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www music/po/free-software-song.de.po music/po/...
From: |
GNUN |
Subject: |
www music/po/free-software-song.de.po music/po/... |
Date: |
Sun, 30 Sep 2012 00:27:43 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 12/09/30 00:27:43
Modified files:
music/po : free-software-song.de.po
free-software-song.fr.po free-software-song.pot
philosophy/po : danger-of-software-patents.translist
Added files:
philosophy : danger-of-software-patents.ru.html
philosophy/po : danger-of-software-patents.ru-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/music/po/free-software-song.de.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.28&r2=1.29
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/music/po/free-software-song.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.20&r2=1.21
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/music/po/free-software-song.pot?cvsroot=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: music/po/free-software-song.de.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/music/po/free-software-song.de.po,v
retrieving revision 1.28
retrieving revision 1.29
diff -u -b -r1.28 -r1.29
--- music/po/free-software-song.de.po 22 Sep 2012 08:28:07 -0000 1.28
+++ music/po/free-software-song.de.po 30 Sep 2012 00:27:41 -0000 1.29
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: free-software-song.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-22 04:25-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-29 20:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-03-02 00:15+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Joerg Kohne <joeko (AT) online [PUNKT] de>\n"
"Language-Team: German <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -272,6 +272,16 @@
"\">Loneload</a> (2.2 MB), veröffentlicht unter <a href=\"http://"
"creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.de\">CC BY 3.0</a>."
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"http://archive.org/details/M00GNU\">MooGNU</a> by the anonymous "
+"posters on the 4chan technology image board /g/ is licensed under the <a "
+"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode\">Creative "
+"Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License</a>. Available in <a "
+"href=\"http://archive.org/download/M00GNU/Freedom-catmoognu.ogv\"> Ogg "
+"Video</a> format (4.5 MB)."
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"You can get a <a href=\"/music/free-software-song.pdf\">typeset score</a> of "
Index: music/po/free-software-song.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/music/po/free-software-song.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.20
retrieving revision 1.21
diff -u -b -r1.20 -r1.21
--- music/po/free-software-song.fr.po 23 Sep 2012 11:24:25 -0000 1.20
+++ music/po/free-software-song.fr.po 30 Sep 2012 00:27:42 -0000 1.21
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: free-software-song.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-22 04:25-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-29 20:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-09-22 17:17+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Thérèse Godefroy <godef.th AT free.fr>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2012-09-29 20:25-0300\n"
"Plural-Forms: \n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -267,6 +268,16 @@
"org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.fr\"> Creative Commons paternité, partage dans "
"les mêmes conditions, 3.0 non transposée (CC BY-SA 3.0)</a>."
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"http://archive.org/details/M00GNU\">MooGNU</a> by the anonymous "
+"posters on the 4chan technology image board /g/ is licensed under the <a "
+"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode\">Creative "
+"Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License</a>. Available in <a "
+"href=\"http://archive.org/download/M00GNU/Freedom-catmoognu.ogv\"> Ogg "
+"Video</a> format (4.5 MB)."
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"You can get a <a href=\"/music/free-software-song.pdf\">typeset score</a> of "
Index: music/po/free-software-song.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/music/po/free-software-song.pot,v
retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- music/po/free-software-song.pot 22 Sep 2012 08:28:08 -0000 1.15
+++ music/po/free-software-song.pot 30 Sep 2012 00:27:42 -0000 1.16
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: free-software-song.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-22 04:25-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-29 20:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -216,6 +216,16 @@
"Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License</a>."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"http://archive.org/details/M00GNU\">MooGNU</a> by the anonymous "
+"posters on the 4chan technology image board /g/ is licensed under the <a "
+"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode\">Creative "
+"Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License</a>. Available in <a "
+"href=\"http://archive.org/download/M00GNU/Freedom-catmoognu.ogv\"> Ogg "
+"Video</a> format (4.5 MB)."
+msgstr ""
+
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"You can get a <a href=\"/music/free-software-song.pdf\">typeset score</a> of "
Index: philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.translist 21 Apr 2012 00:51:01
-0000 1.4
+++ philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.translist 30 Sep 2012 00:27:43
-0000 1.5
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.en.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- French -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div> <!-- id="translations" -->
<div class="netscape4" id="skiptrans"></div>
Index: philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.ru.html
diff -N philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.ru.html 30 Sep 2012 00:27:42
-0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1455 @@
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+ <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.en.html" -->
+
+<title>ÐпаÑноÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ -
ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
+обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.translist" -->
+<h2>ÐпаÑноÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ</h2>
+<p><a href="http://www.stallman.org/">РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</a></p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо конÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑ Ð±ÐµÑедÑ, пÑедÑÑавленной Ð
иÑаÑдом Ð. СÑолменом
+8 окÑÑбÑÑ 2009 года в УнивеÑÑиÑеÑе
коÑÐ¾Ð»ÐµÐ²Ñ ÐикÑоÑии в
+ÐеллингÑоне.</p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>СФ:</dt>
+<dd><p>ÐÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ Ð¡ÑÑзи ФÑенкел, и Ð¾Ñ Ñвоего
имени и Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ ÐеÑÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ ÐолÑки-ÐÑÑиÑ
+Ñ Ñ
оÑела Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑивеÑÑÑвоваÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑом
ÑеминаÑе, пÑоÑ
одÑÑем в ÐовозеландÑком
+ÑенÑÑе междÑнаÑодного ÑкономиÑеÑкого
пÑава. ÐÑенда ЧоÑнеÑ, коÑоÑаÑ
+пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ ÑакÑлÑÑÐµÑ ÐнÑоÑмаÑионного
ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð£Ð½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑеÑа коÑолевÑ
+ÐикÑоÑии, а не ÑенÑÑ, коÑоÑÑй Ñ ÑолÑко ÑÑо
назвала, бÑдÑÑи ÑоÑÑÑдником
+ÑакÑлÑÑеÑа пÑава, в дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи
оÑганизовала новÑй Ð²Ð¸Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑда
+СÑолмена в ÐовÑÑ ÐÐµÐ»Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ его Ð¿Ð¾ÐµÐ·Ð´ÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾
Ðовой Ðеландии, в Ñом ÑиÑле
+оÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÐºÑ Ð·Ð´ÐµÑÑ, в ÐеллингÑоне, ÑÑим
веÑеÑом. Ð ÑожалениÑ, в наÑÑоÑÑий
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð¸, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
она занÑÑа Ñем, Ñем мÑ
+занимаемÑÑ Ð² ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑаÑ
, Ñо еÑÑÑ
пÑеподаеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо Ñ Ñ ÑдоволÑÑÑвием пÑиглаÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
пÑоÑеÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÐºÑÐ¸Ñ “ÐпаÑноÑÑÑ
+паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммє. У РиÑаÑда
СÑолмена еÑÑÑ ÑÑд лекÑий, коÑоÑÑе он
+пÑедлагаеÑ, и поÑле обÑÑÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ ÐÑендой Ñ
вÑбÑала ÑÑÑ ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð² ÑоÑноÑÑи
+поÑомÑ, ÑÑо впеÑвÑе в иÑÑоÑии Ðовой
Ðеландии Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑ
одÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑоÑÑие,
+неÑколÑко заÑÑнÑÑÑе, но важнÑе пÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾
ÑеÑоÑме паÑенÑного пÑава, и многие
+из пÑиÑÑÑÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
в ÑÑом зале пÑинимаÑÑ
акÑивное ÑÑаÑÑие в дебаÑаÑ
,
+ÑвÑзаннÑÑ
Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑами на пÑогÑаммÑ. Так
ÑÑо ÑÑо кажеÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð»Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½ÐµÐ²Ð½Ñм,
+оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑвоевÑеменнÑм. ÐÑак, благодаÑим ваÑ,
РиÑаÑд, за ÑÑо пÑедложение.</p>
+
+<p>РиÑаÑда СÑолмена пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ нÑжно.
Тем не менее, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
из ваÑ,
+кÑо не ÑлÑÑал о нем ÑанÑÑе — он
оÑганизовал ÑазÑабоÑкÑ
+опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU. Я никогда ÑанÑÑе
не ÑлÑÑала, как пÑоизноÑиÑÑÑ
+“GNU”, и Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑеÑила YouTube (ÑÑо Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ
делали без YouTube)...</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Ð ÐС:</dt>
+<dd>Ð, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑекомендоваÑÑ YouTube,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо они ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð²
+запаÑенÑованном видеоÑоÑмаÑе.</dd>
+
+<dt>СФ:</dt>
+<dd>Ценное замеÑание. Я ÑекомендÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
ÑолÑко ÑолÑко Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñмала:
+говоÑиÑе Ð²Ñ G N U или GNU?</dd>
+
+<dt>Ð ÐС:</dt>
+<dd>ÐÑо Ñказано в Ðикипедии. [ÐÑÐ²ÐµÑ —
пÑоизноÑиÑе его одним Ñлогом, Ñ
+оÑÑеÑливÑм G.]</dd>
+
+<dt>СФ:</dt>
+<dd>Ðа, но Ñ ÑÑлÑÑала вживÑÑ, как Ð²Ñ ÑÑо
говоÑиÑе, на YouTube. Ðо вÑе Ñавно,
+важно Ñо, ÑÑо Ñам Ð½ÐµÑ ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑнÑÑ
огÑаниÑений. Ðо Ñамое
+инÑеÑеÑное — ÑÑо РиÑаÑд полÑÑил
много нагÑад за ÑвоÑ
+ÑабоÑÑ. Ð¡Ð°Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑимеÑаÑелÑнаÑ, а
ÑледоваÑелÑно, Ñа, о коÑоÑой Ñ
+ÑобиÑаÑÑÑ ÑпомÑнÑÑÑ,— ÑÑо ÐÑÐµÐ¼Ð¸Ñ Ð¢Ð°ÐºÐµÐ´Ñ
за ÑоÑиалÑнÑе и ÑкономиÑеÑкие
+ÑлÑÑÑениÑ, и Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ñебе пÑедÑÑавиÑÑ, ÑÑо
Ð¼Ñ Ð² ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÐµÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ðµ об ÑÑом
+ÑÑлÑÑим, Ñак ÑÑо пÑиÑоединÑйÑеÑÑ Ðº моемÑ
пÑивеÑÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑда.</dd>
+
+<dt>Ð ÐС:</dt>
+<dd><p>ÐÑежде вÑего Ñ Ñ
оÑел Ð±Ñ ÑпомÑнÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±
одной из пÑиÑин, по коÑоÑÑм Ñ Ð¿ÑÑ ÑÑо
+[банка или бÑÑÑлка Ñ Ð³Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ñовкой, но не
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+Ð±Ð¾Ð¹ÐºÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¸ “Ðока-Ðола” за
ÑбийÑÑво ÑÑководиÑелей пÑоÑÑоÑза
+в ÐолÑмбии. ÐайдиÑе на ÑÐ°Ð¹Ñ <a
+href="http://killercoke.org">killercoke.org</a>. Ðни говоÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ о
+ÑезÑлÑÑаÑаÑ
ÑпоÑÑÐµÐ±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑодÑкÑа —
в конÑе конÑов, Ñо же Ñамое
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ
дÑÑгиÑ
пÑодÑкÑов — ÑÑо ÑбийÑÑво. Так
+ÑÑо пеÑед Ñем, как Ð²Ñ ÐºÑпиÑе лÑбой напиÑок,
поÑмоÑÑиÑе на надпиÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ»ÐºÐ¸Ð¼
+ÑÑиÑÑом и пÑовеÑÑÑе, не вÑпÑÑен ли он
компанией “Ðока-Ðола”.</p>
+
+<p>Я извеÑÑен пÑежде вÑего как Ñеловек,
положивÑий наÑало Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободное
+пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение и ÑÑководÑÑий
ÑазÑабоÑкой опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑемÑ
+GNU — Ñ
оÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑинÑÑво лÑдей, коÑоÑÑе
полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑой ÑиÑÑемой,
+по оÑибке ÑÑиÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо Linux, и дÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо
наÑало ей бÑло положено
+кем-Ñо дÑÑгим деÑÑÑилеÑие ÑпÑÑÑÑ. Ðо
ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑобиÑаÑÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ о
+Ñем из ÑÑого. Я здеÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑобÑ
поговоÑиÑÑ Ð¾ ÑÑидиÑеÑкиÑ
опаÑноÑÑÑÑ
+паÑенÑов на вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑнÑе идеи,
вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑнÑе пÑÐ¸ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ мÑÑли о Ñем-Ñо, ÑÑо
+можно делаÑÑ Ð½Ð° компÑÑÑеÑе.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ,
пÑежде вÑего вам нÑжно оÑознаÑÑ, ÑÑо
+паÑенÑное пÑаво не Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº авÑоÑÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ñ —
+они полноÑÑÑÑ ÑазлиÑнÑ. ЧÑо Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð¸ Ñзнали
об одном из ниÑ
, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе бÑÑÑ
+ÑвеÑенÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо не ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
вÑоÑое.</p>
+
+<p>Так, напÑимеÑ, каждÑй Ñаз, когда Ñеловек
Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑвеÑждение об
+“инÑеллекÑÑалÑной ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи”,
ÑÑо ÑазноÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±Ð»Ñждение,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð² кÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑолÑко
ÑÑи две облаÑÑи пÑава, но Ñакже по
+менÑÑей меÑе деÑÑÑок дÑÑгиÑ
. ÐÑе они
ÑазлиÑнÑ, и в ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе лÑбое
+ÑÑвеÑждение, коÑоÑое вÑÑказÑваеÑÑÑ ÑкобÑ
об “инÑеллекÑÑалÑной
+ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи”,— ÑÑо ÑиÑÑое
заблÑждение: ÑоÑ, кÑо вÑÑказÑваеÑ
+ÑÑвеÑждение, либо заблÑждаеÑÑÑ, либо
пÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð²Ð²ÐµÑÑи в заблÑждение
+дÑÑгиÑ
. Ðо во вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае ÑÑо Ð²Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð²
заблÑждение, ÑлÑÑайно или
+злонамеÑенно.</p>
+
+<p>ÐаÑиÑиÑе ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого заблÑждениÑ
оÑказом Ð¾Ñ Ð»ÑбÑÑ
ÑÑвеÑждений, в коÑоÑÑÑ
+ÑпоÑÑеблÑеÑÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑеÑмин. ÐдинÑÑвеннÑй
ÑпоÑоб делаÑÑ Ð¾ÑмÑÑленнÑе замеÑаниÑ
+и ÑÑно мÑÑлиÑÑ Ð¾ лÑбом из ÑÑиÑ
законов — пÑежде вÑего оÑлиÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
+Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
дÑÑгиÑ
и говоÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ дÑмаÑÑ Ð¾Ð±
одном конкÑеÑном законе, Ñак ÑÑобÑ
+Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ понимаÑÑ, как он на Ñамом деле
ÑабоÑаеÑ, а заÑем ÑоÑмиÑоваÑÑ Ð²ÑводÑ
+об ÑÑом. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð±ÑÐ´Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ Ð¾
паÑенÑном пÑаве и о Ñом, ÑÑо пÑоиÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð²
+ÑеÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
, коÑоÑÑе допÑÑÑили, ÑÑобÑ
паÑенÑное пÑаво огÑаниÑивало
+пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, как ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ? ÐаÑÐµÐ½Ñ —
ÑÑо ÑÐ²Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
+пÑименение опÑеделенной идеи, вводимаÑ
гоÑÑдаÑÑÑвом. РпаÑенÑе еÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ,
+назÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñвками, коÑоÑÑе опиÑÑваÑÑ Ð²
ÑоÑноÑÑи, ÑÑо вам не ÑазÑеÑено
+делаÑÑ (Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ напиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ñаким обÑазом,
ÑÑо вÑ, веÑоÑÑно, не можеÑе ÑÑого
+понÑÑÑ). ÐÑо ÑÐµÐ»Ð°Ñ ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑ — понÑÑÑ,
ÑÑо ÑÑи запÑеÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñамом деле
+ознаÑаÑÑ, а они могÑÑ ÑÑнÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° многие
ÑÑÑаниÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ»ÐºÐ¸Ð¼ ÑÑиÑÑом.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑÑок дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа, как пÑавило,
ÑоÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð²Ð°Ð´ÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ, ÑÑо
+доволÑно много Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñей оÑÑаÑли. ÐвадÑаÑÑ
Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ не бÑло ÐÑемиÑной
+паÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ — огÑомное колиÑеÑÑво
пÑименений компÑÑÑеÑов Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð²
+облаÑÑи, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð°Ð´ÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´
невозможно бÑло даже пÑедложиÑÑ. ÐÑак,
+конеÑно, вÑемÑ, ÑÑо в ней делаÑÑ, менÑÑе
двадÑаÑи Ð»ÐµÑ — по
+менÑÑей меÑе в каком-Ñо аÑпекÑе ÑÑо ново.
Так ÑÑо еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ñвки
+на паÑенÑÑ, вÑе ÑÑо нам делаÑÑ Ð±Ñло бÑ
запÑеÑено, и нам могÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑиÑÑ
+делаÑÑ Ð²Ñе ÑÑо в ÑÑÑанаÑ
, коÑоÑÑе бÑли
доÑÑаÑоÑно глÑпÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑÑановиÑÑ
+Ñакие пÑавила.</p>
+
+<p>РболÑÑинÑÑве ÑлÑÑаев, когда лÑди
опиÑÑваÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑной ÑиÑÑемÑ, они
+маÑеÑиалÑно заинÑеÑеÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð² ÑÑой
ÑиÑÑеме. Ðни могÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑнÑми
+повеÑеннÑми, или они могÑÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð²
ÐаÑенÑном бÑÑо, или они могÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²
+паÑенÑном оÑделе мегакоÑпоÑаÑии, Ñак ÑÑо
они Ñ
оÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑиÑÑема вам
+нÑавилаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ´Ð½Ð°Ð¶Ð´Ñ Ð² <cite>ÐкономиÑÑе</cite> на паÑенÑнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñказали как на
+“лоÑеÑеÑ, поглоÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ñемє. ÐÑли вÑ
когда-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸, как
+ÑекламиÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¾ÑеÑеÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÐµÑе, как ÑÑо
ÑабоÑаеÑ: они деÑжаÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° оÑенÑ
+малÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑоÑÑноÑÑÑ Ð²ÑигÑÑÑа и не говоÑÑÑ Ð¾
подавлÑÑÑей веÑоÑÑноÑÑи
+пÑоигÑÑÑа. Таким обÑазом они
пÑеднамеÑенно и ÑиÑÑемаÑиÑеÑки пÑедлагаÑÑ
+необÑекÑивнÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸,
веÑоÑÑно, пÑоизойдеÑ, не доÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð´Ð¾
+ÑакÑиÑеÑкой лжи ни о какой деÑали.</p>
+
+<p>ТоÑно Ñаким же ÑпоÑобом ÑоÑмиÑÑеÑÑÑ
обÑеÑÑвенное мнение о паÑенÑной ÑиÑÑеме:
+они говоÑÑÑ, каково ÑÑо — вÑйÑи на
ÑлиÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑом в
+каÑмане — или, в Ñамом наÑале, каково
ÑÑо — полÑÑиÑÑ
+паÑенÑ, поÑом, каково ÑÑо — имеÑÑ Ð²
каÑмане паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸ Ñо и дело
+вÑнимаÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾, ÑказÑваÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ на кого-Ñо и
говоÑиÑÑ: “ÐÑдай мне Ñвои
+денÑги”.</p>
+
+<p>ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑкомпенÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
необÑекÑивноÑÑÑ, Ñ ÑобиÑаÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ ÑÑо Ñ
дÑÑгой
+ÑÑоÑонÑ, Ñо ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¶ÐµÑÑÐ²Ñ — каково
ÑÑо лÑдÑм, коÑоÑÑе Ñ
оÑÑÑ
+ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ, или ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ, или
ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами. Ðам
+пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð±ÐµÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо в лÑбой
Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐºÑо-Ñо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¹Ñи к вам,
+ÑкнÑÑÑ Ð² Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑом и ÑказаÑÑ: “ÐÑдай
мне Ñвои денÑги”.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð²
ÑÑÑане, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑÐºÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ
+на пÑогÑаммÑ, и Ñ
оÑиÑе ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ñ
паÑенÑнÑм пÑавом, ÑÑо вам пÑидеÑÑÑ
делаÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑобоваÑÑ ÑоÑÑавиÑÑ ÑпиÑок
вÑеÑ
идей, коÑоÑÑе можно найÑи в
+пÑогÑамме, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð²Ñ ÑобиÑаеÑеÑÑ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ,
еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÐ¾Ñ ÑакÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ ÑÑого
+не знаеÑе, когда наÑинаеÑе пиÑаÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ. [Ðо] даже когда Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñили
+пиÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñмогли бÑ
ÑоÑÑавиÑÑ Ñакой ÑпиÑок.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑиÑина в Ñом... в пÑоÑеÑÑе ÑÑого вÑ
воÑпÑинимаеÑе ÑÑо одним конкÑеÑнÑм
+обÑазом — Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¼ÑÑленнаÑ
ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑа, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑеÑе к
+ÑÑÑÑойÑÑÐ²Ñ Ñвоей пÑогÑаммÑ. РпоÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
не Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ ÑвидеÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгие
+ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе кÑо-Ñо мог бÑ
иÑполÑзоваÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÑ ÑÑ Ð¶Ðµ ÑамÑÑ
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑинаеÑе
не Ñ ÑиÑÑого
+лиÑÑа — Ð²Ñ Ñже ÑоÑÑавили ее, деÑжа в
Ñме Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑо-Ñо
+дÑÑгой, кÑо Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ñ ÐµÐµ впеÑвÑе, мог бÑ
ÑвидеÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгÑÑ ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑÑ, коÑоÑаÑ
+пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð»ÐµÐºÐ°ÐµÑ Ð´ÑÑгие идеи, и вам бÑло бÑ
ÑÑÑдно ÑвидеÑÑ, ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ñ ÑÑи дÑÑгие
+идеи. Ðо Ñем не менее они ÑÐµÐ°Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð²
ваÑей пÑогÑамме, и ÑÑи паÑенÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸
+Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, еÑли ÑÑи идеи
запаÑенÑованÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐапÑимеÑ, пÑедположим, ÑÑо бÑли бÑ
паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° гÑаÑиÑеÑкие идеи, а Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑели
+Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑиÑоваÑÑ ÐºÐ²Ð°Ð´ÑаÑ. ÐÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ñознали бÑ,
ÑÑо еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð±Ñл паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° нижнÑÑ
+ÑÑоÑонÑ, Ñо он запÑеÑал Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ²Ð°Ð´ÑаÑ. ÐÑ
могли Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ “нижнÑÑ
+ÑÑоÑонє в ÑпиÑок вÑеÑ
идей,
ÑеализованнÑÑ
в ваÑем ÑеÑÑеже. Ðо вÑ
+могли Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ оÑознаваÑÑ, ÑÑо кÑо-Ñо дÑÑгой, Ñ
паÑенÑом на нижние ÑглÑ, Ñоже
+легко мог Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑÑд, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
он мог Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð·ÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑеÑÑеж и
+повеÑнÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ на 45 гÑадÑÑов. Ð ÑепеÑÑ
Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ²Ð°Ð´ÑÐ°Ñ Ð²ÑглÑÐ´Ð¸Ñ Ñак, и Ñ
+него еÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸Ð¶Ð½Ð¸Ð¹ Ñгол.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ могли Ð±Ñ ÑоÑÑавиÑÑ ÑпиÑка
вÑеÑ
идей, коÑоÑÑе, бÑдÑÑи
+запаÑенÑованнÑми, могли Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ЧÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑобоваÑÑ
ÑделаÑÑ — ÑÑо ÑазÑзнаÑÑ Ð¾ вÑеÑ
идеÑÑ
,
+коÑоÑÑе запаÑенÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¸ коÑоÑÑе могли бÑ
бÑÑÑ Ð² ваÑей пÑогÑамме. Так воÑ, вÑ
+на Ñамом деле не можеÑе ÑÑого ÑделаÑÑ,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо заÑвки на паÑенÑÑ Ñ
ÑанÑÑÑÑ
+в ÑекÑеÑе по менÑÑей меÑе воÑемнадÑаÑÑ
меÑÑÑев; и в ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе ÐаÑенÑное
+бÑÑо могло Ð±Ñ Ð² даннÑй Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð´ÑмÑваÑÑ,
вÑдаваÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ паÑенÑ, и вам они об
+ÑÑом не ÑкажÑÑ. Ð ÑÑо не ÑмозÑиÑелÑнаÑ, не
ÑеоÑеÑиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐапÑимеÑ, в 1984 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð±Ñла напиÑана
пÑогÑамма compress, пÑогÑамма длÑ
+ÑжаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñайлов Ñ Ð¿Ñименением алгоÑиÑма
ÑжаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÑ
<abbr
+title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</abbr>, и на ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑоÑ
алгоÑиÑм ÑжаÑиÑ
+Ñайлов паÑенÑа не бÑло. ÐвÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð·Ñл
алгоÑиÑм из ÑÑаÑÑи в жÑÑнале. ÐÑо бÑло
+вÑемÑ, когда Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ñмали, ÑÑо назнаÑение
жÑÑналов по вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑной
+ÑеÑ
нике — пÑбликоваÑÑ Ð°Ð»Ð³Ð¾ÑиÑмÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñди могли воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
+ими.</p>
+
+<p>Ðн напиÑал ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, он вÑпÑÑÑил ее,
а в 1985 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð±Ñл вÑдан
+паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð°Ð»Ð³Ð¾ÑиÑм. Ðо деÑжаÑелÑ
паÑенÑа бÑл Ñ
иÑÐµÑ Ð¸ не ÑÑÐ°Ð·Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñел по
+лÑдÑм, пÑиказÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ пÑекÑаÑиÑÑ
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð°Ð»Ð³Ð¾ÑиÑмом. Ðн дÑмал:
+“Ðавай-ка дадим ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑкопаÑÑ Ñебе
могилÑ
+поглÑбже”. ÐеÑколÑкими годами позже они
наÑали ÑгÑожаÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм; ÑÑало
+ÑÑно, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммой compress, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑил
+лÑдей пÑедлагаÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгие алгоÑиÑмÑ,
коÑоÑÑе Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑжаÑиÑ
+Ñайлов.</p>
+
+<p>РкÑо-Ñо напиÑал и Ñказал: “Я
ÑазÑабоÑал дÑÑгой алгоÑиÑм ÑжаÑиÑ
+даннÑÑ
, коÑоÑÑй ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð»ÑÑÑе, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñал
пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñ Ñ
оÑел Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑедаÑÑ ÐµÐµ
+вам”. Так ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ ÑобÑалиÑÑ Ð²ÑпÑÑÑиÑÑ ÐµÐµ,
а за Ð½ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð´Ð¾ Ñого, как она
+бÑла гоÑова к вÑпÑÑкÑ, Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑел в
еженеделÑной паÑенÑной колонке
+“ÐÑÑ-ÐоÑк Таймє, коÑоÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ñедка
пÑоÑмаÑÑивал,— можеÑ
+бÑÑÑ, паÑÑ Ñаз в год,— но по ÑиÑÑой
ÑлÑÑайноÑÑи Ñ Ñвидел, ÑÑо кÑо-Ñо
+полÑÑил паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° “изобÑеÑение нового
меÑода ÑжаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÑ
”. Ð
+Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ñ Ñказал, ÑÑо нам лÑÑÑе взглÑнÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
него, и ÑазÑмееÑÑÑ, он
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑлÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñ
ÑобиÑалиÑÑ Ð²ÑпÑÑÑиÑÑ. Ðо могло бÑ
+бÑÑÑ Ñ
Ñже: паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²Ñдан ÑеÑез
год, или ÑеÑез два года, или ÑеÑез
+ÑÑи года, или ÑеÑез пÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðак Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло, наÑелÑÑ ÐºÑо-Ñо Ñ Ð´ÑÑгим,
еÑе лÑÑÑим алгоÑиÑмом ÑжаÑиÑ,
+коÑоÑÑй бÑл иÑполÑзован в пÑогÑамме gzip, и
поÑÑи каждÑй, кÑо Ñ
оÑел ÑжимаÑÑ
+ÑайлÑ, пеÑеÑел на gzip, Ñак ÑÑо законÑилоÑÑ
вÑе как бÑдÑо Ñ
оÑоÑо. Ðо ÑÑÑÑ
+позже Ð²Ñ ÑÑлÑÑиÑе кое-ÑÑо еÑе. ÐÐ¾Ð½ÐµÑ Ð±Ñл не
ÑовÑем Ñаким благополÑÑнÑм.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе ÑзнаÑÑ Ð¾ паÑенÑаÑ
,
коÑоÑÑе в даннÑй моменÑ
+ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑÑÑ, неÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñо, ÑÑо они
могÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ, как
+ÑолÑко они вÑйдÑÑ, но Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑзнаÑÑ Ð¾Ð±
Ñже вÑданнÑÑ
паÑенÑаÑ
. ÐÑе они
+пÑбликÑÑÑÑÑ ÐаÑенÑнÑм бÑÑо. ÐÑоблема в
Ñом, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе пÑоÑеÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
+вÑе, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо иÑ
ÑлиÑком много.</p>
+
+<p>РСШÐ, по-моемÑ, еÑÑÑ ÑоÑни ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов
на пÑогÑаммÑ; оÑÑлеживаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
бÑло
+Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð³Ñомной ÑабоÑой. Так ÑÑо вам пÑиÑлоÑÑ
Ð±Ñ Ð¸ÑкаÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ, оÑноÑÑÑиеÑÑ Ðº
+делÑ. Ð Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñли Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑво ÑакиÑ
паÑенÑов, но Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ обÑзаÑелÑно наÑли бÑ
+иÑ
вÑе.</p>
+
+<p>ÐапÑимеÑ, в воÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑе и девÑноÑÑÑе
Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð±Ñл паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°
+“еÑÑеÑÑвеннÑй поÑÑдок пеÑеÑÑеÑа” в
ÑлекÑÑоннÑÑ
ÑаблиÑаÑ
. ÐднаждÑ
+кÑо-Ñо попÑоÑил Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ ÑÑого паÑенÑа,
Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð»ÑнÑл в Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñайл Ñо
+ÑпиÑком номеÑов паÑенÑов. Ð Ñогда Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑл
ÑÑик, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑаÑÑ Ð±ÑмажнÑÑ
+ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ ÑÑого паÑенÑа, ÑкопиÑовал его и
оÑоÑлал емÑ. Ркогда он полÑÑил его,
+он Ñказал: “Я дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑлали мне
не ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ. Ð ÑÑом
+говоÑиÑÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо о компилÑÑоÑаÑ
”. Так
ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñмал, ÑÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, Ñ
+Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð² Ñайле бÑл не ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑ. Я Ñнова
заглÑнÑл в него, и Ñам, ÑазÑмееÑÑÑ,
+бÑло Ñказано: “ÐеÑод компилиÑованиÑ
ÑоÑмÑл в обÑекÑнÑй код”. Так
+ÑÑо Ñ ÑÑал ÑиÑаÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÑ, бÑл ли
ÑÑо дейÑÑвиÑелÑно не ÑоÑ
+паÑенÑ. Я ÑиÑал пÑнкÑÑ, и ÑазÑмееÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
бÑл паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° еÑÑеÑÑвеннÑй поÑÑдок
+пеÑеÑÑеÑа, но ÑÑи ÑеÑÐ¼Ð¸Ð½Ñ Ð² нем не
ÑпоÑÑеблÑлиÑÑ. Рнем не ÑпоÑÑеблÑлÑÑ
+ÑеÑмин “ÑлекÑÑÐ¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑаблиÑа”.
ФакÑиÑеÑки, Ñо, ÑÑо запÑеÑал
+паÑенÑ, бÑло деÑÑÑком ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
ÑпоÑобов
ÑеализаÑии ÑопологиÑеÑкой
+ÑоÑÑиÑовки — вÑе ÑпоÑобÑ, какие они
Ñмогли пÑидÑмаÑÑ. Ðо Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо Ñам ÑпоÑÑеблÑлÑÑ ÑеÑмин
“ÑопологиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑоÑÑиÑовка”.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¸Ñали ÑаблиÑнÑй
пÑоÑеÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¸ попÑÑалиÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñи оÑноÑÑÑиеÑÑ Ðº
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¸Ñка, Ñо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸
Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñи множеÑÑво паÑенÑов. Ðо
+Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ наÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÑого паÑенÑа, пока Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ
Ñказали Ð±Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ-Ñо: “Ð Ñ
+ÑабоÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ ÑаблиÑнÑм пÑоÑеÑÑоÑом”, а
он Ñказал бÑ: “РвÑ
+знаеÑе, ÑÑо Ñе, дÑÑгие компании, коÑоÑÑе
делаÑÑ ÑаблиÑнÑе пÑоÑеÑÑоÑÑ, попали
+под ÑÑд?” Тогда Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ñзнали.</p>
+
+<p>Ðадно, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе найÑи вÑе паÑенÑÑ Ñ
помоÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¸Ñка, но Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе найÑи
+иÑ
много. Ð Ñогда вам пÑидеÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑÑнÑÑÑ,
ÑÑо они ознаÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо нелегко,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð½ÑÑиÑелÑнÑм
ÑÑидиÑеÑким ÑзÑком, наÑÑоÑÑее
+знаÑение коÑоÑого оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑÑдно понимаÑÑ.
Так ÑÑо вам пÑидеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑаÑиÑÑ
+много вÑемени на доÑогоÑÑоÑÑие ÑазговоÑÑ
Ñ ÑÑиÑÑом, обÑÑÑнÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе
+делаÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑзнаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑиÑÑа, позволено
ли вам ÑÑо делаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðаже пÑавообладаÑели паÑенÑов ÑаÑÑо не
могÑÑ Ð¾ÑознаÑÑ, ÑÑо ознаÑаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
+паÑенÑÑ. ÐапÑимеÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÑо по имени Ðол
Хекел, коÑоÑÑй вÑпÑÑÑил пÑогÑаммÑ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾ÑобÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑого колиÑеÑÑва
даннÑÑ
на неболÑÑом ÑкÑане, и на
+оÑновании паÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¹ из ÑÑой пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð½
полÑÑил паÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ´Ð½Ð°Ð¶Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑалÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñи пÑоÑÑой ÑпоÑоб
опиÑаÑÑ Ñо, на ÑÑо ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ
+пÑÐ½ÐºÑ 1 одного из ÑÑиÑ
паÑенÑов. Я понÑл,
ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñи никакого
+более пÑоÑÑого ÑпоÑоба ÑказаÑÑ ÑÑо, Ñем
ÑоÑ, коÑоÑÑй бÑл в Ñамом паÑенÑе; а
+ÑÑо пÑедложение мне не ÑдавалоÑÑ ÑдеÑжаÑÑ
в Ñме Ñеликом, как Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð¸
+ÑÑаÑалÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РХекел Ñоже не мог ÑÑо пÑоÑледиÑÑ,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо когда он Ñвидел HyperCard,
+вÑе, ÑÑо он замеÑил, не имело ниÑего обÑего
Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ пÑогÑаммой. ÐÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+пÑиÑ
одило в головÑ, ÑÑо его паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² Ñом
виде, в каком он бÑл напиÑан, мог
+Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑаÑÑ HyperCard; но его ÑÑиÑÑ ÑÑо понÑл,
Ñак ÑÑо он ÑÑал ÑгÑожаÑÑ
+Apple. РпоÑом он ÑÑал ÑгÑожаÑÑ ÐºÐ»Ð¸ÐµÐ½Ñам Apple, и
в конÑе конÑов компаниÑ
+Apple заклÑÑила Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼ договоÑ, коÑоÑÑй Ñ
ÑаниÑÑÑ Ð² ÑекÑеÑе, Ñак ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+знаем, кÑо в дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи победил. Ð
ÑÑо ÑолÑко иллÑÑÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñого, как
+ÑÑÑдно Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло понÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑаеÑ, а
+ÑÑо — неÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðа Ñамом деле, Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ð¶Ð´Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑÑпал Ñ ÑеÑÑÑ,
и Хекел бÑл в аÑдиÑоÑии. Рна
+ÑÑом меÑÑе он вÑкоÑил и Ñказал: “ÐÑо
непÑавда, Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо не знал
+диапазона Ñвоей заÑиÑÑ”. Ð Ñ Ñказал:
“ÐÑ Ð´Ð°, именно ÑÑо Ñ Ð¸
+говоÑил”,— и ÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½ Ñел, и болÑÑе мне
не пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð¾ÑвлекаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+возÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¥ÐµÐºÐµÐ»Ð°. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ñ Ñказал
“неє, он, веÑоÑÑно, наÑел
+Ð±Ñ ÑпоÑоб поÑпоÑиÑÑ Ñо мной.</p>
+
+<p>Ðак Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло, поÑле долгиÑ
и доÑогиÑ
пеÑеговоÑов Ñ ÑÑиÑÑом он даÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
+пÑимеÑно Ñакой оÑвеÑ:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>ÐÑли Ð²Ñ ÑÑо-Ñо делаеÑе в ÑÑой
облаÑÑи, Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи навеÑнÑка пÑоигÑаеÑе
+пÑоÑеÑÑ; еÑли Ð²Ñ ÑÑо-Ñо делаеÑе в ÑÑой
облаÑÑи, еÑÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑиÑелÑнаÑ
+веÑоÑÑноÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоигÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑеÑÑ; и еÑли вÑ
дейÑÑвиÑелÑно Ñ
оÑиÑе бÑÑÑ Ð²
+безопаÑноÑÑи, вам оÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ñ
одиÑÑ ÑÑÑ
облаÑÑÑ ÑÑоÑоной. Ðо еÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÑнаÑ
+Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ñ ÑлÑÑайноÑÑи в иÑÑ
оде лÑбого
ÑÑдебного пÑоÑеÑÑа.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑепеÑÑ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñли ÑÑнÑе
пÑедÑказÑемÑе пÑавила Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ», ÑÑо
+Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñамом деле ÑобиÑаеÑеÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ? ÐÑ,
еÑÑÑ ÑÑи веÑи, коÑоÑÑе Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ бÑ
+делаÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑеÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð»Ñбого
конкÑеÑного паÑенÑа. Ðо-пеÑвÑÑ
,
+избегаÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾, во-вÑоÑÑÑ
, полÑÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° него
лиÑензиÑ, а в-ÑÑеÑÑиÑ
, показаÑÑ,
+ÑÑо он недейÑÑвиÑелен. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð±ÑдÑ
обÑÑждаÑÑ ÑÑо одно за дÑÑгим.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо-пеÑвÑÑ
, еÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ¶Ð°ÑÑ
паÑенÑа, ÑÑо знаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑеализовÑваÑÑ
+Ñо, ÑÑо он запÑеÑаеÑ. ÐонеÑно, еÑли ÑÑÑдно
ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо он запÑеÑаеÑ, Ñо
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑÑÑдно ÑказаÑÑ, Ñего
доÑÑаÑоÑно, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ избежаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Kodak подала в ÑÑд
на Sun [за] полÑзование паÑенÑом
+на Ñо, ÑÑо оÑноÑилоÑÑ Ðº
обÑекÑно-оÑиенÑиÑованномÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ, а в Sun
+не дÑмали, ÑÑо ÑÑо бÑло наÑÑÑением паÑенÑа.
Ðо ÑÑд ÑеÑил, ÑÑо ÑÑо бÑло
+наÑÑÑением; а когда дÑÑгие ÑмоÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑоÑ
паÑенÑ, Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ малейÑего
+пÑедÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, бÑло ÑÑо ÑеÑение
веÑнÑм или неÑ. ÐикÑо не можеÑ
+ÑказаÑÑ, на ÑÑо ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ, а на ÑÑо не
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ,
+но компании Sun пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð²ÑплаÑиÑÑ ÑоÑни
миллионов доллаÑов за наÑÑÑение
+закона, коÑоÑÑй ÑовеÑÑенно невозможно
понÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðногда Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑказаÑÑ, Ñего вам нÑжно
избегаÑÑ, и иногда Ñо, Ñего вам
+нÑжно избегаÑÑ — ÑÑо алгоÑиÑм.</p>
+
+<p>ÐапÑимеÑ, Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ» паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо-Ñо вÑоде
бÑÑÑÑого пÑеобÑÐ°Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¤ÑÑÑе, но
+оно вÑполнÑлоÑÑ Ð²Ð´Ð²Ð¾Ðµ бÑÑÑÑее. ÐÑ, еÑли
обÑÑное ÐÐФ доÑÑаÑоÑно бÑÑÑÑо длÑ
+ваÑего пÑиложениÑ, Ñо ÑÑо пÑоÑÑой ÑпоÑоб
избегаÑÑ Ñого, дÑÑгого. Ð
+болÑÑинÑÑве ÑлÑÑаев ÑÑо ÑабоÑало бÑ. ÐÑемÑ
Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñемени Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ
+делаÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо, где ÐÐФ вÑполнÑеÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе
вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ его ÑкоÑоÑÑи ÑолÑко-ÑолÑко
+доÑÑаÑоÑно, еÑли иÑполÑзоваÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ
бÑÑÑÑÑй алгоÑиÑм. Ð Ñогда Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе
+избежаÑÑ ÑÑого, Ñ
оÑÑ, возможно, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ бÑ
подождаÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ, когда
+поÑвиÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÑÑее. Ðо Ñакой
ÑлÑÑай бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ñедким. РболÑÑинÑÑве
+ÑлÑÑаев ÑÑого паÑенÑа бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð»ÐµÐ³ÐºÐ¾
избежаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>С дÑÑгой ÑÑоÑонÑ, избежаÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа на
алгоÑиÑм Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
+невозможно. РаÑÑмоÑÑим алгоÑиÑм ÑжаÑÐ¸Ñ LZW.
ÐÑ, как Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÑнÑл, Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñли
+более Ñ
оÑоÑий алгоÑиÑм ÑжаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÑ
, и
каждÑй, кÑо Ñ
оÑел ÑжимаÑÑ ÑайлÑ,
+пеÑеÑел на пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ gzip, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑла
ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ Ñ
оÑоÑий алгоÑиÑм. Ð
+пÑиÑина бÑла в Ñом, ÑÑо еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо Ñ
оÑиÑе ÑжаÑÑ Ñайл и воÑÑÑановиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+впоÑледÑÑвии, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
лÑди полÑзовалиÑÑ ÑÑой пÑогÑаммой,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð¾ÑÑÑановиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾; Ñогда Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñбой пÑогÑаммой Ñ
+лÑбÑм алгоÑиÑмом и Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ñ ÑолÑко Ñо,
наÑколÑко Ñ
оÑоÑо она ÑабоÑаеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо алгоÑиÑм LZW пÑименÑлÑÑ Ð¸ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´ÑÑгого;
напÑимеÑ, ÑзÑк PostScript
+опÑеделÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑоÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑжаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸
воÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÑ
, ÑжаÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ
+ÑÑого алгоÑиÑма. ÐÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ пÑÐ¾ÐºÑ Ð² Ñом,
ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгой, лÑÑÑий
+алгоÑиÑм, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо он пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñе
в дÑÑгом ÑоÑмаÑе. Ðни не
+ÑовмеÑÑимÑ. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ ÑожмеÑе ÑÑо алгоÑиÑмом
gzip, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑможеÑе воÑÑÑановиÑÑ
+ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ LZW. Так ÑÑо незавиÑимо оÑ
Ñого, наÑколÑко Ñ
оÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´ÑÑгой
+алгоÑиÑм и каков он, он пÑоÑÑо не позволÑеÑ
вам ÑеализоваÑÑ PostScript в
+ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвии Ñо ÑпеÑиÑикаÑиÑми.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÑил, ÑÑо полÑзоваÑели Ñедко
пÑоÑÑÑ Ñвои пÑинÑеÑÑ ÑжимаÑÑ
+ÑÑо-Ñо. ÐбÑÑно единÑÑвенное, Ñего они Ñ
оÑÑÑ
Ð¾Ñ ÑвоиÑ
пÑинÑеÑов —
+ÑÑо воÑÑÑанавливаÑÑ ÑжаÑÑе даннÑе; и Ñ
Ñакже замеÑил, ÑÑо оба паÑенÑа на
+алгоÑиÑм LZW напиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ñак, ÑÑо еÑли ваÑа
ÑиÑÑема ÑолÑко Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð»ÐµÐºÐ°ÐµÑ ÑжаÑÑе
+даннÑе, Ñо она не запÑеÑена. ÐÑи паÑенÑÑ
напиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ñак, ÑÑо они
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ ÑолÑко на ÑжаÑие, и в ниÑ
еÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгие пÑнкÑÑ, каÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ
+как ÑжаÑиÑ, Ñак и воÑÑÑановлениÑ; но Ñам
Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑнкÑа, коÑоÑÑй
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ ÑолÑко на
воÑÑÑановление даннÑÑ
. ÐÑак, Ñ Ð¾Ñознал, ÑÑо
еÑли
+Ð¼Ñ ÑеализÑем ÑолÑко извлеÑение даннÑÑ
длÑ
LZW, Ñо Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñдем в безопаÑноÑÑи. Ð
+Ñ
оÑÑ ÑÑо не ÑдовлеÑвоÑÐ¸Ñ ÑпеÑиÑикаÑии, ÑÑо
в доÑÑаÑоÑной меÑе ÑдовлеÑвоÑиÑ
+полÑзоваÑелей; ÑÑого Ñ
ваÑило Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого,
ÑÑо им на Ñамом деле бÑло нÑжно. Ð
+Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ñак нам ÑдалоÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ¶Ð°ÑÑ Ð´Ð²ÑÑ
паÑенÑов, бÑквалÑно пÑоÑиÑнÑвÑиÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ
+ними.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, еÑÑÑ ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ GIF, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¾Ð±Ñажений. Ð
нем Ñоже пÑименÑеÑÑÑ Ð°Ð»Ð³Ð¾ÑиÑм
+LZW. Ðе пÑоÑло много вÑемени, как лÑди
опÑеделили дÑÑгой ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¾Ð±Ñажений,
+названнÑй PNG, ÑÑо знаÑÐ¸Ñ “PNG — не
GIF”
+(“PNG's Not GIF”). Ðо-моемÑ, Ñам пÑименÑеÑÑÑ
алгоÑиÑм gzip. РмÑ
+ÑÑали говоÑиÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм: “Ðе полÑзÑйÑеÑÑ
ÑоÑмаÑом GIF, ÑÑо
+опаÑно. ÐеÑеÑ
одиÑе на PNG”. Ð
полÑзоваÑели оÑвеÑали: “ÐÑ, можеÑ
+бÑÑÑ, когда-нибÑдÑ, но в бÑаÑзеÑаÑ
он пока
не Ñеализован”, а
+ÑазÑабоÑÑики бÑаÑзеÑов оÑвеÑали:
“ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, Ð¼Ñ ÑеализÑем ÑÑо
+когда-нибÑдÑ, но ÑпÑÐ¾Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей на
ÑÑо невелик”.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ, доволÑно оÑевидно, ÑÑо пÑоиÑÑ
одило — GIF бÑл ÑакÑиÑеÑким
+ÑÑандаÑÑом. Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе пÑоÑиÑÑ Ð»Ñдей
пеÑейÑи на дÑÑгой ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑо иÑ
+ÑакÑиÑеÑкого ÑÑандаÑÑа — ÑÑо вÑе
Ñавно, ÑÑо пÑоÑиÑÑ Ð²ÑеÑ
в Ðовой
+Ðеландии говоÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾-венгеÑÑки. ÐÑди
ÑкажÑÑ: “Ð, да-да, Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑÑ ÑÑоÑ
+ÑзÑк, когда вÑе дÑÑгие ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо”. Ð
Ñаким обÑазом, нам Ñак и не
+ÑдалоÑÑ ÑговоÑиÑÑ Ð»Ñдей пеÑеÑÑаÑÑ
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ GIF, неÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñо, ÑÑо один
+из пÑавообладаÑелей ÑеÑ
паÑенÑов Ñ
одил оÑ
одного опеÑаÑоÑа ÑайÑов к дÑÑгомÑ,
+ÑгÑÐ¾Ð¶Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ пÑеÑледованием в ÑлÑÑае, еÑли
они не ÑмогÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ, ÑÑо вÑе
+ÑÐ°Ð¹Ð»Ñ GIF на ÑайÑе ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ
ÑанкÑиониÑованнÑÑ
, лиÑензионнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо GIF бÑл опаÑной западней длÑ
болÑÑой ÑаÑÑи наÑего ÑообÑеÑÑва. ÐÑ
+дÑмали, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñла алÑÑеÑнаÑива
ÑоÑмаÑÑ GIF, а именно, JPEG, но поÑом
+кÑо-Ñо Ñказал: “Я ÑолÑко ÑÑо
пÑоÑмаÑÑивал ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑопкÑ
+паÑенÑов”,— Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо бÑл кÑо-Ñо,
кÑо пÑоÑÑо кÑпил паÑенÑÑ Ð¸
+пÑименÑл иÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑгÑожаÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм;
и он Ñказал,— “и Ñ
+обнаÑÑжил, ÑÑо один из ниÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ JPEG”.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ, JPEG не бÑл ÑакÑиÑеÑким ÑÑандаÑÑом, он
бÑл оÑиÑиалÑнÑм ÑÑандаÑÑом,
+вÑпÑÑеннÑм комиÑеÑом ÑÑандаÑÑов; и Ñ ÑÑого
комиÑеÑа Ñоже бÑл ÑÑиÑÑ. ÐÑ
ÑÑиÑÑ
+Ñказал, ÑÑо он не дÑмаеÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ
дейÑÑвиÑелÑно ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ JPEG.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, кÑо пÑав? ÐÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑавообладаÑелÑ
ÑÑдилÑÑ Ñ ÐºÑÑей компаний, и еÑли бÑ
+ÑÑд вÑÐ½ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑановление, в нем бÑло бÑ
Ñказано, кÑо пÑав. Ðо Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑлÑÑал о
+ÑеÑении; Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑвеÑен, ÑÑо оно когда-нибÑдÑ
бÑло. Я дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо они
+договоÑилиÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑловиÑÑ
, коÑоÑÑе поÑÑи
навеÑнÑка Ñ
ÑанÑÑÑÑ Ð² ÑекÑеÑе, а ÑÑо
+знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем понÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð· ÑÑого, кÑо
пÑав.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо доволÑно незнаÑиÑелÑнÑе ÑлÑÑаи: один
паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° JPEG, два паÑенÑа на
+алгоÑиÑм LZW, пÑименÑемÑй в GIF. Так воÑ, вÑ
могли Ð±Ñ ÑдивиÑÑÑÑ, как вÑÑло,
+ÑÑо еÑÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð° паÑенÑа на один и ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¶Ðµ
алгоÑиÑм? ÐообÑе-Ñо ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
+положено, но ÑÑо ÑлÑÑилоÑÑ. Ð
пÑиÑина — в Ñом, ÑÑо Ñ Ð»Ñдей,
+оÑениваÑÑиÑ
паÑенÑÑ, Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹
возможноÑÑи найÑи вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñо, ÑÑобÑ
+изÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´ÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов, коÑоÑÑе им
нÑжно бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·ÑÑиÑÑ Ð¸
+ÑопоÑÑавиÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо им не позволено
ÑделÑÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñак много вÑемени. Ð
+поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð°Ð»Ð³Ð¾ÑиÑÐ¼Ñ — ÑÑо пÑоÑÑо
маÑемаÑика, Ñо Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
+ÑпоÑоба ÑÑзиÑÑ ÑиÑло заÑвок и паÑенÑов,
коÑоÑÑе вам нÑжно ÑопоÑÑавлÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐонимаеÑе, в облаÑÑи ÑизиÑеÑкого
пÑоекÑиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ могÑÑ Ð²Ð¾ÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
+ÑизиÑеÑкой пÑиÑодой Ñого, ÑÑо пÑоиÑÑ
одиÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑзиÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð±Ð¾Ñ. ÐапÑимеÑ,
+в облаÑÑи Ñ
имии они могÑÑ ÑказаÑÑ:
“Ðакие веÑеÑÑва беÑÑÑÑÑ? Ðакие
+веÑеÑÑва полÑÑаÑÑÑÑ?” ÐÑли две
ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
заÑвки [на паÑенÑ] оÑлиÑаÑÑÑÑ
+в ÑÑом оÑноÑении, Ñо они не каÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
и Ñого же пÑоÑеÑÑа, Ñак ÑÑо вам
+неÑего и беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ. Ðо одни и Ñе же
маÑемаÑиÑеÑкие вÑкладки можно
+пÑедÑÑавиÑÑ ÑпоÑобами, коÑоÑÑе могÑÑ
вÑглÑдеÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾-ÑазномÑ, и пока вÑ
+не изÑÑиÑе вмеÑÑе и Ñо, и дÑÑгое, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ
оÑознаеÑе, ÑÑо они говоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð± одном
+и Ñом же. Риз-за ÑÑого ÑлÑÑай, когда мÑ
видим, ÑÑо одно и Ñо же паÑенÑÑеÑÑÑ
+[в пÑогÑаммаÑ
] многокÑаÑно, вполне
обÑÑен.</p>
+
+<p>ÐомниÑе ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ
Ñбил до Ñого, как Ð¼Ñ ÐµÐµ вÑпÑÑÑили? Так
+воÑ, ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð°Ð»Ð³Ð¾ÑиÑм Ñоже бÑл запаÑенÑован
дваждÑ. Родной неболÑÑой облаÑÑи мÑ
+видели, ÑÑо ÑÑо пÑоизоÑло в двÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
,
на коÑоÑÑе мÑ
+наÑкнÑлиÑÑ — один и ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¶Ðµ алгоÑиÑм
бÑл запаÑенÑован дваждÑ. ÐÑ,
+Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÑнил вам, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑо пÑоиÑÑ
одиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо один или два паÑенÑа — ÑÑо легкий
ÑлÑÑай. Ркак наÑÑеÑ
+видеоÑоÑмаÑа MPEG2? Я видел ÑпиÑок более Ñем
из 70 паÑенÑов,
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ð½Ð° него, и пеÑеговоÑÑ Ñ
ÑелÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñи ÑпоÑоб лиÑензиÑоваÑÑ
+комÑ-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð²Ñе ÑÑи ÑоÑмаÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ñли болÑÑе
вÑемени, Ñем ÑазÑабоÑка Ñамого
+ÑÑандаÑÑа. ÐомиÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ JPEG Ñ
оÑел ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ
ÑÑандаÑÑ Ð½Ð° его оÑнове, но они
+оÑказалиÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого. Ðни Ñказали, ÑÑо
паÑенÑов ÑлиÑком много; не бÑло
+никакой возможноÑÑи ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо.</p>
+
+<p>Ðногда паÑенÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑобенноÑÑÑ, и
единÑÑвеннÑй ÑпоÑоб избежаÑÑ ÑÑого
+паÑенÑа — не ÑеализовÑваÑÑ ÑÑÑ
оÑобенноÑÑÑ. ÐапÑимеÑ,
+полÑзоваÑели ÑекÑÑового пÑоÑеÑÑоÑа Xywrite
Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ð¶Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑили по поÑÑе веÑÑиÑ,
+в коÑоÑой бÑла Ñдалена одна возможноÑÑÑ.
Ðна ÑоÑÑоÑла в Ñом, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸
+опÑеделÑÑÑ ÑпиÑок ÑокÑаÑений. ÐапÑимеÑ,
еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделÑеÑе
+“ÑкÑп” как ÑокÑаÑение Ñлова
“ÑкÑпеÑименє, Ñо еÑли
+Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑаÑаеÑе “ÑкÑп-пÑобел” или
“ÑкÑп-запÑÑає, Ñо
+“ÑкÑп” заменÑлоÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑомаÑиÑеÑки
на “ÑкÑпеÑименє.</p>
+
+<p>ÐоÑом кÑо-Ñо, Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ бÑл паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÑ
оÑобенноÑÑÑ, ÑÑал им ÑгÑожаÑÑ, и они
+Ñделали вÑвод, ÑÑо единÑÑвенное, ÑÑо они
могÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ — ÑÑо
+ÑбÑаÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑобенноÑÑÑ. Так ÑÑо они
ÑазоÑлали вÑем полÑзоваÑелÑм ÑÑ
ÑдÑеннÑÑ
+веÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ· ÑÑой возможноÑÑи.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо они Ñакже ÑвÑзалиÑÑ Ñо мной, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо в моем ÑедакÑоÑе Emacs подобнаÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð±Ñла наÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñа
ÑемидеÑÑÑÑÑ
. Рона бÑла опиÑана в
+ÑÑководÑÑве по Emacs, Ñак ÑÑо они подÑмали,
ÑÑо Ñ, возможно, мог Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑ
+им показаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ
недейÑÑвиÑелен. ÐÑ, Ñ ÑÑаÑÑлив знаÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ
+Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² жизни бÑла Ñ
оÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð° идеÑ,
коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑоваÑÑ, но
+Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ÑÑаеÑ, ÑÑо ее запаÑенÑовал кÑо-Ñо
дÑÑгой.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ, ÑакÑиÑеÑки ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñл в
конÑе конÑов пÑизнан
+недейÑÑвиÑелÑнÑм, и ÑаÑÑиÑно — в ÑилÑ
ÑакÑа, ÑÑо Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ñбликовал
+его ÑеализаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñанее. Ðо на ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
бÑли вÑнÑÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑдалиÑÑ ÑÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, ÑдалиÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ две
возможноÑÑи — ÑÑо, навеÑное, не
+каÑаÑÑÑоÑа. Ðо когда вам пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ
ÑдалиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑоÑни ÑÑнкÑий, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ бÑ
+ÑÑо ÑделаÑÑ, но лÑди, ÑкоÑее вÑего, ÑкажÑÑ:
“Ð ÑÑой пÑогÑамме неÑ
+ниÑего Ñ
оÑоÑего; в ней Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ одной нÑжной
мне ÑÑнкÑии”. Так ÑÑо ÑÑо,
+навеÑное, не ÑеÑение. Риногда паÑенÑ
наÑÑолÑко ÑиÑок, ÑÑо он оÑ
ваÑÑваеÑ
+ÑелÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑаÑлÑ, напÑимеÑ, паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°
ÑиÑÑование Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм клÑÑом, коÑоÑÑй
+ÑакÑиÑеÑки Ñделал ÑиÑÑование Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм
клÑÑом по ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾ÑÑгаемÑм
+пÑимеÑно на деÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо ÑÑо ваÑÐ¸Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ³Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÐµÐ¼
паÑенÑа — ÑаÑÑо возможнÑй, но
+иногда — неÑ, и еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñедел ÑиÑлÑ
паÑенÑов, коÑоÑÑÑ
Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
+избегаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðак наÑÑÐµÑ ÑледÑÑÑей возможноÑÑи,
возможноÑÑи полÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñензии на
паÑенÑ?</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ, пÑавообладаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ
пÑедлагаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ лиÑензии. ÐÑо его лиÑное
+дело. Ðн мог Ð±Ñ ÑказаÑÑ: “Я пÑоÑÑо Ñ
оÑÑ
пÑикÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÑ
+конÑоÑÑ”. ÐÐ´Ð½Ð°Ð¶Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑил пиÑÑмо оÑ
кого-Ñо, ÑÑÑ ÑемÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð°ÑÑ
+пÑоизводÑÑвом азаÑÑнÑÑ
игÑ, коÑоÑÑе бÑли,
конеÑно, компÑÑÑеÑизованÑ, и емÑ
+ÑгÑожал пÑавообладаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа, коÑоÑÑй Ñ
оÑел пÑикÑÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ пÑедпÑиÑÑие. Ðн
+пÑиÑлал мне ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ. ÐÑÐ½ÐºÑ 1 звÑÑал
пÑимеÑно как “ÑеÑÑ Ñо
+множеÑÑвом компÑÑÑеÑов, в коÑоÑой каждÑй
компÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑво
+Ð¸Ð³Ñ Ð¸ допÑÑÐºÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑво одновÑеменнÑÑ
ÑеанÑов игÑÑ”.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ, Ñ ÑвеÑен, ÑÑо в воÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑÑ
годаÑ
XX века бÑл ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑ,
+коÑоÑÑй обÑÑавил аÑдиÑоÑÐ¸Ñ ÑеÑÑÑ ÑабоÑиÑ
ÑÑанÑий, и на каждой ÑÑанÑии бÑла
+Ñого или иного Ñода Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑеда. ÐÑе, ÑÑо
им нÑжно бÑло Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ,—
+ÑÑо ÑÑÑановиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑколÑко игÑ, и можно бÑло
Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·ÑваÑÑ ÑÑÐ°Ð·Ñ Ð½ÐµÑколÑко
+ÑеанÑов игÑÑ. ÐÑо Ñак ÑÑивиалÑно и
неинÑеÑеÑно, ÑÑо никÑо не ÑÑал бÑ
+возиÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑбликаÑией ÑÑаÑÑи об ÑÑом.
ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло инÑеÑеÑно пÑбликоваÑÑ
+ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом, но ÑÑо имело ÑмÑÑл
запаÑенÑоваÑÑ. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ пÑиÑло в
+головÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ
на ÑÑÑ ÑÑивиалÑнÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑ, Ñо вÑ
+могли Ð±Ñ Ñ ÐµÐµ помоÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑикÑÑÑÑ ÑвоиÑ
конкÑÑенÑов.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐаÑенÑное бÑÑо вÑÐ´Ð°ÐµÑ Ñак
много паÑенÑов, кажÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ абÑÑÑднÑми
+и ÑÑивиалÑнÑми?</p>
+
+<p>Ðе поÑомÑ, ÑÑо Ñе, кÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ,
глÑпÑ, а поÑомÑ, ÑÑо они
+подÑинÑÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеме, а в ÑиÑÑеме еÑÑÑ
пÑавила, и пÑавила пÑиводÑÑ Ðº ÑÑомÑ
+ÑезÑлÑÑаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐонимаеÑе, еÑли кÑо-Ñо Ñделал маÑинÑ,
коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑо-Ñо один Ñаз, а
+кÑо-Ñо дÑÑгой конÑÑÑÑиÑÑÐµÑ Ð¼Ð°ÑинÑ, коÑоÑаÑ
Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ñо же Ñамое, но
+N Ñаз, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑо Ñикл <code>for</code>, а длÑ
ÐаÑенÑного бÑÑо ÑÑо
+изобÑеÑение. ÐÑли еÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°ÑинÑ, коÑоÑÑе
могÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ð, и маÑинÑ, коÑоÑÑе
+могÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ð, и кÑо-Ñо конÑÑÑÑиÑÑеÑ
маÑинÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ð Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ Ð,
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑо опеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ <code>if-then-else</code>, а длÑ
ÐаÑенÑного бÑÑо ÑÑо
+изобÑеÑение. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð·ÐºÐ¸Ðµ
ноÑмаÑивÑ, и они ÑледÑÑÑ ÑÑим
+ноÑмаÑивам; а в ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе полÑÑаÑÑÑÑ
паÑенÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе нам кажÑÑÑÑ
+абÑÑÑднÑми и ÑÑивиалÑнÑми. Я не могÑ
ÑказаÑÑ, имеÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ они ÑÑидиÑеÑкÑÑ
+ÑилÑ. Ðо лÑбой пÑогÑаммиÑÑ, коÑоÑÑй иÑ
видиÑ, не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑдеÑжаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑмеÑ
а.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае, Ñ Ð±Ñл не в ÑоÑÑоÑнии
пÑедложиÑÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего, ÑÑо он мог бÑ
+ÑделаÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑ Ð² ÑÑом деле, и емÑ
пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÑÑÑÑ Ñвое
+пÑедпÑиÑÑие. Ðо болÑÑинÑÑво
пÑавообладаÑелей паÑенÑов пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
+лиÑензиÑ. СкоÑее вÑего, она бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñно
доÑогой.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо еÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑе ÑазÑабоÑÑики пÑогÑамм,
коÑоÑÑм полÑÑаÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ñензии оÑобенно
+легко, в болÑÑинÑÑве ÑлÑÑаев. ÐÑо
мегакоÑпоÑаÑии. РлÑбой оÑÑаÑли
+мегакоÑпоÑаÑии, как пÑавило, владеÑÑ
пÑимеÑно половиной паÑенÑов, они
+взаимно лиÑензиÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑг дÑÑга, и они
могÑÑ Ð¿ÑинÑдиÑÑ Ð²ÑеÑ
дÑÑгиÑ
к
+Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑованиÑ, еÑли Ñе ÑеалÑно
ÑÑо-Ñо пÑоизводÑÑ. Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе
+они безболезненно ÑпÑавлÑÑÑÑÑ Ñ
лиÑензиÑованием поÑÑи вÑеÑ
паÑенÑов.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ IBM в Ñвоем ÑиÑменном жÑÑнале,
“Тинк”,— по-моемÑ,
+в номеÑе 5 за 1990 год,— о вÑгодаÑ
,
коÑоÑÑе полÑÑила IBM оÑ
+ÑвоиÑ
поÑÑи девÑÑи ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов СШРна
ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ (ÑепеÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
ÑоÑок пÑÑÑ
+ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ болÑÑе). Ðни пиÑали, ÑÑо одна из
вÑгод ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо они
+ÑобиÑали денÑги, но Ð³Ð»Ð°Ð²Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²Ñгода,
коÑоÑаÑ, по иÑ
Ñловам, веÑоÑÑно, на
+поÑÑдок болÑÑе, ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² “полÑÑении
доÑÑÑпа к паÑенÑам дÑÑгиÑ
”,
+а именно, взаимном лиÑензиÑовании.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо знаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑо иное, как Ñо, ÑÑо
поÑколÑÐºÑ IBM, Ñ Ñаким множеÑÑвом
+паÑенÑов, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°ÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи кого
Ñгодно пÑедоÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ взаимнÑÑ
+лиÑензиÑ, Ñо IBM Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ³Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи вÑеÑ
неÑÑаÑÑий, коÑоÑÑе паÑенÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема
+пÑинеÑла Ð±Ñ Ð»ÑÐ±Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÑÑгомÑ. Так ÑÑо воÑ
поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¸ IBM нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ³Ð°ÐºÐ¾ÑпоÑаÑиÑм
вообÑе нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — поÑомÑ, ÑÑо они знаÑÑ, ÑÑо
Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
+лиÑензиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ полÑÑаÑÑ Ñвоего Ñода
клÑб Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÑаннÑÑ
на веÑÑине
+гоÑÑ. РвÑе оÑÑалÑнÑе из Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±ÑдÑÑ Ð·Ð´ÐµÑÑ,
внизÑ, и Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ðº не Ñможем
+взобÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑÑда. ÐонимаеÑе, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð³ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¹,
Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑганизоваÑÑ
+неболÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ полÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ-Ñо
паÑенÑÑ, но Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° не войдеÑе в
+Ð»Ð¸Ð³Ñ IBM, ÑÑо Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð¸ делали.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, многие компании говоÑÑÑ Ñвоим
ÑабоÑникам: “ÐолÑÑайÑе Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
+паÑенÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ заÑиÑаÑÑÑÑ”, а
подÑазÑмеваÑÑ “пÑименÑÑÑ
+иÑ
, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ðµ
лиÑензиÑование”, но ÑÑо пÑоÑÑо
+не ÑабоÑаеÑ, как ÑледÑеÑ. ÐÑа ÑÑÑаÑегиÑ
безÑезÑлÑÑаÑна, еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑое
+ÑиÑло паÑенÑов.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑедположим, Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ ÑÑи паÑенÑа. Ðдин
ÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑда, один ÑказÑваеÑ
+ÑÑда, один ÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑда, а кÑо-Ñо Ñам
ÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑом на ваÑ. ÐÑ, ваÑи
+ÑÑи паÑенÑа вам ниÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ помогÑÑ, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо ни один из ниÑ
не ÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°
+него. С дÑÑгой ÑÑоÑонÑ, Ñано или поздно
кÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð² компании обÑаÑиÑ
+внимание, ÑÑо ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñамом деле
ÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° кого-Ñо, и [компаниÑ]
+могла Ð±Ñ ÑгÑожаÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ и вÑжимаÑÑ Ð¸Ð· ниÑ
денÑги — Ð½Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑо из Ñого,
+ÑÑо Ñе лÑди не нападали на ÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ?</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо еÑли Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼:
“Ðам нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ-Ñо паÑенÑÑ,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑаÑÑÑÑ, Ñак ÑÑо помогиÑе нам
полÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ”, Ñ ÑекомендÑÑ
+Ñакой оÑвеÑ:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>ШеÑ, Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ довеÑÑÑ, и Ñ ÑвеÑен, ÑÑо
Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÑи паÑенÑÑ ÑолÑко длÑ
+Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ, еÑли на нее
нападÑÑ. Ðо Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаÑ, кÑо ÑÑанеÑ
+ÑÑководиÑелем компании в ближайÑие пÑÑÑ
леÑ. ÐаÑколÑко Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ, ее могла
+Ð±Ñ ÐºÑпиÑÑ Microsoft. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñамом деле не
Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñлово
+компании пÑименÑÑÑ ÑÑи паÑенÑÑ ÑолÑко длÑ
заÑиÑÑ, еÑли не полÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²ÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²
+пиÑÑменном виде. ÐожалÑйÑÑа, дайÑе
пиÑÑменное завеÑение, ÑÑо лÑбÑе паÑенÑÑ,
+коÑоÑÑе Ñ Ð¿ÑедоÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¸, бÑдÑÑ
пÑименÑÑÑÑÑ ÑолÑко Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑамозаÑиÑÑ Ð¸
+коллекÑивной безопаÑноÑÑи, а не длÑ
подавлениÑ, и Ñогда Ñ Ñ ÑиÑÑой ÑовеÑÑÑÑ
+ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
компании.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>ÐнÑеÑеÑнее вÑего бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð½ÑÑÑ ÑÑоÑ
вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ðµ пÑоÑÑо в ÑаÑÑном ÑазговоÑе Ñ
+ваÑим ÑеÑом, но на обÑем обÑÑждении в
компании.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑе могло Ð±Ñ ÑлÑÑиÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо компаниÑ
могла Ð±Ñ Ð»Ð¾Ð¿Ð½ÑÑÑ, и ее акÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ бÑ
+пойÑи Ñ Ð°ÑкÑиона, в Ñом ÑиÑле паÑенÑÑ; и
паÑенÑÑ ÐºÑÐ¿Ð¸Ñ ÐºÑо-Ñо, кÑо намеÑен
+пÑименÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑзоÑÑи.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑ Ð¿ÑакÑÐ¸ÐºÑ Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ лиÑензиÑованиÑ
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ понимаÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+именно она ÑÐ°Ð·Ð±Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð°ÑгÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑоÑонников
паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе
+говоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½ÑжнÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑиÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÑего
+гениÑ. Ðни вÑкладÑваÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑед вами
ÑÑенаÑий, ÑоÑÑоÑÑий из ÑÑда маловеÑоÑÑнÑÑ
+обÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑв.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑаÑÑмоÑÑим его. СоглаÑно ÑÑомÑ
ÑÑенаÑиÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð±Ð»ÐµÑÑÑÑий конÑÑÑÑкÑоÑ
+Ñего Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло, коÑоÑÑй долгие годÑ
ÑабоÑал Ñам по Ñебе на Ñвоем ÑеÑдаке
+и вÑÑел Ñ ÑлÑÑÑеннÑм ÑпоÑобом делаÑÑ
ÑÑо-нибÑдÑ, вÑе Ñавно, ÑÑо. Ð Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð°
+ÑÑо Ñже гоÑово, он Ñ
оÑÐµÑ Ð¾ÑганизоваÑÑ
пÑедпÑиÑÑие и пÑоизводиÑÑ ÑÑо в
+маÑÑовом колиÑеÑÑве; и поÑколÑÐºÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ идеÑ
Ñак Ñ
оÑоÑа, его ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ¶Ð½Ð¾
+бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоÑвеÑаÑÑ — еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ одно
обÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑво: болÑÑие
+компании бÑдÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑÑиÑоваÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼ и
оÑнимÑÑ Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ ÑÑнок. РпоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+пÑедпÑиÑÑие поÑÑи навеÑнÑка пÑовалиÑÑÑ, и
Ñогда он бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ, ÑаÑÑмоÑÑим вÑе маловеÑоÑÑнÑе
пÑедположениÑ, коÑоÑÑе здеÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо-пеÑвÑÑ
, ÑÑо он вÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ñ ÑÑой идеей,
ÑабоÑÐ°Ñ Ñам по Ñебе. ÐÑо не оÑенÑ
+веÑоÑÑно. РоблаÑÑи вÑÑокоÑазвиÑой ÑеÑ
ники пÑогÑеÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÑÑÑ Ð² оÑновном
+лÑдÑми, коÑоÑÑе ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð² оÑÑаÑли, делаÑÑ
ÑÑо-Ñо и ÑазговаÑиваÑÑ Ñ Ð»ÑдÑми
+из ÑÑой оÑÑаÑли. Ðо Ñ Ð½Ðµ говоÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо
невозможно, во вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае, Ñамо
+по Ñебе.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо вÑе Ñавно, ÑледÑÑÑее пÑедположение
ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо он ÑобиÑаеÑÑÑ
+оÑганизоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑедпÑиÑÑие, и оно ÑÑанеÑ
пÑоÑвеÑаÑÑ. ÐÑ, ÑолÑко Ñо, ÑÑо он
+блеÑÑÑÑий инженеÑ, не ознаÑаеÑ, ÑÑо он Ñ
оÑÑ
ÑÑо-Ñо ÑмÑÑÐ»Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑпÑавлении
+пÑедпÑиÑÑием. ÐолÑÑинÑÑво новÑÑ
пÑедпÑиÑÑий ÑазваливаеÑÑÑ; более
+95 пÑоÑенÑов, по-моемÑ, ÑазваливаеÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°
год или два. Так ÑÑо веÑоÑÑно,
+именно ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼ и пÑоизойдеÑ, неÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸
на ÑÑо.</p>
+
+<p>Ðадно, пÑедположим, ÑÑо вдобавок к ÑомÑ,
ÑÑо он блеÑÑÑÑий инженеÑ, коÑоÑÑй
+Ñам по Ñебе вÑÑел Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹-Ñо великой идеей,
он еÑе и ÑаланÑливÑй
+пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑ. ÐÑли он дока в ÑпÑавлении
пÑедпÑиÑÑиÑми, Ñо его
+пÑедпÑиÑÑие, возможно, не ÑазвалиÑÑÑ. Ð
конÑе конÑов, не вÑе пÑедпÑиÑÑиÑ
+ÑазваливаÑÑÑÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ñеделенное
неболÑÑое колиÑеÑÑво, коÑоÑÑе ÑÑпеÑно
+ÑабоÑаÑÑ. ÐÑ, еÑли он Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÐµÑ Ð² ÑÑом деле,
Ñо вмеÑÑо Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ
+идÑи ноздÑÑ Ð² ноздÑÑ Ñ ÐºÑÑпнÑми
компаниÑми, он мог Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑобоваÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ñо,
+ÑÑо лÑÑÑе ÑдаеÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ»ÐºÐ¸Ð¼ компаниÑм, и
полÑÑиÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе ÑанÑов пÑеÑÑпеÑÑ. Ðн
+мог Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑеÑÑпеÑÑ. Ðо пÑедположим, оно вÑе
Ñавно ÑазвалиÑÑÑ. ÐÑли он Ñакой
+блеÑÑÑÑий и дока в ÑпÑавлении
пÑедпÑиÑÑием, Ñ ÑвеÑен, ÑÑо он не бÑдеÑ
+голодаÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо кÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñ
оÑеÑ
взÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ на ÑабоÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑÑд маловеÑоÑÑнÑÑ
обÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑв — не оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð¿ÐµÑаÑлÑÑÑий
+ÑÑенаÑий. Ðо вÑе Ñавно, давайÑе его
ÑаÑÑмоÑÑим.</p>
+
+<p>ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо иÑÑ
одÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ из ÑÑвеÑждениÑ,
ÑÑо паÑенÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема
+“заÑиÑиє наÑего голодаÑÑего гениÑ,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо он Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ
+паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÑ ÑеÑ
никÑ. РпоÑом, когда IBM заÑ
оÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑÑиÑоваÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼, он
+ÑкажеÑ: “IBM, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе конкÑÑиÑоваÑÑ
Ñо мной, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
+еÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°Ñенє, и IBM оÑвеÑиÑ:
“Ð, Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе не
+бÑдем!”</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ, а Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑо пÑоиÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñамом деле.</p>
+
+<p>IBM говоÑиÑ: “Ð, как Ñлавно, Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
паÑенÑ. ÐÑ, а Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ñ
+ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ, и Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ, и Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑоÑ
паÑенÑ, и Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ, и воÑ
+ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ, и вÑе они ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
идеи, ÑеализованнÑе в ваÑем
+пÑодÑкÑе, и еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð´ÑмаеÑе, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
побиÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ вÑем ÑÑим пÑнкÑам,
+Ñо Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑанем еÑе. Так ÑÑо давайÑе
подпиÑем ÑоглаÑение о взаимном
+лиÑензиÑовании, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло
обидно”. Так воÑ, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ñ
+пÑедположили, ÑÑо Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð³ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¹ ÑмÑÑÐ»Ð¸Ñ Ð²
пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑве, он оÑознаеÑ, ÑÑо
+Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð²ÑбоÑа. Ðн подпиÑÐµÑ ÑоглаÑение о
взаимном лиÑензиÑовании, как ÑÑо
+Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи каждÑй, когда ÑÑого ÑÑебÑеÑ
IBM. РпоÑом, ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо IBM
+полÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ “доÑÑÑп” к его паÑенÑÑ, ÑÑо
ознаÑаеÑ, ÑÑо ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ IBM
+бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñна конкÑÑиÑоваÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼ ÑоÑно Ñак
же, как еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
паÑенÑов
+не бÑло, ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо пÑедположиÑелÑнаÑ
вÑгода, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½, по иÑ
+заÑвлениÑ, полÑÑил бÑ, Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñ ÑÑим
паÑенÑом, неÑеалÑна. Ðн ÑÑой вÑÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+полÑÑиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐаÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ Ð±Ñ “заÑиÑиÑÑ” его оÑ
конкÑÑенÑии Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñей или Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÐµÐ¹
+ÑÑоÑонÑ, но не Ñо ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ IBM — не Ñо
ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ ÑеÑ
ÑамÑÑ
+мегакоÑпоÑаÑий, коÑоÑÑе, ÑоглаÑно
ÑÑенаÑиÑ, ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑгÑожаÑÑ. ÐаÑанее ÑÑно, ÑÑо
+в аÑгÑменÑаÑии бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð·ÑÑн, когда
полиÑиÑеÑкие деÑÑели, ÑабоÑаÑÑие на
+мегакоÑпоÑаÑии, ÑекомендÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñавила ÑкобÑ
поÑомÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑи пÑавила бÑдÑÑ
+заÑиÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
иÑ
мелкиÑ
конкÑÑенÑов.
ÐÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÑо дейÑÑвиÑелÑно бÑло Ñак,
+они не бÑли Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑÑи пÑавила. Ðо ÑÑо
поÑÑнÑеÑ, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ [паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+пÑогÑаммÑ] ÑÑого не делаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðаже IBM не вÑегда Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо еÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¸, коÑоÑÑе мÑ
+назÑваем паÑенÑнÑми ÑÑоллÑми или
паÑенÑнÑми паÑазиÑами, и иÑ
единÑÑвенное
+занÑÑие — пÑименение паÑенÑов длÑ
вÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ³ из ÑеÑ
, кÑо
+дейÑÑвиÑелÑно ÑÑо-Ñо пÑоизводиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐаÑенÑнÑе повеÑеннÑе ÑаÑÑказÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼,
ÑÑо пÑоÑÑо ÑÑдеÑно, когда Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
+паÑенÑÑ Ð² ваÑей оÑÑаÑли, но Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
неÑ
паÑенÑов в иÑ
оÑÑаÑли. ÐÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на
+Ñо, как поÑлаÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ напиÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑмо Ñ
ÑгÑозой, Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на Ñо, как
+подаÑÑ Ð² ÑÑд, Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на Ñо, как
ÑбедиÑÑ ÑÑдÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ пÑиÑÑжнÑÑ
, Ñак ÑÑо
+даже IBM не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑинÑдиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑнÑÑ
ÑÑоллей к Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑованиÑ. Ðо
+IBM ÑаÑÑÑждаеÑ: “ÐаÑи конкÑÑенÑÑ Ñоже
бÑдÑÑ Ð²ÑнÑÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼; ÑÑо
+пÑоÑÑо ÑаÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ
ÑаÑÑ
одов, и Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ Ñ
ÑÑим ÑмиÑиÑÑÑÑ”. IBM и
+дÑÑгие мегакоÑпоÑаÑии ÑообÑажаÑÑ, ÑÑо им
вÑгодно обÑее гоÑподÑÑво над вÑей
+деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑÑ, коÑоÑое они полÑÑаÑÑ
благодаÑÑ Ñвоим паÑенÑам, и они могÑÑ
+ÑмиÑиÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ñем, ÑÑо пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑкÑпаÑÑÑÑ
Ð¾Ñ ÑÑоллей. Так ÑÑо Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð¼
+нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже опÑеделеннÑе ÑазÑабоÑÑики
пÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑм полÑÑиÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
+паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ñобенно ÑÑÑдно,— ÑÑо
ÑазÑабоÑÑики ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. Ðело в
+Ñом, ÑÑо в обÑÑной паÑенÑной лиÑензии еÑÑÑ
ÑÑловиÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ
Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ðº не
+можем вÑполниÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо обÑÑнÑе
паÑенÑнÑе лиÑензии ÑÑебÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑиÑлений Ñ
+каждой копии. Ðо когда пÑогÑамма даеÑ
полÑзоваÑелÑм ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
+копии и ÑоздаваÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñе копии, Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ðº не
можем опÑеделиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð¸ÑеÑÑво
+ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
копий.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли кÑо-Ñо пÑедложил Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ паÑенÑнÑÑ
лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ñой в Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½ÑÑ
+доллаÑа за копиÑ, обÑее колиÑеÑÑво денег,
коÑоÑÑе мне пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑплаÑиÑÑ,
+веÑоÑÑно, бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð² пÑеделаÑ
моиÑ
возможноÑÑей. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑÑÑдеÑÑÑ
+доллаÑов, но Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаÑ, пÑÑÑдеÑÑÑ ÑÑо
доллаÑов, или ÑоÑок девÑÑÑ, или еÑе
+ÑколÑко-Ñо, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ðº не могÑ
опÑеделиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð¸ÑеÑÑво копий, коÑоÑÑе
+Ñоздали лÑди.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑавообладаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа не обÑзаÑелÑно
должен ÑÑебоваÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑ Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¹
+копии; он мог Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑедложиÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
единовÑеменнÑÑ Ð²ÑплаÑÑ, но Ñакие
+ÑÑÐ¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑно велики, напÑимеÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑÑÑÑ
доллаÑов СШÐ.</p>
+
+<p>РпÑиÑина, по коÑоÑой Ð¼Ñ Ñмогли
ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ ÑÑолÑко пÑогÑамм, ÑважаÑÑиÑ
+ÑвободÑ, ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼
ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ· денег, но
+Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем заплаÑиÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ денег без
денег. ÐÑли Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±ÑдÑÑ Ð¿ÑинÑждаÑÑ
+плаÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð° пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¸Ð»ÐµÐ³Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва, Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñможем делаÑÑ ÑÑо
+помногÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо каÑаеÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑи полÑÑиÑÑ
лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° паÑенÑ. ÐÑÑгаÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ — показаÑÑ, ÑÑо паÑенÑ
недейÑÑвиÑелен. ÐÑли ÑÑÑана
+ÑÑиÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² оÑновном
дейÑÑвиÑелÑнÑми и допÑÑÑимÑми, Ñо
+единÑÑвеннÑй вопÑÐ¾Ñ ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом,
оÑвеÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ конкÑеÑнÑй паÑенÑ
+кÑиÑеÑиÑм. Ð ÑÑд Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ ÑмÑÑл идÑи ÑолÑко
Ñогда, когда Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð°ÑгÑменÑ,
+коÑоÑÑй мог Ð±Ñ ÑбедиÑÑ ÑÑд.</p>
+
+<p>ЧÑо ÑÑо бÑл Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð° аÑгÑменÑ? Ðам нÑжно
найÑи ÑвидеÑелÑÑÑво Ñого, ÑÑо годÑ
+назад, до Ñого, как бÑла подана заÑвка на
паÑенÑ, лÑди знали об ÑÑой же
+Ñамой идее. Рвам пÑидеÑÑÑ ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñи
Ñо, ÑÑо покажеÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо бÑло
+обÑеизвеÑÑно в Ñо вÑемÑ. Так ÑÑо жÑебий бÑл
бÑоÑен Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´, и еÑли он
+вÑпал благопÑиÑÑно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¸ Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
доказаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÐ°ÐºÑ ÑегоднÑ, Ñо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+еÑÑÑ Ð°ÑгÑменÑ, коÑоÑÑм можно
воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ
+недейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа. Ð ÑÑо могло бÑ
ÑÑабоÑаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑойÑи ÑеÑез ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑдебнÑй пÑоÑеÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¾
Ð±Ñ ÑÑоиÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ болÑÑиÑ
денег, и в
+ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе паÑенÑ, коÑоÑÑй, веÑоÑÑно,
недейÑÑвиÑелен, ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð³ÑознÑм
+оÑÑжием Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑгиваниÑ, еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ
болÑÑиÑ
денег. ÐÑÑÑ Ð»Ñди, коÑоÑÑе не
+могÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ Ñебе заÑиÑÑ ÑвоиÑ
пÑав — ÑакиÑ
много. Те, кÑо
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ñебе ÑÑо позволиÑÑ,— иÑклÑÑение.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ¾Ñ ÑÑи веÑи, коÑоÑÑе Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ
Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑом, коÑоÑÑй запÑеÑаеÑ
+ÑÑо-Ñо в ваÑей пÑогÑамме. ШÑÑка в Ñом, ÑÑо
возможноÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¹ из ниÑ
завиÑиÑ
+Ð¾Ñ ÑазнÑÑ
подÑобноÑÑей ÑиÑÑаÑии, Ñак ÑÑо
иногда ни одна из ниÑ
не возможна;
+и когда ÑÑо пÑоиÑÑ
одиÑ, Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ ÑбиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо ÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð² болÑÑинÑÑве ÑÑÑан говоÑÑÑ
нам: “Ðе пÑÑайÑеÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ñанее
+иÑкаÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ”, а пÑиÑина — в Ñом,
ÑÑо наказание за
+наÑÑÑение болÑÑе, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸ о паÑенÑе.
Так ÑÑо на Ñамом деле они вам
+говоÑÑÑ: “ÐакÑойÑе глаза и не
оÑкÑÑвайÑе. Ðе пÑÑайÑеÑÑ ÑзнаÑÑ Ð¾
+паÑенÑаÑ
, пÑоÑÑо Ñлепо пÑинимайÑе Ñвои
конÑÑÑÑкÑивнÑе ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+надейÑеÑÑ”.</p>
+
+<p>РконеÑно, пÑи каждом оÑделÑном
конÑÑÑÑкÑивном ÑеÑении вÑ, веÑоÑÑно, не
+наÑÑÑпиÑе на паÑенÑ. ÐеÑоÑÑно, Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸
ниÑего не ÑлÑÑиÑÑÑ. Ðо Ñагов, ÑÑобÑ
+пÑойÑи ÑеÑез ÑÑо минное поле, Ñак много,
ÑÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑоÑÑно, ÑÑо вÑ
+оÑÑанеÑеÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑедимÑ. РконеÑно, не вÑе
пÑавообладаÑели паÑенÑов поÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ
+одновÑеменно, Ñак ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаеÑе, ÑколÑко
иÑ
еÑе бÑдеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑавообладаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа на еÑÑеÑÑвеннÑй
поÑÑдок пеÑеÑÑеÑа ÑÑебовал
+5 пÑоÑенÑов вÑÑÑÑки Ñ Ð¿Ñодажи каждого
ÑаблиÑного пÑоÑеÑÑоÑа. Ðожно
+пÑедÑÑавиÑÑ Ñебе оплаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑколÑкиÑ
ÑакиÑ
лиÑензий, но ÑÑо бÑдеÑ, когда
+пÑавообладаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑ 20 пÑÐ¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð¸ заÑ
оÑеÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²ÑплаÑили
+оÑÑавÑиеÑÑ 5 пÑоÑенÑов? РпоÑом, ÑÑо
бÑдеÑ, когда пÑидеÑ
+пÑавообладаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑ 21?</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑедпÑинимаÑели говоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо
забавнÑй ÑÑенаÑий, но он абÑÑÑден, поÑомÑ
+ÑÑо ваÑе дело пÑогоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð³Ð¾ до Ñого, как
Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑе до ÑÑого. Ðне
+говоÑили, ÑÑо две или ÑÑи ÑакиÑ
лиÑензии — и Ð²Ñ Ð²ÑлеÑаеÑе в
+ÑÑÑбÑ. Так ÑÑо до двадÑаÑи Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° не
дойдеÑе. Ðни поÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½ за
+дÑÑгим, Ñак ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° не знаеÑе,
ÑколÑко иÑ
Ñам еÑе бÑдеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — ÑÑо дебÑи.
ÐÑо дебÑи Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑазÑабоÑÑиков
+пÑогÑамм, но кÑоме Ñого, ÑÑо огÑаниÑение
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ полÑзоваÑелÑ
+компÑÑÑеÑа, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑиваÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
+делаÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñвоем компÑÑÑеÑе.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо ÑилÑно оÑлиÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов,
Ñкажем, на авÑомобилÑнÑе двигаÑели. Ðни
+огÑаниÑиваÑÑ ÑолÑко компании,
пÑоизводÑÑие маÑинÑ; они не огÑаниÑиваÑÑ Ð½Ð¸
+менÑ, ни ваÑ. Ðо паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ ваÑ,
и Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑиваÑÑ, как и
+вÑÑкого, кÑо полÑзÑеÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑами. Так
ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе дÑмаÑÑ Ð¾ ниÑ
в
+ÑиÑÑо ÑкономиÑеÑкиÑ
ÑеÑминаÑ
; Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем
ÑÑдиÑÑ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑой пÑоблеме в ÑиÑÑо
+ÑкономиÑеÑкиÑ
ÑеÑминаÑ
. Ðа ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑÑо
более важное.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо даже в ÑкономиÑеÑкиÑ
ÑеÑминаÑ
ÑиÑÑема
ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив Ñвоего назнаÑениÑ,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ее пÑедполагаемое
назнаÑение — ÑодейÑÑвоваÑÑ
+пÑогÑеÑÑÑ. Созданием ÑÑого иÑкÑÑÑÑвенного
ÑÑимÑла пÑбликаÑии идей она
+пÑедположиÑелÑно оказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑ Ð² ÑÑеÑе
пÑогÑеÑÑа. Ðо вÑе, ÑÑо она делаеÑ,
+пÑоÑивоположно ÑÑомÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо оÑновнаÑ
ÑабоÑа в пÑогÑаммиÑовании ÑоÑÑоиÑ
+не в наÑ
ождении идей, а в ÑовмеÑÑной
ÑеализаÑии ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¹ в одной
+пÑогÑамме. РпаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑаÑÑ
ÑÑомÑ, Ñак ÑÑо они Ñ ÑкономиÑеÑкой
+ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив Ñвоего
назнаÑениÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ ÑкономиÑеÑкое иÑÑледование,
показÑваÑÑее, ÑÑо ÑÑо
+Ñак — показÑваÑÑее, ÑÑо в оÑÑаÑли, где
много поÑÑепеннÑÑ
+нововведений, паÑенÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема в
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑнижаÑÑ
+капиÑÐ°Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² иÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
ÑазвиÑие. РконеÑно, она Ñакже ÑоздаеÑ
+дÑÑгие помеÑ
и ÑазвиÑиÑ. Так ÑÑо даже еÑли
Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÑоем глаза на
+неÑпÑаведливоÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ,
даже еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ ÑобиÑалиÑÑ
+ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ ÐµÐµ в ÑÑгÑбо ÑкономиÑеÑкиÑ
ÑеÑминаÑ
, как ÑÑо обÑÑно
+пÑедлагаеÑÑÑ, она вÑе Ñавно вÑедна.</p>
+
+<p>Ðногда оÑвеÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо “в дÑÑгиÑ
облаÑÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑами живÑÑ Ñже много
+деÑÑÑилеÑий, и к ним пÑивÑкли, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ñ
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¸ÑклÑÑением?”</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, в ÑÑом вопÑоÑе еÑÑÑ Ð°Ð±ÑÑÑдное
допÑÑение. ÐÑо вÑе Ñавно, ÑÑо
+говоÑиÑÑ: “У дÑÑгиÑ
еÑÑÑ Ñак, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
не должно бÑÑÑ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ?”
+Я полагаÑ, вÑÑкий Ñаз, когда Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо неÑ
Ñака, ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑо, незавиÑимо оÑ
+Ñого, ÑÑо ÑлÑÑилоÑÑ Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими. ÐопÑоÑ
абÑÑÑден из-за Ñвоего пÑÐµÐ´Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾
+Ñом, ÑÑо каким-Ñо обÑазом Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
еÑÑÑ
обÑзанноÑÑÑ ÑÑÑадаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑеÑба,
+наноÑимого паÑенÑами.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо внÑÑÑи ÑÑого поÑ
оÑонен оÑмÑÑленнÑй
вопÑоÑ, и ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ÑмÑÑленнÑй
+вопÑÐ¾Ñ — “Ðакие ÑазлиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ
ÑазнÑми оÑÑаÑлÑми могли бÑ
+влиÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñо, ÑÑо ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑей или плоÑ
ой паÑенÑной полиÑикой в ÑÑиÑ
+оÑÑаÑлÑÑ
?”</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð¾Ðµ ÑÑндаменÑалÑное ÑазлиÑие
Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¾ÑÑаÑлÑми, каÑаÑÑееÑÑ Ñого,
+ÑколÑко паÑенÑов ÑипиÑно бÑдÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑаÑÑ
или ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑаÑÑи
+какого-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ пÑодÑкÑа.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð² голове еÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¸Ð²Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ,
Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑой Ñ Ð¿ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð±Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÑÑ,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо она не веÑна. РзаклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð°
в Ñом, ÑÑо на лÑбой один пÑодÑкÑ
+еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½ паÑенÑ, и ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° веÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÑÑел ÑÑого
+пÑодÑкÑа. Так ÑÑо еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑиÑÑеÑе
новÑй пÑодÑкÑ, Ñо он не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
+Ñже запаÑенÑован и Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ
полÑÑиÑÑ “паÑенє на
+ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑодÑкÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑе ÑÑÑÑоено не Ñак. Ð XIX веке, можеÑ
бÑÑÑ, ÑÑо бÑло Ñак, но не
+ÑейÑаÑ. ФакÑиÑеÑки, оÑÑаÑли ÑаÑпадаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑпекÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ колиÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на
+пÑодÑкÑ. РнаÑале ÑпекÑÑа ÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½, но
ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñакой оÑÑаÑли неÑ; оÑÑаÑли
+наÑ
одÑÑÑÑ Ð² дÑÑгиÑ
меÑÑаÑ
ÑпекÑÑа.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑаÑлÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ðº ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¶Ðµ
вÑего — пÑоизводÑÑво
+лекаÑÑÑв. ÐеÑколÑко деÑÑÑилеÑий назад
дейÑÑвиÑелÑно на каждÑй пÑепаÑÐ°Ñ Ð±Ñл
+один паÑенÑ, по кÑайней меÑе, в одно и Ñо же
вÑемÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо паÑенÑ
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑлÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑелÑÑ Ñ
имиÑеÑкÑÑ
ÑоÑмÑÐ»Ñ Ñого одного конкÑеÑного
+веÑеÑÑва. Ð Ñе дни, еÑли Ð²Ñ ÑазÑабоÑали
новÑй пÑепаÑаÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ бÑÑÑ
+ÑвеÑенÑ, ÑÑо он еÑе не запаÑенÑован кем-Ñо
дÑÑгим, и Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе полÑÑиÑÑ
+паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑепаÑаÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ñе ÑÑÑÑоено не Ñак. СейÑаÑ
паÑенÑÑ ÑиÑе, Ñак ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
+ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñй пÑепаÑаÑ, а вам не
позволено его пÑоизводиÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ
+кого-Ñо еÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ ÑиÑокий паÑенÑ, коÑоÑÑй
Ñже ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑоÑ
+пÑепаÑаÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Рмогло Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ бÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑколÑко ÑакиÑ
паÑенÑов, одновÑеменно
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñй пÑепаÑаÑ,
но ÑÑо не бÑдÑÑ ÑоÑни
+паÑенÑов. ÐÑиÑина ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо наÑа
ÑпоÑобноÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоводиÑÑ
+биоÑ
имиÑеÑкие манипÑлÑÑии наÑÑолÑко
огÑаниÑена, ÑÑо никÑо не знаеÑ, как
+ÑкомбиниÑоваÑÑ ÑÑолÑко идей, ÑÑобÑ
ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо полезное в медиÑине. ÐÑли
+Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑкомбиниÑоваÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÑ Ð¸Ð· ниÑ
, ÑÑо
Ñже Ñ
оÑоÑо на наÑем ÑÑовне
+знаний. Ðо в дÑÑгиÑ
оÑÑаÑлÑÑ
полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ
комбинаÑиÑми болÑÑего ÑиÑла идей длÑ
+ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ веÑи.</p>
+
+<p>Ðа дÑÑгом конÑе ÑпекÑÑа наÑ
одÑÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñам Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ комбиниÑоваÑÑ Ð²
+одной полезной ÑазÑабоÑке болÑÑе идей, Ñем
кÑо Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло еÑе, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð² оÑнове Ñвоей легÑе, Ñем во
вÑеÑ
дÑÑгиÑ
оÑÑаÑлÑÑ
. Я
+пÑедполагаÑ, ÑÑо инÑÐµÐ»Ð»ÐµÐºÑ Ð»Ñдей в наÑей
облаÑÑи Ñакой же, как Ñ Ð»Ñдей в
+ÑизиÑеÑкиÑ
оÑÑаÑлÑÑ
пÑоекÑиÑованиÑ. Ðе Ñо,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñли пÑинÑипиалÑно
+лÑÑÑе, Ñем они; пÑоÑÑо ÑабоÑа Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñим
пÑедмеÑом пÑинÑипиалÑно легÑе, поÑомÑ
+ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ ÑабоÑаем Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑемаÑиÑеÑкими
абÑÑÑакÑиÑми.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑогÑамма ÑоÑÑавлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð· абÑÑÑакÑнÑÑ
компоненÑов, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
еÑÑÑ
+опÑеделение, в Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº Ñ ÑизиÑеÑкиÑ
обÑекÑов опÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ. ÐаÑеÑиÑ
+ÑабоÑаеÑ, как маÑеÑиÑ, Ñак ÑÑо благодаÑÑ
коÑноÑÑи маÑеÑии ваÑа конÑÑÑÑкÑиÑ
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ñак, как она
“должна” бÑла Ð±Ñ ÑабоÑаÑÑ. Ð Ñ
+ÑÑим ниÑего не поделаеÑÑ. ÐелÑÐ·Ñ ÑказаÑÑ,
ÑÑо в маÑеÑии оÑибка и ÑизиÑеÑкÑÑ
+вÑеленнÑÑ Ð½Ñжно иÑпÑавиÑÑ. [Ð Ñо вÑемÑ, как]
мÑ[, пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ], можем
+вÑÑÑÑоиÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¼Ð¾Ðº, коÑоÑÑй покоиÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° линии
нÑлевой ÑолÑинÑ, и он ÑÑоиÑ,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ниÑÑо ниÑего не веÑиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑложноÑÑей, коÑоÑÑе вам
пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑеодолеваÑÑ Ð¿Ñи
+ÑизиÑеÑком пÑоекÑиÑовании и о коÑоÑÑÑ
не
нÑжно беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼.</p>
+
+<p>ÐапÑимеÑ, когда Ñ Ð²ÑÑавлÑÑ Ð²ÑÑажение
<code>if</code> внÑÑÑÑ Ñикла
+<code>while</code>,
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>мне не нÑжно беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо еÑли
ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ñикл <code>while</code> бÑдеÑ
+повÑоÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÐµÑной ÑаÑÑоÑой, Ñо
вÑÑажение <code>if</code> могло бÑ
+наÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð±ÑиÑоваÑÑ, войÑи в ÑÐµÐ·Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¸
ÑаÑÑÑпаÑÑÑÑ;</li>
+
+<li>мне не нÑжно беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо еÑли
он бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑезониÑоваÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ñаздо
+бÑÑÑÑее — Ñкажем, Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ñаз в
ÑекÑÐ½Ð´Ñ — Ñо он можеÑ
+наÑаÑÑ Ð³ÐµÐ½ÐµÑиÑоваÑÑ ÑадиоÑаÑÑоÑнÑе
ÑигналÑ, коÑоÑÑе могÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÐµÑÑи невеÑнÑе
+знаÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² дÑÑгиÑ
ÑаÑÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ;</li>
+
+<li>мне не нÑжно беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо
едкие жидкоÑÑи из окÑÑжаÑÑей ÑÑедÑ
+могли Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑоÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð²ÑÑажением
<code>if</code> и вÑÑажением
+<code>while</code> и наÑаÑÑ ÑазÑедаÑÑ ÑвÑÐ·Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ
ними, пока не пеÑеÑÑанÑÑ
+пÑоÑ
одиÑÑ ÑигналÑ;</li>
+
+<li>мне не нÑжно беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, как
Ñепло, вÑделÑемое моим вÑÑажением
+<code>if</code>, оÑводиÑÑ ÑеÑез вÑÑажение
<code>while</code>, ÑÑобÑ
+вÑÑажение <code>if</code> Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого не ÑгоÑело; и</li>
+
+<li>мне не нÑжно беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, как
извлекаÑÑ Ð²ÑÑедÑее из ÑÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²ÑÑажение
+<code>if</code>, еÑли оно ÑазвалиÑÑÑ, ÑгоÑиÑ,
заÑжавееÑ, и заменÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ на
+дÑÑгое вÑÑажение <code>if</code>, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑÑ
заÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑабоÑаÑÑ.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Ð ÑÑом оÑноÑении мне не нÑжно
беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, как Ñ ÑобиÑаÑÑÑ
вÑÑавлÑÑÑ
+вÑÑажение <code>if</code> внÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑажениÑ
<code>while</code> каждÑй Ñаз,
+когда Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ. Ðне не
нÑжно пÑоекÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ð´, ÑÑобÑ
+ÑоздаваÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸ Ñвоей пÑогÑаммÑ, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо еÑÑÑ ÑазлиÑнÑе обобÑеннÑе
+командÑ, коÑоÑÑе могÑÑ ÑоздаваÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸
Ñего Ñгодно.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли Ñ Ñ
оÑÑ ÑоздаваÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸
компакÑ-диÑка, мне пÑоÑÑо нÑжно запиÑаÑÑ
+обÑазеÑ; и еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð° пÑогÑамма, коÑоÑой Ñ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÑделаÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð·ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð· Ñего
+Ñгодно, запиÑаÑÑ Ð»ÑбÑе даннÑе, коÑоÑÑе мне
нÑжнÑ. Я Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÑоздаÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑазеÑ
+компакÑ-диÑка, запиÑаÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ и оÑоÑлаÑÑ Ð½Ð°
завод, и они пÑодÑблиÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе, ÑÑо
+Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ пÑиÑлÑ. Ðне не нÑжно пÑоекÑиÑоваÑÑ
новÑй завод Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¹ веÑи, коÑоÑÑÑ
+Ñ Ñ
оÑÑ Ð´ÑблиÑоваÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑи ÑизиÑеÑком пÑоекÑиÑовании Ð²Ñ Ð¾ÑенÑ
ÑаÑÑо вÑнÑÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑо делаÑÑ; вам
+пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑодÑкÑÑ, иÑÑ
одÑ
из возможноÑÑей
+пÑоизводÑÑва. ÐÑоекÑиÑование завода можеÑ
оказаÑÑÑÑ ÐµÑе болÑÑей ÑабоÑой, Ñем
+пÑоекÑиÑование пÑодÑкÑа, а поÑом вам могÑÑ
поÑÑебоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð»Ð°Ñов,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑоиÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ð´. Так ÑÑо вÑе ÑÑи
пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ позволÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ ÑложиÑÑ
+вмеÑÑе в одном пÑодÑкÑе Ñак много
ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
идей и заÑÑавиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ ÑабоÑаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ФизиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑкÑÐ¸Ñ Ñ Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¼
ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
неповÑоÑÑÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑнÑÑ
+ÑлеменÑов — ÑÑо гиганÑÑкий пÑоекÑ.
ÐÑогÑамма Ñ Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¼
+ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑнÑÑ
ÑлеменÑов —
пÑÑÑÑк. ÐÑо неÑколÑко ÑоÑен
+ÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑок ÑекÑÑа, неÑколÑко Ñеловек
напиÑÑÑ ÑÑо за неÑколÑко леÑ, Ñак ÑÑо
+в ÑÑом Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего оÑобенного. Так ÑÑо в
ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе паÑенÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема давиÑ
+на Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑопоÑÑионалÑно болÑÑей ÑÑжеÑÑÑÑ,
Ñем на лÑдей в лÑбой дÑÑгой
+оÑÑаÑли, где иÑ
ÑдеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑноÑÑÑ
маÑеÑии.</p>
+
+<p>Ðдин ÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ñовел иÑÑледование одной
конкÑеÑной кÑÑпной пÑогÑаммÑ, а именно,
+ÑдÑа под названием Linux, коÑоÑое
пÑименÑеÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑе Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑемой
+GNU, ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑой Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð°-Ñо наÑал. С
ÑеÑ
Ð¿Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑло пÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ; он
+наÑел 283 ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
паÑенÑа СШÐ, каждÑй из
коÑоÑÑÑ
, как оказалоÑÑ, запÑеÑал
+некоÑоÑое вÑÑиÑление, пÑоводимое где-Ñо в
пÑогÑаммаÑ
Linux. Ð ÑÑо же вÑемÑ
+мне на глаза попалаÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑÑ, в коÑоÑой
говоÑилоÑÑ, ÑÑо Linux ÑоÑÑавлÑеÑ
+0,25 пÑоÑенÑа вÑей ÑиÑÑемÑ. Так ÑÑо,
Ñмножив на ÑÑиÑÑа или ÑеÑÑÑеÑÑа,
+Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ оÑениÑÑ ÑиÑло паÑенÑов, коÑоÑÑе
запÑеÑали Ð±Ñ ÑÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð² Ñелой
+ÑиÑÑеме, пÑимеÑно в ÑÑо ÑÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑо ÑолÑко
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð³ÑÑÐ±Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñенка, а более
+ÑоÑнÑе ÑÐ²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ÑÑÑÑÑÑвÑÑÑ, поÑколÑкÑ
попÑÑка вÑÑÑниÑÑ ÑÑо бÑла бÑ
+гиганÑÑкой задаÑей.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑиÑÑ Ð½Ðµ опÑбликовал ÑпиÑок
паÑенÑов, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо поÑÑавило
+Ð±Ñ ÑазÑабоÑÑиков ÑдÑа под названием Linux в
опаÑное положение, поÑколÑкÑ
+Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑлÑÑае ÑÑдебного
пÑеÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑали Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑÑе. Ðн не Ñ
оÑел им
+зла; он Ñ
оÑел пÑодемонÑÑÑиÑоваÑÑ,
наÑколÑко опаÑна пÑоблема паÑенÑной
ÑеÑки.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑогÑаммиÑÑам ÑÑо понÑÑно ÑÑазÑ, но
полиÑики обÑÑно знаÑÑ Ð¾ пÑогÑаммиÑовании
+не много; они обÑÑно пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ñебе, ÑÑо
паÑенÑÑ Ð² оÑновном ÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ
+авÑоÑÑким пÑавом, ÑолÑко неÑколÑко
ÑилÑнее. Ðни пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ñебе, ÑÑо
+поÑколÑÐºÑ ÑазÑабоÑÑикам пÑогÑамм не
ÑгÑÐ¾Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво на иÑ
ÑабоÑÑ,
+Ñо им не бÑдÑÑ ÑгÑожаÑÑ Ð¸ паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° иÑ
ÑабоÑÑ. Ðни пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ñебе, ÑÑо
+поÑколÑкÑ, когда Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑеÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
еÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво,
+[ÑледоваÑелÑно, подобнÑм же обÑазом,] еÑли
Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑеÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+еÑÑÑ Ð¸ паÑенÑÑ. ÐÑо не веÑно — Ñак ÑÑо
как нам даÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼
+пÑедÑÑавление Ð¾Ñ Ñом, как в
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи дейÑÑвÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ? Ðак
они в
+дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑакиÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
, как СШÐ?</p>
+
+<p>Я наÑ
Ð¾Ð¶Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ñм пÑовеÑÑи аналогиÑ
Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами и ÑимÑониÑми. ÐÑа
+Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑа Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑемÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Рв пÑогÑамме, и в ÑимÑонии комбиниÑÑÑÑÑÑ
многие идеи. Ð ÑимÑонии
+комбиниÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ мÑзÑкалÑнÑÑ
идей. Ðо
Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе пÑоÑÑо вÑбÑаÑÑ ÐºÑÑÑ
+идей и ÑказаÑÑ: “ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ð°ÑиÑ
идей, по вкÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ она вам?”
+ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ заÑабоÑали,
вам нÑжно вÑе иÑ
ÑеализоваÑÑ. ÐÑ
+не можеÑе пÑоÑÑо вÑбÑаÑÑ Ð¼ÑзÑкалÑнÑе идеи,
пеÑеÑиÑлиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
и ÑказаÑÑ:
+“Ðй, вам нÑавиÑÑÑ ÑÑа комбинаÑиÑ?”
ÐÑо[Ñ ÑпиÑок] нелÑзÑ
+ÑÑлÑÑаÑÑ. Ðам нÑжно запиÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð¾ÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
ÑеализоваÑÑ Ð²Ñе ÑÑи идеи вмеÑÑе.</p>
+
+<p>ТÑÑÐ´Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑаÑÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ, Ñо, в Ñем
болÑÑинÑÑво из Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÑколÑко не ÑмÑÑлиÑ,
+ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ ÑÑи ноÑÑ Ñак,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñе в Ñелом звÑÑало
+Ñ
оÑоÑо. ÐонеÑно, многие из Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ бÑ
вÑбÑаÑÑ Ð¼ÑзÑкалÑнÑе идеи из ÑпиÑка,
+но Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ знали бÑ, как напиÑаÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑÑÑ
ÑимÑониÑ, ÑеализÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑи
+идеи. ТолÑко Ñ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
из Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ñакой
ÑаланÑ. ÐÐ¾Ñ ÑÑо ваÑ
+огÑаниÑиваеÑ. ÐеÑоÑÑно, Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑи
неÑколÑко мÑзÑкалÑнÑÑ
идей, но Ñ
+не ÑÑмел Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑÑи иÑ
до какого-Ñо
ÑезÑлÑÑаÑа.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, пÑедÑÑавим Ñебе, ÑÑо ÑейÑаÑ
XVIII век и гоÑÑдаÑÑÑва ÐвÑопÑ
+ÑеÑили, ÑÑо они Ñ
оÑÑÑ ÑодейÑÑвоваÑÑ
пÑогÑеÑÑÑ Ð² ÑимÑониÑеÑкой мÑзÑке,
+ÑÑÑедив ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на мÑзÑкалÑнÑе
идеи, Ñак ÑÑо лÑбÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑаннÑÑ
+Ñловами мÑзÑкалÑнÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ бÑло бÑ
запаÑенÑоваÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐапÑимеÑ, можно бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑоваÑÑ
пÑименение опÑеделенной
+поÑледоваÑелÑноÑÑи Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð² каÑеÑÑве моÑива,
или можно бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑоваÑÑ
+гÑÑÐ¿Ð¿Ñ Ð°ÐºÐºÐ¾Ñдов, или можно бÑло бÑ
запаÑенÑоваÑÑ ÑиÑмиÑеÑкÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð½Ð²Ñ, или
+можно бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑоваÑÑ Ð¿Ñименение
опÑеделеннÑÑ
инÑÑÑÑменÑов ÑамиÑ
по
+Ñебе, или можно бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑоваÑÑ
ÑоÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÑоÑений в движении. Ðожно
+бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑоваÑÑ Ð»Ñбой Ñип
мÑзÑкалÑнÑÑ
идей, коÑоÑÑй можно бÑло бÑ
+опиÑаÑÑ Ñловами.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, пÑедÑÑавим Ñебе, ÑÑо ÑейÑаÑ
XIX век, а Ð²Ñ —
+ÐеÑÑ
овен, и Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе напиÑаÑÑ ÑимÑониÑ. ÐÑ
обнаÑÑжиÑе, ÑÑо гоÑаздо ÑÑÑднее
+напиÑаÑÑ ÑимÑÐ¾Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð° Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ
могли подаÑÑ Ð·Ð° нее в ÑÑд, Ñем
+напиÑаÑÑ ÐµÐµ Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° Ñ
оÑоÑо звÑÑала,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо вам пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñе
+вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑиÑкиваÑÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð²Ñеми
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑими паÑенÑами. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо
+пожаловалиÑÑ, пÑавообладаÑели паÑенÑов
Ñказали бÑ: “ÐÑ, ÐеÑÑ
овен, вÑ
+пÑоÑÑо завидÑеÑе ÑомÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑи идеи
впеÑвÑе поÑвилиÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ. ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
+не поиÑкаÑÑ ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ
идей?”</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, Ñ ÐеÑÑ
овена бÑли Ñвои
ÑобÑÑвеннÑе идеи. ÐÑиÑина, по коÑоÑой его
+ÑÑиÑаÑÑ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¸Ð¼ композиÑоÑом, ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð²
Ñом, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ бÑли вÑе ÑÑи новÑе
+идеи и он ими полÑзовалÑÑ Ð² ÑабоÑе. Рон
Ñмел ими полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ñак, ÑÑобÑ
+они ÑабоÑали, Ñо еÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ð¸ÑоваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
Ñо
многими Ñ
оÑоÑо извеÑÑнÑми
+идеÑми. Ðн мог вложиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑколÑко новÑÑ
идей в Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ñ Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑим
+ÑиÑлом ÑÑаÑÑÑ
и пÑовеÑеннÑÑ
идей. Ð
ÑезÑлÑÑаÑом бÑл оÑÑÑвок, коÑоÑÑй бÑл
+ÑомниÑелен, но не наÑÑолÑко, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñди не
могли пÑивÑкнÑÑÑ Ðº немÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼ÑзÑка ÐеÑÑ
овена не кажеÑÑÑ
ÑомниÑелÑной; мне говоÑили, ÑÑо она бÑла
+Ñакой, когда бÑла новой. Ðо поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð½
комбиниÑовал Ñвои новÑе идеи Ñ
+болÑÑим колиÑеÑÑвом извеÑÑнÑÑ
идей, он мог
даÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм возможноÑÑÑ Ð²
+опÑеделенной меÑе пÑиÑпоÑабливаÑÑÑÑ. Ð
они могли ÑÑо делаÑÑ, именно поÑÑомÑ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑи идеи звÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ðµ
еÑÑеÑÑвенно. Ðо никÑо, даже ÐеÑÑ
овен, не
+гениален наÑÑолÑко, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾
изобÑеÑÑи мÑзÑÐºÑ Ñ Ð½ÑлÑ, не полÑзÑÑÑÑ
+никакими Ñ
оÑоÑо извеÑÑнÑми идеÑми, и
ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо, ÑÑо лÑди заÑ
оÑели бÑ
+ÑлÑÑаÑÑ. РникÑо не гениален наÑÑолÑко,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½ мог заново изобÑеÑÑи
+ÑеÑ
Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð²ÑÑиÑлений Ñ Ð½ÑлÑ, не полÑзÑÑÑÑ
никакими Ñ
оÑоÑо извеÑÑнÑми идеÑми, и
+ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо, Ñем лÑди заÑ
оÑели бÑ
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðогда ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкий конÑекÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑеÑÑÑ Ñак
ÑаÑÑо, Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð°ÐµÑе в ÑиÑÑаÑиÑ, в
+коÑоÑой Ñо, ÑÑо делалоÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð°Ð´ÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ
назад, ÑовеÑÑенно не адекваÑно
+ÑовÑеменноÑÑи. ÐвадÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ не бÑло
ÐÑемиÑной паÑÑинÑ. Так ÑÑо лÑди,
+конеÑно, делали в Ñе вÑемена на компÑÑÑеÑаÑ
многое, но ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ нÑжно
+делаÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ñо ÐÑемиÑной
паÑÑиной. Ð ÑÑо невозможно делаÑÑ,
+полÑзÑÑÑÑ ÑолÑко идеÑми, коÑоÑÑе бÑли
извеÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð°Ð´ÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´. Ð Ñ
+пÑедполагаÑ, ÑÑо Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑком
конÑекÑÑе бÑдÑÑ Ð¿ÑодолжаÑÑÑÑ,
+ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо новÑе возможноÑÑи
полÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе помÑкаÑÑ
+вÑей оÑÑаÑлÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐолÑÑие компании могÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ делаÑÑ ÑÑо
Ñами. ÐапÑимеÑ, неÑколÑко Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´
+Microsoft ÑеÑила ÑделаÑÑ ÑалÑÑивÑй оÑкÑÑÑÑй
ÑÑандаÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÑменÑов и
+ÑÑвеÑдиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ в каÑеÑÑве ÑÑандаÑÑа,
подкÑпив ÐеждÑнаÑоднÑÑ Ð¾ÑганизаÑиÑ
+ÑÑандаÑÑизаÑии, ÑÑо они и Ñделали. Ðо они
ÑоÑÑавили его Ñ Ð¿Ñименением
+кое-Ñего, ÑÑо Ñ Microsoft бÑло запаÑенÑовано.
Microsoft доÑÑаÑоÑно велика,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа, ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ ÑоÑмаÑ
или пÑоÑокол Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð² нем
+пÑименÑлаÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ (не
важно, Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð° или неÑ), Ñаким
+обÑазом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑовмеÑÑимоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ бÑло
обеÑпеÑиÑÑ, ÑолÑко еÑли Ð²Ñ Ñоже
+пÑименÑеÑе ÑÑÑ Ð¶Ðµ идеÑ. РпоÑом Microsoft можеÑ
ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо ÑакÑиÑеÑким
+ÑÑандаÑÑом Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ без помоÑи
подкÑпленнÑÑ
оÑганов
+ÑÑандаÑÑизаÑии. Ðдного ее веÑа ей Ñ
ваÑаеÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑим ÑоÑмаÑом, а ÑÑо по
ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑаеÑ, ÑÑо они деÑÐ¶Ð°Ñ Ð²
+ÑиÑкаÑ
веÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸Ñ. Так ÑÑо нам нÑжно показаÑÑ
полиÑикам, ÑÑо здеÑÑ Ð²
+дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи пÑоиÑÑ
одиÑ. Ðам нÑжно
показаÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑо плоÑ
о.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, Ñ ÑлÑÑал, как говоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
пÑиÑина, по коÑоÑой ÐÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐеландиÑ
+дÑÐ¼Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾ паÑенÑаÑ
на пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð²
Ñом, ÑÑо одна кÑÑÐ¿Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ
+Ñ
оÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑе монополии.
ÐгÑаниÑиваÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ в ÑÑÑане Ñак, ÑÑобÑ
+одна ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑала полÑÑаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе денег,
ÑовеÑÑенно не подобаеÑ
+гоÑÑдаÑÑÑвеннÑм Ñмам.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, Ñ ÑÑого моменÑа Ñ Ñ
оÑел Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ
оÑвеÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° вопÑоÑÑ.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>Ðакова алÑÑеÑнаÑива?</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐÑÑÑÑÑÑвие паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ. Я
знаÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо пÑекÑаÑно ÑабоÑаеÑ. Я
+ÑабоÑал в оÑÑаÑли, когда Ñам не бÑло
паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ. Ð ÑÑо знаÑиÑ,
+ÑÑо лÑди ÑазÑабаÑÑвали пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑли ÑÑи пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑазлиÑнÑми
+ÑпоÑобами, и им не пÑиÑ
одилоÑÑ
беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо на ниÑ
за ÑÑо
подадÑÑ
+в ÑÑд пÑавообладаÑели паÑенÑов, Ñак ÑÑо
они бÑли в безопаÑноÑÑи. ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑеÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹ ÑеалÑной
пÑоблемÑ, Ñак ÑÑо Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½ÑÐ¶Ð´Ñ ÑпÑаÑиваÑÑ,
+какое еÑÑÑ Ð°Ð»ÑÑеÑнаÑивное ÑеÑение.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>Ðак ÑазÑабоÑÑики бÑдÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑÑ
вознагÑаждение?</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd><p>Ðногими ÑпоÑобами. ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ имеÑÑ Ðº ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
+оÑноÑениÑ. ÐомниÑе: еÑли Ð²Ñ ÑазÑабаÑÑваеÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñо паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ помогÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ ниÑего
из Ñого, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе полÑÑиÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РазнÑе ÑазÑабоÑÑики пÑогÑамм Ñ
оÑÑÑ
Ñазного. РвоÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑе годÑ
+XX века Ñ ÑазÑабаÑÑвал некоÑоÑÑе важнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ, и вознагÑаждением,
+коÑоÑого Ñ Ñ
оÑел, бÑло видеÑÑ, как лÑди
Ñвободно полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑами. Ð
+Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑил ÑÑо вознагÑаждение, Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¸ не
Ñполна — Ñвобода еÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
+Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾. Ðо паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑолÑко
помеÑали Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑгие ÑазÑабаÑÑвали пÑогÑаммÑ, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо они Ñ
оÑели денег. ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑгÑожали и им Ñоже, и до ÑиÑ
поÑ
им ÑгÑожаÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+полÑÑиÑе никакиÑ
денег, еÑли
пÑавообладаÑели паÑенÑов поÑÑебÑÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
вÑ
+оÑдавали вÑе денÑги им, или еÑли они
заÑÑавÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑедпÑиÑÑие. </p></dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>Ðак пÑедоÑвÑаÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð¸Ð°Ñ, в Ñо же
вÑемÑ...</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd><p>ÐÐ»Ð°Ð³Ð¸Ð°Ñ Ðº ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑÑ Ð½Ðµ имееÑ
никакого оÑноÑениÑ. Ðн не Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ðº данномÑ
+вопÑоÑÑ Ð°Ð±ÑолÑÑно никакого оÑноÑениÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ»Ð°Ð³Ð¸Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñование ÑекÑÑа
пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ заÑвление, ÑÑо вÑ
+напиÑали ÑÑо Ñами. Ðо паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑвÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñ
ÑекÑÑом какой Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло
+конкÑеÑной ÑабоÑÑ. Ðни пÑоÑÑо не имеÑÑ Ðº
ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ оÑноÑениÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñали ÑабоÑÑ Ð¸ ÑÑа ÑабоÑа
ÑодеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑе идеи, а она иÑ
+вÑегда ÑодеÑжиÑ, Ñо Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¾Ñнований дÑмаÑÑ,
ÑÑо паÑенÑÑ, вÑданнÑе на ÑÑи идеи,
+пÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼. Ðни ÑкоÑее пÑинадлежаÑ
многим дÑÑгим, и половина из ниÑ
+пÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ³Ð°ÐºÐ¾ÑпоÑаÑиÑм, и вÑе они
могÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑÑд. Так ÑÑо
+вам даже не надо беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ [о плагиаÑе];
Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÑÑÑнÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð³Ð¾ до Ñого,
+как Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑе до моменÑа, когда кÑо-Ñо
дÑÑгой мог Ð±Ñ ÑкопиÑоваÑÑ ÑÑо.</p>
+
+<p>Я боÑÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑÑаеÑе паÑенÑÑ Ñ
авÑоÑÑким пÑавом. У ниÑ
Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего обÑего
+дÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом. Я вам обÑÑÑнÑл, ÑÑо
паÑенÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами,
+но Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ не веÑиÑе, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
Ð²Ñ ÑлÑÑали, как ÑабоÑаеÑ
+авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво, и Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑÑаеÑе одно Ñ
дÑÑгим, Ñак ÑÑо Ñо впеÑаÑление, коÑоÑое
+Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑили о ÑабоÑе авÑоÑÑкого пÑава,.. вÑ
пÑоÑÑо пÑедполагаеÑе, ÑÑо
+паÑенÑÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ñак же — а ÑÑо не
Ñак. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑеÑе какие-Ñо
+пÑогÑаммÑ, авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво на ниÑ
бÑдеÑ
пÑинадлежаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼; но еÑли ваÑа
+пÑогÑамма ÑеализÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¸, еÑли какие-Ñо из
ÑÑиÑ
идей запаÑенÑованÑ, Ñо ÑÑи
+паÑенÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð°Ñ Ð´ÑÑгим, и они могли бÑ
подаÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑÑд.</p>
+
+<p>С авÑоÑÑким пÑавом вам не нÑжно
опаÑаÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо когда Ð²Ñ Ñами пиÑеÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо дÑÑгого Ñже еÑÑÑ
авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво на нее и он можеÑ
+подаÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑÑд, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо авÑоÑÑкое
пÑаво огÑаниÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑолÑко
+копиÑование. ФакÑиÑеÑки еÑли даже вÑ
напиÑеÑе ÑÑо-Ñо иденÑиÑное ÑомÑ, ÑÑо
+напиÑал ÑÑо-Ñо дÑÑгой, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
доказаÑÑ, ÑÑо не ÑкопиÑовали ÑÑо, Ñо
+ÑÑо заÑиÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñ ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого
пÑава, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво
+занимаеÑÑÑ ÑолÑко копиÑованием. Ðо
авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ ÑолÑко
+на авÑоÑÑкие деÑали ÑабоÑÑ [Ñ.е. не на идеи,
коÑоÑÑе она ÑодеÑжиÑ], Ñак ÑÑо
+Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего обÑего Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑнÑм
пÑавом в оÑноÑении Ñого, Ñ Ñем они
+имеÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¾, и ÑезÑлÑÑаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
дейÑÑвиÑ
ÑовеÑÑенно ÑазлиÑнÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, лиÑно Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ вÑе Ñо, ÑÑо
лÑди делаÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого
+пÑава, Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑÑпал Ñ ÐºÑиÑикой ÑÑого. Ðо ÑÑо
ÑовеÑÑенно дÑÑгой вопÑоÑ, не
+ÑвÑзаннÑй Ñ ÑÑим. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð´ÑмаеÑе, ÑÑо
паÑенÑное пÑаво Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ-Ñо, кÑо
+ÑазÑабаÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо Ñ
Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑовеÑÑенно невеÑное
+пÑедÑÑавление о Ñом, ÑÑо в
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑное
пÑаво.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐоймиÑе Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑавилÑно. Я — на
ваÑей ÑÑоÑоне.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ХоÑоÑо, но вÑе-Ñаки Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÐµÑное
пÑедÑÑавление. Я не оÑÑÐ¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑÑо,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо невеÑно
инÑоÑмиÑовали.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐÑли Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² коммеÑÑеÑкиÑ
ÑелÑÑ
, полÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑÑ,
+еÑли обÑаÑаÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¹ как Ñ ÑеÑнÑм ÑÑиком и Ñ
ÑÐ°Ð½Ñ ÐµÐµ в ÑекÑеÑе?</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd>Я не Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑждаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑ, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ одобÑÑÑ ÑÑого, Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо
+Ñак поÑÑÑпаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑÑиÑно, но ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ðµ
Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ðº ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑноÑениÑ.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>Я ÑÑо понимаÑ.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd>Я не Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑÑ ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ Ñ
валиÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо,
ÑÑо Ñ ÑÑиÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð¾Ñ
им. Ðо поÑколÑкÑ
+ÑÑо пеÑемена ÑемÑ, Ñ Ð¿ÑедпоÑел Ð±Ñ ÑÑого
каÑаÑÑÑÑ.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐÐ°Ñ Ð¤Ð¾Ð½Ð´ иÑÑледований, наÑки и ÑеÑ
ники, Ñ
дÑмаÑ, веÑоÑÑно, ÑÑо ÑквиваленÑ
+ваÑего ÐаÑионалÑного наÑÑного Ñонда,
пÑедоÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑаÑии на иÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+ÑазвиÑие, и кÑоме пÑоÑего, они доволÑно
акÑивно пÑедлагаÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¸,
+коÑоÑÑе они ÑинанÑиÑовали, по возможноÑÑи
бÑли под оÑ
Ñаной паÑенÑов.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐÑого не должно бÑÑÑ Ð² ÑлÑÑае Ñ
пÑогÑаммами, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо пÑогÑаммнÑе идеи не
+Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑоÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° и ни
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾. Ðо вообÑе Ñо, ÑÑо вÑ
+здеÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ñе, ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑимеÑом Ñой обÑей
ÑазвÑаÑенноÑÑи наÑего обÑеÑÑва, в
+коÑоÑом коммеÑÑеÑкие Ñели ÑÑавÑÑÑÑ
пÑевÑÑе вÑего. Так воÑ, Ñ Ð½Ðµ коммÑниÑÑ, и
+Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¾ÑменÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑво, но
когда пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑво
+наÑинаÑÑ ÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¿ÑевÑÑе вÑего, каждÑй
аÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð¸ оÑиенÑиÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑво, Ñо ÑÑо опаÑно.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐÑак, РиÑаÑд, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе Ñ
Ñондом, возможно, Ð²Ñ Ñмогли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ,
+ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñакой неболÑÑой ÑÑÑанÑ, как ÐоваÑ
ÐеландиÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð»ÑÑÑие ÑпоÑобÑ
+заÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммаÑ
.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ помогаÑÑ
заÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммаÑ
. Ðни
+ознаÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð²ÐµÑгаеÑеÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÑноÑÑи
ÑÑдебного пÑеÑледованиÑ, еÑли вÑ
+попÑобÑеÑе ÑÑо делаÑÑ.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>Ð ÑÑо заÑÑÑднÑÐµÑ Ðовой Ðеландии как
гоÑÑдаÑÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑоение ÑкономиÑеÑкой
+Ð±Ð°Ð·Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ñименением пÑогÑамм как ÑаÑÑи ÑÑой
базÑ. </dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐÑоÑÑиÑе, когда Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе “а
ÑÑо”, Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑе в
+видÑ. ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÑÑднÑÑÑ ÑÑо
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
. ÐÑли ÐÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐеландиÑ
+ÑазÑеÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑо
заÑÑÑÐ´Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ñем в Ðовой Ðеландии
+ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ Ð¸ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение пÑогÑамм,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð±ÑдеÑе подвеÑгаÑÑÑÑ
+опаÑноÑÑи ÑÑдебного пÑеÑледованиÑ.
ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ имеÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
+оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº ÑазÑабоÑке пÑогÑаммÑ, а заÑем
пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐµÐµ каким-Ñо обÑазом.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>Так ÑÑо ÐÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐеландиÑ, в ÑеÑминаÑ
ее
ÑкономиÑеÑкого ÑазвиÑиÑ, бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð»ÑÑÑе
+заÑиÑена, еÑли паÑенÑов на пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
бÑдеÑ.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd><p>Ðа. ÐонимаеÑе, в каждой ÑÑÑане ÑвоÑ
ÑобÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема, и они
+ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñимо, не ÑÑиÑÐ°Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо
ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¿Ð¸Ñали договоÑ, в коÑоÑом
+Ñказано: “ÐÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² ÑÑой
ÑÑÑане, Ð²Ñ Ð² пÑинÑипе можеÑе
+подаÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑÐ²ÐºÑ Ð·Ð´ÐµÑÑ, и Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñдем ÑÑдиÑÑ Ð¾
ней на оÑновании Ñого года, в
+коÑоÑом Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð»Ð¸ ее Ñам”. Ðо в
оÑÑалÑном Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ñвои
+ÑобÑÑвеннÑе кÑиÑеÑии Ñого, ÑÑо можно
запаÑенÑоваÑÑ, и Ñвое ÑобÑÑвенное
+множеÑÑво паÑенÑов.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо в ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе, еÑли СШРдопÑÑкаеÑ
паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ, а ÐоваÑ
+ÐÐµÐ»Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð¸Ñ — неÑ, ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо вÑе на
ÑвеÑе, вклÑÑаÑ
+новозеландÑев, могÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð¡Ð¨Ð
на пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ пÑеÑледоваÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ,
+беднÑÑ
амеÑиканÑев, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¼Ð°. Ðо еÑли
ÐÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐÐµÐ»Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ допÑÑÐºÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ
+на пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо ни вÑ, ни Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
можем полÑÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð·ÐµÐ»Ð°Ð½Ð´ÑкиÑ
+паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑеÑледоваÑÑ
ваÑ, новозеландÑев, Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+дома. ÐожеÑе бÑÑÑ ÑвеÑенÑ, ÑÑо поÑÑи вÑе
паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±ÑдÑÑ
+пÑинадлежаÑÑ Ð¸Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑанÑам, коÑоÑÑе бÑдÑÑ
пÑименÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑ
+вÑÑвÑÑиваÑÑ Ð»ÑбÑÑ
новозеландÑкиÑ
ÑазÑабоÑÑиков пÑогÑамм, когда ÑолÑко Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
+бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>Со вÑемени пÑоÑеÑÑа “Ð¥ÑÑз
ÑйÑкÑаÑÑ”, кажеÑÑÑ, он бÑл в
+девÑноÑÑÑÑ
годаÑ
XX века...</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd>Я не Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом пÑоÑеÑÑе.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>Ðо в пÑинÑипе в Ðовой Ðеландии бÑли
паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ. РеÑÑ Ð½Ðµ о Ñом,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ вÑÑÑпиÑÑ Ð² облаÑÑÑ, где Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ñ
еÑе не бÑло, они Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd><p>Я не знаÑ, но мне Ñказали, ÑÑо ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°
законодаÑелÑном ÑÑовне пÑинимаеÑÑÑ
+опÑеделенное ÑеÑение о Ñом, допÑÑкаÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ иÑ
. Ðо паÑенÑнÑе бÑÑо ÑаÑÑо
+оÑзÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° влиÑние, коÑоÑое
мегакоÑпоÑаÑии оказÑваÑÑ ÑеÑез ÐÐÐС.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐÐС, как Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе понÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð· ее названиÑ,
коÑоÑое ÑаÑÑиÑÑовÑваеÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
+ÐÑемиÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¾ÑганизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑеллекÑÑалÑной
ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи, не ÑлÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÑемÑ
+Ñ
оÑоÑемÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо лÑбое ÑпоÑÑебление
ÑÑого ÑеÑмина неÑеÑ
+заблÑждение. ÐÐÐС полÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÑедÑÑв
Ð¾Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ³Ð°ÐºÐ¾ÑпоÑаÑий и ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑи
+ÑÑедÑÑва на Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑивозиÑÑ
должноÑÑнÑÑ
Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð· паÑенÑнÑÑ
бÑÑо в
+идиллиÑеÑкие меÑÑа оÑдÑÑ
а Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑениÑ.
УÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ иÑ
ÑомÑ, как вÑвоÑаÑиваÑÑ
+Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð²
облаÑÑÑÑ
, в коÑоÑÑÑ
им бÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
+положено.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо многиÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
еÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¸
поÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑдов, в коÑоÑÑÑ
говоÑиÑÑÑ,
+ÑÑо пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑаковÑе паÑенÑоваÑÑ
нелÑзÑ, или ÑÑо алгоÑиÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑоваÑÑ
+нелÑзÑ, или ÑÑо “маÑемаÑиÑеÑкие”
алгоÑиÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑоваÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ»ÑзÑ
+(никÑо в ÑоÑноÑÑи не знаеÑ, ÑÑо Ñакое
маÑемаÑиÑеÑкий или немаÑемаÑиÑеÑкий
+алгоÑиÑм), и еÑÑÑ ÑазнÑе дÑÑгие кÑиÑеÑии,
коÑоÑÑе, еÑли иÑ
ÑолковаÑÑ
+еÑÑеÑÑвенно, иÑклÑÑили Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑогÑаммÑ, но паÑенÑнÑе бÑÑо
+вÑвоÑаÑиваÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñе Ñавно
допÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
.</p>
+
+<p>ÐапÑимеÑ, многое из Ñого, ÑÑо на пÑакÑике
ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑами на пÑогÑаммÑ,
+ÑÑоÑмÑлиÑовано Ñак, ÑÑо они опиÑÑваÑÑ
ÑиÑÑемÑ, вклÑÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑенÑÑалÑное
+пÑоÑеÑÑоÑное ÑÑÑÑойÑÑво, памÑÑÑ,
ÑÑÑÑойÑÑва ввода-вÑвода, ÑÑÑÑойÑÑва
вÑбоÑки
+команд и ÑÑедÑÑва вÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑиÑ
опÑеделеннÑÑ
вÑÑиÑлений. Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе они
+Ñвно запиÑали в паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ñе ÑаÑÑи обÑÑного
компÑÑÑеÑа, а заÑем они говоÑÑÑ:
+“ÐÑ Ð²Ð¾Ñ, ÑÑо ÑизиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑиÑÑема, коÑоÑÑÑ
Ð¼Ñ Ñ
оÑим
+запаÑенÑоваÑÑ”, но на Ñамом деле они
паÑенÑÑÑÑ ÑолÑко опÑеделеннÑÑ
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð° компÑÑÑеÑе. У ниÑ
в Ñ
Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
Ñловок.</p>
+
+<p>ÐаÑенÑнÑе бÑÑо в Ñелом пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ
вÑвеÑнÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе
+паÑенÑов. РСШРпаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ
Ð²Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² 1982 годÑ
+поÑÑановлением ÑÑда — в
ÐпеллÑÑионном ÑÑде, коÑоÑÑй ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваеÑ
+вÑе паÑенÑнÑе дела; ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑд невеÑно
инÑеÑпÑеÑиÑовал ÑеÑение ÐеÑÑ
овного
+ÑÑда, вÑнеÑенное в пÑедÑдÑÑем годÑ, и
невеÑно пÑименил его. Так воÑ,
+кажеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо ÐпеллÑÑионнÑй ÑÑд изменил
Ñвое мнение и пÑиÑел к заклÑÑениÑ,
+ÑÑо он вÑе ÑÑо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾ÑибалÑÑ; и кажеÑÑÑ,
ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑеÑение Ð¸Ð·Ð±Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
+паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ, еÑли ÐеÑÑ
овнÑй ÑÑд
не оÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾. СейÑÐ°Ñ ÐеÑÑ
овнÑй
+ÑÑд ÑаÑÑмаÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ и менÑÑе Ñем ÑеÑез
год Ð¼Ñ Ñзнаем, победили Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
+пÑоигÑали.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ в ШÑаÑаÑ
движение за пÑинÑÑие
законодаÑелÑного ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑлÑÑае,
+еÑли пÑоÑеÑÑ Ð±ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоигÑан?</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd>Ðа, Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑÑо Ñже около
девÑÑнадÑаÑи леÑ. ÐÑо биÑва, в коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñ
+вÑÑÑпаем Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¸ Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð² ÑамÑÑ
ÑазнÑÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>Ðде в ваÑей вÑеленной Ð²Ñ ÑазмеÑаеÑе дело
об I4i?</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd>Я не Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ пÑедÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ Ñом,
ÑÑо ÑÑо Ñакое.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐÑо когда Microsoft по ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи бÑла
вÑнÑждена пÑекÑаÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ñодажи
+Word, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо бÑло обнаÑÑжено, ÑÑо они
наÑÑÑили канадÑкий паÑенÑ.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd>Ð, ÑÑо. ÐÑо пÑоÑÑо пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ñого, как опаÑнÑ
паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
+ÑазÑабоÑÑиков пÑогÑамм. Ðне не нÑавиÑÑÑ
Ñо, ÑÑо Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Microsoft, но ÑÑоÑ
+вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ðº Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ðµ оÑноÑиÑÑÑ. ÐеÑ
ниÑего Ñ
оÑоÑего в Ñом, ÑÑо кÑо-Ñо
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð² ÑÑд на ÑазÑабоÑÑика
пÑогÑамм и ÑказаÑÑ: “Я не дам вам
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÑакÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммє.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐÑевидно, Ð¼Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð²ÐµÐ¼ в неÑовеÑÑенном миÑе,
и в некоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑоздаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ ÑÑÑдноÑÑи. ÐÑмаеÑе
ли вÑ, ÑÑо нам ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð²ÐµÑÑи
+пÑивилегии Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¸ÑÑледоваÑелей, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
могли обÑ
одиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ñак же, как
+авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво допÑÑÐºÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоводиÑÑ
иÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ маÑеÑиалом, на коÑоÑÑй
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво?</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐеÑ, иÑкаÑÑ ÑаÑÑиÑнÑе ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ — ÑÑо
оÑибка, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
+гоÑаздо лÑÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ
полное ÑеÑение. ÐаждÑй, кÑо ÑÑаÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ð²
+ÑазÑабоÑке, ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанении и пÑименении
пÑогÑамм, кÑоме лÑдей из
+мегакоÑпоÑаÑий, когда они ÑвидÑÑ, как
опаÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ, они бÑдÑÑ
+за полнÑй оÑказ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ. Ð
Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº иÑклÑÑение длÑ
+какого-Ñо оÑобого ÑлÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑ
поддеÑÐ¶ÐºÑ ÑолÑко Ñо ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð»Ñдей, к
+коÑоÑÑм ÑÑо иÑклÑÑение оÑноÑиÑÑÑ. ÐÑи
ÑаÑÑиÑнÑе ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑ
+оÑвлекаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ñели. ÐÑди наÑинаÑÑ Ñ Ñого,
ÑÑо говоÑÑÑ: “Ð! Я ÑвеÑен,
+ÑÑо на Ñамом деле Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем ÑеÑиÑÑ
пÑоблемÑ, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð¾ÑÑановлÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+ÑÑом. ÐавайÑе пÑедложим ÑаÑÑиÑное
ÑеÑение”. Ðо ÑÑи ÑаÑÑиÑнÑе ÑеÑениÑ
+не делаÑÑ ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамм
безопаÑной.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑали бÑ, однако, возÑажаÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив
ÑаÑÑиÑного ÑеÑениÑ, коÑоÑое не
+обÑзаÑелÑно напÑавлено пÑоÑив паÑенÑов на
пÑогÑаммÑ, напÑимеÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑали
+Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·ÑажаÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив ÑкÑпеÑименÑалÑного
пÑименениÑ, коÑоÑое бÑло Ð±Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑим
+ÑеÑением Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑаÑмаÑевÑиÑеÑкого паÑенÑа.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐÑоÑив ÑÑого Ñ Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ возÑажал.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>Ðо Ñо, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе, ознаÑаеÑ, ÑÑо вÑ
не дÑмаеÑе, ÑÑо ÑÑо пÑименимо к
+пÑогÑаммам, поÑÑниÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ЧÑо-Ñо, ÑÑо ÑпаÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑолÑко немногиÑ
из
Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑолÑко опÑеделеннÑе видÑ
+деÑÑелÑноÑÑи, или избавлÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ñ
паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ, аналогиÑно
+ÑомÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑказаÑÑ: “ÐÑ, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, мÑ
могли Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑиÑÑиÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ
+минного полÑ, или Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ ÑниÑÑожиÑÑ
Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¸Ð½ на минном
+поле”. [ÐÑо — ÑлÑÑÑение,] но ÑÑо не
Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÑноÑÑи.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐÑак, Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñили об одном и Ñом же по
вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑ. ÐÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ñ ÑезÑлÑÑаÑÑ?
+ÐоÑÑдаÑÑÑва изменили или не пÑинÑли
паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ?</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐекоÑоÑÑе. ÐеÑколÑко Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ в Ðндии
бÑла попÑÑка измениÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑное
+пÑаво, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¾ Ñвно допÑÑкало паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑогÑаммÑ, и она не
+ÑдалаÑÑ. ÐеÑколÑко Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ СШÐ
пÑедложили ÑоÑговое ÑоглаÑение, ÑоглаÑение
+о беÑплаÑной ÑкÑплÑаÑаÑии, Ñ ÐаÑинÑкой
ÐмеÑикой. Роно бÑло блокиÑовано
+пÑезиденÑом ÐÑазилии, коÑоÑÑй Ñказал
“неє паÑенÑам на пÑогÑаммÑ
+и дÑÑгой ÑквеÑной ÑÑÑке, ÑвÑзанной Ñ
компÑÑÑеÑами, и ÑÑо ÑниÑÑожило веÑÑ
+договоÑ. ÐÑевидно, ÑÑо вÑе, ÑÑо СШРÑ
оÑели
Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÑзаÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑалÑномÑ
+конÑиненÑÑ. Ðо ÑÑо не ÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° меÑÑе; еÑÑÑ
компании, ÑÑаÑнÑе ÑоÑÑÑдники
+коÑоÑÑÑ
занимаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¸Ñком ÑпоÑобов,
коÑоÑÑми они могли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑиниÑÑ ÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
+инÑÑ ÑÑÑанÑ.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ по-наÑÑоÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ¶Ð½Ñе даннÑе о
Ñом, ÑÑо пÑоиÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑеÑминаÑ
+Ñкономики в инноваÑионнÑÑ
ÑообÑеÑÑваÑ
в
ÑÑÑанаÑ
, где по ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ
+паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ?</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd><p>ÐеÑ. Такие веÑи измеÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи
невозможно. Ðа Ñамом деле Ñ Ð½Ðµ должен
+говоÑиÑÑ, ÑÑо иÑ
неÑ. Ðемного еÑÑÑ. ÐÑенÑ
ÑÑÑдно измеÑиÑÑ ÑÑÑÐµÐºÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑной
+ÑиÑÑемÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð²Ñ ÑÑавниваеÑе
ÑеалÑнÑй Ð¼Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð½ÐµÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑим миÑом и
+невозможно ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑоизоÑло бÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Я Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÑказаÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо до Ñого, как
поÑвилиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ,
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±ÑÑно ÑазвивалиÑÑ; не Ñак, как
ÑейÑаÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо, конеÑно,
+колиÑеÑÑво полÑзоваÑелей компÑÑÑеÑов
бÑло неÑопоÑÑавимо Ñ Ð½ÑнеÑним.</p>
+
+<p>СколÑко бÑло полÑзоваÑелей компÑÑÑеÑов
в 1982 годÑ, даже в СШÐ? ÐÑо
+бÑла неболÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва. Ðо
ÑазÑабоÑÑики пÑогÑамм бÑли. Ðни не
+говоÑили: “ÐÑ Ð¾ÑÑаÑнно нÑждаемÑÑ Ð²
паÑенÑаÑ
”. ÐÑ
не пÑеÑледовали
+за наÑÑÑение паÑенÑов поÑле Ñого, как они
ÑазÑабоÑали Ñвои пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðо
+еÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑое [ÑкономиÑеÑкое]
иÑÑледование, в коÑоÑом Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ», ÑÑо паÑенÑÑ
+на пÑогÑаммÑ, оÑевидно, пÑивели не к ÑоÑÑÑ
иÑÑледований, а [к] ÑдвигÑ
+ÑÑедÑÑв Ð¾Ñ Ð¸ÑÑледований к
паÑенÑованиÑ.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐжидаеÑе ли вÑ, ÑÑо бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹-Ñо
инÑеÑÐµÑ Ðº коммеÑÑеÑкой Ñайне?</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ÐеÑ. Ðо Ñого, как поÑвилиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑогÑаммÑ, много ÑазÑабоÑÑиков
+пÑогÑамм Ñ
Ñанило деÑали ÑвоиÑ
пÑогÑамм в
ÑекÑеÑе. Ðо они обÑÑно не Ñ
Ñанили в
+ÑекÑеÑе никакиÑ
обÑиÑ
идей, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо они
оÑознавали, ÑÑо ÑÑÑдноÑÑÑ Ð²
+ÑазÑабоÑке Ñ
оÑоÑиÑ
пÑогÑамм ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ в
вÑбоÑе обÑиÑ
идей, а в ÑовмеÑÑной
+ÑеализаÑии множеÑÑва идей. Так ÑÑо они
пÑбликовали [или] давали Ñвоим
+нанимаÑелÑм пÑбликоваÑÑ Ð² наÑÑнÑÑ
жÑÑналаÑ
лÑбÑе новÑе инÑеÑеÑнÑе идеи,
+коÑоÑÑе Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
бÑли. Ð ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ паÑенÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑи новÑе идеи. ÐÑо Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð¾ÑенÑ
+мало оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº ÑазÑабоÑке полезной
пÑогÑаммÑ, и пÑоÑÑо Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð»ÑдÑм ÑзнаÑÑ
+о некоÑоÑÑÑ
идеÑÑ
, они не пеÑедаÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼
пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÑоме Ñого, болÑÑинÑÑво
+идей, ÑÑÑÑÑи идей, коÑоÑÑе Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ð¸ÑÑеÑе
в Ñвоей пÑогÑамме, и без Ñого
+извеÑÑнÑ.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐопÑоÑ.</dt>
+<dd>ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑвеÑдиÑÑ ÑÑо: Ñ ÑлÑÑал
инÑеÑвÑÑ, его бÑали Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ из оÑноваÑелей
+PayPal, и он Ñказал, ÑÑо он бÑл ÑовеÑÑенно
ÑвеÑен в Ñом, ÑÑо Ñвоим ÑÑпеÑ
ом
+он обÑзан на 5 пÑоÑенÑов идее, а на
95 пÑоÑенÑов ее иÑполнениÑ, и
+ÑÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑо подÑвеÑÐ¶Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÑ
мÑÑлÑ.</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑвеÑ.</dt>
+<dd>Я ÑоглаÑен.</dd>
+
+<dt>СФ:</dt>
+<dd>ÐÑлиÑно. У РиÑаÑда еÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ»ÐµÐ¹ÐºÐ¸,
коÑоÑÑе, как Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, можно полÑÑиÑÑ
+Ñвободно.</dd>
+
+<dt>Ð ÐС:</dt>
+<dd>ÐеÑплаÑно. Ð ÑÑо [дÑÑгие пÑедмеÑÑ] —
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ñодажи.</dd>
+
+<dt>СФ:</dt>
+<dd>ÐÑак, благодаÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑаÑÑие. ÐÑо бÑло
великолепное обÑÑждение; ÑпаÑибо,
+РиÑаÑд.</dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе запÑоÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU
по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом.
+<br />
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе оÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки или
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman</p><p>Copyright © 2012
+Free Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru">лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ
+можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о
+найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе
пеÑеводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2012/09/30 00:27:42 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>The Danger of Software Patents - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.translist" -->
+
+<h2>The Danger of Software Patents</h2>
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>This is the transcript of a talk presented by Richard M. Stallman
+on 8 October 2009 at Victoria University of Wellington.</p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>SF:</dt>
+<dd><p>My name is Susy Frankel and on behalf of myself and Meredith
+Kolsky Lewis, I'd like to welcome you to this seminar hosted by the
+New Zealand Centre for International Economic Law. Brenda Chawner,
+who is part of the Victoria University School of Information
+Management, rather than the Centre I just named being part of the Law
+Faculty, is really responsible for bringing Richard Stallman back to
+New Zealand and hosting his tour of New Zealand, including this stop
+here in Wellington tonight. She's unfortunately unable to be with us
+at this moment because she's doing what we do in universities which is
+teach.</p>
+
+<p>So it's my pleasure to welcome you to the lecture “The Danger
+of Software Patents”. Richard Stallman has a suite of lectures
+that he offers, and after discussion with Brenda, I chose this topic
+precisely because for the first real time in New Zealand history, we
+have a somewhat prolonged, but important, debate about patent law
+reform, and many of you in the room are responsible for the debate
+relating to software patents. So it seemed very topical, very timely.
+So thank you, Richard, for making that offer.</p>
+
+<p>Richard Stallman needs little introduction. Nonetheless, for some
+of you who have not heard of him previously, he has launched the
+development of the GNU operating system. I had never heard GNU said
+before, and I went online to YouTube (where would we be be without
+YouTube)…</p></dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd>Oh, you shouldn't recommend YouTube, because they distribute in a
+patented video format.</dd>
+
+<dt>SF:</dt>
+<dd>Good point. I only recommend it for the point that I thought do
+you say G N U or GNU?</dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd>Wikipedia says that. [The answer is, pronounce it as a one
+syllable, wit a hard G.]</dd>
+
+<dt>SF:</dt>
+<dd>Yes, but live I heard you say it on YouTube. But nonetheless, the
+important point is that it's not proprietorial. But the most
+interesting point is that Richard has received many honors for his
+work. My favorite, and therefore the one that I'm going to mention,
+is the Takeda Award for Social and Economic Betterment, and I imagine
+we're going to hear a lot of that tonight, so join me in welcoming
+Richard.</dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd><p>First of all, I'd like to mention one of the reasons why I'm
+drinking this [a can or bottle of a cola which is not coke] is there's
+a worldwide boycott of Coca-Cola Company for murdering union
+organizers in Colombia. Look at the
+site <a href="http://killercoke.org">killercoke.org</a>. And they're
+not talking about the effects of drinking the product—after all,
+the same might be true of many other products—it's murder. So
+before you buy any drink product, look at the fine print and see if
+it's made by Coca-Cola Company.</p>
+
+<p>I'm most known for starting the free software movement and leading
+development of the GNU operating system—although most of the
+people who use the system mistakenly believe it's Linux and think it
+was started by somebody else a decade later. But I'm not going to be
+speaking about any of that today. I'm here to talk about a legal
+danger to all software developers, distributors, and users: the danger
+of patents—on computational ideas, computational techniques, an
+idea for something you can do on a computer.</p>
+
+<p>Now, to understand this issue, the first thing you need to realize
+is that patent law has nothing to do with copyright law—they're
+totally different. Whatever you learn about one of them, you can be
+sure it doesn't apply to the other.</p>
+
+<p>So, for example, any time a person makes a statement about
+“intellectual property,” that's spreading confusion,
+because it's lumping together not only these two laws but also at
+least a dozen others. They're all different, and the result is any
+statement which purports to be about “intellectual
+property” is pure confusion—either the person making the
+statement is confused, or the person is trying to confuse others. But
+either way, whether it's accidental or malicious, it's confusion.</p>
+
+<p>Protect yourself from this confusion by rejecting any statement
+which makes use of that term. The only way to make thoughtful
+comments and think clear thoughts about any one of these laws is to
+distinguish it first from all the others, and talk or think about one
+particular law, so that we can understand what it actually does and
+then form conclusions about it. So I'll be talking about patent law,
+and what happens in those countries which have allowed patent law to
+restrict software.</p>
+
+<p>So, what does a patent do? A patent is an explicit,
+government-issued monopoly on using a certain idea. In the patent
+there's a part called the claims, which describe exactly what you're
+not allowed to do (although they're written in a way you probably
+can't understand). It's a struggle to figure out what those
+prohibitions actually mean, and they may go on for many pages of fine
+print.</p>
+
+<p>So the patent typically lasts for 20 years, which is a fairly long
+time in our field. Twenty years ago there was no World Wide
+Web—a tremendous amount of the use of computers goes on in an
+area which wasn't even possible to propose 20 years ago. So of course
+everything that people do on it is something that's new since 20 years
+ago—at least in some aspect it is new. So if patents had been
+applied for we'd be prohibited from doing all of it, and we may be
+prohibited from doing all of it in countries that have been foolish
+enough to have such a policy.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the time, when people describe the function of the patent
+system, they have a vested interest in the system. They may be patent
+lawyers, or they may work in the Patent Office, or they may be in the
+patent office of a megacorporation, so they want you to like the
+system.</p>
+
+<p>The <cite>Economist</cite> once referred to the patent system as
+“a time-consuming lottery.” If you've ever seen publicity
+for a lottery, you understand how it works: they dwell on the very
+unlikely probability of winning, and they don't talk about the
+overwhelming likelihood of losing. In this way, they intentionally
+and systematically present a biased picture of what's likely to happen
+to you, without actually lying about any particular fact.</p>
+
+<p>It's the same way for the publicity for the patent system: they
+talk about what it's like to walk down the street with a patent in
+your pocket—or first of all, what it's like to get a patent,
+then what it's like to have a patent in your pocket, and every so
+often you can pull it out and point it at somebody and say,
+“Give me your money.”</p>
+
+<p>To compensate for their bias, I'm going to describe it from the
+other side, the victim side—what it's like for people who want
+to develop or distribute or run software. You have to worry that any
+day someone might walk up to you and point a patent at you and say,
+“Give me your money.”</p>
+
+<p>If you want to develop software in a country that allows software
+patents, and you want to work with patent law, what will you have to
+do?</p>
+
+<p>You could try to make a list of all the ideas that one might be
+able to find in the program that you're about to write, aside from the
+fact that you don't know that when you start writing the program.
+[But] even after you finish writing the program you wouldn't be able
+to make such a list.</p>
+
+<p>The reason is… in the process you conceived of it in one
+particular way—you've got a mental structure to apply to your
+design. And because of that, it will block you from seeing other
+structures that somebody might use to understand the same
+program—because you're not coming to it fresh; you already
+designed it with one structure in mind. Someone else who sees it for
+the first time might see a different structure, which involves
+different ideas, and it would be hard for you to see what those other
+ideas are. But nonetheless they're implemented in your program, and
+those patents could prohibit your program, if those ideas are
+patented.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, suppose there were graphical-idea patents and you
+wanted to draw a square. Well, you would realize that if there was a
+patent on a bottom edge, it would prohibit your square. You could put
+“bottom edge” on the list of all ideas implemented in your
+drawing. But you might not realize that somebody else with a patent
+on bottom corners could sue you easily also, because he could take
+your drawing and turn it by 45 degrees. And now your square is like
+this, and it has a bottom corner.</p>
+
+<p>So you couldn't make a list of all the ideas which, if patented,
+could prohibit your program.</p>
+
+<p>What you might try to do is find out all the ideas that are
+patented that might be in your program. Now you can't do that
+actually, because patent applications are kept secret for at least
+eighteen months; and the result is the Patent Office could be
+considering now whether to issue a patent, and they won't tell you.
+And this is not just an academic, theoretical possibility.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, in 1984 the Compress program was written, a program
+for compressing files using the <acronym title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">
+LZW</acronym> data compression algorithm, and at that time there was
+no patent on that algorithm for compressing files. The author got the
+algorithm from an article in a journal. That was when we thought that
+the purpose of computer science journals was to publish algorithms so
+people could use them.</p>
+
+<p>He wrote this program, he released it, and in 1985 a patent was
+issued on that algorithm. But the patent holder was cunning and
+didn't immediately go around telling people to stop using it. The
+patent holder figured, “Let's let everybody dig their grave
+deeper.” A few years later they started threatening people; it
+became clear we couldn't use Compress, so I asked for people to
+suggest other algorithms we could use for compressing files.</p>
+
+<p>And somebody wrote and said, “I developed another data compression
+algorithm that works better, I've written a program, I'd like to give
+it to you.” So we got ready to release it, and a week before it was
+ready to be released, I read in the <cite>New York Times</cite> weekly
+patent column, which I rarely saw—it's a couple of times a year
+I might see it—but just by luck I saw that someone had gotten a
+patent for “inventing a new method of compressing data.”
+And so I said we had better look at this, and sure enough it covered
+the program we were about to release. But it could have been worse:
+the patent could have been issued a year later, or two years later, or
+three years later, or five years later.</p>
+
+<p>Anyway, someone else came up with another, even better compression
+algorithm, which was used in the program gzip, and just about
+everybody who wanted to compress files switched to gzip, so
+it sounds like a happy ending. But you'll hear more later. It's not
+entirely so happy.</p>
+
+<p>So, you can't find out about the patents that are being considered
+even though they may prohibit your work once they come out, but you
+can find out about the already issued patents. They're all published
+by the Patent Office. The problem is you can't read them all, because
+there are too many of them.</p>
+
+<p>In the US I believe there are hundreds of thousands of
+software patents; keeping track of them would be a tremendous job. So
+you're going to have to search for relevant patents. And you'll find
+a lot of relevant patents, but you won't necessarily find them
+all.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, in the 80s and 90s, there was a patent on
+“natural order recalculation” in spreadsheets. Somebody
+once asked me for a copy of it, so I looked in our computer file which
+lists the patent numbers. And then I pulled out the drawer to get the
+paper copy of this patent and xeroxed it and sent it to him. And when
+he got it, he said, “I think you sent me the wrong patent. This
+is something about compilers.” So I thought maybe our file has
+the wrong number in it. I looked in it again, and sure enough it said,
+“A method for compiling formulas into object code.” So I
+started to read it to see if it was indeed the wrong patent. I read
+the claims, and sure enough it was the natural order recalculation
+patent, but it didn't use those terms. It didn't use the term
+“spreadsheet”. In fact, what the patent prohibited was
+dozens of different ways of implementing topological sort—all
+the ways they could think of. But I don't think it used the term
+“topological sort”.</p>
+
+<p>So if you were writing a spreadsheet and you tried to find relevant
+patents by searching, you might have found a lot of patents. But you
+wouldn't have found this one until you told somebody, “Oh, I'm
+working on a spreadsheet,” and he said, “Oh, did you know
+those other companies that are making spreadsheets are getting
+sued?” Then you would have found out.</p>
+
+<p>Well, you can't find all the patents by searching, but you can find
+a lot of them. And then you've got to figure out what they mean,
+which is hard, because patents are written in tortuous legal language
+which is very hard to understand the real meaning of. So you're going
+to have to spend a lot of time talking with an expensive lawyer
+explaining what you want to do in order to find out from the lawyer
+whether you're allowed to do it.</p>
+
+<p>Even the patent holders often can't recognize just what their
+patents mean. For instance, there's somebody named Paul Heckel who
+released a program for displaying a lot of data on a small screen, and
+based on a couple of the ideas in that program he got a couple of
+patents.</p>
+
+<p>I once tried to find a simple way to describe what claim 1 of one
+of those patents covered. I found that I couldn't find any simpler
+way of saying it than what was in the patent itself; and that
+sentence, I couldn't manage to keep it all in my mind at once, no
+matter how hard I tried.</p>
+
+<p>And Heckel couldn't follow it either, because when he saw
+HyperCard, all he noticed was it was nothing like his program. It
+didn't occur to him that the way his patent was written it might
+prohibit HyperCard; but his lawyer had that idea, so he threatened
+Apple. And then he threatened Apple's customers, and eventually Apple
+made a settlement with him which is secret, so we don't know who
+really won. And this is just an illustration of how hard it is for
+anybody to understand what a patent does or doesn't prohibit.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, I once gave this speech and Heckel was in the audience.
+And at this point he jumped up and said, “That's not true, I
+just didn't know the scope of my protection.” And I said,
+“Yeah, that's what I said,” at which point he sat down and
+that was the end of my experience being heckled by Heckel. If I had
+said no, he probably would have found a way to argue with me.</p>
+
+<p>Anyway, after a long, expensive conversation with a lawyer, the
+lawyer will give you an answer like this:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>If you do something in this area, you're almost certain
+to lose a lawsuit; if you do something in this area, there's a
+considerable chance of losing a lawsuit; and if you really want to be
+safe you've got to stay out of this area. But there's a sizeable
+element of chance in the outcome of any lawsuit.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>So now that you have clear, predictable rules for doing business,
+what are you actually going to do? Well, there are three things that
+you could do to deal with the issue of any particular patent. One is
+to avoid it, another is to get a license for it, and the third is to
+invalidate it. So I'll talk about these one by one.</p>
+
+<p>First, there's the possibility of avoiding the patent, which means,
+don't implement what it prohibits. Of course, if it's hard to tell
+what it prohibits, it might be hard to tell what would suffice to
+avoid it.</p>
+
+<p>A couple of years ago Kodak sued Sun [for] using a patent for
+something having to do with object-oriented programming, and Sun
+didn't think it was infringing that patent. But the court decided it
+was; and when other people look at that patent they haven't the
+faintest idea whether that decision was right or not. No one can tell
+what that patent does or doesn't cover, but Sun had to pay hundreds of
+millions of dollars because of violating a completely incomprehensible
+law.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes you can tell what you need to avoid, and sometimes what
+you need to avoid is an algorithm.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, I saw a patent for something like the fast Fourier
+transform, but it ran twice as fast. Well, if the ordinary FFT is
+fast enough for your application then that's an easy way to avoid this
+other one. And most of the time that would work. Once in a while you
+might be trying to do something where it runs doing FFT all the time,
+and it's just barely fast enough using the faster algorithm. And then
+you can't avoid it, although maybe you could wait a couple of years
+for a faster computer. But that's going to be rare. Most of the time
+that patent will to be easy to avoid.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, a patent on an algorithm may be impossible to
+avoid. Consider the LZW data compression algorithm. Well, as I
+explained, we found a better data compression algorithm, and everybody
+who wanted to compress files switched to the program gzip
+which used the better algorithm. And the reason is, if you just want
+to compress the file and uncompress it later, you can tell people to
+use this program to uncompress it; then you can use any program with
+any algorithm, and you only care how well it works.</p>
+
+<p>But LZW is used for other things, too; for instance the PostScript
+language specifies operators for LZW compression and LZW
+uncompression. It's no use having another, better algorithm because
+it makes a different format of data. They're not interoperable. If
+you compress it with the gzip algorithm, you won't be able to
+uncompress it using LZW. So no matter how good your other algorithm
+is, and no matter what it is, it just doesn't enable you to implement
+PostScript according to the specs.</p>
+
+<p>But I noticed that users rarely ask their printers to compress
+things. Generally the only thing they want their printers to do is to
+uncompress; and I also noticed that both of the patents on the LZW
+algorithm were written in such a way that if your system can only
+uncompress, it's not forbidden. These patents were written so that
+they covered compression, and they had other claims covering both
+compression and uncompression; but there was no claim covering only
+uncompression. So I realized that if we implement only the
+uncompression for LZW, we would be safe. And although it would not
+satisfy the specification, it would please the users sufficiently; it
+would do what they actually needed. So that's how we barely squeaked
+by avoiding the two patents.</p>
+
+<p>Now there is GIF format, for images. That uses the LZW
+algorithm also. It didn't take long for people to define another
+image format, called PNG, which stands for “PNG's Not
+GIF”. I think it uses the gzip algorithm. And we
+started saying to people, “Don't use GIF format, it's
+dangerous. Switch to PNG.” And the users said,
+“Well, maybe some day, but the browsers don't implement it
+yet,” and the browser developers said, “We may implement
+it someday, but there's not much demand from users.”</p>
+
+<p>Well, it's pretty obvious what's going on—GIF was a
+de facto standard. In effect, asking people to switch to a different
+format, instead of their de facto standard, is like asking everyone in
+New Zealand to speak Hungarian. People will say, “Well, yeah,
+I'll learn to speak it after everyone else does.” And so we
+never succeeded in asking people to stop using GIF, even
+though one of those patent holders was going around to operators of
+web sites, threatening to sue them unless they could prove that all of
+the GIFs on the site were made with authorized, licensed
+software.</p>
+
+<p>So GIF was a dangerous trap for a large part of our
+community. We thought we had an alternative to GIF format,
+namely JPEG, but then somebody said, “I was just looking
+through my portfolio of patents”—I think it was somebody that
+just bought patents and used them to threaten people—and he
+said, “and I found that one of them covers JPEG format.”</p>
+
+<p>Well, JPEG was not a de facto standard, it's an official
+standard, issued by a standards committee; and the committee had a
+lawyer too. Their lawyer said he didn't think that this patent
+actually covered JPEG format.</p>
+
+<p>So who's right? Well, this patent holder sued a bunch of
+companies, and if there was a decision, it would have said who was
+right. But I haven't heard about a decision; I'm not sure if there
+ever was one. I think they settled, and the settlement is almost
+certainly secret, which means that it didn't tell us anything about
+who's right.</p>
+
+<p>These are fairly lightweight cases: one patent on JPEG,
+two patents on the LZW algorithm used in GIF. Now you might
+wonder how come there are two patents on the same algorithm? It's not
+supposed to happen, but it did. And the reason is that the patent
+examiners can't possibly take the time to study every pair of things
+they might need to study and compare, because they're not allowed to
+take that much time. And because algorithms are just mathematics,
+there's no way you can narrow down which applications and patents you
+need to compare.</p>
+
+<p>You see, in physical engineering fields, they can use the physical
+nature of what's going on to narrow things down. For instance, in
+chemical engineering, they can say, “What are the substances
+going in? What are the substances coming out?” If two different
+[patent] applications are different in that way, then they're not the
+same process so you don't need to worry. But the same math can be
+represented in ways that can look very different, and until you study
+them both together, you don't realize they're talking about the same
+thing. And, because of this, it's quite common to see the same thing
+get patented multiple times [in software].</p>
+
+<p>Remember that program that was killed by a patent before we
+released it? Well, that algorithm got patented twice also. In one
+little field we've seen it happen in two cases that we ran
+into—the same algorithm being patented twice. Well, I think my
+explanation tells you why that happens.</p>
+
+<p>But one or two patents is a lightweight case. What
+about MPEG2, the video format? I saw a list of over 70
+patents covering that, and the negotiations to arrange a way for
+somebody to license all those patents took longer than developing the
+standard itself. The JPEG committee wanted to develop a
+follow-on standard, and they gave up. They said there were too many
+patents; there was no way to do it.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes it's a feature that's patented, and the only way to avoid
+that patent is not to implement that feature. For instance, the users
+of the word processor Xywrite once got a downgrade in the mail, which
+removed a feature. The feature was that you could define a list of
+abbreviations. For instance, if you define “exp” as an
+abbreviation for “experiment”, then if you type
“exp-space“ or “exp-comma”, the “exp” would
change automatically to
+“experiment”.</p>
+
+<p>Then somebody who had a patent on this feature threatened them, and
+they concluded that the only thing they could do was to take the
+feature out. And so they sent all the users a downgrade.</p>
+
+<p>But they also contacted me, because my Emacs editor had a feature
+like that starting from the late 70s. And it was described in the
+Emacs manual, so they thought I might be able to help them invalidate
+that patent. Well, I'm happy to know I've had at least one patentable
+idea in my life, but I'm unhappy that someone else patented it.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately, in fact, that patent was eventually invalidated, and
+partly on the strength of the fact that I had published using it
+earlier. But in the meantime they had had to remove this feature.</p>
+
+<p>Now, to remove one or two features may not be a disaster. But when
+you have to remove 50 features, you could do it, but people are likely
+to say, “This program's no good; it's missing all the features I
+want.” So it may not be a solution. And sometimes a patent is
+so broad that it wipes out an entire field, like the patent on
+public-key encryption, which in fact put public-key encryption
+basically off limits for about ten years.</p>
+
+<p>So that's the option of avoiding the patent—often possible,
+but sometimes not, and there's a limit to how many patents you can
+avoid.</p>
+
+<p>What about the next possibility, of getting a license for the
+patent?</p>
+
+<p>Well, the patent holder may not offer you a license. It's entirely
+up to him. He could say, “I just want to shut you down.”
+I once got a letter from somebody whose family business was making
+casino games, which were of course computerized, and he had been
+threatened by a patent holder who wanted to make his business shut
+down. He sent me the patent. Claim 1 was something like “a
+network with a multiplicity of computers, in which each computer
+supports a multiplicity of games, and allows a multiplicity of game
+sessions at the same time”.</p>
+
+<p>Now, I'm sure in the 1980s there was a university that set up a
+room with a network of workstations, and each workstation had some
+kind of windowing facility. All they had to do was to install
+multiple games and it would be possible to display multiple game
+sessions at once. This is so trivial and uninteresting that nobody
+would have bothered to publish an article about doing it. No one
+would have been interested in publishing an article about doing it,
+but it was worth patenting it. If it had occurred to you that you
+could get a monopoly on this trivial thing, then you could shut down
+your competitors with it.</p>
+
+<p>But why does the Patent Office issue so many patents that seem
+absurd and trivial to us?</p>
+
+<p>It's not because the patent examiners are stupid, it's because
+they're following a system, and the system has rules, and the rules
+lead to this result.</p>
+
+<p>You see, if somebody has made a machine that does something once,
+and somebody else designs a machine that will do the same thing, but N
+times, for us that's a <tt>for</tt>-loop, but for the Patent Office
+that's an invention. If there are machines that can do A, and there
+are machines that can do B, and somebody designs a machine that can do
+A or B, for us that's an <tt>if-then-else</tt> statement, but for the
+Patent Office that's an invention. So they have very low standards,
+and they follow those standards; and the result is patents that look
+absurd and trivial to us. Whether they're legally valid I can't say.
+But every programmer who sees them laughs.</p>
+
+<p>In any case, I was unable to suggest anything he could do to help
+himself, and he had to shut down his business. But most patent
+holders will offer you a license. It's likely to be rather
+expensive.</p>
+
+<p>But there are some software developers that find it particularly
+easy to get licenses, most of the time. Those are the
+megacorporations. In any field the megacorporations generally own
+about half the patents, and they cross-license each other, and they
+can make anybody else cross-license if he's really producing anything.
+The result is that they end up painlessly with licenses for almost all
+the patents.</p>
+
+<p>IBM wrote an article in its house magazine, <cite>Think</cite>
+magazine—I think it's issue 5, 1990—about the benefit IBM
+got from its almost 9,000 US patents at the time (now it's up to
+45,000 or more). They said that one of the benefits was that they
+collected money, but the main benefit, which they said was perhaps an
+order of magnitude greater, was “getting access to the patents
+of others,” namely cross-licensing.</p>
+
+<p>What this means is since IBM, with so many patents, can make almost
+everybody give them a cross-license, IBM avoids almost all the grief
+that the patent system would have inflicted on anybody else. So
+that's why IBM wants software patents. That's why the
+megacorporations in general want software patents, because they know
+that by cross-licensing, they will have a sort of exclusive club on
+top of a mountain peak. And all the rest of us will be down here, and
+there's no way we can get up there. You know, if you're a genius, you
+might start up a small company and get some patents, but you'll never
+get into IBM's league, no matter what you do.</p>
+
+<p>Now a lot of companies tell their employees, “Get us patents
+so we can defend ourselves” and they mean, “use them to
+try to get cross-licensing,” but it just doesn't work well.
+It's not an effective strategy if you've got a small number of
+patents.</p>
+
+<p>Suppose you've got three patents. One points there, one points
+there, and one points there, and somebody over there points a patent
+at you. Well, your three patents don't help you at all, because none
+of them points at him. On the other hand, sooner or later, somebody
+in the company is going to notice that this patent is actually
+pointing at some people, and [the company] could threaten them and
+squeeze money out of them—never mind that those people didn't
+attack this company.</p>
+
+<p>So if your employer says to you, “We need some patents to
+defend ourselves, so help us get patents,” I recommend this
+response:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Boss, I trust you and I'm sure you would only use those
+patents to defend the company if it's attacked. But I don't know
+who's going to be the CEO of this company in five years. For all I
+know, it might get acquired by Microsoft. So I really can't trust the
+company's word to only use these patents for defense unless I get it
+in writing. Please put it in writing that any patents I provide for
+the company will only be used for self-defense and collective
+security, and not for repression, and then I'll be able to get patents
+for the company with a clean conscience.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>It would be most interesting to raise this not just in private with
+your boss, but also on the company's discussion list.</p>
+
+<p>The other thing that could happen is that the company could fail
+and its assets could be auctioned off, including the patents; and the
+patents will be bought by someone who means to use them to do
+something nasty.</p>
+
+<p>This cross-licensing practice is very important to understand,
+because this is what punctures the argument of the software patent
+advocates who say that software patents are needed to protect the
+starving genius. They give you a scenario which is a series of
+unlikelihoods.</p>
+
+<p>So let's look at it. According to this scenario, there's a
+brilliant designer of whatever, who's been working for years by
+himself in his attic coming up with a better way to do whatever it is.
+And now that it's ready, he wants to start a business and mass-produce
+this thing; and because his idea is so good his company will
+inevitably succeed— except for one thing: the big companies will
+compete with him and take all his market the away. And because of
+this, his business will almost certainly fail, and then he will
+starve.</p>
+
+<p>Well, let's look at all the unlikely assumptions here.</p>
+
+<p>First of all, that he comes up with this idea working by himself.
+That's not very likely. In a high-tech field, most progress is made
+by people working in a field, doing things and talking with people in
+the field. But I wouldn't say it's impossible, not that one thing by
+itself.</p>
+
+<p>But anyway the next supposition is that he's going to start a
+business and that it's going to succeed. Well, just because he's a
+brilliant engineer doesn't mean that he's any good at running a
+business. Most new businesses fail; more than 95 percent of them, I think,
+fail within a few years. So that's probably what's going to happen to
+him, no matter what.</p>
+
+<p>Ok, let's assume that in addition to being a brilliant engineer who
+came up with something great by himself, he's also talented at running
+businesses. If he has a knack for running businesses, then maybe his
+business won't fail. After all, not all new businesses fail, there
+are a certain few that succeed. Well, if he understands business,
+then instead of trying to go head to head with large companies, he
+might try to do things that small companies are better at and have a
+better chance of succeeding. He might succeed. But let's suppose it
+fails anyway. If he's so brilliant and has a knack for running
+businesses, I'm sure he won't starve, because somebody will want to
+give him a job.</p>
+
+<p>So a series of unlikelihoods—it's not a very plausible
+scenario. But let's look at it anyway.</p>
+
+<p>Because where they go from there is to say the patent system will
+“protect” our starving genius, because he can get a patent
+on this technique. And then when IBM wants to compete with him, he
+says, “IBM, you can't compete with me, because I've got this
+patent,” and IBM says, “Oh, no, not again!”</p>
+
+<p>Well, here's what really happens.</p>
+
+<p>IBM says, “Oh, how nice, you have a patent. Well, we have
+this patent, and this patent, and this patent, and this patent, and
+this patent, all of which cover other ideas implemented in your
+product, and if you think you can fight us on all those, we'll pull
+out some more. So let's sign a cross-license agreement, and that way
+nobody will get hurt.” Now since we've assumed that our genius
+understands business, he's going to realize that he has no choice.
+He's going to sign the cross-license agreement, as just about
+everybody does when IBM demands it. And then this means that IBM will
+get “access” to his patent, meaning IBM would be free to
+compete with him just as if there were no patents, which means that
+the supposed benefit that they claim he would get by having this
+patent is not real. He won't get this benefit.</p>
+
+<p>The patent might “protect” him from competition from
+you or me, but not from IBM—not from the very megacorporations
+which the scenario says are the threat to him. You know in advance
+that there's got to be a flaw in this reasoning when people who are
+lobbyists for megacorporations recommend a policy supposedly because
+it's going to protect their small competitors from them. If it really
+were going to do that, they wouldn't be in favor of it. But this
+explains why [software patents] won't do it.</p>
+
+<p>Even IBM can't always do this, because there are companies that we
+refer to as patent trolls or patent parasites, and their only business
+is using patents to squeeze money out of people who really make
+something.</p>
+
+<p>Patent lawyers tell us that it's really wonderful to have patents
+in your field, but they don't have patents in their field. There are
+no patents on how to send or write a threatening letter, no patents on
+how to file a lawsuit, and no patents on how to persuade a judge or
+jury, so even IBM can't make the patent trolls cross-license. But IBM
+figures, “Our competition will have to pay them too; this is
+just part of the cost of doing business, and we can live with
+it.” IBM and the other megacorporations figure that the general
+dominion over all activity that they get from their patents is good
+for them, and paying off the trolls they can live with. So that's why
+they want software patents.</p>
+
+<p>There are also certain software developers who find it particularly
+difficult to get a patent license, and those are the developers of
+free software. The reason is that the usual patent license has
+conditions we can't possibly fulfill, because usual patent licenses
+demand a payment per copy. But when software gives users the freedom
+to distribute and make more copies, we have no way to count the copies
+that exist.</p>
+
+<p>If someone offered me a patent license for a payment of
+one-millionth of a dollar per copy, the total amount of money I'd have
+to pay maybe is in my pocket now. Maybe it's 50 dollars, but I don't
+know if it's 50 dollars, or 49, or what, because there's no way I can
+count the copies that people have made.</p>
+
+<p>A patent holder doesn't have to demand a payment per copy; a patent
+holder could offer you a license for a single lump sum, but those lump
+sums tend to be big, like US$100,000.</p>
+
+<p>And the reason that we've been able to develop so much
+freedom-respecting software is [that] we can develop software without
+money, but we can't pay a lot of money without money. If we're forced
+to pay for the privilege of writing software for the public, we won't
+be able to do it very much.</p>
+
+<p>That's the possibility of getting a license for the patent. The
+other possibility is to invalidate the patent. If the country
+considers software patents to be basically valid, and allowed, the
+only question is whether that particular patent meets the criteria.
+It's only useful to go to court if you've got an argument to make that
+might prevail.</p>
+
+<p>What would that argument be? You have to find evidence that, years
+ago, before the patent was applied for, people knew about the same
+idea. And you'd have to find things today that demonstrate that they
+knew about it publicly at that time. So the dice were cast years ago,
+and if they came up favorably for you, and if you can prove that fact
+today, then you have an argument to use to try to invalidate the
+patent. And it might work.</p>
+
+<p>It might cost you a lot of money to go through this case, and as a
+result, a probably invalid patent is a very frightening weapon to be
+threatened with if you don't have a lot of money. There are people
+who can't afford to defend their rights—lots of them. The ones
+who can afford it are the exception.</p>
+
+<p>These are the three things that you might be able to do about each
+patent that prohibits something in your program. The thing is,
+whether each one is possible depends on different details of the
+circumstances, so some of the time, none of them is possible; and when
+that happens, your project is dead.</p>
+
+<p>But lawyers in most countries tell us, “Don't try to find the
+patents in advance”, and the reason is that the penalty for
+infringement is bigger if you knew about the patent. So what they
+tell you is “Keep your eyes shut. Don't try to find out about
+the patents, just go blindly taking your design decisions, and
+hope.”</p>
+
+<p>And of course, with each single design decision, you probably don't
+step on a patent. Probably nothing happens to you. But there are so
+many steps you have to take to get across the minefield, it's very
+unlikely you will get through safely. And of course, the patent
+holders don't all show up at the same time, so you don't know how many
+there are going to be.</p>
+
+<p>The patent holder of the natural order recalculation patent was
+demanding 5 percent of the gross sales of every spreadsheet. You could
+imagine paying for a few such licenses, but what happens when patent
+holder number 20 comes along, and wants you to pay out the last
+remaining 5 percent? And then what happens when patent holder number 21
+comes along?</p>
+
+<p>People in business say that this scenario is amusing but absurd,
+because your business would fail long before you got there. They told
+me that two or three such licenses would make your business fail. So
+you'd never get to 20. They show up one by one, so you never know how
+many more there are going to be.</p>
+
+<p>Software patents are a mess. They're a mess for software
+developers, but in addition they're a restriction on every computer
+user because software patents restrict what you can do on your
+computer.</p>
+
+<p>This is very different from patents, for instance, on automobile
+engines. These only restrict companies that make cars; they don't
+restrict you and me. But software patents do restrict you and me, and
+everybody who uses computers. So we can't think of them in purely
+economic terms; we can't judge this issue purely in economic terms.
+There's something more important at stake.</p>
+
+<p>But even in economic terms, the system is self-defeating, because
+its purpose is supposed to be to promote progress. Supposedly by
+creating this artificial incentive for people to publish ideas, it's
+going to help the field progress. But all it does is the exact
+opposite, because the big job in software is not coming up with ideas,
+it's implementing thousands of ideas together in one program. And
+software patents obstruct that, so they're economically
+self-defeating.</p>
+
+<p>And there's even economic research showing that this is
+so—showing how in a field with a lot of incremental innovation,
+a patent system can actually reduce investment in R & D. And of
+course, it also obstructs development in other ways. So even if we
+ignore the injustice of software patents, even if we were to look at
+it in the narrow economic terms that are usually proposed, it's still
+harmful.</p>
+
+<p>People sometimes respond by saying that “People in other
+fields have been living with patents for decades, and they've gotten
+used to it, so why should you be an exception?”</p>
+
+<p>Now, that question has an absurd assumption. It's like saying,
+“Other people get cancer, why shouldn't you?” I think
+every time someone doesn't get cancer, that's good, regardless of what
+happened to the others. That question is absurd because of its
+presupposition that somehow we all have a duty to suffer the harm done
+by patents.</p>
+
+<p>But there is a sensible question buried inside it, and that
+sensible question is “What differences are there between various
+fields that might affect what is good or bad patent policy in those
+fields?”</p>
+
+<p>There is an important basic difference between fields in regard to
+how many patents are likely to prohibit or cover parts of any one
+product.</p>
+
+<p>Now we have a naive idea in our minds which I'm trying to get rid
+of, because it's not true. And it's that on any one product there is
+one patent, and that patent covers the overall design of that product.
+So if you design a new product, it can't be patented already, and you
+will have an opportunity to get “the patent” on that
+product.</p>
+
+<p>That's not how things work. In the 1800s, maybe they did, but not
+now. In fact, fields fall on a spectrum of how many patents [there
+are] per product. The beginning of the spectrum is one, but no field
+is like that today; fields are at various places on this spectrum.</p>
+
+<p>The field that's closest to that is pharmaceuticals. A few decades
+ago, there really was one patent per pharmaceutical, at least at any
+time, because the patent covered the entire chemical formula of that
+one particular substance. Back then, if you developed a new drug, you
+could be sure it wasn't already patented by somebody else and you
+could get the one patent on that drug.</p>
+
+<p>But that's not how it works now. Now there are broader patents, so
+now you could develop a new drug, and you're not allowed to make it
+because somebody has a broader patent which covers it already.</p>
+
+<p>And there might even be a few such patents covering your new drug
+simultaneously, but there won't be hundreds. The reason is, our
+ability to do biochemical engineering is so limited that nobody knows
+how to combine so many ideas to make something that's useful in
+medicine. If you can combine a couple of them you're doing pretty
+well at our level of knowledge. But other fields involve combining
+more ideas to make one thing.</p>
+
+<p>At the other end of the spectrum is software, where we can combine
+more ideas into one usable design than anybody else, because our field
+is basically easier than all other fields. I'm presuming that the
+intelligence of people in our field is the same as that of people in
+physical engineering. It's not that we're fundamentally better than
+they are; it's that our field is fundamentally easier, because we're
+working with mathematics.</p>
+
+<p>A program is made out of mathematical components, which have a
+definition, whereas physical objects don't have a definition. The
+matter does what it does, so through the perversity of matter, your
+design may not work the way it “should” have worked. And that's
just
+tough. You can't say that the matter has a bug in it, and the
+physical universe should get fixed. [Whereas] we [programmers] can
+make a castle that rests on a mathematically thin line, and it stays
+up because nothing weighs anything.</p>
+
+<p>There're so many complications you have to cope with in physical
+engineering that we don't have to worry about.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, when I put an <code>if</code>-statement inside of
+a <code>while</code>-loop,
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>I don't have to worry that if this <code>while</code>-loop repeats
+ at the wrong rate, the <code>if</code>-statement might start to
+ vibrate and it might resonate and crack;</li>
+
+<li>I don't have to worry that if it resonates much faster—you
+ know, millions of times per second—that it might generate
+ radio frequency signals that might induce wrong values in other
+ parts of the program;</li>
+
+<li>I don't have to worry that corrosive fluids from the environment
+ might seep in between the <code>if</code>-statement and
+ the <code>while</code>-statement and start eating away at them until
+ the signals don't pass anymore;</li>
+
+<li>I don't have to worry about how the heat generated by my
+ <code>if</code>-statement is going to get out through
+ the <code>while</code>-statement so that it doesn't make
+ the <code>if</code>-statement burn out; and</li>
+
+<li>I don't have to worry about how I would take out the broken
+ <code>if</code>-statement if it does crack, burn, or corrode, and
+ replace it with another <code>if</code>-statement to make the
+ program run again.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>For that matter, I don't have to worry about how I'm going to
+insert the <code>if</code>-statement inside
+the <code>while</code>-statement every time I produce a copy of the
+program. I don't have to design a factory to make copies of my
+program, because there are various general commands that will make
+copies of anything.</p>
+
+<p>If I want to make copies on CD, I just have to write a master; and
+there's one program I can [use to] make a master out of anything,
+write any data I want. I can make a master CD and write it and send
+it off to a factory, and they'll duplicate whatever I send them. I
+don't have to design a different factory for each thing I want to
+duplicate.</p>
+
+<p>Very often with physical engineering you have to do that; you have
+to design products for manufacturability. Designing the factory may
+even be a bigger job than designing the product, and then you may have
+to spend millions of dollars to build the factory. So with all of
+this trouble, you're not going to be able to put together so many
+different ideas in one product and have it work.</p>
+
+<p>A physical design with a million nonrepeating different design
+elements is a gigantic project. A program with a million different
+design elements, that's nothing. It's a few hundred thousand lines of
+code, and a few people will write that in a few years, so it's not a
+big deal. So the result is that the patent system weighs
+proportionately heavier on us than it does on people in any other
+field who are being held back by the perversity of matter.</p>
+
+<p>A lawyer did a study of one particular large program, namely the
+kernel Linux, which is used together with the GNU operating system
+that I launched. This was five years ago now; he found 283 different
+US patents, each of which appeared to prohibit some computation done
+somewhere in the code of Linux. At the time I saw an article saying
+that Linux was 0.25 percent of the whole system. So by multiplying 300 by
+400 we can estimate the number of patents that would prohibit
+something in the whole system as being around 100,000. This is a very
+rough estimate only, and no more accurate information is available,
+since trying to figure it out would be a gigantic task.</p>
+
+<p>Now this lawyer did not publish the list of patents, because that
+would have endangered the developers of Linux the kernel, putting them
+in a position where the penalties if they were sued would be greater.
+He didn't want to hurt them; he wanted to demonstrate how bad this
+problem is, of patent gridlock.</p>
+
+<p>Programmers can understand this immediately, but politicians
+usually don't know much about programming; they usually imagine that
+patents are basically much like copyrights, only somehow stronger.
+They imagine that since software developers are not endangered by the
+copyrights on their work, that they won't be endangered by the patents
+on their work either. They imagine that, since when you write a
+program you have the copyright, [therefore likewise] if you write a
+program you have the patents also. This is false—so how do we
+give them a clue what patents would really do? What they really do in
+countries like the US?</p>
+
+<p>I find it's useful to make an analogy between software and
+symphonies. Here's why it's a good analogy.</p>
+
+<p>A program or symphony combines many ideas. A symphony combines
+many musical ideas. But you can't just pick a bunch of ideas and say
+“Here's my combination of ideas, do you like it?” Because
+in order to make them work you have to implement them all. You can't
+just pick musical ideas and list them and say, “Hey, how do you
+like this combination?” You can't hear that [list]. You have to
+write notes which implement all these ideas together.</p>
+
+<p>The hard task, the thing most of us wouldn't be any good at, is
+writing all these notes to make the whole thing sound good. Sure,
+lots of us could pick musical ideas out of a list, but we wouldn't
+know how to write a good-sounding symphony to implement those ideas.
+Only some of us have that talent. That's the thing that limits you.
+I could probably invent a few musical ideas, but I wouldn't know how
+to use them to any effect.</p>
+
+<p>So imagine that it's the 1700s, and the governments of Europe
+decide that they want to promote the progress of symphonic music by
+establishing a system of musical idea patents, so that any musical
+idea described in words could be patented.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, using a particular sequence of notes as a motif could
+be patented, or a chord progression could be patented, or a rhythmic
+pattern could be patented, or using certain instruments by themselves
+could be patented, or a format of repetitions in a movement could be
+patented. Any sort of musical idea that could be described in words
+would have been patentable.</p>
+
+<p>Now imagine that it's 1800 and you're Beethoven, and you want to
+write a symphony. You're going to find it's much harder to write a
+symphony you don't get sued for than to write one that sounds good,
+because you have to thread your way around all the patents that exist.
+If you complained about this, the patent holders would say, “Oh,
+Beethoven, you're just jealous because we had these ideas first. Why
+don't you go and think of some ideas of your own?”</p>
+
+<p>Now Beethoven had ideas of his own. The reason he's considered a
+great composer is because of all of the new ideas that he had, and he
+actually used. And he knew how to use them in such a way that they
+would work, which was to combine them with lots of well-known ideas.
+He could put a few new ideas into a composition together with a lot of
+old and uncontroversial ideas. And the result was a piece that was
+controversial, but not so much so that people couldn't get used to
+it.</p>
+
+<p>To us, Beethoven's music doesn't sound controversial; I'm told it
+was, when it was new. But because he combined his new ideas with a
+lot of known ideas, he was able to give people a chance to stretch a
+certain amount. And they could, which is why to us those ideas sound
+just fine. But nobody, not even a Beethoven, is such a genius that he
+could reinvent music from zero, not using any of the well-known ideas,
+and make something that people would want to listen to. And nobody is
+such a genius he could reinvent computing from zero, not using any of
+the well-known ideas, and make something that people want to use.</p>
+
+<p>When the technological context changes so frequently, you end up
+with a situation where what was done 20 years ago is totally
+inadequate. Twenty years ago there was no World Wide Web. So, sure,
+people did a lot of things with computers back then, but what they
+want to do today are things that work with the World Wide Web. And
+you can't do that using only the ideas that were known 20 years ago.
+And I presume that the technological context will continue to change,
+creating fresh opportunities for somebody to get patents that give the
+shaft to the whole field.</p>
+
+<p>Big companies can even do this themselves. For instance, a few
+years ago Microsoft decided to make a phony open standard for
+documents and to get it approved as a standard by corrupting the
+International Standards Organization, which they did. But they
+designed it using something that Microsoft had patented. Microsoft is
+big enough that it can start with a patent, design a format or
+protocol to use that patented idea (whether it's helpful or not), in
+such a way that there's no way to be compatible unless you use that
+same idea too. And then Microsoft can make that a de facto standard
+with or without help from corrupted standards bodies. Just by its
+weight it can push people into using that format, and that basically
+means that they get a stranglehold over the whole world. So we need
+to show the politicians what's really going on here. We need to show
+them why this is bad.</p>
+
+<p>Now I've heard it said that the reason New Zealand is considering
+software patents is that one large company wants to be given some
+monopolies. To restrict everyone in the country so that one company
+will make more money is the absolute opposite of statesmanship.</p>
+
+<p>So, at this point, I'd like to ask for questions.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>What is the alternative?</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>No software patents. I know that that works fine. I was in the
+field when there were no software patents. And that meant people
+developed software, and they distributed that software in various
+ways, and they didn't have to worry about getting sued by patent
+holders for doing it, so they were safe. Software patents don't solve
+a real problem, so we don't need to ask what other solution is
+there.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>How do the developers get rewarded?</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd><p>Many ways. Software patents have nothing to do with that.
+Remember if you're a software developer, software patents don't help
+you get whatever you want to get.</p>
+
+<p>Different software developers want different things. I developed
+some important software in the 1980s, and the reward I wanted was to
+see people using computers in freedom. And I got that reward,
+although not totally, not everybody has freedom. But software patents
+would only have stopped me.</p>
+
+<p>Other people developed programs because they wanted money.
+Software patents threaten them, too, and still threaten them, because
+you're not going to make any money if patent holders demand that you
+give it all to them, or if they make you shut down.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>How do you prevent plagiarism and still…</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd><p>Plagiarism has nothing to do with this issue. It has
+absolutely nothing to do with this issue.</p>
+
+<p>Plagiarism means copying the text of a work and claiming to have
+written it yourself. But patents are not concerned with the text of
+any particular work. They simply have nothing to do with this.</p>
+
+<p>If you write a work and this work embodies some ideas, which it
+always does, there's no reason to think that the patents covering
+those ideas would belong to you. They're more likely to belong to
+lots of others, and half of them to the megacorporations, and they can
+then all sue you. So you don't even have to worry [about plagiarism];
+long before you get to the point where somebody else might copy it,
+you're going to be getting the shaft.</p>
+
+<p>You are confusing patents with copyrights, I'm afraid. They have
+nothing in common. I've explained to you what the patent system does
+to software, but I think you don't believe me because you've heard
+what copyrights do and you're confusing the two, so these impressions
+you've got about what copyrights do, you're just assuming that patents
+do them also—and they don't. If you write some code, the
+copyright on that code would belong to you; but if your code
+implements ideas, if some of these ideas are patented, those patents
+belong to others who could then sue you.</p>
+
+<p>You don't have to be afraid, with copyright, that when you write
+code yourself, that somebody else already has a copyright on it and
+can sue you, because copyright only restricts copying. In fact, even
+if you write something which is identical to what somebody else wrote,
+if you can prove you didn't copy it, that's a defense under copyright
+law, because copyright law is only concerned with copying. But
+copyright law is only concerned with the details of authorship of a
+work [i.e., not the ideas it embodies], so it has nothing in common
+with patent law in terms of what it deals with, and the effects are
+totally different.</p>
+
+<p>Now I'm not in favor personally of all the things that people do
+with copyright law, I've criticized it. But it's a totally different,
+unrelated issue. If you think that patent law helps somebody who is
+developing software, it means that you have got a completely wrong
+picture of what patent law actually does.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>Don't get me wrong. I'm on your side.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>OK, but still you've got a wrong picture. I'm not blaming you for
+it, because you've just been misinformed.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>If I'm writing software for commercial purposes, do I get good
+protection by treating it as a black box and keeping it secret?</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>I don't want to discuss that question because I'm not in favor of
+it, I think it's unethical to do that, but that's an unrelated
+issue.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>I understand that.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>I don't want to change the subject and then praise something that
+I think is bad. But because it's a change of subject I'd rather not
+get into that.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>Our Foundation for Research, Science, and Technology, I think
+they're probably the equivalent of your National Science Foundation,
+provides grants for research and development and one of the things
+that they propose pretty actively is that ideas that they have funded
+should be secured if possible by patents.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>That shouldn't be the case in software, because software ideas
+shouldn't be patentable ever by anyone. But what you are seeing
+there, more generally, is an example of the general corruption of our
+society by putting commercial aims above all others. Now I'm not a
+communist and I don't want to abolish business, but when it becomes
+business above all, every aspect of life oriented towards business,
+that is dangerous.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>So Richard, if you talk to the Foundation, perhaps you might
+propose that there are better ways for a small country like New
+Zealand to make money on software.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>Software patents don't help anybody make money out of software.
+They mean that you're in danger of getting sued when you try.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>Which makes it difficult for New Zealand as a country to build an
+economic base using software as part of that.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>Sorry, when you say “which” I don't know what you are
+referring to. Software patents will make it difficult for anyone. If
+New Zealand allows software patents, that will make it difficult in
+New Zealand for anybody to develop programs and distribute them,
+because you'll be in danger of getting sued. Software patents have
+nothing to do with developing a program and then putting it to some
+use.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>So New Zealand, in terms of its economic development, it would be
+better protected by having no software patents.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd><p>Yes. You see, each country has its own patent system, and they
+work independently, except that countries have signed up to a treaty
+that says, “If you have got a patent in that country, you can
+basically bring your application over here, and we'll judge it based
+on the year you applied for it over there.” But other than that, each
+country has its own criteria for what can be patented and has its own
+set of patents.</p>
+
+<p>So the result is if the US allows software patents and New Zealand
+does not, that means that everybody in the world, including New
+Zealanders, can get US software patents and sue us poor Americans at
+home. But if New Zealand doesn't allow software patents that means
+that neither you nor we can get New Zealand software patents to sue
+you New Zealanders at home. You can be sure that almost all the
+software patents will belong to foreigners who will use them to
+basically kick any New Zealand software developers whenever they get
+the chance.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>Since the Hughes Aircraft case, I think it was in the 1990s</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>I don't know about that case.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>But basically New Zealand's had software patents. It's not like
+we're going into a field where we don't already have them, we do.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd><p>I don't know, but I'm told that there's a decision being made
+now at the legislative level of whether to allow them. But Patent
+Offices often respond to lobbying from megacorporations through
+WIPO.</p>
+
+<p>WIPO, as you can tell from its name, which is the World
+Intellectual Property Organization, is up to no good, because any use
+of that term is spreading confusion. WIPO gets a lot of its funds
+from megacorporations, and uses those funds to bring officials from
+Patent Offices to idyllic resort destinations for training. What they
+train them to do is twist the law to allow patents in areas where
+they're not supposed to be allowed.</p>
+
+<p>In many countries there are laws and court decisions which say that
+software as such can't be patented, algorithms can't be patented, or
+“mathematical” algorithms can't be patented (no one's
+quite sure what it means for an algorithm to be mathematical or not),
+and various other criteria which if interpreted naturally would rule
+out software patents, but the patent offices twist the law to allow
+them anyway.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, a lot of things which practically speaking are
+software patents have the form where they describe a system involving
+a central processing unit, a memory, input/output facilities,
+instruction-fetching facilities, and means to perform this particular
+computation. In effect they've written explicitly into the patent all
+the parts of an ordinary computer, and then they say, “Well,
+this is a physical system which we would like to patent”, but
+really it's just patenting certain software on a computer. There are
+many subterfuges that they've used.</p>
+
+<p>Patent Offices will generally try to twist the law into allowing
+more patents. In the US software patents were created by a court
+decision in 1982, in the Appeals Court that deals with all patent
+cases, which misunderstood a Supreme Court decision from the previous
+year, and misapplied it. Now it looks like that Appeals Court has
+finally changed its mind, and it's come to the conclusion that it was
+mistaken all along; and it looks like this decision will get rid of
+all software patents, unless the Supreme Court reverses it. The
+Supreme Court is now considering it, and within less than a year we
+should find out whether we've won or lost.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>Should that case be unsuccessful, is there any movement in the
+States to take a legislated solution?</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>Yes, and I been promoting this for about 19 years now. It's a
+battle that we fight over and over in various different
+countries.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>Where in your universe do you put the in I4i case?</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>I have no idea what that is.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>It's where Microsoft has basically almost had to shut down on
+selling Word, because they were found to have infringed a Canadian
+patent.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>Oh, that one. That's just an example of how dangerous software
+patents are to all software developers. I don't like what Microsoft
+does, but that's an issue that's irrelevant for this purpose. It's
+not good that somebody can sue a software developer and say “I
+won't let you distribute such software”.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>Obviously we live in an imperfect world, and in some cases we run
+into the issue of software patents. Do you think that we should allow
+privileges for researchers to get around patents in the same way that
+copyright law allows research on copyright material?</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>No, it's a mistake to look for partial solutions, because we have
+a much better chance of establishing a full solution. Everybody
+involved in software development and distribution and use, except the
+ones in the megacorporations, when they see how dangerous software
+patents are, they will get behind total rejection of software patents.
+Whereas an exception for some special case will only win support from
+the people in that special case. These partial solutions are
+essentially distractions. People start by saying, “Oh, I'm sure
+we can't really solve the problem, so I give up on that. Let me
+propose a partial solution.” But these partial solutions don't
+make it safe to develop software.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>You wouldn't, however, oppose a partial solution that's not
+necessarily just directed at software patents, so you wouldn't oppose
+experimental use, which may be a good solution for the pharmaceutical
+patent.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>I wouldn't oppose that.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>But what you're saying is that you don't think it's applicable to
+software, just to clarify.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>Something that saves only a few of us, or only certain activities,
+or gets rid of half the software patents, that's analogous to saying,
+“Well, maybe we could clear part of the minefield, or maybe we
+could destroy half the mines in the minefield.” [That's an
+improvement] but that doesn't make it safe.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>So you've been speaking the same thing all around the world. How
+much uptake has there been? Have governments changed, or not adopted
+software patents?</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>Some have. In India a few years ago, there was an attempt to
+change patent law to explicitly allow software patents and it was
+dropped. A few years ago the US proposed a trade treaty, a free
+exploitation treaty, with Latin America. And it was blocked by the
+president of Brazil, who said no to software patents and another nasty
+thing relating to computers, and that killed the whole treaty. That's
+apparently the whole thing that the US wanted to impose on the rest of
+the continent. But these things don't stay dead; there are companies
+that have full-time staff looking for some way they can subvert some
+country or other.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>Is there any real hard data around what happens in economic terms
+in the innovation communities in countries that have essentially no
+software patents?</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd><p>There isn't any. It's almost impossible to measure these
+things. Actually, I shouldn't say there isn't any. There is a
+little. It's very hard to measure the effect of the patent system,
+because you're comparing the real world with a counterfactual world,
+and there's no way to be sure what would happen.</p>
+
+<p>What I can say is before there were software patents, there was
+lots of software development; not as much as there is now, because of
+course there were nowhere near as many computer users.</p>
+
+<p>How many computer users were there in 1982, even in the US? It was
+a small fraction of the public. But there were software developers.
+They weren't saying, “We desperately want patents”. They
+weren't getting sued for patent infringement after they developed
+their programs. But there is a bit of [economic] research that I saw
+that apparently software patents resulted not in an increase in
+research, but [in] a shift of funds from research into
+patenting.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>Do you expect that there would be any interest in trade
+secrets?</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>No. Before there were software patents, a lot of software
+developers kept the details of their programs secret. But they
+usually wouldn't keep any of the general ideas secret, because that
+they realized that the big job in developing good software was not
+picking your general ideas, it was implementing a lot of ideas
+together. So they would publish, [or] they would let their employees
+publish, in scholarly journals any interesting new ideas that they'd
+had. So now, they'll patent those new ideas. It has very little to
+do with developing a useful program, and just letting people know some
+ideas doesn't give them a program. Besides, most of the ideas, the
+thousands of ideas you've combined in your program, are known
+anyway.</dd>
+
+<dt>Q.</dt>
+<dd>To back that up, I was listening to an interview, one of the
+founders of PayPal was interviewed, and he said that he really felt
+strongly that his success was 5 percent idea and 95 percent execution, and that
+supports your point really well.</dd>
+
+<dt>A.</dt>
+<dd>I agree.</dd>
+
+<dt>SF:</dt>
+<dd>Excellent. Richard has here stickers which I believe are
+free</dd>
+
+<dt>RMS:</dt>
+<dd>Gratis. And these [other items] are for sale.</dd>
+
+<dt>SF:</dt>
+<dd>So you're welcome to come down. It's been a great debate—thank
+you Richard.</dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
+also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-No
+Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this
+license,
+visit <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">
+http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/</a> or send a letter
+to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco,
+California, 94105, USA.</p>
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/09/30 00:27:43 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>