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www gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html gnu/linux-and-gnu...
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html gnu/linux-and-gnu... |
|
Date: |
Tue, 03 Jan 2012 01:26:45 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 12/01/03 01:26:44
Modified files:
gnu : linux-and-gnu.fr.html linux-and-gnu.it.html
linux-and-gnu.pl.html
gnu/po : linux-and-gnu.fr-en.html linux-and-gnu.fr.po
linux-and-gnu.it-en.html linux-and-gnu.it.po
linux-and-gnu.pl-en.html
philosophy : motivation.fr.html sun-in-night-time.fr.html
words-to-avoid.it.html
philosophy/po : motivation.fr.po motivation.translist
sun-in-night-time.fr.po
sun-in-night-time.translist
words-to-avoid.it-en.html words-to-avoid.it.po
Added files:
philosophy/po : motivation.fr-en.html
sun-in-night-time.fr-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.it.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.48&r2=1.49
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.29&r2=1.30
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.it-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.it.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.20&r2=1.21
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.pl-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/motivation.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.it.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/motivation.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/motivation.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.it-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.it.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.11&r2=1.12
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/motivation.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.39
retrieving revision 1.40
diff -u -b -r1.39 -r1.40
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html 28 Nov 2011 01:27:19 -0000 1.39
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html 3 Jan 2012 01:26:23 -0000 1.40
@@ -137,8 +137,8 @@
<p>
Heureusement, vous n'êtes pas obligé d'attendre Hurd, grâce à Linux. Quand
-Linus Torvalds a écrit Linux, il a bouché le dernier trou dans le système
-GNU. Les gens purent alors <a
+Linus Torvalds a libéré Linux en 1992, il a bouché le dernier trou dans le
+système GNU. Les gens purent alors <a
href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>adjoindre
Linux au système GNU</a> pour obtenir un système libre complet : un
système GNU basé sur Linux ; le système GNU/Linux, en plus court.</p>
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/11/28 01:27:19 $
+$Date: 2012/01/03 01:26:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.it.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.it.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.it.html 22 Nov 2011 01:26:56 -0000 1.12
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.it.html 3 Jan 2012 01:26:23 -0000 1.13
@@ -138,8 +138,8 @@
<p>
Per fortuna, non è stato necessario aspettare che Hurd fosse finito. Quando
-Torvalds finì Linux, il suo kernel colmò l'ultimo vuoto principale del
-sistema GNU. Fu quindi possibile <a
+Torvalds rilasciò Linux come software libero nel 1992, il suo kernel colmò
+l'ultimo vuoto principale del sistema GNU. Fu quindi possibile <a
href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>mettere
insieme Linux e il sistema GNU</a> per ottenere un sistema libero completo:
una versione del sistema GNU basata su Linux o, in breve, il sistema
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Ultimo aggiornamento:
-$Date: 2011/11/22 01:26:56 $
+$Date: 2012/01/03 01:26:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.48
retrieving revision 1.49
diff -u -b -r1.48 -r1.49
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.pl.html 21 Nov 2011 17:26:45 -0000 1.48
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.pl.html 3 Jan 2012 01:26:24 -0000 1.49
@@ -133,8 +133,8 @@
<p>
Na szczÄÅcie nie musieliÅmy czekaÄ na Hurd,
ponieważ powstaÅ
-Linux. Torvalds napisaÅ Linuksa, ostatniÄ
i bardzo ważnÄ
czeÅÄ
systemu
-GNU. Ludzie <a
+Linux. Torvalds uwolniÅ Linuksa w 1992 roku, ostatniÄ
i bardzo
+ważnÄ
czeÅÄ systemu GNU. Ludzie <a
href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>poÅÄ
czyli
Linuksa z systemem GNU</a> w celu zrobienia kompletnie wolnego
systemu: Linuksa bazujÄ
cego na systemie GNU. Krócej: system
GNU/Linux.</p>
@@ -306,14 +306,14 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-TÅumaczenie: Marcin Wolak 2010, 2011; poprawki: Jan Owoc 2010, Daniel
+TÅumaczenie: Marcin Wolak 2010, 2011, 2012; poprawki: Jan Owoc 2010, Daniel
Oźminkowski 2010.</div>
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2011/11/21 17:26:45 $
+$Date: 2012/01/03 01:26:24 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr-en.html 28 Nov 2011 01:27:27 -0000 1.1
+++ gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr-en.html 3 Jan 2012 01:26:28 -0000 1.2
@@ -128,12 +128,12 @@
<p>
Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux.
-Once Torvalds wrote Linux, it fit into the last major gap in the GNU
-system. People could then <a
-href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
-combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free
-system: a Linux-based version of the GNU system; the GNU/Linux system,
-for short.</p>
+Once Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in
+the GNU system. People could
+then <a
href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
+combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free system:
+a Linux-based version of the GNU system; the GNU/Linux system, for
+short.</p>
<p>
Making them work well together was not a trivial job. Some GNU
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@
<p>Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2011/11/28 01:27:27 $
+$Date: 2012/01/03 01:26:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.29
retrieving revision 1.30
diff -u -b -r1.29 -r1.30
--- gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr.po 2 Jan 2012 20:57:30 -0000 1.29
+++ gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr.po 3 Jan 2012 01:26:29 -0000 1.30
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-01-02 21:40+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Denis Barbier <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
-"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid "Linux and GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
@@ -359,8 +359,8 @@
"usuelles de Linux contiennent également des programmes non-libres. Ces "
"programmes sont destinés à être chargés dans des appareils
d'entrée/sortie "
"quand le système démarre, et ils sont inclus, sous forme de longues séries
"
-"de nombres, dans le « code source » de Linux. De ce fait, "
-"maintenir une distribution libre de GNU/Linux inclut maintenant également la
"
+"de nombres, dans le « code source » de Linux. De ce fait,
maintenir "
+"une distribution libre de GNU/Linux inclut maintenant également la "
"maintenance d'une <a href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux\";>version "
"libre de Linux</a>."
Index: gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.it-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.it-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.it-en.html 22 Nov 2011 01:27:01 -0000 1.1
+++ gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.it-en.html 3 Jan 2012 01:26:29 -0000 1.2
@@ -128,12 +128,12 @@
<p>
Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux.
-Once Torvalds wrote Linux, it fit into the last major gap in the GNU
-system. People could then <a
-href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
-combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free
-system: a Linux-based version of the GNU system; the GNU/Linux system,
-for short.</p>
+Once Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in
+the GNU system. People could
+then <a
href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
+combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free system:
+a Linux-based version of the GNU system; the GNU/Linux system, for
+short.</p>
<p>
Making them work well together was not a trivial job. Some GNU
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@
<p>Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2011/11/22 01:27:01 $
+$Date: 2012/01/03 01:26:29 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.it.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.it.po,v
retrieving revision 1.20
retrieving revision 1.21
diff -u -b -r1.20 -r1.21
--- gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.it.po 2 Jan 2012 22:05:36 -0000 1.20
+++ gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.it.po 3 Jan 2012 01:26:29 -0000 1.21
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2012-01-02 12:25-0500\n"
"X-Poedit-Language: Italian\n"
"X-Poedit-Country: ITALY\n"
"X-Poedit-SourceCharset: utf-8\n"
@@ -292,20 +291,7 @@
"pubblico. "
# type: Content of: <p>
-# | Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux. Once
-# | Torvalds [-wrote Linux,-] {+freed Linux in 1992,+} it fit into the last
-# | major gap in the GNU system. People could then <a
-# |
href=\"http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01\";>
-# | combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free system: a
-# | Linux-based version of the GNU system; the GNU/Linux system, for short.
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux. Once "
-#| "Torvalds wrote Linux, it fit into the last major gap in the GNU system. "
-#| "People could then <a href=\"http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/";
-#| "kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01\"> combine Linux with the GNU system</"
-#| "a> to make a complete free system: a Linux-based version of the GNU "
-#| "system; the GNU/Linux system, for short."
+#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux. Once "
"Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in the GNU "
@@ -317,10 +303,10 @@
"Per fortuna, non è stato necessario aspettare che Hurd fosse finito. Quando "
"Torvalds rilasciò Linux come software libero nel 1992, il suo kernel colmò "
"l'ultimo vuoto principale del sistema GNU. Fu quindi possibile <a href="
-"\"http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/";
-"RELNOTES-0.01\">mettere insieme Linux e il sistema GNU</a> per ottenere un "
-"sistema libero completo: una versione del sistema GNU basata su Linux o, in "
-"breve, il sistema GNU/Linux."
+"\"http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";
+"\">mettere insieme Linux e il sistema GNU</a> per ottenere un sistema libero "
+"completo: una versione del sistema GNU basata su Linux o, in breve, il "
+"sistema GNU/Linux."
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <p>
Index: gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.pl-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.pl-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.pl-en.html 21 Nov 2011 17:26:53 -0000 1.1
+++ gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.pl-en.html 3 Jan 2012 01:26:29 -0000 1.2
@@ -128,12 +128,12 @@
<p>
Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux.
-Once Torvalds wrote Linux, it fit into the last major gap in the GNU
-system. People could then <a
-href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
-combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free
-system: a Linux-based version of the GNU system; the GNU/Linux system,
-for short.</p>
+Once Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in
+the GNU system. People could
+then <a
href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
+combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free system:
+a Linux-based version of the GNU system; the GNU/Linux system, for
+short.</p>
<p>
Making them work well together was not a trivial job. Some GNU
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@
<p>Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2011/11/21 17:26:53 $
+$Date: 2012/01/03 01:26:29 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/motivation.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/motivation.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- philosophy/motivation.fr.html 19 Nov 2011 17:36:28 -0000 1.14
+++ philosophy/motivation.fr.html 3 Jan 2012 01:26:33 -0000 1.15
@@ -6,25 +6,20 @@
GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
- value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/motivation.fr.po";>
- http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/motivation.fr.po</a>' -->
- <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/motivation.html" -->
- <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="" -->
- <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.fr.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/motivation.translist" -->
<h2>Des études montrent que la récompense n'est pas un moteur de
motivation</h2>
<h3>La créativité et l'intérêt intrinsèque diminuent si la tâche est
accomplie
pour de l'argent</h3>
<p>
-by <strong>Alfie Kohn</strong>
+par <strong>Alfie Kohn</strong>
<br />
-Special to the Boston Globe
+Article spécial du Boston Globe
<br />
-[reprinted with permission of the author from the Monday, 19 January 1987,
-Boston Globe. Also granted translation rights by kind courtesy of the
-author in 2003. ed.]</p>
+[réimprimé avec la permission de l'auteur, du lundi 19 janvier 1987, Boston
+Globe. Les droits de traduction sont également autorisés avec l'aimable
+permission de l'auteur en 2003. ed.]</p>
<p>
En laboratoire, les rats gagnent des céréales, en classe, les meilleurs
@@ -252,12 +247,13 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -273,19 +269,23 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traduction : Pierre-Yves Enderlin.<br />Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/11/19 17:36:28 $
+$Date: 2012/01/03 01:26:33 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-<div id="translations">
-<h4>Traductions de cette page</h4>
-
+<!-- <div id="translations">
+ -->
+<!-- <h4>
+Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
@@ -300,23 +300,28 @@
<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
-->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
-<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <gnun>
+
+<ul class="translations-list"> -->
<!-- English -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/motivation.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li> -->
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/motivation.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li> -->
<!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
-->
<!-- Polish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
<!-- Chinese(Simplified) -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/motivation.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/motivation.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
-->
<!-- Chinese(Traditional) -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/motivation.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/motivation.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul>
+</gnun> -->
+<!-- </div>
+ -->
</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/sun-in-night-time.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- philosophy/sun-in-night-time.fr.html 19 Nov 2011 17:36:39 -0000
1.13
+++ philosophy/sun-in-night-time.fr.html 3 Jan 2012 01:26:33 -0000
1.14
@@ -6,12 +6,7 @@
<title>Le curieux non-événement de Sun dans la pénombre</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
- value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.fr.po";>
- http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.fr.po</a>' -->
- <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html" -->
- <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="" -->
- <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.fr.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.translist" -->
<h2>Le curieux non-événement de Sun dans la pénombre</h2>
<p><i>Nous laissons cette page en place à des fins historiques, mais en
@@ -21,8 +16,8 @@
la plateforme Java de Sun sera un logiciel libre.</i></p>
<p>
- by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a><br />
- May 24, 2006.
+ par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a><br />
+ 24 mai 2006.
</p>
<p>
@@ -114,12 +109,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -132,8 +128,10 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2006 Richard M. Stallman
<br />
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any
-medium without royalty provided this notice is preserved.
+Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -142,11 +140,13 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traduction : Cédric Corazza.<br /> Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/11/19 17:36:39 $
+$Date: 2012/01/03 01:26:33 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -157,9 +157,11 @@
<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
-<div id="translations">
-<h4>Traductions de cette page</h4>
-
+<!-- <div id="translations">
+ -->
+<!-- <h4>
+Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
@@ -174,21 +176,26 @@
<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
-<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <gnun>
+
+<ul class="translations-list"> -->
<!-- Bulgarian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
<!-- English -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
-->
<!-- French -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
-->
<!-- Dutch -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
<!-- Polish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- </ul>
+</gnun> -->
+<!-- </div>
+ -->
</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/words-to-avoid.it.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.it.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/words-to-avoid.it.html 31 Dec 2011 17:26:19 -0000 1.9
+++ philosophy/words-to-avoid.it.html 3 Jan 2012 01:26:33 -0000 1.10
@@ -21,46 +21,36 @@
<p>
<a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Altri testi da leggere</a> | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#BSD-style">Licenze tipo-BSD</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Closed">Chiuso</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#CloudComputing">Cloud Computing</a>” |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Commercial">Commerciale</a>” |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Compensation">Compensazione</a>” |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Consume">Consumare</a>” |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Consumer">Consumatore</a>” |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Content">Contenuto</a>” |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Creator">Creatore</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#DigitalGoods">Beni digitali</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#DigitalRightsManagement">Digital Rights Management
-(Gestione digitale dei diritti)</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Ecosystem">Ecosistema</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#ForFree">For free (gratuito)</a>” |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#FreelyAvailable">Disponibile
-liberamente</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Freeware">Freeware</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">Regalare software</a>” |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Hacker">Hacker</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">ProprietÃ
-intellettuale</a>” | “<a href="words-to-avoid.html#LAMP">Sistema
-LAMP</a>” | “<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Linux">Sistema
-Linux</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Market">Mercato</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#MP3Player">MP3 player</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Open">Aperto</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#PC">PC</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Photoshop">Photoshop</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">Pirateria</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Protection">Protezione</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#RAND">RAND (reasonable and
-non-discriminatory)</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#SellSoftware">Vendere software</a>” |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#SoftwareIndustry">Industria del
-software</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Theft">Furto</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#TrustedComputing">Trusted Computing (informatica
-fidata)</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Vendor">Venditore</a>”
+href="#BSD-style">Licenze tipo-BSD</a>” | “<a
+href="#Closed">Chiuso</a>” | “<a href="#CloudComputing">Cloud
+Computing</a>” | “<a href="#Commercial">Commerciale</a>” |
+“<a href="#Compensation">Compensazione</a>” | “<a
+href="#Consume">Consumare</a>” | “<a
+href="#Consumer">Consumatore</a>” | “<a
+href="#Content">Contenuto</a>” | “<a
+href="#Creator">Creatore</a>” | “<a href="#DigitalGoods">Beni
+digitali</a>” | “<a href="#DigitalRightsManagement">Digital
+Rights Management (Gestione digitale dei diritti)</a>” | “<a
+href="#Ecosystem">Ecosistema</a>” | “<a href="#ForFree">For free
+(gratuito)</a>” | “<a href="#FreelyAvailable">Disponibile
+liberamente</a>” | “<a href="#Freeware">Freeware</a>” |
+“<a href="#GiveAwaySoftware">Regalare software</a>” | “<a
+href="#Hacker">Hacker</a>” | “<a
+href="#IntellectualProperty">Proprietà intellettuale</a>” | “<a
+href="#LAMP">Sistema LAMP</a>” | “<a href="#Linux">Sistema
+Linux</a>” | “<a href="#Market">Mercato</a>” | “<a
+href="#MP3Player">MP3 player</a>” | “<a
+href="#Open">Aperto</a>” | “<a href="#PC">PC</a>” |
+“<a href="#Photoshop">Photoshop</a>” | “<a
+href="#Piracy">Pirateria</a>” | “<a
+href="#PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a>” | “<a
+href="#Protection">Protezione</a>” | “<a href="#RAND">RAND
+(reasonable and non-discriminatory)</a>” | “<a
+href="#SellSoftware">Vendere software</a>” | “<a
+href="#SoftwareIndustry">Industria del software</a>” | “<a
+href="#Theft">Furto</a>” | “<a href="#TrustedComputing">Trusted
+Computing (informatica fidata)</a>” | “<a
+href="#Vendor">Venditore</a>”
</p>
<h4 id="BSD-style">“Licenze tipo-BSD”</h4>
@@ -705,7 +695,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ultimo aggiornamento:
-$Date: 2011/12/31 17:26:19 $
+$Date: 2012/01/03 01:26:33 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/po/motivation.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/motivation.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- philosophy/po/motivation.fr.po 2 Jan 2012 20:57:39 -0000 1.6
+++ philosophy/po/motivation.fr.po 3 Jan 2012 01:26:39 -0000 1.7
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-01-02 21:43+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Cédric Corazza <cedric.corazza AT wanadoo.fr>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
-"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid ""
@@ -146,8 +146,8 @@
"Brandeis. Au début de l'année dernière, dans un journal publiant ses
toutes "
"dernières recherches, elle rapportait des expériences effectuées en
milieux "
"scolaire et étudiant. On a demandé aux deux groupes de réaliser des
collages "
-"« saugrenus ». On a demandé aussi aux jeunes enfants d'inventer "
-"des histoires."
+"« saugrenus ». On a demandé aussi aux jeunes enfants d'inventer
des "
+"histoires."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -157,10 +157,10 @@
"out of pure interest,” Amabile said."
msgstr ""
"Les projets les moins créatifs, ainsi évalués par plusieurs enseignants,
ont "
-"été réalisés par les étudiants à qui on a avait promis une récompense.
"
-"« Il se peut qu'un travail commissionné soit, en général, moins
créatif "
-"qu'un travail fait en dehors de toute considération intéressée »,
dit "
-"Mme Amabile."
+"été réalisés par les étudiants à qui on a avait promis une récompense.
« "
+"Il se peut qu'un travail commissionné soit, en général, moins créatif
qu'un "
+"travail fait en dehors de toute considération intéressée », dit Mme "
+"Amabile."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -251,10 +251,10 @@
msgstr ""
"Mais Kenneth McGraw, Professeur adjoint de psychologie à l'Université du "
"Mississippi, met en garde : cela ne signifie pas que le béhaviorisme en
"
-"lui-même s'en retrouve invalidé. « Les principes de base du "
-"renforcement et des récompenses fonctionnent certainement, mais dans un "
-"contexte restreint » — restreint, il faut bien le dire, à des "
-"tâches pas spécialement intéressantes."
+"lui-même s'en retrouve invalidé. « Les principes de base du
renforcement "
+"et des récompenses fonctionnent certainement, mais dans un contexte "
+"restreint » — restreint, il faut bien le dire, à des tâches pas
"
+"spécialement intéressantes."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -272,9 +272,9 @@
"going to be less creative,” Amabile said."
msgstr ""
"D'abord, la récompense encourage les gens à se focaliser étroitement sur
une "
-"tâche, à la faire aussi vite que possible et à prendre peu de risques. "
-"« S'ils se disent 'il faut que j'en passe par là pour avoir le prix, "
-"ils vont devenir moins créatifs », dit Mme Amabile."
+"tâche, à la faire aussi vite que possible et à prendre peu de risques.
« "
+"S'ils se disent 'il faut que j'en passe par là pour avoir le prix, ils vont "
+"devenir moins créatifs », dit Mme Amabile."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -314,13 +314,13 @@
msgstr ""
"La dernière explication est le reflet des 15 années de travail par le
mentor "
"de Ryan, au sein de l'Université de Rochester, Edward Deci. En 1971, Deci a "
-"montré que « l'argent peut agir de telle sorte qu'il rachète à "
-"quelqu'un sa motivation intrinsèque pour une activité », en voyant
sur "
-"le long terme. Dix ans plus tard, Deci et ses collègues démontrèrent "
-"qu'essayer de dépasser les autres a le même effet. Des étudiants, en "
-"compétition pour résoudre rapidement un puzzle, s'avérèrent moins doués
que "
-"ceux qui n'étaient pas en compétition, continuant à travailler sur le "
-"problème une fois l'expérience terminée."
+"montré que « l'argent peut agir de telle sorte qu'il rachète Ã
quelqu'un "
+"sa motivation intrinsèque pour une activité », en voyant sur le long "
+"terme. Dix ans plus tard, Deci et ses collègues démontrèrent qu'essayer de
"
+"dépasser les autres a le même effet. Des étudiants, en compétition pour "
+"résoudre rapidement un puzzle, s'avérèrent moins doués que ceux qui "
+"n'étaient pas en compétition, continuant à travailler sur le problème une
"
+"fois l'expérience terminée."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Control plays role"
@@ -409,9 +409,9 @@
"Il ne devrait pas être surprenant que lorsque la rétroaction verbale est
vue "
"comme un contrôle, l'effet sur la motivation peut être assimilée à un "
"paiement. Dans une étude portant sur des employés d'un groupement "
-"corporatif, Ryan a trouvé que ceux à qui on disait « Bien, tu fais "
-"comme il le <em>faut</em> », ceux-là étaient « nettement moins "
-"motivés intrinsèquement que ceux qui ont reçu un feedback par voie "
+"corporatif, Ryan a trouvé que ceux à qui on disait « Bien, tu fais
comme "
+"il le <em>faut</em> », ceux-là étaient « nettement moins
motivés "
+"intrinsèquement que ceux qui ont reçu un feedback par voie "
"informative »."
#. type: Content of: <p>
Index: philosophy/po/motivation.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/motivation.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/po/motivation.translist 25 Dec 2011 05:18:07 -0000 1.2
+++ philosophy/po/motivation.translist 3 Jan 2012 01:26:39 -0000 1.3
@@ -4,17 +4,17 @@
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.en.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/motivation.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/motivation.zh-cn.html">ç®ä½ä¸æ</a> [zh-cn]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/motivation.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/motivation.zh-tw.html">ç¹é«ä¸æ</a> [zh-tw]</li>
</ul>
</div> <!-- id="translations" -->
<!-- end translinks file -->
Index: philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.fr.po 2 Jan 2012 20:57:39 -0000
1.8
+++ philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.fr.po 3 Jan 2012 01:26:39 -0000
1.9
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-01-02 21:45+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Cédric Corazza <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
-"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
#. type: Content of: <h2>
msgid "The Curious Incident of Sun in the Night-Time"
@@ -120,9 +120,9 @@
"Si vous regardez de près l'annonce de Sun, vous verrez que cela représente "
"exactement ces faits. Elle ne dit pas que la plateforme Java de Sun est un "
"logiciel libre, ou même open source. Elle prévoit seulement que la "
-"plateforme sera « largement disponible » sur les « "
-"plateformes open source majeures ». C'est-à -dire disponible en tant
que "
-"logiciel propriétaire en des termes qui dénient votre liberté."
+"plateforme sera « largement disponible » sur les
« plateformes "
+"open source majeures ». C'est-à -dire disponible en tant que logiciel "
+"propriétaire en des termes qui dénient votre liberté."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
Index: philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.translist 25 Dec 2011 05:18:11 -0000
1.2
+++ philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.translist 3 Jan 2012 01:26:39 -0000
1.3
@@ -2,19 +2,19 @@
<div id="translations">
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Bulgarian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.bg.html">бÑлгаÑÑки</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.en.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Romanian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.ro.html">românÄ</a> [ro]</li>
</ul>
</div> <!-- id="translations" -->
<!-- end translinks file -->
Index: philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.it-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.it-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.it-en.html 31 Dec 2011 17:26:27 -0000
1.4
+++ philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.it-en.html 3 Jan 2012 01:26:39 -0000
1.5
@@ -21,73 +21,73 @@
<p>
<a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a>
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#BSD-style">BSD-style</a>”
+ href="#BSD-style">BSD-style</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#Closed">Closed</a>”
+ href="#Closed">Closed</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#CloudComputing">Cloud Computing</a>”
+ href="#CloudComputing">Cloud Computing</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#Commercial">Commercial</a>”
+ href="#Commercial">Commercial</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#Compensation">Compensation</a>”
+ href="#Compensation">Compensation</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#Consume">Consume</a>”
+ href="#Consume">Consume</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#Consumer">Consumer</a>”
+ href="#Consumer">Consumer</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#Content">Content</a>”
+ href="#Content">Content</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#Creator">Creator</a>”
+ href="#Creator">Creator</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#DigitalGoods">Digital Goods</a>”
+ href="#DigitalGoods">Digital Goods</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#DigitalRightsManagement">Digital Rights
Management</a>”
+ href="#DigitalRightsManagement">Digital Rights Management</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a>”
+ href="#Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#ForFree">For free</a>”
+ href="#ForFree">For free</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#FreelyAvailable">Freely available</a>”
+ href="#FreelyAvailable">Freely available</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#Freeware">Freeware</a>”
+ href="#Freeware">Freeware</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">Give away
software</a>”
+ href="#GiveAwaySoftware">Give away software</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#Hacker">Hacker</a>”
+ href="#Hacker">Hacker</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">Intellectual
property</a>”
+ href="#IntellectualProperty">Intellectual property</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#LAMP">LAMP system</a>”
+ href="#LAMP">LAMP system</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#Linux">Linux system</a>”
+ href="#Linux">Linux system</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#Market">Market</a>”
+ href="#Market">Market</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#MP3Player">MP3 player</a>”
+ href="#MP3Player">MP3 player</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#Open">Open</a>”
+ href="#Open">Open</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#PC">PC</a>”
+ href="#PC">PC</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#Photoshop">Photoshop</a>”
+ href="#Photoshop">Photoshop</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">Piracy</a>”
+ href="#Piracy">Piracy</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a>”
+ href="#PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#Protection">Protection</a>”
+ href="#Protection">Protection</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#RAND">RAND</a>”
+ href="#RAND">RAND</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#SellSoftware">Sell software</a>”
+ href="#SellSoftware">Sell software</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#SoftwareIndustry">Software Industry</a>”
+ href="#SoftwareIndustry">Software Industry</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#Theft">Theft</a>”
+ href="#Theft">Theft</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#TrustedComputing">Trusted Computing</a>”
+ href="#TrustedComputing">Trusted Computing</a>”
| “<a
- href="words-to-avoid.html#Vendor">Vendor</a>”
+ href="#Vendor">Vendor</a>”
</p>
<h4 id="BSD-style">“BSD-style”</h4>
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2011/12/31 17:26:27 $
+$Date: 2012/01/03 01:26:39 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.it.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.it.po,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.it.po 2 Jan 2012 22:04:19 -0000 1.11
+++ philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.it.po 3 Jan 2012 01:26:39 -0000 1.12
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
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"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2012-01-02 04:25-0500\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid ""
@@ -47,115 +46,7 @@
"Vedere anche <a href=\"/philosophy/categories.html\">Categorie di Software "
"Libero</a>."
-# | <a href=\"/philosophy/philosophy.html\">Other Texts to Read</a> |
-# | “<a [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#BSD-style\">BSD-style</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#BSD-style\">BSD-style</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Closed\">Closed</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#Closed\">Closed</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#CloudComputing\">Cloud-]
-# | {+href=\"#CloudComputing\">Cloud+} Computing</a>” | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Commercial\">Commercial</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#Commercial\">Commercial</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Compensation\">Compensation</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#Compensation\">Compensation</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Consume\">Consume</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#Consume\">Consume</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Consumer\">Consumer</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#Consumer\">Consumer</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Content\">Content</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#Content\">Content</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Creator\">Creator</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#Creator\">Creator</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#DigitalGoods\">Digital-]
-# | {+href=\"#DigitalGoods\">Digital+} Goods</a>” | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#DigitalRightsManagement\">Digital-]
-# | {+href=\"#DigitalRightsManagement\">Digital+} Rights Management</a>”
-# | | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Ecosystem\">Ecosystem</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#Ecosystem\">Ecosystem</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#ForFree\">For-] {+href=\"#ForFree\">For+}
-# | free</a>” | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#FreelyAvailable\">Freely-]
-# | {+href=\"#FreelyAvailable\">Freely+} available</a>” | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Freeware\">Freeware</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#Freeware\">Freeware</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware\">Give-]
-# | {+href=\"#GiveAwaySoftware\">Give+} away software</a>” | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Hacker\">Hacker</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#Hacker\">Hacker</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty\">Intellectual-]
-# | {+href=\"#IntellectualProperty\">Intellectual+} property</a>” |
-# | “<a [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#LAMP\">LAMP-]
-# | {+href=\"#LAMP\">LAMP+} system</a>” | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Linux\">Linux-] {+href=\"#Linux\">Linux+}
-# | system</a>” | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Market\">Market</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#Market\">Market</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#MP3Player\">MP3-] {+href=\"#MP3Player\">MP3+}
-# | player</a>” | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Open\">Open</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#Open\">Open</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#PC\">PC</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#PC\">PC</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Photoshop\">Photoshop</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#Photoshop\">Photoshop</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Piracy\">Piracy</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#Piracy\">Piracy</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#PowerPoint\">PowerPoint</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#PowerPoint\">PowerPoint</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Protection\">Protection</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#Protection\">Protection</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#RAND\">RAND</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#RAND\">RAND</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#SellSoftware\">Sell-]
-# | {+href=\"#SellSoftware\">Sell+} software</a>” | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#SoftwareIndustry\">Software-]
-# | {+href=\"#SoftwareIndustry\">Software+} Industry</a>” | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Theft\">Theft</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#Theft\">Theft</a>”+} | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#TrustedComputing\">Trusted-]
-# | {+href=\"#TrustedComputing\">Trusted+} Computing</a>” | “<a
-# | [-href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Vendor\">Vendor</a>”-]
-# | {+href=\"#Vendor\">Vendor</a>”+}
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a href=\"/philosophy/philosophy.html\">Other Texts to Read</a> | “"
-#| "<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#BSD-style\">BSD-style</a>” | “"
-#| "<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Closed\">Closed</a>” | “<a href="
-#| "\"words-to-avoid.html#CloudComputing\">Cloud Computing</a>” | "
-#| "“<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Commercial\">Commercial</a>” | "
-#| "“<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Compensation\">Compensation</"
-#| "a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Consume\">Consume</"
-#| "a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Consumer\">Consumer</"
-#| "a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Content\">Content</"
-#| "a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Creator\">Creator</"
-#| "a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#DigitalGoods\">Digital "
-#| "Goods</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid."
-#| "html#DigitalRightsManagement\">Digital Rights Management</a>” | "
-#| "“<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Ecosystem\">Ecosystem</a>” | "
-#| "“<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#ForFree\">For free</a>” | "
-#| "“<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#FreelyAvailable\">Freely available</"
-#| "a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Freeware\">Freeware</"
-#| "a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware\">Give "
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-#| "\">Hacker</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid."
-#| "html#IntellectualProperty\">Intellectual property</a>” | “<a "
-#| "href=\"words-to-avoid.html#LAMP\">LAMP system</a>” | “<a href="
-#| "\"words-to-avoid.html#Linux\">Linux system</a>” | “<a href="
-#| "\"words-to-avoid.html#Market\">Market</a>” | “<a href=\"words-"
-#| "to-avoid.html#MP3Player\">MP3 player</a>” | “<a href=\"words-"
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-#| "html#PC\">PC</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Photoshop"
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-#| "\">Piracy</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#PowerPoint"
-#| "\">PowerPoint</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Protection"
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-#| "\">RAND</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#SellSoftware"
-#| "\">Sell software</a>” | “<a href=\"words-to-avoid."
-#| "html#SoftwareIndustry\">Software Industry</a>” | “<a href="
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-#| "to-avoid.html#TrustedComputing\">Trusted Computing</a>” | “<a "
-#| "href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Vendor\">Vendor</a>”"
+#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"/philosophy/philosophy.html\">Other Texts to Read</a> | “<a "
"href=\"#BSD-style\">BSD-style</a>” | “<a href=\"#Closed"
Index: philosophy/po/motivation.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/motivation.fr-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/motivation.fr-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/motivation.fr-en.html 3 Jan 2012 01:26:39 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Studies Find Reward Often No Motivator - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/motivation.translist" -->
+<h2>Studies Find Reward Often No Motivator</h2>
+
+<h3>Creativity and intrinsic interest diminish if task is done for gain</h3>
+
+<p>
+by <strong>Alfie Kohn</strong>
+<br />
+Special to the Boston Globe
+<br />
+[reprinted with permission of the author from the Monday, 19 January
+1987, Boston Globe. Also granted translation rights by kind courtesy
+of the author in 2003. ed.]</p>
+
+<p>
+In the laboratory, rats get Rice Krispies. In the classroom the top
+students get A's, and in the factory or office the best workers get
+raises. It's an article of faith for most of us that rewards promote
+better performance.</p>
+
+<p>
+But a growing body of research suggests that this law is not nearly as
+ironclad as was once thought. Psychologists have been finding that
+rewards can lower performance levels, especially when the performance
+involves creativity.</p>
+
+<p>
+A related series of studies shows that intrinsic interest in a task
+— the sense that something is worth doing for its own sake
+— typically declines when someone is rewarded for doing it.</p>
+
+<p>
+If a reward — money, awards, praise, or winning a contest
+— comes to be seen as the reason one is engaging in an activity,
+that activity will be viewed as less enjoyable in its own right.</p>
+
+<p>
+With the exception of some behaviorists who doubt the very existence
+of intrinsic motivation, these conclusions are now widely accepted
+among psychologists. Taken together, they suggest we may unwittingly
+be squelching interest and discouraging innovation among workers,
+students and artists.</p>
+
+<p>
+The recognition that rewards can have counter-productive effects is
+based on a variety of studies, which have come up with such findings
+as these: Young children who are rewarded for drawing are less likely
+to draw on their own that are children who draw just for the fun of
+it. Teenagers offered rewards for playing word games enjoy the games
+less and do not do as well as those who play with no rewards.
+Employees who are praised for meeting a manager's expectations suffer
+a drop in motivation.</p>
+
+<p>
+Much of the research on creativity and motivation has been performed
+by Theresa Amabile, associate professor of psychology at Brandeis
+University. In a paper published early last year on her most recent
+study, she reported on experiments involving elementary school and
+college students. Both groups were asked to make “silly”
+collages. The young children were also asked to invent stories.</p>
+
+<p>
+The least-creative projects, as rated by several teachers, were done
+by those students who had contracted for rewards. “It may be
+that commissioned work will, in general, be less creative than work
+that is done out of pure interest,” Amabile said.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1985, Amabile asked 72 creative writers at Brandeis and at Boston
+University to write poetry. Some students then were given a list of
+extrinsic (external) reasons for writing, such as impressing teachers,
+making money and getting into graduate school, and were asked to think
+about their own writing with respect to these reasons. Others were
+given a list of intrinsic reasons: the enjoyment of playing with
+words, satisfaction from self-expression, and so forth. A third group
+was not given any list. All were then asked to do more writing.</p>
+
+<p>
+The results were clear. Students given the extrinsic reasons not only
+wrote less creatively than the others, as judged by 12 independent
+poets, but the quality of their work dropped significantly. Rewards,
+Amabile says, have this destructive effect primarily with creative
+tasks, including higher-level problem-solving. “The more
+complex the activity, the more it's hurt by extrinsic reward,”
+she said.</p>
+
+<p>
+But other research shows that artists are by no means the only ones
+affected.</p>
+
+<p>
+In one study, girls in the fifth and sixth grades tutored younger
+children much less effectively if they were promised free movie
+tickets for teaching well. The study, by James Gabarino, now
+president of Chicago's Erikson Institute for Advanced Studies in Child
+Development, showed that tutors working for the reward took longer to
+communicate ideas, got frustrated more easily, and did a poorer job in
+the end than those who were not rewarded.</p>
+
+<p>
+Such findings call into question the widespread belief that money is
+an effective and even necessary way to motivate people. They also
+challenge the behaviorist assumption that any activity is more likely
+to occur if it is rewarded. Amabile says her research
+“definitely refutes the notion that creativity can be operantly
+conditioned.”</p>
+
+<p>
+But Kenneth McGraw, associate professor of psychology at the
+University of Mississippi, cautions that this does not mean
+behaviorism itself has been invalidated. “The basic principles
+of reinforcement and rewards certainly work, but in a restricted
+context” — restricted, that is, to tasks that are not
+especially interesting.</p>
+
+<p>
+Researchers offer several explanations for their surprising findings
+about rewards and performance.</p>
+
+<p>
+First, rewards encourage people to focus narrowly on a task, to do it
+as quickly as possible and to take few risks. “If they feel
+that ‘this is something I have to get through to get the
+prize,’ they're going to be less creative,” Amabile
+said.</p>
+
+<p>
+Second, people come to see themselves as being controlled by the
+reward. They feel less autonomous, and this may interfere with
+performance. “To the extent one's experience of being
+self-determined is limited,” said Richard Ryan, associate
+psychology professor at the University of Rochester, “one's
+creativity will be reduced as well.”</p>
+
+<p>
+Finally, extrinsic rewards can erode intrinsic interest. People who
+see themselves as working for money, approval or competitive success
+find their tasks less pleasurable, and therefore do not do them as
+well.</p>
+
+<p>
+The last explanation reflects 15 years of work by Ryan's mentor at the
+University of Rochester, Edward Deci. In 1971, Deci showed that
+“money may work to buy off one's intrinsic motivation for an
+activity” on a long-term basis. Ten years later, Deci and his
+colleagues demonstrated that trying to best others has the same
+effect. Students who competed to solve a puzzle quickly were less
+likely than those who were not competing to keep working at it once
+the experiment was over.</p>
+
+<h3 id="sec1">Control plays role</h3>
+
+<p>
+There is general agreement, however, that not all rewards have the
+same effect. Offering a flat fee for participating in an experiment
+— similar to an hourly wage in the workplace — usually
+does not reduce intrinsic motivation. It is only when the rewards are
+based on performing a given task or doing a good job at it —
+analogous to piece-rate payment and bonuses, respectively — that
+the problem develops.</p>
+
+<p>
+The key, then, lies in how a reward is experienced. If we come to
+view ourselves as working to get something, we will no longer find
+that activity worth doing in its own right.</p>
+
+<p>
+There is an old joke that nicely illustrates the principle. An
+elderly man, harassed by the taunts of neighborhood children, finally
+devises a scheme. He offered to pay each child a dollar if they would
+all return Tuesday and yell their insults again. They did so eagerly
+and received the money, but he told them he could only pay 25 cents on
+Wednesday. When they returned, insulted him again and collected their
+quarters, he informed them that Thursday's rate would be just a penny.
+“Forget it,” they said — and never taunted him
+again.</p>
+
+<h3 id="sec2">Means to an end</h3>
+
+<p>
+In a 1982 study, Stanford psychologist Mark L. Lepper showed that any
+task, no matter how enjoyable it once seemed, would be devalued if it
+were presented as a means rather than an end. He told a group of
+preschoolers they could not engage in one activity they liked until
+they first took part in another. Although they had enjoyed both
+activities equally, the children came to dislike the task that was a
+prerequisite for the other.</p>
+
+<p>
+It should not be surprising that when verbal feedback is experienced
+as controlling, the effect on motivation can be similar to that of
+payment. In a study of corporate employees, Ryan found that those who
+were told, “Good, you're doing as you <em>should</em>”
+were “significantly less intrinsically motivated than those who
+received feedback informationally.”</p>
+
+<p>
+There's a difference, Ryan says, between saying, “I'm giving you
+this reward because I recognize the value of your work” and
+“You're getting this reward because you've lived up to my
+standards.”</p>
+
+<p>
+A different but related set of problems exists in the case of
+creativity. Artists must make a living, of course, but Amabile
+emphasizes that “the negative impact on creativity of working
+for rewards can be minimized” by playing down the significance
+of these rewards and trying not to use them in a controlling way.
+Creative work, the research suggests, cannot be forced, but only
+allowed to happen.</p>
+
+<p>
+Alfie Kohn, a Cambridge, MA writer, is the author of “No
+Contest: The Case Against Competition,” published by Houghton
+Mifflin Co., Boston, MA. ISBN 0-395-39387-6. For more information on
+this topic, see the author's website (www.alfiekohn.org) and his book
+PUNISHED BY REWARDS (rev. ed., Houghton Mifflin, 1999).</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/01/03 01:26:39 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right, cf. -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/motivation.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/motivation.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li> -->
+<!-- Italian -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
-->
+<!-- Polish -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- Chinese(Simplified) -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/motivation.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
-->
+<!-- Chinese(Traditional) -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/motivation.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.fr-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.fr-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.fr-en.html 3 Jan 2012 01:26:39 -0000
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>The Curious Incident of Sun in the Night-Time</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/sun-in-night-time.translist" -->
+
+<h2>The Curious Incident of Sun in the Night-Time</h2>
+
+<p><i>We leave this web page in place for the sake of history,
+but as of December 2006, Sun is in the middle of <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html";>rereleasing
+its Java platform under the GNU GPL</a>. When this license change is
+completed, we expect Sun's Java will be free software.</i></p>
+
+ <p>
+ by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a><br />
+ May 24, 2006.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Our community has been abuzz with the rumor that Sun has made
+ its implementation Java free software (or “open
+ source”). Community leaders even publicly thanked Sun
+ for its contribution. What is Sun's new contribution to the
+ FLOSS community?
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Nothing. Absolutely nothing—and that's what makes the
+ response to this non-incident so curious.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Sun's Java implementation remains proprietary software, just
+ as before. It doesn't come close to meeting the criteria for
+ <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>, or the
+ similar but slightly looser criteria for open source. Its
+ source code is available only under an NDA.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ So what did Sun actually do? It allowed more convenient
+ redistribution of the binaries of its Java platform. With
+ this change, GNU/Linux distros can include the non-free Sun
+ Java platform, just as some now include the non-free nVidia
+ driver. But they do so only at the cost of being non-free.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ The Sun license has one restriction that may ironically
+ reduce the tendency for users to accept non-free software
+ without thinking twice: it insists that the operating system
+ distributor get the user's explicit agreement to the license
+ before letting the user install the code. This means the
+ system cannot silently install Sun's Java platform without
+ warning users they have non-free software, as some GNU/Linux
+ systems silently install the nVidia driver.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ If you look closely at Sun's announcement, you will see that
+ it accurately represents these facts. It does not say that
+ Sun's Java platform is free software, or even open source. It
+ only predicts that the platform will be “widely
+ available” on “leading open source
+ platforms”. Available, that is, as proprietary
+ software, on terms that deny your freedom.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Why did this non-incident generate a large and confused
+ reaction? Perhaps because people do not read these
+ announcements carefully. Ever since the term “open
+ source” was coined, we have seen companies find ways to
+ use it and their product name in the same sentence. (They
+ don't seem to do this with “free software”,
+ though they could if they wanted to.) The careless reader
+ may note the two terms in proximity and falsely assume that
+ one talks about the other.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ Some believe that this non-incident represents Sun's
+ exploratory steps towards eventually releasing its Java
+ platform as free software. Let's hope Sun does that some
+ day. We would welcome that, but we should save our
+ appreciation for the day that actually occurs. In the mean
+ time, the <a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">Java Trap</a>
+ still lies in wait for the work of programmers who don't take
+ precautions to avoid it.
+ </p>
+
+ <p>
+ We in the GNU Project continue developing the
+ <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/java/";>GNU Compiler for Java and
+ GNU Classpath</a>; we made great progress in the past year,
+ so our free platform for Java is included in many major
+ GNU/Linux distros. If you want to run Java and have freedom,
+ please join in and help.
+ </p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2006 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/01/03 01:26:39 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
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+</body>
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