l'École est d'enseigner aux gens à être de bons citoyens, ce qui inclut
-l'habitude d'aider les autres. Dans le domaine de l'informatique, cela
-signifie enseigner à partager les logiciels. Les écoles, dès la maternelle,
-devraient dire à leurs élèves : « Si tu apportes un logiciel à 
l'école, tu
-devras le partager avec les autres enfants. Et tu dois montrer le code
-source à la classe, au cas où quelqu'un voudrait apprendre. » </p>
+mais ce n'est pas son unique mission. Sa mission la plus fondamentale est
+d'enseigner la bonne citoyenneté, ce qui inclut l'habitude d'aider les
+autres. Dans le domaine de l'informatique, cela signifie apprendre aux
+élèves à partager les logiciels. Il faut qu'on leur dise dès la 
maternelle :
+« Si tu apportes un logiciel à l'école, tu devras le partager avec les
+autres enfants. Et tu dois montrer le code source à la classe, au cas où
+quelqu'un voudrait apprendre. » </p>
 
 <p>Bien entendu, l'école doit pratiquer ce qu'elle prêche : tous les 
logiciels
-installés par l'école devront être accessibles aux élèves pour être 
copiés,
-emportés à la maison et redistribués par la suite.</p>
+qu'elle installe devront être accessibles aux élèves pour qu'ils les
+copient, les emportent à la maison et les redistribuent autour d'eux.</p>
 
 <p>Enseigner l'utilisation des logiciels libres aux élèves et étudiants et
 prendre part à la communauté du logiciel libre est une forme concrète
 d'éducation à la citoyenneté. De plus, cela propose aux étudiants un 
modèle
 basé sur le service public au lieu de celui que prônent les magnats de
-l'économie. Les logiciels libres devraient être utilisés à tous les niveaux
-de l'École.</p>
+l'économie. Les écoles de tous niveaux doivent se servir de logiciel 
libre.</p>
 
 <ol>
 <li><cite><a id="note1"></a>L'industriel du tabac </cite>RJ Reynolds Tobacco
@@ -190,7 +188,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour :
 
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:52:27 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:01 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: education/po/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko.po,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- education/po/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko.po        4 Nov 2012 16:49:03 
-0000       1.2
+++ education/po/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko.po        4 Nov 2012 17:29:01 
-0000       1.3
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-11-05 01:10+0900\n"
 "Last-Translator: Jongmin Yoon <address@hidden>\n"
 "Language-Team: Korean <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language: ko\n"
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
@@ -17,8 +18,12 @@
 "X-Poedit-Country: KOREA, REPUBLIC OF\n"
 
 #. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "Vocational Higher Secondary School Irimpanam - GNU Project - Free 
Software Foundation"
-msgstr "Vocational Higher Secondary School Irimpanam - GNU 프로젝트 - 
자유 소프트웨어 재단"
+msgid ""
+"Vocational Higher Secondary School Irimpanam - GNU Project - Free Software "
+"Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+"Vocational Higher Secondary School Irimpanam - GNU 프로젝트 - 자유 
소프트웨"
+"어 재단"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h2>
 msgid "Vocational Higher Secondary School Irimpanam"
@@ -26,7 +31,7 @@
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid "<a href=\"/education/edu-contents.html\">Education Contents</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/education/edu-contents.html\">교육 내용</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"/education/edu-contents.html\">교육 컨텐츠</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid "<a href=\"/education/edu-cases.html\">Case Studies</a>"
@@ -34,11 +39,11 @@
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid "<a href=\"/education/edu-resources.html\">Educational Resources</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/education/edu-resources.html\">교육 자원</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"/education/edu-resources.html\">교육 자료</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid "<a href=\"/education/edu-projects.html\">Education Projects</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/education/edu-projects.html\">교육 자원</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"/education/edu-projects.html\">교육 프로젝트</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid "<a href=\"/education/edu-faq.html\">FAQ</a>"
@@ -49,11 +54,19 @@
 msgstr "<a href=\"/education/edu-team.html\">교육 팀</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<a href=\"education.html\">Education</a> &rarr; <a 
href=\"/education/edu-cases.html\">Case Studies</a> &rarr; <a 
href=\"/education/edu-cases-india.html\">India</a> &rarr; Vocational Higher 
Secondary School Irimpanam"
-msgstr "<a href=\"education.html\">교육</a> &rarr; <a 
href=\"/education/edu-cases.html\">사례 연구</a> &rarr; <a 
href=\"/education/edu-cases-india.html\">인도</a> &rarr; Vocational Higher 
Secondary School Irimpanam"
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"education.html\">Education</a> &rarr; <a href=\"/education/edu-"
+"cases.html\">Case Studies</a> &rarr; <a href=\"/education/edu-cases-india."
+"html\">India</a> &rarr; Vocational Higher Secondary School Irimpanam"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"education.html\">교육</a> &rarr; <a href=\"/education/edu-cases."
+"html\">사례 연구</a> &rarr; <a 
href=\"/education/edu-cases-india.html\">인도"
+"</a> &rarr; Vocational Higher Secondary School Irimpanam"
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The following report is based on information provided to us by the 
school's staff."
+msgid ""
+"The following report is based on information provided to us by the school's "
+"staff."
 msgstr "이 보고서는 해당 학교 직원에게서 받은 정보를 
기반으로 작성되었습니다. "
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>
@@ -61,32 +74,71 @@
 msgstr "위치"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "The school is located in Irimpanam, an area close to the city of 
Tripunithura, in the Ernakulam district of the <a 
href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala#Education\";> State of Kerala</a>, 
India."
-msgstr "이 학교는 인도 <a 
href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala#Education\";> Kerala 주</a> 
Ernakulam 지역의 Tripunuthrua 근처에 있는 Irimpanam에 있습니다. "
+msgid ""
+"The school is located in Irimpanam, an area close to the city of "
+"Tripunithura, in the Ernakulam district of the <a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.";
+"org/wiki/Kerala#Education\"> State of Kerala</a>, India."
+msgstr ""
+"이 학교는 인도 <a 
href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala#Education\";> "
+"Kerala 주</a> Ernakulam 지역의 Tripunuthrua 근처에 있는 Irimpanam에 
있습니"
+"다. "
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>
 msgid "About"
 msgstr "소개"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Founded in 1940, the <a href=\"http://vhssirimpanam.org/\";>Vocational 
Higher Secondary School Irimpanam</a> is a privately owned school aided by the 
State. It offers instruction from Upper Primary to High School levels (grades 5 
to 7 and 8 to 10 respectively). Nearly 1,000 students from 10 to 15 years old 
attend the school."
-msgstr "<a href=\"http://vhssirimpanam.org/\";>Vocational Higher Secondary 
School Irimpanam</a>는 1940년에 설립된 사립 학교로, 국가의 
지원을 받고 있습니다. 초등학교 고학년에서 고등학교에 
해당하는 교육을 실시하고 있습니다. (각각 5~7학년, 8~10학ë…
„에 해당) 10살에서 15살까지의 약 1000여명의 학생이 재학 중 
입니다. "
+msgid ""
+"Founded in 1940, the <a href=\"http://vhssirimpanam.org/\";>Vocational Higher "
+"Secondary School Irimpanam</a> is a privately owned school aided by the "
+"State. It offers instruction from Upper Primary to High School levels "
+"(grades 5 to 7 and 8 to 10 respectively). Nearly 1,000 students from 10 to "
+"15 years old attend the school."
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"http://vhssirimpanam.org/\";>Vocational Higher Secondary School "
+"Irimpanam</a>는 1940년에 설립된 사립 학교로, 국가의 지원을 
받고 있습니다. 초"
+"등학교 고학년에서 고등학교에 해당하는 교육을 실시하고 
있습니다. (각각 5~7학"
+"년, 8~10학년에 해당) 10살에서 15살까지의 약 1000여명의 
학생이 재학 중 입니"
+"다. "
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>
 msgid "Motivation"
 msgstr "동기"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Our institution took special interest in promoting the main aspects of 
the philosophy of the GNU Project, such as the freedom to share knowledge and 
the freedom to cooperate with our community by contributing improvements to 
computer programs. This awareness about Swathanthra Software <a 
href=\"#swathanthra\">(1)</a> was largely the result of what we learned at the 
meetings organized by the <a href=\"http://www.ilug-cochin.org/\";> Indian Libre 
User Group (ILUG-Cochin)</a> in the nearby city of Kochi. Attending those 
meetings also helped us to work in close connection with the Free Software 
community."
-msgstr "우리 학교는 컴퓨터 프로그램을 개선하여 지식을 
자유롭게 공유할 수 있는 자유와 커뮤니티에 기여할 수 
있는 자유와 같은 GNU 프로젝트의 철학을 도입하는데 특별한 
관심을 가져 왔습니다. Kochi시 인근에 있는 <a 
href=\"http://www.ilug-cochin.org/\";>인도 자유 사용자 
그룹(ILUG-Cochin)</a>에서 개최한 회의에서, Swathanthra 
소프트웨어<a href=\"#swathanthra\">(1)</a>로 얻은 바가 큽니다. "
+msgid ""
+"Our institution took special interest in promoting the main aspects of the "
+"philosophy of the GNU Project, such as the freedom to share knowledge and "
+"the freedom to cooperate with our community by contributing improvements to "
+"computer programs. This awareness about Swathanthra Software <a href="
+"\"#swathanthra\">(1)</a> was largely the result of what we learned at the "
+"meetings organized by the <a href=\"http://www.ilug-cochin.org/\";> Indian "
+"Libre User Group (ILUG-Cochin)</a> in the nearby city of Kochi. Attending "
+"those meetings also helped us to work in close connection with the Free "
+"Software community."
+msgstr ""
+"우리 학교는 컴퓨터 프로그램을 개선하여 지식을 자유
롭게 공유할 수 있는 자유와 "
+"커뮤니티에 기여할 수 있는 자유와 같은 GNU 프로젝트의 철
학을 도입하는데 특별"
+"한 관심을 가져 왔습니다. Kochi시 인근에 있는 <a 
href=\"http://www.ilug-";
+"cochin.org/\">인도 자유 사용자 그룹(ILUG-Cochin)</a>에서 개최한 
회의에서, "
+"Swathanthra 소프트웨어<a href=\"#swathanthra\">(1)</a>로 얻은 바가 
큽니다. "
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>
 msgid "How We Did It"
 msgstr "방법"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "The migration to Free Software in our school was the result of a 
project designed and established by the Government of Kerala, called <a 
href=\"https://www.itschool.gov.in/\";>address@hidden</a>. The project, started 
in 2001, involved several thousand schools in Kerala and in 2006 it switched 
completely to Free Software."
-msgstr "이 학교 내에서 자유 소프트웨어로의 전환은 <a 
href=\"https://www.itschool.gov.in/\";>address@hidden</a>이라 불리는 Kerala 
정부가 계획하고 실시한 프로젝트에 의한 것이다. 이 프로ì 
íŠ¸ëŠ” 2001년에 시작되었으며, 2006년까지 Keralr에 있는 
수천개의 학교에 자유 소프트웨어로의 전환이 이루어졌다. 
. "
+msgid ""
+"The migration to Free Software in our school was the result of a project "
+"designed and established by the Government of Kerala, called <a href="
+"\"https://www.itschool.gov.in/\";>address@hidden</a>. The project, started in "
+"2001, involved several thousand schools in Kerala and in 2006 it switched "
+"completely to Free Software."
+msgstr ""
+"이 학교 내에서 자유 소프트웨어로의 전환은 <a 
href=\"https://www.itschool.gov.";
+"in/\">address@hidden</a>이라 불리는 Kerala 정부가 계획하고 
실시한 프로젝트에 의한 "
+"것이다. 이 프로젝트는 2001년에 시작되었으며, 2006년까지 
Keralr에 있는 수천개"
+"의 학교에 자유 소프트웨어로의 전환이 이루어졌다. . "
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p><a>
 msgid "<a href=\"/education/misc/irimpanam-school.jpg\">"
@@ -105,39 +157,109 @@
 msgstr "SSK VHSS Irimpanam에 의해 개최된 자유 소프트웨어 
행사에 참석한 학생들"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Training courses for teachers were implemented by the government to 
teach us the basics of the new Free Operating System and how to install it. The 
new system was customized for the first time by <a 
href=\"http://space-kerala.org/node/10/\";>SPACE</a>, an agency based in Kerala 
that promotes the use of Free Software in the private and public sectors. 
SPACE, as well as local Swathanthra Software users groups, played a fundamental 
role during the process by providing constant support to teachers. One of the 
workshops organized by SPACE helped us to build the website of our school using 
Free Software."
-msgstr "정부에서는 새로운 자유 운영 체제에 대한 기초와 
설치 방법을 가르칠수 있도록 교사를 위한 훈련 과정을 
준비하였습니다.  초기에는, Kerala에서 민간 및 공공의 자유
소프트웨어 사용을 추진하는 <a 
href=\"http://space-kerala.org/node/10/\";>SPACE</a>라는 기관에서 
새로운 시스템을 구축하였습니다. SPACE 뿐만 아니라, 그 
지역의 Swathanthra Software 사용자 그룹에서도 교사들에게 
지속적인 지원을 통하여 핵심적인 역활을 담당했습니다. 
SPACE에서 개최한 워크샵 덕분에 우리 학교는 자유 
소프트웨어를 이용하여 웹사이트를 구축할 수 있었습니다. "
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Training was not limited to software, it also included teaching the 
basics of hardware maintenance to teachers and students. In our school, 10 
years old students know how to assemble a PC."
-msgstr "이 훈련 과정은 소프트웨어에 국한되지 않았고, 교사 
및 학생을 대상으로한 하드웨어 관리의 기본 과정도 포함 
되었습니다. 우리 학교의 경우, 10살의 학생도 컴퓨터를 
조립할 수 있습니다. "
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "The use of Free programs in the classroom was facilitated by the 
implementation of training modules aimed at instructing teachers on the use of 
specific programs for teaching various subjects.  For example, there was a 
training module for teachers of Mathematics on how to use <a 
href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Dr._geo\";>Dr Geo</a> for teaching 
geometry, another one for teachers of Chemistry on how to draw organic 
molecules using <a 
href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Chemtool\";>Chemtool</a>, and many others."
-msgstr "다양한 과목을 위한 프로그램의 사용하여 강의를 할 
수 있도록 하는 모듈을 적용하여 교실 안에서도 자유 
소프트웨어를 사용할 수 있습니다. 예를 들어, 수학 교사가 
기하를 가르치기 위하여 <a 
href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Dr._geo\";>Dr Geo</a>를 사용하는 
방법을 배우는 과정이 있고, 화학 교사가 <a 
href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Chemtool\";>Chemtool</a>을 이용하여 유
기 분자를 그리는 법을 가르쳐주는 등 이와 유사한 여러 ê³¼ì 
•ì´ 있습니다. "
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Other training activities were conducted jointly by the school and 
ILUG-Cochin to teach us the use of different Free Software applications such as 
Blender, Inkscape, and the command line interface."
-msgstr "다른 교육 활동은 학교와 ILUG-Cochin이 공동으로 Blender, 
Inkspace 및 커맨드 라인 인터페이스의 사용 방법등을 알ë 
¤ì£¼ì—ˆìŠµë‹ˆë‹¤. "
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "The school has also opened an <a 
href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat\";>IRC</a> channel where 
students can ask questions about issues they may encounter."
-msgstr "그리고, 학교는 <a 
href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat\";>IRC</a> 채널을 
이용하여, 학생들이 직면한 문제에 대한 질문을 할 수 
있도록 하였습니다. "
+msgid ""
+"Training courses for teachers were implemented by the government to teach us "
+"the basics of the new Free Operating System and how to install it. The new "
+"system was customized for the first time by <a href=\"http://space-kerala.";
+"org/node/10/\">SPACE</a>, an agency based in Kerala that promotes the use of "
+"Free Software in the private and public sectors. SPACE, as well as local "
+"Swathanthra Software users groups, played a fundamental role during the "
+"process by providing constant support to teachers. One of the workshops "
+"organized by SPACE helped us to build the website of our school using Free "
+"Software."
+msgstr ""
+"정부에서는 새로운 자유 운영 체제에 대한 기초와 설치 
방법을 가르칠수 있도록 교"
+"사를 위한 훈련 과정을 준비하였습니다.  초기에는, 
Kerala에서 민간 및 공공의 자"
+"유소프트웨어 사용을 추진하는 <a 
href=\"http://space-kerala.org/node/10/";
+"\">SPACE</a>라는 기관에서 새로운 시스템을 구축하였습니다. 
SPACE 뿐만 아니라, "
+"그 지역의 Swathanthra Software 사용자 그룹에서도 교사들에게 
지속적인 지원을 "
+"통하여 핵심적인 역활을 담당했습니다. SPACE에서 개최한 
워크샵 덕분에 우리 학교"
+"는 자유 소프트웨어를 이용하여 웹사이트를 구축할 수 
있었습니다. "
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Training was not limited to software, it also included teaching the basics "
+"of hardware maintenance to teachers and students. In our school, 10 years "
+"old students know how to assemble a PC."
+msgstr ""
+"이 훈련 과정은 소프트웨어에 국한되지 않았고, 교사 및 
학생을 대상으로한 하드웨"
+"어 관리의 기본 과정도 포함 되었습니다. 우리 학교의 
경우, 10살의 학생도 컴퓨터"
+"를 조립할 수 있습니다. "
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"The use of Free programs in the classroom was facilitated by the "
+"implementation of training modules aimed at instructing teachers on the use "
+"of specific programs for teaching various subjects.  For example, there was "
+"a training module for teachers of Mathematics on how to use <a href=\"http://";
+"directory.fsf.org/wiki/Dr._geo\">Dr Geo</a> for teaching geometry, another "
+"one for teachers of Chemistry on how to draw organic molecules using <a href="
+"\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Chemtool\";>Chemtool</a>, and many others."
+msgstr ""
+"다양한 과목을 위한 프로그램의 사용하여 강의를 할 수 
있도록 하는 모듈을 적용하"
+"여 교실 안에서도 자유 소프트웨어를 사용할 수 있습니다. 
예를 들어, 수학 교사"
+"가 기하를 가르치기 위하여 <a 
href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Dr._geo";
+"\">Dr Geo</a>를 사용하는 방법을 배우는 과정이 있고, 화학 
교사가 <a href="
+"\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Chemtool\";>Chemtool</a>을 이용하여 유
기 분자"
+"를 그리는 법을 가르쳐주는 등 이와 유사한 여러 과정이 
있습니다. "
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Other training activities were conducted jointly by the school and ILUG-"
+"Cochin to teach us the use of different Free Software applications such as "
+"Blender, Inkscape, and the command line interface."
+msgstr ""
+"다른 교육 활동은 학교와 ILUG-Cochin이 공동으로 Blender, 
Inkspace 및 커맨드 라"
+"인 인터페이스의 사용 방법등을 알려주었습니다. "
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"The school has also opened an <a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/";
+"Internet_Relay_Chat\">IRC</a> channel where students can ask questions about "
+"issues they may encounter."
+msgstr ""
+"그리고, 학교는 <a 
href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat";
+"\">IRC</a> 채널을 이용하여, 학생들이 직면한 문제에 대한 
질문을 할 수 있도록 "
+"하였습니다. "
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>
 msgid "Commitment to Free Software"
 msgstr "자유 소프트웨어 정책"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "At the beginning the new system was used on a dual-boot basis, because 
we teachers were not familiar with Free Software, but we soon got acquainted 
with it to a great extent. At present, no proprietary systems are installed in 
any of our computers and no proprietary programs are being used. Only Free 
Software is being used in the classroom and in the administration offices."
-msgstr "이 새로운 시스템의 초기에는 교사들이 자유 
소프트웨어에 익숙하지 않았기 때문에 듀얼 부트 기반으로 
운영되었지만, 머지않아 잘 쓸 수 있게 되었습니다. 그리고 
현재는, 모든 컴퓨터에 독점 시스템과 독점 소프트웨어를 
설치하거나 사용하지 않게 되었습니다. 교실과 사무실에서 
자유 소프트웨어만을 사용하고 있습니다. "
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "We use a wide range of free programs in the classroom, such as <a href= 
\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GIMP/\";>GIMP</a>, <a href= 
\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/TuxPaint\";>Tux Paint</a>, <a 
href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Audacity\";>Audacity</a>, <a 
href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GPeriodic\";>GPeriodic</a> and <a 
href=\"http://www.libreoffice.org/\";>LibreOffice</a>, but there are many 
others."
-msgstr "우리는 교실 안에서, <a href= 
\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GIMP/\";>GIMP</a>, <a href= 
\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/TuxPaint\";>Tux Paint</a>, <a 
href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Audacity\";>Audacity</a>, <a 
href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GPeriodic\";>GPeriodic</a> 및 <a 
href=\"http://www.libreoffice.org/\";>LibreOffice</a>를 포함하여 많은 
자유 소프트웨어를 폭 넓게 사용하고 있습니다. "
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Students are also introduced to the programming language Python as from 
grade 8 (13 years old)."
+msgid ""
+"At the beginning the new system was used on a dual-boot basis, because we "
+"teachers were not familiar with Free Software, but we soon got acquainted "
+"with it to a great extent. At present, no proprietary systems are installed "
+"in any of our computers and no proprietary programs are being used. Only "
+"Free Software is being used in the classroom and in the administration "
+"offices."
+msgstr ""
+"이 새로운 시스템의 초기에는 교사들이 자유 
소프트웨어에 익숙하지 않았기 때문"
+"에 듀얼 부트 기반으로 운영되었지만, 머지않아 잘 쓸 수 
있게 되었습니다. 그리"
+"고 현재는, 모든 컴퓨터에 독점 시스템과 독점 
소프트웨어를 설치하거나 사용하지 "
+"않게 되었습니다. 교실과 사무실에서 자유 
소프트웨어만을 사용하고 있습니다. "
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"We use a wide range of free programs in the classroom, such as <a href= "
+"\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GIMP/\";>GIMP</a>, <a href= \"http://";
+"directory.fsf.org/wiki/TuxPaint\">Tux Paint</a>, <a href=\"http://directory.";
+"fsf.org/wiki/Audacity\">Audacity</a>, <a href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/";
+"wiki/GPeriodic\">GPeriodic</a> and <a href=\"http://www.libreoffice.org/";
+"\">LibreOffice</a>, but there are many others."
+msgstr ""
+"우리는 교실 안에서, <a href= 
\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GIMP/\";>GIMP</"
+"a>, <a href= \"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/TuxPaint\";>Tux Paint</a>, <a "
+"href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Audacity\";>Audacity</a>, <a href="
+"\"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GPeriodic\";>GPeriodic</a> 및 <a href="
+"\"http://www.libreoffice.org/\";>LibreOffice</a>를 포함하여 많은 자유 
소프트웨"
+"어를 폭 넓게 사용하고 있습니다. "
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Students are also introduced to the programming language Python as from "
+"grade 8 (13 years old)."
 msgstr "그리고, 학생들은 8학년(13세)부터 프로그래밍 언어인 
Python을 배웁니다. "
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><a>
@@ -145,63 +267,147 @@
 msgstr "<a href=\"/education/misc/tuxpaint.jpg\">"
 
 #. type: Attribute 'alt' of: <div><div><a><img>
-msgid "Image of the TuxPaint interface in Malayalam showing the stamp for the 
Adeenia flower."
-msgstr "Malayalam에서 Adeenia 꽃의 도장 찍기를 보여주는 TuxPaint 
인터페이스의 이미지  "
+msgid ""
+"Image of the TuxPaint interface in Malayalam showing the stamp for the "
+"Adeenia flower."
+msgstr ""
+"Malayalam에서 Adeenia 꽃의 도장 찍기를 보여주는 TuxPaint 
인터페이스의 이미"
+"지  "
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-msgid "<a href=\"/education/misc/adeenia.ogg\">Listen</a> to a student 
pronounce the name of the Adeenia flower in Malayalam."
-msgstr "학생들이 Malayalam에서 Adeenia 꽃의 이름을 발음하는 
것을 <a href=\"/education/misc/adeenia.ogg\">듣고</a> 있습니다. "
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/education/misc/adeenia.ogg\">Listen</a> to a student pronounce "
+"the name of the Adeenia flower in Malayalam."
+msgstr ""
+"학생들이 Malayalam에서 Adeenia 꽃의 이름을 발음하는 것을 <a 
href=\"/"
+"education/misc/adeenia.ogg\">듣고</a> 있습니다. "
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>
 msgid "Results"
 msgstr "ê²°ê³¼"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Education in the State of Kerala has become \"IT-enabled\", meaning 
that students are getting first hand technology knowledge while learning 
regular curriculum subjects outside the IT Lab. This is possible due to the 
large number of high quality educational applications available in GNU/Linux."
-msgstr "Kerala 주의 교육은 \"IT-enabled\"하게 되었습니다. 이는 
학생들이 IT 실습 이외의 과목에서도 새로운 기술을 사용할 
수 있다는 의미입니다. 이 모든 것이 GNI/Linux 에서 사용할 수 
있는 수 많은 고 수준의 교육 응용프로그램의 덕분입니다. "
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "The transparency and the cooperative method of Free Software helped 
students and teachers to dive deep into technology and made them capable of 
contributing to the community in various ways. One important contribution was 
the localization of the interface of <a 
href=\"/education/edu-software-tuxpaint.html\">Tux Paint</a> in Malayalam, our 
mother tongue."
-msgstr "과교사와 학생은 자유 소프트웨어의 명료하고, 협조ì 
ì¸ 도움을 통하여 새로운 기술에 대하여 깊이 있게 연구할 
수 있고, 다양한 방법으로 커뮤니티에 기여할 수 있게 
되었다. 중요한 성 중 하나는 <a 
href=\"/education/edu-software-tuxpaint.html\">Tux Paint</a>를 우리의 
모국어인 Malayalam으로 지역화 했다는 것입니다. "
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Another contribution was the addition of new stamps in TuxPaint. Native 
flowers were photographed and the pictures edited by 6th and 7th grade students 
using the image editing program GIMP. The resulting images were then integrated 
in TuxPaint with the name of the flowers written in Malayalam. As a plus, 
students recorded with their own voices the name of the flowers, so when the 
user selects one of the stamps, she will hear the name of the flower in 
Malayalam. A video was recorded to illustrate how it works and how the activity 
was done."
-msgstr "또 다른 성과는 TuxPaint에 새로운 스탬프를 추가한 
것입니다. 야생화의 사진을 찍고, 6, 7학년 학생들이 이미지 
편집 프로그램인 GIMP를 이용하여 편집을 하였습니다. 그리고
, 최종 이미지는 Malayalam으로 씌여진 꽃의 이름으로 TuxPaint에 
통합되었습니다. 거기에, 학생들은 스스로의 목소리로 꽃의 
이름의 녹음하였고, 사용자가 해당 스탬프 중 하나를 선택할
 때마다, Malayalam으로 되어 있는 꽃의 이름을 재생하도록 
하였습니다. 다음의 비디오에 이 과정이 어찌 진행 
되었는지가 녹화되어 있습니다. "
+msgid ""
+"Education in the State of Kerala has become \"IT-enabled\", meaning that "
+"students are getting first hand technology knowledge while learning regular "
+"curriculum subjects outside the IT Lab. This is possible due to the large "
+"number of high quality educational applications available in GNU/Linux."
+msgstr ""
+"Kerala 주의 교육은 \"IT-enabled\"하게 되었습니다. 이는 
학생들이 IT 실습 이외"
+"의 과목에서도 새로운 기술을 사용할 수 있다는 의미입
니다. 이 모든 것이 GNI/"
+"Linux 에서 사용할 수 있는 수 많은 고 수준의 교육 
응용프로그램의 덕분입니다. "
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"The transparency and the cooperative method of Free Software helped students "
+"and teachers to dive deep into technology and made them capable of "
+"contributing to the community in various ways. One important contribution "
+"was the localization of the interface of <a href=\"/education/edu-software-"
+"tuxpaint.html\">Tux Paint</a> in Malayalam, our mother tongue."
+msgstr ""
+"과교사와 학생은 자유 소프트웨어의 명료하고, 협조적인 
도움을 통하여 새로운 기"
+"술에 대하여 깊이 있게 연구할 수 있고, 다양한 방법으로 
커뮤니티에 기여할 수 있"
+"게 되었다. 중요한 성 중 하나는 <a 
href=\"/education/edu-software-tuxpaint."
+"html\">Tux Paint</a>를 우리의 모국어인 Malayalam으로 지역화 
했다는 것입니다. "
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Another contribution was the addition of new stamps in TuxPaint. Native "
+"flowers were photographed and the pictures edited by 6th and 7th grade "
+"students using the image editing program GIMP. The resulting images were "
+"then integrated in TuxPaint with the name of the flowers written in "
+"Malayalam. As a plus, students recorded with their own voices the name of "
+"the flowers, so when the user selects one of the stamps, she will hear the "
+"name of the flower in Malayalam. A video was recorded to illustrate how it "
+"works and how the activity was done."
+msgstr ""
+"또 다른 성과는 TuxPaint에 새로운 스탬프를 추가한 것입
니다. 야생화의 사진을 찍"
+"고, 6, 7학년 학생들이 이미지 편집 프로그램인 GIMP를 
이용하여 편집을 하였습니"
+"다. 그리고, 최종 이미지는 Malayalam으로 씌여진 꽃의 
이름으로 TuxPaint에 통합"
+"되었습니다. 거기에, 학생들은 스스로의 목소리로 꽃의 
이름의 녹음하였고, 사용자"
+"가 해당 스탬프 중 하나를 선택할 때마다, Malayalam으로 
되어 있는 꽃의 이름을 "
+"재생하도록 하였습니다. 다음의 비디오에 이 과정이 어찌 
진행 되었는지가 녹화되"
+"어 있습니다. "
 
 #. TRANSLATORS: Replace the link to the video with subtitles in English with
 #. a link to the video with subtitles in your language, if it exists. Likewise,
 #. modify the link to SubRip subtitles accordingly, and replace the word 
"English"
 #. with the name of your language.
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "<a 
href=\"http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/irimpanam-high-sub.en.ogv\";>Watch and 
download the video</a>. <a href=\"/education/misc/irimpanam.en.srt\">Read and 
download the English subtitles in SubRip format</a>."
-msgstr "<a 
href=\"http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/irimpanam-high-sub.en.ogv\";>동영상 
시청 및 다운로드</a>. <a 
href=\"/education/misc/irimpanam.en.srt\">SubRip 형식의 영어 자막 
다운로드</a>."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Both activities were promoted by Swathanthra Software Koottayma of VHSS 
Irimpanam <a href=\"http://sskvhssirimpanam.wordpress.com/\";> (SSK VHSS 
Irimpanam)</a>, a Free Software group of teachers and students based on the 
school. Its aim is to build awareness on the philosophy of Free Software and to 
introduce new applications in GNU/Linux as a way of contributing to the 
community. The group organizes monthly meetings and it performs various kinds 
of activities to encourage its members to experiment and explore Free Software 
so as to put into practice the freedoms that it grants."
-msgstr "이 두 활동이 학교 내의 교사와 학생으로 이루어진 
자유 소프트웨어 그룹인  Swathanthra Software Koottayma of VHSS 
Irimpanam <a href=\"http://sskvhssirimpanam.wordpress.com/\";> (SSK VHSS 
Irimpanam)</a>에서 진행되었습니다. 이 그룹의 목표는 자유 
소프트웨어에 대한 철학에 대한 인식 제고 및  지역 
사회로의 참여 수단으로 GNU/Linux 상의 새로운 
응용프로그램을 소개하고 있습니다. 매월 월례 회의 및  
다양한 활동을 통하여 그룹의 구성원이 자유 소프트웨어를 
경험하고 탐구할것을 권장합니다.  "
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "As a way of keeping in touch and sharing experiences with other schools 
and with the Free Software community, teachers and students each year 
participate in events such as the National Free Software Conference and the 
Cyber Safe Day."
-msgstr "다른 학교 또는 또 다른 자유 소프트웨어 커뮤니티와 
연락을 하거나 경험을 공유 하기 위하여 교사와 학생들은 
매년 National Free Software Conference와 Cyber Safe Day 같은 행사에 
참가하고 있습니다. "
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/irimpanam-high-sub.en.ogv\";>Watch "
+"and download the video</a>. <a href=\"/education/misc/irimpanam.en.srt"
+"\">Read and download the English subtitles in SubRip format</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/irimpanam-high-sub.en.ogv\";>동영"
+"상 시청 및 다운로드</a>. <a 
href=\"/education/misc/irimpanam.en.srt\">SubRip "
+"형식의 영어 자막 다운로드</a>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Both activities were promoted by Swathanthra Software Koottayma of VHSS "
+"Irimpanam <a href=\"http://sskvhssirimpanam.wordpress.com/\";> (SSK VHSS "
+"Irimpanam)</a>, a Free Software group of teachers and students based on the "
+"school. Its aim is to build awareness on the philosophy of Free Software and "
+"to introduce new applications in GNU/Linux as a way of contributing to the "
+"community. The group organizes monthly meetings and it performs various "
+"kinds of activities to encourage its members to experiment and explore Free "
+"Software so as to put into practice the freedoms that it grants."
+msgstr ""
+"이 두 활동이 학교 내의 교사와 학생으로 이루어진 자유 
소프트웨어 그룹인  "
+"Swathanthra Software Koottayma of VHSS Irimpanam <a href=\"http://";
+"sskvhssirimpanam.wordpress.com/\"> (SSK VHSS Irimpanam)</a>에서 
진행되었습니"
+"다. 이 그룹의 목표는 자유 소프트웨어에 대한 철학에 
대한 인식 제고 및  지역 사"
+"회로의 참여 수단으로 GNU/Linux 상의 새로운 
응용프로그램을 소개하고 있습니다. "
+"매월 월례 회의 및  다양한 활동을 통하여 그룹의 
구성원이 자유 소프트웨어를 경"
+"험하고 탐구할것을 권장합니다.  "
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"As a way of keeping in touch and sharing experiences with other schools and "
+"with the Free Software community, teachers and students each year "
+"participate in events such as the National Free Software Conference and the "
+"Cyber Safe Day."
+msgstr ""
+"다른 학교 또는 또 다른 자유 소프트웨어 커뮤니티와 
연락을 하거나 경험을 공유 "
+"하기 위하여 교사와 학생들은 매년 National Free Software 
Conference와 Cyber "
+"Safe Day 같은 행사에 참가하고 있습니다. "
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The commitment and the collaboration of teachers, students and local 
groups was essential to the success of this large scale government project."
-msgstr "이러한 대규모 정부 프로젝트가 성공하기 위해서는 
교원, 학생, 지역 그룹이 모두의 참여와 협력이 필수적입
니다. "
+msgid ""
+"The commitment and the collaboration of teachers, students and local groups "
+"was essential to the success of this large scale government project."
+msgstr ""
+"이러한 대규모 정부 프로젝트가 성공하기 위해서는 교원, 
학생, 지역 그룹이 모두"
+"의 참여와 협력이 필수적입니다. "
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "(1) <a id=\"swathanthra\"></a>Swathanthra is the Sanskrit word for 
\"free\" as in freedom."
-msgstr "(1) <a id=\"swathanthra\"></a>Swathanthra 는 산스크리트어로 
자유의 의미로서의 \"free\"에 해당하는 단어입니다. "
+msgid ""
+"(1) <a id=\"swathanthra\"></a>Swathanthra is the Sanskrit word for \"free\" "
+"as in freedom."
+msgstr ""
+"(1) <a id=\"swathanthra\"></a>Swathanthra 는 산스크리트어로 자유의 
의미로서"
+"의 \"free\"에 해당하는 단어입니다. "
 
 #. type: Content of: <h4>
 msgid "Credits"
 msgstr "저작권"
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Credits for both images shown on this page, as well as for the audio 
file, go to Swathanthra Software Koottayma of VHSS Irimpanam, who released them 
under a <a rel=\"license\" 
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/\";> Creative Commons 
Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported</a> License."
-msgstr "이 페이지에 있는 2개의 이미지와 음성 파일은  
Swathanthra Software Koottayma of VHSS Irimpanam가 제작하였고, <a 
rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/\";> 
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported</a>로 라이선스 
되었습니다. "
+msgid ""
+"Credits for both images shown on this page, as well as for the audio file, "
+"go to Swathanthra Software Koottayma of VHSS Irimpanam, who released them "
+"under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-";
+"sa/3.0/\"> Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported</a> License."
+msgstr ""
+"이 페이지에 있는 2개의 이미지와 음성 파일은  Swathanthra 
Software Koottayma "
+"of VHSS Irimpanam가 제작하였고, <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://";
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/\"> Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"Share Alike 3.0 Unported</a>로 라이선스 되었습니다. "
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "<a href=\"/education/edu-cases-india.html\">More Case Studies in 
India</a>"
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/education/edu-cases-india.html\">More Case Studies in India</a>"
 msgstr "<a href=\"/education/edu-cases-india.html\">인도에서의 다른 
사례</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
@@ -214,24 +420,45 @@
 msgstr " "
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.  There are also <a 
href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF."
-msgstr "FSF &amp; GNU 에 대한 일반적인 문의는  <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>로 보내 
주십시오.  FSF로 연락하기 위해서는 <a href=\"/contact/\">다른 
방법</a>도 있습니다."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>."
-msgstr "잘못된 링크나 이 글의 수정 및 제안에 대한 내용은 
<a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>로 보내 
주십시오."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Please see the <a 
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> for 
information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
-msgstr "이 글에 대한 번역 또는 수정이 필요할 경우 <a 
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">번역 참고</a>를 
확인하십시오."
+msgid ""
+"Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\">&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.  There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other 
ways "
+"to contact</a> the FSF."
+msgstr ""
+"FSF와 GNU에 대한 문의는 <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</"
+"a> 앞으로 보내 주세요. FSF에 대한 <a href=\"/contact/\">다른 
연락 방법</a>도 "
+"있습니다."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a href="
+"\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"끊어진 링크나 다른 수정 사항 또는 제안은 <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\">&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a> 앞으로 보내 주세요."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"이 글의 다른 언어 번역문 작성이나 제출에 대한 정보는 <a 
href=\"/server/"
+"standards/README.translations.html\">번역 안내</a>를 참고해 
주세요."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid "Copyright &copy; 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
 msgstr "Copyright &copy; 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" 
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\";>Creative Commons 
Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
-msgstr "이 페이지는 <a rel=\"license\" 
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ko\";>Creative 
Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>로 라이선스 
되었습니다."
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://";
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"이 페이지는 <a rel=\"license\" 
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-";
+"nd/3.0/us/deed.ko\">크리에이티브 커먼스 저작자표시-변경금지 
3.0 미국 이용허락"
+"서</a>에 따라 이용할 수 있습니다."
 
 #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
 #. type: Content of: <div><div>
@@ -241,5 +468,4 @@
 #. timestamp start
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid "Updated:"
-msgstr "업데이트"
-
+msgstr "최종 수정일:"

Index: education/po/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- education/po/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.translist    13 Jun 2012 08:27:19 
-0000      1.7
+++ education/po/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.translist    4 Nov 2012 17:29:01 
-0000       1.8
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 <li><a 
href="/education/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.it.html">italiano</a>&nbsp;[it]</li>
 <!-- Japanese -->
 <li><a 
href="/education/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ja.html">日本語</a>&nbsp;[ja]</li>
+<!-- Korean -->
+<li><a 
href="/education/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko.html">한국어</a>&nbsp;[ko]</li>
 </ul>
 </div> <!-- id="translations" -->
 <div class="netscape4" id="skiptrans"></div>

Index: education/po/edu-contents.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-contents.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- education/po/edu-contents.fr-en.html        27 Sep 2012 16:52:33 -0000      
1.8
+++ education/po/edu-contents.fr-en.html        4 Nov 2012 17:29:01 -0000       
1.9
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
 
 <p>Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:52:33 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:01 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: education/po/edu-faq.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-faq.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- education/po/edu-faq.fr-en.html     27 Sep 2012 16:52:33 -0000      1.16
+++ education/po/edu-faq.fr-en.html     4 Nov 2012 17:29:01 -0000       1.17
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@
 
 <p>Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:52:33 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:01 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: education/po/edu-resources.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-resources.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- education/po/edu-resources.fr-en.html       27 Sep 2012 16:52:33 -0000      
1.9
+++ education/po/edu-resources.fr-en.html       4 Nov 2012 17:29:02 -0000       
1.10
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@
 
 <p>Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:52:33 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:02 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: education/po/edu-schools.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-schools.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- education/po/edu-schools.fr-en.html 27 Sep 2012 16:52:34 -0000      1.15
+++ education/po/edu-schools.fr-en.html 4 Nov 2012 17:29:02 -0000       1.16
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@
 <p>
 Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:52:34 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:02 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: education/po/education.ko.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/education.ko.po,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- education/po/education.ko.po        4 Nov 2012 16:49:03 -0000       1.2
+++ education/po/education.ko.po        4 Nov 2012 17:29:02 -0000       1.3
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-11-04 14:14+0900\n"
 "Last-Translator: Jongmin Yoon <address@hidden>\n"
 "Language-Team: Korean <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language: ko\n"
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid "<a href=\"/education/edu-contents.html\">Education Contents</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/education/edu-contents.html\">교육 내용</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"/education/edu-contents.html\">교육 컨텐츠</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid "<a href=\"/education/edu-cases.html\">Case Studies</a>"
@@ -42,78 +43,162 @@
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid "<a href=\"/education/edu-faq.html\">FAQ</a>"
-msgstr "문<a href=\"/education/edu-faq.html\">자주 묻는 질문</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"/education/edu-faq.html\">FAQ</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
 msgid "<a href=\"/education/edu-team.html\">The Education Team</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/education/edu-team.html\">교육팀</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"/education/edu-team.html\">교육 팀</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div>
-msgid "We are looking for developers of free educational games, or information 
about free games that can be used for educational purposes. Contact <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>"
-msgstr "자유 소프트웨어 재단의 교육팀에서는 자유
소프트웨어 교육용 게임을 제작하는 개발자나, 교육용으로 
사용할 수 있는 자유 소프트웨어 게임에 대한 정보를 찾고 
있습니다. 연락처는 <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;입니다.</a>"
+msgid ""
+"We are looking for developers of free educational games, or information "
+"about free games that can be used for educational purposes. Contact <a href="
+"\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"자유 소프트웨어 재단의 교육팀에서는 자유소프트웨어 
교육용 게임을 제작하는 개"
+"발자나, 교육용으로 사용할 수 있는 자유 소프트웨어 
게임에 대한 정보를 찾고 있"
+"습니다. 연락처는 <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden"
+"org&gt;입니다.</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>
 msgid "What Does Free Software Have To Do With Education?"
 msgstr "교육 분야에서 자유 소프트웨어로 할 수 있는 있은 
무엇인가?"
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Software freedom has an especially important role in education.  
Educational institutions of all levels should use and teach Free Software 
because it is the only software that allows them to accomplish their essential 
missions: to disseminate human knowledge and to prepare students to be good 
members of their community. The source code and the methods of Free Software 
are part of human knowledge. On the contrary, proprietary software is secret, 
restricted knowledge, which is the opposite of the mission of educational 
institutions. Free Software supports education, proprietary software forbids 
education."
-msgstr "교육에 있어서 소프트웨어의 자유는 매우 중요한 
역활을 합니다. 인간의 지식을 전파하거나 사회에 유용한 
일원이 되도록 학생을 키우는 것과 같은 교육기관이 해야할 
임무는 자유 소프트웨를 통해서만 가능하기 때문에. 모든 
단계의 교육 기관에서는 자유 소프트웨어를 사용한 교육을 
해야합니다. 자유 소프트웨어의 소스 코드와 기술은 인간 
지식의 일부입니다. 이와는 반대로, 독점 소프트웨어는 
은밀하고, 제한된 지식이므로, 교육 기관의 목적과는 
일치하지 않습니다. 자유 소프트웨어는 교육을 지원하고 
있지만, 독점 소프트웨어는 교육을 제한합니다."
+msgid ""
+"Software freedom has an especially important role in education.  Educational "
+"institutions of all levels should use and teach Free Software because it is "
+"the only software that allows them to accomplish their essential missions: "
+"to disseminate human knowledge and to prepare students to be good members of "
+"their community. The source code and the methods of Free Software are part "
+"of human knowledge. On the contrary, proprietary software is secret, "
+"restricted knowledge, which is the opposite of the mission of educational "
+"institutions. Free Software supports education, proprietary software forbids "
+"education."
+msgstr ""
+"교육에 있어서 소프트웨어의 자유는 매우 중요한 역활을 
합니다. 인간의 지식을 전"
+"파하거나 사회에 유용한 일원이 되도록 학생을 키우는 
것과 같은 교육기관이 해야"
+"할 임무는 자유 소프트웨를 통해서만 가능하기 때문에. 
모든 단계의 교육 기관에서"
+"는 자유 소프트웨어를 사용한 교육을 해야합니다. 자유 
소프트웨어의 소스 코드와 "
+"기술은 인간 지식의 일부입니다. 이와는 반대로, 독점 
소프트웨어는 은밀하고, 제"
+"한된 지식이므로, 교육 기관의 목적과는 일치하지 
않습니다. 자유 소프트웨어는 교"
+"육을 지원하고 있지만, 독점 소프트웨어는 교육을 ì 
œí•œí•©ë‹ˆë‹¤."
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Free Software is not just a technical question; it is an ethical, 
social, and political question. It is a question of the human rights that the 
users of software ought to have. Freedom and cooperation are essential values 
of Free Software. The GNU System implements these values and the principle of 
sharing, since sharing is good and beneficial to human progress."
-msgstr "자유 소프트웨어는 단지 기술적인 문제만이 
아닙니다.  윤리적이며 사회적이며 정치적인 문제입니다. 
소프트웨어의 사용자가 본래 가지고있는 인권의 문제입
니다. 자유와 협력은 자유 소프트웨어의 본질적인 가치입
니다. 공유는 인간의 진보에 대단히 유용한 때문 GNU 시스í…
œì€ 이러한 가치와 공유의 원칙을 실현합니다."
+msgid ""
+"Free Software is not just a technical question; it is an ethical, social, "
+"and political question. It is a question of the human rights that the users "
+"of software ought to have. Freedom and cooperation are essential values of "
+"Free Software. The GNU System implements these values and the principle of "
+"sharing, since sharing is good and beneficial to human progress."
+msgstr ""
+"자유 소프트웨어는 단지 기술적인 문제만이 아닙니다.  
윤리적이며 사회적이며 정"
+"치적인 문제입니다. 소프트웨어의 사용자가 본래 가지고
있는 인권의 문제입니다. "
+"자유와 협력은 자유 소프트웨어의 본질적인 가치입니다. 
공유는 인간의 진보에 대"
+"단히 유용한 때문 GNU 시스템은 이러한 가치와 공유의 
원칙을 실현합니다."
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "To learn more, see the <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">Free 
Software definition</a> and our article on <a 
href=\"/philosophy/shouldbefree.html\">why software should be free</a> (as in 
freedom)."
-msgstr "이에 대한 더 알고 싶으면, <a 
href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">자유 소프트웨어의 정의</a> 와 <a 
href=\"/philosophy/shouldbefree.html\">왜 소프트웨어는 자유로워야 
하는가</a> (자유의 의미)에 있는 기사도 읽어 보십시오. "
+msgid ""
+"To learn more, see the <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">Free Software "
+"definition</a> and our article on <a href=\"/philosophy/shouldbefree.html"
+"\">why software should be free</a> (as in freedom)."
+msgstr ""
+"이에 대한 더 알고 싶으면, <a 
href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">자유 소프트웨"
+"어의 정의</a> 와 <a href=\"/philosophy/shouldbefree.html\">왜 
소프트웨어는 자"
+"유로워야 하는가</a> (자유의 의미)에 있는 기사도 읽어 
보십시오. "
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><h2>
 msgid "The Basics"
 msgstr "기본 정보"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-msgid "In this six-minutes video <a 
href=\"http://www.fsf.org/about/leadership/#rms\";>Richard Stallman</a> explains 
briefly and to the point the principles of Free Software and how they connect 
to education."
-msgstr "6 분간의 동영상에서  <a 
href=\"http://www.fsf.org/about/leadership/#rms\";>리차드 스톨먼</a>이 
자유 소프트웨어와 교육간의 관계에 대하여, 간락하게 
핵심을 정리하였습니다. "
+msgid ""
+"In this six-minutes video <a href=\"http://www.fsf.org/about/leadership/#rms";
+"\">Richard Stallman</a> explains briefly and to the point the principles of "
+"Free Software and how they connect to education."
+msgstr ""
+"6 분간의 동영상에서  <a 
href=\"http://www.fsf.org/about/leadership/#rms\";>리"
+"차드 스톨먼</a>이 자유 소프트웨어와 교육간의 관계에 
대하여, 간락하게 핵심을 "
+"정리하였습니다. "
 
 #. TRANSLATORS: please add the link to your language here in the first
 #. place, followed by a comma.
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-msgid "Transcriptions of this video are available in <a 
href=\"/education/misc/rms-education-es-translation-to-en.txt\">English</a>, <a 
href=\"/education/misc/rms-education-es-transcription.txt\">Spanish</a>, and <a 
href=\"/education/misc/edu-misc.html#transcription-rms-education\"> other 
languages</a>."
-msgstr "이 동영상은  <a 
href=\"/education/misc/rms-education-es-translation-to-en.txt\">영어</a>, <a 
href=\"/education/misc/rms-education-es-transcription.txt\">스페인어</a>, 
및 <a href=\"/education/misc/edu-misc.html#transcription-rms-education\"> 
기타 언어</a>로 들을 수 있습니다. "
+msgid ""
+"Transcriptions of this video are available in <a href=\"/education/misc/rms-"
+"education-es-translation-to-en.txt\">English</a>, <a href=\"/education/misc/"
+"rms-education-es-transcription.txt\">Spanish</a>, and <a href=\"/education/"
+"misc/edu-misc.html#transcription-rms-education\"> other languages</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"이 동영상은  <a 
href=\"/education/misc/rms-education-es-translation-to-en.txt"
+"\">영어</a>, <a 
href=\"/education/misc/rms-education-es-transcription.txt\">"
+"스페인어</a>, 및 <a 
href=\"/education/misc/edu-misc.html#transcription-rms-"
+"education\"> 기타 언어</a>로 들을 수 있습니다. "
 
 #. TRANSLATORS: please add the link to your language here in the first
 #. place, followed by a comma.
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-msgid "SubRip subtitle files are also available for download in <a 
href=\"/education/misc/rms-education-es-sub.en.srt\">English</a>, <a 
href=\"/education/misc/rms-education-es-sub.es.srt\">Spanish</a>, and <a 
href=\"/education/misc/edu-misc.html#subtitles-rms-education\">other 
languages</a>."
-msgstr " SubRip 자막 파일을 <a 
href=\"/education/misc/rms-education-es-sub.en.srt\">영어</a>, <a 
href=\"/education/misc/rms-education-es-sub.es.srt\">스페인어</a>, and <a 
href=\"/education/misc/edu-misc.html#subtitles-rms-education\">기타 
언어</a>로 다운로드 받을 수 있습니다. "
+msgid ""
+"SubRip subtitle files are also available for download in <a href=\"/"
+"education/misc/rms-education-es-sub.en.srt\">English</a>, <a href=\"/"
+"education/misc/rms-education-es-sub.es.srt\">Spanish</a>, and <a href=\"/"
+"education/misc/edu-misc.html#subtitles-rms-education\">other languages</a>."
+msgstr ""
+" SubRip 자막 파일을 <a 
href=\"/education/misc/rms-education-es-sub.en.srt\">"
+"영어</a>, <a 
href=\"/education/misc/rms-education-es-sub.es.srt\">스페인어</"
+"a>, and <a href=\"/education/misc/edu-misc.html#subtitles-rms-education\">기"
+"타 언어</a>로 다운로드 받을 수 있습니다. "
 
 #. TRANSLATORS: Please replace the link to the video with subtitles in
 #. English with a link to the video with subtitles in your language,
 #. if it exists.
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-msgid "<a 
href=\"http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-high-sub.en.ogv\";> 
Download and watch the video</a> at a higher definition in the Ogg Theora (ogv) 
free format."
-msgstr "<a 
href=\"http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-high-sub.en.ogv\";>다운로드
 및 동영상 시청</a> (Ogg Theora (ogv) 자유 포맷)"
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-msgid "The GNU Project was <a href=\" 
/gnu/initial-announcement.html\">launched</a> in 1983 by Richard Stallman to 
develop a Free Libre operating system: the GNU operating system. As a result, 
today it is possible for anyone to use a computer in freedom."
-msgstr "GNU 프로젝트는 1983년에 자유 소프트웨어 운영체제를 
개발하기 위하여 리차드 스톨먼에 의해<a href=\" 
/gnu/initial-announcement.html\">발족</a>되었습니다. 그 결과로 
지금은 누구나 자유롭게 컴퓨터를 사용할 수 있게 
되었습니다. "
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-high-sub.en.ogv";
+"\"> Download and watch the video</a> at a higher definition in the Ogg "
+"Theora (ogv) free format."
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-high-sub.en.ogv";
+"\">다운로드 및 동영상 시청</a> (Ogg Theora (ogv) 자유 포맷)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
+"The GNU Project was <a href=\" /gnu/initial-announcement.html\">launched</a> "
+"in 1983 by Richard Stallman to develop a Free Libre operating system: the "
+"GNU operating system. As a result, today it is possible for anyone to use a "
+"computer in freedom."
+msgstr ""
+"GNU 프로젝트는 1983년에 자유 소프트웨어 운영체제를 
개발하기 위하여 리차드 스"
+"톨먼에 의해<a href=\" 
/gnu/initial-announcement.html\">발족</a>되었습니다. "
+"그 결과로 지금은 누구나 자유롭게 컴퓨터를 사용할 수 
있게 되었습니다. "
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><h2>
 msgid "In Depth"
 msgstr "상세 정보"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-msgid "Learn about the <a href=\"/education/edu-why.html\">Reasons Why</a> 
educational institutions should use and teach exclusively Free Software."
-msgstr "교육 기관에서 자유 소프트웨어만을 사용하여 
교육해야만 하는 <a href=\"/education/edu-why.html\">이유</a>에 
대하여 알아봅시다. "
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-msgid "An article by Richard Stallman: <a 
href=\"/education/edu-schools.html\">Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free 
Software</a>"
-msgstr "리차드 스톨만의 기사 : <a 
href=\"/education/edu-schools.html\">학교에서 자유 소프트웨어만을 
사용해야 하는 이유</a>"
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-msgid "An article by Dr. V. Sasi Kumar on the <a 
href=\"/education/edu-system-india.html\">education system in India.</a>"
-msgstr "Dr. V. Sasi Kumar의 <a 
href=\"/education/edu-system-india.html\">인도의 교육 시스템</a>에 
대한 기사"
+msgid ""
+"Learn about the <a href=\"/education/edu-why.html\">Reasons Why</a> "
+"educational institutions should use and teach exclusively Free Software."
+msgstr ""
+"교육 기관에서 자유 소프트웨어만을 사용하여 교육해야만 
하는 <a href=\"/"
+"education/edu-why.html\">이유</a>에 대하여 알아봅시다. "
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
+"An article by Richard Stallman: <a href=\"/education/edu-schools.html\">Why "
+"Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"리차드 스톨만의 기사 : <a 
href=\"/education/edu-schools.html\">학교에서 자유 "
+"소프트웨어만을 사용해야 하는 이유</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
+"An article by Dr. V. Sasi Kumar on the <a href=\"/education/edu-system-india."
+"html\">education system in India.</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"Dr. V. Sasi Kumar의 <a href=\"/education/edu-system-india.html\">인도의 
교육 "
+"시스템</a>에 대한 기사"
 
 #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
 #. type: Content of: <div>
@@ -121,24 +206,45 @@
 msgstr " "
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.  There are also <a 
href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF."
-msgstr "FSF &amp; GNU 에 대한 일반적인 문의는  <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>로 보내 
주십시오.  FSF로 연락하기 위해서는 <a href=\"/contact/\">다른 
방법</a>도 있습니다. "
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>."
-msgstr "잘못된 링크나 이 글의 수정 및 제안에 대한 내용은 
<a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>로 보내 
주십시오. "
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Please see the <a 
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> for 
information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
-msgstr "이 글에 대한 번역 또는 수정이 필요할 경우 <a 
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">번역 참고</a>를 
확인하십시오. "
+msgid ""
+"Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\">&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.  There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other 
ways "
+"to contact</a> the FSF."
+msgstr ""
+"FSF와 GNU에 대한 문의는 <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</"
+"a> 앞으로 보내 주세요. FSF에 대한 <a href=\"/contact/\">다른 
연락 방법</a>도 "
+"있습니다."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a href="
+"\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"끊어진 링크나 다른 수정 사항 또는 제안은 <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\">&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a> 앞으로 보내 주세요."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"이 글의 다른 언어 번역문 작성이나 제출에 대한 정보는 <a 
href=\"/server/"
+"standards/README.translations.html\">번역 안내</a>를 참고해 
주세요."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid "Copyright &copy; 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
 msgstr "Copyright &copy; 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" 
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\";>Creative Commons 
Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
-msgstr "이 페이지는 <a rel=\"license\" 
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ko\";>Creative 
Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>로 라이선스 
되었습니다. "
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://";
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"이 페이지는 <a rel=\"license\" 
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-";
+"nd/3.0/us/deed.ko\">크리에이티브 커먼스 저작자표시-변경금지 
3.0 미국 이용허락"
+"서</a>에 따라 이용할 수 있습니다."
 
 #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
 #. type: Content of: <div><div>
@@ -148,5 +254,4 @@
 #. timestamp start
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid "Updated:"
-msgstr "업데이트:"
-
+msgstr "최종 수정일:"

Index: education/po/education.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/education.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- education/po/education.translist    24 Apr 2012 08:32:00 -0000      1.12
+++ education/po/education.translist    4 Nov 2012 17:29:02 -0000       1.13
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 <li><a href="/education/education.it.html">italiano</a>&nbsp;[it]</li>
 <!-- Japanese -->
 <li><a href="/education/education.ja.html">日本語</a>&nbsp;[ja]</li>
+<!-- Korean -->
+<li><a href="/education/education.ko.html">한국어</a>&nbsp;[ko]</li>
 <!-- Polish -->
 <li><a href="/education/education.pl.html">polski</a>&nbsp;[pl]</li>
 <!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->

Index: encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia.fr.html      27 Sep 2012 16:52:39 -0000      
1.7
+++ encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia.fr.html      4 Nov 2012 17:29:02 -0000       
1.8
@@ -104,9 +104,9 @@
 surtout d'être persévérants. Nous devons nous garder de nous rabattre sur un
 objectif moins utile, moins idéaliste, pour la simple raison que la tâche
 est immense. Au lieu d'évaluer nos premières étapes à l'échelle de
-l'ensemble de la tâche, nous devrions y penser comme à des exemples, et
-avoir confiance dans leur aptitude à inciter un nombre croissant de
-contributeurs à nous rejoindre pour terminer le travail.</p>
+l'ensemble de la tâche, il faudra y penser comme à des exemples, et avoir
+confiance dans leur aptitude à inciter un nombre croissant de contributeurs
+à nous rejoindre pour terminer le travail.</p>
 
 <h4>Faisons du prosélytisme.</h4>
 
@@ -117,13 +117,13 @@
 enseignants, expliquons l'idée d'encyclopédie libre, et invitons les autres
 à nous rejoindre pour l'écrire.</p>
 
-<h4>Que devrait contenir l'encyclopédie libre ?</h4>
+<h4>Que devra contenir l'encyclopédie libre ?</h4>
 
-<p>L'encyclopédie libre devrait avoir pour ambition de comporter, à terme, un
+<p>L'encyclopédie libre doit avoir pour ambition de comporter, à terme, un
 article ou plus sur tout sujet qu'on s'attendrait à trouver dans une autre
 encyclopédie. De plus, puisqu'il n'y a pas de limite pratique à la quantité
 d'information encyclopédique qui peut se trouver sur le web, l'encyclopédie
-devrait aussi couvrir les sujets plus complexes et spécialisés qu'on
+devra aussi couvrir les sujets plus complexes et spécialisés qu'on
 s'attendrait à trouver dans des encyclopédies spécialisées comme celles de
 physique, de médecine, de jardinage ou de cuisine. On peut même aller plus
 loin ; par exemple, les observateurs d'oiseaux pourraient y mettre un
@@ -139,24 +139,24 @@
 
 <p>Les « cours » constituant les ressources pédagogiques sont une
 généralisation à l'hypertexte des manuels destinés à l'enseignement
-(scolaire ou autodidacte) d'une matière. Les ressources pédagogiques
-devraient à terme inclure des cours dans toutes les matières scolaires et
+(scolaire ou autodidacte) d'une matière. Il faut qu'à terme les ressources
+pédagogiques proposent des cours dans toutes les matières scolaires et
 universitaires allant des mathématiques à l'histoire de l'art, aussi bien
 que sur des sujets pratiques comme le jardinage, dans la mesure où cela se
 justifie (certains sujets pratiques comme le massage ou la musique
 d'ensemble pourraient être impossibles à étudier dans un « livre » sans
 l'aide d'un professeur humain – il n'est vraisemblablement pas très utile 
de
-les inclure). Les ressources pédagogiques devraient couvrir ces matières à
+les inclure). Les ressources pédagogiques devront couvrir ces matières à
 tous les niveaux pertinents, ce qui dans certains cas peut aller du cours
 préparatoire au troisième cycle universitaire.</p>
 
 <p>Un article encyclopédique utile traitera un point spécifique à un niveau
 particulier, et la contribution de chaque auteur se focalisera
 essentiellement sur un domaine qu'il ou elle connaît très bien. Mais ce
-faisant, nous devons garder à l'esprit notre vision d'une encyclopédie libre
-qui soit de portée universelle ; donc nous devons rejeter fermement tout
-essai de poser des limites artificielles, que ce soit à la portée ou au
-statut libre de l'encyclopédie.</p>
+faisant, nous devrons garder à l'esprit notre vision d'une encyclopédie
+libre qui soit de portée universelle – pour être en mesure de rejeter
+fermement tout essai de poser des limites artificielles, que ce soit à la
+portée ou au statut libre de l'encyclopédie.</p>
 
 <h4>Quels critères les pages doivent-elles respecter ?</h4>
 
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
 
 <h5>Autoriser l'accès universel.</h5>
 
-<p>L'encyclopédie libre devrait être ouverte en accès public à quiconque 
peut
+<p>L'encyclopédie libre doit être ouverte en accès public à quiconque peut
 avoir accès au web. Ceux qui cherchent à prendre le contrôle de la
 documentation pédagogique, pour en tirer profit en restreignant son accès,
 nous pousseront à « faire des compromis », à accepter d'en restreindre
@@ -241,21 +241,21 @@
 langues.</p>
 
 <p>Mais si cela nécessite une permission explicite, ce sera trop difficile. 
Par
-conséquent, nous devons adopter une règle de base disant que chacun a la
-permission de publier une traduction exacte de n'importe quel article ou
+conséquent, il faut que nous adoptions une règle de base disant que chacun a
+la permission de publier une traduction exacte de n'importe quel article ou
 cours, en donnant crédit à l'auteur de manière appropriée. Chaque article 
et
-chaque cours devrait comporter une déclaration donnant la permission de le
+chaque cours doit comporter une déclaration donnant la permission de le
 traduire. </p>
 
-<p>Pour garantir l'exactitude de la traduction, l'auteur de l'original devrait
-se réserver le droit d'exiger des corrections dans les traductions. Un
-traducteur devrait peut-être donner à l'auteur original un temps raisonnable
+<p>Pour garantir l'exactitude de la traduction, il faut que l'auteur de
+l'original se réserve le droit d'exiger des corrections dans les
+traductions. Un traducteur devra peut-être lui laisser un temps raisonnable
 pour faire cela, peut-être trois mois, avant de publier la traduction pour
-la première fois. Ensuite le traducteur devrait continuer à faire les
-corrections requises par l'auteur, quand ce dernier les demande.</p>
+la première fois. Ensuite le traducteur devra continuer à faire les
+corrections requises par l'auteur, quand ce dernier les demandera.</p>
 
-<p>À terme, à mesure que le nombre de gens impliqués dans l'activité de
-l'encyclopédie augmentera, les contributeurs pourraient former des
+<p>Plus tard, quand le nombre de gens impliqués dans l'activité de
+l'encyclopédie aura augmenté, les contributeurs pourraient former des
 « associations de vérificateurs de traductions » <cite>[Translation 
Accuracy
 Societies]</cite> pour diverses langues. L'auteur d'un ouvrage particulier
 pourrait alors désigner une de ces associations pour en vérifier et corriger
@@ -265,9 +265,9 @@
 
 <h5>Autoriser les citations avec attribution de paternité.</h5>
 
-<p>Chaque article encyclopédique et chaque cours devra autoriser n'importe qui
-à en citer des portions arbitraires dans un autre article de l'encyclopédie
-ou un autre cours, pourvu que la paternité en soit indiquée de manière
+<p>Chaque article encyclopédique et chaque cours doit autoriser n'importe qui 
à
+en citer des portions arbitraires dans un autre article de l'encyclopédie ou
+un autre cours, pourvu que la paternité en soit indiquée de manière
 appropriée. Cela permettra de se baser sur le travail que d'autres auront
 fait, sans avoir besoin de le refaire complètement.</p>
 
@@ -288,8 +288,8 @@
 voulez modifier ceci. »</p>
 
 <p>Par conséquent, modifier un cours existant doit être autorisé ; chaque 
cours
-devrait comporter une déclaration donnant la permission de publier une
-version modifiée.</p>
+doit comporter une déclaration donnant la permission de publier une version
+modifiée.</p>
 
 <p>Il est raisonnable d'exiger que les versions modifiées donnent crédit aux
 auteurs de la version précédente de manière appropriée, et soient marquées
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@
 exemple pour simuler une réaction chimique à l'écran ou vous apprendre
 comment tourner une sauce sans qu'elle brûle. Pour garantir que
 l'encyclopédie sera effectivement libre, tout le logiciel contenu dans les
-articles et les cours devra répondre aux critères de <a
+articles et les cours doit répondre aux critères de <a
 href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">logiciel libre</a> et de <a
 href="http://www.opensource.org";>logiciel open source</a>.</p>
 
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@
 
 <p>La seule solution à ce problème est de nous passer de cette sorte
 d'organisation ; de rejeter l'idée d'un contrôle de qualité centralisé. 
À la
-place, nous devrions laisser chacun décider. Si une page web a un sujet
+place, nous devons laisser chacun décider. Si une page web a un sujet
 approprié et remplit les critère d'un article, alors nous pouvons la
 considérer comme un article. Si la page remplit les critères d'un cours,
 alors nous pouvons la considérer comme un cours.</p>
@@ -378,11 +378,11 @@
 donné.</p>
 
 <p>Dans des domaines comme la science, l'ingénierie et l'histoire, il y a des
-standards formels d'évaluation par les pairs. Nous devons encourager les
-auteurs des articles et des cours à solliciter une telle évaluation, à la
-fois par les mécanismes universitaires formels existants, et par le
-mécanisme informel qui consiste à demander à des spécialistes respectés de
-la discipline la permission de citer leur approbation dans l'article ou le
+standards formels d'évaluation par les pairs. Il faut encourager les auteurs
+des articles et des cours à solliciter une telle évaluation, à la fois par
+les mécanismes universitaires formels existants, et par le mécanisme
+informel qui consiste à demander à des spécialistes respectés de la
+discipline la permission de citer leur approbation dans l'article ou le
 cours. </p>
 
 <p>Une approbation après évaluation par des pairs s'applique à une version
@@ -395,12 +395,12 @@
 <h5>Pas de catalogue pour le moment.</h5>
 
 <p>Quand l'encyclopédie sera bien étoffée, les catalogues seront très
-importants. Mais nous ne devrions pas essayer de traiter le problème du
-catalogue maintenant parce que c'est prématuré. Ce dont nous avons besoin
-cette année et les prochaines années est d'écrire des articles. Une fois que
-nous les aurons, une fois que nous aurons un grand nombre de bénévoles qui
-produiront un grand nombre d'articles, il sera temps de les répertorier dans
-un catalogue. À ce moment-là, suffisamment de gens seront intéressés par
+importants. Mais il ne faut pas essayer de traiter le problème du catalogue
+maintenant car c'est prématuré. Ce dont nous avons besoin cette année et les
+prochaines années est d'écrire des articles. Une fois que nous les aurons,
+une fois que nous aurons un grand nombre de bénévoles qui produiront un
+grand nombre d'articles, il sera temps de les répertorier dans un
+catalogue. À ce moment-là, suffisamment de gens seront intéressés par
 l'encyclopédie pour fournir la main-d'œuvre nécessaire.</p>
 
 <p>Comme aucune organisation ne sera seule en charge de l'encyclopédie, il ne
@@ -411,9 +411,9 @@
 
 <p>Les pages de l'encyclopédie seront sûrement répertoriées dans les 
moteurs de
 recherche ordinaires, et peut-être que ce sera les seuls catalogues dont
-nous aurons besoin. Mais de vrais catalogues devraient permettre la
+nous aurons besoin. Mais de vrais catalogues devront permettre la
 redistribution, la traduction et la modification – c'est-à-dire que les
-critères des cours devraient s'appliquer également aux catalogues.</p>
+critères des cours devront s'appliquer également aux catalogues.</p>
 
 <p>Ce qui peut être utilement fait dès le début, c'est de signaler les 
nouveaux
 articles de l'encyclopédie à un site particulier qui pourra enregistrer
@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@
  <p><!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour :
 
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:52:39 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:02 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: encyclopedia/po/free-encyclopedia.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/encyclopedia/po/free-encyclopedia.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- encyclopedia/po/free-encyclopedia.fr-en.html        27 Sep 2012 16:52:39 
-0000      1.7
+++ encyclopedia/po/free-encyclopedia.fr-en.html        4 Nov 2012 17:29:02 
-0000       1.8
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@
 
 <p>Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:52:39 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:02 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: gnu/byte-interview.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/byte-interview.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.37
retrieving revision 1.38
diff -u -b -r1.37 -r1.38
--- gnu/byte-interview.fr.html  27 Sep 2012 16:52:47 -0000      1.37
+++ gnu/byte-interview.fr.html  4 Nov 2012 17:29:02 -0000       1.38
@@ -25,38 +25,37 @@
 
 <p>Richard Stallman a entrepris ce qui est probablement le projet de
 développement de logiciel libre le plus ambitieux à ce jour, le système
-GNU. Dans son Manifeste GNU, publié en mars 1985 dans le <cite>Dr. Dobb's
+GNU. Dans son Manifeste GNU, publié en mars 1985 dans le <cite>Dr. Dobb's
 Journal</cite>, Stallman décrivait GNU comme « un système d'exploitation
 complet, compatible avec Unix, que je suis en train d'écrire dans le but de
 le distribuer librement à qui veut l'utiliser&hellip; Une fois GNU écrit,
-tout un chacun pourra obtenir un bon système libre, tout comme l'air qu'on
-respire. » GNU est un acronyme de <cite>GNU's Not Unix</cite>, ou « GNU
-N'est pas Unix » ; le <cite>g</cite> (dur) se prononce.</p>
-
-<p>Stallman est largement connu comme l'auteur d'EMACS, un éditeur de texte
-puissant qu'il a développé au Laboratoire d'intelligence artificielle du
-<abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr>. Ce n'est pas
-une coïncidence que la première pièce logicielle à faire partie du projet
-GNU soit une nouvelle mise en œuvre d'EMACS. GNU EMACS s'est déjà fait la
-réputation d'une des meilleures mises en œuvre d'EMACS actuellement
-disponibles quel qu'en soit le prix.</p>
+tout un chacun pourra se procurer un bon système libre, tout comme l'air
+qu'on respire. » GNU est un acronyme de <cite>GNU's Not Unix</cite>, ou
+« GNU N'est pas Unix » ; le <cite>g</cite> (dur) se prononce.</p>
+
+<p>Stallman est bien connu comme auteur d'EMACS, un éditeur de texte puissant
+qu'il a développé au Laboratoire d'intelligence artificielle du <abbr
+title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr>. Ce n'est pas une
+coïncidence que le premier logiciel produit par le projet GNU soit une
+nouvelle implémentation d'EMACS. GNU EMACS s'est déjà fait la réputation
+d'une des meilleures actuellement disponibles, quel qu'en soit le prix.</p>
 
 <p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Nous avons lu le Manifeste GNU en mars 1985, dans
-une édition du <cite>Dr. Dobb's</cite>. Que s'est-il passé depuis ? Est-ce
+une édition du <cite>Dr. Dobb's</cite>. Que s'est-il passé depuis ? Est-ce
 que c'était vraiment le tout début et comment avez-vous progressé depuis 
?</p>
 
-<p><strong>Stallman</strong> : La publication dans <cite>Dr Dobb's</cite>
+<p><strong>Stallman</strong> : La publication dans <cite>Dr. Dobb's</cite>
 n'était pas le début du projet. J'ai écrit le Manifeste GNU quand je
-m'apprêtais à démarrer le projet, en tant que demande de fonds à des
+m'apprêtais à le lancer. C'était une demande de fonds adressée aux
 fabricants d'ordinateurs. Ils n'ont pas voulu s'impliquer, alors j'ai décidé
 qu'au lieu de perdre mon temps à chercher des fonds, je ferais mieux de le
 passer à écrire du code. Le Manifeste a été publié à peu près un an et 
demi
 après que je l'aie écrit, au moment où je commençais à peine à distribuer
 GNU EMACS. Depuis, en plus de rendre GNU EMACS plus complet et capable de
 fonctionner sur plus d'ordinateurs, j'ai presque terminé l'optimisation du
-compilateur C et de tous les logiciels nécessaires aux programmes utilisant
-le C. Cela inclut un débogueur au niveau source qui a de nombreuses
-caractéristiques que les autres débogueurs au niveau source sous Unix n'ont
+compilateur C et de tous les logiciels nécessaires aux programmes en
+langage C. Cela comprend un débogueur de code source qui a de nombreuses
+caractéristiques que les autres débogueurs de code source sous Unix n'ont
 pas. Pour vous donner un exemple, il possède des variables prêtes à l'emploi
 qui permettent de sauvegarder des valeurs et il intègre aussi un historique
 de toutes les variables que vous avez listées, ce qui rend terriblement plus
@@ -72,20 +71,20 @@
 <p><strong>Stallman</strong> : Actuellement, je projette de commencer avec le
 noyau écrit au MIT et qui a été récemment rendu public avec l'idée que je
 l'utiliserais. Ce noyau s'appelle TRIX ; il est basé sur l'appel de
-procédure distant. Il faut que je lui ajoute les compatibilités avec de
-nombreuses fonctionnalités d'Unix qui lui manquent actuellement. Je n'ai pas
-encore commencé à travailler dessus. Je termine le compilateur avant de
-travailler sur le noyau. Il faudra aussi que je réécrive le système de
-fichiers. J'ai l'intention de le rendre fiable, simplement en lui faisant
-écrire les blocs dans le bon ordre, de façon à ce que la structure du disque
-soit toujours homogène. Ensuite, je veux ajouter des numéros de
-version. J'ai un schéma compliqué pour les concilier avec la façon dont on
-utilise habituellement Unix. Il faut à la fois la possibilité de spécifier
-des noms de fichiers sans numéro de version, et celle de les spécifier avec
-un numéro de version explicite, sachant que tout cela doit fonctionner dans
-un programme Unix ordinaire qui n'a été aucunement modifié pour tourner avec
-cette fonctionnalité. J'ai une idée directrice pour le faire ; ce n'est
-qu'en l'essayant que je verrai si ça marche.</p>
+procédure distant. Il faut que je lui ajoute des compatibilités, qu'il n'a
+pas actuellement, avec pas mal de fonctionnalités d'Unix. Je n'ai pas encore
+commencé à travailler dessus. Je termine le compilateur avant de travailler
+sur le noyau. Il faudra aussi que je réécrive le système de fichiers. J'ai
+l'intention de le rendre fiable, simplement en lui faisant écrire les blocs
+dans le bon ordre, de manière que la structure du disque soit toujours
+homogène. Ensuite, je veux ajouter des numéros de version. J'ai un plan
+compliqué pour les concilier avec la façon dont on utilise habituellement
+Unix. Il faut à la fois la possibilité de spécifier des noms de fichiers
+sans numéro de version, et celle de les spécifier avec un numéro de version
+explicite, sachant que tout cela doit fonctionner dans un programme Unix
+ordinaire qui n'a été aucunement modifié pour tourner avec cette
+fonctionnalité. J'ai une idée directrice pour le faire ; ce n'est qu'en
+l'essayant que je verrai si ça marche.</p>
 
 <p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Pourriez-vous, en quelques mots, nous dire en quoi
 GNU, comme système, sera supérieur aux autres systèmes ? Nous savons que
@@ -95,14 +94,14 @@
 
 <p><strong>Stallman</strong> : Le compilateur C produira un meilleur code et
 tournera plus vite. Le débogueur est meilleur. Je peux, ou non, trouver un
-moyen d'améliorer chaque élément. Mais il n'y a pas qu'une réponse à cette
-question. Dans une certaine mesure, je tire bénéfice de la remise à plat,
-qui améliore grandement beaucoup de systèmes. D'autre part, c'est parce que
-je suis dans le milieu depuis longtemps et que j'ai travaillé sur de
-nombreux autres systèmes que j'ai beaucoup d'idées à mettre sur le
-tapis. Une des raisons pour lesquelles il sera meilleur est que pratiquement
-tout dans le système s'accommodera de fichiers de n'importe quelle taille,
-quel que soit le nombre de lignes, quels que soient les caractères qu'ils
+moyen d'améliorer chaque élément. Mais cette question n'a pas de réponse
+unique. Dans une certaine mesure, je tire bénéfice de la remise à plat, qui
+améliore grandement beaucoup de systèmes. D'autre part, c'est parce que je
+suis dans le milieu depuis longtemps et que j'ai travaillé sur de nombreux
+autres systèmes que j'ai beaucoup d'idées à mettre sur le tapis. Une des
+raisons pour lesquelles celui-ci sera meilleur est que pratiquement tout
+dans le système s'accommodera de fichiers de n'importe quelle taille, quel
+que soit le nombre de lignes, quels que soient les caractères qu'ils
 contiennent. Le système Unix est très mauvais sur ce plan. Ce n'est pas un
 principe nouveau dans l'ingénierie logicielle qu'il ne doit pas y avoir de
 limite arbitraire. Quand Unix a été écrit, c'était une pratique standard
@@ -137,20 +136,20 @@
 <p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Personne n'a jamais tenté de le porter sur Atari 
ou
 Macintosh ?</p>
 
-<p><strong>Stallman</strong> : L'Atari 1040ST n'a pas encore assez de
-mémoire. J'espère que le prochain Atari pourra le faire tourner. Je pense
-aussi que les prochaines machines Atari auront une manière ou une autre de
-mapper la mémoire. Bien entendu, je ne crée pas le logiciel pour qu'il
-fonctionne sur les types d'ordinateurs qui prédominent aujourd'hui. Quand
+<p><strong>Stallman</strong> : L'Atari 1040ST n'a pas encore tout à fait 
assez
+de mémoire. Je présume que le prochain Atari pourra le faire tourner. Je
+pense aussi que les prochaines machines Atari auront un moyen quelconque de
+mapper la mémoire. Bien entendu, je ne crée pas ces logiciels pour qu'ils
+fonctionnent sur les types d'ordinateurs qui prédominent aujourd'hui. Quand
 j'ai commencé ce projet, je savais que cela allait prendre quelques
 années. C'est pour cela que j'ai décidé que je ne voulais pas d'un système
 qui serait pire si, défi supplémentaire, je voulais le faire fonctionner
-dans les contraintes des environnements actuels. Au lieu de ça, j'ai décidé
-de l'écrire dans le sens qui semblait le plus naturel et le meilleur. Je
-suis convaincu que dans quelques temps, des machines de taille suffisante
+avec les contraintes des environnements actuels. Au lieu de ça, j'ai décidé
+de l'écrire dans le sens qui semblait le plus naturel et le meilleur. Dans
+deux ou trois ans, j'en suis convaincu, des machines suffisamment puissantes
 prédomineront. En fait, l'accroissement de la taille mémoire va à une telle
 vitesse que la réticence de la plupart des gens à ajouter de la mémoire
-virtuelle me surprend ; je pense que c'est vraiment essentiel.</p>
+virtuelle me surprend ; je pense que c'est absolument essentiel.</p>
 
 <p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Je pense que les gens ne considèrent pas vraiment
 cela comme nécessaire pour une machine mono-utilisateur.</p>
@@ -160,8 +159,8 @@
 tout système de type Unix, il est important de pouvoir faire fonctionner
 beaucoup de processus différents en même temps, même s'il n'y en a qu'un qui
 vous concerne. Vous pourriez lancer GNU EMACS sur une machine n'ayant pas de
-mémoire virtuelle, mais avec assez de mémoire, mais vous ne pourriez pas
-lancer correctement le reste du système GNU ni un système Unix.</p>
+mémoire virtuelle mais suffisamment de mémoire vive, mais vous ne pourriez
+pas lancer correctement le reste du système GNU ni un système Unix.</p>
 
 <p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Quelle part de LISP y a-t-il dans GNU EMACS ? Il 
me
 semble que ce serait utile de l'utiliser comme outil d'apprentissage du
@@ -175,18 +174,18 @@
 tout ce dont LISP a besoin.</p>
 
 <p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Pourriez-vous prédire quand, vraisemblablement, 
vous
-seriez à même de distribuer un environnement fonctionnel qui, si nous
+serez à même de distribuer un environnement fonctionnel qui, si nous
 l'installions dans nos ordinateurs ou stations de travail, effectuerait
 vraiment un travail correct, et cela sans utiliser autre chose que le code
 que vous distribuez ?</p>
 
 <p><strong>Stallman</strong> : C'est vraiment difficile à dire. Cela pourrait
-arriver dans un an, mais bien entendu, cela pourrait prendre plus de
-temps. Ou moins, mais ce n'est pas probable non plus. Je pense finir le
-compilateur dans un mois ou deux. La seule autre grosse tâche à laquelle il
-faut que je m'attelle est le noyau. J'avais prédit dans un premier temps que
-GNU prendrait quelque chose comme deux ans, mais cela fait maintenant deux
-ans et demi et je n'ai toujours pas terminé. Une des raisons qui explique ce
+arriver dans un an, mais bien entendu cela pourrait prendre plus de temps ;
+ou moins, mais ce n'est pas probable non plus. Je pense finir le compilateur
+dans un mois ou deux. La seule autre tâche importante à laquelle il faut que
+je m'attelle est le noyau. J'avais prédit dans un premier temps que GNU
+prendrait quelque chose comme deux ans, mais cela fait maintenant deux ans
+et demi et je n'ai toujours pas terminé. Une des raisons qui explique ce
 retard est que j'ai passé beaucoup de temps à travailler sur un compilateur
 qui a fini par tomber dans une impasse. J'ai dû le réécrire
 complètement. Une autre raison est que j'ai passé beaucoup, beaucoup de
@@ -196,14 +195,14 @@
 
 <p><strong>Stallman</strong> : Je ne mets pas les logiciels ni les manuels 
dans
 le domaine public, car je veux m'assurer que tous les utilisateurs auront la
-liberté de partager. Je ne veux pas voir quiconque améliorer un programme
-que j'aurai écrit et le distribuer comme logiciel propriétaire.<a
+liberté de les partager. Je ne veux pas voir quiconque améliorer un
+programme que j'aurai écrit et le distribuer comme logiciel propriétaire.<a
 id="TransNote1-rev" href="#TransNote1"><sup>1</sup></a> Je ne veux pas même
 que cela puisse arriver un jour. Je veux encourager les améliorations libres
 de ces programmes et le meilleur moyen d'y parvenir est de bannir toute
-tentation d'amélioration qui ne soit pas libre. Oui, certains d'entre eux
-s'abstiendront d'ajouter des perfectionnements, mais beaucoup d'autres
-feront les mêmes perfectionnements et ils les rendront libres.</p>
+tentation de rendre les améliorations non libres. Oui, certaines personnes
+s'abstiendront de perfectionner le système, mais beaucoup d'autres
+ajouteront ces perfectionnements et elles les rendront libres.</p>
 
 <p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Et comment allez-vous faire pour le garantir ?</p>
 
@@ -213,20 +212,19 @@
 qu'il soit distribué sous les mêmes termes que ceux que j'utilise. Vous
 n'êtes pas obligé de distribuer les changements effectués sur un de mes
 programmes ; vous pouvez très bien les faire pour vous seul, sans avoir à
-les donner ou en parler à qui que ce soit. Mais si effectivement vous les
+les donner ou à en parler à qui que ce soit. Mais si effectivement vous les
 donnez à quelqu'un d'autre, vous devez le faire sous des termes identiques à
-celles que j'utilise.</p>
+ceux que j'utilise.</p>
 
 <p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Avez-vous des droits sur le code exécutable 
obtenu à
-l'aide du compilateur C ?</p>
+l'aide du compilateur C ?</p>
 
 <p><strong>Stallman</strong> : La loi sur le copyright ne me donne pas de
 copyright sur ce qui sort du compilateur, donc cela ne me permet pas de
 donner mon avis. Et de toute façon, je n'essaye pas. Je ne sympathise pas
 avec ceux qui développent des produits propriétaires quel que soit le
-compilateur, mais il semblerait que cela ne soit pas très utile de les
-arrêter de développer quelque chose avec ce compilateur, alors je ne vais
-pas le faire.</p>
+compilateur, mais il me semble futile de les empêcher de le faire avec ce
+compilateur-ci, alors je ne vais pas essayer.</p>
 
 <p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Est-ce que vos restrictions s'appliquent si
 quelqu'un prend une partie de votre code pour en faire quelque chose
@@ -239,12 +237,12 @@
 thésauriseurs de logiciels utilisent pour empêcher tout le monde de faire
 quoi que ce soit – puis un avis complémentaire par lequel je cède une 
partie
 de ces droits. Ainsi, les clauses de cet avis ne concernent que les éléments
-sur lesquels le copyright s'applique. Je ne crois pas que la raison pour
-laquelle vous devriez obéir à ces clauses soit la loi. La raison pour
-laquelle vous devriez leur obéir est qu'une personne droite qui distribue un
-logiciel doit encourager les autres à le partager encore plus.</p>
+sur lesquels le copyright s'applique. Je ne crois pas que ce soit pour
+rester dans la légalité que vous devez leur obéir. C'est parce que, si une
+personne honnête distribue un logiciel, cela encourage les autres à
+continuer de le partager.</p>
 
-<p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Dans un sens, vous attirez les gens dans cette 
façon
+<p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Dans un sens, vous attirez les gens vers cette 
façon
 de penser en distribuant tous ces outils très intéressants qu'ils peuvent
 utiliser, mais seulement s'ils adhèrent à votre philosophie.</p>
 
@@ -258,27 +256,27 @@
 
 <p><strong>Stallman</strong> : Je n'en ai aucune idée, mais ce n'est pas une
 question importante. Mon but est de permettre aux gens de rejeter les
-chaînes associées au logiciel propriétaire. Je sais qu'il y a des gens qui
-veulent faire cela. Maintenant, il peut y en avoir qui ne s'en soucient
-guère, mais je ne m'en préoccupe pas. Je me sens un peu triste pour eux et
-pour les personnes qu'ils influencent. De nos jours, la personne qui perçoit
-le caractère déplaisant des clauses des logiciels propriétaires se sent
-pieds et poings liés et n'a d'autre alternative que de ne pas utiliser
+chaînes associées au logiciel propriétaire. Je sais qu'il y a des gens dont
+c'est la volonté. Maintenant, il peut y en avoir qui ne s'en soucient guère,
+mais je ne m'en occupe pas. Je me sens un peu triste pour eux et pour les
+personnes qu'ils influencent. De nos jours, la personne qui perçoit le
+caractère déplaisant des clauses des logiciels propriétaires se sent pieds
+et poings liés et n'a d'autre alternative que de ne pas utiliser
 d'ordinateur. Eh bien, à cette personne, je vais donner une alternative
 confortable.</p>
 
 <p>D'autres personnes peuvent utiliser le système GNU simplement pour sa
-supériorité technologique. Pour prendre un exemple, mon compilateur C
-produit un code aussi bon que n'importe quel bon code que j'aie vu chez
-n'importe quel compilateur C. Et en général, GNU EMACS est considéré comme
-largement supérieur à ce qui se fait chez la concurrence commerciale. De
-plus, GNU EMACS n'a été financé par personne, mais tout le monde
-l'utilise. C'est ce qui me pousse à croire que beaucoup de gens utiliseront
-le reste du système GNU à cause de ses avantages techniques. Mais je ferais
-un système GNU même si je ne savais pas comment le faire techniquement
-meilleur, parce que je le veux socialement meilleur. Le projet GNU est
-vraiment un projet social. Il utilise des moyens techniques pour opérer des
-changements dans la société.</p>
+supériorité technique. Pour prendre un exemple, mon compilateur C produit un
+code qui soutient la comparaison avec le meilleur code ce que j'aie vu
+sortir d'un compilateur C, quel qu'il soit. Et en général, GNU EMACS est
+considéré comme largement supérieur à ce qui se fait chez la concurrence
+commerciale. De plus, GNU EMACS n'a été financé par personne, mais tout le
+monde l'utilise. C'est ce qui me pousse à croire que beaucoup de gens
+utiliseront le reste du système GNU à cause de ses avantages
+techniques. Mais je ferais un système GNU même si je ne savais pas comment
+le faire techniquement meilleur, parce que je le veux socialement
+meilleur. Le projet GNU est vraiment un projet social. Il utilise des moyens
+techniques pour opérer des changements dans la société.</p>
 
 <p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Alors, c'est relativement important pour vous que
 les gens adoptent GNU. Il ne s'agit pas uniquement d'un exercice de style,
@@ -304,30 +302,30 @@
 l'appauvrissement de toute la société. Elle gagne un dollar en détruisant
 deux dollars de valeur. Je pense qu'une personne dotée de conscience ne
 ferait pas ce genre de chose, à moins peut-être d'être en danger de mort. Et
-bien entendu, ceux qui le font sont passablement riches ; ma seule
-conclusion est qu'ils manquent de scrupules. J'aimerais voir des gens
+bien entendu, les gens qui le font sont passablement riches ; ma seule
+conclusion est qu'ils sont sans scrupules. J'aimerais voir des gens
 récompensés pour avoir écrit des logiciels libres et en avoir encouragé
 d'autres à les utiliser. Je ne veux pas voir des gens être récompensés pour
 avoir écrit des logiciels propriétaires, parce que ce n'est vraiment pas une
-contribution à la société. Le principe du capitalisme réside dans l'idée 
que
-les gens peuvent faire de l'argent en produisant des choses, et de fait ils
-sont encouragés à faire ce qui est utile, automatiquement si l'on peut
-dire. Mais ça ne marche pas quand il s'agit de posséder la connaissance. Ils
-sont encouragés à ne pas vraiment faire ce qui est utile et ce qui est
-réellement utile n'est pas encouragé. Il me semble important de dire que
-l'information diffère des objets matériels, comme une voiture ou une
-baguette de pain, car nous pouvons la copier, la partager de notre propre
+contribution à la société. Le principe du capitalisme réside dans l'idée
+qu'on peut gagner de l'argent en produisant des choses, et que de ce fait on
+est encouragé à faire ce qui est utile, automatiquement pour ainsi
+dire. Mais ça ne marche pas quand il s'agit de posséder la connaissance. On
+est encouragé à faire ce qui n'est pas vraiment utile, et ce qui est
+vraiment utile n'est pas encouragé. Il me semble important de souligner que
+l'information diffère des objets matériels, comme les voitures ou les
+baguettes de pain, car nous pouvons la copier, la partager de notre propre
 chef, et si personne ne cherche à nous en empêcher, la modifier et la rendre
-meilleure pour nous-même. C'est là une chose utile que nous pouvons
-faire. Mais il n'en va pas de même avec la baguette de pain. Si vous en avez
-une et que vous en voulez une autre, impossible de la mettre dans un copieur
-à baguettes de pain. Vous ne pouvez pas en fabriquer une autre sans passer
-par toutes les étapes qu'il a fallu pour produire la première. Qu'on ait le
-droit de la copier ne veut rien dire – c'est impossible.</p>
-
-<p>Jusqu'à récemment, les livres étaient imprimés uniquement grâce à des
-presses. Il était possible de faire soi-même une copie à la main, mais ce
-n'était pas pratique car cela demandait beaucoup plus de travail que
+meilleure pour nous-même. C'est utile, et nous en avons la possibilité. Mais
+il n'en va pas de même avec la baguette de pain. Si l'on en a une et qu'on
+en veut une autre, impossible de la mettre dans un copieur à baguettes de
+pain. On ne peut pas en fabriquer une autre sans passer par toutes les
+étapes qu'il a fallu pour produire la première. Qu'on ait le droit de la
+copier ne veut rien dire – c'est impossible.</p>
+
+<p>Jusqu'à récemment, les livres étaient produits uniquement à l'aide de
+presses à imprimer. Il était possible de faire soi-même une copie à la 
main,
+mais ce n'était pas pratique car cela demandait beaucoup plus de travail que
 d'utiliser la presse. Et cela donnait quelque chose de si peu attrayant qu'à
 toutes fins pratiques on pouvait faire comme s'il était impossible de
 fabriquer un livre autrement que de manière industrielle. Du coup, le
@@ -335,27 +333,27 @@
 qu'un acquéreur de livre puisse faire et qui soit interdit par le 
copyright.</p>
 
 <p>Mais cela n'est pas vrai des programmes informatiques. Ce n'est pas vrai non
-plus pour les bandes magnétiques. De nos jours, c'est faux en partie pour
-les livres, mais il est toujours vrai que pour la plupart des livres, cela
-revient plus cher et demande certainement plus de travail de les photocopier
-que d'en acheter une copie, pour un résultat peu probant. Nous sommes
+plus des cassettes. De nos jours, c'est en partie faux pour les livres, mais
+il est toujours vrai que, dans la plupart des cas, cela revient plus cher et
+demande certainement plus de travail de photocopier un livre que d'en
+acheter un exemplaire, pour un résultat peu probant. Nous sommes
 actuellement dans une période où la situation qui a rendu le copyright
 inoffensif et acceptable est en train de muter vers une situation où le
-copyright deviendra destructif et intolérable. Ainsi, ceux que l'on calomnie
-en les traitant de « pirates » sont en fait des gens qui essayent de faire
-quelque chose d'utile, quelque chose qu'on leur a interdit. Les lois sur le
-copyright sont entièrement destinées à aider les gens à prendre un 
contrôle
-total sur l'utilisation d'une information pour leur propre bénéfice. Elles
-ne sont pas faites pour, au contraire, aider les gens désirant s'assurer que
-l'information est accessible au public et empêcher que d'autres l'en
-dépossèdent. Je pense que la loi devrait reconnaître une certaine classe de
-travaux comme appartenant au public, ce qui est différent du domaine public
-de la même façon qu'un jardin public diffère d'un objet trouvé dans une
-poubelle. Ces travaux ne sont pas là pour que n'importe qui les détourne,
-ils sont là pour que chacun les utilise, mais sans gêner personne. Toute
-personne dans le public qui se retrouve dépossédée d'un travail dérivé de
-quelque chose qui est la propriété du public devrait pouvoir en demander
-restitution à la justice.</p>
+copyright deviendra destructeur et intolérable. Ainsi, ceux que l'on
+calomnie en les traitant de « pirates » sont en fait des gens qui essayent
+de faire quelque chose d'utile, quelque chose qu'on leur a interdit. Le
+droit du copyright est entièrement destiné à aider certaines personnes à
+prendre un contrôle total sur l'utilisation d'une information particulière
+pour leur propre bénéfice. Il n'est pas fait pour, au contraire, apporter de
+l'aide à ceux qui désirent s'assurer que l'information reste accessible au
+public et empêcher que d'autres l'en dépossèdent. À mon avis, la loi doit
+définir une classe d'œuvres qui appartiennent au public, ce qui est
+différent du domaine public de la même façon qu'un jardin public diffère
+d'un objet trouvé dans une poubelle. Ces œuvres ne sont pas là pour que
+n'importe qui les détourne, elles sont là pour que chacun les utilise, mais
+sans gêner les autres. Toute personne dans le public qui se retrouve
+dépossédée d'un travail dérivé de quelque chose qui est la propriété du
+public doit pouvoir en demander restitution à la justice.</p>
 
 <p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Mais ce qui intéresse les pirates quand ils se
 procurent des copies de programmes, n'est-ce pas de les utiliser, plutôt que
@@ -371,27 +369,26 @@
 distribution prévoit-elle un tel support ?</p>
 
 <p><strong>Stallman</strong> : Je soupçonne ces utilisateurs d'avoir été
-trompés et d'avoir une pensée confuse. Il est certainement utile d'avoir un
-support technique, mais lorsqu'ils commencent à se demander ce que cela a à
-voir avec la vente de logiciel ou avec le fait que le logiciel soit
-propriétaire, à ce niveau-là ils s'embrouillent. Il n'y a pas de garantie
-qu'un logiciel propriétaire fournisse un bon support technique, tout
-simplement parce que ce n'est pas parce qu'un vendeur dit qu'il assure le
-support technique que ce dernier sera bon. Et ils peuvent aussi fermer
-boutique. En fait, les gens pensent que GNU EMACS a un meilleur support
-technique que les produits commerciaux y ressemblant. L'une des raisons est
-que je suis probablement un meilleur hacker que les personnes qui ont écrit
-les autres variétés d'EMACS, mais l'autre raison est que tout le monde a les
-sources et que tellement de gens ont envie de trouver comment faire des
-choses avec, qu'il n'est pas nécessaire de venir chercher du support
-technique chez moi. À la limite, ce qui a assuré un bon support gratuit,
-c'est que je corrige les bogues qu'on m'a rapportés et que je mette à jour
-les versions suivantes. Vous pouvez toujours payer quelqu'un pour résoudre
-un problème à votre place et dans le cas d'un logiciel libre, vous avez un
-marché compétitif en ce qui concerne le support technique. Vous pouvez
-engager qui bon vous semble. Je distribue une liste de services avec EMACS,
-contenant les noms et numéros de téléphone des personnes qui fournissent du
-support, ainsi que le prix qu'elles demandent.</p>
+trompés et d'avoir les idées confuses. Le support technique est certainement
+utile, mais lorsqu'ils le font dépendre de la vente du logiciel, ou du fait
+que le logiciel soit propriétaire, à ce niveau-là ils s'embrouillent. Il n'y
+a aucune garantie qu'un logiciel propriétaire ait un bon support
+technique. Ce n'est pas parce qu'un vendeur dit qu'il assure le support
+technique que ce dernier sera bon. Et il peut aussi fermer boutique. De
+fait, les gens pensent que GNU EMACS a un meilleur support technique que les
+produits commerciaux y ressemblant. L'une des raisons est que je suis
+probablement un meilleur hacker que ceux qui ont écrit les autres variétés
+d'EMACS, mais l'autre raison est que tout le monde a les sources et que
+tellement de gens ont envie de trouver comment faire des choses avec, qu'il
+n'est pas nécessaire de venir chercher du support technique chez moi. À la
+limite, ce qui a assuré un bon support gratuit, c'est que je corrige les
+bogues qu'on m'a rapportés et que je mette les corrections dans les versions
+ultérieures. Vous pouvez toujours payer quelqu'un pour résoudre un problème
+à votre place et dans le cas d'un logiciel libre, vous avez un marché
+compétitif en ce qui concerne le support technique. Vous pouvez engager qui
+bon vous semble. Avec EMACS, je distribue une liste de services qui donne
+les noms et numéros de téléphone des personnes qui fournissent du support,
+ainsi que leur tarif.</p>
 
 <p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Rassemblez-vous leurs corrections de bogues ?</p>
 
@@ -402,8 +399,8 @@
 GNU dans le cadre de ce support.</p>
 
 <p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Donc, vous ne pouvez pas avoir de gens qui soient 
en
-concurrence pour fournir un support, sur la base qu'ils savent résoudre un
-problème alors que les autres, non.</p>
+concurrence pour fournir de l'assistance, sur la base qu'ils savent résoudre
+un problème alors que les autres, non.</p>
 
 <p><strong>Stallman</strong> : Non. Ils peuvent rivaliser sur la base de leur
 ingéniosité, qui augmente leurs chances de trouver une solution à votre
@@ -437,17 +434,17 @@
 temps que les gens passent à se démener pour détourner la clientèle de 
leurs
 concurrents. Pensez à ces stylos vendus dans un grand emballage en carton
 qui coûte plus que le stylo lui-même – juste pour qu'on ne vole pas le
-stylo. Ce ne serait pas mieux de mettre gratuitement des stylos à
-disposition à chaque carrefour ? Et puis, regardez toutes ces cabines de
-péage qui ralentissent le trafic. C'est un gigantesque phénomène de
-société. Il y en a qui ont trouvé le moyen de faire de l'argent en gênant 
la
-société. Dès qu'ils sont en mesure de faire obstruction, ils peuvent se
-faire payer pour laisser les gens tranquilles. Le gaspillage inhérent à la
-possession de l'information deviendra de plus en plus important et fera en
-fin de compte la différence entre un monde utopique dans lequel personne
-n'aurait vraiment besoin de travailler pour vivre, puisque les robots
-feraient tout le travail, et ce monde qui est le nôtre, où tout le monde
-passe un temps fou à recopier ce que fait le voisin.</p>
+stylo. Ce ne serait pas mieux de mettre des stylos gratuits à chaque
+carrefour ? Et puis, regardez toutes ces cabines de péage qui ralentissent
+le trafic. C'est un gigantesque phénomène de société. Il y en a qui ont
+trouvé le moyen de gagner de l'argent en gênant la société. Dès qu'ils 
sont
+en mesure de faire obstruction, ils peuvent se faire payer pour laisser les
+gens tranquilles. Le gaspillage inhérent à la possession de l'information
+deviendra de plus en plus important et fera en fin de compte la différence
+entre un monde utopique dans lequel personne n'aurait vraiment besoin de
+travailler pour vivre, puisque les robots feraient tout le travail, et ce
+monde qui est le nôtre, où chacun passe un temps fou à recopier ce que fait
+le voisin.</p>
 
 <p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Comme retranscrire des copyrights sur les 
logiciels.</p>
 
@@ -455,18 +452,18 @@
 qu'il n'a pas de copie interdite de quoi que ce soit et reproduire tout le
 travail que d'autres ont déjà fait, puisqu'il est propriétaire.</p>
 
-<p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Cyniquement, on peut se demander de quoi vous 
vivez.</p>
+<p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Si j'étais cynique, je vous demanderais de quoi 
vous
+vivez.</p>
 
-<p><strong>Stallman</strong> : Je suis consultant. Quand je conseille, je me
-réserve le droit de distribuer ce que j'ai écrit en tant que consultant. Il
-m'arrive aussi de gagner de l'argent en envoyant par la poste des copies des
-logiciels libres que j'ai écrits ou que d'autres ont écrits. Beaucoup de
-personnes m'ont envoyé 150 $ pour GNU EMACS, mais maintenant, cet argent va
-à la Fondation pour le logiciel libre que j'ai initiée. La fondation ne me
-verse pas de salaire, cela entraînerait un conflit d'intérêts. Par contre,
-elle paye des gens pour travailler sur GNU. Tant que je peux gagner ma vie
-en tant que consultant, je le ferai, car je pense que c'est le meilleur
-moyen.</p>
+<p><strong>Stallman</strong> : Je suis consultant, et je me réserve le droit 
de
+distribuer ce que j'ai écrit en tant que consultant. Il m'arrive aussi de
+gagner de l'argent en envoyant par la poste des copies des logiciels libres
+que j'ai écrits ou que d'autres ont écrits. Beaucoup de personnes m'ont
+envoyé 150 $ pour GNU EMACS, mais maintenant, cet argent va à la Fondation
+pour le logiciel libre que j'ai initiée. La fondation ne me verse pas de
+salaire, cela entraînerait un conflit d'intérêts. Par contre, elle paye des
+gens pour travailler sur GNU. Tant que je peux gagner ma vie en tant que
+consultant, je le ferai, car je pense que c'est le meilleur moyen.</p>
 
 <p><strong>BYTE</strong> : Que contient la bande de la distribution officielle
 de GNU actuellement ?</p>
@@ -572,7 +569,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour :
 
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:52:47 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:02 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.25
retrieving revision 1.26
diff -u -b -r1.25 -r1.26
--- gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html   16 Sep 2012 05:22:16 -0000      1.25
+++ gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html   4 Nov 2012 17:29:03 -0000       1.26
@@ -7,6 +7,13 @@
 Foundation (FSF)</title>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ca.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ca.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ca-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2012-09-05" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ca.html" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
 <h2>Preguntes freqüents sobre GNU/Linux per Richard Stallman</h2>
 
@@ -1369,7 +1376,7 @@
  <p><!-- timestamp start -->
 Updated:
 
-$Date: 2012/09/16 05:22:16 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:03 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: gnu/gnu-linux-faq.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- gnu/gnu-linux-faq.nl.html   16 Sep 2012 05:22:16 -0000      1.7
+++ gnu/gnu-linux-faq.nl.html   4 Nov 2012 17:29:03 -0000       1.8
@@ -6,6 +6,13 @@
 <title>GNU/Linux Veelgestelde Vragen - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation 
(FSF)</title>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.nl.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.nl.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.nl-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2012-09-05" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
 <h2>GNU/Linux Veelgestelde Vragen door Richard Stallman</h2>
 
@@ -1330,7 +1337,7 @@
  <p><!-- timestamp start -->
 Bijgewerkt:
 
-$Date: 2012/09/16 05:22:16 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:03 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html   16 Sep 2012 05:22:18 -0000      1.26
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html   4 Nov 2012 17:29:03 -0000       1.27
@@ -14,6 +14,13 @@
 <link rel="alternate" title="Nou programari lliure" 
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ca.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ca.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ca-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2012-09-05" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ca.html" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
 <h2>Linux i el Projecte GNU</h2>
 
@@ -299,7 +306,7 @@
  <p><!-- timestamp start -->
 Updated:
 
-$Date: 2012/09/16 05:22:18 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:03 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.cs.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.cs.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.cs.html   16 Sep 2012 05:22:18 -0000      1.8
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.cs.html   4 Nov 2012 17:29:03 -0000       1.9
@@ -13,6 +13,13 @@
 <link rel="alternate" title="Nový svobodný software" 
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.cs.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.cs.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.cs.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.cs-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2012-09-05" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.cs.html" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
 <h2>Linux a projekt GNU</h2>
 
@@ -279,7 +286,7 @@
  <p><!-- timestamp start -->
 Aktualizováno:
 
-$Date: 2012/09/16 05:22:18 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:03 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.nl.html   16 Sep 2012 05:22:18 -0000      1.9
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.nl.html   4 Nov 2012 17:29:03 -0000       1.10
@@ -14,6 +14,13 @@
 <link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software" 
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.nl.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.nl.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.nl-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2012-09-05" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
 <h2>Linux en het GNU Project</h2>
 
@@ -300,7 +307,7 @@
  <p><!-- timestamp start -->
 Bijgewerkt:
 
-$Date: 2012/09/16 05:22:18 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:03 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: gnu/po/byte-interview.fr-en.html
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RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/byte-interview.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
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diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- gnu/po/byte-interview.fr-en.html    27 Sep 2012 16:52:55 -0000      1.16
+++ gnu/po/byte-interview.fr-en.html    4 Nov 2012 17:29:03 -0000       1.17
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@
 <p>
 Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:52:55 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:03 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: licenses/licenses.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/licenses.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.83
retrieving revision 1.84
diff -u -b -r1.83 -r1.84
--- licenses/licenses.fr.html   29 Oct 2012 16:29:52 -0000      1.83
+++ licenses/licenses.fr.html   4 Nov 2012 17:29:04 -0000       1.84
@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@
   <li>Le texte de la GNU GPL est disponible aux formats <a
 href="/licenses/gpl.html">HTML</a>, <a href="/licenses/gpl.txt">texte</a>,
 <a href="/licenses/gpl.odt">ODF</a>, <a
+href="/licenses/gpl.dbk">Docbook</a>, <a
 href="/licenses/gpl.texi">Texinfo</a> et <a
 href="/licenses/gpl.tex">LaTeX</a>. Ces documents (en anglais) ne sont pas
 formatés pour être publiés isolément, et sont destinés à être inclus 
dans un
@@ -135,8 +136,8 @@
 
 <ul>
   <li>Le texte de la GNU AGPL est disponible aux formats : <a
-href="/licenses/agpl.html">HTML</a>, <a href="/licenses/agpl.txt">texte
-brut</a>,<a href="/licenses/agpl.dbk">Docbook</a>, <a
+href="/licenses/agpl.html">HTML</a>, <a href="/licenses/agpl.txt">texte</a>,
+<a href="/licenses/agpl.dbk">Docbook</a>, <a
 href="/licenses/agpl.texi">Texinfo</a> et <a
 href="/licenses/agpl.tex">LaTeX</a>. Ces documents (en anglais) ne sont pas
 formatés pour être publiés séparément et sont destinés à être inclus 
dans un
@@ -492,7 +493,7 @@
  <p><!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour :
 
-$Date: 2012/10/29 16:29:52 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:04 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: licenses/po/licenses.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/po/licenses.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- licenses/po/licenses.fr-en.html     29 Oct 2012 16:29:53 -0000      1.26
+++ licenses/po/licenses.fr-en.html     4 Nov 2012 17:29:04 -0000       1.27
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@
 
 <p>Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/10/29 16:29:53 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:04 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: philosophy/copyright-versus-community.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.38
retrieving revision 1.39
diff -u -b -r1.38 -r1.39
--- philosophy/copyright-versus-community.fr.html       27 Oct 2012 00:31:15 
-0000      1.38
+++ philosophy/copyright-versus-community.fr.html       4 Nov 2012 17:29:05 
-0000       1.39
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 pas être vrai car cela ne peut pas être testé.</p></dd>
 
 <dt>RMS :</dt>
-<dd>On ne peut pas le dire.</dd>
+<dd>On ne peut pas savoir.</dd>
 
 <dt>BC :</dt>
 <dd><p>Je l'ai dit – je le maintiens. Tim Berners-Lee a utilisé ses idées 
sur la
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@
 malveillant. Ils disent que ceci a pour but de « fermer le trou
 analogique ». Je vais vous montrer deux trous analogiques (Stallman enlève
 ses lunettes) : en voici un, et en voici un autre, qu'ils voudraient faire
-sauter définitivement.<a href="#footnote1">[1]</a></p>
+sauter définitivement.<a id="footnote1-rev" href="#footnote1">[1]</a></p>
 
 <p>Comment j'ai appris l'existence de ces conspirations ? Parce qu'elles ne
 sont pas secrètes ; elles ont des sites web. Le site de l'AACS décrit
@@ -977,24 +977,36 @@
 mauvais moyen de le faire, mais cela reste bien de le faire par d'autres
 moyens qui respectent notre liberté.</p>
 
-<p>Exigez qu'ils changent les deux parties malfaisantes de la loi 
néozélandaise
-sur le copyright. Ils ne doivent pas réactiver la réponse graduée, parce que
-le partage est bon, et ils doivent se débarrasser de la censure des
-logiciels qui cassent les DRM. Méfiez-vous de l'ACTA ; ils sont en train de
-négocier un traité entre différents pays, pour que tous ces pays attaquent
-leurs citoyens. Nous ne savons pas comment parce qu'ils ne nous le diront
-pas.</p></dd>
+<p>Exigez qu'ils changent les deux parties malfaisantes de la loi
+néo-zélandaise sur le copyright. Ils ne doivent pas réactiver la réponse
+graduée<a id="footnote2-rev" href="#footnote2">[2]</a>, parce que le partage
+est bon, et ils doivent se débarrasser de la censure des logiciels qui
+cassent les DRM. Méfiez-vous de l'ACTA ; ils sont en train de négocier un
+traité entre différents pays, pour que tous ces pays attaquent leurs
+citoyens. Nous ne savons pas comment parce qu'ils ne nous le diront 
pas.</p></dd>
 
 </dl>
 
 <p><a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.html">Cliquer ici</a>
 pour lire une ancienne version de cette conférence, donnée en 2000.</p>
 
-<h4>Note</h4>
+<h4>Notes</h4>
 <ol>
 <li id="footnote1">En 2010, le système de chiffrement du flux vidéo a été 
définitivement
 cassé. <br /><a
-href="http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369280,00.asp";>http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369280,00.asp</a></li>
+href="http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369280,00.asp";>http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369280,00.asp</a>Â
 <a
+href="#footnote1-rev">&#8593;</a></li>
+<li id="footnote2">La Nouvelle-Zélande a mis dans la loi un système de 
punition sans procès
+pour les utilisateurs d'Internet accusés de copier ; puis devant les
+protestations du public, le gouvernement ne l'a pas mis en œuvre et a
+annoncé son intention de le remplacer par un système de punition modifié,
+mais toujours injuste. Ce qui compte ici, c'est qu'ils ne faut pas procéder
+à un remplacement mais plutôt éviter d'avoir ce genre de système. 
Toutefois,
+la formulation que j'ai employée ne l'exprime pas clairement.
+<br />
+Plus tard, le gouvernement néo-zélandais a mis en place ce système de
+punition plus ou moins comme prévu à l'origine. <a
+href="#footnote2-rev">&#8593;</a></li>
 </ol>
 
 
@@ -1075,7 +1087,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour :
 
-$Date: 2012/10/27 00:31:15 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:05 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/pirate-party.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/pirate-party.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.27
retrieving revision 1.28
diff -u -b -r1.27 -r1.28
--- philosophy/pirate-party.fr.html     27 Sep 2012 16:54:10 -0000      1.27
+++ philosophy/pirate-party.fr.html     4 Nov 2012 17:29:05 -0000       1.28
@@ -14,6 +14,14 @@
 
 <p>par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
 
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+Note : chaque parti pirate a son programme particulier. Ils appellent tous à
+réduire le pouvoir du copyright, mais les détails varient. Les positions des
+autres partis pirates ne posent peut-être pas ce problème.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
 <p>La campagne de harcèlement à laquelle se livre l'industrie du copyright en
 Suède a conduit à la création du premier parti politique dont le programme
 vise à réduire les restrictions dues au copyright : le Parti Pirate. Parmi
@@ -24,19 +32,19 @@
 pour une utilisation commerciale. Cinq ans après sa publication, toute œuvre
 publiée passerait dans le domaine public.</p>
 
-<p>Dans l'ensemble, je suis favorable à ces changements, mais l'ironie de la
+<p>Dans l'ensemble je suis favorable à ces changements, mais l'ironie de la
 chose, c'est que ce choix particulier effectué par le Parti Pirate aurait un
 effet néfaste sur le logiciel libre. Je suis convaincu qu'ils n'avaient
 nulle intention de nuire au logiciel libre, mais c'est pourtant ce qui se
 produirait.</p>
 
-<p>En effet, la <cite>GNU General Public License</cite> (licence GPL) et
-d'autres licences copyleft se servent du copyright pour défendre la liberté
-de tous les utilisateurs. La GPL permet à chacun de publier des programmes
-modifiés, mais à condition de garder la même licence. La redistribution d'un
-programme qui n'aurait pas été modifié doit elle aussi conserver la même
-licence. Et tous ceux qui redistribuent doivent donner aux utilisateurs
-l'accès au code source du logiciel.</p>
+<p>En effet, la Licence publique générale GNU (<abbr title="General Public
+License">GPL</abbr>) et autres licences copyleft se servent du copyright
+pour défendre la liberté de tous les utilisateurs. La GPL permet à chacun de
+publier des programmes modifiés, mais à condition de garder la même
+licence. La redistribution d'un programme qui n'aurait pas été modifié doit
+elle aussi conserver la même licence. Et tous ceux qui redistribuent doivent
+donner aux utilisateurs l'accès au code source du logiciel.</p>
 
 <p>Pourquoi les propositions du Parti Pirate suédois affecteraient-elles un
 logiciel libre placé sous copyleft ? Au bout de cinq ans, son code source
@@ -45,8 +53,8 @@
 pourraient alors l'inclure dans leurs programmes. Mais qu'en est-il du cas
 inverse ? </p>
 
-<p>Le logiciel privateur est soumis à des <acronym title="contrat de licence
-utilisateur final">CLUF</acronym>, pas seulement au copyright, et les
+<p>Le logiciel privateur est soumis à des <abbr title="contrat de licence
+utilisateur final">CLUF</abbr>, pas seulement au copyright, et les
 utilisateurs n'en ont pas le code source. Même si le copyright permet le
 partage à but non commercial, il se peut que les CLUF, eux,
 l'interdisent. Qui plus est, les utilisateurs, n'ayant pas accès au code
@@ -177,7 +185,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour :
 
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:54:10 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:05 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/third-party-ideas.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/third-party-ideas.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.40
retrieving revision 1.41
diff -u -b -r1.40 -r1.41
--- philosophy/third-party-ideas.fr.html        17 Oct 2012 00:29:03 -0000      
1.40
+++ philosophy/third-party-ideas.fr.html        4 Nov 2012 17:29:05 -0000       
1.41
@@ -30,110 +30,120 @@
 faveur des logiciels libres, ou sur des sujets connexes.</p>
 
 <ul>
-  <li><a href="http://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/tblee/trouble-free-riding";>Le
-problème du parasitisme</a>, par Timothy B. Lee.</li>
+  <li><a
+href="http://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/tblee/trouble-free-riding";><cite>The
+Trouble with &ldquo;Free Riding&rdquo;</cite></a> (Le problème du
+parasitisme), par Timothy B. Lee.</li>
   
   <li><a
-href="http://www.cato-unbound.org/2008/06/09/rasmus-fleischer/the-future-of-copyright/";>Le
-futur du copyright</a>, un essai de Rasmus Fleischer.</li>
+href="http://www.cato-unbound.org/2008/06/09/rasmus-fleischer/the-future-of-copyright/";><cite>The
+Future of Copyright</cite></a> (Le futur du copyright), un essai de Rasmus
+Fleischer.</li>
 
-  <li><a href="http://www.cic.unb.br/docentes/pedro/trabs/stockholm.html";>Le
-syndrome de Stockholm numérique</a> : reflexions sur certaines réponses
-psychologiques aux forces du marché, par Pedro Rezende, Université de
-Brasilia.</li>
+  <li><a
+href="http://www.cic.unb.br/docentes/pedro/trabs/stockholm.html";><cite>The
+Digital Stockholm Syndrome</cite></a> (Le syndrome de Stockholm numérique) :
+réflexions sur certaines réponses psychologiques aux forces du marché, par
+Pedro Rezende, Université de Brasilia.</li>
 
   <li><a href="http://questioncopyright.org";>QuestionCopyright.org</a> est un 
site
 web sur l'histoire et les effets du copyright, destiné à faire prendre
 conscience des conséquences dommageables du système de copyright actuel.</li>
   <li>
     <a
-href="http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196601781";>Comment
-Vista permet à Microsoft de verrouiller les utilisateurs</a> par Cory
-Doctorow. <b>Note</b> : Nous pensons que c'est une erreur d'utiliser les
-termes de propagande de l'ennemi, qui paraissent favorables, tels
-qu'« informatique de confiance », pour décrire un projet malfaisant.
+href="http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196601781";><cite>How
+Vista Lets Microsoft Lock Users In</cite></a> (Comment Vista permet à
+Microsoft de verrouiller les utilisateurs), par Cory Doctorow. <b>Note</b> :
+Nous pensons que c'est une erreur d'utiliser les termes de propagande de
+l'ennemi, qui paraissent favorables, tels qu'« informatique de confiance »,
+pour décrire un projet malfaisant.
   </li>
   <li>
     <a href="http://www.movingtofreedom.org/";>movingtofreedom.org</a>, le blog
 de Scott Carpenter avec beaucoup d'articles relatifs à la liberté.
   </li>
   <li>
-    <a href="http://lwn.net/Articles/194701/";>Deux leçons sur les dangers du
-logiciel privateur</a><a id="TransNote2-rev"
-href="#TransNote2"><sup>2</sup></a>.
+    <a href="http://lwn.net/Articles/194701/";><cite>A couple of lessons on the
+hazards of proprietary software</cite></a> (Deux leçons sur les dangers du
+logiciel privateur<a id="TransNote2-rev"
+href="#TransNote2"><sup>2</sup></a>).
   </li>
   <li>
     <a
-href="http://southflorida.bizjournals.com/southflorida/stories/2006/07/03/story8.html";>Plusieurs
-médecins coupés de leurs dossiers par Dr Notes</a>, un exemple de la façon
-dont le logiciel privateur donne aux développeurs un pouvoir injuste sur les
+href="http://southflorida.bizjournals.com/southflorida/stories/2006/07/03/story8.html";><cite>Multiple
+doctors cut off from records by Dr. Notes</cite></a> (Plusieurs médecins
+coupés de leurs dossiers par Dr Notes) : un exemple de la façon dont le
+logiciel privateur donne aux développeurs un pouvoir injuste sur les
 utilisateurs.
   </li>
-  <li>Jimmy Wales explique pourquoi <a
-href="http://blog.jimmywales.com/index.php/archives/2004/10/21/free-knowledge-requires-free-software-and-free-file-formats/";>
-le savoir libre nécessite des logiciels libres et des formats de fichiers
-libres</a>. Il explique également pourquoi <a
+  <li><a
+href="http://blog.jimmywales.com/index.php/archives/2004/10/21/free-knowledge-requires-free-software-and-free-file-formats/";><cite>Free
+Knowledge requires Free Software and Free File Formats</cite></a> : Jimmy
+Wales explique pourquoi le savoir libre nécessite des logiciels libres et
+des formats de fichiers libres. Il explique également pourquoi <a
 href="http://www.wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> a besoin d'être un logiciel
 libre.</li>
-  <li><a href="http://www.juergen-ernst.de/info_swpat_en.html";>Les brevets
-logiciels à la loupe</a>. Dans cet article, l'auteur utilise des arguments
-basés sur le lambda-calcul pour montrer pourquoi les logiciels ne peuvent
-être brevetés.</li>
-  <li><a href="http://lwn.net/Articles/204641/";>Les gadgets libres 
nécessitent des
-logiciels libres</a>, un éditorial qui rapporte comment une « mise à jour 
»
-de firmware supprime la possibilité d'enregistrer des programmes
-radiodiffusés.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.juergen-ernst.de/info_swpat_en.html";><cite>Software
+patents under the magnifying glass</cite></a> (Les brevets logiciels à la
+loupe). Dans cet article, l'auteur utilise des arguments basés sur le
+lambda-calcul pour montrer pourquoi les logiciels ne peuvent être 
brevetés.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://lwn.net/Articles/204641/";><cite>Free gadgets need free
+software</cite></a> (Les gadgets libres nécessitent du logiciel libre) : un
+éditorial qui rapporte comment une « mise à jour » de firmware supprime 
la
+possibilité d'enregistrer des programmes radiodiffusés.</li>
   <li>L'article de Lakhani et Wolf <a
 
href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>sur
 la motivation des développeurs de logiciel libre</a> dit que, dans une
-proportion considérable, ils sont motivés par l'idée que le logiciel devrait
-être libre. Et ce, en dépit du fait que leur enquête sur les développeurs
-ait été faite sur SourceForge, un site qui ne soutient pas l'idée qu'il
-s'agisse d'un problème éthique.</li>
-  <li><a href="http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=11663";>Groklaw écrit à 
« cher
-Darl »</a> : un groupe de la communauté du logiciel libre et open source
-fait une réponse conjointe à la lettre ouverte du PDG de SCO, Darl McBride,
-à la communauté open source.</li>
-  <li><a
-href="http://www.hardwarecentral.com/hardwarecentral/editorials/4788/1,";>Hardware
-Central</a>. Nous ne sommes pas d'accord avec un aspect de la conclusion de
-cet article : il n'est pas légitime pour Microsoft d'aider Disney et la RIAA
-à de vous imposer la gestion numérique des restrictions (<acronym
-title="Digital Restrictions Management">DRM</acronym>), pas plus qu'il n'est
-légitime pour Disney et la RIAA d'essayer de le faire. Toute la puissance de
-votre ordinateur doit vous être accessible à vous, et pas seulement à ceux
-qui sont propriétaires de l'information.</li>
-
-<li>La pétition <cite>SCO Sue Me</cite> a submergé son initiateur et la 
pétition
-ne recueille plus les votes. L'auteur de cette pétition, John Everitt,
-s'attendait seulement à recevoir quelques réponses, mais au lieu de cela, il
-a eu des milliers de participants. <a
+proportion considérable, ils sont motivés par l'idée que le logiciel doit
+être libre. Et ce, en dépit du fait que leur enquête sur les développeurs a
+été faite sur SourceForge, un site qui ne soutient pas l'idée qu'il s'agisse
+d'un problème éthique.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=11663";><cite>Groklaw sends a
+Dear Darl letter</cite></a> (Groklaw écrit à son « cher Darl ») : un 
groupe
+de la communauté du logiciel libre et open source fait une réponse conjointe
+à la lettre ouverte du PDG de SCO, Darl McBride, à la communauté open
+source.</li>
+  <li><a
+href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060313152550/http://www.hardwarecentral.com/hardwarecentral/editorials/4788/1/";>Hardware
+Central [page archivée]</a>. Nous ne sommes pas d'accord avec un aspect de
+la conclusion de cet article : il n'est pas légitime pour Microsoft d'aider
+Disney et la RIAA à vous imposer la gestion numérique des restrictions
+(<abbr title="Digital Restrictions Management">DRM</abbr>), pas plus qu'il
+n'est légitime pour Disney et la RIAA d'essayer de le faire. Toute la
+puissance de votre ordinateur doit vous être accessible à vous, et pas
+seulement à ceux qui sont propriétaires de l'information.</li>
+
+<li>La pétition <cite>Hey SCO, Sue Me</cite> (Eh SCO, fais-moi un procès !) 
a
+submergé son initiateur et la pétition ne recueille plus les
+signatures. L'auteur de cette pétition, John Everitt, s'attendait seulement
+à recevoir quelques réponses, mais au lieu de cela, il a eu des milliers de
+participants. <a
 href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=6913";>Dans la dernière
 communication publique disponible sur cette pétition</a>, il pressait les
 gens d'aider la <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>FSF</a> de toutes les façons
 possibles.</li>
 
   <li><a href="http://proposicion.org.ar/doc/gob/Conde-281102/index.html.en";>La
-réponse du Sénateur Alberto Conde</a> au <acronym title="Cámara de Empresas
-de Software y Servicios Informáticos">CESSI</acronym> (Chambre des
-entreprises de logiciel et des services informatiques) concernant la
-proposition de loi E-135/02-03 sur l'utilisation de logiciel libre dans le
-secteur public pour la province de Buenos-Aires. <a
+réponse du Sénateur Alberto Conde</a> à la <abbr title="Cámara de Empresas
+de Software y Servicios Informáticos">CESSI</abbr> (Chambre des entreprises
+de logiciel et des services informatiques) concernant la proposition de loi
+E-135/02-03 sur l'utilisation de logiciel libre dans le secteur public pour
+la province de Buenos-Aires. <a
 href="http://proposicion.org.ar/proyecto/leyes/E-135.02-03/";>La proposition
-de loi </a>a été soumise par le Sénateur Alberto Conde lui-même.</li>
-  <li> Quelques économistes argumentent que le copyright et les brevets <a
-href="http://www.reason.com/0303/fe.dc.creation.shtml";> ne réussissent pas à
-promouvoir le progrès</a>, objectif ayant présidé à leur création.
+de loi</a> a été soumise par le Sénateur Alberto Conde lui-même.</li>
+  <li> Plusieurs économistes exposent les raisons pour lesquelles le 
copyright et
+les brevets <a href="http://www.reason.com/0303/fe.dc.creation.shtml";>ne
+réussissent pas à promouvoir le progrès</a>, objectif ayant présidé à 
leur
+création.
 <p>
 Cet article adopte une vision économique étroite du sujet, mesurant les
-alternatives sociales en termes de : quels biens seront disponibles pour
-quel prix, supposant que vous, le citoyen, êtes un simple consommateur et ne
-donnez aucune valeur à votre liberté. Il utilise également l'expression
-trompeuse « <a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">propriété
+alternatives sociales en termes de disponibilité et de prix des marchandises
+en supposant que vous, le citoyen, êtes un simple consommateur et ne donnez
+aucune valeur à votre liberté. Il utilise également l'expression trompeuse
+« <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">propriété
 intellectuelle</a> » (trompeuse car elle met dans le même sac copyright et
 brevets) ce qui ne le dérange pas car il ignore la variété des questions de
-société que soulèvent droits d'auteurs et brevets.
+société que soulèvent copyright et brevets.
 </p><p>
 Malgré ces défauts, il est important. Si l'on peut juger que le copyright
 est dangereux sur le plan strictement économique, sans tenir compte de la
@@ -142,46 +152,52 @@
 </p></li>
 
   <li>Deux articles de Duncan Campbell décrivent comment des portes dérobées
-<em>[backdoors]</em> de la NSA ont été cachées dans des logiciels
+<cite>[backdoors]</cite> de la NSA ont été cachées dans des logiciels
 privateurs : <a
-href="http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/te/2898/1.html";>Seule la NSA
-peut écouter, alors c'est OK</a> et <a
-href="http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/te/5263/1.html";>Comment l'accès
-pour la NSA a été construit dans Windows</a>. Ces deux articles démontrent
-clairement que les utilisateurs de logiciel privateur peuvent souvent ne pas
-être conscients de ce qui s'exécute en fait sur leur machine.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="http://www.culturaleconomics.atfreeweb.com/cpu.htm";>Copyright
-C.P.U.</a>, de Harry Hillman Chartrand, est un bon résumé de l'histoire du
-copyright.</li>
+href="http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/te/2898/1.html";><cite>Only NSA
+can listen, so that's OK</cite></a> (Seule la NSA peut écouter, alors c'est
+OK) et <a
+href="http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/te/5263/1.html";><cite>How NSA
+access was built into Windows</cite></a> (Comment l'accès pour la NSA a été
+construit dans Windows). Ils démontrent clairement que les utilisateurs de
+logiciel privateur peuvent souvent ne pas être conscients de ce qui
+s'exécute en fait sur leur machine.</li>
+
+  <li><a
+href="http://www.compilerpress.ca/Cultural%20Economics/Works/CPU%202000.htm";><cite>Copyright
+C.P.U.</cite></a>, de Harry Hillman Chartrand, est un bon résumé de
+l'histoire du copyright.</li>
 
   <li> <a
-href="http://eon.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/progress.html";>Qu'est-ce
-que le Congrès est censé promouvoir ?</a>, de Malla Pollack, explique
-comment les dernières tendances du gouvernement des États-Unis à donner le
-contrôle maximal aux détenteurs de copyright défient la justification 
donnée
-à l'établissement du copyright par la Constitution.</li>
+href="http://eon.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/progress.html";><cite>What
+is Congress Supposed to Promote?</cite></a> (Qu'est-ce que le Congrès est
+censé promouvoir ?), de Malla Pollack, explique comment la tendance actuelle
+du gouvernement des États-Unis à donner aux détenteurs de copyright un
+contrôle de plus en plus grand défie la justification donnée par la
+Constitution à la mise en place du copyright.</li>
 
   <li>Le député péruvien Dr Edgar David Villanueva Nu&ntilde;ez a écrit 
une lettre
-au directeur général de Microsoft Pérou après qu'ils aient exprimé leur
-inquiétude à propos de la proposition de loi sur le logiciel libre dans
-l'administration publique. Elle dissipe parfaitement les inquiétudes au
-sujet du logiciel libre souvent exprimées par Microsoft et d'autres. La
-traduction en anglais de cette lettre est <a
-href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030207075039/http://www.pimientolinux.com/peru2ms/villanueva_to_ms.html";>
-ici</a>.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="http://www.baen.com/library/palaver4.htm";>L'historien anglais
-Thomas Macaulay</a> avait des idées sur le copyright en 1841 qui sont
-toujours valables aujourd'hui.</li>
-
-
-  <li><a href="http://www.openrevolt.org/";>openrevolt.org</a> est un site 
destiné
-à fournir de l'information à propos de la directive européenne sur le droit
-d'auteur et lois similaires. Elle se concentre sur les deux problèmes
-principaux de l'EUCD : elle rend plus facile la censure des pages web chez
-les FAI pour les détenteurs de copyright et elle donne une protection
-juridique aux mesures de protection contre la copie.</li>
+au directeur général de Microsoft Pérou après que cette société ait 
exprimé
+son inquiétude au sujet de la proposition de loi sur le logiciel libre dans
+l'administration publique. Elle dissipe parfaitement les inquiétudes
+relatives au logiciel libre que Microsoft et d'autres mettent souvent en
+avant. La traduction en anglais de cette lettre est archivée <a
+href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030207075039/http://www.pimientolinux.com/peru2ms/villanueva_to_ms.html";>ici</a>.</li>
+
+  <li><a
+href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2170/2170-h/2170-h.htm#2H_4_0018";>L'historien
+britannique Thomas Macaulay</a> avait des idées sur le copyright en 1841 qui
+sont toujours valables aujourd'hui.</li>
+
+
+  <li><a
+href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050214010807/http://www.openrevolt.org/";>openrevolt.org
+[page archivée]</a> est un site d'information à propos de la directive
+européenne sur le droit d'auteur et lois similaires. Elle se concentre sur
+les deux problèmes principaux de l'<abbr title="European Union Copyright
+Directive">EUCD</abbr> : elle facilite la censure des pages web chez les FAI
+pour les détenteurs de copyright et elle donne une protection juridique aux
+mesures de protection contre la copie.</li>
 
   <li><a href="http://www.chillingeffects.org";>Chilling Effects</a> est un 
lieu de
 collecte pour les ordonnances de cessation et d'abstention <cite>[cease and
@@ -192,161 +208,177 @@
 explications sur les problèmes juridiques qu'elles soulèvent.</li>
 
   <li><a
-href="http://web.archive.org/web/20020222080928/www.byte.com/documents/s=2302/byt1011380870846/";>Coder
-est une délit</a>, par Shannon Cochran, est un commentaire sur l'inculpation
-criminelle de Jon Johansen pour avoir aidé à écrire DeCSS.</li>
+href="http://web.archive.org/web/20020222080928/www.byte.com/documents/s=2302/byt1011380870846/";><cite>Coding
+is a Crime</cite></a> (Coder est un délit), par Shannon Cochran, est un
+commentaire sur l'inculpation de Jon Johansen pour avoir aidé à écrire
+DeCSS.</li>
 
-  <li><a href="http://james-boyle.com/papers.pdf";><em>The Second Enclosure
-Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain.</em></a> (le mouvement
+  <li><a href="http://law.duke.edu/pd/papers/boyle.pdf";><cite>The Second 
Enclosure
+Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain</cite></a> (Le mouvement
 de la deuxième enceinte et la construction du domaine public), par James
 Boyle.</li>
 
   <li><a
-href="http://besser.tsoa.nyu.edu/howard/Papers/pw-public-spaces.html";>Propriété
-intellectuelle : l'attaque de l'espace public dans le cyberspace</a>, par
+href="http://besser.tsoa.nyu.edu/howard/Papers/pw-public-spaces.html";><cite>Intellectual
+Property: The Attack on Public Space in Cyberspace</cite></a> (Propriété
+intellectuelle : l'attaque de l'espace public dans le cyberspace), par
 Howard Besser, décrit comment différentes industries utilisent leur
 influence par le biais du copyright pour réduire le nombre des lieux publics
 sur Internet et les rendre de moins en moins publics.</li>
 
   <li><a
-href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=267848#PaperDownload";>Rechercher
-le copyright dans le Premier amendement Skein</a>, par Neil W. Netanel, dit
-que le système judiciaire des États-Unis a fait une erreur dans son
-hypothèse vieillotte que « l'usage raisonnable » élimine le conflit 
entre la
-loi sur le copyright et le Premier amendement.</li>
+href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=267848#PaperDownload";><cite>Locating
+Copyright Within the First Amendment Skein</cite></a> (Rechercher le
+copyright dans le Premier amendement Skein), par Neil W. Netanel, dit que le
+système judiciaire des États-Unis a fait une erreur dans son hypothèse
+dépassée que « l'usage raisonnable » élimine le conflit entre la loi 
sur le
+copyright et le Premier amendement.</li>
+
+  <li>Richard Stallman a cosigné <a
+href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030803114409/http://perens.com/Articles/StandTogether.html";>une
+déclaration conjointe en réponse aux commentaires de Craig Mundie de
+Microsoft [page archivée]</a>.</li>
+
+  <li>Dans « <a href="/philosophy/dmarti-patent.html">Réformons les brevets
+logiciels maintenant !</a> » Don Marti appelle les partisans du logiciel
+libre à nommer Richard M. Stallman au <cite>Patent Public Advisory
+Committee</cite> (Comité consultatif public sur les brevets) de l'USPTO
+(Office américain des brevets et des marques).</li>
 
-  <li><!--<a href="http://www.perens.com/Articles/StandTogether.html";>
--->
-<!--</a>
--->
-Richard Stallman a cosigné une déclaration conjointe en réponse aux
-commentaires de Craig Mundie de Microsoft.</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/stophr3028.html">Stoppez HR 3028</a>, la loi de 1999
+sur la prévention du cyberpiratage des marques déposées.</li>
 
-  <li>Dans <a href="/philosophy/dmarti-patent.html">Réformer les brevets 
logiciels
-maintenant !</a>, Don Marti appelle les partisans du logiciel libre à nommer
-Richard M. Stallman au <cite>Patent Public Advisory Committee</cite> (comité
-consultatif public sur les brevets) de l'USPTO (Office américain des brevets
-et des marques).</li>
+ <li><a
+href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010410172314/http://www-personal.si.umich.edu/~beejoo/gnuproject.html";><cite>The
+GNU Project FTP Site: A Digital Collection Supporting a Social
+Movement</cite> [page archivée]</a> (Le site FTP du projet GNU : une
+collection de documents numériques en faveur d'un mouvement sociétal).</li>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/stophr3028.html">Stoppez H.R. 3028</a>, la loi de 
1999
-sur la prévention du cyberpiratage des marques déposées.</li>
+ <li><a
+href="http://web.archive.org/web/20000815064842/http://oppression.nerdherd.org/Stories/1998/9810/ucla/ucla.html";><abbr
+title="University of California at Los Angeles">UCLA</abbr> fait subir aux
+étudiants qui utilisent GNU/Linux une discrimination basée, entre autres,
+sur leur soutien au pouvoir des propriétaires de logiciel [page
+archivée]</a>.</li>
 
-<!--
-"The GNU Project FTP Site: A Digital Collection Supporting a Social
-Movement" is no longer at
-http://www-personal.si.umich.edu/~beejoo/gnuproject.html
--->
-<!-- brokien line -neel
-  <li>
-<a href="http://oppression.nerdherd.org/Stories/1998/9810/ucla/ucla.html";>UCLA
-       discriminates against students using GNU/Linux.
-       One part of their justification is supporting the power of
-       software owners.</a></li>
--->
 <!-- broken link -mohit
   <li>
 <a href="http://members.xoom.com/jcenters/HADL.html";>The Hacker 
Anti-Defamation League</a></li>
 -->
-<!-- redirected to simson.net startpage as of 2012-07-23
-  <li>
-<a href="http://simson.net/clips/98.Globe.05-07.Read_them_and_weep.htm";>Read
-       Them And Weep</a>, by Simson Garfinkel, talks about the
-       pending bills that would give information owners sweeping new powers,
-       and restrict the activities of users.</li>
--->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/nonsoftware-copyleft.html">Appliquer le Copyleft à de
-l'information de type non logiciel</a>, par Michael Stutz.</li>
-  <li><a href="philosophy/free-world.html">Seul le monde du Libre peut 
résister à
-Microsoft</a>, par Tom Hull.</li>
-  <li><a href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp.html";>La 
philosophie de
-la musique libre</a>, par Ram Samudrala.</li>
+<li><a
+href="http://web.archive.org/web/19991012082619/http://simson.net/clips/98.Globe.05-07.Read_them_and_weep.htm";><cite>Read
+Them And Weep</cite> [page archivée]</a> (Lisez-les et pleurez), par Simson
+Garfinkel : commentaires sur des projets de loi qui donneraient aux
+propriétaires de l'information de nouveaux pouvoirs extraordinaires, et
+restreindraient les activités des utilisateurs.</li>
+
+  <li>« <a href="/philosophy/nonsoftware-copyleft.html">Appliquer le 
copyleft à de
+l'information de type non logiciel</a> », par Michael Stutz.</li>
+  <li>« <a href="/philosophy/free-world.html">Seul le monde du Libre peut 
résister
+à Microsoft</a> », par Tom Hull.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp.html";><cite>The Free
+Music Philosophy</cite></a> (La philosophie de la musique libre), par Ram
+Samudrala.</li>
 
-  <li>L'industrie du disque demande plus de pouvoir de copyright arguant du 
fait
+  <li>L'industrie du disque demande plus de pouvoir de copyright, arguant du 
fait
 qu'elle est le soutien des musiciens. <a
-href="http://www.negativland.com/albini.html";>Cet article</a> montre comment
-les maisons de disques traitent effectivement les musiciens.</li>
+href="http://www.negativland.com/news/?page_id=17";>Cet article</a> montre
+comment les maisons de disques traitent effectivement les musiciens.</li>
 
 <!-- the original link was not working, rms suggested i
        make a temporary link -neel
        http://www.musicisum.com/manifesto.shtml
   -->
-<li><a href="http://www.maui.net/~zen_gtr/zgzinepg4.html";>Le manifeste : le
-piratage est votre ami</a>, par Jaron Lanier.
+<li>Le manifeste <a
+href="http://www.maui.net/~zen_gtr/zgzinepg4.html";><cite>Piracy is Your
+Friend</cite></a> (Le piratage est votre ami), par Jaron Lanier.
        <br />
        <strong>Notez</strong> que le projet GNU recommande <a
 href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">d'éviter</a> le terme <a
 href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">piratage</a> parce qu'il
 implique que partager des copies est en quelque sorte illégitime.</li>
   <li><a
-href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/copying_primer.html";>Une
-introduction à l'éthique de la « propriété intellectuelle »</a>, par 
Ram
+href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/copying_primer.html";><cite>A
+primer on the ethics of &ldquo;Intellectual property&rdquo;</cite></a> (Une
+introduction à l'éthique de la « propriété intellectuelle »), par Ram
 Samudrala.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/self-interest.html">L'intérêt personnel est-il
-suffisant pour organiser une économie libre ?</a> par Loyd Fueston.</li>
+  <li>« <a href="/philosophy/self-interest.html">L'intérêt personnel est-il
+suffisant pour organiser une économie libre ?</a> » par Loyd Fueston.</li>
 
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/kragen-software.html">Gens, endroits, choses et
-idées</a> par Kragen Sitaker</li>
-  <li><a href="http://freenation.org/a/f31l1.html";>Le plaidoyer libertaire 
contre
-les droits de propriété intellectuelle</a> par Roderick T. Long
+  <li>« <a href="/philosophy/kragen-software.html">Les gens, les lieux, les 
choses
+et les idées</a> » par Kragen Sitaker</li>
+  <li><a href="http://freenation.org/a/f31l1.html";><cite>The Libertarian Case
+Against Intellectual Property Rights</cite></a> (Le plaidoyer libertarien
+contre les droits de propriété intellectuelle), par Roderick T. Long.
        <br />
-       Le mouvement du logiciel libre ne soutient pas les idées libertaires, 
et <a
-href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html">nous ne sommes pas
+       Le mouvement du logiciel libre ne soutient pas les idées 
libertariennes, et
+<a href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html">nous ne sommes pas
 complètement d'accord</a> avec cet article. Mais il est utile pour réfuter
 un argument spécifique qui est donné en faveur du logiciel privateur.</li>
-  <li><a href="http://old.law.columbia.edu/my_pubs/anarchism.html";>L'anarchisme
-triomphant : Le logiciel libre et la mort du copyright</a></li>
-
-<!--
+  <li><a 
href="http://old.law.columbia.edu/my_pubs/anarchism.html";><cite>Anarchism
+Triumphant: Free Software and the Death of Copyright</cite></a>
+(L'anarchisme triomphant : le logiciel libre et la mort du copyright).</li>
 
-Imagined Electronic Community: Representations of Virtual Community in
-Contemporary Business Discourse is no longer at
-http://eserver.org/internet/community/community.html
-
--->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/economics_frank/frank.html">Le fait d'étudier
-l'économie inhibe-t-il la coopération ?</a> par Frank, Gilovich, et 
Regan.</li>
-  <li><a href="http://danny.oz.au/freedom/ip/aidfs.html";>Développement, 
commerce
-éthique, et logiciel libre</a> par Danny Yee.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/bdk.html">LA BALLADE DE DENNIS KARJALA</a> : Un
-commentaire politique sous la forme d'une ballade virulente par Timothy
-R. Phillips.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/ICT-for-prosperity.html">Modeler le développement 
et
-les initiatives collaboratifs des TIC pour une prospérité globale</a> par
-Robert J. Chassell</li>
   <li><a
-href="http://www.ic.unicamp.br/~oliva/papers/free-software/selection-html/";>Les
-avantages compétitifs des logiciels libres</a> par Alexandre Oliva.</li>
+href="http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~digger/596/werry_comm.pdf";><cite>Imagined
+Electronic Community: Representations of Virtual Community in Contemporary
+Business Discourse</cite></a> (La communauté électronique imaginaire :
+représentations de la communauté virtuelle dans le discours du monde des
+affaires contemporain), par Chris Werry.</li>
+
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/economics_frank/frank.html"><cite>Does Studying
+Economics Inhibit Cooperation?</cite></a> (Le fait d'étudier l'économie
+inhibe-t-il l'esprit de coopération ?) par Frank, Gilovich, et Regan.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://danny.oz.au/freedom/ip/aidfs.html";><cite>Development,
+Ethical Trading, and Free Software</cite></a> (Développement, commerce
+éthique et logiciel libre), par Danny Yee.</li>
+  <li>« <a href="/philosophy/bdk.html">La ballade de Dennis Karjala</a> » 
: un
+commentaire politique sous forme de complainte du 16e siècle
+<cite>[broadside ballad]</cite>, par Timothy R. Phillips.</li>
+  <li>« <a href="/philosophy/ICT-for-prosperity.html">Façonner le 
développement et
+les projets collaboratifs dans les TIC pour la prospérité mondiale</a> » 
par
+Robert J. Chassell.</li>
+  <li><a
+href="http://www.ic.unicamp.br/~oliva/papers/free-software/selection-html/";><cite>The
+Competitive Advantages of Free Software</cite></a> (Les avantages
+compétitifs du logiciel libre), par Alexandre Oliva.</li>
   <li><a href="http://www.advogato.org/article/89.html";
-id="PatentgrantundertheGPL">Délivrance de brevet sous la GPL</a>.</li>
+id="PatentgrantundertheGPL"><cite>Patent grant under the GPL</cite></a>
+(Licences de brevets associées à la GPL).</li>
   <li><a
 
href="http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/05/biztech/articles/10digital.html";
-id="ConceptofCopyrightFightsMarkoff">Le concept de combats contre le
-copyright pour la survie d'Internet</a> par John Markoff.</li>
+id="ConceptofCopyrightFightsMarkoff"><cite>The Concept of Copyright Fights
+for Internet Survival</cite></a> (Le concept de lutte contre le copyright
+pour la survie d'Internet), par John Markoff.</li>
 
   <li><a id="TheRealPurposeOfCopyrightBerry"
-href="http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA158872.html";>L'objectif réel
-du copyright</a> par John N. Berry III.</li>
-  <li><a id="Copyrightfire" href="/philosophy/fire.html">Le feu sous 
copyright !
-(Humour)</a> par Ian Clarke.</li>
+href="http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA158872.html";><cite>The Real
+Purpose of Copyright</cite></a> (L'objectif réel du copyright), par John
+N. Berry III.</li>
+  <li>« <a id="Copyrightfire" href="/philosophy/fire.html">Le feu sous
+copyright !</a> » (humour), par Ian Clarke.</li>
   <li><a
 href="http://www.praxagora.com/andyo/professional/infirmation_technology.html";
-id="INFOTECH">Le futur apporte la « technologie de l'infirmation »</a> par
-Andy Oram (le titre est un jeu de mot sur « infirme » et « information 
»).</li>
+id="INFOTECH"><cite>The Future Brings &ldquo;Infirmation
+Technology&rdquo;</cite></a> (L'avenir apporte la « technologie de
+l'infirmation »), par  Andy Oram (le titre est un jeu de mot sur « 
infirme »
+et « information »).</li>
 
 <!-- Re: Free Protocols Foundation - it's a maintainance nightmare -->
 <!-- to have full descriptions in more then one place. -len -->
 <!-- RMS requests that this link is put back, 14 Dec 2000, paulv -->
-<li><a href="http://www.freeprotocols.org/";>La Fondation des protocoles
-libres</a> est un forum public indépendant, dédié au soutien aux protocoles
-libres de tout brevet.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/software-libre-commercial-viability.html">Logiciel
-libre et viabilité commerciale</a> par Alessandro Rubini</li>
-  <li><a href="http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/98il/";>Information liberation</a> par
-Brian Martin. Nous insistons pour qu'on évite d'utiliser le terme <a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">propriété intellectuelle</a> et
-invitons à parler à la place de copyrights, brevets, et/ou de marques.</li>
-  <li><a href="http://wearcam.org/seatsale/index.htm";>Siège à vendre</a>, une
-satire à propos du copyright.</li>
+<li><a href="http://www.freeprotocols.org/";>The Free Protocols Foundation</a>
+(la Fondation pour les protocoles libres) est un forum public indépendant,
+dont l'objectif est de soutenir les protocoles libres de tout brevet.</li>
+  <li>« <a 
href="/philosophy/software-libre-commercial-viability.html">Logiciel
+libre et viabilité commerciale</a> » par Alessandro Rubini.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/98il/";><cite>Information
+liberation</cite></a> (Libération de l'information), par Brian Martin. Nous
+insistons pour qu'on évite d'utiliser le terme <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">propriété intellectuelle</a> et qu'à
+la place on parle de copyrights, de brevets ou de marques.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://wearcam.org/seatsale/index.htm";>Seat Sale</a> (Siège à
+vendre), une satire à propos du copyright.</li>
 
   <li>Une <a href="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/DeCSS/Gallery/";>galerie</a>
 d'exemples démontrant combien la Loi sur le copyright du millénaire
@@ -354,11 +386,11 @@
 absurde.</li>
 
   <li>Une critique du livre <a
-href="http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/03/28/0121209&amp;mode=nocomment";>
-<cite>Digital Copyright</cite></a>.</li>
+href="http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/03/28/0121209";><cite>Digital
+Copyright</cite></a>.</li>
 
-  <li><a 
href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";><cite>Live
-and let license</cite></a> par Joe Barr.</li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4";><cite>Live and let
+license</cite></a> (Croissez et faites des licences), par Joe Barr.</li>
 
   <li><a href="http://www.piecepack.org";>Piecepack</a> est un ensemble de 
pions de
 jeux société que chacun est libre d'utiliser pour créer différents types de
@@ -368,8 +400,8 @@
 href="http://www.gianoziaorientale.org/info/foreign_politics.html";>un regard
 ironique sur les brevets logiciels et les DRM</a>.</li>
 
-  <li><a href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7813";>Logiciels libres et
-scoutisme</a></li>
+  <li><a href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7813";><cite>Free Software 
and
+Scouting</cite></a> (Logiciel libre et scoutisme).</li>
 
   <li><a href="http://fare.tunes.org/articles/patents.html";><cite>Patents Are 
An
 Economic Absurdity</cite></a> (Les brevets sont une absurdité économique) :
@@ -380,13 +412,13 @@
 ceci est un autre problème. </li>
 
    <!-- Description text by RMS -->
-<li><a href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/kinsella2.html";>Pour la défense 
de
-Napster et contre la <cite>Second Homesteading Rule</cite></a> (deuxième loi
-sur la concession statutaire).</li>
-
-   <li><a href="http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/15_2/15_2_1.pdf";>Against
-Intellectual Property</a> (Contre la propriété intellectuelle),
-<cite>Journal of Libertarian Studies</cite>, printemps 2001 (PDF)</li>
+<li><a href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/kinsella2.html";><cite>In Defense 
of
+Napster and Against the Second Homesteading Rule</cite></a> (Pour la défense
+de Napster et contre la « Deuxième loi sur la concession statutaire 
»).</li>
+
+   <li><a 
href="http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/15_2/15_2_1.pdf";><cite>Against
+Intellectual Property</cite></a> (Contre la propriété intellectuelle),
+<cite>Journal of Libertarian Studies</cite>, printemps 2001 (PDF).</li>
 
 <!-- Available only against a fee.
    <li>
@@ -396,13 +428,13 @@
 href="http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~sdexter/Pubs/cepe2005.pdf";><cite>A
 Comparative Ethical Assessment of Free Software Licensing Schemes</cite></a>
 (Une évaluation éthique comparative des combinaisons de licences de logiciel
-libre) par Samir Chopra et Scott Dexter.</li>
+libre), par Samir Chopra et Scott Dexter.</li>
 
-   <li>Le <a href="http://simplemachines.it/simone.html";>projet de matériel
-SIM.ONE</a> a créé des spécifications pour la conception d'ordinateur libres
-(libre comme dans liberté).</li>
+   <li>Le <a href="http://simplemachines.it/index.php/sim-one-project";>projet 
de
+matériel SIM.ONE</a> a créé des spécifications pour la conception
+d'ordinateurs libres (libres comme dans liberté).</li>
 
-   <li>Non disponible en ligne, mais en 1960 Bernard Galler a écrit une 
lettre à
+   <li>En 1960 Bernard Galler a écrit une lettre (non disponible en ligne) à
 l'éditeur des <cite>Communications of the ACM</cite> (vol.3, no.4,
 pp.A12-A13), disant entre autres (en mentionnant le prix, mais impliquant
 clairement la liberté) :
@@ -487,7 +519,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour :
 
-$Date: 2012/10/17 00:29:03 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:05 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/w3c-patent.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/w3c-patent.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.34
retrieving revision 1.35
diff -u -b -r1.34 -r1.35
--- philosophy/w3c-patent.fr.html       27 Sep 2012 16:54:40 -0000      1.34
+++ philosophy/w3c-patent.fr.html       4 Nov 2012 17:29:05 -0000       1.35
@@ -31,29 +31,29 @@
 Moglen de la <cite>Columbia University Law School</cite>, a participé au
 groupe de travail sur la politique de brevets du <cite>W3 Consortium</cite>,
 de novembre 2001 jusqu'à aujourd'hui. La politique actuelle du W3C, qui dans
-la plupart des cas requiert des licences de brevets « libres de droits »
+la plupart des cas requiert des licences de brevet « libres de droits »
 (<acronym title="royalty-free">RF</acronym>), est une avancée importante
 dans le sens de la protection du web contre les standards grevés par des
 brevets. Mais cela ne suffit pas car une échappatoire autorise dans ces
-licences de brevets des conditions qui interdiraient d'implémenter les
+licences de brevet des conditions qui interdiraient d'implémenter les
 standards sous forme de logiciel libre.</p>
 
 <p>
 Le problème vient des restrictions du « champ d'utilisation », que les
-détenteurs de brevets sont autorisés à inclure dans leurs licences de
-brevets libres de droits. De telles restrictions disent que vous êtes
-autorisé à utiliser l'idée brevetée, mais seulement pour mettre en œuvre 
le
-standard exactement comme il est spécifié – pas d'une autre manière. Par
-conséquent, si vous changez le code pour vous écarter même légèrement des
+détenteurs de brevets sont autorisés à inclure dans leurs licences de brevet
+libres de droits. De telles restrictions disent que vous êtes autorisé à
+utiliser l'idée brevetée, mais seulement pour mettre en œuvre le standard
+exactement comme il est spécifié – pas d'une autre manière. Par 
conséquent,
+si vous changez le code pour vous écarter même légèrement des
 spécifications, la licence de brevet ne vous protège plus contre des
-poursuites pour violation de brevet.</p>
+poursuites pour violation du brevet.</p>
 
 <p>
 Le W3C a pour politique de rejeter certaines sortes de « restrictions du
-champ d'utilisation ». Par exemple, il n'autorise pas les licences de
-brevets limitées aux logiciels d'un certain type ou aux plateformes d'un
-certain type (nous en avons été informés en 2012). Cela laisse toutefois le
-champ libre à d'autres sortes de restrictions qui peuvent poser problème.</p>
+champ d'utilisation ». Par exemple, il n'autorise pas les licences de brevet
+limitées aux logiciels d'un certain type ou aux plateformes d'un certain
+type (nous en avons été informés en 2012). Cela laisse toutefois le champ
+libre à d'autres sortes de restrictions qui peuvent poser problème.</p>
 
 <p>
 L'une des conditions pour qu'un logiciel soit libre est que les utilisateurs
@@ -66,16 +66,17 @@
 
 <p>
 De plus, les restrictions du champ d'utilisation sont juridiquement
-incompatibles avec la section 7 de la <a href="/licenses/gpl.html#TOC3">GNU
-General Public License (version 2)</a>, puisqu'elles annulent pratiquement
-la liberté de l'utilisateur de modifier le logiciel.</p>
+incompatibles avec la section 7 de la <a
+href="/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html">GNU General Public License
+(version 2)</a>, puisqu'elles annulent pratiquement la liberté de
+l'utilisateur de modifier le logiciel.</p>
 
 <p>
 Beaucoup d'autres licences de logiciel libre n'ont pas de clause équivalente
 à la section 7 de la GPL, mais vous ne pouvez pas résoudre le problème en
 utilisant simplement l'une de ces licences. La section 7 est destinée à
 empêcher l'imposition de restrictions additionnelles (par exemple, par des
-licences de brevets) qui supprimeraient les libertés que la GPL vous
+licences de brevet) qui supprimeraient les libertés que la GPL vous
 donne. Si la licence du logiciel ne fait rien pour empêcher cela, vous
 pourrez vous trouver dans une situation où la licence du programme semble
 vous donner la liberté, mais où cette liberté a été retirée par des
@@ -146,7 +147,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour :
 
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:54:40 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:05 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.fr.html        27 Sep 2012 
16:54:40 -0000      1.16
+++ philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.fr.html        4 Nov 2012 
17:29:05 -0000       1.17
@@ -302,6 +302,9 @@
 données dessus. Faites votre travail avec votre propre copie d'un programme
 libre, par souci de votre liberté.</p>
 
+<h3>Voir également :</h3>
+<p><a href="/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html">Le bogue que
+personne n'est autorisé à comprendre</a>.</p>
 
 <div style="font-size: small;">
 
@@ -357,7 +360,7 @@
  <p><!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour :
 
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:54:40 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:05 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.fr-en.html 27 Oct 2012 00:31:18 
-0000      1.22
+++ philosophy/po/copyright-versus-community.fr-en.html 4 Nov 2012 17:29:05 
-0000       1.23
@@ -920,7 +920,7 @@
 our freedom.</p>
 
 <p>Demand that they change the two evil parts of the New Zealand Copyright Act.
-They shouldn't replace the three strikes punishment, because sharing is
+They shouldn't replace the three strikes punishment<a 
href="#footnote1">[2]</a>, because sharing is
 good, and they've got to get rid of the censorship for the software to break
 DRM.  Beware of ACTA&mdash;they're trying to negotiate a treaty between various
 countries, for all of these countries to attack their citizens, and we don't
@@ -935,6 +935,16 @@
 <ol>
 <li id="footnote1">In 2010, the encryption system for digital video output was
 definitively cracked.<br /><a 
href="http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369280,00.asp";>http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2369280,00.asp</a></li>
+<li id="footnote2">New Zealand had enacted a system of punishment
+without trial for Internet users accused of copying; then, facing
+popular protest, the government did not implement it, and announced a
+plan to implement a modified unjust punishment system.  The point here
+was that they should not proceed to implement a replacement &mdash;
+rather, they should have no such system.  However, the words I used
+don't say this clearly.
+<br />
+The New Zealand government subsequently implemented the punishment
+scheme more or less as originally planned.</li>
 </ol>
 
 </div>
@@ -969,7 +979,7 @@
 <p>
 Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/10/27 00:31:18 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:05 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: philosophy/po/pirate-party.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/pirate-party.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- philosophy/po/pirate-party.fr-en.html       27 Sep 2012 16:55:45 -0000      
1.16
+++ philosophy/po/pirate-party.fr-en.html       4 Nov 2012 17:29:05 -0000       
1.17
@@ -6,6 +6,14 @@
 
 <p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
 
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+Note: each Pirate Party has its own platform.  They all call for
+reducing copyright power, but the specifics vary.  This issue may
+not apply to the other parties' positions.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
 <p>The bullying of the copyright industry in Sweden inspired the
 launch of the first political party whose platform is to reduce
 copyright restrictions: the Pirate Party.  Its platform includes the
@@ -132,7 +140,7 @@
 <p>
 Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:55:45 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:05 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: philosophy/po/third-party-ideas.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/third-party-ideas.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.23
retrieving revision 1.24
diff -u -b -r1.23 -r1.24
--- philosophy/po/third-party-ideas.fr-en.html  17 Oct 2012 00:29:04 -0000      
1.23
+++ philosophy/po/third-party-ideas.fr-en.html  4 Nov 2012 17:29:05 -0000       
1.24
@@ -78,13 +78,13 @@
   sends a Dear Darl letter</a>; a group from the free software and
   open source community has put together a response to SCO CEO Darl
   McBride's Open Letter to the Open Source Community.</li>
-  <li><a 
href="http://www.hardwarecentral.com/hardwarecentral/editorials/4788/1,";>Hardware
 Central</a>.
-  We disagree with one aspect of this article's conclusion:
-  It's not legitimate for Microsoft to help Disney and the RIAA
-  impose Digital Restrictions Management on you, any more than
-  it is legitimate for Disney and the RIAA to try it.
-  The full power of computing should be available to you,
-  not just to the owners of information.</li>
+  <li><a 
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060313152550/http://www.hardwarecentral.com/hardwarecentral/editorials/4788/1/";>Hardware
+  Central [Archived Page]</a>.  We disagree with one aspect of this article's
+  conclusion: It's not legitimate for Microsoft to help Disney and the
+  RIAA impose Digital Restrictions Management on you, any more than it
+  is legitimate for Disney and the RIAA to try it.  The full power of
+  computing should be available to you, not just to the owners of
+  information.</li>
 
 <li>The SCO Sue Me Petition has overwhelmed its inceptor
 and the petition is no longer taking votes. The author
@@ -144,17 +144,17 @@
   <a 
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030207075039/http://www.pimientolinux.com/peru2ms/villanueva_to_ms.html";>
   here</a>.</li>
 
-  <li><a href="http://www.baen.com/library/palaver4.htm";>British historian
-  Thomas Macaulay</a> had ideas about copyright in 1841 which still hold
-  true today.</li>
+  <li><a 
href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2170/2170-h/2170-h.htm#2H_4_0018";>British
+  historian Thomas Macaulay</a> had ideas about copyright in 1841
+  which still hold true today.</li>
 
 
-  <li><a href="http://www.openrevolt.org/";>openrevolt.org</a> is a site
-  devoted to providing information about the European Copyright
-  Directive and similar legislation.  It concentrates on the two
-  principal problems of the EUCD, which make it easier for copyright
-  holders to censor webpages on ISPs and give legal protection to
-  copy-protection measures.</li>
+  <li><a 
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050214010807/http://www.openrevolt.org/";>openrevolt.org
+  [Archived Page]</a> is a site devoted to providing information about
+  the European Copyright Directive and similar legislation.  It
+  concentrates on the two principal problems of the EUCD, which make
+  it easier for copyright holders to censor webpages on ISPs and give
+  legal protection to copy-protection measures.</li>
 
   <li><a href="http://www.chillingeffects.org";>Chilling Effects</a> is
   a collection point for cease and desist notices concerning online
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@
   Coding is a Crime</a>, by Shannon Cochran, is a commentary on the indictment
   of Jon Johansen on felony charges for helping write DeCSS.</li>
 
-  <li><a href="http://james-boyle.com/papers.pdf";>The Second Enclosure Movement
+  <li><a href="http://law.duke.edu/pd/papers/boyle.pdf";>The Second Enclosure 
Movement
   and the Construction of the Public Domain.</a>, by James Boyle.</li>
 
   <li><a 
href="http://besser.tsoa.nyu.edu/howard/Papers/pw-public-spaces.html";>Intellectual
@@ -183,10 +183,9 @@
   and the First Amendment.</li>
 
   <li>Richard Stallman co-signed
-  <!--<a href="http://www.perens.com/Articles/StandTogether.html";>-->a 
-joint
-  statement responding to comments by Craig Mundie of 
-Microsoft<!--</a>-->.</li>
+  <a 
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030803114409/http://perens.com/Articles/StandTogether.html";>a
+joint statement responding to comments by Craig Mundie of Microsoft
+[Archived Page]</a>.</li>
 
   <li>In <cite><a href="/philosophy/dmarti-patent.html">Patent Reform
           Now!</a></cite>, Don Marti calls for free software supporters to
@@ -195,27 +194,22 @@
 
   <li><a href="/philosophy/stophr3028.html">Stop H.R. 3028</a>,
     &ldquo;The Trademark Cyberpiracy Prevention Act of 1999&rdquo;.</li>
-<!--
-"The GNU Project FTP Site: A Digital Collection Supporting a Social
-Movement" is no longer at
-http://www-personal.si.umich.edu/~beejoo/gnuproject.html
--->
 
-<!-- brokien line -neel
-  <li><a 
href="http://oppression.nerdherd.org/Stories/1998/9810/ucla/ucla.html";>UCLA
-       discriminates against students using GNU/Linux.
-       One part of their justification is supporting the power of
-       software owners.</a></li>
--->
+ <li><a 
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010410172314/http://www-personal.si.umich.edu/~beejoo/gnuproject.html";>"The
 GNU Project FTP Site: A Digital Collection Supporting a Social Movement" 
[Archived Page]</a></li>
+
+ <li><a 
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20000815064842/http://oppression.nerdherd.org/Stories/1998/9810/ucla/ucla.html";>UCLA
+        discriminates against students using GNU/Linux.  One part of
+        their justification is supporting the power of software
+        owners. [Archived Page]</a></li>
+
 <!-- broken link -mohit
   <li><a href="http://members.xoom.com/jcenters/HADL.html";>The Hacker 
Anti-Defamation League</a></li>
 -->
-<!-- redirected to simson.net startpage as of 2012-07-23
-  <li><a 
href="http://simson.net/clips/98.Globe.05-07.Read_them_and_weep.htm";>Read
-       Them And Weep</a>, by Simson Garfinkel, talks about the
+ <li><a 
href="http://web.archive.org/web/19991012082619/http://simson.net/clips/98.Globe.05-07.Read_them_and_weep.htm";>Read
+        Them And Weep [Archived Page]</a>, by Simson Garfinkel, talks about the
        pending bills that would give information owners sweeping new powers,
        and restrict the activities of users.</li>
--->
+
   <li><a href="/philosophy/nonsoftware-copyleft.html">Applying Copyleft To
     Non-Software Information</a>, by Michael Stutz.</li>
   <li><a href="free-world.html">Only
@@ -258,13 +252,9 @@
        Triumphant:
        Free Software and the Death of Copyright</a></li>
 
-<!--
-
-Imagined Electronic Community: Representations of Virtual Community in
-Contemporary Business Discourse is no longer at
-http://eserver.org/internet/community/community.html
-
--->
+  <li><a href="http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~digger/596/werry_comm.pdf";>Imagined
+  Electronic Community: Representations of Virtual Community in
+  Contemporary Business Discourse</a> by Chris Werry.</li>
 
   <li><a href="/philosophy/economics_frank/frank.html">Does Studying
        Economics Inhibit Cooperation?</a> by Frank, Gilovich, and Regan.</li>
@@ -341,7 +331,7 @@
 A Comparative Ethical Assessment of Free Software Licensing Schemes</a>
 by Samir Chopra and Scott Dexter</li>
 
-   <li>The <a href="http://simplemachines.it/simone.html";>SIM.ONE
+   <li>The <a href="http://simplemachines.it/index.php/sim-one-project";>SIM.ONE
        hardware project</a> has created free (as in freedom)
        computer design specifications.</li>
 
@@ -409,7 +399,7 @@
 <p>
 Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/10/17 00:29:04 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:05 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: philosophy/po/w3c-patent.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/w3c-patent.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- philosophy/po/w3c-patent.fr-en.html 27 Sep 2012 16:56:02 -0000      1.16
+++ philosophy/po/w3c-patent.fr-en.html 4 Nov 2012 17:29:05 -0000       1.17
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@
 
 <p>
 &ldquo;Field of use&rdquo; restrictions are also legally incompatible
-with section 7 of the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html#TOC3">GNU General
-Public License (version 2)</a>, since it does not allow the user's
+with section 7 of the <a href="/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html">GNU
+General Public License (version 2)</a>, since it does not allow the user's
 freedom to modify to be shrunk to zero in this way.</p>
 
 <p>
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
 <p>
 Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:56:02 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:05 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.fr-en.html
===================================================================
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/web/www/www/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
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diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.fr-en.html  27 Sep 2012 
16:56:03 -0000      1.16
+++ philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.fr-en.html  4 Nov 2012 
17:29:05 -0000       1.17
@@ -270,6 +270,9 @@
 computer and keep your data there.  Do your work with your own copy of
 a free program, for your freedom's sake.</p>
 
+<h3>See also:</h3>
+<p><a href="/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html">The
+Bug Nobody is Allowed to Understand</a>.</p>
 </div>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
@@ -298,7 +301,7 @@
 
 <p>Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/09/27 16:56:03 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:05 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: server/standards/README.translations.fr.html
===================================================================
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retrieving revision 1.59
diff -u -b -r1.58 -r1.59
--- server/standards/README.translations.fr.html        17 Oct 2012 00:29:09 
-0000      1.58
+++ server/standards/README.translations.fr.html        4 Nov 2012 17:29:06 
-0000       1.59
@@ -461,9 +461,8 @@
 href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/gniibe";>NIIBE Yutaka</a>)</li>
     
   <li><code>ko</code> – <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ko";>Coréen</a> (<a
-href="http://savannah.gnu.org/users/chsong";>Song Chang-hun</a> <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>) </li>
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ko";>Coréen</a> (nouveau
+coordinateur demandé) </li>
 
   <li><code>ku</code> – <a
 href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ku";>Kurde</a> (nouveau
@@ -597,7 +596,7 @@
 traductions de nos pages web, reportez-vous au <a
 href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">guide de traduction</a>.</p>
 
-<p>Copyright &copy; 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
 
 <p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
 rel="license"
@@ -615,7 +614,7 @@
  <p><!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour :
 
-$Date: 2012/10/17 00:29:09 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:06 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

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diff -u -b -r1.24 -r1.25
--- server/standards/po/README.translations.fr-en.html  17 Oct 2012 00:29:10 
-0000      1.24
+++ server/standards/po/README.translations.fr-en.html  4 Nov 2012 17:29:06 
-0000       1.25
@@ -450,8 +450,7 @@
     
   <li><code>ko</code> -
     <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ko";>Korean</a> 
-    (<a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/users/chsong";>Song Chang-hun</a>
-    <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>) </li>
+    (New coordinator needed) </li>
 
   <li><code>ku</code> - 
     <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ku";>Kurdish</a> (New 
@@ -582,7 +581,7 @@
 README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations 
 of this article.</p>
 
-<p>Copyright &copy; 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
 
 <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
 href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative 
@@ -590,7 +589,7 @@
 
 <p>Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/10/17 00:29:10 $
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:06 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: education/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko.html
diff -N education/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko.html
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko.html 4 Nov 2012 17:29:01 -0000       
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ko.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.57 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+ <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" 
value="/education/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.en.html" -->
+
+<title>Vocational Higher Secondary School Irimpanam - GNU 프로젝트 - 자유
 소프트웨어 재단</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ko.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.translist" -->
+<div id="education-content">
+               
+<h2>Vocational Higher Secondary School Irimpanam</h2>
+
+<!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
+<ul id="edu-navigation">
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-contents.html">교육 컨텐츠</a></li>
+  <li class="active"><a href="/education/edu-cases.html">사례 연구</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-resources.html">교육 자료</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-projects.html">교육 프로젝트</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-team.html">교육 팀</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<!-- end edu navigation bar -->
+</div> 
+
+<!-- id="education-content" -->
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb"><a href="education.html">교육</a> &rarr; <a
+href="/education/edu-cases.html">사례 연구</a> &rarr; <a
+href="/education/edu-cases-india.html">인도</a> &rarr; Vocational Higher
+Secondary School Irimpanam</p>
+                       
+<p>이 보고서는 해당 학교 직원에게서 받은 정보를 
기반으로 작성되었습니다. </p>         
+
+<div class="edu-cases">
+               
+<h3>위치</h3>
+
+<p>이 학교는 인도 <a 
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala#Education";> Kerala
+주</a> Ernakulam 지역의 Tripunuthrua 근처에 있는 Irimpanam에 
있습니다. </p>
+                       
+<h3>소개</h3>
+
+<p><a href="http://vhssirimpanam.org/";>Vocational Higher Secondary School
+Irimpanam</a>는 1940년에 설립된 사립 학교로, 국가의 지원을 
받고 있습니다. 초등학교 고학년에서 고등학교에 해당하는 
교육을
+실시하고 있습니다. (각각 5~7학년, 8~10학년에 해당) 
10살에서 15살까지의 약 1000여명의 학생이 재학 중 입니다. 
</p> 
+
+<h3>동기</h3>
+
+<p>우리 학교는 컴퓨터 프로그램을 개선하여 지식을 자유
롭게 공유할 수 있는 자유와 커뮤니티에 기여할 수 있는 
자유와 같은 GNU 프로젝트의
+철학을 도입하는데 특별한 관심을 가져 왔습니다. Kochi시 
인근에 있는 <a
+href="http://www.ilug-cochin.org/";>인도 자유 사용자 
그룹(ILUG-Cochin)</a>에서 개최한 회의에서,
+Swathanthra 소프트웨어<a href="#swathanthra">(1)</a>로 얻은 바가 
큽니다. </p>
+
+<h3>방법</h3>
+
+<p>이 학교 내에서 자유 소프트웨어로의 전환은 <a
+href="https://www.itschool.gov.in/";>address@hidden</a>이라 불리는 Kerala 
정부가 계획하고 실시한
+프로젝트에 의한 것이다. 이 프로젝트는 2001년에 
시작되었으며, 2006년까지 Keralr에 있는 수천개의 학교에 자유
 소프트웨어로의
+전환이 이루어졌다. . </p>
+
+<div style="width: 300px; margin: 30px 0px 30px 30px; float: right;">
+
+<p><a href="/education/misc/irimpanam-school.jpg">
+<img src="/education/misc/irimpanam-school-sm.jpg" 
+alt="자유 소프트웨어 행사에서 참석한 학생들의 
사진"/></a></p>
+
+<p>SSK VHSS Irimpanam에 의해 개최된 자유 소프트웨어 행사에 
참석한 학생들</p>
+
+</div> 
+
+<!-- style="width: 300px; height: 260px..." -->
+<p>정부에서는 새로운 자유 운영 체제에 대한 기초와 설치 
방법을 가르칠수 있도록 교사를 위한 훈련 과정을 
준비하였습니다.  초기에는,
+Kerala에서 민간 및 공공의 자유소프트웨어 사용을 추진하는 
<a
+href="http://space-kerala.org/node/10/";>SPACE</a>라는 기관에서 새로운 
시스템을
+구축하였습니다. SPACE 뿐만 아니라, 그 지역의 Swathanthra 
Software 사용자 그룹에서도 교사들에게 지속적인 지원을
+통하여 핵심적인 역활을 담당했습니다. SPACE에서 개최한 
워크샵 덕분에 우리 학교는 자유 소프트웨어를 이용하여 
웹사이트를 구축할 수
+있었습니다. </p>
+
+<p>이 훈련 과정은 소프트웨어에 국한되지 않았고, 교사 및 
학생을 대상으로한 하드웨어 관리의 기본 과정도 포함 
되었습니다. 우리 학교의
+경우, 10살의 학생도 컴퓨터를 조립할 수 있습니다. </p>
+
+<p>다양한 과목을 위한 프로그램의 사용하여 강의를 할 수 
있도록 하는 모듈을 적용하여 교실 안에서도 자유 
소프트웨어를 사용할 수
+있습니다. 예를 들어, 수학 교사가 기하를 가르치기 위하여 
<a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Dr._geo";>Dr Geo</a>를 사용하는 
방법을 배우는 과정이
+있고, 화학 교사가 <a 
href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Chemtool";>Chemtool</a>을
+이용하여 유기 분자를 그리는 법을 가르쳐주는 등 이와 유
사한 여러 과정이 있습니다. </p>
+
+<p>다른 교육 활동은 학교와 ILUG-Cochin이 공동으로 Blender, 
Inkspace 및 커맨드 라인 인터페이스의 사용 방법등을
+알려주었습니다. </p>
+
+<p>그리고, 학교는 <a 
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat";>IRC</a>
+채널을 이용하여, 학생들이 직면한 문제에 대한 질문을 할 
수 있도록 하였습니다. </p> 
+
+<h3>자유 소프트웨어 정책</h3>
+
+<p>이 새로운 시스템의 초기에는 교사들이 자유 
소프트웨어에 익숙하지 않았기 때문에 듀얼 부트 기반으로 
운영되었지만, 머지않아 잘 쓸 수 있게
+되었습니다. 그리고 현재는, 모든 컴퓨터에 독점 시스템과 
독점 소프트웨어를 설치하거나 사용하지 않게 되었습니다. 
교실과 사무실에서 자유
+소프트웨어만을 사용하고 있습니다. </p>
+
+<p>우리는 교실 안에서, <a href= 
"http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GIMP/";>GIMP</a>, <a
+href= "http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/TuxPaint";>Tux Paint</a>, <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Audacity";>Audacity</a>, <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GPeriodic";>GPeriodic</a> 및 <a
+href="http://www.libreoffice.org/";>LibreOffice</a>를 포함하여 많은 
자유 소프트웨어를 폭 넓게
+사용하고 있습니다. </p>
+
+<p>그리고, 학생들은 8학년(13세)부터 프로그래밍 언어인 
Python을 배웁니다. </p> 
+
+<div style="width: 320px; margin: 30px 0px 30px 30px; float: right;">
+
+<a href="/education/misc/tuxpaint.jpg">
+<img src="/education/misc/tuxpaint-sm.jpg" 
+alt="Malayalam에서 Adeenia 꽃의 도장 찍기를 보여주는 TuxPaint 
인터페이스의 이미지  " /></a>
+
+<p>학생들이 Malayalam에서 Adeenia 꽃의 이름을 발음하는 것을 <a
+href="/education/misc/adeenia.ogg">듣고</a> 있습니다. </p>
+
+</div> 
+
+<!-- style="width: 320px; height: 280px..." -->
+<h3>ê²°ê³¼</h3>
+
+<p>Kerala 주의 교육은 "IT-enabled"하게 되었습니다. 이는 
학생들이 IT 실습 이외의 과목에서도 새로운 기술을 사용할 
수
+있다는 의미입니다. 이 모든 것이 GNI/Linux 에서 사용할 수 
있는 수 많은 고 수준의 교육 응용프로그램의 덕분입니다. 
</p>
+
+<p>과교사와 학생은 자유 소프트웨어의 명료하고, 협조적인 
도움을 통하여 새로운 기술에 대하여 깊이 있게 연구할 수 
있고, 다양한 방법으로
+커뮤니티에 기여할 수 있게 되었다. 중요한 성 중 하나는 <a
+href="/education/edu-software-tuxpaint.html">Tux Paint</a>를 우리의 
모국어인
+Malayalam으로 지역화 했다는 것입니다. </p>
+
+<p>또 다른 성과는 TuxPaint에 새로운 스탬프를 추가한 것입
니다. 야생화의 사진을 찍고, 6, 7학년 학생들이 이미지 편집 
프로그램인
+GIMP를 이용하여 편집을 하였습니다. 그리고, 최종 이미지는 
Malayalam으로 씌여진 꽃의 이름으로 TuxPaint에
+통합되었습니다. 거기에, 학생들은 스스로의 목소리로 
꽃의 이름의 녹음하였고, 사용자가 해당 스탬프 중 하나를 
선택할 때마다,
+Malayalam으로 되어 있는 꽃의 이름을 재생하도록 
하였습니다. 다음의 비디오에 이 과정이 어찌 진행 
되었는지가 녹화되어 있습니다. </p> 
+
+<p>
+
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Replace the link to the video with subtitles in English with 
+ a link to the video with subtitles in your language, if it exists. Likewise, 
+ modify the link to SubRip subtitles accordingly, and replace the word 
"English" 
+ with the name of your language. -->
+<a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/irimpanam-high-sub.en.ogv";>동영상 
시청
+및 다운로드</a>. <a href="/education/misc/irimpanam.en.srt">SubRip 
형식의 영어 자막
+다운로드</a>.
+</p> 
+
+<p>이 두 활동이 학교 내의 교사와 학생으로 이루어진 자유 
소프트웨어 그룹인  Swathanthra Software Koottayma of
+VHSS Irimpanam <a href="http://sskvhssirimpanam.wordpress.com/";> (SSK VHSS
+Irimpanam)</a>에서 진행되었습니다. 이 그룹의 목표는 자유 
소프트웨어에 대한 철학에 대한 인식 제고 및  지역 
사회로의 참여
+수단으로 GNU/Linux 상의 새로운 응용프로그램을 소개하고 
있습니다. 매월 월례 회의 및  다양한 활동을 통하여 그룹의 
구성원이 자유
+소프트웨어를 경험하고 탐구할것을 권장합니다.  </p>
+
+<p>다른 학교 또는 또 다른 자유 소프트웨어 커뮤니티와 
연락을 하거나 경험을 공유 하기 위하여 교사와 학생들은 
매년 National Free
+Software Conference와 Cyber Safe Day 같은 행사에 참가하고 
있습니다. </p>
+
+</div> 
+
+<!-- class="edu-cases" -->
+<p>이러한 대규모 정부 프로젝트가 성공하기 위해서는 
교원, 학생, 지역 그룹이 모두의 참여와 협력이 필수적입
니다. </p> 
+
+<p>(1) <a id="swathanthra"></a>Swathanthra 는 산스크리트어로 자유의 
의미로서의 "free"에 해당하는
+단어입니다. </p>
+
+<h4>저작권</h4>
+
+<p>이 페이지에 있는 2개의 이미지와 음성 파일은  Swathanthra 
Software Koottayma of VHSS Irimpanam가
+제작하였고, <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/";> Creative Commons
+Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported</a>로 라이선스 되었습니다. </p> 
   
+                       
+<p> <a href="/education/edu-cases-india.html">인도에서의 다른 
사례</a> <br />
+                       <a href="/education/edu-cases.html">사례 연구로 
복귀</a></p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+     pages on the GNU web server should be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.
+     Please do NOT change or remove this without talking
+     with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+     and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ko.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>FSF와 GNU에 대한 문의는 <a 
href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a> 앞으로 보내
+주세요. FSF에 대한 <a href="/contact/">다른 연락 방법</a>도 
있습니다.<br />
+끊어진 링크나 다른 수정 사항 또는 제안은 <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a> 앞으로 보내 
주세요.</p>
+
+<p>이 글의 다른 언어 번역문 작성이나 제출에 대한 정보는 
<a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">번역 안내</a>를 참고
해 주세요.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>이 페이지는 <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ko";>크리에이티브
 커먼스
+저작자표시-변경금지 3.0 미국 이용허락서</a>에 따라 이용할
 수 있습니다.</p>
+
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ </div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+최종 수정일:
+
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:01 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+

Index: education/education.ko.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/education.ko.html
diff -N education/education.ko.html
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/education.ko.html 4 Nov 2012 17:29:01 -0000       1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.ko.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.57 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+ <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/education.en.html" -->
+
+<title>자유 소프트웨어와 교육 - GNU 프로젝트 - 자유 
소프트웨어 재단</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ko.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/education.translist" -->
+<div id="education-content">           
+<h2>자유 소프트웨어와 교육</h2>
+
+<!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
+<ul id="edu-navigation">
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-contents.html">교육 컨텐츠</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-cases.html">사례 연구</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-resources.html">교육 자료</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-projects.html">교육 프로젝트</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-team.html">교육 팀</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<!-- end edu navigation bar -->
+</div> 
+
+<!-- id="education-content" -->
+<div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; 
+background-color: #fcc76f; color: #000000; padding: 0.5em;">자유 
소프트웨어 재단의 교육팀에서는 자유소프트웨어 교육용 
게임을 제작하는 개발자나, 교육용으로 사용할 수 있는 자유
 소프트웨어 게임에
+대한 정보를 찾고 있습니다. 연락처는 <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;입니다.</a></div>
+               
+<div class="center">
+
+<h3>교육 분야에서 자유 소프트웨어로 할 수 있는 있은 
무엇인가?</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>교육에 있어서 소프트웨어의 자유는 매우 중요한 역활을 
합니다. 인간의 지식을 전파하거나 사회에 유용한 일원이 
되도록 학생을 키우는 것과
+같은 교육기관이 해야할 임무는 자유 소프트웨를 통해서만 
가능하기 때문에. 모든 단계의 교육 기관에서는 자유 
소프트웨어를 사용한 교육을
+해야합니다. 자유 소프트웨어의 소스 코드와 기술은 인간 
지식의 일부입니다. 이와는 반대로, 독점 소프트웨어는 
은밀하고, 제한된
+지식이므로, 교육 기관의 목적과는 일치하지 않습니다. 
자유 소프트웨어는 교육을 지원하고 있지만, 독점 
소프트웨어는 교육을 제한합니다.</p>
+
+<p>자유 소프트웨어는 단지 기술적인 문제만이 아닙니다.  
윤리적이며 사회적이며 정치적인 문제입니다. 
소프트웨어의 사용자가 본래 가지고있는
+인권의 문제입니다. 자유와 협력은 자유 소프트웨어의 
본질적인 가치입니다. 공유는 인간의 진보에 대단히 유용한 
때문 GNU 시스템은 이러한
+가치와 공유의 원칙을 실현합니다.</p>
+
+<p>이에 대한 더 알고 싶으면, <a 
href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">자유 소프트웨어의 정의</a> 와 <a
+href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">왜 소프트웨어는 자유로워야 
하는가</a> (자유의 의미)에 있는 기사도
+읽어 보십시오. </p>
+               
+<div class="yui-gc">
+                  <div class="yui-u first">
+                       
+<h2>기본 정보</h2>
+
+<p>6 분간의 동영상에서  <a 
href="http://www.fsf.org/about/leadership/#rms";>리차드 스톨먼</a>이
+자유 소프트웨어와 교육간의 관계에 대하여, 간락하게 
핵심을 정리하였습니다. </p>
+
+<p>
+
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: please add the link to your language here in the first 
+     place, followed by a comma. -->
+이 동영상은  <a
+href="/education/misc/rms-education-es-translation-to-en.txt">영어</a>, <a
+href="/education/misc/rms-education-es-transcription.txt">스페인어</a>, 
및 <a
+href="/education/misc/edu-misc.html#transcription-rms-education"> 기타 
언어</a>로
+들을 수 있습니다.  
+</p>
+
+<p>
+
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: please add the link to your language here in the first 
+     place, followed by a comma. -->
+ SubRip 자막 파일을 <a 
href="/education/misc/rms-education-es-sub.en.srt">영어</a>,
+<a href="/education/misc/rms-education-es-sub.es.srt">스페인어</a>, and <a
+href="/education/misc/edu-misc.html#subtitles-rms-education">기타 
언어</a>로 다운로드
+받을 수 있습니다.  
+</p>
+
+<!-- GNUN: localize URL /education/rms-education-es.ogv -->
+<video id="rms-movie" width="512" height="288" controls="controls">
+  <source
+    src="/education/rms-education-es.ogv"
+    type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"' />
+</video>
+                               
+<p>
+
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Please replace the link to the video with subtitles in
+     English with a link to the video with subtitles in your language, 
+     if it exists. -->
+<a
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-high-sub.en.ogv";>다운로드
+및 동영상 시청</a> (Ogg Theora (ogv) 자유 포맷)</p>
+
+<p>GNU 프로젝트는 1983년에 자유 소프트웨어 운영체제를 
개발하기 위하여 리차드 스톨먼에 의해<a href="
+/gnu/initial-announcement.html">발족</a>되었습니다. 그 결과로 
지금은 누구나 자유롭게 컴퓨터를 사용할 수
+있게 되었습니다. </p>
+
+</div>
+<div class="yui-u">
+
+<h2 id="indepth">상세 정보</h2>
+
+<p>교육 기관에서 자유 소프트웨어만을 사용하여 
교육해야만 하는 <a href="/education/edu-why.html">이유</a>에
+대하여 알아봅시다. </p>
+
+<p>리차드 스톨만의 기사 : <a 
href="/education/edu-schools.html">학교에서 자유 소프트웨어만을 
사용해야 하는
+이유</a></p>
+
+<p>Dr. V. Sasi Kumar의 <a href="/education/edu-system-india.html">인도의 
교육
+시스템</a>에 대한 기사</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+     pages on the GNU web server should be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.
+     Please do NOT change or remove this without talking
+     with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+     and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ko.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>FSF와 GNU에 대한 문의는 <a 
href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a> 앞으로 보내
+주세요. FSF에 대한 <a href="/contact/">다른 연락 방법</a>도 
있습니다.
+<br />
+끊어진 링크나 다른 수정 사항 또는 제안은 <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a> 앞으로 보내 
주세요.</p>
+
+<p>이 글의 다른 언어 번역문 작성이나 제출에 대한 정보는 
<a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">번역 안내</a>를 참고
해 주세요.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>이 페이지는 <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ko";>크리에이티브
 커먼스
+저작자표시-변경금지 3.0 미국 이용허락서</a>에 따라 이용할
 수 있습니다.</p>
+
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+  </div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+최종 수정일:
+
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:01 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+

Index: education/po/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/po/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko-en.html
diff -N education/po/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko-en.html
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/po/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.ko-en.html   4 Nov 2012 17:29:01 
-0000       1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.57 -->
+
+<title>Vocational Higher Secondary School Irimpanam - GNU Project - 
+Free Software Foundation</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.translist" -->
+
+<div id="education-content">
+               
+<h2>Vocational Higher Secondary School Irimpanam</h2>
+
+<!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
+<ul id="edu-navigation">
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-contents.html">Education Contents</a></li>
+  <li class="active"><a href="/education/edu-cases.html">Case Studies</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-resources.html">Educational Resources</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-projects.html">Education Projects</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-team.html">The Education Team</a></li>
+</ul>
+<!-- end edu navigation bar -->
+
+</div> <!-- id="education-content" -->
+
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb"><a href="education.html">Education</a> &rarr; 
+<a href="/education/edu-cases.html">Case Studies</a> &rarr; 
+<a href="/education/edu-cases-india.html">India</a> &rarr; Vocational 
+Higher Secondary School Irimpanam</p>
+                       
+<p>The following report is based on information provided to us by the 
+school's staff.</p>         
+
+<div class="edu-cases">
+               
+<h3>Location</h3>
+
+<p>The school is located in Irimpanam, an area close to the city of 
+Tripunithura, in the Ernakulam district of the 
+<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala#Education";> State of 
+Kerala</a>, India.</p>
+                       
+<h3>About</h3>
+
+<p>Founded in 1940, the <a href="http://vhssirimpanam.org/";>Vocational 
+Higher Secondary School Irimpanam</a> is a privately owned school aided 
+by the State. It offers instruction from Upper Primary to High School 
+levels (grades 5 to 7 and 8 to 10 respectively). Nearly 1,000 students 
+from 10 to 15 years old attend the school.</p> 
+
+<h3>Motivation</h3>
+
+<p>Our institution took special interest in promoting the main aspects 
+of the philosophy of the GNU Project, such as the freedom to share 
+knowledge and the freedom to cooperate with our community by 
+contributing improvements to computer programs. This awareness about 
+Swathanthra Software <a href="#swathanthra">(1)</a> was largely the 
+result of what we learned at the meetings organized by the 
+<a href="http://www.ilug-cochin.org/";> Indian Libre User Group 
+(ILUG-Cochin)</a> in the nearby city of Kochi. Attending those meetings 
+also helped us to work in close connection with the Free Software 
+community.</p>
+
+<h3>How We Did It</h3>
+
+<p>The migration to Free Software in our school was the result of a
+project designed and established by the Government of Kerala, called 
+<a href="https://www.itschool.gov.in/";>address@hidden</a>. The project, 
+started in 2001, involved several thousand schools in Kerala and in 2006
+it switched completely to Free Software.</p>
+
+<div style="width: 300px; margin: 30px 0px 30px 30px; float: right;">
+
+<p><a href="/education/misc/irimpanam-school.jpg">
+<img src="/education/misc/irimpanam-school-sm.jpg" 
+alt="Image of students at a Free Software event."/></a></p>
+
+<p>Students at a Free Software event organized by SSK VHSS Irimpanam.</p>
+
+</div> <!-- style="width: 300px; height: 260px..." -->
+
+<p>Training courses for teachers were implemented by the government to
+teach us the basics of the new Free Operating System and how to 
+install it. The new system was customized for the first time by 
+<a href="http://space-kerala.org/node/10/";>SPACE</a>, an agency based in
+Kerala that promotes the use of Free Software in the private and public
+sectors. SPACE, as well as local Swathanthra Software users groups, 
+played a fundamental role during the process by providing constant 
+support to teachers. One of the workshops organized by SPACE helped us 
+to build the website of our school using Free Software.</p>
+
+<p>Training was not limited to software, it also included teaching the 
+basics of hardware maintenance to teachers and students. In our school,
+10 years old students know how to assemble a PC.</p>
+
+<p>The use of Free programs in the classroom was facilitated by the 
+implementation of training modules aimed at instructing teachers on the 
+use of specific programs for teaching various subjects. 
+For example, there was a training module for teachers of Mathematics on 
+how to use <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Dr._geo";>Dr Geo</a>
+for teaching geometry, another one for teachers of Chemistry on how to 
+draw organic molecules using
+<a href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Chemtool";>Chemtool</a>, and 
+many others.</p>
+
+<p>Other training activities were conducted jointly by the school and 
+ILUG-Cochin to teach us the use of different Free Software applications
+such as Blender, Inkscape, and the command line interface.</p>
+
+<p>The school has also opened an 
+<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat";>IRC</a> 
+channel where students can ask questions about issues they may encounter.</p> 
+
+<h3>Commitment to Free Software</h3>
+
+<p>At the beginning the new system was used on a dual-boot basis, 
+because we teachers were not familiar with Free Software, but we
+soon got acquainted with it to a great extent. At present, no
+proprietary systems are installed in any of our computers and no
+proprietary programs are being used. Only Free Software is being used in 
+the classroom and in the administration offices.</p>
+
+<p>We use a wide range of free programs in the classroom, such as
+<a href= "http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GIMP/";>GIMP</a>,
+<a href= "http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/TuxPaint";>Tux Paint</a>,
+<a href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Audacity";>Audacity</a>,
+<a href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GPeriodic";>GPeriodic</a> and
+<a href="http://www.libreoffice.org/";>LibreOffice</a>,
+but there are many others.</p>
+
+<p>Students are also introduced to the programming language Python as 
+from grade 8 (13 years old).</p> 
+
+<div style="width: 320px; margin: 30px 0px 30px 30px; float: right;">
+
+<a href="/education/misc/tuxpaint.jpg">
+<img src="/education/misc/tuxpaint-sm.jpg" 
+alt="Image of the TuxPaint interface in Malayalam showing the stamp for 
+the Adeenia flower." /></a>
+
+<p><a href="/education/misc/adeenia.ogg">Listen</a> to a student 
+pronounce the name of the Adeenia flower in Malayalam.</p>
+
+</div> <!-- style="width: 320px; height: 280px..." -->
+
+<h3>Results</h3>
+
+<p>Education in the State of Kerala has become "IT-enabled", meaning 
+that students are getting first hand technology knowledge while learning 
+regular curriculum subjects outside the IT Lab. This is possible due to 
+the large number of high quality educational applications available in 
+GNU/Linux.</p>
+
+<p>The transparency and the cooperative method of Free Software helped
+students and teachers to dive deep into technology and made them capable 
+of contributing to the community in various ways. One important 
+contribution was the localization of the interface of
+<a href="/education/edu-software-tuxpaint.html">Tux Paint</a> in 
+Malayalam, our mother tongue.</p>
+
+<p>Another contribution was the addition of new stamps in TuxPaint. Native 
+flowers were photographed and the pictures edited by 6th and 7th grade 
students 
+using the image editing program GIMP. The resulting images were then 
integrated 
+in TuxPaint with the name of the flowers written in Malayalam. As a plus, 
+students recorded with their own voices the name of the flowers, so when the 
+user selects one of the stamps, she will hear the name of the flower in 
+Malayalam. A video was recorded to illustrate how it works and how the 
activity 
+was done.</p> 
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Replace the link to the video with subtitles in English with 
+ a link to the video with subtitles in your language, if it exists. Likewise, 
+ modify the link to SubRip subtitles accordingly, and replace the word 
"English" 
+ with the name of your language. --> 
+
+<a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/irimpanam-high-sub.en.ogv";>Watch and 
download the video</a>. <a href="/education/misc/irimpanam.en.srt">Read and 
download the English subtitles in SubRip format</a>.
+</p> 
+
+<p>Both activities were promoted by Swathanthra Software Koottayma of 
+VHSS Irimpanam <a href="http://sskvhssirimpanam.wordpress.com/";>
+(SSK VHSS Irimpanam)</a>, a Free Software group of teachers and students 
+based on the school. Its aim is to build awareness on the philosophy of 
+Free Software and to introduce new applications in GNU/Linux as a way of 
+contributing to the community. The group organizes monthly meetings and 
+it performs various kinds of activities to encourage its members to 
+experiment and explore Free Software so as to put into practice the 
+freedoms that it grants.</p>
+
+<p>As a way of keeping in touch and sharing experiences with other 
+schools and with the Free Software community, teachers and students each 
+year participate in events such as the National Free Software Conference 
+and the Cyber Safe Day.</p>
+
+</div> <!-- class="edu-cases" -->
+
+<p>The commitment and the collaboration of teachers, students and local 
+groups was essential to the success of this large scale government 
+project.</p> 
+
+<p>(1) <a id="swathanthra"></a>Swathanthra is the Sanskrit word for 
+"free" as in freedom.</p>
+
+<h4>Credits</h4>
+
+<p>Credits for both images shown on this page, as well as for the audio 
+file, go to Swathanthra Software Koottayma of VHSS Irimpanam, who 
+released them under a 
+<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/";>
+Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported</a> License.</p>    
+                       
+<p> <a href="/education/edu-cases-india.html">More Case Studies in India</a> 
<br />
+                       <a href="/education/edu-cases.html">Back to Case 
Studies</a></p>
+               
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+     pages on the GNU web server should be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.
+     Please do NOT change or remove this without talking
+     with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+     and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:01 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+

Index: education/po/education.ko-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/po/education.ko-en.html
diff -N education/po/education.ko-en.html
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/po/education.ko-en.html   4 Nov 2012 17:29:02 -0000       1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.57 -->
+
+<title>Free Software and Education - GNU Project - Free Software 
+Foundation</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/education.translist" -->
+
+<div id="education-content">           
+<h2>Free Software and Education</h2>
+
+<!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
+<ul id="edu-navigation">
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-contents.html">Education Contents</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-cases.html">Case Studies</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-resources.html">Educational Resources</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-projects.html">Education Projects</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/education/edu-team.html">The Education Team</a></li>
+</ul>
+<!-- end edu navigation bar -->
+
+</div> <!-- id="education-content" -->
+
+<div style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; 
+background-color: #fcc76f; color: #000000; padding: 0.5em;">We are 
+looking for developers of free educational games, or information about 
+free games that can be used for educational purposes. Contact <a 
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a></div>
+               
+<div class="center">
+
+<h3>What Does Free Software Have To Do With Education?</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Software freedom has an especially important role in education. 
+Educational institutions of all levels should use and teach Free 
+Software because it is the only software that allows them to accomplish 
+their essential missions: to disseminate human knowledge and to prepare 
+students to be good members of their community. The source code and the 
+methods of Free Software are part of human knowledge. On the contrary, 
+proprietary software is secret, restricted knowledge, which is the 
+opposite of the mission of educational institutions. Free Software 
+supports education, proprietary software forbids education.</p>
+
+<p>Free Software is not just a technical question; it is an ethical,
+social, and political question. It is a question of the human rights
+that the users of software ought to have. Freedom and cooperation are
+essential values of Free Software. The GNU System implements these
+values and the principle of sharing, since sharing is good and
+beneficial to human progress.</p>
+
+<p>To learn more, see the 
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">Free Software definition</a> 
+and our article on 
+<a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">why software should be free</a>
+(as in freedom).</p>
+               
+<div class="yui-gc">
+                  <div class="yui-u first">
+                       
+<h2>The Basics</h2>
+
+<p>In this six-minutes video 
+<a href="http://www.fsf.org/about/leadership/#rms";>Richard Stallman</a> 
+explains briefly and to the point the principles of Free Software and 
+how they connect to education.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: please add the link to your language here in the first 
+     place, followed by a comma. -->
+
+Transcriptions of this video are available in
+
+<a href="/education/misc/rms-education-es-translation-to-en.txt">English</a>, 
+<a href="/education/misc/rms-education-es-transcription.txt">Spanish</a>, and 
+<a href="/education/misc/edu-misc.html#transcription-rms-education">
+   other languages</a>. 
+</p>
+
+<p> 
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: please add the link to your language here in the first 
+     place, followed by a comma. --> 
+
+SubRip subtitle files are also available for download in
+<a href="/education/misc/rms-education-es-sub.en.srt">English</a>, 
+<a href="/education/misc/rms-education-es-sub.es.srt">Spanish</a>, and
+<a href="/education/misc/edu-misc.html#subtitles-rms-education">other 
+   languages</a>. 
+</p>
+
+<!-- GNUN: localize URL /education/rms-education-es.ogv -->
+
+<video id="rms-movie" width="512" height="288" controls="controls">
+  <source
+    src="/education/rms-education-es.ogv"
+    type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"' />
+</video>
+                               
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Please replace the link to the video with subtitles in
+     English with a link to the video with subtitles in your language, 
+     if it exists. --> 
+
+<a 
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-high-sub.en.ogv";>
+Download and watch the video</a> at a higher definition in the Ogg Theora 
+(ogv) free format.</p>
+
+<p>The GNU Project was 
+<a href=" /gnu/initial-announcement.html">launched</a> in 1983 by 
+Richard Stallman to develop a Free Libre operating system: the GNU 
+operating system. As a result, today it is possible for anyone to use a 
+computer in freedom.</p>
+
+</div>
+<div class="yui-u">
+
+<h2 id="indepth">In Depth</h2>
+
+<p>Learn about the <a href="/education/edu-why.html">Reasons Why</a> 
+educational institutions should use and teach exclusively Free Software.</p>
+
+<p>An article by Richard Stallman:
+<a href="/education/edu-schools.html">Why Schools Should Exclusively Use 
+Free Software</a></p>
+
+<p>An article by Dr. V. Sasi Kumar on the
+<a href="/education/edu-system-india.html">education system in India.</a></p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+     pages on the GNU web server should be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.
+     Please do NOT change or remove this without talking
+     with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+     and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+
+</div> <!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:02 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+

Index: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ca-diff.html
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@@ -0,0 +1,1375 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --&gt;
+
+&lt;title&gt;GNU/Linux FAQ - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation 
(FSF)&lt;/title&gt;
+
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --&gt;
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" --&gt;
+
+&lt;h2&gt;GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman&lt;/h2&gt;
+
+&lt;div class="announcement"&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;To learn more about this issue, you can also read
+our page on &lt;a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html"&gt;Linux and the GNU 
Project&lt;/a&gt;, our
+ page on &lt;a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html"&gt;Why GNU/Linux?&lt;/a&gt; 
+and our page on &lt;a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"&gt;GNU
+Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+When people see that we use and recommend the name GNU/Linux for a
+system that many others call just &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, they ask many questions.
+Here are common questions, and our answers.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#why" id="TOCwhy"&gt;Why do you call it GNU/Linux and 
not Linux?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#whycare" id="TOCwhycare"&gt;Why is the name 
important?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#howerror" id="TOChowerror"&gt;How did it come about 
that most
+    people call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#always" id="TOCalways"&gt;Should we always say
+&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; instead of &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#linuxalone" id="TOClinuxalone"&gt;Would Linux have 
achieved
+    the same success if there had been no GNU?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#divide" id="TOCdivide"&gt;Wouldn't it be better for the
+    community if you did not divide people with this 
request?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#freespeech" id="TOCfreespeech"&gt;Doesn't the GNU 
project
+    support an individual's free speech rights to call the system by
+    any name that individual chooses?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#everyoneknows" id="TOCeveryoneknows"&gt;Since everyone
+    knows the role of GNU in developing the system, doesn't the
+    &ldquo;GNU/&rdquo; in the name go without saying?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#everyoneknows2" id="TOCeveryoneknows2"&gt;Since I know 
the role of
+    GNU in this system, why does it matter what name I 
use?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#windows" id="TOCwindows"&gt;Isn't shortening
+    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; just like
+    shortening &ldquo;Microsoft Windows&rdquo; to
+    &ldquo;Windows&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#tools" id="TOCtools"&gt;Isn't GNU a collection of 
programming
+    tools that were included in Linux?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#osvskernel" id="TOCosvskernel"&gt;What is the 
difference between an operating
+    system and a kernel?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#house" id="TOChouse"&gt;The kernel of a system is like 
the foundation
+    of a house.  How can a house be almost complete when it doesn't have a
+    foundation?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#brain" id="TOCbrain"&gt;Isn't the kernel the brain of 
the
+    system?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#kernelmost" id="TOCkernelmost"&gt;Isn't writing the 
kernel
+    most of the work in an operating system?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#afterkernel" id="TOCafterkernel"&gt;We're calling the 
whole
+    system after the kernel, Linux.  Isn't it normal to name an
+    operating system after a kernel?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#long" id="TOClong"&gt;The problem with
+    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is that it is too long.  How about
+    recommending a shorter name?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#justgnu" id="TOCjustgnu"&gt;Since Linux is a secondary
+    contribution, would it be false to the facts to call the system
+    simply &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#trademarkfee" id="TOCtrademarkfee"&gt;I would have to 
pay a
+    fee if I use &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; in the name of a product, and
+    that would also apply if I say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  Is it
+    wrong if I use &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; without &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, to
+    save the fee?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#many" id="TOCmany"&gt;Many other projects contributed 
to the
+    system as it is today; it includes TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many
+    more programs.  Don't your arguments imply we have to give them
+    credit too?  (But that would lead to a name so long it is
+    absurd.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#others" id="TOCothers"&gt;Many other projects 
contributed to
+    the system as it is today, but they don't insist on calling it
+    XYZ/Linux.  Why should we treat GNU specially?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#allsmall" id="TOCallsmall"&gt;GNU is a small fraction 
of the system
+    nowadays, so why should we mention it?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#manycompanies" id="TOCmanycompanies"&gt;Many companies
+    contributed to the system as it is today; doesn't that mean
+    we ought to call it GNU/Red&nbsp;Hat/Novell/Linux?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#whyslash" id="TOCwhyslash"&gt;Why do you write
+    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; instead of &ldquo;GNU
+    Linux&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#whyorder" id="TOCwhyorder"&gt;Why 
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
+rather than &ldquo;Linux/GNU&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#distronames" id="TOCdistronames"&gt;My distro is called
+    &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;; doesn't that show it's really
+    Linux?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#distronames1" id="TOCdistronames1"&gt;My distro's 
official
+    name is &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;; isn't it wrong to call the
+    distro anything but &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#companies" id="TOCcompanies"&gt;Wouldn't it be more
+    effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to
+    call their distributions &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; rather than
+    asking individuals?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#reserve" id="TOCreserve"&gt;Wouldn't it be better to
+    reserve the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; for distributions that
+    are purely free software?  After all, that is the ideal of
+    GNU.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#gnudist" id="TOCgnudist"&gt;Why not make a GNU 
distribution of
+    Linux (sic) and call that GNU/Linux?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#linuxgnu" id="TOClinuxgnu"&gt;Why not just say 
&ldquo;Linux
+    is the GNU kernel&rdquo; and release some existing version of
+    GNU/Linux under the name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#condemn" id="TOCcondemn"&gt;Did the GNU Project condemn 
and
+    oppose use of Linux in the early days?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#wait" id="TOCwait"&gt;Why did you wait so long before
+    asking people to use the name GNU/Linux?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#allgpled" id="TOCallgpled"&gt;Should the GNU/[name] 
convention
+    be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+    
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#unix" id="TOCunix"&gt;Since much of GNU comes from Unix,
+    shouldn't GNU give credit to Unix by using &ldquo;Unix&rdquo; in
+    its name?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#bsd" id="TOCbsd"&gt;Should we say &ldquo;GNU/BSD&rdquo;
+too?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#othersys" id="TOCothersys"&gt;If I install the GNU 
tools on
+    Windows, does that mean I am running a GNU/Windows 
system?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux"&gt;Can't Linux be used 
without
+GNU?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu" id="TOClinuxsyswithoutgnu"&gt;Are 
there complete Linux systems without GNU?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#helplinus" id="TOChelplinus"&gt;Why not call the system
+    &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; anyway, and strengthen Linus Torvalds' role as
+    posterboy for our community?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#claimlinux" id="TOCclaimlinux"&gt;Isn't it wrong for us 
to label Linus
+    Torvalds' work as GNU?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#linusagreed" id="TOClinusagreed"&gt;Does Linus Torvalds
+    agree that Linux is just the kernel?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+    
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#lost" id="TOClost"&gt;The battle is already
+    lost&mdash;society has made its decision and we can't change it,
+    so why even think about it?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+    
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#whatgood" id="TOCwhatgood"&gt;Society has made its 
decision
+    and we can't change it, so what good does it do if I say
+    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+    
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#explain" id="TOCexplain"&gt;Wouldn't it be better to 
call
+    the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; and teach people its real origin
+    with a ten-minute explanation?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+    
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#treatment" id="TOCtreatment"&gt;Some people laugh at 
you when
+    you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux.  Why do you subject yourself
+    to this treatment?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#alienate" id="TOCalienate"&gt;Some people condemn you 
when you
+    ask them to call the system GNU/Linux.  Don't you lose by
+    alienating them?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#rename" id="TOCrename"&gt;Whatever you contributed,
+    is it legitimate to rename the operating system?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#force"&gt;Isn't it wrong to force people to call
+    the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#whynotsue"&gt;Why not sue people who call
+    the whole system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#BSDlicense" id="TOCBSDlicense"&gt;Since you objected to 
the original
+    BSD license's advertising requirement to give credit to the University of 
+    California, isn't it hypocritical to demand credit for the GNU 
project?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#require" id="TOCrequire"&gt;Shouldn't you put something 
in
+    the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
+    &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#deserve" id="TOCdeserve"&gt;Since you failed to put
+    something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
+    &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, you deserve what happened; why are you
+    complaining now?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#contradict" id="TOCcontradict"&gt;Wouldn't you be 
better off
+    not contradicting what so many people believe?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#somanyright" id="TOCsomanyright"&gt;Since many people 
call it
+    &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, doesn't that make it right?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#winning" id="TOCwinning"&gt;Many people care about 
what's convenient or
+    who's winning, not about arguments of right or wrong.  Couldn't you
+    get more of their support by a different road?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="why"&gt;Why do you call it GNU/Linux and not
+    Linux? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#why"&gt;#why&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;Most operating system distributions based on Linux as kernel are
+basically modified versions of the GNU operating system.  We began
+developing GNU in 1984, years before Linus Torvalds started to write
+his kernel.  Our goal was to develop a complete free operating system.
+Of course, we did not develop all the parts ourselves&mdash;but we led the way.
+We developed most of the central components, forming the largest single
+contribution to the whole system.  The basic vision was ours too.
+&lt;p&gt;
+In fairness, we ought to get at least equal mention.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html"&gt;Linux and the GNU <span 
class="removed"><del><strong>Project&lt;/a&gt;</strong></del></span> <span 
class="inserted"><ins><em>System&lt;/a&gt;</em></ins></span>
+and &lt;a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"&gt;GNU Users Who Have
+Never Heard of GNU&lt;/a&gt; for more explanation, and &lt;a
+href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html"&gt;The GNU Project&lt;/a&gt; for the
+history.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="whycare"&gt;Why is the name
+    important? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#whycare"&gt;#whycare&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;Although the developers of Linux, the kernel, are contributing to
+the free software community, many of them do not care about freedom.
+People who think the whole system is Linux tend to get confused and
+assign to those developers a role in the history of our community
+which they did not actually play.  Then they give inordinate weight to
+those developers' views.
+&lt;p&gt;
+Calling the system GNU/Linux recognizes the role that our idealism
+played in building our community, and
+&lt;a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html"&gt;helps the public recognize the
+practical importance of these ideals&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="howerror"&gt;How did it come about that most
+    people call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#howerror"&gt;#howerror&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;Calling the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; is a confusion that has 
spread faster
+than the corrective information.
+&lt;p&gt;
+The people who combined Linux with the GNU system were not aware that
+that's what their activity amounted to.  They focused their attention
+on the piece that was Linux and did not realize that more of the
+combination was GNU.  They started calling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; even though 
that
+name did not fit what they had.  It took a few years for us to realize
+what a problem this was and ask people to correct the practice.  By
+that time, the confusion had a big head start.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Most of the people who call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; have never heard why
+that's not the right thing.  They saw others using that name and
+assume it must be right.  The name &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; also spreads a false
+picture of the system's origin, because people tend to suppose that
+the system's history was such as to fit that name.  For
+instance, they often believe its development was started by Linus
+Torvalds in 1991.  This false picture tends to reinforce the idea
+that the system should be called &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Many of the questions in this file represent people's attempts to
+justify the name they are accustomed to using.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="always"&gt;Should we always say
+    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; instead of &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#always"&gt;#always&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Not always&mdash;only when you're talking about the whole system.  When
+you're referring specifically to the kernel, you should call it
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, the name its developer chose.
+&lt;p&gt;
+When people call the whole system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, as a consequence
+they call the whole system by the same name as the kernel.
+This causes many kinds of confusion, because only experts can tell
+whether a statement is about the kernel or the whole system.
+By calling the whole system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and calling the kernel
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, you avoid the ambiguity.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="linuxalone"&gt;Would Linux have
+    achieved the same success if there had been no
+    GNU? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#linuxalone"&gt;#linuxalone&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+In that alternative world, there would be nothing today like the
+GNU/Linux system, and probably no free operating system at all.  No
+one attempted to develop a free operating system in the 1980s except
+the GNU Project and (later) Berkeley CSRG, which had been specifically
+asked by the GNU Project to start freeing its code.
+&lt;p&gt;
+Linus Torvalds was partly influenced by a speech about GNU in Finland
+in 1990.  It's possible that even without this influence he might have
+written a Unix-like kernel, but it probably would not have been free
+software.  Linux became free in 1992 when Linus rereleased it under
+the GNU GPL.  (See the release notes for version 0.12.)&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Even if Torvalds had released Linux under some other free software
+license, a free kernel alone would not have made much difference to
+the world.  The significance of Linux came from  fitting into a larger
+framework, a complete free operating system: GNU/Linux.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="divide"&gt;Wouldn't it be better for the
+    community if you did not divide people with this request? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#divide"&gt;#divide&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+When we ask people to say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, we are not dividing people. 
 We
+are asking them to give the GNU Project credit for the GNU operating
+system.  This does not criticize anyone or push anyone away.
+&lt;p&gt;
+However, there are people who do not like our saying this.  Sometimes
+those people push us away in response.  On occasion they are so rude
+that one wonders if they are intentionally trying to intimidate us
+into silence.  It doesn't silence us, but it does tend to divide the
+community, so we hope you can convince them to stop.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+However, this is only a secondary cause of division in our community.
+The largest division in the community is between people who appreciate
+free software as a social and ethical issue and consider proprietary
+software a social problem (supporters of the free software movement),
+and those who cite only practical benefits and present free software
+only as an efficient development model (the open source movement).&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+This disagreement is not just a matter of names&mdash;it is a matter
+of differing basic values.  It is essential for the community to see
+and think about this disagreement.  The names &ldquo;free
+software&rdquo; and &ldquo;open source&rdquo; are the banners of the
+two positions.
+See &lt;a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"&gt;Why Open
+Source misses the point of Free Software&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The disagreement over values partially aligns with the amount of
+attention people pay to the GNU Project's role in our community.
+People who value freedom are more likely to call the system
+&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and people who learn that the system is 
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; are
+more likely to pay attention to our philosophical arguments for
+freedom and community (which is why the choice of name for the system
+makes a real difference for society).  However, the disagreement would
+probably exist even if everyone knew the system's real origin and its
+proper name, because the issue is a real one.  It can only go away if
+we who value freedom either persuade everyone (which won't be easy) or
+are defeated entirely (let's hope not).&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="freespeech"&gt;Doesn't the GNU project
+          support an individual's free speech rights to call the system by
+          any name that individual chooses? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#freespeech"&gt;#freespeech&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Yes, indeed, we believe you have a free speech right to call the
+operating system by any name you wish.  We ask that people call it
+GNU/Linux as a matter of doing justice to the GNU project, to promote
+the values of freedom that GNU stands for, and to inform others that
+those values of freedom brought the system into existence.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="everyoneknows"&gt;Since everyone knows
+    GNU's role in developing the system, doesn't the &ldquo;GNU/&rdquo; in the
+    name go without saying? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#everyoneknows"&gt;#everyoneknows&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;Experience shows that the system's users, and the computer-using
+public in general, often know nothing about the GNU system.  Most
+articles about the system do not mention the name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, or the 
ideals
+that GNU stands for.  &lt;a
+href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"&gt;GNU Users Who Have Never
+Heard of GNU&lt;/a&gt; explains further.
+&lt;p&gt;
+The people who say this are probably geeks thinking of the geeks they
+know.  Geeks often do know about GNU, but many have a completely wrong
+idea of what GNU is.  For instance, many think it is a collection
+of &lt;a href="#tools"&gt;&ldquo;tools&rdquo;&lt;/a&gt;, or a project to 
develop tools.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The wording of this question, which is typical, illustrates another
+common misconception.  To speak of &ldquo;GNU's role&rdquo; in developing
+something assumes that GNU is a group of people.  GNU is an operating
+system.  It would make sense to talk about the GNU Project's role in
+this or some other activity, but not that of GNU.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="everyoneknows2"&gt;Since I know the role of GNU in this system,
+    why does it matter what name I use? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#everyoneknows2"&gt;#everyoneknows2&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+If your words don't reflect your knowledge, you don't teach others.
+Most people who have heard of the GNU/Linux system think it is
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, that it was started by Linus Torvalds, and that
+it was intended to be &ldquo;open source&rdquo;.  If you don't tell
+them, who will?
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="windows"&gt;Isn't shortening &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
+    to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; just like shortening &ldquo;Microsoft 
Windows&rdquo; to &ldquo;Windows&rdquo;? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#windows"&gt;#windows&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+It's useful to shorten a frequently-used name, but not if the
+abbreviation is misleading.
+&lt;p&gt;
+Almost everyone in developed countries really does know that the
+&ldquo;Windows&rdquo; system is made by Microsoft, so shortening 
&ldquo;Microsoft
+Windows&rdquo; to &ldquo;Windows&rdquo; does not mislead anyone as to that 
system's
+nature and origin.  Shortening &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; 
does give the
+wrong idea of where the system comes from.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The question is itself misleading because GNU and Microsoft are
+not the same kind of thing.  Microsoft is a company;
+GNU is an operating system.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="tools"&gt;Isn't GNU a collection of
+    programming tools that were included in Linux? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#tools"&gt;#tools&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+People who think that Linux is an entire operating system, if they
+hear about GNU at all, often get a wrong idea of what GNU is.  They
+may think that GNU is the name of a collection of programs&mdash;often they
+say &ldquo;programming tools&rdquo;, since some of our programming tools became
+popular on their own.  The idea that &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; is the name of an 
operating
+system is hard to fit into a conceptual framework in which that
+operating system is labeled &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.
+&lt;p&gt;
+The GNU Project was named after the GNU operating system&mdash;it's the project
+to develop the GNU system.  (See &lt;a
+href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html"&gt;the 1983 initial 
announcement&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+We developed programs such as GCC, GNU Emacs, GAS, GLIBC, BASH, etc.,
+because we needed them for the GNU operating system.  GCC, the GNU
+Compiler Collection is the compiler that we wrote for the GNU
+operating system.  We, the many people working on the GNU Project,
+developed Ghostscript, GNUCash, GNU Chess and GNOME for the GNU system
+too.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="osvskernel"&gt;What is the difference
+between an operating system and a kernel? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#osvskernel"&gt;#osvskernel&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+An operating system, as we use the term, means a collection of
+programs that are sufficient to use the computer to do a wide variety
+of jobs.  A general purpose operating system, to be complete, ought to
+handle all the jobs that many users may want to do.
+&lt;p&gt;
+The kernel is one of the programs in an operating system&mdash;the program
+that allocates the machine's resources to the other programs that are
+running.  The kernel also takes care of starting and stopping other
+programs.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+To confuse matters, some people use the term &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; to
+mean &ldquo;kernel&rdquo;.  Both uses of the term go back many years.  The
+use of &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; to mean &ldquo;kernel&rdquo; is found in 
a number of
+textbooks on system design, going back to the 80s.  At the same time,
+in the 80s, the &ldquo;Unix operating system&rdquo; was understood to include 
all
+the system programs, and Berkeley's version of Unix included even
+games. Since we intended GNU to be a Unix-like operating system, we
+use the term &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; in the same way.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Most of the time when people speak of the &ldquo;Linux operating system&rdquo;
+they are using &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; in the same sense we use: they 
mean
+the whole collection of programs.  If that's what you are referring
+to, please call it &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  If you mean just the kernel, then
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo; is the right name for it, but please say 
&ldquo;kernel&rdquo; also to
+avoid ambiguity about which body of software you mean.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+If you prefer to use some other term such as &ldquo;system distribution&rdquo; 
for
+the entire collection of programs, instead of &ldquo;operating system&rdquo;,
+that's fine.  Then you would talk about GNU/Linux system
+distributions.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="house"&gt;The kernel of a system is like the foundation of a
+    house.  How can a house be almost complete when it doesn't have a
+    foundation? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#house"&gt;#house&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+A kernel is not much like the foundation of a house because building
+an operating system is not much like building a house.
+
+&lt;p&gt;A house is built from lots of little general parts that are cut and
+put together in situ.  They have to be put together from the bottom
+up.  Thus, when the foundation has not been built, no substantial part
+has been built; all you have is a hole in the ground.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+By contrast, an operating system consists of complex
+components that can be developed in any order.  When you have
+developed most of the components, most of the work is done.  This is
+much more like the International Space Station than like a house.  If
+most of the Space Station modules were in orbit but awaiting one other
+essential module, that would be like the GNU system in 1992.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="brain"&gt;Isn't the kernel the brain of the system? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#brain"&gt;#brain&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+A computer system is not much like a human body,
+and no part of it plays a role comparable to that of
+the brain in a human.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="kernelmost"&gt;Isn't writing the kernel most of the work in an
+operating system? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#kernelmost"&gt;#kernelmost&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+No, many components take a lot of work.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="afterkernel"&gt;We're calling the
+    whole system after the kernel, Linux.  Isn't it normal to name an
+    operating system after a kernel? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#afterkernel"&gt;#afterkernel&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+That practice seems to be very rare&mdash;we can't find any examples other
+than the misuse of the name &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  Normally an operating system 
is
+developed as a single unified project, and the developers choose a
+name for the system as a whole.  The kernel usually does not have a
+name of its own&mdash;instead, people say &ldquo;the kernel of 
such-and-such&rdquo; or
+&ldquo;the such-and-such kernel&rdquo;.
+&lt;p&gt;
+Because those two constructions are used synonymously, the expression
+&ldquo;the Linux kernel&rdquo; can easily be misunderstood as meaning 
&ldquo;the kernel
+of Linux&rdquo; and implying that Linux must be more than a kernel.  You can
+avoid the possibility of this misunderstanding by saying or writing
+&ldquo;the kernel, Linux&rdquo; or &ldquo;Linux, the kernel.&rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="long"&gt;The problem with &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is that it is too 
long.
+    How about recommending a shorter name? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#long"&gt;#long&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+For a while we tried the name &ldquo;LiGNUx&rdquo;, which combines the words 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
+and &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  The reaction was very bad.  People accept 
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
+much better.
+&lt;p&gt;
+The shortest legitimate name for this system is &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, but we call 
it
+&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; for the reasons given below.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="justgnu"&gt;Since Linux is a secondary
+    contribution, would it be false to the facts to call the system simply
+    &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#justgnu"&gt;#justgnu&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+It would not be false to the facts, but it is not the best thing to
+do.  Here are the reasons we call that system version &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
+rather than just &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;:
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+It's not exactly GNU&mdash;it has a different kernel (that is, Linux).
+Distinguishing GNU/Linux from GNU is useful.&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+It would be ungentlemanly to ask people to &lt;em&gt;stop&lt;/em&gt; giving any
+credit to Linus Torvalds.  He did write an important component of the
+system.  We want to get credit for launching and sustaining the
+system's development, but this doesn't mean we should treat Linus the
+same way those who call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; treat us.  We strongly
+disagree with his political views, but we deal with that disagreement
+honorably and openly, rather than by trying to cut him out of the
+credit for his contribution to the system.&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+Since many people know of the system as &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, if we say 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo; they
+may simply not recognize we're talking about the same system.  If we
+say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, they can make a connection to what they have heard
+about.&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="trademarkfee"&gt;I would have
+    to pay a fee if I use &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; in the name of a product, and 
that
+    would also apply if I say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  Is it wrong if I use 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
+    without &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, to save the fee? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#trademarkfee"&gt;#trademarkfee&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;dd&gt;
+There's nothing wrong in calling the system &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;; basically, 
that's
+what it is.  It is nice to give Linus Torvalds a share of the credit
+as well, but you have no obligation to pay for the privilege of doing
+so.
+&lt;p&gt;
+So if you want to refer to the system simply as &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, to avoid 
paying
+the fee for calling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, we won't criticize you.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="many"&gt;Many other projects contributed to
+    the system as it is today; it includes TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many
+    more programs.  Don't your arguments imply we have to give them credit
+    too?  (But that would lead to a name so long it is
+    absurd.) &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#many"&gt;#many&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+What we say is that you ought to give the system's principal developer
+a share of the credit.  The principal developer is the GNU Project,
+and the system is basically GNU.
+&lt;p&gt;
+If you feel even more strongly about giving credit where it is due,
+you might feel that some secondary contributors also deserve credit in
+the system's name.  If so, far be it from us to argue against it.  If
+you feel that X11 deserves credit in the system's name, and you want
+to call the system GNU/X11/Linux, please do.  If you feel that Perl
+simply cries out for mention, and you want to write GNU/Linux/Perl, go
+ahead.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Since a long name such as GNU/X11/Apache/Linux/TeX/Perl/Python/FreeCiv
+becomes absurd, at some point you will have to set a threshold and
+omit the names of the many other secondary contributions.  There is no
+one obvious right place to set the threshold, so wherever you set it,
+we won't argue against it.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Different threshold levels would lead to different choices of name for
+the system.  But one name that cannot result from concerns of fairness
+and giving credit, not for any possible threshold level, is 
&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.
+It can't be fair to give all the credit to one secondary contribution
+(Linux) while omitting the principal contribution (GNU).&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="others"&gt;Many other projects contributed to
+    the system as it is today, but they don't insist on calling it
+    XYZ/Linux.  Why should we treat GNU specially? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#others"&gt;#others&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Thousands of projects have developed programs commonly included in
+today's GNU/Linux systems.  They all deserve credit for their
+contributions, but they aren't the principal developers of the system
+as a whole, so they don't ask to be credited as such.
+&lt;p&gt;
+GNU is different because it is more than just a contributed program,
+more than just a collection of contributed programs.  GNU is the
+framework on which the system was made.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="allsmall"&gt;GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays,
+    so why should we mention it? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#allsmall"&gt;#allsmall&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;dd&gt;
+In 2008, we found that GNU packages made up 15% of the
+&ldquo;main&rdquo; repository of the gNewSense GNU/Linux distribution.
+Linux made up 1.5%.  So the same argument would apply even more
+strongly to calling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays, and Linux is an
+even smaller fraction.  But they are the system's core; the system
+was made by combining them.  Thus, the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
+remains appropriate.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="manycompanies"&gt;Many companies
+    contributed to the system as it is today; doesn't that mean
+    we ought to call it GNU/Red&nbsp;Hat/Novell/Linux? &lt;span
+    class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a
+    href="#manycompanies"&gt;#manycompanies&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+GNU is not comparable to Red Hat or Novell; it is not a company, or an
+organization, or even an activity.  GNU is an operating system.  (When
+we speak of the GNU Project, that refers to the project to develop the
+GNU system.)  The GNU/Linux system is based on GNU, and that's why GNU
+ought to appear in its name.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Much of those companies' contribution to the GNU/Linux system lies in
+the code they have contributed to various GNU packages including GCC
+and GNOME.  Saying GNU/Linux gives credit to those companies along
+with all the rest of the GNU developers.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="whyslash"&gt;Why do you write &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
+instead of &ldquo;GNU Linux&rdquo;? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#whyslash"&gt;#whyslash&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Following the rules of English, in the construction &ldquo;GNU Linux&rdquo; the
+word &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; modifies &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  This can mean either 
&ldquo;GNU's version of
+Linux&rdquo; or &ldquo;Linux, which is a GNU package.&rdquo;  Neither of those 
meanings
+fits the situation at hand.
+&lt;p&gt;
+Linux is not a GNU package; that is, it wasn't developed under the GNU
+Project's aegis or contributed specifically to the GNU Project.  Linus
+Torvalds wrote Linux independently, as his own project.  So the
+&ldquo;Linux, which is a GNU package&rdquo; meaning is not right.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+We're not talking about a distinct GNU version of Linux, the kernel.
+The free GNU/Linux distros do have
+a &lt;a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux"&gt;separate version of
+Linux&lt;/a&gt;, since the &ldquo;standard&rdquo; version contains non-free
+firmware &ldquo;blobs&rdquo;.  If this were part of the GNU Project,
+it could be considered &ldquo;GNU Linux&rdquo;; but we would not want
+to call it that, because it would be too confusing.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+We're talking about a version of GNU, the operating system,
+distinguished by having Linux as the kernel.  A slash fits the
+situation because it means &ldquo;combination.&rdquo; (Think of
+&ldquo;Input/Output&rdquo;.)  This system is the combination of GNU
+and Linux; hence, &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+There are other ways to express &ldquo;combination&rdquo;.  If you
+think that a plus-sign is clearer, please use that.  In French, a
+hyphen is clear: &ldquo;GNU-Linux&rdquo;.  In Spanish, we sometimes
+say &ldquo;GNU con Linux&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="whyorder"&gt;Why &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; rather
+than &ldquo;Linux/GNU&rdquo;? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#whyorder"&gt;#whyorder&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+It is right and proper to mention the principal contribution first.
+The GNU contribution to the system is not only bigger than Linux and
+prior to Linux, we actually started the whole activity.
+&lt;p&gt;
+However, if you prefer to call the system &ldquo;Linux/GNU&rdquo;, that is a 
lot
+better than what people usually do, which is to omit GNU entirely and
+make it seem that the whole system is Linux.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="distronames"&gt;My distro is called
+    &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;; doesn't that show it's really Linux? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#distronames"&gt;#distronames&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;It means that the people who make the &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo; 
distro are
+repeating the common mistake. We appreciate that distributions like Debian, 
Dragora, Musix, Trisquel, and Venenux have adopted 
+GNU/Linux as part of their official name, and we hope that if you are involved 
with a different distribution, you will 
+encourage it to do the same.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="distronames1"&gt;My distro's official name is &ldquo;Foobar
+    Linux&rdquo;; isn't it wrong to call the distro 
+    anything but &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#distronames1"&gt;#distronames1&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;&lt;p&gt;If it's allowed for them to change &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; to
+&ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;, it's allowed for you to change it back and
+call the distro &ldquo;Foobar GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  It can't be more wrong
+to correct the mistake than it was to make the mistake.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="companies"&gt;Wouldn't it be more
+    effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to
+    call their distributions &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; rather than asking
+    individuals? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#companies"&gt;#companies&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+It isn't a choice of one or the other&mdash;we ask companies and
+organizations and individuals to help spread the word about this.  In
+fact, we have asked all three of those companies.  Mandrake said it
+would use the term &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; some of the time, but IBM
+and Red Hat were unwilling to help.  One executive said, &ldquo;This
+is a pure commercial decision; we expect to make more money calling it
+&lsquo;Linux&rsquo;.&rdquo; In other words, that company did not care
+what was right.
+&lt;p&gt;
+We can't make them do this right, but we're not the sort to give up
+just because the road isn't easy.  You may not have as much influence
+at your disposal as IBM or Red Hat, but you can still help.  Together
+we can change the situation to the point where companies will make
+more profit calling it &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="reserve"&gt;Wouldn't it be better to
+    reserve the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; for distributions that are purely
+    free software?  After all, that is the ideal of GNU. &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#reserve"&gt;#reserve&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+The widespread practice of adding non-free software to the GNU/Linux
+system is a major problem for our community.  It teaches the users
+that non-free software is ok, and that using it is part of the spirit
+of &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  Many &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; User Groups make it part of 
their mission to
+help users use non-free add-ons, and may even invite salesmen to come
+and make sales pitches for them.  They adopt goals such as &ldquo;helping
+the users&rdquo; of GNU/Linux (including helping them use non-free
+applications and drivers), or making the system more popular even at
+the cost of freedom.
+&lt;p&gt;
+The question is how to try to change this.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Given that most of the community which uses GNU with Linux already
+does not realize that's what it is, for us to disown these adulterated
+versions, saying they are not really GNU, would not teach the users to
+value freedom more.  They would not get the intended message.  They
+would only respond they never thought these systems were GNU in the
+first place.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The way to lead these users to see a connection with freedom is
+exactly the opposite: to inform them that all these system
+versions &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; versions of GNU, that they all are based on a
+system that exists specifically for the sake of the users' freedom.
+With this understanding, they can start to recognize the distributions
+that include non-free software as perverted, adulterated versions of
+GNU, instead of thinking they are proper and appropriate &ldquo;versions of
+Linux&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+It is very useful to start GNU/Linux User Groups, which call the
+system GNU/Linux and adopt the ideals of the GNU Project as a basis
+for their activities.  If the Linux User Group in your area has the
+problems described above, we suggest you either campaign within the
+group to change its orientation (and name) or start a new group.  The
+people who focus on the more superficial goals have a right to their
+views, but don't let them drag you along!&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="gnudist"&gt;Why not make a GNU
+    distribution of Linux (sic) and call that GNU/Linux? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#gnudist"&gt;#gnudist&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+All the &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; distributions are actually versions of the GNU 
system
+with Linux as the kernel.  The purpose of the term &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is 
to
+communicate this point.  To develop one new distribution and call that
+alone &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; would obscure the point we want to make.
+&lt;p&gt;
+As for developing a distribution of GNU/Linux, we already did this
+once, when we funded the early development of Debian GNU/Linux.  To do
+it again now does not seem useful; it would be a lot of work, and
+unless the new distribution had substantial practical advantages over
+other distributions, it would serve no purpose.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Instead we help the developers of 100% free GNU/Linux distributions,
+such as gNewSense and Ututo.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="linuxgnu"&gt;Why not just say &ldquo;Linux is
+    the GNU kernel&rdquo; and release some existing version of GNU/Linux under
+    the name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#linuxgnu"&gt;#linuxgnu&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+It might have been a good idea to adopt Linux as the GNU kernel back
+in 1992.  If we had realized, then, how long it would take to get the
+GNU Hurd to work, we might have done that.  (Alas, that is hindsight.)
+&lt;p&gt;
+If we were to take an existing version of GNU/Linux and relabel it as
+&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, that would be somewhat like making a version of the GNU 
system
+and labeling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  That wasn't right, and we don't
+want to act like that.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="condemn"&gt;Did the GNU Project condemn
+    and oppose use of Linux in the early days? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#condemn"&gt;#condemn&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+We did not adopt Linux as our kernel, but we didn't condemn or oppose
+it.  In 1993 we started discussing the arrangements to sponsor the
+development of Debian GNU/Linux.  We also sought to cooperate with the
+people who were changing some GNU packages for use with Linux.  We
+wanted to include their changes in the standard releases so that these
+GNU packages would work out-of-the-box in combination with Linux.  But
+the changes were often ad-hoc and nonportable; they needed to be cleaned
+up for installation.
+&lt;p&gt;
+The people who had made the changes showed little interest in
+cooperating with us.  One of them actually told us that he didn't care
+about working with the GNU Project because he was a &ldquo;Linux user&rdquo;.
+That came as a shock, because the people who ported GNU packages to
+other systems had generally wanted to work with us to get their
+changes installed.  Yet these people, developing a system that was
+primarily based on GNU, were the first (and still practically the
+only) group that was unwilling to work with us.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+It was this experience that first showed us that people were calling a
+version of the GNU system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, and that this confusion was
+obstructing our work.  Asking you to call the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is
+our response to that problem, and to the other problems caused by the
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo; misnomer.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="wait"&gt;Why did you wait so
+    long before asking people to use the name GNU/Linux? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#wait"&gt;#wait&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Actually we didn't.  We began talking privately with developers and
+distributors about this in 1994, and made a more public campaign in
+1996.  We will continue for as long as it's necessary.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="allgpled"&gt;Should the GNU/&lt;i&gt;name&lt;/i&gt;
+    convention be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#allgpled"&gt;#allgpled&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+We never refer to individual programs as 
&ldquo;GNU/&lt;i&gt;name&lt;/i&gt;&rdquo;.  When a program
+is a GNU package, we may call it &ldquo;GNU &lt;i&gt;name&lt;/i&gt;&rdquo;.
+&lt;p&gt;
+GNU, the operating system, is made up of many different programs.
+Some of the programs in GNU were written as part of the GNU Project or
+specifically contributed to it; these are the GNU packages, and we
+often use &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; in their names.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+It's up to the developers of a program to decide if they want to contribute
+it and make it a GNU package.  If you have developed a program and you
+would like it to be a GNU package, please write to
+&lt;a href="mailto:address@hidden"&gt;&lt;address@hidden&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, so we 
can evaluate it
+and decide whether we want it.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+It wouldn't be fair to put the name GNU on every individual program
+that is released under the GPL.  If you write a program and release it
+under the GPL, that doesn't mean the GNU Project wrote it or that you
+wrote it for us.  For instance, the kernel, Linux, is released under
+the GNU GPL, but Linus did not write it as part of the GNU Project&mdash;he
+did the work independently.  If something is not a GNU package, the
+GNU Project can't take credit for it, and putting &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; in its name
+would be improper.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+In contrast, we do deserve the overall credit for the GNU operating
+system as a whole, even though not for each and every program in it.
+The system exists as a system because of our determination and
+persistence, starting in 1984, many years before Linux was begun.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The operating system in which Linux became popular was basically the
+same as the GNU operating system.  It was not entirely the same,
+because it had a different kernel, but it was mostly the same system.
+It was a variant of GNU.  It was the GNU/Linux system.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Linux continues to be used primarily in derivatives of that system&mdash;in
+today's versions of the GNU/Linux system.  What gives these systems
+their identity is GNU and Linux at the center of them, not particularly
+Linux alone.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="unix"&gt;Since much of GNU comes
+from Unix, shouldn't GNU give credit
+to Unix by using &ldquo;Unix&rdquo; in its name? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#unix"&gt;#unix&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Actually, none of GNU comes from Unix.  Unix was proprietary software
+(and still is), so using any of its code in GNU would have been
+illegal.  This is not a coincidence; this is why we developed GNU:
+since you could not have freedom in using Unix, or any of the other
+operating systems of the day, we needed a free system to replace it.
+We could not copy programs, or even parts of them, from Unix;
+everything had to be written afresh.
+&lt;p&gt;
+No code in GNU comes from Unix, but GNU is a Unix-compatible system;
+therefore, many of the ideas and specifications of GNU do come from
+Unix.  The name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, which stands for &ldquo;GNU's Not
+Unix&rdquo;, is a humorous way of giving credit to Unix for this,
+following a hacker tradition of recursive acronyms that started in the
+70s.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The first such recursive acronym was TINT, &ldquo;TINT Is Not
+TECO&rdquo;.  The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO
+(there were already many of them, for various systems), but instead of
+calling it by a dull name like &ldquo;&lt;em&gt;somethingorother&lt;/em&gt; 
TECO&rdquo;, he
+thought of a clever amusing name.  (That's what hacking
+means: &lt;a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html"&gt;playful
+cleverness&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Other hackers enjoyed that name so much that we imitated the approach.
+It became a tradition that, when you were writing from scratch a
+program that was similar to some existing program (let's imagine its
+name was &ldquo;Klever&rdquo;), you could give it a recursive acronym name, 
such
+as &ldquo;MINK&rdquo; for &ldquo;MINK Is Not Klever.&rdquo;  In this same 
spirit we called our
+replacement for Unix &ldquo;GNU's Not Unix&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Historically, AT&amp;T which developed Unix did not want anyone to
+give it credit by using &ldquo;Unix&rdquo; in the name of a similar
+system, not even in a system 99% copied from Unix.  AT&amp;T actually
+threatened to sue anyone giving AT&amp;T credit in that way.  This is
+why each of the various modified versions of Unix (all proprietary,
+like Unix) had a completely different name that didn't include
+&ldquo;Unix&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="bsd"&gt;Should we say &ldquo;GNU/BSD&rdquo;
+too? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#bsd"&gt;#bsd&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+We don't call the BSD systems (FreeBSD, etc.) &ldquo;GNU/BSD&rdquo; systems,
+because that term does not fit the history of the BSD systems.
+&lt;p&gt;
+The BSD system was developed by UC Berkeley as non-free software in
+the 80s, and became free in the early 90s.  A free operating system
+that exists today is almost certainly either a variant of the GNU
+system, or a kind of BSD system.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a variant of GNU, as GNU/Linux
+is.  It is not.  The BSD developers were inspired to make their code
+free software by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals
+from GNU activists helped convince them to start, but the code had
+little overlap with GNU.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+BSD systems today use some GNU packages, just as the GNU system and
+its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as wholes, they are
+two different systems that evolved separately.  The BSD developers did
+not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system, so a name like
+GNU/BSD would not fit the situation.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The connection between GNU/Linux and GNU is much closer, and that's
+why the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is appropriate for it.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+There is a version of GNU which uses the kernel from NetBSD.  Its
+developers call it &ldquo;Debian GNU/NetBSD&rdquo;, but 
&ldquo;GNU/kernelofNetBSD&rdquo;
+would be more accurate, since NetBSD is an entire system, not just
+the kernel.  This is not a BSD system, since most of the system
+is the same as the GNU/Linux system.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="othersys"&gt;If I install the GNU tools
+on Windows, does that mean I am running a GNU/Windows system? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#othersys"&gt;#othersys&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Not in the same sense that we mean by &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  The tools of 
GNU
+are just a part of the GNU software, which is just a part of the GNU
+system, and underneath them you would still have another complete
+operating system which has no code in common with GNU.  All in all,
+that's a very different situation from GNU/Linux.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="justlinux"&gt;Can't Linux be used without GNU? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#justlinux"&gt;#justlinux&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Linux is used by itself, or with small other programs, in some
+appliances.  These small software systems are a far cry from the
+GNU/Linux system.  Users do not install them on PCs, for instance, and
+would find them rather disappointing.  It is useful to say that these
+appliances run just Linux, to show how different those small platforms
+are from GNU/Linux.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="linuxsyswithoutgnu"&gt;Are there complete Linux systems without 
GNU? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu"&gt;#linuxsyswithoutgnu&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+There are complete systems that contain Linux and not GNU; Android is
+an example.  But it is a mistake to call them &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;
+systems.
+&lt;p&gt;
+Android is very different from the GNU/Linux system&mdash;because it
+contains very little of the GNU system, only Linux.  Overall, it's a
+different system.  If you call the whole system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;,
+you will find it necessary to say things like, &ldquo;Android contains
+Linux, but it isn't Linux, because it doesn't have the usual Linux
+[sic] libraries and utilities [meaning the GNU system].&rdquo; Android
+contains just as much of Linux as GNU/Linux does.  What it doesn't
+have is the GNU system.  Instead it has a lot of Google software.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="helplinus"&gt;Why not call the system
+    &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; anyway, and strengthen Linus Torvalds' role as 
posterboy for our
+    community? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#helplinus"&gt;#helplinus&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Linus Torvalds is the &ldquo;posterboy&rdquo; (other people's choice of word, 
not
+ours) for his goals, not ours.  His goal is to make the system more
+popular, and he believes its value to society lies merely in the
+practical advantages it offers: its power, reliability and easy
+availability.  He has never advocated
+&lt;a href="/philosophy/why-free.html"&gt;freedom to cooperate&lt;/a&gt; as an
+ethical principle, which is why the public does not connect the name
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo; with that principle.
+&lt;p&gt;
+Linus publicly states his disagreement with the free software
+movement's ideals.  He developed non-free software in his job for many
+years (and said so to a large audience at a &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;World show), and
+publicly invited fellow developers of Linux, the kernel, to use
+non-free software to work on it with him.  He goes even further, and
+rebukes people who suggest that engineers and scientists should
+consider social consequences of our technical work&mdash;rejecting the
+lessons society learned from the development of the atom bomb.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+There is nothing wrong with writing a free program for the motivations
+of learning and having fun; the kernel Linus wrote for those reasons
+was an important contribution to our community.  But those motivations
+are not the reason why the complete free system, GNU/Linux, exists,
+and they won't secure our freedom in the future.  The public needs to
+know this.  Linus has the right to promote his views; however, people
+should be aware that the operating system in question 
+stems from ideals of freedom, not from his views.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="claimlinux"&gt;Isn't it wrong for us to label Linus Torvalds'
+    work as GNU? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#claimlinux"&gt;#claimlinux&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+It would be wrong, so we don't do that.  Torvalds' work is Linux, the
+kernel; we are careful not to attribute that work to the GNU Project
+or label it as &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;.  When we talk about the whole
+system, the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; gives him a share of the
+credit.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+
+&lt;dt id="linusagreed"&gt;Does Linus Torvalds
+    agree that Linux is just the kernel? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#linusagreed"&gt;#linusagreed&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;He recognized this at the beginning.  The earliest Linux release notes
+said, &lt;a
+href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01"&gt;
+&ldquo;Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the
+GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU)
+for more info&rdquo;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="lost"&gt;The battle is already lost&mdash;society
+    has made its decision and we can't change it, so why even think about
+    it? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#lost"&gt;#lost&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+This isn't a battle, it is a campaign of education.  What to call the
+system is not a single decision, to be made at one moment by
+&ldquo;society&rdquo;: each person, each organization, can decide what
+name to use.  You can't make others say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, but
+you can decide to call the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
+yourself&mdash;and by doing so, you will help educate others.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="whatgood"&gt;Society has made its
+    decision and we can't change it, so what good does it do if I say
+    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#whatgood"&gt;#whatgood&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+This is not an all-or-nothing situation: correct and incorrect
+pictures are being spread more or less by various people.  If you call
+the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, you will help others learn the system's 
true
+history, origin, and reason for being.  You can't correct the misnomer
+everywhere on your own, any more than we can, but you can help.  If
+only a few hundred people see you use the term &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, you 
will
+have educated a substantial number of people with very little work.
+And some of them will spread the correction to others.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="explain"&gt;Wouldn't it be better to call
+    the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; and teach people its real origin with a 
ten-minute
+    explanation? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#explain"&gt;#explain&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+If you help us by explaining to others in that way, we appreciate your
+effort, but that is not the best method.  It is not as effective as
+calling the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and uses your time inefficiently.
+&lt;p&gt;
+It is ineffective because it may not sink in, and surely will not
+propagate.  Some of the people who hear your explanation will pay
+attention, and they may learn a correct picture of the system's
+origin.  But they are unlikely to repeat the explanation to others
+whenever they talk about the system.  They will probably just call it
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  Without particularly intending to, they will help spread 
the
+incorrect picture.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+It is inefficient because it takes a lot more time.  Saying and
+writing &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; will take you only a few seconds a day, not
+minutes, so you can afford to reach far more people that way.
+Distinguishing between Linux and GNU/Linux when you write and speak is
+by far the easiest way to help the GNU Project effectively.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="treatment"&gt;Some people laugh at you
+    when you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux.  Why do you subject
+    yourself to this treatment? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#treatment"&gt;#treatment&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Calling the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; tends to give people a mistaken picture 
of
+the system's history and reason for existence.  People who laugh at
+our request probably have picked up that mistaken picture&mdash;they think
+our work was done by Linus, so they laugh when we ask for credit for
+it.  If they knew the truth, they probably wouldn't laugh.
+&lt;p&gt;
+Why do we take the risk of making a request that sometimes leads
+people to ridicule us?  Because often it has useful results that help
+the GNU Project.  We will run the risk of undeserved abuse to achieve
+our goals.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+If you see such an ironically unfair situation occurring, please don't
+sit idly by.  Please teach the laughing people the real history.  When
+they see why the request is justified, those who have any sense will
+stop laughing.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="alienate"&gt;Some people condemn you
+    when you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux.  Don't you lose by
+    alienating them? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#alienate"&gt;#alienate&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Not much.  People who don't appreciate our role in developing the
+system are unlikely to make substantial efforts to help us.  If they
+do work that advances our goals, such as releasing free software, it
+is probably for other unrelated reasons, not because we asked them.
+Meanwhile, by teaching others to attribute our work to someone else,
+they are undermining our ability to recruit the help of others.
+&lt;p&gt;
+It makes no sense to worry about alienating people who are already
+mostly uncooperative, and it is self-defeating to be deterred from
+correcting a major problem lest we anger the people who perpetuate it.
+Therefore, we will continue trying to correct the misnomer.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="rename"&gt;Whatever you contributed,
+    is it legitimate to rename the operating system? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#rename"&gt;#rename&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+We are not renaming anything; we have been calling this system 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
+ever since we announced it in 1983.  The people who tried to rename
+it to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; should not have done so.&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="force"&gt;Isn't it wrong to force people to call
+the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#force"&gt;#force&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+It would be wrong to force them, and we don't try.  We call the system
+&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and we ask you to do it too.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="whynotsue"&gt;Why not sue people who call
+the whole system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#whynotsue"&gt;#whynotsue&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+There are no legal grounds to sue them, but since we believe in
+freedom of speech, we wouldn't want to do that anyway.  We ask people
+to call the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; because that is the right thing to 
do.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="require"&gt;Shouldn't you put something in
+    the GNU GPL to require people to call the system &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;? 
&lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#require"&gt;#require&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+The purpose of the GNU GPL is to protect the users' freedom from those
+who would make proprietary versions of free software.  While it is
+true that those who call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; often do things that 
limit
+the users' freedom, such as bundling non-free software with the
+GNU/Linux system or even developing non-free software for such use,
+the mere act of calling the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; does not, in itself, 
deny
+users their freedom.  It seems improper to make the GPL restrict what
+name people can use for the system.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="BSDlicense"&gt;Since you objected to the original BSD license's
+advertising requirement to give credit to the University of California,
+isn't it hypocritical to demand credit for the GNU project? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#BSDlicense"&gt;#BSDlicense&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+It would be hypocritical to make the name GNU/Linux a license
+requirement, and we don't.  We only &lt;em&gt;ask&lt;/em&gt; you to give us the
+credit we deserve.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="deserve"&gt;Since you failed to put
+    something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;,
+    you deserve what happened; why are you complaining now? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#deserve"&gt;#deserve&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+The question presupposes a rather controversial general ethical
+premise: that if people do not force you to treat them fairly, you are
+entitled to take advantage of them as much as you like.  In other
+words, it assumes that might makes right.
+&lt;p&gt;
+We hope you disagree with that premise just as we do.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="contradict"&gt;Wouldn't you be better
+    off not contradicting what so many people believe? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#contradict"&gt;#contradict&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+We don't think we should go along with large numbers of people because
+they have been misled.  We hope you too will decide that truth is
+important.
+&lt;p&gt;
+We could never have developed a free operating system without first
+denying the belief, held by most people, that proprietary software
+was legitimate and acceptable.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="somanyright"&gt;Since many people call
+it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, doesn't that make it right? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#somanyright"&gt;#somanyright&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+We don't think that the popularity of an error makes it the truth.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="winning"&gt;Many people care about what's
+    convenient or who's winning, not about arguments of right or wrong.
+    Couldn't you get more of their support by a different
+    road? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#winning"&gt;#winning&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+To care only about what's convenient or who's winning is an amoral
+approach to life.  Non-free software is an example of that amoral
+approach and thrives on it.  So in the long run it is self-defeating
+for us to bow to that approach.  We will continue talking in terms
+of right and wrong.
+&lt;p&gt;
+We hope that you are one of those for whom right and wrong do matter.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about    --&gt;
+&lt;!-- verbatim copying.  Please do NOT remove this without talking     --&gt;
+&lt;!-- with the webmasters first. --&gt; 
+&lt;!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document 
--&gt;
+&lt;!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original --&gt;
+&lt;!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English --&gt;
+&lt;!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the --&gt;
+&lt;!-- English is.  If you add a new language here, please --&gt;
+&lt;!-- advise address@hidden and add it to --&gt;
+&lt;!--    - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG --&gt;
+&lt;!--    - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html --&gt;
+&lt;!--      one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" --&gt;
+&lt;!--    - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias 
--&gt;
+&lt;!--      to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases --&gt;
+&lt;!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus 
--&gt;
+&lt;!--     http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm --&gt;
+
+&lt;div id="footer"&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
+&lt;a href="mailto:address@hidden"&gt;&lt;address@hidden&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.  There 
are
+also &lt;a href="/contact/"&gt;other ways to contact&lt;/a&gt; the FSF.
+&lt;br /&gt;
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+&lt;a href="mailto:address@hidden"&gt;&lt;address@hidden&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Please see the 
+&lt;a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html"&gt;Translations
+README&lt;/a&gt; for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Copyright &copy; 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;This page is licensed under a &lt;a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/"&gt;Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Updated:
+&lt;!-- timestamp start --&gt;
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:03 $
+&lt;!-- timestamp end --&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/body&gt;
+&lt;/html&gt;
+</pre></body></html>

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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --&gt;
+
+&lt;title&gt;GNU/Linux FAQ - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation 
(FSF)&lt;/title&gt;
+
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --&gt;
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" --&gt;
+
+&lt;h2&gt;GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman&lt;/h2&gt;
+
+&lt;div class="announcement"&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;To learn more about this issue, you can also read
+our page on &lt;a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html"&gt;Linux and the GNU 
Project&lt;/a&gt;, our
+ page on &lt;a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html"&gt;Why GNU/Linux?&lt;/a&gt; 
+and our page on &lt;a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"&gt;GNU
+Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+When people see that we use and recommend the name GNU/Linux for a
+system that many others call just &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, they ask many questions.
+Here are common questions, and our answers.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#why" id="TOCwhy"&gt;Why do you call it GNU/Linux and 
not Linux?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#whycare" id="TOCwhycare"&gt;Why is the name 
important?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#howerror" id="TOChowerror"&gt;How did it come about 
that most
+    people call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#always" id="TOCalways"&gt;Should we always say
+&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; instead of &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#linuxalone" id="TOClinuxalone"&gt;Would Linux have 
achieved
+    the same success if there had been no GNU?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#divide" id="TOCdivide"&gt;Wouldn't it be better for the
+    community if you did not divide people with this 
request?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#freespeech" id="TOCfreespeech"&gt;Doesn't the GNU 
project
+    support an individual's free speech rights to call the system by
+    any name that individual chooses?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#everyoneknows" id="TOCeveryoneknows"&gt;Since everyone
+    knows the role of GNU in developing the system, doesn't the
+    &ldquo;GNU/&rdquo; in the name go without saying?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#everyoneknows2" id="TOCeveryoneknows2"&gt;Since I know 
the role of
+    GNU in this system, why does it matter what name I 
use?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#windows" id="TOCwindows"&gt;Isn't shortening
+    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; just like
+    shortening &ldquo;Microsoft Windows&rdquo; to
+    &ldquo;Windows&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#tools" id="TOCtools"&gt;Isn't GNU a collection of 
programming
+    tools that were included in Linux?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#osvskernel" id="TOCosvskernel"&gt;What is the 
difference between an operating
+    system and a kernel?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#house" id="TOChouse"&gt;The kernel of a system is like 
the foundation
+    of a house.  How can a house be almost complete when it doesn't have a
+    foundation?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#brain" id="TOCbrain"&gt;Isn't the kernel the brain of 
the
+    system?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#kernelmost" id="TOCkernelmost"&gt;Isn't writing the 
kernel
+    most of the work in an operating system?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#afterkernel" id="TOCafterkernel"&gt;We're calling the 
whole
+    system after the kernel, Linux.  Isn't it normal to name an
+    operating system after a kernel?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#long" id="TOClong"&gt;The problem with
+    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is that it is too long.  How about
+    recommending a shorter name?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#justgnu" id="TOCjustgnu"&gt;Since Linux is a secondary
+    contribution, would it be false to the facts to call the system
+    simply &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#trademarkfee" id="TOCtrademarkfee"&gt;I would have to 
pay a
+    fee if I use &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; in the name of a product, and
+    that would also apply if I say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  Is it
+    wrong if I use &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; without &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, to
+    save the fee?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#many" id="TOCmany"&gt;Many other projects contributed 
to the
+    system as it is today; it includes TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many
+    more programs.  Don't your arguments imply we have to give them
+    credit too?  (But that would lead to a name so long it is
+    absurd.)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#others" id="TOCothers"&gt;Many other projects 
contributed to
+    the system as it is today, but they don't insist on calling it
+    XYZ/Linux.  Why should we treat GNU specially?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#allsmall" id="TOCallsmall"&gt;GNU is a small fraction 
of the system
+    nowadays, so why should we mention it?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#manycompanies" id="TOCmanycompanies"&gt;Many companies
+    contributed to the system as it is today; doesn't that mean
+    we ought to call it GNU/Red&nbsp;Hat/Novell/Linux?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#whyslash" id="TOCwhyslash"&gt;Why do you write
+    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; instead of &ldquo;GNU
+    Linux&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#whyorder" id="TOCwhyorder"&gt;Why 
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
+rather than &ldquo;Linux/GNU&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#distronames" id="TOCdistronames"&gt;My distro is called
+    &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;; doesn't that show it's really
+    Linux?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#distronames1" id="TOCdistronames1"&gt;My distro's 
official
+    name is &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;; isn't it wrong to call the
+    distro anything but &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#companies" id="TOCcompanies"&gt;Wouldn't it be more
+    effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to
+    call their distributions &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; rather than
+    asking individuals?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#reserve" id="TOCreserve"&gt;Wouldn't it be better to
+    reserve the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; for distributions that
+    are purely free software?  After all, that is the ideal of
+    GNU.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#gnudist" id="TOCgnudist"&gt;Why not make a GNU 
distribution of
+    Linux (sic) and call that GNU/Linux?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#linuxgnu" id="TOClinuxgnu"&gt;Why not just say 
&ldquo;Linux
+    is the GNU kernel&rdquo; and release some existing version of
+    GNU/Linux under the name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#condemn" id="TOCcondemn"&gt;Did the GNU Project condemn 
and
+    oppose use of Linux in the early days?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#wait" id="TOCwait"&gt;Why did you wait so long before
+    asking people to use the name GNU/Linux?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#allgpled" id="TOCallgpled"&gt;Should the GNU/[name] 
convention
+    be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+    
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#unix" id="TOCunix"&gt;Since much of GNU comes from Unix,
+    shouldn't GNU give credit to Unix by using &ldquo;Unix&rdquo; in
+    its name?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#bsd" id="TOCbsd"&gt;Should we say &ldquo;GNU/BSD&rdquo;
+too?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#othersys" id="TOCothersys"&gt;If I install the GNU 
tools on
+    Windows, does that mean I am running a GNU/Windows 
system?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux"&gt;Can't Linux be used 
without
+GNU?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu" id="TOClinuxsyswithoutgnu"&gt;Are 
there complete Linux systems without GNU?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#helplinus" id="TOChelplinus"&gt;Why not call the system
+    &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; anyway, and strengthen Linus Torvalds' role as
+    posterboy for our community?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#claimlinux" id="TOCclaimlinux"&gt;Isn't it wrong for us 
to label Linus
+    Torvalds' work as GNU?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#linusagreed" id="TOClinusagreed"&gt;Does Linus Torvalds
+    agree that Linux is just the kernel?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+    
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#lost" id="TOClost"&gt;The battle is already
+    lost&mdash;society has made its decision and we can't change it,
+    so why even think about it?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+    
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#whatgood" id="TOCwhatgood"&gt;Society has made its 
decision
+    and we can't change it, so what good does it do if I say
+    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+    
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#explain" id="TOCexplain"&gt;Wouldn't it be better to 
call
+    the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; and teach people its real origin
+    with a ten-minute explanation?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+    
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#treatment" id="TOCtreatment"&gt;Some people laugh at 
you when
+    you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux.  Why do you subject yourself
+    to this treatment?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#alienate" id="TOCalienate"&gt;Some people condemn you 
when you
+    ask them to call the system GNU/Linux.  Don't you lose by
+    alienating them?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#rename" id="TOCrename"&gt;Whatever you contributed,
+    is it legitimate to rename the operating system?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#force"&gt;Isn't it wrong to force people to call
+    the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#whynotsue"&gt;Why not sue people who call
+    the whole system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#BSDlicense" id="TOCBSDlicense"&gt;Since you objected to 
the original
+    BSD license's advertising requirement to give credit to the University of 
+    California, isn't it hypocritical to demand credit for the GNU 
project?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#require" id="TOCrequire"&gt;Shouldn't you put something 
in
+    the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
+    &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#deserve" id="TOCdeserve"&gt;Since you failed to put
+    something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
+    &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, you deserve what happened; why are you
+    complaining now?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#contradict" id="TOCcontradict"&gt;Wouldn't you be 
better off
+    not contradicting what so many people believe?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#somanyright" id="TOCsomanyright"&gt;Since many people 
call it
+    &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, doesn't that make it right?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="#winning" id="TOCwinning"&gt;Many people care about 
what's convenient or
+    who's winning, not about arguments of right or wrong.  Couldn't you
+    get more of their support by a different road?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;/ul&gt;
+
+&lt;dl&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="why"&gt;Why do you call it GNU/Linux and not
+    Linux? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#why"&gt;#why&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;Most operating system distributions based on Linux as kernel are
+basically modified versions of the GNU operating system.  We began
+developing GNU in 1984, years before Linus Torvalds started to write
+his kernel.  Our goal was to develop a complete free operating system.
+Of course, we did not develop all the parts ourselves&mdash;but we led the way.
+We developed most of the central components, forming the largest single
+contribution to the whole system.  The basic vision was ours too.
+&lt;p&gt;
+In fairness, we ought to get at least equal mention.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;See &lt;a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html"&gt;Linux and the GNU <span 
class="removed"><del><strong>Project&lt;/a&gt;</strong></del></span> <span 
class="inserted"><ins><em>System&lt;/a&gt;</em></ins></span>
+and &lt;a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"&gt;GNU Users Who Have
+Never Heard of GNU&lt;/a&gt; for more explanation, and &lt;a
+href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html"&gt;The GNU Project&lt;/a&gt; for the
+history.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="whycare"&gt;Why is the name
+    important? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#whycare"&gt;#whycare&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;Although the developers of Linux, the kernel, are contributing to
+the free software community, many of them do not care about freedom.
+People who think the whole system is Linux tend to get confused and
+assign to those developers a role in the history of our community
+which they did not actually play.  Then they give inordinate weight to
+those developers' views.
+&lt;p&gt;
+Calling the system GNU/Linux recognizes the role that our idealism
+played in building our community, and
+&lt;a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html"&gt;helps the public recognize the
+practical importance of these ideals&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="howerror"&gt;How did it come about that most
+    people call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#howerror"&gt;#howerror&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;Calling the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; is a confusion that has 
spread faster
+than the corrective information.
+&lt;p&gt;
+The people who combined Linux with the GNU system were not aware that
+that's what their activity amounted to.  They focused their attention
+on the piece that was Linux and did not realize that more of the
+combination was GNU.  They started calling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; even though 
that
+name did not fit what they had.  It took a few years for us to realize
+what a problem this was and ask people to correct the practice.  By
+that time, the confusion had a big head start.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Most of the people who call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; have never heard why
+that's not the right thing.  They saw others using that name and
+assume it must be right.  The name &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; also spreads a false
+picture of the system's origin, because people tend to suppose that
+the system's history was such as to fit that name.  For
+instance, they often believe its development was started by Linus
+Torvalds in 1991.  This false picture tends to reinforce the idea
+that the system should be called &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Many of the questions in this file represent people's attempts to
+justify the name they are accustomed to using.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="always"&gt;Should we always say
+    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; instead of &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#always"&gt;#always&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Not always&mdash;only when you're talking about the whole system.  When
+you're referring specifically to the kernel, you should call it
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, the name its developer chose.
+&lt;p&gt;
+When people call the whole system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, as a consequence
+they call the whole system by the same name as the kernel.
+This causes many kinds of confusion, because only experts can tell
+whether a statement is about the kernel or the whole system.
+By calling the whole system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and calling the kernel
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, you avoid the ambiguity.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="linuxalone"&gt;Would Linux have
+    achieved the same success if there had been no
+    GNU? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#linuxalone"&gt;#linuxalone&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+In that alternative world, there would be nothing today like the
+GNU/Linux system, and probably no free operating system at all.  No
+one attempted to develop a free operating system in the 1980s except
+the GNU Project and (later) Berkeley CSRG, which had been specifically
+asked by the GNU Project to start freeing its code.
+&lt;p&gt;
+Linus Torvalds was partly influenced by a speech about GNU in Finland
+in 1990.  It's possible that even without this influence he might have
+written a Unix-like kernel, but it probably would not have been free
+software.  Linux became free in 1992 when Linus rereleased it under
+the GNU GPL.  (See the release notes for version 0.12.)&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Even if Torvalds had released Linux under some other free software
+license, a free kernel alone would not have made much difference to
+the world.  The significance of Linux came from  fitting into a larger
+framework, a complete free operating system: GNU/Linux.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="divide"&gt;Wouldn't it be better for the
+    community if you did not divide people with this request? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#divide"&gt;#divide&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+When we ask people to say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, we are not dividing people. 
 We
+are asking them to give the GNU Project credit for the GNU operating
+system.  This does not criticize anyone or push anyone away.
+&lt;p&gt;
+However, there are people who do not like our saying this.  Sometimes
+those people push us away in response.  On occasion they are so rude
+that one wonders if they are intentionally trying to intimidate us
+into silence.  It doesn't silence us, but it does tend to divide the
+community, so we hope you can convince them to stop.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+However, this is only a secondary cause of division in our community.
+The largest division in the community is between people who appreciate
+free software as a social and ethical issue and consider proprietary
+software a social problem (supporters of the free software movement),
+and those who cite only practical benefits and present free software
+only as an efficient development model (the open source movement).&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+This disagreement is not just a matter of names&mdash;it is a matter
+of differing basic values.  It is essential for the community to see
+and think about this disagreement.  The names &ldquo;free
+software&rdquo; and &ldquo;open source&rdquo; are the banners of the
+two positions.
+See &lt;a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"&gt;Why Open
+Source misses the point of Free Software&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The disagreement over values partially aligns with the amount of
+attention people pay to the GNU Project's role in our community.
+People who value freedom are more likely to call the system
+&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and people who learn that the system is 
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; are
+more likely to pay attention to our philosophical arguments for
+freedom and community (which is why the choice of name for the system
+makes a real difference for society).  However, the disagreement would
+probably exist even if everyone knew the system's real origin and its
+proper name, because the issue is a real one.  It can only go away if
+we who value freedom either persuade everyone (which won't be easy) or
+are defeated entirely (let's hope not).&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="freespeech"&gt;Doesn't the GNU project
+          support an individual's free speech rights to call the system by
+          any name that individual chooses? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#freespeech"&gt;#freespeech&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Yes, indeed, we believe you have a free speech right to call the
+operating system by any name you wish.  We ask that people call it
+GNU/Linux as a matter of doing justice to the GNU project, to promote
+the values of freedom that GNU stands for, and to inform others that
+those values of freedom brought the system into existence.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="everyoneknows"&gt;Since everyone knows
+    GNU's role in developing the system, doesn't the &ldquo;GNU/&rdquo; in the
+    name go without saying? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#everyoneknows"&gt;#everyoneknows&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;Experience shows that the system's users, and the computer-using
+public in general, often know nothing about the GNU system.  Most
+articles about the system do not mention the name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, or the 
ideals
+that GNU stands for.  &lt;a
+href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"&gt;GNU Users Who Have Never
+Heard of GNU&lt;/a&gt; explains further.
+&lt;p&gt;
+The people who say this are probably geeks thinking of the geeks they
+know.  Geeks often do know about GNU, but many have a completely wrong
+idea of what GNU is.  For instance, many think it is a collection
+of &lt;a href="#tools"&gt;&ldquo;tools&rdquo;&lt;/a&gt;, or a project to 
develop tools.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The wording of this question, which is typical, illustrates another
+common misconception.  To speak of &ldquo;GNU's role&rdquo; in developing
+something assumes that GNU is a group of people.  GNU is an operating
+system.  It would make sense to talk about the GNU Project's role in
+this or some other activity, but not that of GNU.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="everyoneknows2"&gt;Since I know the role of GNU in this system,
+    why does it matter what name I use? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#everyoneknows2"&gt;#everyoneknows2&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+If your words don't reflect your knowledge, you don't teach others.
+Most people who have heard of the GNU/Linux system think it is
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, that it was started by Linus Torvalds, and that
+it was intended to be &ldquo;open source&rdquo;.  If you don't tell
+them, who will?
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="windows"&gt;Isn't shortening &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
+    to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; just like shortening &ldquo;Microsoft 
Windows&rdquo; to &ldquo;Windows&rdquo;? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#windows"&gt;#windows&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+It's useful to shorten a frequently-used name, but not if the
+abbreviation is misleading.
+&lt;p&gt;
+Almost everyone in developed countries really does know that the
+&ldquo;Windows&rdquo; system is made by Microsoft, so shortening 
&ldquo;Microsoft
+Windows&rdquo; to &ldquo;Windows&rdquo; does not mislead anyone as to that 
system's
+nature and origin.  Shortening &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; 
does give the
+wrong idea of where the system comes from.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The question is itself misleading because GNU and Microsoft are
+not the same kind of thing.  Microsoft is a company;
+GNU is an operating system.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="tools"&gt;Isn't GNU a collection of
+    programming tools that were included in Linux? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#tools"&gt;#tools&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+People who think that Linux is an entire operating system, if they
+hear about GNU at all, often get a wrong idea of what GNU is.  They
+may think that GNU is the name of a collection of programs&mdash;often they
+say &ldquo;programming tools&rdquo;, since some of our programming tools became
+popular on their own.  The idea that &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; is the name of an 
operating
+system is hard to fit into a conceptual framework in which that
+operating system is labeled &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.
+&lt;p&gt;
+The GNU Project was named after the GNU operating system&mdash;it's the project
+to develop the GNU system.  (See &lt;a
+href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html"&gt;the 1983 initial 
announcement&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+We developed programs such as GCC, GNU Emacs, GAS, GLIBC, BASH, etc.,
+because we needed them for the GNU operating system.  GCC, the GNU
+Compiler Collection is the compiler that we wrote for the GNU
+operating system.  We, the many people working on the GNU Project,
+developed Ghostscript, GNUCash, GNU Chess and GNOME for the GNU system
+too.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="osvskernel"&gt;What is the difference
+between an operating system and a kernel? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#osvskernel"&gt;#osvskernel&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+An operating system, as we use the term, means a collection of
+programs that are sufficient to use the computer to do a wide variety
+of jobs.  A general purpose operating system, to be complete, ought to
+handle all the jobs that many users may want to do.
+&lt;p&gt;
+The kernel is one of the programs in an operating system&mdash;the program
+that allocates the machine's resources to the other programs that are
+running.  The kernel also takes care of starting and stopping other
+programs.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+To confuse matters, some people use the term &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; to
+mean &ldquo;kernel&rdquo;.  Both uses of the term go back many years.  The
+use of &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; to mean &ldquo;kernel&rdquo; is found in 
a number of
+textbooks on system design, going back to the 80s.  At the same time,
+in the 80s, the &ldquo;Unix operating system&rdquo; was understood to include 
all
+the system programs, and Berkeley's version of Unix included even
+games. Since we intended GNU to be a Unix-like operating system, we
+use the term &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; in the same way.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Most of the time when people speak of the &ldquo;Linux operating system&rdquo;
+they are using &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; in the same sense we use: they 
mean
+the whole collection of programs.  If that's what you are referring
+to, please call it &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  If you mean just the kernel, then
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo; is the right name for it, but please say 
&ldquo;kernel&rdquo; also to
+avoid ambiguity about which body of software you mean.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+If you prefer to use some other term such as &ldquo;system distribution&rdquo; 
for
+the entire collection of programs, instead of &ldquo;operating system&rdquo;,
+that's fine.  Then you would talk about GNU/Linux system
+distributions.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="house"&gt;The kernel of a system is like the foundation of a
+    house.  How can a house be almost complete when it doesn't have a
+    foundation? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#house"&gt;#house&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+A kernel is not much like the foundation of a house because building
+an operating system is not much like building a house.
+
+&lt;p&gt;A house is built from lots of little general parts that are cut and
+put together in situ.  They have to be put together from the bottom
+up.  Thus, when the foundation has not been built, no substantial part
+has been built; all you have is a hole in the ground.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+By contrast, an operating system consists of complex
+components that can be developed in any order.  When you have
+developed most of the components, most of the work is done.  This is
+much more like the International Space Station than like a house.  If
+most of the Space Station modules were in orbit but awaiting one other
+essential module, that would be like the GNU system in 1992.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="brain"&gt;Isn't the kernel the brain of the system? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#brain"&gt;#brain&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+A computer system is not much like a human body,
+and no part of it plays a role comparable to that of
+the brain in a human.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="kernelmost"&gt;Isn't writing the kernel most of the work in an
+operating system? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#kernelmost"&gt;#kernelmost&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+No, many components take a lot of work.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="afterkernel"&gt;We're calling the
+    whole system after the kernel, Linux.  Isn't it normal to name an
+    operating system after a kernel? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#afterkernel"&gt;#afterkernel&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+That practice seems to be very rare&mdash;we can't find any examples other
+than the misuse of the name &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  Normally an operating system 
is
+developed as a single unified project, and the developers choose a
+name for the system as a whole.  The kernel usually does not have a
+name of its own&mdash;instead, people say &ldquo;the kernel of 
such-and-such&rdquo; or
+&ldquo;the such-and-such kernel&rdquo;.
+&lt;p&gt;
+Because those two constructions are used synonymously, the expression
+&ldquo;the Linux kernel&rdquo; can easily be misunderstood as meaning 
&ldquo;the kernel
+of Linux&rdquo; and implying that Linux must be more than a kernel.  You can
+avoid the possibility of this misunderstanding by saying or writing
+&ldquo;the kernel, Linux&rdquo; or &ldquo;Linux, the kernel.&rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="long"&gt;The problem with &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is that it is too 
long.
+    How about recommending a shorter name? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#long"&gt;#long&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+For a while we tried the name &ldquo;LiGNUx&rdquo;, which combines the words 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
+and &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  The reaction was very bad.  People accept 
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
+much better.
+&lt;p&gt;
+The shortest legitimate name for this system is &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, but we call 
it
+&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; for the reasons given below.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="justgnu"&gt;Since Linux is a secondary
+    contribution, would it be false to the facts to call the system simply
+    &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#justgnu"&gt;#justgnu&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+It would not be false to the facts, but it is not the best thing to
+do.  Here are the reasons we call that system version &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
+rather than just &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;:
+
+&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+It's not exactly GNU&mdash;it has a different kernel (that is, Linux).
+Distinguishing GNU/Linux from GNU is useful.&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+It would be ungentlemanly to ask people to &lt;em&gt;stop&lt;/em&gt; giving any
+credit to Linus Torvalds.  He did write an important component of the
+system.  We want to get credit for launching and sustaining the
+system's development, but this doesn't mean we should treat Linus the
+same way those who call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; treat us.  We strongly
+disagree with his political views, but we deal with that disagreement
+honorably and openly, rather than by trying to cut him out of the
+credit for his contribution to the system.&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+Since many people know of the system as &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, if we say 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo; they
+may simply not recognize we're talking about the same system.  If we
+say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, they can make a connection to what they have heard
+about.&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="trademarkfee"&gt;I would have
+    to pay a fee if I use &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; in the name of a product, and 
that
+    would also apply if I say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  Is it wrong if I use 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
+    without &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, to save the fee? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#trademarkfee"&gt;#trademarkfee&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;dd&gt;
+There's nothing wrong in calling the system &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;; basically, 
that's
+what it is.  It is nice to give Linus Torvalds a share of the credit
+as well, but you have no obligation to pay for the privilege of doing
+so.
+&lt;p&gt;
+So if you want to refer to the system simply as &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, to avoid 
paying
+the fee for calling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, we won't criticize you.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="many"&gt;Many other projects contributed to
+    the system as it is today; it includes TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many
+    more programs.  Don't your arguments imply we have to give them credit
+    too?  (But that would lead to a name so long it is
+    absurd.) &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#many"&gt;#many&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+What we say is that you ought to give the system's principal developer
+a share of the credit.  The principal developer is the GNU Project,
+and the system is basically GNU.
+&lt;p&gt;
+If you feel even more strongly about giving credit where it is due,
+you might feel that some secondary contributors also deserve credit in
+the system's name.  If so, far be it from us to argue against it.  If
+you feel that X11 deserves credit in the system's name, and you want
+to call the system GNU/X11/Linux, please do.  If you feel that Perl
+simply cries out for mention, and you want to write GNU/Linux/Perl, go
+ahead.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Since a long name such as GNU/X11/Apache/Linux/TeX/Perl/Python/FreeCiv
+becomes absurd, at some point you will have to set a threshold and
+omit the names of the many other secondary contributions.  There is no
+one obvious right place to set the threshold, so wherever you set it,
+we won't argue against it.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Different threshold levels would lead to different choices of name for
+the system.  But one name that cannot result from concerns of fairness
+and giving credit, not for any possible threshold level, is 
&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.
+It can't be fair to give all the credit to one secondary contribution
+(Linux) while omitting the principal contribution (GNU).&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="others"&gt;Many other projects contributed to
+    the system as it is today, but they don't insist on calling it
+    XYZ/Linux.  Why should we treat GNU specially? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#others"&gt;#others&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Thousands of projects have developed programs commonly included in
+today's GNU/Linux systems.  They all deserve credit for their
+contributions, but they aren't the principal developers of the system
+as a whole, so they don't ask to be credited as such.
+&lt;p&gt;
+GNU is different because it is more than just a contributed program,
+more than just a collection of contributed programs.  GNU is the
+framework on which the system was made.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="allsmall"&gt;GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays,
+    so why should we mention it? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#allsmall"&gt;#allsmall&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+&lt;dd&gt;
+In 2008, we found that GNU packages made up 15% of the
+&ldquo;main&rdquo; repository of the gNewSense GNU/Linux distribution.
+Linux made up 1.5%.  So the same argument would apply even more
+strongly to calling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays, and Linux is an
+even smaller fraction.  But they are the system's core; the system
+was made by combining them.  Thus, the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
+remains appropriate.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="manycompanies"&gt;Many companies
+    contributed to the system as it is today; doesn't that mean
+    we ought to call it GNU/Red&nbsp;Hat/Novell/Linux? &lt;span
+    class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a
+    href="#manycompanies"&gt;#manycompanies&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+GNU is not comparable to Red Hat or Novell; it is not a company, or an
+organization, or even an activity.  GNU is an operating system.  (When
+we speak of the GNU Project, that refers to the project to develop the
+GNU system.)  The GNU/Linux system is based on GNU, and that's why GNU
+ought to appear in its name.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Much of those companies' contribution to the GNU/Linux system lies in
+the code they have contributed to various GNU packages including GCC
+and GNOME.  Saying GNU/Linux gives credit to those companies along
+with all the rest of the GNU developers.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="whyslash"&gt;Why do you write &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
+instead of &ldquo;GNU Linux&rdquo;? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#whyslash"&gt;#whyslash&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Following the rules of English, in the construction &ldquo;GNU Linux&rdquo; the
+word &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; modifies &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  This can mean either 
&ldquo;GNU's version of
+Linux&rdquo; or &ldquo;Linux, which is a GNU package.&rdquo;  Neither of those 
meanings
+fits the situation at hand.
+&lt;p&gt;
+Linux is not a GNU package; that is, it wasn't developed under the GNU
+Project's aegis or contributed specifically to the GNU Project.  Linus
+Torvalds wrote Linux independently, as his own project.  So the
+&ldquo;Linux, which is a GNU package&rdquo; meaning is not right.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+We're not talking about a distinct GNU version of Linux, the kernel.
+The free GNU/Linux distros do have
+a &lt;a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux"&gt;separate version of
+Linux&lt;/a&gt;, since the &ldquo;standard&rdquo; version contains non-free
+firmware &ldquo;blobs&rdquo;.  If this were part of the GNU Project,
+it could be considered &ldquo;GNU Linux&rdquo;; but we would not want
+to call it that, because it would be too confusing.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+We're talking about a version of GNU, the operating system,
+distinguished by having Linux as the kernel.  A slash fits the
+situation because it means &ldquo;combination.&rdquo; (Think of
+&ldquo;Input/Output&rdquo;.)  This system is the combination of GNU
+and Linux; hence, &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+There are other ways to express &ldquo;combination&rdquo;.  If you
+think that a plus-sign is clearer, please use that.  In French, a
+hyphen is clear: &ldquo;GNU-Linux&rdquo;.  In Spanish, we sometimes
+say &ldquo;GNU con Linux&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="whyorder"&gt;Why &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; rather
+than &ldquo;Linux/GNU&rdquo;? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#whyorder"&gt;#whyorder&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+It is right and proper to mention the principal contribution first.
+The GNU contribution to the system is not only bigger than Linux and
+prior to Linux, we actually started the whole activity.
+&lt;p&gt;
+However, if you prefer to call the system &ldquo;Linux/GNU&rdquo;, that is a 
lot
+better than what people usually do, which is to omit GNU entirely and
+make it seem that the whole system is Linux.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="distronames"&gt;My distro is called
+    &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;; doesn't that show it's really Linux? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#distronames"&gt;#distronames&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;It means that the people who make the &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo; 
distro are
+repeating the common mistake. We appreciate that distributions like Debian, 
Dragora, Musix, Trisquel, and Venenux have adopted 
+GNU/Linux as part of their official name, and we hope that if you are involved 
with a different distribution, you will 
+encourage it to do the same.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="distronames1"&gt;My distro's official name is &ldquo;Foobar
+    Linux&rdquo;; isn't it wrong to call the distro 
+    anything but &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#distronames1"&gt;#distronames1&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;&lt;p&gt;If it's allowed for them to change &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; to
+&ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;, it's allowed for you to change it back and
+call the distro &ldquo;Foobar GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  It can't be more wrong
+to correct the mistake than it was to make the mistake.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="companies"&gt;Wouldn't it be more
+    effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to
+    call their distributions &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; rather than asking
+    individuals? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#companies"&gt;#companies&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+It isn't a choice of one or the other&mdash;we ask companies and
+organizations and individuals to help spread the word about this.  In
+fact, we have asked all three of those companies.  Mandrake said it
+would use the term &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; some of the time, but IBM
+and Red Hat were unwilling to help.  One executive said, &ldquo;This
+is a pure commercial decision; we expect to make more money calling it
+&lsquo;Linux&rsquo;.&rdquo; In other words, that company did not care
+what was right.
+&lt;p&gt;
+We can't make them do this right, but we're not the sort to give up
+just because the road isn't easy.  You may not have as much influence
+at your disposal as IBM or Red Hat, but you can still help.  Together
+we can change the situation to the point where companies will make
+more profit calling it &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="reserve"&gt;Wouldn't it be better to
+    reserve the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; for distributions that are purely
+    free software?  After all, that is the ideal of GNU. &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#reserve"&gt;#reserve&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+The widespread practice of adding non-free software to the GNU/Linux
+system is a major problem for our community.  It teaches the users
+that non-free software is ok, and that using it is part of the spirit
+of &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  Many &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; User Groups make it part of 
their mission to
+help users use non-free add-ons, and may even invite salesmen to come
+and make sales pitches for them.  They adopt goals such as &ldquo;helping
+the users&rdquo; of GNU/Linux (including helping them use non-free
+applications and drivers), or making the system more popular even at
+the cost of freedom.
+&lt;p&gt;
+The question is how to try to change this.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Given that most of the community which uses GNU with Linux already
+does not realize that's what it is, for us to disown these adulterated
+versions, saying they are not really GNU, would not teach the users to
+value freedom more.  They would not get the intended message.  They
+would only respond they never thought these systems were GNU in the
+first place.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The way to lead these users to see a connection with freedom is
+exactly the opposite: to inform them that all these system
+versions &lt;em&gt;are&lt;/em&gt; versions of GNU, that they all are based on a
+system that exists specifically for the sake of the users' freedom.
+With this understanding, they can start to recognize the distributions
+that include non-free software as perverted, adulterated versions of
+GNU, instead of thinking they are proper and appropriate &ldquo;versions of
+Linux&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+It is very useful to start GNU/Linux User Groups, which call the
+system GNU/Linux and adopt the ideals of the GNU Project as a basis
+for their activities.  If the Linux User Group in your area has the
+problems described above, we suggest you either campaign within the
+group to change its orientation (and name) or start a new group.  The
+people who focus on the more superficial goals have a right to their
+views, but don't let them drag you along!&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="gnudist"&gt;Why not make a GNU
+    distribution of Linux (sic) and call that GNU/Linux? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#gnudist"&gt;#gnudist&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+All the &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; distributions are actually versions of the GNU 
system
+with Linux as the kernel.  The purpose of the term &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is 
to
+communicate this point.  To develop one new distribution and call that
+alone &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; would obscure the point we want to make.
+&lt;p&gt;
+As for developing a distribution of GNU/Linux, we already did this
+once, when we funded the early development of Debian GNU/Linux.  To do
+it again now does not seem useful; it would be a lot of work, and
+unless the new distribution had substantial practical advantages over
+other distributions, it would serve no purpose.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Instead we help the developers of 100% free GNU/Linux distributions,
+such as gNewSense and Ututo.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="linuxgnu"&gt;Why not just say &ldquo;Linux is
+    the GNU kernel&rdquo; and release some existing version of GNU/Linux under
+    the name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#linuxgnu"&gt;#linuxgnu&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+It might have been a good idea to adopt Linux as the GNU kernel back
+in 1992.  If we had realized, then, how long it would take to get the
+GNU Hurd to work, we might have done that.  (Alas, that is hindsight.)
+&lt;p&gt;
+If we were to take an existing version of GNU/Linux and relabel it as
+&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, that would be somewhat like making a version of the GNU 
system
+and labeling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  That wasn't right, and we don't
+want to act like that.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="condemn"&gt;Did the GNU Project condemn
+    and oppose use of Linux in the early days? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#condemn"&gt;#condemn&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+We did not adopt Linux as our kernel, but we didn't condemn or oppose
+it.  In 1993 we started discussing the arrangements to sponsor the
+development of Debian GNU/Linux.  We also sought to cooperate with the
+people who were changing some GNU packages for use with Linux.  We
+wanted to include their changes in the standard releases so that these
+GNU packages would work out-of-the-box in combination with Linux.  But
+the changes were often ad-hoc and nonportable; they needed to be cleaned
+up for installation.
+&lt;p&gt;
+The people who had made the changes showed little interest in
+cooperating with us.  One of them actually told us that he didn't care
+about working with the GNU Project because he was a &ldquo;Linux user&rdquo;.
+That came as a shock, because the people who ported GNU packages to
+other systems had generally wanted to work with us to get their
+changes installed.  Yet these people, developing a system that was
+primarily based on GNU, were the first (and still practically the
+only) group that was unwilling to work with us.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+It was this experience that first showed us that people were calling a
+version of the GNU system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, and that this confusion was
+obstructing our work.  Asking you to call the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is
+our response to that problem, and to the other problems caused by the
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo; misnomer.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="wait"&gt;Why did you wait so
+    long before asking people to use the name GNU/Linux? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#wait"&gt;#wait&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;Actually we didn't.  We began talking privately with developers and
+distributors about this in 1994, and made a more public campaign in
+1996.  We will continue for as long as it's necessary.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="allgpled"&gt;Should the GNU/&lt;i&gt;name&lt;/i&gt;
+    convention be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#allgpled"&gt;#allgpled&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+We never refer to individual programs as 
&ldquo;GNU/&lt;i&gt;name&lt;/i&gt;&rdquo;.  When a program
+is a GNU package, we may call it &ldquo;GNU &lt;i&gt;name&lt;/i&gt;&rdquo;.
+&lt;p&gt;
+GNU, the operating system, is made up of many different programs.
+Some of the programs in GNU were written as part of the GNU Project or
+specifically contributed to it; these are the GNU packages, and we
+often use &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; in their names.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+It's up to the developers of a program to decide if they want to contribute
+it and make it a GNU package.  If you have developed a program and you
+would like it to be a GNU package, please write to
+&lt;a href="mailto:address@hidden"&gt;&lt;address@hidden&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, so we 
can evaluate it
+and decide whether we want it.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+It wouldn't be fair to put the name GNU on every individual program
+that is released under the GPL.  If you write a program and release it
+under the GPL, that doesn't mean the GNU Project wrote it or that you
+wrote it for us.  For instance, the kernel, Linux, is released under
+the GNU GPL, but Linus did not write it as part of the GNU Project&mdash;he
+did the work independently.  If something is not a GNU package, the
+GNU Project can't take credit for it, and putting &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; in its name
+would be improper.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+In contrast, we do deserve the overall credit for the GNU operating
+system as a whole, even though not for each and every program in it.
+The system exists as a system because of our determination and
+persistence, starting in 1984, many years before Linux was begun.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The operating system in which Linux became popular was basically the
+same as the GNU operating system.  It was not entirely the same,
+because it had a different kernel, but it was mostly the same system.
+It was a variant of GNU.  It was the GNU/Linux system.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Linux continues to be used primarily in derivatives of that system&mdash;in
+today's versions of the GNU/Linux system.  What gives these systems
+their identity is GNU and Linux at the center of them, not particularly
+Linux alone.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="unix"&gt;Since much of GNU comes
+from Unix, shouldn't GNU give credit
+to Unix by using &ldquo;Unix&rdquo; in its name? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#unix"&gt;#unix&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Actually, none of GNU comes from Unix.  Unix was proprietary software
+(and still is), so using any of its code in GNU would have been
+illegal.  This is not a coincidence; this is why we developed GNU:
+since you could not have freedom in using Unix, or any of the other
+operating systems of the day, we needed a free system to replace it.
+We could not copy programs, or even parts of them, from Unix;
+everything had to be written afresh.
+&lt;p&gt;
+No code in GNU comes from Unix, but GNU is a Unix-compatible system;
+therefore, many of the ideas and specifications of GNU do come from
+Unix.  The name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, which stands for &ldquo;GNU's Not
+Unix&rdquo;, is a humorous way of giving credit to Unix for this,
+following a hacker tradition of recursive acronyms that started in the
+70s.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The first such recursive acronym was TINT, &ldquo;TINT Is Not
+TECO&rdquo;.  The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO
+(there were already many of them, for various systems), but instead of
+calling it by a dull name like &ldquo;&lt;em&gt;somethingorother&lt;/em&gt; 
TECO&rdquo;, he
+thought of a clever amusing name.  (That's what hacking
+means: &lt;a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html"&gt;playful
+cleverness&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Other hackers enjoyed that name so much that we imitated the approach.
+It became a tradition that, when you were writing from scratch a
+program that was similar to some existing program (let's imagine its
+name was &ldquo;Klever&rdquo;), you could give it a recursive acronym name, 
such
+as &ldquo;MINK&rdquo; for &ldquo;MINK Is Not Klever.&rdquo;  In this same 
spirit we called our
+replacement for Unix &ldquo;GNU's Not Unix&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+Historically, AT&amp;T which developed Unix did not want anyone to
+give it credit by using &ldquo;Unix&rdquo; in the name of a similar
+system, not even in a system 99% copied from Unix.  AT&amp;T actually
+threatened to sue anyone giving AT&amp;T credit in that way.  This is
+why each of the various modified versions of Unix (all proprietary,
+like Unix) had a completely different name that didn't include
+&ldquo;Unix&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="bsd"&gt;Should we say &ldquo;GNU/BSD&rdquo;
+too? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#bsd"&gt;#bsd&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+We don't call the BSD systems (FreeBSD, etc.) &ldquo;GNU/BSD&rdquo; systems,
+because that term does not fit the history of the BSD systems.
+&lt;p&gt;
+The BSD system was developed by UC Berkeley as non-free software in
+the 80s, and became free in the early 90s.  A free operating system
+that exists today is almost certainly either a variant of the GNU
+system, or a kind of BSD system.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a variant of GNU, as GNU/Linux
+is.  It is not.  The BSD developers were inspired to make their code
+free software by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals
+from GNU activists helped convince them to start, but the code had
+little overlap with GNU.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+BSD systems today use some GNU packages, just as the GNU system and
+its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as wholes, they are
+two different systems that evolved separately.  The BSD developers did
+not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system, so a name like
+GNU/BSD would not fit the situation.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+The connection between GNU/Linux and GNU is much closer, and that's
+why the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is appropriate for it.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+There is a version of GNU which uses the kernel from NetBSD.  Its
+developers call it &ldquo;Debian GNU/NetBSD&rdquo;, but 
&ldquo;GNU/kernelofNetBSD&rdquo;
+would be more accurate, since NetBSD is an entire system, not just
+the kernel.  This is not a BSD system, since most of the system
+is the same as the GNU/Linux system.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="othersys"&gt;If I install the GNU tools
+on Windows, does that mean I am running a GNU/Windows system? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#othersys"&gt;#othersys&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Not in the same sense that we mean by &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  The tools of 
GNU
+are just a part of the GNU software, which is just a part of the GNU
+system, and underneath them you would still have another complete
+operating system which has no code in common with GNU.  All in all,
+that's a very different situation from GNU/Linux.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="justlinux"&gt;Can't Linux be used without GNU? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#justlinux"&gt;#justlinux&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Linux is used by itself, or with small other programs, in some
+appliances.  These small software systems are a far cry from the
+GNU/Linux system.  Users do not install them on PCs, for instance, and
+would find them rather disappointing.  It is useful to say that these
+appliances run just Linux, to show how different those small platforms
+are from GNU/Linux.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="linuxsyswithoutgnu"&gt;Are there complete Linux systems without 
GNU? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu"&gt;#linuxsyswithoutgnu&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+There are complete systems that contain Linux and not GNU; Android is
+an example.  But it is a mistake to call them &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;
+systems.
+&lt;p&gt;
+Android is very different from the GNU/Linux system&mdash;because it
+contains very little of the GNU system, only Linux.  Overall, it's a
+different system.  If you call the whole system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;,
+you will find it necessary to say things like, &ldquo;Android contains
+Linux, but it isn't Linux, because it doesn't have the usual Linux
+[sic] libraries and utilities [meaning the GNU system].&rdquo; Android
+contains just as much of Linux as GNU/Linux does.  What it doesn't
+have is the GNU system.  Instead it has a lot of Google software.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="helplinus"&gt;Why not call the system
+    &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; anyway, and strengthen Linus Torvalds' role as 
posterboy for our
+    community? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#helplinus"&gt;#helplinus&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Linus Torvalds is the &ldquo;posterboy&rdquo; (other people's choice of word, 
not
+ours) for his goals, not ours.  His goal is to make the system more
+popular, and he believes its value to society lies merely in the
+practical advantages it offers: its power, reliability and easy
+availability.  He has never advocated
+&lt;a href="/philosophy/why-free.html"&gt;freedom to cooperate&lt;/a&gt; as an
+ethical principle, which is why the public does not connect the name
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo; with that principle.
+&lt;p&gt;
+Linus publicly states his disagreement with the free software
+movement's ideals.  He developed non-free software in his job for many
+years (and said so to a large audience at a &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;World show), and
+publicly invited fellow developers of Linux, the kernel, to use
+non-free software to work on it with him.  He goes even further, and
+rebukes people who suggest that engineers and scientists should
+consider social consequences of our technical work&mdash;rejecting the
+lessons society learned from the development of the atom bomb.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+There is nothing wrong with writing a free program for the motivations
+of learning and having fun; the kernel Linus wrote for those reasons
+was an important contribution to our community.  But those motivations
+are not the reason why the complete free system, GNU/Linux, exists,
+and they won't secure our freedom in the future.  The public needs to
+know this.  Linus has the right to promote his views; however, people
+should be aware that the operating system in question 
+stems from ideals of freedom, not from his views.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="claimlinux"&gt;Isn't it wrong for us to label Linus Torvalds'
+    work as GNU? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#claimlinux"&gt;#claimlinux&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+It would be wrong, so we don't do that.  Torvalds' work is Linux, the
+kernel; we are careful not to attribute that work to the GNU Project
+or label it as &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;.  When we talk about the whole
+system, the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; gives him a share of the
+credit.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+
+&lt;dt id="linusagreed"&gt;Does Linus Torvalds
+    agree that Linux is just the kernel? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#linusagreed"&gt;#linusagreed&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;He recognized this at the beginning.  The earliest Linux release notes
+said, &lt;a
+href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01"&gt;
+&ldquo;Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the
+GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU)
+for more info&rdquo;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="lost"&gt;The battle is already lost&mdash;society
+    has made its decision and we can't change it, so why even think about
+    it? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#lost"&gt;#lost&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+This isn't a battle, it is a campaign of education.  What to call the
+system is not a single decision, to be made at one moment by
+&ldquo;society&rdquo;: each person, each organization, can decide what
+name to use.  You can't make others say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, but
+you can decide to call the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
+yourself&mdash;and by doing so, you will help educate others.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="whatgood"&gt;Society has made its
+    decision and we can't change it, so what good does it do if I say
+    &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#whatgood"&gt;#whatgood&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+This is not an all-or-nothing situation: correct and incorrect
+pictures are being spread more or less by various people.  If you call
+the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, you will help others learn the system's 
true
+history, origin, and reason for being.  You can't correct the misnomer
+everywhere on your own, any more than we can, but you can help.  If
+only a few hundred people see you use the term &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, you 
will
+have educated a substantial number of people with very little work.
+And some of them will spread the correction to others.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="explain"&gt;Wouldn't it be better to call
+    the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; and teach people its real origin with a 
ten-minute
+    explanation? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#explain"&gt;#explain&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+If you help us by explaining to others in that way, we appreciate your
+effort, but that is not the best method.  It is not as effective as
+calling the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and uses your time inefficiently.
+&lt;p&gt;
+It is ineffective because it may not sink in, and surely will not
+propagate.  Some of the people who hear your explanation will pay
+attention, and they may learn a correct picture of the system's
+origin.  But they are unlikely to repeat the explanation to others
+whenever they talk about the system.  They will probably just call it
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  Without particularly intending to, they will help spread 
the
+incorrect picture.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+It is inefficient because it takes a lot more time.  Saying and
+writing &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; will take you only a few seconds a day, not
+minutes, so you can afford to reach far more people that way.
+Distinguishing between Linux and GNU/Linux when you write and speak is
+by far the easiest way to help the GNU Project effectively.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="treatment"&gt;Some people laugh at you
+    when you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux.  Why do you subject
+    yourself to this treatment? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#treatment"&gt;#treatment&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Calling the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; tends to give people a mistaken picture 
of
+the system's history and reason for existence.  People who laugh at
+our request probably have picked up that mistaken picture&mdash;they think
+our work was done by Linus, so they laugh when we ask for credit for
+it.  If they knew the truth, they probably wouldn't laugh.
+&lt;p&gt;
+Why do we take the risk of making a request that sometimes leads
+people to ridicule us?  Because often it has useful results that help
+the GNU Project.  We will run the risk of undeserved abuse to achieve
+our goals.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+If you see such an ironically unfair situation occurring, please don't
+sit idly by.  Please teach the laughing people the real history.  When
+they see why the request is justified, those who have any sense will
+stop laughing.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="alienate"&gt;Some people condemn you
+    when you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux.  Don't you lose by
+    alienating them? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#alienate"&gt;#alienate&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+Not much.  People who don't appreciate our role in developing the
+system are unlikely to make substantial efforts to help us.  If they
+do work that advances our goals, such as releasing free software, it
+is probably for other unrelated reasons, not because we asked them.
+Meanwhile, by teaching others to attribute our work to someone else,
+they are undermining our ability to recruit the help of others.
+&lt;p&gt;
+It makes no sense to worry about alienating people who are already
+mostly uncooperative, and it is self-defeating to be deterred from
+correcting a major problem lest we anger the people who perpetuate it.
+Therefore, we will continue trying to correct the misnomer.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="rename"&gt;Whatever you contributed,
+    is it legitimate to rename the operating system? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#rename"&gt;#rename&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+We are not renaming anything; we have been calling this system 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
+ever since we announced it in 1983.  The people who tried to rename
+it to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; should not have done so.&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="force"&gt;Isn't it wrong to force people to call
+the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#force"&gt;#force&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+It would be wrong to force them, and we don't try.  We call the system
+&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and we ask you to do it too.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="whynotsue"&gt;Why not sue people who call
+the whole system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#whynotsue"&gt;#whynotsue&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+There are no legal grounds to sue them, but since we believe in
+freedom of speech, we wouldn't want to do that anyway.  We ask people
+to call the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; because that is the right thing to 
do.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="require"&gt;Shouldn't you put something in
+    the GNU GPL to require people to call the system &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;? 
&lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#require"&gt;#require&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+The purpose of the GNU GPL is to protect the users' freedom from those
+who would make proprietary versions of free software.  While it is
+true that those who call the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; often do things that 
limit
+the users' freedom, such as bundling non-free software with the
+GNU/Linux system or even developing non-free software for such use,
+the mere act of calling the system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; does not, in itself, 
deny
+users their freedom.  It seems improper to make the GPL restrict what
+name people can use for the system.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="BSDlicense"&gt;Since you objected to the original BSD license's
+advertising requirement to give credit to the University of California,
+isn't it hypocritical to demand credit for the GNU project? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#BSDlicense"&gt;#BSDlicense&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+It would be hypocritical to make the name GNU/Linux a license
+requirement, and we don't.  We only &lt;em&gt;ask&lt;/em&gt; you to give us the
+credit we deserve.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="deserve"&gt;Since you failed to put
+    something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;,
+    you deserve what happened; why are you complaining now? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#deserve"&gt;#deserve&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+The question presupposes a rather controversial general ethical
+premise: that if people do not force you to treat them fairly, you are
+entitled to take advantage of them as much as you like.  In other
+words, it assumes that might makes right.
+&lt;p&gt;
+We hope you disagree with that premise just as we do.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="contradict"&gt;Wouldn't you be better
+    off not contradicting what so many people believe? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#contradict"&gt;#contradict&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+We don't think we should go along with large numbers of people because
+they have been misled.  We hope you too will decide that truth is
+important.
+&lt;p&gt;
+We could never have developed a free operating system without first
+denying the belief, held by most people, that proprietary software
+was legitimate and acceptable.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="somanyright"&gt;Since many people call
+it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, doesn't that make it right? &lt;span 
class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#somanyright"&gt;#somanyright&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+We don't think that the popularity of an error makes it the truth.
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;dt id="winning"&gt;Many people care about what's
+    convenient or who's winning, not about arguments of right or wrong.
+    Couldn't you get more of their support by a different
+    road? &lt;span class="anchor-reference-id"&gt;(&lt;a 
href="#winning"&gt;#winning&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;
+
+&lt;dd&gt;
+To care only about what's convenient or who's winning is an amoral
+approach to life.  Non-free software is an example of that amoral
+approach and thrives on it.  So in the long run it is self-defeating
+for us to bow to that approach.  We will continue talking in terms
+of right and wrong.
+&lt;p&gt;
+We hope that you are one of those for whom right and wrong do matter.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/dd&gt;
+
+&lt;/dl&gt;
+
+
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about    --&gt;
+&lt;!-- verbatim copying.  Please do NOT remove this without talking     --&gt;
+&lt;!-- with the webmasters first. --&gt; 
+&lt;!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document 
--&gt;
+&lt;!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." --&gt;
+
+
+&lt;!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original --&gt;
+&lt;!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English --&gt;
+&lt;!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the --&gt;
+&lt;!-- English is.  If you add a new language here, please --&gt;
+&lt;!-- advise address@hidden and add it to --&gt;
+&lt;!--    - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG --&gt;
+&lt;!--    - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html --&gt;
+&lt;!--      one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" --&gt;
+&lt;!--    - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias 
--&gt;
+&lt;!--      to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases --&gt;
+&lt;!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus 
--&gt;
+&lt;!--     http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm --&gt;
+
+&lt;div id="footer"&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
+&lt;a href="mailto:address@hidden"&gt;&lt;address@hidden&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.  There 
are
+also &lt;a href="/contact/"&gt;other ways to contact&lt;/a&gt; the FSF.
+&lt;br /&gt;
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+&lt;a href="mailto:address@hidden"&gt;&lt;address@hidden&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Please see the 
+&lt;a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html"&gt;Translations
+README&lt;/a&gt; for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Copyright &copy; 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;This page is licensed under a &lt;a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/"&gt;Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Updated:
+&lt;!-- timestamp start --&gt;
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:04 $
+&lt;!-- timestamp end --&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/body&gt;
+&lt;/html&gt;
+</pre></body></html>

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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --&gt;
+
+&lt;title&gt;Linux and GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation 
(FSF)&lt;/title&gt;
+
+&lt;meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, 
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU 
HURD, Hurd" /&gt;
+&lt;meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free 
Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to 
share and improve the software they use." /&gt;
+&lt;link rel="alternate" title="What's New" 
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" /&gt;
+&lt;link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software" 
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" /&gt;
+
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --&gt;
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" --&gt;
+
+&lt;h2&gt;Linux and the GNU <span 
class="removed"><del><strong>Project&lt;/h2&gt;</strong></del></span> <span 
class="inserted"><ins><em>System&lt;/h2&gt;</em></ins></span>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;by &lt;a href="http://www.stallman.org/"&gt;Richard 
Stallman&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;div class="announcement"&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;For more information see also
+the &lt;a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html"&gt;GNU/Linux FAQ&lt;/a&gt;,
+and &lt;a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html"&gt;Why GNU/Linux?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Many computer users run a modified version of
+&lt;a href="/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem"&gt;the GNU 
system&lt;/a&gt;
+every day, without realizing it.  Through a peculiar turn of events,
+the version of GNU which is widely used today is often called
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, and many of its users
+are &lt;a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"&gt; not aware&lt;/a&gt;
+that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the
+&lt;a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html"&gt;GNU Project&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just
+a part of the system they use.  Linux is the kernel: the program in
+the system that allocates the machine's resources to the other
+programs that you run.  The kernel is an essential part of an
+operating system, but useless by itself; it can only function in the
+context of a complete operating system.  Linux is normally used in
+combination with the GNU operating system: the whole system is
+basically GNU with Linux added, or GNU/Linux.  All the so-called
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo; distributions are really distributions of
+GNU/Linux.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which
+is Linux, and the whole system, which they also call
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help
+people understand.  These users often think that Linus Torvalds
+developed the whole operating system in 1991, with a bit of help.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Programmers generally know that Linux is a kernel.  But since they
+have generally heard the whole system called &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; as well, they
+often envisage a history that would justify naming the whole system
+after the kernel.  For example, many believe that once Linus Torvalds
+finished writing Linux, the kernel, its users looked around for other
+free software to go with it, and found that (for no particular reason)
+most everything necessary to make a Unix-like system was already
+available.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+What they found was no accident&mdash;it was the not-quite-complete GNU
+system.  The available &lt;a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html"&gt;free
+software&lt;/a&gt; added up to a complete system because the GNU Project
+had been working since 1984 to make one.  In
+the &lt;a href="/gnu/manifesto.html"&gt; The GNU Manifesto&lt;/a&gt; we set 
forth
+the goal of developing a free Unix-like
+system, called GNU.  The &lt;a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html"&gt;
+Initial Announcement&lt;/a&gt; of the GNU Project also outlines some of the
+original plans for the GNU system. By the time Linux was started, GNU
+was almost finished.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Most free software projects have the goal of developing a particular
+program for a particular job.  For example, Linus Torvalds set out to
+write a Unix-like kernel (Linux); Donald Knuth set out to write a text
+formatter (TeX); Bob Scheifler set out to develop a window system (the
+X Window System). It's natural to measure the contribution of this
+kind of project by specific programs that came from the project.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way,
+what would we conclude?  One CD-ROM vendor found that in their &ldquo;Linux
+distribution&rdquo;, &lt;a 
href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware"&gt;GNU
+software&lt;/a&gt; was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the
+total source code, and this included some of the essential major
+components without which there could be no system.  Linux itself was
+about 3%.  (The proportions in 2008 are similar: in the &ldquo;main&rdquo;
+repository of gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are 15%.)
+So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on
+who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single
+choice would be &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+But that is not the deepest way to consider the question.  The GNU
+Project was not, is not, a project to develop specific software
+packages.  It was not a project &lt;a href="/software/gcc/"&gt; to
+develop a C compiler&lt;/a&gt;, although we did that.  It was not a project
+to develop a text editor, although we developed one.  The GNU Project
+set out to develop &lt;em&gt;a complete free Unix-like system&lt;/em&gt;: 
GNU.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the
+system, and they all deserve credit for their software.  But the
+reason it is &lt;em&gt;an integrated system&lt;/em&gt;&mdash;and not just a
+collection of useful programs&mdash;is because the GNU Project set out
+to make it one.  We made a list of the programs needed to make
+a &lt;em&gt;complete&lt;/em&gt; free system, and we systematically found, 
wrote,
+or found people to write everything on the list.  We wrote essential
+but unexciting
+&lt;a href="#unexciting"&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt; components because you can't have a 
system
+without them.  Some of our system components, the programming tools,
+became popular on their own among programmers, but we wrote many
+components that are not tools  &lt;a href="#nottools"&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;.  We 
even
+developed a chess game, GNU Chess, because a complete system needs
+games too.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+By the early 90s we had put together the whole system aside from the
+kernel.  We had also started a kernel, the
+&lt;a href="/software/hurd/hurd.html"&gt;GNU Hurd&lt;/a&gt;, which runs on top 
of
+Mach.  Developing this kernel has been a lot harder than we expected;
+&lt;a href="/software/hurd/hurd/documentation/hurd-and-linux.html"&gt;the
+GNU Hurd started working reliably in 2001&lt;/a&gt;, but it is a long way
+from being ready for people to use in general.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux.
+Once Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in
+the GNU system.  People could
+then &lt;a 
href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01"&gt;
+combine Linux with the GNU system&lt;/a&gt; to make a complete free system:
+a Linux-based version of the GNU system; the GNU/Linux system, for
+short.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Making them work well together was not a trivial job.  Some GNU
+components&lt;a href="#somecomponents"&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt; needed substantial 
change
+to work with Linux.  Integrating a complete system as a distribution
+that would work &ldquo;out of the box&rdquo; was a big job, too.  It
+required addressing the issue of how to install and boot the
+system&mdash;a problem we had not tackled, because we hadn't yet
+reached that point.  Thus, the people who developed the various system
+distributions did a lot of essential work.  But it was work that, in
+the nature of things, was surely going to be done by someone.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as &lt;em&gt;the&lt;/em&gt; 
GNU
+system.  The &lt;a href="http://fsf.org/"&gt;FSF&lt;/a&gt; funded the 
rewriting of
+the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they
+are well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current
+library release with no changes.  The FSF also funded an early stage
+of the development of Debian GNU/Linux.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Today there are many different variants of the GNU/Linux system (often
+called &ldquo;distros&rdquo;).  Most of them include non-free
+software&mdash;their developers follow the philosophy associated with
+Linux rather than that of GNU.  But there are also
+&lt;a href="/distros/"&gt;completely free GNU/Linux distros&lt;/a&gt;.  The FSF
+supports computer facilities for two of these
+distributions, &lt;a <span 
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://ututo.org"&gt;Ututo&lt;/a&gt;</strong></del></span>
 <span 
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://proyecto.ututo.net/cmsd/"&gt;Ututo&lt;/a&gt;</em></ins></span>
+and &lt;a href="http://gnewsense.org/"&gt;gNewSense&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Making a free GNU/Linux distribution is not just a matter of
+eliminating various non-free programs.  Nowadays, the usual version of
+Linux contains non-free programs too.  These programs are intended to
+be loaded into I/O devices when the system starts, and they are
+included, as long series of numbers, in the "source code" of Linux.
+Thus, maintaining free GNU/Linux distributions now entails maintaining
+a &lt;a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux"&gt; free version of
+Linux&lt;/a&gt; too.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public
+by using the name &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; ambiguously.  Linux is the
+kernel, one of the essential major components of the system.  The
+system as a whole is basically the GNU system, with Linux added.  When
+you're talking about this combination, please call it
+&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+If you want to make a link on &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; for further
+reference, this page and &lt;a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html"&gt;
+http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html&lt;/a&gt; are good choices.  If
+you mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further
+reference, &lt;a href="http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Linux"&gt;
+http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Linux&lt;/a&gt; is a good URL
+to use.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Addendum: Aside from GNU, one other project has independently produced
+a free Unix-like operating system.  This system is known as BSD, and
+it was developed at UC Berkeley.  It was non-free in the 80s, but
+became free in the early 90s.  A free operating system that exists
+today&lt;a href="#newersystems"&gt;(4)&lt;/a&gt; is almost certainly either a
+variant of the GNU system, or a kind of BSD system.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a version of GNU, like
+GNU/Linux.  The BSD developers were inspired to make their code free
+software by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals from
+GNU activists helped persuade them, but the code had little overlap
+with GNU.  BSD systems today use some GNU programs, just as the GNU
+system and its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as
+wholes, they are two different systems that evolved separately.  The
+BSD developers did not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system,
+and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit the situation.&lt;a
+href="#gnubsd"&gt;(5)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;h3&gt;Notes:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;ol&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;a id="unexciting"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;These unexciting but essential components
+include the GNU assembler, GAS and the linker, GLD, both
+are now part of the &lt;a href="/software/binutils/"&gt;GNU Binutils&lt;/a&gt;
+package, &lt;a href="/software/tar/"&gt;GNU tar&lt;/a&gt;, and more.&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;a id="nottools"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
+the PostScript interpreter
+&lt;a href="/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html"&gt;Ghostscript&lt;/a&gt;, 
and the
+&lt;a href="/software/libc/libc.html"&gt;GNU C library&lt;/a&gt; are not
+programming tools.  Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess.&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;a id="somecomponents"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;For instance, the
+&lt;a href="/software/libc/libc.html"&gt;GNU C library&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;a id="newersystems"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Since that was written, a nearly-all-free
+Windows-like system has been developed, but technically it is not at
+all like GNU or Unix, so it doesn't really affect this issue.  Most of
+the kernel of Solaris has been made free, but if you wanted to make a
+free system out of that, aside from replacing the missing parts of the
+kernel, you would also need to put it into GNU or BSD.&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;a id="gnubsd"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;On the other hand, in the years since this 
article
+was written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of
+the BSD kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system
+with that kernel.  Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of
+GNU, and are therefore called, for instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and
+GNU/kNetBSD depending on the kernel of the system.  Ordinary users on
+typical desktops can hardly distinguish between GNU/Linux and
+GNU/*BSD.&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;/ol&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about    --&gt;
+&lt;!-- verbatim copying.  Please do NOT remove this without talking     --&gt;
+&lt;!-- with the webmasters first. --&gt;
+&lt;!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document 
--&gt;
+&lt;!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." --&gt;
+
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --&gt;
+
+&lt;div id="footer"&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
+&lt;a href="mailto:address@hidden"&gt;&lt;address@hidden&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
+There are also &lt;a href="/contact/"&gt;other ways to contact&lt;/a&gt;
+the FSF.
+&lt;br /&gt;
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+&lt;a href="mailto:address@hidden"&gt;&lt;address@hidden&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Please see the
+&lt;a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html"&gt;Translations
+README&lt;/a&gt; for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Copyright &copy; 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007 Richard M. Stallman
+&lt;br /&gt;
+This page is licensed under a &lt;a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/"&gt;Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Updated:
+&lt;!-- timestamp start --&gt;
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:04 $
+&lt;!-- timestamp end --&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/body&gt;
+&lt;/html&gt;
+</pre></body></html>

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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --&gt;
+
+&lt;title&gt;Linux and GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation 
(FSF)&lt;/title&gt;
+
+&lt;meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, 
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU 
HURD, Hurd" /&gt;
+&lt;meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free 
Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to 
share and improve the software they use." /&gt;
+&lt;link rel="alternate" title="What's New" 
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" /&gt;
+&lt;link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software" 
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" /&gt;
+
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --&gt;
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" --&gt;
+
+&lt;h2&gt;Linux and the GNU <span 
class="removed"><del><strong>Project&lt;/h2&gt;</strong></del></span> <span 
class="inserted"><ins><em>System&lt;/h2&gt;</em></ins></span>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;by &lt;a href="http://www.stallman.org/"&gt;Richard 
Stallman&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;div class="announcement"&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;For more information see also
+the &lt;a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html"&gt;GNU/Linux FAQ&lt;/a&gt;,
+and &lt;a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html"&gt;Why GNU/Linux?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Many computer users run a modified version of
+&lt;a href="/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem"&gt;the GNU 
system&lt;/a&gt;
+every day, without realizing it.  Through a peculiar turn of events,
+the version of GNU which is widely used today is often called
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, and many of its users
+are &lt;a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"&gt; not aware&lt;/a&gt;
+that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the
+&lt;a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html"&gt;GNU Project&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just
+a part of the system they use.  Linux is the kernel: the program in
+the system that allocates the machine's resources to the other
+programs that you run.  The kernel is an essential part of an
+operating system, but useless by itself; it can only function in the
+context of a complete operating system.  Linux is normally used in
+combination with the GNU operating system: the whole system is
+basically GNU with Linux added, or GNU/Linux.  All the so-called
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo; distributions are really distributions of
+GNU/Linux.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which
+is Linux, and the whole system, which they also call
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help
+people understand.  These users often think that Linus Torvalds
+developed the whole operating system in 1991, with a bit of help.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Programmers generally know that Linux is a kernel.  But since they
+have generally heard the whole system called &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; as well, they
+often envisage a history that would justify naming the whole system
+after the kernel.  For example, many believe that once Linus Torvalds
+finished writing Linux, the kernel, its users looked around for other
+free software to go with it, and found that (for no particular reason)
+most everything necessary to make a Unix-like system was already
+available.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+What they found was no accident&mdash;it was the not-quite-complete GNU
+system.  The available &lt;a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html"&gt;free
+software&lt;/a&gt; added up to a complete system because the GNU Project
+had been working since 1984 to make one.  In
+the &lt;a href="/gnu/manifesto.html"&gt; The GNU Manifesto&lt;/a&gt; we set 
forth
+the goal of developing a free Unix-like
+system, called GNU.  The &lt;a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html"&gt;
+Initial Announcement&lt;/a&gt; of the GNU Project also outlines some of the
+original plans for the GNU system. By the time Linux was started, GNU
+was almost finished.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Most free software projects have the goal of developing a particular
+program for a particular job.  For example, Linus Torvalds set out to
+write a Unix-like kernel (Linux); Donald Knuth set out to write a text
+formatter (TeX); Bob Scheifler set out to develop a window system (the
+X Window System). It's natural to measure the contribution of this
+kind of project by specific programs that came from the project.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way,
+what would we conclude?  One CD-ROM vendor found that in their &ldquo;Linux
+distribution&rdquo;, &lt;a 
href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware"&gt;GNU
+software&lt;/a&gt; was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the
+total source code, and this included some of the essential major
+components without which there could be no system.  Linux itself was
+about 3%.  (The proportions in 2008 are similar: in the &ldquo;main&rdquo;
+repository of gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are 15%.)
+So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on
+who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single
+choice would be &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+But that is not the deepest way to consider the question.  The GNU
+Project was not, is not, a project to develop specific software
+packages.  It was not a project &lt;a href="/software/gcc/"&gt; to
+develop a C compiler&lt;/a&gt;, although we did that.  It was not a project
+to develop a text editor, although we developed one.  The GNU Project
+set out to develop &lt;em&gt;a complete free Unix-like system&lt;/em&gt;: 
GNU.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the
+system, and they all deserve credit for their software.  But the
+reason it is &lt;em&gt;an integrated system&lt;/em&gt;&mdash;and not just a
+collection of useful programs&mdash;is because the GNU Project set out
+to make it one.  We made a list of the programs needed to make
+a &lt;em&gt;complete&lt;/em&gt; free system, and we systematically found, 
wrote,
+or found people to write everything on the list.  We wrote essential
+but unexciting
+&lt;a href="#unexciting"&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt; components because you can't have a 
system
+without them.  Some of our system components, the programming tools,
+became popular on their own among programmers, but we wrote many
+components that are not tools  &lt;a href="#nottools"&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;.  We 
even
+developed a chess game, GNU Chess, because a complete system needs
+games too.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+By the early 90s we had put together the whole system aside from the
+kernel.  We had also started a kernel, the
+&lt;a href="/software/hurd/hurd.html"&gt;GNU Hurd&lt;/a&gt;, which runs on top 
of
+Mach.  Developing this kernel has been a lot harder than we expected;
+&lt;a href="/software/hurd/hurd/documentation/hurd-and-linux.html"&gt;the
+GNU Hurd started working reliably in 2001&lt;/a&gt;, but it is a long way
+from being ready for people to use in general.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux.
+Once Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in
+the GNU system.  People could
+then &lt;a 
href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01"&gt;
+combine Linux with the GNU system&lt;/a&gt; to make a complete free system:
+a Linux-based version of the GNU system; the GNU/Linux system, for
+short.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Making them work well together was not a trivial job.  Some GNU
+components&lt;a href="#somecomponents"&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt; needed substantial 
change
+to work with Linux.  Integrating a complete system as a distribution
+that would work &ldquo;out of the box&rdquo; was a big job, too.  It
+required addressing the issue of how to install and boot the
+system&mdash;a problem we had not tackled, because we hadn't yet
+reached that point.  Thus, the people who developed the various system
+distributions did a lot of essential work.  But it was work that, in
+the nature of things, was surely going to be done by someone.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as &lt;em&gt;the&lt;/em&gt; 
GNU
+system.  The &lt;a href="http://fsf.org/"&gt;FSF&lt;/a&gt; funded the 
rewriting of
+the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they
+are well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current
+library release with no changes.  The FSF also funded an early stage
+of the development of Debian GNU/Linux.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Today there are many different variants of the GNU/Linux system (often
+called &ldquo;distros&rdquo;).  Most of them include non-free
+software&mdash;their developers follow the philosophy associated with
+Linux rather than that of GNU.  But there are also
+&lt;a href="/distros/"&gt;completely free GNU/Linux distros&lt;/a&gt;.  The FSF
+supports computer facilities for two of these
+distributions, &lt;a <span 
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://ututo.org"&gt;Ututo&lt;/a&gt;</strong></del></span>
 <span 
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://proyecto.ututo.net/cmsd/"&gt;Ututo&lt;/a&gt;</em></ins></span>
+and &lt;a href="http://gnewsense.org/"&gt;gNewSense&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Making a free GNU/Linux distribution is not just a matter of
+eliminating various non-free programs.  Nowadays, the usual version of
+Linux contains non-free programs too.  These programs are intended to
+be loaded into I/O devices when the system starts, and they are
+included, as long series of numbers, in the "source code" of Linux.
+Thus, maintaining free GNU/Linux distributions now entails maintaining
+a &lt;a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux"&gt; free version of
+Linux&lt;/a&gt; too.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public
+by using the name &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; ambiguously.  Linux is the
+kernel, one of the essential major components of the system.  The
+system as a whole is basically the GNU system, with Linux added.  When
+you're talking about this combination, please call it
+&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+If you want to make a link on &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; for further
+reference, this page and &lt;a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html"&gt;
+http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html&lt;/a&gt; are good choices.  If
+you mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further
+reference, &lt;a href="http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Linux"&gt;
+http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Linux&lt;/a&gt; is a good URL
+to use.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Addendum: Aside from GNU, one other project has independently produced
+a free Unix-like operating system.  This system is known as BSD, and
+it was developed at UC Berkeley.  It was non-free in the 80s, but
+became free in the early 90s.  A free operating system that exists
+today&lt;a href="#newersystems"&gt;(4)&lt;/a&gt; is almost certainly either a
+variant of the GNU system, or a kind of BSD system.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a version of GNU, like
+GNU/Linux.  The BSD developers were inspired to make their code free
+software by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals from
+GNU activists helped persuade them, but the code had little overlap
+with GNU.  BSD systems today use some GNU programs, just as the GNU
+system and its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as
+wholes, they are two different systems that evolved separately.  The
+BSD developers did not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system,
+and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit the situation.&lt;a
+href="#gnubsd"&gt;(5)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;h3&gt;Notes:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;ol&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;a id="unexciting"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;These unexciting but essential components
+include the GNU assembler, GAS and the linker, GLD, both
+are now part of the &lt;a href="/software/binutils/"&gt;GNU Binutils&lt;/a&gt;
+package, &lt;a href="/software/tar/"&gt;GNU tar&lt;/a&gt;, and more.&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;a id="nottools"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
+the PostScript interpreter
+&lt;a href="/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html"&gt;Ghostscript&lt;/a&gt;, 
and the
+&lt;a href="/software/libc/libc.html"&gt;GNU C library&lt;/a&gt; are not
+programming tools.  Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess.&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;a id="somecomponents"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;For instance, the
+&lt;a href="/software/libc/libc.html"&gt;GNU C library&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;a id="newersystems"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Since that was written, a nearly-all-free
+Windows-like system has been developed, but technically it is not at
+all like GNU or Unix, so it doesn't really affect this issue.  Most of
+the kernel of Solaris has been made free, but if you wanted to make a
+free system out of that, aside from replacing the missing parts of the
+kernel, you would also need to put it into GNU or BSD.&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;a id="gnubsd"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;On the other hand, in the years since this 
article
+was written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of
+the BSD kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system
+with that kernel.  Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of
+GNU, and are therefore called, for instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and
+GNU/kNetBSD depending on the kernel of the system.  Ordinary users on
+typical desktops can hardly distinguish between GNU/Linux and
+GNU/*BSD.&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;/ol&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about    --&gt;
+&lt;!-- verbatim copying.  Please do NOT remove this without talking     --&gt;
+&lt;!-- with the webmasters first. --&gt;
+&lt;!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document 
--&gt;
+&lt;!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." --&gt;
+
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --&gt;
+
+&lt;div id="footer"&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
+&lt;a href="mailto:address@hidden"&gt;&lt;address@hidden&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
+There are also &lt;a href="/contact/"&gt;other ways to contact&lt;/a&gt;
+the FSF.
+&lt;br /&gt;
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+&lt;a href="mailto:address@hidden"&gt;&lt;address@hidden&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Please see the
+&lt;a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html"&gt;Translations
+README&lt;/a&gt; for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Copyright &copy; 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007 Richard M. Stallman
+&lt;br /&gt;
+This page is licensed under a &lt;a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/"&gt;Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Updated:
+&lt;!-- timestamp start --&gt;
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:04 $
+&lt;!-- timestamp end --&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/body&gt;
+&lt;/html&gt;
+</pre></body></html>

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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" --&gt;
+
+&lt;title&gt;Linux and GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation 
(FSF)&lt;/title&gt;
+
+&lt;meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, 
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU 
HURD, Hurd" /&gt;
+&lt;meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free 
Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to 
share and improve the software they use." /&gt;
+&lt;link rel="alternate" title="What's New" 
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" /&gt;
+&lt;link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software" 
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" /&gt;
+
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" --&gt;
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" --&gt;
+
+&lt;h2&gt;Linux and the GNU <span 
class="removed"><del><strong>Project&lt;/h2&gt;</strong></del></span> <span 
class="inserted"><ins><em>System&lt;/h2&gt;</em></ins></span>
+
+&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;by &lt;a href="http://www.stallman.org/"&gt;Richard 
Stallman&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;div class="announcement"&gt;
+  &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;For more information see also
+the &lt;a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html"&gt;GNU/Linux FAQ&lt;/a&gt;,
+and &lt;a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html"&gt;Why GNU/Linux?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+  &lt;/blockquote&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Many computer users run a modified version of
+&lt;a href="/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem"&gt;the GNU 
system&lt;/a&gt;
+every day, without realizing it.  Through a peculiar turn of events,
+the version of GNU which is widely used today is often called
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, and many of its users
+are &lt;a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"&gt; not aware&lt;/a&gt;
+that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the
+&lt;a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html"&gt;GNU Project&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just
+a part of the system they use.  Linux is the kernel: the program in
+the system that allocates the machine's resources to the other
+programs that you run.  The kernel is an essential part of an
+operating system, but useless by itself; it can only function in the
+context of a complete operating system.  Linux is normally used in
+combination with the GNU operating system: the whole system is
+basically GNU with Linux added, or GNU/Linux.  All the so-called
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo; distributions are really distributions of
+GNU/Linux.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which
+is Linux, and the whole system, which they also call
+&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help
+people understand.  These users often think that Linus Torvalds
+developed the whole operating system in 1991, with a bit of help.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Programmers generally know that Linux is a kernel.  But since they
+have generally heard the whole system called &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; as well, they
+often envisage a history that would justify naming the whole system
+after the kernel.  For example, many believe that once Linus Torvalds
+finished writing Linux, the kernel, its users looked around for other
+free software to go with it, and found that (for no particular reason)
+most everything necessary to make a Unix-like system was already
+available.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+What they found was no accident&mdash;it was the not-quite-complete GNU
+system.  The available &lt;a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html"&gt;free
+software&lt;/a&gt; added up to a complete system because the GNU Project
+had been working since 1984 to make one.  In
+the &lt;a href="/gnu/manifesto.html"&gt; The GNU Manifesto&lt;/a&gt; we set 
forth
+the goal of developing a free Unix-like
+system, called GNU.  The &lt;a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html"&gt;
+Initial Announcement&lt;/a&gt; of the GNU Project also outlines some of the
+original plans for the GNU system. By the time Linux was started, GNU
+was almost finished.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Most free software projects have the goal of developing a particular
+program for a particular job.  For example, Linus Torvalds set out to
+write a Unix-like kernel (Linux); Donald Knuth set out to write a text
+formatter (TeX); Bob Scheifler set out to develop a window system (the
+X Window System). It's natural to measure the contribution of this
+kind of project by specific programs that came from the project.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way,
+what would we conclude?  One CD-ROM vendor found that in their &ldquo;Linux
+distribution&rdquo;, &lt;a 
href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware"&gt;GNU
+software&lt;/a&gt; was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the
+total source code, and this included some of the essential major
+components without which there could be no system.  Linux itself was
+about 3%.  (The proportions in 2008 are similar: in the &ldquo;main&rdquo;
+repository of gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are 15%.)
+So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on
+who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single
+choice would be &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+But that is not the deepest way to consider the question.  The GNU
+Project was not, is not, a project to develop specific software
+packages.  It was not a project &lt;a href="/software/gcc/"&gt; to
+develop a C compiler&lt;/a&gt;, although we did that.  It was not a project
+to develop a text editor, although we developed one.  The GNU Project
+set out to develop &lt;em&gt;a complete free Unix-like system&lt;/em&gt;: 
GNU.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the
+system, and they all deserve credit for their software.  But the
+reason it is &lt;em&gt;an integrated system&lt;/em&gt;&mdash;and not just a
+collection of useful programs&mdash;is because the GNU Project set out
+to make it one.  We made a list of the programs needed to make
+a &lt;em&gt;complete&lt;/em&gt; free system, and we systematically found, 
wrote,
+or found people to write everything on the list.  We wrote essential
+but unexciting
+&lt;a href="#unexciting"&gt;(1)&lt;/a&gt; components because you can't have a 
system
+without them.  Some of our system components, the programming tools,
+became popular on their own among programmers, but we wrote many
+components that are not tools  &lt;a href="#nottools"&gt;(2)&lt;/a&gt;.  We 
even
+developed a chess game, GNU Chess, because a complete system needs
+games too.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+By the early 90s we had put together the whole system aside from the
+kernel.  We had also started a kernel, the
+&lt;a href="/software/hurd/hurd.html"&gt;GNU Hurd&lt;/a&gt;, which runs on top 
of
+Mach.  Developing this kernel has been a lot harder than we expected;
+&lt;a href="/software/hurd/hurd/documentation/hurd-and-linux.html"&gt;the
+GNU Hurd started working reliably in 2001&lt;/a&gt;, but it is a long way
+from being ready for people to use in general.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux.
+Once Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in
+the GNU system.  People could
+then &lt;a 
href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01"&gt;
+combine Linux with the GNU system&lt;/a&gt; to make a complete free system:
+a Linux-based version of the GNU system; the GNU/Linux system, for
+short.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Making them work well together was not a trivial job.  Some GNU
+components&lt;a href="#somecomponents"&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt; needed substantial 
change
+to work with Linux.  Integrating a complete system as a distribution
+that would work &ldquo;out of the box&rdquo; was a big job, too.  It
+required addressing the issue of how to install and boot the
+system&mdash;a problem we had not tackled, because we hadn't yet
+reached that point.  Thus, the people who developed the various system
+distributions did a lot of essential work.  But it was work that, in
+the nature of things, was surely going to be done by someone.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as &lt;em&gt;the&lt;/em&gt; 
GNU
+system.  The &lt;a href="http://fsf.org/"&gt;FSF&lt;/a&gt; funded the 
rewriting of
+the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they
+are well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current
+library release with no changes.  The FSF also funded an early stage
+of the development of Debian GNU/Linux.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Today there are many different variants of the GNU/Linux system (often
+called &ldquo;distros&rdquo;).  Most of them include non-free
+software&mdash;their developers follow the philosophy associated with
+Linux rather than that of GNU.  But there are also
+&lt;a href="/distros/"&gt;completely free GNU/Linux distros&lt;/a&gt;.  The FSF
+supports computer facilities for two of these
+distributions, &lt;a <span 
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://ututo.org"&gt;Ututo&lt;/a&gt;</strong></del></span>
 <span 
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://proyecto.ututo.net/cmsd/"&gt;Ututo&lt;/a&gt;</em></ins></span>
+and &lt;a href="http://gnewsense.org/"&gt;gNewSense&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Making a free GNU/Linux distribution is not just a matter of
+eliminating various non-free programs.  Nowadays, the usual version of
+Linux contains non-free programs too.  These programs are intended to
+be loaded into I/O devices when the system starts, and they are
+included, as long series of numbers, in the "source code" of Linux.
+Thus, maintaining free GNU/Linux distributions now entails maintaining
+a &lt;a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux"&gt; free version of
+Linux&lt;/a&gt; too.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public
+by using the name &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; ambiguously.  Linux is the
+kernel, one of the essential major components of the system.  The
+system as a whole is basically the GNU system, with Linux added.  When
+you're talking about this combination, please call it
+&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+If you want to make a link on &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; for further
+reference, this page and &lt;a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html"&gt;
+http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html&lt;/a&gt; are good choices.  If
+you mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further
+reference, &lt;a href="http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Linux"&gt;
+http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Linux&lt;/a&gt; is a good URL
+to use.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Addendum: Aside from GNU, one other project has independently produced
+a free Unix-like operating system.  This system is known as BSD, and
+it was developed at UC Berkeley.  It was non-free in the 80s, but
+became free in the early 90s.  A free operating system that exists
+today&lt;a href="#newersystems"&gt;(4)&lt;/a&gt; is almost certainly either a
+variant of the GNU system, or a kind of BSD system.&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a version of GNU, like
+GNU/Linux.  The BSD developers were inspired to make their code free
+software by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals from
+GNU activists helped persuade them, but the code had little overlap
+with GNU.  BSD systems today use some GNU programs, just as the GNU
+system and its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as
+wholes, they are two different systems that evolved separately.  The
+BSD developers did not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system,
+and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit the situation.&lt;a
+href="#gnubsd"&gt;(5)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;h3&gt;Notes:&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;ol&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;a id="unexciting"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;These unexciting but essential components
+include the GNU assembler, GAS and the linker, GLD, both
+are now part of the &lt;a href="/software/binutils/"&gt;GNU Binutils&lt;/a&gt;
+package, &lt;a href="/software/tar/"&gt;GNU tar&lt;/a&gt;, and more.&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;a id="nottools"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
+the PostScript interpreter
+&lt;a href="/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html"&gt;Ghostscript&lt;/a&gt;, 
and the
+&lt;a href="/software/libc/libc.html"&gt;GNU C library&lt;/a&gt; are not
+programming tools.  Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess.&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;a id="somecomponents"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;For instance, the
+&lt;a href="/software/libc/libc.html"&gt;GNU C library&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;a id="newersystems"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Since that was written, a nearly-all-free
+Windows-like system has been developed, but technically it is not at
+all like GNU or Unix, so it doesn't really affect this issue.  Most of
+the kernel of Solaris has been made free, but if you wanted to make a
+free system out of that, aside from replacing the missing parts of the
+kernel, you would also need to put it into GNU or BSD.&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;a id="gnubsd"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;On the other hand, in the years since this 
article
+was written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of
+the BSD kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system
+with that kernel.  Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of
+GNU, and are therefore called, for instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and
+GNU/kNetBSD depending on the kernel of the system.  Ordinary users on
+typical desktops can hardly distinguish between GNU/Linux and
+GNU/*BSD.&lt;/li&gt;
+
+&lt;/ol&gt;
+
+&lt;!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about    --&gt;
+&lt;!-- verbatim copying.  Please do NOT remove this without talking     --&gt;
+&lt;!-- with the webmasters first. --&gt;
+&lt;!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document 
--&gt;
+&lt;!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." --&gt;
+
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+&lt;!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --&gt;
+
+&lt;div id="footer"&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
+&lt;a href="mailto:address@hidden"&gt;&lt;address@hidden&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
+There are also &lt;a href="/contact/"&gt;other ways to contact&lt;/a&gt;
+the FSF.
+&lt;br /&gt;
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+&lt;a href="mailto:address@hidden"&gt;&lt;address@hidden&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Please see the
+&lt;a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html"&gt;Translations
+README&lt;/a&gt; for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;
+Copyright &copy; 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007 Richard M. Stallman
+&lt;br /&gt;
+This page is licensed under a &lt;a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/"&gt;Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License&lt;/a&gt;.
+&lt;/p&gt;
+
+&lt;p&gt;Updated:
+&lt;!-- timestamp start --&gt;
+$Date: 2012/11/04 17:29:04 $
+&lt;!-- timestamp end --&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+
+
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/body&gt;
+&lt;/html&gt;
+</pre></body></html>
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