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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www help/po/evaluation.de-diff.html philosophy/... |
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Date: |
Fri, 27 Apr 2012 05:03:52 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 12/04/27 05:03:52
Added files:
help/po : evaluation.de-diff.html
philosophy/po : free-sw.es-diff.html philosophy.cs-diff.html
philosophy.zh-cn-diff.html
words-to-avoid.es-diff.html
server/standards/po: README.translations.ca-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/help/po/evaluation.de-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.es-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/philosophy.cs-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/philosophy.zh-cn-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.es-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/standards/po/README.translations.ca-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: help/po/evaluation.de-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: help/po/evaluation.de-diff.html
diff -N help/po/evaluation.de-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ help/po/evaluation.de-diff.html 27 Apr 2012 05:02:49 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/help/evaluation.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>GNU Software Evaluation
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/help/po/evaluation.translist" -->
+<h2>GNU Software Evaluation</h2>
+
+<h3 id="submit">Offering software to GNU</h3>
+
+<p>If you have written software which you would like to offer to the GNU
+Project, thank you very much! This page includes a questionnaire for
+submitting your package, so that we can get the information needed and
+evaluate it as quickly as possible.</p>
+
+<p>Please take your time filling out the questionnaire. We've written
+it as preformatted text so you can copy to your system and fill it out
+at your convenience. When you're done, please email it to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>
+(as plain text).</p>
+
+<p>If you can't answer all the questions, or if the program does not
+perfectly fulfill every item mentioned, don't worry, that does
+<em>not</em> mean we will blindly reject it. It's common for a
program
+to be evaluated when it's not quite ready. If the program is basically
+good, but certain things are missing, we'll just point out what needs to
+be added. We can also evaluate a program at an early stage of
+development; in that case, we may want to judge your ability to complete
+the program based on other projects you have already done.</p>
+
+<p>GNU is not simply a collection of useful programs. We started the
+GNU Project with a specific overall goal: to create a free software
+operating system, the GNU System. To keep the GNU system technically
+coherent, we make sure that the parts fit well together. So the
+evaluators judge programs based on how well they fit into the GNU
+system, both technically and philosophically, as well as on their
+quality, usability, and the other characteristics you would expect.
+Based on the evaluators' report, Richard Stallman (the Chief GNUisance)
+makes the final decision on whether to accept the contribution.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, becoming a GNU maintainer is a somewhat formal process, since
+affiliating with the GNU project as a maintainer means you must agree to
+work (within the confines of the maintenance) with the GNU project's
+mission for software freedom.</p>
+
+<p>So, in addition to the questionnaire, please read the GNU policies in
+the <a href="/prep/maintain_toc.html">Information for Maintainers of GNU
+Software</a> as well as the <a href="/prep/standards_toc.html">GNU
+Coding Standards</a>. A <a href="#whatmeans">summary of the major
+policies</a> given below, but please also look through the full
+documents.</p>
+
+<p>If you don't wish to fill out the questionnaire and/or meet the
+requirements for official GNU packages, we still encourage you to submit
+it to the <a href="http://directory.fsf.org">Free Software
+Directory</a>. We want the Directory to cover all released free
+software packages.</p>
+
+<p>Thanks again for your interest in GNU.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="whatmeans">What it means for a program to be a GNU
package</h3>
+
+<p>Here's the explanation, from rms, of what it means for a program to
+be a GNU package, which also explains at a general level the
+responsibilities of a GNU maintainer.</p>
+
+<p>Making a program GNU software means that its developers and the GNU
+project agree that “This program is part of the GNU project,
+released under the aegis of GNU”—and say so in the
+program.
+</p>
+
+<p>This means that you normally put the program on
+<code>ftp.gnu.org</code>.</p>
+
+<p>This means that the official site for the program should be on
+<code>www.gnu.org</code>, specifically in
+<code>/software/PROGRAMNAME</code>. Whenever you give out the URL
for
+the package home page, you would give this address. It is ok to use
+another site for secondary topics, such as pages meant for people
+helping develop the package, and for running data bases. (We can make
+an exception and put the web pages somewhere else if there is a really
+pressing reason.)</p>
+
+<p>It means that the developers agree to pay attention to making the
+program work well with the rest of the GNU system—and conversely
+that the GNU project will encourage other GNU maintainers to pay
+attention to making their programs fit in well with it.</p>
+
+<p>Just what it means to make programs work well together is mainly a
+practical matter that depends on what the program does. But there are
+a few general principles. Certain parts of the GNU coding standards
+directly affect the consistency of the whole system. These include
+the standards for configuring and building a program, and the
+standards for command-line options. It is important to make all GNU
+programs follow these standards, where they are applicable.</p>
+
+<p>Another important GNU standard is that GNU programs should come with
+documentation in Texinfo format. That is the GNU standard documentation
+format, and it can be converted automatically into various other
+formats. You can use DocBook or any other suitable format for the
+documentation sources, as long as converting it automatically into
+Texinfo gives good results.</p>
+
+<p>If a GNU program wants to be extensible, it should use
+<a href="/software/guile/guile.html">GUILE</a> as the programming
+language for extensibility—that is the GNU standard
+extensibility package. For some programs there's a reason to do
+things differently, but please use GUILE if that is feasible.</p>
+
+<p>A GNU program should use the latest version of the license that the
+GNU Project recommends—not just any free software license. For
+most packages, this means using the GNU GPL.</p>
+
+<p>A GNU program should not recommend use of any non-free program, and
+it should not refer the user to any non-free documentation for free
+software. The <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">campaign for free
+documentation</a> to go with free software is a major focus of the GNU
+project; to show that we are serious about it, we must not undermine
+our position by recommending documentation that isn't free.</p>
+
+<p>Occasionally there are issues of terminology which are important
+for the success of the GNU project as a whole. So we expect
+maintainers of GNU programs to follow them. For example, the
+documentation files and comments in the program should speak of
+GNU/Linux systems, rather than calling the whole system
+“Linux”, and should use the term “free
+software” rather than “open source”. Since a GNU
+program is released under the auspices of GNU, it should not say
+anything that contradicts the GNU Project's views.</p>
+
+<p>For a program to be GNU software does not require transferring
+copyright to the FSF; that is a separate question. If you transfer
+the copyright to the FSF, the FSF will enforce the GPL for the program
+if someone violates it; if you keep the copyright, enforcement will be
+up to you.</p>
+
+<p>As the GNU maintainer of the package, please make sure to stay in
+touch with the GNU Project. If we come across a problem relating to
+the package, we need to tell you about it, and to discuss with you how
+to solve it. Sometimes we will need to ask you to work with other
+maintainers to solve a problem that involves using multiple packages
+together. This probably will happen less than once a year, but please
+make sure we can contact you in case it does happen.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, if you decide to step down as maintainer at any time, please
+<a href="/prep/maintain/html_node/Stepping-Down.html">inform
+us</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="questionnaire">Questionnaire for offering software to
GNU</h3>
+
+<pre>
+* General Information
+** Do you agree to follow GNU policies?
+ If your program is accepted to be part of the GNU system, it means
+ that you become a GNU maintainer, which in turn means that you will
+ need to follow GNU policies in regards to that GNU program.
+ (Summarized above, see maintainers document for full descriptions.)
+
+** Package name and version:
+
+** Author Full Name <Email>:
+
+** URL to package home page (if any):
+
+** URL to source tarball:
+ Please make a release tarball for purposes of evaluation, whether
+ or not you publicly release it. If you don't have
+ anywhere to upload it, send it as an attachment.
+
+** Brief description of the package:
+
+
+* Code
+** Dependencies:
+ Please list the package's dependencies (source language, libraries, etc.).
+
+** Configuration, building, installation:
+ It might or might not use Autoconf/Automake, but it must meet GNU
+ standards. Even packages that do not require compilation
+ must follow these standards, so installers have a uniform way to
+ define target directories, etc. Please see:
+ http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/Configuration.html
+ http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/Makefile-Conventions.html
+
+** Documentation:
+ We require using Texinfo (http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/)
+ for documentation, and writing both reference and tutorial
+ information in the same manual. Please see
+ http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/GNU-Manuals.html
+
+** Internationalization:
+ If your package has any user-visible strings, please make them
+ translatable to other languages using GNU Gettext:
+ http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/
+
+
+* Licensing:
+ Both the software itself *and all dependencies* (third-party
+ libraries, etc.) must be free software in order to be included in
+ GNU. In general, official GNU software should be released under the
+ GNU GPL version 3 or any later version, and GNU documentation should
+ be released under the GNU FDL version 1.3 or any later version.
+
+ Please see http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/license-list.html for a
+ practical guide to which licenses are free (for GNU's purposes) and
+ which are not. Please give specific url's to any licenses involved
+ that are not listed on that page.
+
+
+* Similar free software projects:
+ Please explain what motivated you to write your package, and search
+ at least the Free Software Directory (http://www.gnu.org/directory/)
+ for projects similar to yours. If any exist, please also explain
+ what the principal differences are.
+
+* Any other information, comments, or questions:
+
+</pre>
+
+<p>Again, please email the questionnaire to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>
+when it is done.</p>
+
+
+<!-- [too many volunteers is counterproductive for this task]
+<h3 id="eval">Helping evaluate software for GNU</h3>
+
+<p>From time to time (but not at the moment), we can use additional
+volunteers to commit to helping evaluate the software we are offered
+through the procedures above. Timeliness is of the utmost importance in
+doing an evaluation. The main goal of doing the evaluations is not to
+be an expert in the field (a common misconception), but to get a general
+understanding of the program on the one hand, and how it meets certain
+very specific criteria on the other (we use a standard form to guide
+evaluations).</p>
+
+<p>It is also not critical to be a systems expert. Many packages are
+offered in a state that is too difficult to compile, let alone run.
+This does not mean the evaluation cannot be completed! Considering the
+overall goal of the package, plus looking at the source code, is nearly
+always enough to do a useful evaluation. In general, it is neither
+necessary nor desirable to examine the minutiae of a given program; this
+tends to stall the evaluation endlessly.</p>
+
+<p>Doing evaluations is generally a very educational experience.
+Evaluators often learn about (usually) interesting projects which would
+never otherwise cross their path, as well gaining familiarity with GNU
+guidelines and Free Software in general. It helps the GNU
+Project and the Free Software Foundation as well.</p>
+
+<p>If you are interested in helping with this task for GNU, please email
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>,
+which will reach the coordinators of the group of volunteers that does
+evaluations.</p>
+-->
+
+<h3>Other ways to help the GNU Project</h3>
+
+<p>There are <a href="/help/help.html">many other ways</a>
of helping
+GNU, both technical and non-technical.</p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/04/27 05:02:49 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
-->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the
text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
-->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
-->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- See also '(web-trans)Capitalization': -->
+<!--
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
-->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/help/evaluation.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/help/evaluation.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: philosophy/po/free-sw.es-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/free-sw.es-diff.html
diff -N philosophy/po/free-sw.es-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/free-sw.es-diff.html 27 Apr 2012 05:03:10 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,601 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/free-sw.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>What is free software? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free
Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to
share and improve the software they use." />
+<link rel="alternate" title="What's New"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
+<link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
+
+<h2>What is free software?</h2>
+
+<h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><blockquote></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>We maintain this</em></strong></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>The</em></ins></span> free software definition
<span class="removed"><del><strong>to show clearly what must be
+true about</em></strong></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>presents the
criteria for whether</em></ins></span> a
+particular software program <span class="removed"><del><strong>for it to be
considered</em></strong></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>qualifies
as</em></ins></span> free software. From time to
+time we revise this <span
class="removed"><del><strong>definition</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>definition,</em></ins></span> to clarify <span
class="removed"><del><strong>it.
+If you would like</em></strong></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>it
or</em></ins></span> to <span class="removed"><del><strong>review the changes
we've made, please see</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>resolve questions
+about subtle issues. See</em></ins></span> the <a
href="#History">History section</a>
+below for <span class="removed"><del><strong>more
information.</em></strong></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>a list of
changes that affect the definition of free
+software.</em></ins></span>
+</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></blockquote></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>
+“Free software” <span class="inserted"><ins><em>means software
that respects users'
+freedom and community. Roughly, <b>the users have the freedom to run,
+copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software</b>. With these
+freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the
+program and what it does for them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When users don't control the program, the program controls the users.
+The developer controls the program, and through it controls the users.
+This nonfree or “proprietary” program is therefore an
+instrument of unjust power.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus, “free software”</em></ins></span> is a matter of liberty,
not price.
+To understand the concept, you should think of “free” as
+in “free speech,” not as in “free beer”.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Free software</em></strong></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>A program</em></ins></span> is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy,
distribute,
+study, change and improve the software. More precisely, it means
that</em></strong></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>free software
if</em></ins></span> the program's users have the
+four essential freedoms:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom
0).</li>
+ <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
+ does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
+ code is a precondition for this.
+ </li>
+ <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
+ (freedom 2).
+ </li>
+ <li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions
+ to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole
+ community a chance to benefit from your changes.
+ Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms. Thus,
+you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without
+modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
+<a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do
these
+things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
+for permission to do so.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
+privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
+exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
+notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person
+or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of
+overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it
+with the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is
+the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the
<em>developer's</em>
+purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes,
+and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it
+for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
+forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
+unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
+for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there
+is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
+(since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
+freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
+make them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
+freedom to publish improved versions) to be meaningful, you must have
+access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of
+source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated
+“source code” is not real source code and does not count
+as source code.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
+the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to
+run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a
+practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown”,
+or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure
+boot” — freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather
+than a practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words,
+these binaries are not free software even if the source code they are
+compiled from is free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free
+subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you
+cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module — for instance, if it
+requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add — then the
+license is too restrictive to qualify as free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions
+as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of
+releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be
+a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license.
However, a
+license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify
+as a free license.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
+irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
+software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively <span
class="removed"><del><strong>change</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>add
+restrictions to</em></ins></span> its terms, without your doing anything wrong
to give
+cause, the software is not free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
+software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
+freedoms. For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that
+when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny
+other people the central freedoms. This rule does not conflict with
+the central freedoms; rather it protects them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial”. A free
+program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
+and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software
+is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
+You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
+obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies,
+you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
+<a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
+If your modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that
+someone else considers an improvement, that is not freedom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,
+if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified
+versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.
+Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the
+name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your
+modifications as yours. As long as these requirements are not so
+burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your
+changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to
+the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>A special issue arises when a license requires
changing the name by
+which the program will be invoked from other programs. That
+effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it
+can replace the original when invoked by those other programs. This
+sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing
+facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an
+alias for the modified version.</p>
+
+<p></em></ins></span>
+Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you
+must make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too,
+on the same condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one
+saying that if you have distributed a
+modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
+must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of
+whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require release
+of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use
+are also acceptable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the GNU project, we use
+<a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
+to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But
+<a
href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted
+free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons
why
+<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use
copyleft</a>,
+but if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically
+ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
Software</a> for a description of how “free software,”
“copylefted software” and other categories of software relate to
each other.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control
regulations</a>
+and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
+programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to
+eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
+is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this
+way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
+jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses
+must not require obedience to any export regulations as a condition of
+any of the essential freedoms.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
+on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a
+copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it
+is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated
+(though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software
+licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger
+range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways
+such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a
+contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that
+copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as
+legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude
+it is nonfree.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
+like “give away” or “for free,” because those terms
imply that
+the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such
+as “piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See
+<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases
that
+are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have
+a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations
of
+“free software”</a> into various languages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
+definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide
+whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license,
+we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their
+spirit as well as the precise words. If a license includes unconscionable
+restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue
+in these criteria. Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue
+that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer,
+before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable. When we reach
+a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make
+it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free
+software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list
+of licenses</a>. If the license you are concerned with is not
+listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email at
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the
+Free Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The
+proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work
+for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you
+find an existing free software license that meets your needs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
+help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license
+and avoid various practical problems.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>
+
+<p>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be
free</a>,
+for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the
+manuals are in effect part of the software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
+practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
+such as educational works and reference
+works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the
best-known
+example.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free
software
+has been extended to a definition of <a
href="http://freedomdefined.org/">
+free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Another group has started using the term “open source” to mean
+something close (but not identical) to “free software”. We
+prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that
+it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The
+word “open” <a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+never refers to freedom</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="History">History</h2>
+
+<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Definition to
+clarify it.</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Definition.</em></ins></span> Here <span
class="removed"><del><strong>we provide a</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>is
+the</em></ins></span> list of <span class="removed"><del><strong>those
modifications,</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>changes,</em></ins></span> along with links to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>illustrate</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>show</em></ins></span> exactly what <span
class="removed"><del><strong>changed, so</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>was
+changed.</p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111">Version
+1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying</em></ins></span> that <span
class="removed"><del><strong>others</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>only
+retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable. The copyright
+holders</em></ins></span> can <span class="removed"><del><strong>review
+them if they like.</p>
+
+<ul></em></strong></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>always grant
additional <em>permission</em> for use of the
+work by releasing the work in another way in
parallel.</li></em></ins></span>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105">Version
+1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
+(already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
+version for your computing.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92">Version
+1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source
code.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90">Version
+1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies
+of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate
+in someone else's development project.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89">Version
+1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as
+free software.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80">Version
+1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical;
+i.e., no tivoization.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77">Version
+1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are
+unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete
+replacement.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74">Version
+1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated
+in some places but not reflected everywhere:
+<ul>
+<li>"Improvements" does not mean the license can
+substantively limit what kinds of modified versions you can release.
+Freedom 3 includes distributing modified versions, not just changes.</li>
+<li>The right to merge in existing modules
+refers to those that are suitably licensed.</li>
+<li>Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export
controls.</li>
+<li>Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old
license.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57">Version
+1.57</a>: Add "Beyond Software" section.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46">Version
+1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run
+the program for any purpose.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41">Version
+1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40">Version
+1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other
+available free software to create your modifications.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39">Version
+1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
+provide source for versions of the software you put into public
+use.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31">Version
+1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
+identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor
+clarifications throughout the text.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23">Version
+1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based
+licenses.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16">Version
+1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11">Version
+1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of
+versions you distribute to the author.</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>There are gaps in the version numbers <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>shown above</em></ins></span> because there are <span
class="removed"><del><strong>many</em></strong></span>
+other changes <span class="inserted"><ins><em>in this page</em></ins></span>
that do not affect the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>substance</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>definition as such.
+These changes are in other parts</em></ins></span> of the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>definition at all.
+Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on. If you would
+like to</em></strong></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>page. You
can</em></ins></span> review the
+complete list of <span class="removed"><del><strong>changes, you can do so on
+our</em></strong></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>changes to the page
through
+the</em></ins></span> <a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb
+interface</a>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004,
+2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/04/27 05:03:10 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
-->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the
text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
-->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
-->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- Afrikaans -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a> [af]</li>
-->
+<!-- Arabic -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
+<!-- Azerbaijani -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.az.html">Azərbaycanca</a> [az]</li>
-->
+<!-- Bulgarian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
+<!-- Bengali -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.bn.html">বাংলা</a> [bn]</li>
-->
+<!-- Bosnian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.bs.html">bosanski</a> [bs]</li>
-->
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
-->
+<!-- Czech -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
-->
+<!-- Danish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">dansk</a> [da]</li>
-->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
-->
+<!-- Greek -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
-->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- Esperanto -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.eo.html">Esperanto</a> [eo]</li>
-->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
-->
+<!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
-->
+<!-- Galician -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">galego</a> [gl]</li>
-->
+<!-- Hebrew -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
+<!-- Croatian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">hrvatski</a> [hr]</li>
-->
+<!-- Hungarian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li>
-->
+<!-- Indonesian -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa
Indonesia</a> [id]</li> -->
+<!-- Italian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
-->
+<!-- Japanese -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
-->
+<!-- Korean -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
-->
+<!-- Norwegian Bokmål -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nb.html">norsk
(bokmål)</a> [nb]</li> -->
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
-->
+<!-- Polish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
-->
+<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
-->
+<!-- Russian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- Slovak -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.sk.html">slovenčina</a> [sk]</li>
-->
+<!-- - Slovenian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">slovenščina</a> [sl]</li>
-->
+<!-- Serbian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
-->
+<!-- Swedish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li>
-->
+<!-- Tamil -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
-->
+<!-- Tagalog -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a> [tl]</li>
-->
+<!-- Turkish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
-->
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
-->
+<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+
+</div>
+
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: philosophy/po/philosophy.cs-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/philosophy.cs-diff.html
diff -N philosophy/po/philosophy.cs-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/philosophy.cs-diff.html 27 Apr 2012 05:03:11 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/philosophy.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>Philosophy of the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/philosophy.translist" -->
+
+<div id="education-content">
+<h2>Philosophy of the GNU Project</h2>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/philosophy-menu.html" -->
+
+</div> <!-- id="education-content" -->
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Our development
of</em></strong></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p><em>Free software</em>
means that the software's users have
+freedom. (The issue is not about price.) We developed</em></ins></span> the
GNU <span class="removed"><del><strong>free software</em></strong></span>
+operating system <span class="removed"><del><strong>is motivated
+by the philosophy of the</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>so that users can have freedom in their
+computing.</p>
+
+<p>Specifically,</em></ins></span> free software <span
class="removed"><del><strong>movement. This page provides an
+introduction</em></strong></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>means users
have
+the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">four essential freedoms</a>:
+(0)</em></ins></span> to <span class="removed"><del><strong>that
philosophy.</p>
+
+<p>Free software is a matter of freedom: people should be
free</em></strong></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>run the program,
(1)</em></ins></span> to <span class="removed"><del><strong>use
+software in all</em></strong></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>study and
change</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>ways that are
socially useful. Software</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>program in source
+code form, (2) to redistribute exact copies, and (3) to distribute
+modified versions.</p>
+
+<p>Software</em></ins></span> differs from material objects—such
as chairs,
+sandwiches, and gasoline—in that it can be copied and changed
+much more easily. These <span class="removed"><del><strong>possibilities
make</em></strong></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>facilities are
why</em></ins></span> software <span class="removed"><del><strong>as useful as
it is;</em></strong></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>is
useful;</em></ins></span> we
+believe
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>software</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>a program's</em></ins></span> users should be <span
class="removed"><del><strong>able</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>free</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>make use</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>take advantage</em></ins></span> of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>them.</p></em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>them,
+not solely its developer.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>For further reading, please select a section
+from the menu above.</p>
+
+<p>We also maintain a list of <a
href="/philosophy/latest-articles.html">most recently added
articles</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="introduction">Introduction</h3>
+
+<!-- I don't think it's good idea to link specific translation -->
+<!-- (e.g. foo.fr.html) from here. It would be better to link them -->
+<!-- from philosophy.fr.html and the original documents. -mhatta -->
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">What is Free
Software?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu.html">History of
GNU/Linux</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">Why
+ Software Should Not Have Owners</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">Copyleft: Pragmatic
Idealism</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Why Free Software Needs
+ Free Documentation</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free
Software</a> is OK!</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">Motives For Writing
Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">The Right to Read: A
+ Dystopian Short Story</a> by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">
+ Richard Stallman</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why
+ "Open Source" misses the point of Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html">Measures
governments can use to promote free software</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+<!-- please leave both these ID attributes here. ... -->
+<a id="TOCFreedomOrganizations">We</a>
+<a id="FreedomOrganizations">also</a>
+<!-- ... we removed this as an H$ section as it was duplicating the -->
+<!-- same information on links.html, but it's possible that some users
-->
+<!-- have the URLs bookmarked or on their pages. -len -->
+keep a list of
+<a href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">Organizations
+that Work for Freedom in
+Computer Development and Electronic Communications</a>.</p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ pages on the GNU web server should be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.
+ Please do NOT change or remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/04/27 05:03:11 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: philosophy/po/philosophy.zh-cn-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/philosophy.zh-cn-diff.html
diff -N philosophy/po/philosophy.zh-cn-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/philosophy.zh-cn-diff.html 27 Apr 2012 05:03:11 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/philosophy.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>Philosophy of the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/philosophy.translist" -->
+
+<div id="education-content">
+<h2>Philosophy of the GNU Project</h2>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/philosophy-menu.html" -->
+
+</div> <!-- id="education-content" -->
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Our development
of</em></strong></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p><em>Free software</em>
means that the software's users have
+freedom. (The issue is not about price.) We developed</em></ins></span> the
GNU <span class="removed"><del><strong>free software</em></strong></span>
+operating system <span class="removed"><del><strong>is motivated
+by the philosophy of the</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>so that users can have freedom in their
+computing.</p>
+
+<p>Specifically,</em></ins></span> free software <span
class="removed"><del><strong>movement. This page provides an
+introduction</em></strong></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>means users
have
+the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">four essential freedoms</a>:
+(0)</em></ins></span> to <span class="removed"><del><strong>that
philosophy.</p>
+
+<p>Free software is a matter of freedom: people should be
free</em></strong></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>run the program,
(1)</em></ins></span> to <span class="removed"><del><strong>use
+software in all</em></strong></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>study and
change</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>ways that are
socially useful. Software</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>program in source
+code form, (2) to redistribute exact copies, and (3) to distribute
+modified versions.</p>
+
+<p>Software</em></ins></span> differs from material objects—such
as chairs,
+sandwiches, and gasoline—in that it can be copied and changed
+much more easily. These <span class="removed"><del><strong>possibilities
make</em></strong></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>facilities are
why</em></ins></span> software <span class="removed"><del><strong>as useful as
it is;</em></strong></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>is
useful;</em></ins></span> we
+believe
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>software</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>a program's</em></ins></span> users should be <span
class="removed"><del><strong>able</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>free</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>make use</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>take advantage</em></ins></span> of <span
class="removed"><del><strong>them.</p></em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>them,
+not solely its developer.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>For further reading, please select a section
+from the menu above.</p>
+
+<p>We also maintain a list of <a
href="/philosophy/latest-articles.html">most recently added
articles</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="introduction">Introduction</h3>
+
+<!-- I don't think it's good idea to link specific translation -->
+<!-- (e.g. foo.fr.html) from here. It would be better to link them -->
+<!-- from philosophy.fr.html and the original documents. -mhatta -->
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">What is Free
Software?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu.html">History of
GNU/Linux</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">Why
+ Software Should Not Have Owners</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">Copyleft: Pragmatic
Idealism</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Why Free Software Needs
+ Free Documentation</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free
Software</a> is OK!</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">Motives For Writing
Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">The Right to Read: A
+ Dystopian Short Story</a> by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">
+ Richard Stallman</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why
+ "Open Source" misses the point of Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/government-free-software.html">Measures
governments can use to promote free software</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+<!-- please leave both these ID attributes here. ... -->
+<a id="TOCFreedomOrganizations">We</a>
+<a id="FreedomOrganizations">also</a>
+<!-- ... we removed this as an H$ section as it was duplicating the -->
+<!-- same information on links.html, but it's possible that some users
-->
+<!-- have the URLs bookmarked or on their pages. -len -->
+keep a list of
+<a href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">Organizations
+that Work for Freedom in
+Computer Development and Electronic Communications</a>.</p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ pages on the GNU web server should be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.
+ Please do NOT change or remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/04/27 05:03:11 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.es-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.es-diff.html
diff -N philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.es-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.es-diff.html 27 Apr 2012 05:03:16 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,853 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or
Confusing - GNU Project
+- Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.translist" -->
+
+<h2>Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or
Confusing</h2>
+
+<p>
+There are a number of words and phrases that we recommend avoiding, or
+avoiding in certain contexts and usages. Some are ambiguous or
+misleading; others presuppose a viewpoint that we hope you
+disagree with.</p>
+
+<div class="announcement">
+Also note <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories
+of Free Software</a>.</div>
+
+<p>
+ <a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a>
+| “<a
+ <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#Alternative">Alternative</a>”
+| “<a</em></ins></span>
+ href="#BSD-style">BSD-style</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Closed">Closed</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#CloudComputing">Cloud Computing</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Commercial">Commercial</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Compensation">Compensation</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Consume">Consume</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Consumer">Consumer</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Content">Content</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Creator">Creator</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#DigitalGoods">Digital Goods</a>”
+| “<a
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#DigitalLocks">Digital
Locks</a>”
+| “<a</em></ins></span>
+ href="#DigitalRightsManagement">Digital Rights
Management</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#ForFree">For free</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#FreelyAvailable">Freely available</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Freeware">Freeware</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#GiveAwaySoftware">Give away software</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Hacker">Hacker</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#IntellectualProperty">Intellectual property</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#LAMP">LAMP system</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Linux">Linux system</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Market">Market</a>”
+| “<a
+ <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#Monetize">Monetize</a>”
+| “<a</em></ins></span>
+ href="#MP3Player">MP3 player</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Open">Open</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#PC">PC</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Photoshop">Photoshop</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Piracy">Piracy</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Protection">Protection</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#RAND">RAND</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#SellSoftware">Sell software</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#SoftwareIndustry">Software Industry</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Theft">Theft</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#TrustedComputing">Trusted Computing</a>”
+| “<a
+ href="#Vendor">Vendor</a>”
+</p>
+
+<h4 <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="Alternative">“Alternative”</h4>
+<p>
+We don't present free software as an "alternative", because it
+presents a goal of having free software alongside proprietary
+software. That presupposes that proprietary software is
+legitimate.</p>
+
+<p>
+We believe that the only ethical way to distribute software is as free
+software. Thus, we aim to make free software more than an
+alternative. Our goal is a world where all programs are free, so that
+all their users are free.
+</p>
+
+<h4</em></ins></span> id="BSD-style">“BSD-style”</h4>
+<p>
+The expression “BSD-style license” leads to confusion because it
+<a href="/philosophy/bsd.html">lumps together licenses that have
+important differences</a>. For instance, the original BSD license
+with the advertising clause is incompatible with the GNU General
+Public License, but the revised BSD license is compatible with the
+GPL.</p>
+<p>
+To avoid confusion, it is best to
+name <a href="/licenses/license-list.html"> the specific license in
+question</a> and avoid the vague term “BSD-style.”</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Closed">“Closed”</h4>
+<p>
+Describing nonfree software as “closed” clearly refers to
+the term “open source”. In the free software movement,
+<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> we do not want
to
+be confused with the open source camp</a>, so we
+are careful to avoid saying things that would encourage people to lump us in
+with them. For instance, we avoid describing nonfree software as
+“closed”. We call it “nonfree” or
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">
+“proprietary”</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="CloudComputing">“Cloud Computing”</h4>
+<p>
+The term “cloud computing” is a marketing buzzword with no
+clear meaning. It is used for a range of different activities whose
+only common characteristic is that they use the Internet for something beyond
+transmitting files. Thus, the term is a nexus of confusion. If you
+base your thinking on it, your thinking will be vague.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When thinking about or responding to a statement someone else has made
+using this term, the first step is to clarify the topic. Which kind
+of activity is the statement really about, and what is a good, clear term for
+that activity? Once the topic is clear, the discussion can head for a
+useful conclusion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Curiously, Larry Ellison, a proprietary software developer,
+also <a href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13953_3-10052188-80.html">
+noted the vacuity of the term “cloud computing.”</a> He
+decided to use the term anyway because, as a proprietary software
+developer, he isn't motivated by the same ideals as we are.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the many meanings of "cloud computing" is storing your
+data in online services. That exposes you to
+<a
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/apr/25/hackers-spooks-cloud-antiauthoritarian-dream">surveillance</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another meaning (which overlaps that but is not the same thing)
+is <a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">
+Software as a Service</a>, which denies you control over your computing.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another meaning is renting a remote physical server, or virtual server.
+These can be ok under certain circumstances.
+</p>
+
+<h4 id="Commercial">“Commercial”</h4>
+<p>
+Please don't use “commercial” as a synonym for
+“nonfree.” That confuses two entirely different
+issues.</p>
+<p>
+A program is commercial if it is developed as a business activity. A
+commercial program can be free or nonfree, depending on its manner of
+distribution. Likewise, a program developed by a school or an
+individual can be free or nonfree, depending on its manner of
+distribution. The two questions—what sort of entity developed
+the program and what freedom its users have—are independent.</p>
+<p>
+In the first decade of the free software movement, free software
+packages were almost always noncommercial; the components of the
+GNU/Linux operating system were developed by individuals or by
+nonprofit organizations such as the FSF and universities. Later, in
+the 1990s, free commercial software started to appear.</p>
+<p>
+Free commercial software is a contribution to our community, so we
+should encourage it. But people who think that
+“commercial” means “nonfree” will tend to
+think that the “free commercial” combination is
+self-contradictory, and dismiss the possibility. Let's be careful not
+to use the word “commercial” in that way.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Compensation">“Compensation”</h4>
+<p>
+To speak of “compensation for authors” in connection with
+copyright carries the assumptions that (1) copyright exists for the
+sake of authors and (2) whenever we read something, we take on a debt
+to the author which we must then repay. The first assumption is
+simply
+<a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">false</a>, and
+the second is outrageous.
+</p>
+<p>
+“compensating the rights-holders” adds a further swindle:
+you're supposed to imagine that means paying the authors, and
+occasionally it does, but most of the time it means a subsidy for the
+same publishing companies that are pushing unjust laws on us.
+</p>
+
+<h4 id="Consume">“Consume”</h4>
+<p>
+It is erroneous to speak of "consuming" digital information, music,
+software, <span class="removed"><del><strong>etc.</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>etc., since using them does not consume
them.</em></ins></span> See the
+following entry,</p>
+
+<h4 id="Consumer">“Consumer”</h4>
+<p>
+The term “consumer,” when used to refer to computer users,
+is loaded with assumptions we should reject. Playing a digital
+recording, or running a program, does not consume it.</p>
+<p>
+The terms “producer” and “consumer” come from
+economic theory, and bring with them its narrow perspective and
+misguided assumptions. <span
class="removed"><del><strong>They</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>These</em></ins></span> tend to warp your
thinking.</p>
+<p>
+In addition, describing the users of software as “consumers”
+presumes a narrow role for them: it regards them as <span
class="removed"><del><strong>cattle</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>sheep</em></ins></span> that
+passively graze on what others make available to them.</p>
+<p>
+This kind of thinking leads to travesties like the CBDTPA
+“Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act”
+which would require copying restriction facilities in every digital
+device. If all the users do is “consume,” then why should
+they mind?</p>
+<p>
+The shallow economic conception of users as “consumers” tends
+to go hand in hand with the idea that published works are mere
+“content.”</p>
+<p>
+To describe people who are not limited to passive use of works, we
+suggest terms such as “individuals” and
+“citizens”.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Content">“Content”</h4>
+<p>
+If you want to describe a feeling of comfort and satisfaction, by all
+means say you are “content,” but using the word as a
+noun to describe written and other works of authorship adopts an
+attitude you might rather avoid. It regards these works as a
+commodity whose purpose is to fill a box and make money. In effect,
+it disparages the works themselves.</p>
+<p>
+Those who use this term are often the publishers that push for
+increased copyright power in the name of the authors
+(“creators,” as they say) of the works. The term
+“content” reveals their real attitude towards these works and
their authors.
+(See <a
href="http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/06/14/love/print.html">Courtney
+Love's open letter to Steve Case</a> and search for “content
+provider” in that page. Alas, Ms. Love is unaware that the term
+“intellectual property” is also <a
href="#IntellectualProperty">
+biased and confusing</a>.)</p>
+<p>
+However, as long as other people use the term “content
+provider”, political dissidents can well call themselves
+“malcontent providers”.</p>
+<p>
+The term “content management” takes the prize for vacuity.
+“Content” means “some sort of information,”
+and “management” in this context means “doing
+something with it.” So a “content management
+system” is a system for doing something to some sort of
+information. Nearly all programs fit that description.</p>
+
+<p>
+In most cases, that term really refers to a system for updating pages
+on a web site. For that, we recommend the term “web site revision
+system” (WRS).</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Creator">“Creator”</h4>
+<p>
+The term “creator” as applied to authors implicitly
+compares them to a deity (“the creator”). The term is
+used by publishers to elevate authors' moral standing above that of
+ordinary people in order to justify giving them increased copyright
+power, which the publishers can then exercise in their name.
+We recommend saying “author” instead. However,
+in many cases “copyright holder” is what you really
+mean.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="DigitalGoods">“Digital Goods”</h4>
+<p>
+The term “digital goods,” as applied to copies of works of
+authorship, erroneously identifies them with physical
+goods—which cannot be copied, and which therefore have to be
+manufactured and sold.</p>
+
+
+<h4 <span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="DigitalLocks">“Digital
Locks”</h4>
+<p>
+“Digital locks” is used to refer to Digital Restrictions
+Management by some who criticize it. The problem with this term is
+that it fails to show what's wrong with the practice.</p>
+<p>
+Locks are not necessarily an injustice. You probably own several
+locks, and their keys or codes as well; you may find them useful or
+troublesome, but either way they don't oppress you, because you can
+open and close them.</p>
+<p>
+DRM is like a lock placed on you by someone else, who refuses to
+give you the key — in other words, like handcuffs. Therefore,
+we call them “digital handcuffs”, not “digital
+locks”.</p>
+<p>
+A number of campaigns have chosen the unwise term “digital
+locks”; therefore, to correct the mistake, we must work firmly
+against it. We may support a campaign that criticizes “digital
+locks”, because we might agree with the substance; but when we
+do, we always state our rejection of that term and conspicuously say
+“digital handcuffs” so as to set a better example.</p>
+
+
+<h4</em></ins></span> id="DigitalRightsManagement">“Digital Rights
Management”</h4>
+<p>
+“Digital Rights Management” refers to technical schemes
+designed to impose restrictions on computer users. The use of the
+word “rights” in this term is propaganda, designed to lead
+you unawares into seeing the issue from the viewpoint of the few that
+impose the restrictions, and ignoring that of the general public on
+whom these restrictions are imposed.</p>
+<p>
+Good alternatives include “Digital Restrictions
+Management,” and “digital handcuffs.”</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Ecosystem">“Ecosystem”</h4>
+<p>
+It is a mistake to describe the free software community, or any human
+community, as an “ecosystem,” because that word implies
+the absence of ethical judgment.</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “ecosystem” implicitly suggests an attitude of
+nonjudgmental observation: don't ask how what <em>should</em>
happen,
+just study and explain what <em>does</em> happen. In an ecosystem,
+some organisms consume other organisms. We do not ask whether it is
+fair for an owl to eat a mouse or for a mouse to eat a plant, we only
+observe that they do so. Species' populations grow or shrink
+according to the conditions; this is neither right nor wrong, merely
+an ecological phenomenon.</p>
+
+<p>
+By contrast, beings that adopt an ethical stance towards their
+surroundings can decide to preserve things that, on their own, might
+vanish—such as civil society, democracy, human rights, peace,
+public health, clean air and water, endangered species, traditional
+arts…and computer users' freedom.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="ForFree">“For free”</h4>
+<p>
+If you want to say that a program is free software, please don't say
+that it is available “for free.” That term specifically
+means “for zero price.” Free software is a matter of
+freedom, not price.</p>
+<p>
+Free software copies are often available for free—for example,
+by downloading via FTP. But free software copies are also available
+for a price on CD-ROMs; meanwhile, proprietary software copies are
+occasionally available for free in promotions, and some proprietary
+packages are normally available at no charge to certain users.</p>
+<p>
+To avoid confusion, you can say that the program is available
+“as free software.”</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="FreelyAvailable">“Freely available”</h4>
+<p>
+Don't use “freely available software” as a synonym for “free
+software.” The terms are not equivalent. Software is “freely
+available” if anyone can easily get a copy. “Free
+software” is defined in terms of the freedom of users that have
+a copy of it. These are answers to different questions.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Freeware">“Freeware”</h4>
+<p>
+Please don't use the term “freeware” as a synonym for
+“free software.” The term “freeware” was used
+often in the 1980s for programs released only as executables, with
+source code not available. Today it has no particular agreed-on
+definition.</p>
+<p>
+When using languages other than English, please avoid
+borrowing English terms such as “free software” or
+“freeware.” It is better to translate the term “free
+software” into
+<a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">your
language</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+By using a word in <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">your
+own language</a>, you show that you are really referring to freedom
+and not just parroting some mysterious foreign marketing concept.
+The reference to freedom may at first seem strange or disturbing
+to your compatriots, but once they see that it means exactly what
+it says, they will really understand what the issue is.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="GiveAwaySoftware">“Give away software”</h4>
+<p>
+It's misleading to use the term “give away” to mean
+“distribute a program as free software.”
+This locution has the same
+problem as “for free”: it implies the issue is price, not
+freedom. One way to avoid the confusion is to say “release as
+free software.”</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Hacker">“Hacker”</h4>
+<p>
+A hacker is someone
+who <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html"> enjoys
+playful cleverness</a>—not necessarily with computers. The
+programmers in the old
+<abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> free
+software community of the 60s and 70s referred to themselves as
+hackers. Around 1980, journalists who discovered the hacker community
+mistakenly took the term to mean “security breaker.”</p>
+
+<p>
+Please don't spread this mistake.
+People who break security are “crackers.”</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="IntellectualProperty">“Intellectual
property”</h4>
+<p>
+Publishers and lawyers like to describe copyright as
+“intellectual property”—a term also applied to
+patents, trademarks, and other more obscure areas of law. These laws
+have so little in common, and differ so much, that it is ill-advised
+to generalize about them. It is best to talk specifically about
+“copyright,” or about “patents,” or about
+“trademarks.”</p>
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” carries a hidden
+assumption—that the way to think about all these disparate
+issues is based on an analogy with physical objects,
+and our conception of them as physical property.</p>
+<p>
+When it comes to copying, this analogy disregards the crucial
+difference between material objects and information: information can
+be copied and shared almost effortlessly, while material objects can't
+be.</p>
+<p>
+To avoid spreading unnecessary bias and confusion, it is best to adopt
+a firm policy <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"> not to speak or even
+think in terms of “intellectual property”</a>.</p>
+<p>
+The hypocrisy of calling these powers “rights” is
+<a href="/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.html">
+starting to make the World “Intellectual Property”
+Organization embarrassed</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="LAMP">“LAMP system”</h4>
+<p>
+“LAMP” stands for “Linux, Apache, MySQL and
+PHP”—a common combination of software to use on a web
+server, except that “Linux” in this context really refers
+to the GNU/Linux system. So instead of “LAMP” it should
+be “GLAMP”: “GNU, Linux, Apache, MySQL and
+PHP.”
+</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Linux">“Linux system”</h4>
+<p>
+Linux is the name of the kernel that Linus Torvalds developed starting
+in 1991. The operating system in which Linux is used is basically GNU
+with Linux added. To call the whole system “Linux” is
+both unfair and confusing. Please call the complete
+system <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html"> GNU/Linux</a>, both to
give
+the GNU Project credit and to distinguish the whole system from the
+kernel alone.
+</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Market">“Market”</h4>
+<p>
+It is misleading to describe the users of free software, or the
+software users in general, as a “market.”</p>
+<p>
+This is not to say there is no room for markets in the free software community.
+If you have a free software
+support business, then you have clients, and you trade with them in a
+market. As long as you respect their freedom, we wish you success in
+your market.</p>
+<p>
+But the free software movement is a social movement, not a business,
+and the success it aims for is not a market success. We are trying to
+serve the public by giving it freedom—not competing to draw business
+away from a rival. To equate this campaign for freedom to a business'
+efforts for mere success is to deny the importance of freedom
+and legitimize proprietary software.</p>
+
+
+<h4 <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="Monetize">“Monetize”</h4>
+<p>
+The natural meaning of “monetize” is “convert into
+money”. If you make something and then convert it into money,
+that means there is nothing left except money, so nobody but you has
+gained anything, and you contribute nothing to the world.</p>
+<p>
+By contrast, a productive and ethical business does not convert all of
+its product into money. Part of it is a contribution to the rest of
+the world.</p>
+
+
+<h4</em></ins></span> id="MP3Player">“MP3 <span
class="removed"><del><strong>player”</h4></em></strong></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Player”</h4></em></ins></span>
+<p>
+In the late 1990s it became feasible to make portable, solid-state
+digital audio players. Most support the patented MP3 codec, but not
+all. Some support the patent-free audio codecs Ogg Vorbis and FLAC,
+and may not even support MP3-encoded files at all, precisely to avoid
+these patents. To call such players “MP3 players” is not
+only confusing, it also puts MP3 in an undeserved position of
+privilege which encourages people to continue using that vulnerable format.
+We suggest the terms “digital audio player,”
+or simply “audio player” if context permits.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Open">“Open”</h4>
+<p>
+Please avoid using the term “open” or “open
+source” as a substitute for “free software”. Those terms
+refer to a <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+different position</a> based on different values. Free software is
+a political movement; open source is a development model.
+
+When referring to the open source position, using its name is
+appropriate; but please do not use it to label us or our work—that
+leads people to think we share those views.</p>
+
+<h4 id="PC">“PC”</h4>
+<p>
+It's OK to use the abbreviation “PC” to refer to a certain
+kind of computer hardware, but please don't use it with the
+implication that the computer is running Microsoft Windows. If you
+install GNU/Linux on the same computer, it is still a PC.</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “WC” has been suggested for a computer running
+Windows.</p>
+
+<h4 id="Photoshop">“Photoshop”</h4>
+<p>
+Please avoid using the term “photoshop” as a verb, meaning
+any kind of photo manipulation or image editing in general. Photoshop
+is just the name of one particular image editing program, which should
+be avoided since it is proprietary. There are plenty of free
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>alternatives,</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>programs
+for editing images,</em></ins></span> such as <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>the</em></ins></span> <a
href="/software/gimp">GIMP</a>.</p>
+
+<h4 id="Piracy">“Piracy”</h4>
+<p>
+Publishers often refer to copying they don't approve of as
+“piracy.” In this way, they imply that it is ethically
+equivalent to attacking ships on the high seas, kidnapping and
+murdering the people on them. Based on such propaganda, they have
+procured laws in most of the world to forbid copying in most (or
+sometimes all) circumstances. (They are still pressuring to make
+these prohibitions more complete.)
+</p>
+<p>
+If you don't believe that copying not approved by the publisher is
+just like kidnapping and murder, you might prefer not to use the word
+“piracy” to describe it. Neutral terms such as
+“unauthorized copying” (or “prohibited
+copying” for the situation where it is illegal) are available
+for use instead. Some of us might even prefer to use a positive term
+such as “sharing information with your neighbor.”</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="PowerPoint">“PowerPoint”</h4>
+<p>
+Please avoid using the term “PowerPoint” to mean any kind
+of slide presentation. “PowerPoint” is just the name of
+one particular proprietary program to make presentations, and there
+are plenty of free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>alternatives,</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>program for presentations,</em></ins></span> such as
TeX's <tt>beamer</tt>
+class and OpenOffice.org's Impress.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Protection">“Protection”</h4>
+<p>
+Publishers' lawyers love to use the term “protection” to
+describe copyright. This word carries the implication of preventing
+destruction or suffering; therefore, it encourages people to identify
+with the owner and publisher who benefit from copyright, rather than
+with the users who are restricted by it.</p>
+<p>
+It is easy to avoid “protection” and use neutral terms
+instead. For example, instead of saying, “Copyright protection lasts a
+very long time,” you can say, “Copyright lasts a very long
+time.”</p>
+<p>
+If you want to criticize copyright instead of supporting it, you can
+use the term “copyright restrictions.” Thus, you can say,
+“Copyright restrictions last a very long time.”</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “protection” is also used to describe malicious
+features. For instance, “copy protection” is a feature
+that interferes with copying. From the user's point of view, this is
+obstruction. So we could call that malicious feature “copy
+obstruction.” More often it is called Digital Restrictions
+Management (DRM)—see the
+<a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org"> Defective by Design</a>
+campaign.</p>
+
+<h4 id="RAND">“RAND (Reasonable and
Non-Discriminatory)”</h4>
+<p>
+Standards bodies that promulgate patent-restricted standards that
+prohibit free software typically have a policy of obtaining patent
+licenses that require a fixed fee per copy of a conforming program.
+They often refer to such licenses by the term “RAND,”
+which stands for “reasonable and non-discriminatory.”</p>
+<p>
+That term whitewashes a class of patent licenses that are normally
+neither reasonable nor nondiscriminatory. It is true that these
+licenses do not discriminate against any specific person, but they do
+discriminate against the free software community, and that makes them
+unreasonable. Thus, half of the term “RAND” is deceptive
+and the other half is prejudiced.</p>
+<p>
+Standards bodies should recognize that these licenses are
+discriminatory, and drop the use of the term “reasonable and
+non-discriminatory” or “RAND” to describe them.
+Until they do so, writers who do not wish to join in the
+whitewashing would do well to reject that term. To accept and use it
+merely because patent-wielding companies have made it widespread is to
+let those companies dictate the views you express.</p>
+<p>
+We suggest the term “uniform fee only,” or
+“UFO” for short, as a replacement. It is accurate because
+the only condition in these licenses is a uniform royalty fee.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="SellSoftware">“Sell software”</h4>
+<p>
+The term “sell software” is ambiguous. Strictly speaking,
+exchanging a copy of a free program for a sum of money is
+selling; but people usually associate the term
+“sell” with proprietary restrictions on the subsequent use
+of the software. You can be more precise, and prevent confusion, by
+saying either “distributing copies of a program for a fee”
+or “imposing proprietary restrictions on the use of a
+program,” depending on what you mean.</p>
+<p>
+See <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free Software</a>
for
+further discussion of this issue.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="SoftwareIndustry">“Software Industry”</h4>
+<p>
+The term “software industry” encourages people to imagine
+that software is always developed by a sort of factory and then
+delivered to “consumers.” The free software community
+shows this is not the case. Software businesses exist, and various
+businesses develop free and/or nonfree software, but those that
+develop free software are not run like factories.</p>
+<p>
+The term “industry” is being used as propaganda by
+advocates of software patents. They call software development
+“industry” and then try to argue that this means it should
+be subject to patent
+monopolies. <a href="http://swpat.ffii.org/papers/europarl0309/"> The
+European Parliament, rejecting software patents in 2003, voted to
+define “industry” as “automated production of
+material goods.”</a></p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Theft">“Theft”</h4>
+<p>
+Copyright apologists often use words like “stolen” and
+“theft” to describe copyright infringement. At the same
+time, they ask us to treat the legal system as an authority on ethics:
+if copying is forbidden, it must be wrong.</p>
+<p>
+So it is pertinent to mention that the legal system—at least in
+the US—rejects the idea that copyright infringement is
+“theft.” Copyright apologists are making an appeal to
+authority…and misrepresenting what authority says.</p>
+<p>
+The idea that laws decide what is right or wrong is mistaken in
+general. Laws are, at their best, an attempt to achieve justice; to
+say that laws define justice or ethical conduct is turning things
+upside down.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="TrustedComputing">“Trusted Computing”</h4>
+<p>
+<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“Trusted
computing”</a> is
+the proponents' name for a scheme to redesign computers so that
+application developers can trust your computer to obey them instead of
+you. From their point of view, it is “trusted”; from your
+point of view, it is “treacherous.”
+</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Vendor">“Vendor”</h4>
+<p>
+Please don't use the term “vendor” to refer generally to
+anyone that develops or packages software. Many programs
+are developed in order to sell copies, and their developers are
+therefore their vendors; this even includes some free software packages.
+However, many programs are developed by volunteers or organizations
+which do not intend to sell copies. These developers are not vendors.
+Likewise, only some of the packagers of GNU/Linux distributions are
+vendors. We recommend the general term “supplier” instead.
+</p>
+
+<div class="announcement">
+Also note <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories
+of Free and Nonfree Software</a>.</div>
+
+<hr />
+<h4>This essay is published
+in <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</h4>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007,
+2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/04/27 05:03:16 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
-->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the
text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
-->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
-->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
-->
+<!-- Czech -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
-->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">English</a> [en]</li>
-->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
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+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li><a
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-->
+<!-- Italian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
-->
+<!-- Japanese -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
-->
+<!-- Polish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
-->
+<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
-->
+<!-- Russian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- Serbian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
-->
+<!-- Turkish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
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+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/server/standards/README.translations.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>Guide to Translating Web Pages on www.gnu.org
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/standards/po/README.translations.translist"
-->
+
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: do not translate or update this page yet.
+ Some wording is being reviewed. -->
+
+<h2 id="guide" class="section">Guide to Translating Web Pages on
+www.gnu.org</h2>
+
+<p><a href="/graphics/atypinggnu.html"><img style="float:
right;"
+src="/graphics/gnu-type-sm.jpg" alt="A Typing GNU"
+title="A Typing GNU Hacker" /></a></p>
+
+<h3 id="intro">Introduction</h3>
+
+<p>Translating gnu.org with its many articles and keeping them updated
+is a complex task which requires careful organization. Translators are
+grouped into teams, one for each language, and each team normally has a
+coordinator. However, there are some languages for which no team has
+been formed yet, and sometimes a team lacks a coordinator.</p>
+
+<p>Team Coordinators use software tools to update pages efficiently for
+partial changes. One of these tools is a program called <strong>GNUnited
+Nations</strong> (GNUN) that makes it very easy to maintain and keep
+track of translations that need to be updated; it was developed ad hoc
+by our current GNU Translations Manager Yavor Doganov.</p>
+
+<p>The Translations Manager is the person in charge of the overall
+organization of teams and is generally involved in training new Team
+Coordinators.</p>
+
+<p>As a Team Member, you can contribute to translations without knowing
+anything about GNUN, but you can help at more levels if you know how to
+use it.</p>
+
+<h3 id="who">Who can help</h3>
+
+<p>All teams are always looking for new volunteers. Basically, there is
+a task for everyone in the translation process: we need people with good
+language skills, as well as people with good technical skills or willing
+to learn some simple technical skills.</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><p>If you have a deep understanding of written English and a
rich
+ command of your native language, you can certainly engage in
+ translation, or do proof-reading. Writing good English is not
+ necessary.</p></li>
+ <li><p>If your understanding of English is not first class, or
if you
+ don't know English at all but have a good mastery of your mother
+ tongue, you can help review other people's translations to make sure
+ they read well and have a good style.</p></li>
+ <li><p>If you are a native English speaker, and you can read
another
+ language, even if not quickly and easily, you can still help improve
+ translations in that language. Translators sometimes misunderstand
+ English idioms and expressions and write translations that are
+ misleading or even incorrect. These errors are obvious to the native
+ English speaker—you can indicate possible errors and explain
+ the intended meaning, and others can retranslate that
part.</p></li>
+ <li><p>If you are inclined or willing to go for the more
technical
+ side of the translation process, you can help further; for example,
+ by preparing translated texts for publication.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="how">How to Participate</h3>
+
+<dl>
+ <dt>As a Team Member</dt>
+ <dd>Please read the <a href="#general-guide">General Guide for
+ Translations</a> below and then contact the relevant
+ <a href="#teams">translation team</a>. Each team has its own
+ system of organizing the work. Thus, to join an existing team, you
+ need to get detailed information from that team. The Team
+ Coordinator will be able to guide you through their specific
+ methods. If you don't get an answer in two weeks,
+ write to the Translations Manager <a
+ href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>As an Occasional Contributor</dt>
+
+ <dd>If you just want to submit a new translation and are not
+ interested in collaborating regularly, follow the
+ <a href="#general-guide">General Guide for Translations</a>
below
+ and then send your translation to the appropriate <a href="#teams">
+ Team Coordinator</a> if there is one, or to the Translations
+ Manager <a
+ href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>
+ if there is no team or coordinator for your language.</dd>
+
+ <dt>As a Team Coordinator</dt>
+ <dd>If there is no team established for your language or a new Team
+ Coordinator is needed, we will be grateful if you undertake that task.
+ As a coordinator, you will need to follow both the <a
+ href="#general-guide">General Guide for Translations</a> and
the more
+ specific <a href="#coordinator-guide">Guide for Team
Coordinators.</a>
+ </dd>
+</dl>
+
+<h3 id="general-guide">General Guide for Translations</h3>
+
+<p>Here are our specific goals for our translated pages.</p>
+
+<h4 id="accuracy">Accuracy</h4>
+
+<p>In order to produce a translation which is accurate and faithful to
+the original, you need to be familiar with the basic concepts of the GNU
+Project and the specific terminology used in gnu.org:</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><p><strong>Copyleft</strong>. This is a term
that can be difficult to
+ translate in some languages. It is a pun on the word
+ “Copyright” based on the two meanings of
+ “right”: ethical and directional. You can read the
+ article <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">What is
Copyleft?</a> to
+ learn more about it and see how it has been translated into other
+ languages. You will see that in most cases it has not been
+ translated at all, so if you can't find a good translation for it in
+ your language, the only option may be to use the English
word.</p></li>
+
+ <li><p><strong>Free Software</strong>. Most
languages have a word
+ for free-as-in-freedom and another word for gratis (zero price).
+ In gnu.org we generally use “free” only to refer to
+ freedom, and we say “gratis” when we mean zero price.
+ Thus, please translate “free” using the word that
+ means free-as-in-freedom, not the one that refers to price.</p>
+
+ <p>However, in some old pages, such as the GNU Manifesto and the
+ initial announcement, we did not yet make the distinction. In
+ translating these pages, you may need to think carefully about the
+ proper treatment of each occurrence of the word
+ “free”. You might choose to leave the word in
+ English, followed by the explanation of its meaning in that
+ occurrence: either freedom, price, or ambiguously both.</p>
+
+ <p>However, even in these old pages, the word you normally
+ use to translate “free” in “free software”
+ should be the one that refers to freedom.</p>
+
+ <p>See the <a
+ href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">Translations
+ of the Term “Free Software”</a> in several
languages.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li><p><strong>Digital Restrictions Management
(DRM)</strong>. This is what
+ we use in gnu.org to avoid the propaganda term “Digital Rights
+ Management”. It means that digital techniques are used to impose
+ restrictions on the user, and these restrictions apply not only to
+ digital but also to physical objects.</p>
+
+ <p>However, there is a subtle ambiguity in the English term
+ "Digital Restrictions Management". It can be interpreted in two
+ ways:</p>
+
+ <ol>
+ <li> <strong>Digital Management of
Restrictions</strong>.</li>
+ <li> Management of Digital Restrictions.</li>
+ </ol>
+
+ <p>In many languages these require different wording. The correct
+ meaning is the first one, so translations should make this clear.
+ Likewise with “rights” instead of
+ “restrictions”.</p>
+ </li>
+
+ <li><p>The page philosophy/words-to-avoid.html is an exception to
+ our usual policies about which terminology to use, because it
+ presents examples of what <em>not</em> to say. For instance,
in
+ general we shun the term “Digital Rights Management”.
+ However, we cite that term in philosophy/words-to-avoid.html in
+ order to advise others to shun it.</p>
+
+ <p>As a translator, it is best if you follow the English text.
+ Where the English text says “Digital Rights
+ Management”, translate that. Where the English text says
+ “Digital Restrictions Management”, translate
+ that.</p></li>
+
+ <li><p> When translating “GNU's Not Unix”, please
ensure that
+ the translation remains recursive. If a recursive translation cannot be
+ conceived, use the following format (this is an example for Swedish):
+ “GNU's Not Unix (<span xml:lang="sv" lang="sv">
+ GNU är inte Unix</span>)”.</p></li>
+
+ <li><p>You can learn more about specific terms and the GNU
philosophy by
+ reading some articles such as the following, among others that you may
+ find useful:</p>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">What is Free
Software?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
and
+ Nonfree Software</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Words to
Avoid</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">What's in a
Name?</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Open
+ Source Misses the Point of Free Software</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4 id="what">What to Translate</h4>
+
+<p>All essays and articles in the following directories should be
translated
+in all available languages, but you should first browse our
+<a href="/server/standards/translations/priorities.html">Web Translation
+Priorities</a>:</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><code>copyleft/</code></li>
+ <li><code>education/</code></li>
+ <li><code>gnu/</code></li>
+ <li><code>licenses/</code></li>
+ <li><code>philosophy/</code></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Again, please coordinate with your language team before starting any
work,
+to get clear instructions on how to proceed and to avoid duplicating efforts.
+</p>
+
+<p><em><strong>Note:</strong></em> The material
in the
+<code>software/</code> directory pertains to individual GNU
packages. If you
+would like to translate something in that directory, please talk with the
+maintainers of the package to see what they would like to do.</p>
+
+<h4 id="translators-manual">Translators Manual</h4>
+
+<p>You may also want to read the
+<a href="/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/">GNU Web Translators
+Manual</a> if you wish to have a better understanding of how our
+translation system works. But please talk to the team first; most
+probably you will not be required to read it in order to start
helping.</p>
+
+<h3 id="coordinator-guide">Guide for Team Coordinators</h3>
+
+<p>The following is an explanation of what a Team Coordinator does
+specifically. In addition to what has already been described, a Team
+Coordinator:</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><p>sees to it that all texts to be published are faithful to
the
+ original and respect the terminology used in our website. All
+ translations submitted by team members or by occasional contributors are
+ reviewed and approved by the Team Coordinator before they are
+ published;</p></li>
+
+ <li><p>understands thoroughly how our translation system works,
and
+ knows how to use the tools that we have adopted. In the following section
+ we explain briefly how it is done.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4 id="tools">Tools</h4>
+
+<p>We use .po (Portable Object) files to process and maintain
translations.
+A .po file contains the original text and its translation, divided in
+paragraphs. This is how we do it:</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><p>When a new article is published in our website, GNUN, the
+ program we mentioned at the beginning of this page, generates a .pot file
+ (.po template) from that article. The .pot file is renamed to .po to be
+ translated. Once it is translated, the .po file is committed. Then
+ GNUN checks it, and if there are no errors in the code, the translated
+ HTML version of the original article is automatically published in the
+ website.</p></li>
+
+ <li><p>Whenever there is a change in the original HTML article,
the
+ .pot and .po files are regenerated by GNUN to merge the changes, clearly
+ showing the strings that have changed. Translators then update the
+ translation of only those strings in the .po file. When the updated .po
+ file is committed, the HTML version of the translation is automatically
+ updated on the website.</p></li>
+
+ <li><p>.po files can be edited by using any .po file
editor.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>We have also implemented notification tools to keep translators
+informed of changes in the original pages. In any case, a Team
+Coordinator needs to subscribe to our <a
+href="http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/www-commits">www-commits</a>
+
+mailing list to keep an eye on pages that are modified. You may also
+use “<em><code>make report
TEAM=LANG</code></em>” if you
+have GNUN installed.</p>
+
+<h4 id="coord-manuals">Coordinators Manuals</h4>
+
+<p>The following manuals explain in detail the translation process that
+we have briefly shown above. It is necessary that a coordinator reads and
+becomes well acquainted with them:</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/">GNU Web
+ Translators Manual</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/software/trans-coord/manual/gnun/">GNUnited
Nations (GNUN)
+ Manual</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/server/standards/readme_index.html">GNU Web Site
+ Guidelines: For Volunteers</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html">GNU Web Site
+ Guidelines: HTML Style Sheet</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>After you have read this entire page, if you intend to volunteer and
+be listed as the Team Coordinator for your language, please inform the
+Translations Manager <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>
+of your decision. Start reading at least the first two manuals and ask
+the Translations Manager for assistance if you have any doubts.</p>
+
+<h3 id="teams">Translation Teams</h3>
+<span id="TranslationsUnderway"><!--Some docs refer to this
anchor--></span>
+
+<p>Volunteers to establish new teams are more than welcome and will be
+assisted during the learning process.</p>
+
+<p>In the following list, the language code is followed by the name of
the
+language, and by the name of the Team Coordinator.</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical-->
+
+ <li><code>ar</code> -
+ <a
href="https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/www-ar">Arabic</a>
+ (New coordinator needed) </li>
+
+ <li><code>az</code> - Azerbaijani
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/igrar">Igrar
Huseynov</a> -
+ New coordinator needed) </li>
+
+ <li><code>bg</code> -
+ <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-bg">Bulgarian</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/yavor">Yavor
Doganov</a>)</li>
+
+ <li><code>bn</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-bn">Bengali</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/suzan">Khandakar Mujahidul
+ Islam</a> - New coordinator needed) </li>
+
+ <li><code>ca</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ca">Catalan</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/puigpe">Miquel
+ Puigpelat</a>) </li>
+
+ <li><code>cs</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-cs">Czech</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/franta">František
KuÄera</a>)</li>
+
+ <li><code>da</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-da">Danish</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/erikg">Erik
Gravgaard</a> -
+ New coordinator needed) </li>
+
+ <li><code>de</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-de">German</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/joeko">Joerg
Kohne</a>)</li>
+
+ <li><code>el</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-el">Greek</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/gzarkadas">Georgios
+ Zarkadas</a>) </li>
+
+ <li><code>eo</code> -
+ <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-eo">Esperanto</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/civodul">Ludovic
+ Courtès</a> - New coordinator needed) </li>
+
+ <li><code>es</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-es">Spanish</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/xavi_">Xavier
Reina</a>)</li>
+
+ <li><code>fa</code> -
+ <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-fa">Farsi/Persian</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/esmaeeli">Abbas Esmaeeli
+ Some‘eh</a>) </li>
+
+ <li><code>fi</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-fi">Finnish</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/solarius">Ville</a> -
New
+ coordinator needed)</li>
+
+ <li><code>fr</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-fr">French</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/barbier">Denis
Barbier</a>)</li>
+
+ <li><code>he</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-he">Hebrew</a>
(New
+ coordinator needed) </li>
+
+ <li><code>id</code> -
+ <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-id">Indonesian</a>
+ (New coordinator needed) </li>
+
+ <li><code>it</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-it">Italian</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/pescetti">Andrea
+ Pescetti</a>) </li>
+
+ <li><code>ja</code> -
+ <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ja">Japanese</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/gniibe">NIIBE
Yutaka</a>)</li>
+
+ <li><code>ko</code> - <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Korean (Song Chang-hun</em></strong></span>
+ <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>
- New
+ coordinator needed)</em></strong></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ko">Korean</a>
+ (<a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/users/chsong">Song
Chang-hun</a>
+ <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>)</em></ins></span>
</li>
+
+ <li><code>ku</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ku">Kurdish</a>
(New
+ coordinator needed) </li>
+
+ <li><code>ml</code> -
+ <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ml">Malayalam</a>
+ (New coordinator needed) </li>
+
+ <li><code>nb</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-nb">Norwegian
+ Bokmål</a> (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/att">
+ Andreas Tolfsen</a>) </li>
+
+ <li><code>nl</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-nl">Dutch</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/tuijldert">Tom
Uijldert</a>)
+ </li>
+
+ <li><code>nn</code> - Norwegian Nynorsk
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/att">Andreas
Tolfsen</a>,
+ permanent coordinator needed) </li>
+
+ <li><code>pl</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-pl">Polish</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/jsowoc">Jan Owoc</a>)
</li>
+
+ <li><code>pt</code> - Portuguese (New coordinator needed)
</li>
+
+ <li><code>pt-br</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-pt-br">Brazilian
+ Portuguese</a> <span class="removed"><del><strong>(New coordinator
needed)</em></strong></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>(<a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/rberaldo">Rafael
Beraldo</a>)</em></ins></span> </li>
+
+ <li><code>ro</code> -
+ <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ro">Romanian</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/buzdugan">Laurentiu
+ Buzdugan</a>) </li>
+
+ <li><code>ru</code> -
+ <a
href="https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/www-ru">Russian</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/jimcrow">Anatoly A.
+ Kazantsev</a>, <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/ineiev">Pavel
+ Kharitonov</a>) </li>
+
+ <li><code>sk</code> -
+ <a
href="https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/www-sk">Slovak</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/dominiks">Dominik
Smatana</a>
+ - New coordinator needed) </li>
+
+ <li><code>sq</code> -
+ <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-sq">Albanian</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/beso">Besnik
Bleta</a>)</li>
+
+ <li><code>sr</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-sr">Serbian</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/Ctpajgep">Strahinya
+ Radich</a>) </li>
+
+ <li><code>ta</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ta">Tamil</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/amachutechie">Sri
+ Ramadoss</a>) </li>
+
+ <li><code>th</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-th">Thai</a>
(New
+ coordinator needed) </li>
+
+ <li><code>tl</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-tl">Tagalog</a>
(New
+ coordinator needed) </li>
+
+ <li><code>tr</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-tr">Turkish</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/exalted">Ali Servet
+ Dönmez</a>) </li>
+
+ <li><code>uk</code> -
+ <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-uk">Ukrainian</a>
+ (<a href="https://savannah.nongnu.org/users/sudyr">Evgeniy
Sudyr</a>)
+ </li>
+
+ <li><code>zh-cn</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn">Simplified
+ Chinese</a> (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/monnand">
+ Nan Deng</a>, <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/zeuux">Bill
+ Xu</a>, <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/chxiaobin">Chen
+ Xiaobin</a>) </li>
+
+ <li><code>zh-tw</code> -
+ <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn">Traditional
+ Chinese</a> (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/monnand">
+ Nan Deng</a>, <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/zeuux">Bill
+ Xu</a>, <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/chxiaobin">Chen
+ Xiaobin</a>) </li>
+
+ <li><code>??</code> - Not available? Then this line is
reserved for
+ you.</li>
+
+ <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
+</ul>
+
+<p><strong>Note:</strong> <em>English</em>
(<code>en</code>)is a special
+case. The bulk of the site is written in English, which is the de-facto
+language of the GNU Project. We <em>occasionally</em> need to
+translate to English original documents written in other languages. It
+is best to notify the Team Coordinator of that language if you volunteer. If
+there is no team coordinator and you are willing to help with this, please
+contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/04/27 05:03:39 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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