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www distros/common-distros.it.html distros/comm...
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www distros/common-distros.it.html distros/comm... |
|
Date: |
Mon, 28 Nov 2011 01:28:04 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 11/11/28 01:28:04
Modified files:
distros : common-distros.it.html common-distros.pl.html
distros/po : common-distros.it.po common-distros.pl.po
education : edu-schools.fr.html
education/po : edu-schools.fr.po
gnu : gnu-linux-faq.fr.html
initial-announcement.fr.html
linux-and-gnu.fr.html
gnu/po : gnu-linux-faq.fr.po initial-announcement.fr.po
linux-and-gnu.fr.po
graphics/po : graphics.de.po graphics.pl.po graphics.pot
philosophy : no-word-attachments.it.html
no-word-attachments.pl.html
no-word-attachments.ru.html
philosophy/po : no-word-attachments.it-en.html
no-word-attachments.it.po
Added files:
distros/po : common-distros.it-en.html
common-distros.pl-en.html
education/po : edu-schools.fr-en.html
gnu/po : gnu-linux-faq.fr-en.html
initial-announcement.fr-en.html
linux-and-gnu.fr-en.html
philosophy/po : no-word-attachments.pl-en.html
no-word-attachments.ru-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/common-distros.it.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/common-distros.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.21&r2=1.22
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/common-distros.it.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.19&r2=1.20
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/common-distros.pl.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.44&r2=1.45
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/common-distros.it-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/common-distros.pl-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-schools.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-schools.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-schools.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.24&r2=1.25
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/initial-announcement.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.32&r2=1.33
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.25&r2=1.26
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.21&r2=1.22
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/graphics/po/graphics.de.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/graphics/po/graphics.pl.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/graphics/po/graphics.pot?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/no-word-attachments.it.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/no-word-attachments.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.52&r2=1.53
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/no-word-attachments.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.11&r2=1.12
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.it-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.it.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.pl-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: distros/common-distros.it.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/common-distros.it.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- distros/common-distros.it.html 20 Sep 2011 17:08:57 -0000 1.9
+++ distros/common-distros.it.html 28 Nov 2011 01:26:43 -0000 1.10
@@ -81,6 +81,9 @@
questa procedura porta gli utenti troppo facilmente verso il software
proprietario e pertanto non possiamo dare la nostra approvazione.</p>
+<p>Ci sono altri modi in cui programmi che fanno ufficialmente parte di Debian
+suggeriscono di installare software non libero.</p>
+
<p>Alcune versioni precedenti di Debian includevano anche dei blob nel kernel
Linux. Dalla pubblicazione di Debian 6.0 ("squeeze") a febbraio 2011, questi
blob sono stati rimossi dalla distribuzione principale e sono diventati
@@ -216,11 +219,13 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Tradotto originariamente da Riccardo Pili. Revisioni successive di Andrea
Pescetti, Dora Scilipoti.</div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ultimo aggiornamento:
-$Date: 2011/09/20 17:08:57 $
+$Date: 2011/11/28 01:26:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -246,21 +251,28 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<!-- -->
-<!-- <gnun>
-<ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
+ -->
<!-- German -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/distros/common-distros.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/distros/common-distros.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
<!-- English -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/distros/common-distros.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/distros/common-distros.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
<!-- Spanish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/distros/common-distros.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/distros/common-distros.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
<!-- Italian -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/distros/common-distros.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/distros/common-distros.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
<!-- Polish -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/distros/common-distros.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/distros/common-distros.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
<!-- Russian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/distros/common-distros.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
-<!-- </ul></gnun> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/distros/common-distros.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul>
+ -->
<!-- </div>
-->
</div>
Index: distros/common-distros.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/common-distros.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.21
retrieving revision 1.22
diff -u -b -r1.21 -r1.22
--- distros/common-distros.pl.html 20 Sep 2011 17:08:57 -0000 1.21
+++ distros/common-distros.pl.html 28 Nov 2011 01:26:43 -0000 1.22
@@ -86,6 +86,9 @@
zastrzeżone oprogramowanie – dla nas, to zbyt dużo
by wspieraÄ Debiana.</p>
+<p>IstniejÄ
także inne sposoby, na które programy bÄdÄ
ce oficjalnÄ
czÄÅciÄ
+Debiana proponujÄ
instalacjÄ niewolnego oprogramowania.</p>
+
<p>Poprzednie wydania Debiana również doÅÄ
czaÅy niewolne czÄÅci
oprogramowania
z jÄ
drem Linux. Wraz z wydaniem Debiana 6.0
(„squeeze”) w lutym 2011 roku, czÄÅci te zostaÅy
@@ -229,11 +232,13 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
TÅumaczenie: Marcin Wolak 2010, 2011; poprawki: Mariusz Libera 2010, Jan
Owoc 2010, 2011, Daniel Oźminkowski 2010.</div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2011/09/20 17:08:57 $
+$Date: 2011/11/28 01:26:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -259,21 +264,28 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<!-- -->
-<!-- <gnun>
-<ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
+ -->
<!-- German -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/distros/common-distros.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/distros/common-distros.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
<!-- English -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/distros/common-distros.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/distros/common-distros.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
<!-- Spanish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/distros/common-distros.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/distros/common-distros.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
<!-- Italian -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/distros/common-distros.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/distros/common-distros.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
<!-- Polish -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/distros/common-distros.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/distros/common-distros.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
<!-- Russian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/distros/common-distros.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
-<!-- </ul></gnun> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/distros/common-distros.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul>
+ -->
<!-- </div>
-->
</div>
Index: distros/po/common-distros.it.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/common-distros.it.po,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- distros/po/common-distros.it.po 27 Nov 2011 22:06:43 -0000 1.19
+++ distros/po/common-distros.it.po 28 Nov 2011 01:26:51 -0000 1.20
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2011-11-27 12:25-0500\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid ""
Index: distros/po/common-distros.pl.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/common-distros.pl.po,v
retrieving revision 1.44
retrieving revision 1.45
diff -u -b -r1.44 -r1.45
--- distros/po/common-distros.pl.po 27 Nov 2011 22:02:56 -0000 1.44
+++ distros/po/common-distros.pl.po 28 Nov 2011 01:26:51 -0000 1.45
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2011-11-27 12:25-0500\n"
"Language: pl\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n==1 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<=4 && (n%100<10 "
"|| n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n"
Index: education/edu-schools.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/edu-schools.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- education/edu-schools.fr.html 27 Nov 2011 11:16:25 -0000 1.3
+++ education/edu-schools.fr.html 28 Nov 2011 01:26:59 -0000 1.4
@@ -2,119 +2,126 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Pourquoi les écoles devraient utiliser exclusivement des
logiciels
-libres - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<title>Pourquoi les écoles devraient utiliser exclusivement des logiciels
libres -
+GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
- value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/education/po/edu-schools.fr.po";>
- http://www.gnu.org/education/po/edu-schools.fr.po</a>' -->
- <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/education/edu-schools.html" -->
- <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="" -->
- <!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-schools.translist" -->
-<h2>Pourquoi les écoles devraient utiliser exclusivement des logiciels
-libres</h2>
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-schools.translist" -->
+<div id="education-content">
+<h2>Pourquoi les écoles devraient utiliser exclusivement des logiciels
libres</h2>
+
+<!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
+<ul id="edu-navigation">
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-contents.html">Table des matières</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-cases.html">Ãtudes
de cas</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-resources.html">Ressources</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-projects.html">Projets</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-team.html">L'équipe</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<!-- end edu navigation bar -->
+</div>
+
+<!-- id="education-content" -->
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb">
+<a href="/education/education.html">Ãducation</a> → <a
+href="/education/education.html#indepth">En détail</a> → Pourquoi les
+écoles devraient utiliser exclusivement des logiciels libres</p>
<p>par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
-<p>Il existe des raisons très générales pour lesquelles
-tout utilisateur d'ordinateur devrait se focaliser sur les logiciels
-libres. Ils donnent la possibilité decontrôler notre propre
-ordinateur, alors qu'avec les logiciels commerciaux l'ordinateur
-obéit au propriétaire du logiciel — l'éditeur
-— et non plus au propriétaire de l'ordinateur
-lui-même. Avec les logiciels libres, les utilisateurs ont la
-liberté de coopérer, de mieux diriger leur vie. Cela
-s'applique aux écoles comme à tout le monde.</p>
-
-<p>Mais il existe des raisons spécifiques qui concernent les
-écoles. Elles sont le sujet de cet article. </p>
-
-<p>D'abord, les logiciels libres permettent aux écoles
-d'économiser de l'argent. Même dans les pays riches, les
-écoles ont un budget très serré. Les logiciels libres
-donnent aux écoles, comme aux autres utilisateurs, la liberté
-de copier et de redistribuer les logiciels, si bien que l'Éducation
-nationale (ou tout système éducatif) peut faire des copies
-pour tous les ordinateurs de toutes les écoles. Dans les pays
-pauvres, cela peut aider à réduire la « fracture
-numérique ».</p>
-
-<p>Cet argument économique évident, quoi qu'important, n'a qu'une
-portée assez marginale. En effet les développeurs de logiciels
-propriétaires peuvent éliminer cet inconvénient en
-donnant des copies aux écoles. Mais attention : une école
-qui accepte ce « cadeau » risque de devoir payer les
-futures mises à jour. Approfondissons donc la question.</p>
-
-<p>L'École devrait enseigner aux élèves des comportements
-qui profiteront à la société toute entière. Elle
-devrait promouvoir l'utilisation des logiciels libres tout comme elle
-promeut le recyclage. Si l'École enseigne les logiciels libres aux
-élèves (et aux étudiants), ceux-ci les utiliseront
-encore après la fin de leurs études. Cela pourra aider la
-société toute entière à échapper à
-la domination (et à la lamination) par les multinationales. Ces
-entreprises offrent des versions gratuites de logiciels aux écoles
-pour la même raison que des compagnies de tabac américaines
-distribuent des cigarettes gratuites : pour rendre les enfants
-dépendants <a name="top1" href="#1">(1)</a>. Ils ne feront pas de
-remises à ces élèves et étudiants après
-leurs études une fois qu'ils auront grandi.</p>
-
-<p>Les logiciels libres permettent aux élèves et aux
-étudiants d'apprendre comment les logiciels fonctionnent. À
-l'adolescence, certains d'entre eux veulent tout apprendre au sujet de leur
-ordinateur et de ses logiciels. C'est à cet âge que les
-personnes qui deviendront de bons programmeurs devraient l'apprendre. Pour
-bien apprendre à écrire des logiciels, les
-élèves et les étudiants ont besoin de lire beaucoup de
-code source et d'écrire beaucoup de logiciels. Ils ont besoin de lire
-et de comprendre de vrais programmes que les gens utilisent
-réellement. Ils seront extrêmement curieux de lire le code
-source des programmes qu'ils utilisent.</p>
-
-<p>Le logiciel propriétaire rejette cette soif de connaissance ; il
-dit « le savoir que tu veux est un secret, l'apprendre est
-interdit ! » Le logiciel libre encourage tout le monde
-à apprendre. La communauté du logiciel libre rejette ce
-« culte de la technologie », qui maintient le grand
-public dans l'ignorance du fonctionnement de la technologie ; nous
-encourageons les élèves et les étudiants de tous
-âges et de toutes origines à lire du code source et à
-apprendre autant qu'ils veulent savoir. Les écoles qui utilisent les
+<p>Il existe des raisons très générales pour lesquelles tout utilisateur
+d'ordinateur devrait se focaliser sur les logiciels libres ils donnent
+la possibilité de contrôler notre propre ordinateur, alors qu'avec les
+logiciels privateurs, l'ordinateur obéit au propriétaire du logiciel —
+l'éditeur — et non plus au propriétaire de l'ordinateur lui-même. Avec
+les logiciels libres, les utilisateurs ont la liberté de coopérer, de mieux
+diriger leur vie. Cela s'applique aux écoles comme à tout le monde. Le but
+de cet article est de donner des raisons supplémentaires spécifiques au
+domaine de l'éducation.</p>
+
+<p>Les activités liées à l'éducation (y compris les écoles) ont pour <a
+href="/education/education.html">devoir de n'enseigner que des logiciels
+libres</a>. En voici les raisons.
+</p>
+
+<p>D'abord, les logiciels libres permettent aux écoles d'économiser de
+l'argent. Les logiciels libres donnent aux écoles, comme aux autres
+utilisateurs, la liberté de copier et de redistribuer les logiciels, si bien
+que l'Ãducation nationale (ou tout système éducatif) peut faire des copies
+pour tous les ordinateurs de toutes les écoles. Dans les pays pauvres, cela
+peut aider à réduire la « fracture numérique ».</p>
+
+<p>Cet argument économique évident, quoi qu'important en pratique, n'a qu'une
+portée assez marginale. En effet les développeurs de logiciels privateurs
+peuvent éliminer cette raison en donnant des copies aux écoles. Mais
+attention : une école qui accepte un tel « cadeau » risque de
+devoir payer les mises à jour. Approfondissons donc la question.</p>
+
+<p>Les écoles ont une mission sociale : d'apprendre aux élèves Ã
être des
+citoyens d'une société forte, capable, indépendante, coopérative et
+libre. Elles devraient promouvoir l'utilisation des logiciels libres tout
+comme elles promeuvent le recyclage. Si les écoles enseignent les logiciels
+libres aux élèves (et aux étudiants), ceux-ci les utiliseront encore après
+la fin de leurs études. Cela pourra aider la société toute entière Ã
+échapper à la domination (et à la lamination) par les multinationales.</p>
+
+<p>Les écoles devraient refuser d'enseigner la dépendance. Ces entreprises
+offrent des versions gratuites de logiciels aux écoles pour la même raison
+que des compagnies de tabac américaines distribuent des cigarettes
+gratuites : pour rendre les enfants dépendants <a name="top1"
+href="#1">(1)</a>. Ils ne feront pas de remises à ces élèves et étudiants
+après leurs études une fois qu'ils auront grandi.</p>
+
+<p>Les logiciels libres permettent aux élèves et aux étudiants d'apprendre
+comment les logiciels fonctionnent. Ã l'adolescence, certains d'entre eux
+veulent tout apprendre au sujet de leur ordinateur et de ses logiciels. Ils
+sont extrêmement curieux de lire le code source des programmes qu'ils
+utilisent tous les jours. Pour bien apprendre à écrire des logiciels, les
+élèves et les étudiants ont besoin de lire beaucoup de code source et
+d'écrire beaucoup de logiciels. Ils ont besoin de lire et de comprendre de
+vrais programmes que les gens utilisent réellement. Seuls les logiciels
+libres le permettent.</p>
+
+<p>Le logiciel privateur rejette cette soif de connaissance ; il dit
+« le savoir que tu veux est un secret, l'apprendre est
+interdit ! » Le logiciel libre encourage tout le monde Ã
+apprendre. La communauté du logiciel libre rejette ce « culte de la
+technologie », qui maintient le grand public dans l'ignorance du
+fonctionnement de la technologie ; nous encourageons les élèves et les
+étudiants de tous âges et de toutes origines à lire du code source et Ã
+apprendre autant qu'ils veulent savoir. Les écoles qui utilisent les
logiciels libres encouragent cela et permettent aux apprentis programmeurs
-doués de progresser.</p>
+doués de progresser.</p>
-<p>La raison suivante est encore plus profonde. Nous attendons de
-l'École qu'elle enseigne aux élèves et étudiants
-des connaissances de base et des compétences utiles, mais ce n'est
-pas son unique mission. La mission la plus fondamentale de l'École
-est d'enseigner aux gens à être de bons citoyens et de bons
-voisins pour œuvrer avec ceux qui ont besoin d'aide. Dans le domaine
-de l'informatique, cela signifie enseigner à partager les
-logiciels. Les écoles élémentaires, par dessus tout,
-devraient dire à leurs élèves : « si tu
-apportes un logiciel à l'école, tu devras le partager avec les
-autres enfants ». Bien entendu, l'école doit pratiquer ce
-qu'elle prêche : tous les logiciels installés par
-l'école devront être accessibles aux élèves pour
-être copiés, emportés à la maison et
-redistribués par la suite.</p>
-
-<p>Enseigner l'utilisation des logiciels libres aux élèves et
-étudiants et prendre part à la communauté des logiciels
-libres est une forme d'éducation à la citoyenneté. Cela
-démontre aussi aux étudiants les avantages d'un modèle
-basé sur le service public plutôt que celui prôné
-par les ultralibéraux. Les logiciels libres devraient être
-utilisés à tous les niveaux de l'École.</p>
+<p>La raison la plus profonde d'utiliser des logiciels libres dans les écoles
+concerne l'éducation morale. Nous attendons de l'Ãcole qu'elle enseigne aux
+élèves et étudiants des connaissances de base et des compétences utiles,
+mais ce n'est pas son unique mission. La mission la plus fondamentale de
+l'Ãcole est d'enseigner aux gens à être de bons citoyens, ce qui inclut
+l'habitude d'aidre les autres. Dans le domaine de l'informatique, cela
+signifie enseigner à partager les logiciels. Les écoles élémentaires, par
+dessus tout, devraient dire à leurs élèves : « si tu apportes un
+logiciel à l'école, tu devras le partager avec les autres enfants. Et tu
+dois montrer le code source à la classe, au cas où quelqu'un veuille
+apprendre ». </p>
+
+<p>Bien entendu, l'école doit pratiquer ce qu'elle prêche : tous les
+logiciels installés par l'école devront être accessibles aux élèves pour
+être copiés, emportés à la maison et redistribués par la suite.</p>
+
+<p>Enseigner l'utilisation des logiciels libres aux élèves et étudiants et
+prendre part à la communauté des logiciels libres est une forme d'éducation
+à la citoyenneté. Cela démontre aussi aux étudiants les avantages d'un
+modèle basé sur le service public plutôt que celui prôné par les
+ultralibéraux. Les logiciels libres devraient être utilisés à tous les
+niveaux de l'Ãcole.</p>
<ol>
-<li><cite><a name="1">(1)</a>. La compagnie de tabac RJ Reynolds fut
-condamnée à 15 millions de dollars d'amende en 2002 pour avoir
-fourni des échantillons gratuits de cigarettes sur des
-événements ciblés sur les enfants. Voir <a
+<li><cite><a id="note1"></a>. La compagnie de tabac RJ Reynolds fut condamnée
Ã
+15 millions de dollars d'amende en 2002 pour avoir fourni des échantillons
+gratuits de cigarettes sur des événements ciblés sur les enfants. Voir <a
href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm";>http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm</a>.</cite></li>
</ol>
@@ -130,10 +137,13 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -144,9 +154,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2003 Richard Stallman <br />La reproduction exacte et la
-distribution intégrale de cet article est permise sur n'importe quel support
-d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit préservée.
+Copyright © 2003, 2009 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -155,18 +168,22 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traduction : Laurent Bertaud.<br /> Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/11/27 11:16:25 $
+$Date: 2011/11/28 01:26:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
-<!-- <h4>Traductions de cette page</h4> -->
+<!-- <div id="translations">
+ -->
+<!-- <h4>
+Translations of this page</h4> -->
<!-- -->
<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
@@ -182,43 +199,67 @@
<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
-<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
+ -->
<!-- Arabic -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/education/edu-schools.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
<!-- Bulgarian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/education/edu-schools.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
<!-- Catalan -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/education/edu-schools.html">català</a> [ca]</li> -->
<!-- German -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/education/edu-schools.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/education/edu-schools.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
<!-- Greek -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/education/edu-schools.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
-->
<!-- English -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/education/edu-schools.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/education/edu-schools.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
<!-- Spanish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/education/edu-schools.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
<!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/education/edu-schools.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
<!-- French -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/education/edu-schools.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
<!-- Hebrew -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/education/edu-schools.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
<!-- Italian -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/education/edu-schools.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/education/edu-schools.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
<!-- Malayalam -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/education/edu-schools.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
-->
<!-- Dutch -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/education/edu-schools.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
<!-- Polish -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/education/edu-schools.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/educatio/edu-schools.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/education/edu-schools.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
<!-- Russian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/education/edu-schools.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
<!-- Tamil -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/education/edu-schools.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
-->
<!-- Uzbek -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/education/edu-schools.uz.html">O'zbekcha</a> [uz]</li>
-->
-<!-- </ul> -->
-<!-- </div> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/education/edu-schools.uz.html">O'zbekcha</a> [uz]</li> -->
+<!-- </ul>
+ -->
+<!-- </div>
+ -->
</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: education/po/edu-schools.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-schools.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- education/po/edu-schools.fr.po 27 Nov 2011 20:56:48 -0000 1.7
+++ education/po/edu-schools.fr.po 28 Nov 2011 01:27:07 -0000 1.8
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-11-27 21:26+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Denis Barbier <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
-"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid ""
@@ -187,10 +187,10 @@
"Schools that use free software will enable gifted programming students to "
"advance."
msgstr ""
-"Le logiciel privateur rejette cette soif de connaissance ; il dit "
-"« le savoir que tu veux est un secret, l'apprendre est interdit !"
-" » Le logiciel libre encourage tout le monde à apprendre. La
communauté "
-"du logiciel libre rejette ce « culte de la technologie », qui "
+"Le logiciel privateur rejette cette soif de connaissance ; il dit
« "
+"le savoir que tu veux est un secret, l'apprendre est interdit ! » "
+"Le logiciel libre encourage tout le monde à apprendre. La communauté du "
+"logiciel libre rejette ce « culte de la technologie », qui "
"maintient le grand public dans l'ignorance du fonctionnement de la "
"technologie ; nous encourageons les élèves et les étudiants de tous "
"âges et de toutes origines à lire du code source et à apprendre autant "
Index: gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.24
retrieving revision 1.25
diff -u -b -r1.24 -r1.25
--- gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html 21 Nov 2011 01:27:07 -0000 1.24
+++ gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html 28 Nov 2011 01:27:18 -0000 1.25
@@ -6,12 +6,7 @@
<title>FAQ sur GNU/Linux - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
- value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.fr.po";>
- http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.fr.po</a>' -->
- <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html" -->
- <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="" -->
- <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.fr.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
<h2>FAQ sur GNU/Linux par Richard Stallman</h2>
<div class="announcement">
@@ -167,8 +162,11 @@
Windows, cela signifie-t-il que je fonctionne sous un système
GNU/Windows ?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux">Ne peut-il y avoir de systèmes
Linux
-sans GNU ?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux">Linux ne peut-il être utilisé sans
+GNU ?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu" id="TOClinuxsyswithoutgnu">Existe-t-il des
+systèmes Linux complets sans GNU ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#helplinus" id="TOChelplinus">Pourquoi ne pas carrément appeler
le
système « Linux », et renforcer le rôle de Linus Torwald comme
@@ -1113,21 +1111,36 @@
situation très différente de GNU/Linux.
</dd>
-<dt id="justlinux">Ne peut-il pas y avoir de système Linux sans GNU ?
<span
+<dt id="justlinux">Linux ne peut-il être utilisé sans GNU ? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#justlinux">#justlinux</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-Il y a des systèmes qui contiennent Linux et pas GNU : Android en est
-un exemple.
+Linux est utilisé pour lui-même, ou avec d'autres petits programmes, dans
+certains appareils. Ces petits systèmes logiciels sont très différent d'un
+système GNU/Linux. Les utilisateurs ne les installent pas sur leur PC, par
+exemple, et les trouveraient plutôt décevants. Il est utile de dire que ces
+appareils n'exécutent que Linux, pour montrer combien ces petites
+plateformes sont différentes de GNU/Linux.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="linuxsyswithoutgnu">Existe-t-il des systèmes Linux complets sans
GNU ? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu">#linuxsyswithoutgnu</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Il y a des systèmes complets qui contiennent Linux et pas GNU : Android
+en est un exemple. Mais c'est une erreur de les appeler des systèmes
+« Linux ».
<p>
Android est très différent du système GNU/Linux : parce qu'il ne
-contient pas GNU, seulement Linux. En effet, c'est un système complètement
-différent. Si vous pensez au système dans son ensemble en tant que
-« Linux », vous trouverez nécessaire de dire quelque chose du
-genre, « Android contient Linux, mais n'est pas Linux, parce qu'il n'a
-pas les bibliothèques et outils habituels Linux (sic) (c'est à dire le
-système GNU) ». Android contient exactement autant de Linux que
-GNU/Linux. Ce qu'il n'a pas c'est GNU.</p>
+contient qu'une toute petite partie du système GNU, seulement Linux. Pour
+tout le reste, c'est un système différent. Si vous appelez le système dans
+son ensemble « Linux », vous trouverez nécessaire de dire quelque
+chose du genre, « Android contient Linux, mais n'est pas Linux, parce
+qu'il n'a pas les bibliothèques et outils habituels Linux (sic) (c'est Ã
+dire le système GNU) ». Android contient exactement autant de Linux que
+GNU/Linux. Ce qu'il n'a pas, c'est le système GNU. à la place, il contient
+beaucoup de logiciels Google.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="helplinus">Pourquoi ne pas carrément appeler le système
« Linux », et
@@ -1187,7 +1200,7 @@
<dd>
<p>Il l'a reconnu dès le début. La première note de distribution de Linux
dit : <a
-href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>« La
+href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>« La
plupart des outils utilisés avec Linux sont des logiciels GNU et sont sous
la licence GNU. Ces outils ne sont pas dans la distribution :
demandez-moi (ou à GNU) pour plus d'informations. »</a>.</p>
@@ -1465,61 +1478,82 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traduction : Marc de Maillard<br /> Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
+
+
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/11/21 01:27:07 $
+$Date: 2011/11/28 01:27:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-<div id="translations">
-<h4>Traductions de cette page</h4>
-
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
- If you add a new language here, please
- advise address@hidden and add it to
- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
- Please also check you have the language code right; see:
- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
-<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- <div id="translations">
+ -->
+<!-- <h4>
+Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
-->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
+ -->
<!-- Arabic -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li> -->
<!-- German -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
<!-- English -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
<!-- Hebrew -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
<!-- Korean -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
-->
<!-- Dutch -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
<!-- Polish -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
<!-- Serbian -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
-->
<!-- Turkish -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li> -->
+<!-- </ul>
+ -->
+<!-- </div>
+ -->
</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/initial-announcement.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/initial-announcement.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.32
retrieving revision 1.33
diff -u -b -r1.32 -r1.33
--- gnu/initial-announcement.fr.html 19 Nov 2011 17:35:48 -0000 1.32
+++ gnu/initial-announcement.fr.html 28 Nov 2011 01:27:19 -0000 1.33
@@ -6,12 +6,7 @@
<title>Ã propos du Projet GNU - Projet GNU - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
- value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/initial-announcement.fr.po";>
- http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/initial-announcement.fr.po</a>' -->
- <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.html" -->
- <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="" -->
- <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.fr.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
<h2>Annonce initiale</h2>
<p> Ceci est l'annonce originale du Projet GNU, publiée par <a
@@ -254,11 +249,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -272,9 +268,10 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1983, 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage sans contrepartie financière,
-pourvu que cette notice soit préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -283,19 +280,23 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traduction : Wolfgang Sourdeau.<br />Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/11/19 17:35:48 $
+$Date: 2011/11/28 01:27:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-<div id="translations">
-<h4>Traduction de cette page</h4>
-
+<!-- <div id="translations">
+ -->
+<!-- <h4>
+Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
@@ -310,40 +311,44 @@
<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
-<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <gnun>
+
+<ul class="translations-list"> -->
<!-- Arabic -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
<!-- Bulgarian -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li> -->
<!-- Czech -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li> -->
<!-- German -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
<!-- English -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">English</a> [en]</li>
-->
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
<!-- French -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
<!-- Hebrew -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
<!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
<!-- Dutch -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
<!-- Polish -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
-->
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
<!-- Swedish -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li> -->
+<!-- </ul>
+</gnun> -->
+<!-- </div>
+ -->
</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.38
retrieving revision 1.39
diff -u -b -r1.38 -r1.39
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html 25 Oct 2011 08:45:20 -0000 1.38
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html 28 Nov 2011 01:27:19 -0000 1.39
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
Heureusement, vous n'êtes pas obligé d'attendre Hurd, grâce à Linux. Quand
Linus Torvalds a écrit Linux, il a bouché le dernier trou dans le système
GNU. Les gens purent alors <a
-href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>adjoindre
+href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>adjoindre
Linux au système GNU</a> pour obtenir un système libre complet : un
système GNU basé sur Linux ; le système GNU/Linux, en plus court.</p>
@@ -306,10 +306,12 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traduction : ?<br />Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
+
+
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/10/25 08:45:20 $
+$Date: 2011/11/28 01:27:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -335,67 +337,97 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<!-- -->
-<!-- <gnun>
-<ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
+ -->
<!-- Arabic -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
<!-- Bulgarian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
<!-- Bosnian -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bs.html">bosanski</a> [bs]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bs.html">bosanski</a> [bs]</li> -->
<!-- Catalan -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li> -->
<!-- Czech -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li> -->
<!-- German -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
<!-- Greek -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
-->
<!-- English -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
<!-- Spanish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
<!-- Farsi/Persian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
<!-- French -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
<!-- Hebrew -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
<!-- Indonesian -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.id.html">Bahasa
Indonesia</a> [id]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li> -->
<!-- Italian -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
<!-- Japanese -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
-->
<!-- Korean -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
-->
<!-- Malayalam -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
-->
<!-- Dutch -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
<!-- Polish -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
<!-- Romanian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
-->
<!-- Russian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
<!-- Serbo-Croatian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sh.html">srpsko-hrvatski</a> [sh]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sh.html">srpsko-hrvatski</a> [sh]</li> -->
<!-- Slovenian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sl.html">slovenščina</a> [sl]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sl.html">slovenščina</a> [sl]</li> -->
<!-- Serbian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
-->
<!-- Tagalog -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.tl.html">Tagalog</a> [tl]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.tl.html">Tagalog</a> [tl]</li> -->
<!-- Tamil -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
-->
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
-->
<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
-->
-<!-- </ul></gnun> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul>
+ -->
<!-- </div>
-->
</div>
Index: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.25
retrieving revision 1.26
diff -u -b -r1.25 -r1.26
--- gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.fr.po 27 Nov 2011 20:57:53 -0000 1.25
+++ gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.fr.po 28 Nov 2011 01:27:27 -0000 1.26
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-11-27 21:52+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Denis Barbier <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
-"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid "GNU/Linux FAQ - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
@@ -192,9 +192,8 @@
"<a href=\"#long\" id=\"TOClong\">The problem with “GNU/Linux” is "
"that it is too long. How about recommending a shorter name?</a>"
msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"#long\" id=\"TOClong\">Le problème avec « GNU/Linux » "
-"est que c'est trop long. Pourquoi ne pas recommander un nom plus court ?"
-"</a>"
+"<a href=\"#long\" id=\"TOClong\">Le problème avec « GNU/Linux »
est "
+"que c'est trop long. Pourquoi ne pas recommander un nom plus court ?</a>"
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid ""
@@ -216,8 +215,8 @@
"<a href=\"#trademarkfee\" id=\"TOCtrademarkfee\">J'aurais besoin de payer "
"une taxe si j'utilisais « Linux » dans le nom d'un produit, et ce
"
"serait aussi le cas si j'utilisais « GNU/Linux ». Est-ce un "
-"problème d'utiliser« GNU » sans « Linux », pour
éviter "
-"la taxe ?</a>"
+"problème d'utiliser« GNU » sans « Linux », pour
éviter la "
+"taxe ?</a>"
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid ""
@@ -367,8 +366,8 @@
"a>"
msgstr ""
"<a href=\"#unix\" id=\"TOCunix\">Puisque la majorité de GNU vient d'Unix, "
-"GNU ne devrait-il pas montrer de la reconnaissance à Unix en utilisant "
-"« Unix » dans son nom ?</a>"
+"GNU ne devrait-il pas montrer de la reconnaissance à Unix en utilisant
« "
+"Unix » dans son nom ?</a>"
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid ""
@@ -548,8 +547,7 @@
"“Linux”, doesn't that make it right?</a>"
msgstr ""
"<a href=\"#somanyright\" id=\"TOCsomanyright\">Puisque tant de gens "
-"l'appellent « Linux », cela ne leur donne-t-il pas
raison ?</"
-"a>"
+"l'appellent « Linux », cela ne leur donne-t-il pas
raison ?</a>"
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid ""
@@ -686,8 +684,8 @@
"development was started by Linus Torvalds in 1991. This false picture tends "
"to reinforce the idea that the system should be called “Linux”."
msgstr ""
-"La plupart des gens qui appellent le système « Linux » n'ont "
-"jamais entendu pourquoi ce n'est pas correct. Ils ont vu d'autres personnes "
+"La plupart des gens qui appellent le système « Linux » n'ont
jamais "
+"entendu pourquoi ce n'est pas correct. Ils ont vu d'autres personnes "
"utiliser ce nom et ont supposé qu'il devait être correct. Le nom « "
"Linux » a donc répandu une image fausse de l'origine du système,
parce "
"que les gens supposent souvent que l'histoire du système correspondait à ce
"
@@ -731,12 +729,12 @@
"GNU/Linux”, and calling the kernel “Linux”, you avoid the "
"ambiguity."
msgstr ""
-"Quand les gens appellent le système entier « Linux », ils "
-"appellent par conséquent le système entier par le même nom que celui du "
-"noyau. Cela cause beaucoup de confusion, car seuls des experts peuvent dire "
-"si une affirmation concerne le noyau ou le système entier. En appelant le "
-"système entier « GNU/Linux », et en appelant le noyau « "
-"Linux », vous évitez l'ambiguïté."
+"Quand les gens appellent le système entier « Linux », ils
appellent "
+"par conséquent le système entier par le même nom que celui du noyau. Cela "
+"cause beaucoup de confusion, car seuls des experts peuvent dire si une "
+"affirmation concerne le noyau ou le système entier. En appelant le système "
+"entier « GNU/Linux », et en appelant le noyau
« Linux », "
+"vous évitez l'ambiguïté."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
@@ -949,8 +947,8 @@
"geeks qu'ils connaissent. Les geeks ont pour la plupart entendu parler de "
"GNU, mais beaucoup d'entre eux ont une idée complètement fausse de ce
qu'est "
"réellement GNU. Par exemple, beaucoup pensent qu'il s'agit d'une "
-"bibliothèque d'« <a href=\"#tools\">outils</a> », ou un projet "
-"pour développer des outils."
+"bibliothèque d'« <a href=\"#tools\">outils</a> », ou un projet
pour "
+"développer des outils."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
@@ -969,8 +967,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
"Since I know the role of GNU in this system, why does it matter what name I "
-"use? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href="
-"\"#everyoneknows2\">#everyoneknows2</a>)</span>"
+"use? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#everyoneknows2"
+"\">#everyoneknows2</a>)</span>"
msgstr ""
"Puisque je connais le rôle de GNU dans ce système, pourquoi le nom que "
"j'utilise a-t-il une importance ? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">"
@@ -986,8 +984,8 @@
"Si vos mots ne reflètent pas votre connaissance, vous n'apprenez pas aux "
"autres. La plupart des gens qui ont entendu parler du système GNU/Linux "
"pense qu'il s'agit de « Linux », qu'il a été commencé par
Linus "
-"Torvalds, et qu'il était destiné à être « open source ». Si
vous "
-"ne leur dites pas, qui le fera ?"
+"Torvalds, et qu'il était destiné à être « open source ». Si
vous ne "
+"leur dites pas, qui le fera ?"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
@@ -995,10 +993,10 @@
"shortening “Microsoft Windows” to “Windows”? <span "
"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#windows\">#windows</a>)</span>"
msgstr ""
-"L'abréviation de « GNU/Linux » en « Linux »
n'est-elle "
-"pas simplement comme l'abréviation de « Microsoft Windows » en "
-"« Windows » ? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href="
-"\"#windows\">#windows</a>)</span>"
+"L'abréviation de « GNU/Linux » en « Linux »
n'est-elle pas "
+"simplement comme l'abréviation de « Microsoft Windows » en
« "
+"Windows » ? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a
href=\"#windows"
+"\">#windows</a>)</span>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1134,12 +1132,12 @@
"utilisations remontent à de nombreuses années. L'utilisation de « "
"système d'exploitation » pour signifier « noyau » est
trouvée "
"dans un certain nombre de livres sur la conception de système, remontant aux
"
-"années 80. D'autre part, dans les années 80, le « système "
-"d'exploitation Unix » était compris comme incluant tous les programmes
"
-"du système, et la version de Linux de Berkeley incluait même des jeux. "
-"Puisque nous avions l'intention que GNU soit un système d'exploitation "
-"similaire à Unix, nous avons utilisé le terme « système "
-"d'exploitation » de la même manière."
+"années 80. D'autre part, dans les années 80, le « système
d'exploitation "
+"Unix » était compris comme incluant tous les programmes du système,
et "
+"la version de Linux de Berkeley incluait même des jeux. Puisque nous avions "
+"l'intention que GNU soit un système d'exploitation similaire à Unix, nous "
+"avons utilisé le terme « système d'exploitation » de la même "
+"manière."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
@@ -1154,8 +1152,8 @@
"La plupart du temps quand les gens parlent du « système d'exploitation
"
"Linux » ils utilisent « système d'exploitation » dans le
même "
"sens que nous : ils veulent parler de l'ensemble de tous les "
-"programmes. Si c'est ce à quoi vous voulez référer, merci de l'appeler "
-"« GNU/Linux ». Si vous parlez uniquement du noyau, alors « "
+"programmes. Si c'est ce à quoi vous voulez référer, merci de l'appeler
« "
+"GNU/Linux ». Si vous parlez uniquement du noyau, alors « "
"Linux » est le nom correct, mais dites aussi s'il vous plaît « "
"noyau » pour éviter toute ambiguïté sur l'élément de logiciel dont
vous "
"parlez."
@@ -1290,8 +1288,7 @@
"l'expression « le noyau Linux » peut facilement être mal
comprise "
"comme signifiant « le noyau de Linux » ce qui implique que Linux "
"serait plus que le noyau. Vous pouvez éviter cette incompréhension en
disant "
-"ou en écrivant « le noyau, Linux » ou « Linux, le noyau."
-" »"
+"ou en écrivant « le noyau, Linux » ou « Linux, le
noyau. »"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
@@ -1299,9 +1296,9 @@
"recommending a shorter name? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href="
"\"#long\">#long</a>)</span>"
msgstr ""
-"Le problème avec « GNU/Linux » est que c'est trop long. Pourquoi
"
-"ne pas recommander un nom plus court ? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id"
-"\">(<a href=\"#long\">#long</a>)</span>"
+"Le problème avec « GNU/Linux » est que c'est trop long. Pourquoi
ne "
+"pas recommander un nom plus court ? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">"
+"(<a href=\"#long\">#long</a>)</span>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1377,11 +1374,11 @@
"system. If we say “GNU/Linux”, they can make a connection to "
"what they have heard about."
msgstr ""
-"Puisque que de nombreuses personnes connaissent le système sous le nom "
-"« Linux », si nous disions « GNU » ils pourraient "
-"simplement ne pas reconnaître que nous parlons du même système. Si nous "
-"disons « GNU/Linux », ils peuvent faire une connexion avec ce
dont "
-"ils ont entendu parler."
+"Puisque que de nombreuses personnes connaissent le système sous le nom
« "
+"Linux », si nous disions « GNU » ils pourraient simplement
ne "
+"pas reconnaître que nous parlons du même système. Si nous disons
« GNU/"
+"Linux », ils peuvent faire une connexion avec ce dont ils ont entendu "
+"parler."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
@@ -1413,9 +1410,9 @@
"So if you want to refer to the system simply as “GNU”, to avoid "
"paying the fee for calling it “Linux”, we won't criticize you."
msgstr ""
-"Donc si vous voulez référer au système simplement par « GNU »,
"
-"pour éviter de payer la taxe associée au nom « Linux », nous ne
"
-"vous critiquerons pas."
+"Donc si vous voulez référer au système simplement par « GNU »,
pour "
+"éviter de payer la taxe associée au nom « Linux », nous ne vous
"
+"critiquerons pas."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
@@ -1482,10 +1479,10 @@
"contribution (Linux) while omitting the principal contribution (GNU)."
msgstr ""
"Des limites différentes mèneront à des noms différents pour le système.
Mais "
-"« Linux » est un nom qui ne peut résulter de considération "
-"d'équité et de reconnaissance, quelle que soit cette limite choisie. Cela
ne "
-"peut pas être équitable de donner toute la reconnaissance à une unique "
-"contribution secondaire (Linux) en omettant la contribution principale (GNU)."
+"« Linux » est un nom qui ne peut résulter de considération
d'équité "
+"et de reconnaissance, quelle que soit cette limite choisie. Cela ne peut pas "
+"être équitable de donner toute la reconnaissance à une unique contribution
"
+"secondaire (Linux) en omettant la contribution principale (GNU)."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
@@ -1639,9 +1636,9 @@
"distributions libres GNU/Linux ont une <a href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/";
"project/linux\">version distincte de Linux</a>, car la version « "
"standard » contient des « blobs » de firmware non-libres.
Si "
-"cela faisait partie du Projet GNU, on pourrait considérer de l'appeler "
-"« GNU Linux » ; mais nous ne voudrions pas l'appeler ainsi "
-"car ce serait trop confus."
+"cela faisait partie du Projet GNU, on pourrait considérer de l'appeler
« "
+"GNU Linux » ; mais nous ne voudrions pas l'appeler ainsi car ce "
+"serait trop confus."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
@@ -1665,8 +1662,8 @@
msgstr ""
"Il y a d'autres moyens d'exprimer cette combinaison. Si vous pensez qu'un "
"signe plus est plus clair, utilisez-le. En français, un tiret est "
-"clair : « GNU-Linux ». En espagnol, nous disons parfois "
-"« GNU con Linux »"
+"clair : « GNU-Linux ». En espagnol, nous disons parfois
« "
+"GNU con Linux »"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
@@ -1694,10 +1691,10 @@
"lot better than what people usually do, which is to omit GNU entirely and "
"make it seem that the whole system is Linux."
msgstr ""
-"Cependant, si vous préférez appeler le systeme « Linux/GNU », "
-"c'est déjà largement plus correct que ce que les gens font d'habitude, à "
-"savoir omettre complètement GNU et donner l'impression que le système
entier "
-"est Linux."
+"Cependant, si vous préférez appeler le systeme « Linux/GNU »,
c'est "
+"déjà largement plus correct que ce que les gens font d'habitude, à savoir "
+"omettre complètement GNU et donner l'impression que le système entier est "
+"Linux."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
@@ -1730,10 +1727,10 @@
"call the distro anything but “Linux”? <span class=\"anchor-"
"reference-id\">(<a href=\"#distronames1\">#distronames1</a>)</span>"
msgstr ""
-"Le nom officiel de ma distribution est « Foobar Linux » : "
-"cela ne pose-t-il pas un problème de l'appeler par n'importe quel autre nom "
-"que juste « Linux » ? <span
class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
-"href=\"#distronames1\">#distronames1</a>)</span>"
+"Le nom officiel de ma distribution est « Foobar Linux » :
cela "
+"ne pose-t-il pas un problème de l'appeler par n'importe quel autre nom que "
+"juste « Linux » ? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a
href="
+"\"#distronames1\">#distronames1</a>)</span>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
@@ -1773,10 +1770,10 @@
"des entreprises, des organisations et des individus de passer le mot. En "
"fait, nous l'avons demandé à ces trois entreprises. Mandrake utilise
parfois "
"le terme « GNU/Linux », mais IBM et Red Hat ont refusé de nous "
-"aider. Un de leurs dirigeants a dit : « C'est une décision "
-"purement commerciale : nous pensons faire plus de profit en l'appelant "
-"« Linux ». » En d'autres termes, cette entreprise ne se "
-"préoccupe pas de ce qui est juste ou non."
+"aider. Un de leurs dirigeants a dit : « C'est une décision
purement "
+"commerciale : nous pensons faire plus de profit en l'appelant « "
+"Linux ». » En d'autres termes, cette entreprise ne se préoccupe "
+"pas de ce qui est juste ou non."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
@@ -1819,8 +1816,8 @@
"La pratique couramment admise d'ajouter des logiciels non-libres au système "
"GNU/Linux est un problème majeur pour notre communauté. Cela enseigne aux "
"utilisateurs que les logiciels non-libres sont ok, et que les utiliser fait "
-"partie de l'esprit « Linux ». Beaucoup de groupes d'utilisateurs "
-"de « Linux » considèrent qu'aider les utilisateurs à utiliser
des "
+"partie de l'esprit « Linux ». Beaucoup de groupes d'utilisateurs
de "
+"« Linux » considèrent qu'aider les utilisateurs à utiliser des "
"extensions non-libres fait partie de leur mission, et peuvent même inviter "
"des vendeurs à venir et faire de la vente pour eux. Ils adoptent des buts "
"tels que « aider les utilisateurs » de GNU/Linux (ceci incluant "
@@ -1902,11 +1899,11 @@
"and call that alone “GNU/Linux” would obscure the point we want "
"to make."
msgstr ""
-"Toutes les versions des distributions « Linux » sont en réalité
"
-"des versions du système GNU utilisant Linux comme noyau. C'est le but du "
-"terme GNU/Linux que de communiquer sur ce point. Développer une autre "
-"distribution et appeler uniquement celle-là GNU/Linux rendrait "
-"incompréhensible ce que nous voulons expliquer."
+"Toutes les versions des distributions « Linux » sont en réalité
des "
+"versions du système GNU utilisant Linux comme noyau. C'est le but du terme "
+"GNU/Linux que de communiquer sur ce point. Développer une autre distribution
"
+"et appeler uniquement celle-là GNU/Linux rendrait incompréhensible ce que "
+"nous voulons expliquer."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
@@ -1936,8 +1933,8 @@
"existing version of GNU/Linux under the name “GNU”? <span class="
"\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#linuxgnu\">#linuxgnu</a>)</span>"
msgstr ""
-"Pourquoi ne pas simplement dire « Linux est le noyau de GNU » et "
-"ne pas distribuer une version existante quelconque de GNU/Linux sous le nom "
+"Pourquoi ne pas simplement dire « Linux est le noyau de GNU » et
ne "
+"pas distribuer une version existante quelconque de GNU/Linux sous le nom "
"« GNU » ? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href="
"\"#linuxgnu\">#linuxgnu</a>)</span>"
@@ -2188,10 +2185,10 @@
msgstr ""
"Aucun code de GNU ne provient d'Unix, mais GNU est un système compatible "
"avec Unix : c'est pourquoi beaucoup des idées et spécifications de "
-"GNUproviennent d'Unix. Le nom « GNU », qui signifie « GNU "
-"N'est pas Unix », est une manière humoristique de donnercrédit Ã
Unix, "
-"en suivant la tradition des hackers des acronymes récursifs qui a débuté "
-"dans les années 70."
+"GNUproviennent d'Unix. Le nom « GNU », qui signifie « GNU
N'est "
+"pas Unix », est une manière humoristique de donnercrédit à Unix, en "
+"suivant la tradition des hackers des acronymes récursifs qui a débuté dans
"
+"les années 70."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
@@ -2222,9 +2219,8 @@
"Cela devint une tradition, quand vous écriviez à partir zéro un programme "
"similaire à un programme existant (imaginons que son nom était « "
"Klever »), de pouvoir lui donner un nom en acronyme récursif, tel que "
-"« MINK » pour « MINK Is Not Klever. » Dans le même "
-"esprit nous avons appelé notre remplacement d'Unix « GNU's Not "
-"Unix »."
+"« MINK » pour « MINK Is Not Klever. » Dans le même
esprit "
+"nous avons appelé notre remplacement d'Unix « GNU's Not Unix »."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
@@ -2438,8 +2434,8 @@
"société réside essentiellement dans les avantages pratiques qu'il offre.
Sa "
"puissance, sa fiabilité et sa grande disponibilité. Il n'a jamais adhéré
à "
"<a href=\"/philosophy/why-free.fr.html\">la liberté de coopérer</a> en tant
"
-"que principe éthique, c'est pourquoi le public ne rapproche pas le nom "
-"« Linux » avec ce principe."
+"que principe éthique, c'est pourquoi le public ne rapproche pas le nom
« "
+"Linux » avec ce principe."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
@@ -2579,14 +2575,13 @@
msgstr ""
"Ce n'est pas une situation tout-ou-rien : les deux noms, le correct et "
"l'incorrect, sont plus ou moins répandus par diverses personnes. Si vous "
-"appelez le système « GNU/Linux », vous aiderez d'autres
personnes "
-"à apprendre la vraie histoire, origine et raison d'être du système. Vous
ne "
+"appelez le système « GNU/Linux », vous aiderez d'autres
personnes à "
+"apprendre la vraie histoire, origine et raison d'être du système. Vous ne "
"pouvez corriger tout ceux qui utilisent le nom incorrect par vous-même, pas "
"plus que nous ne le pouvons. Mais si seulement quelques centaines de "
-"personnes vous voient utiliser le terme correct « GNU/Linux », "
-"vous aurez éduqué un nombre substantiel de personnes avec très peu de "
-"travail. Et certains d'entre eux répandrons sûrement la correction à "
-"d'autres personnes."
+"personnes vous voient utiliser le terme correct « GNU/Linux »,
vous "
+"aurez éduqué un nombre substantiel de personnes avec très peu de travail.
Et "
+"certains d'entre eux répandrons sûrement la correction à d'autres
personnes."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
@@ -2636,11 +2631,11 @@
"help the GNU Project effectively."
msgstr ""
"C'est aussi inefficace parce que cela prend beaucoup de temps. Dire et "
-"écrire « GNU/Linux » ne vous prendra qu'une poignée de secondes
"
-"par jour, pas des minutes, donc il vous est possible de toucher beaucoup "
-"plus de personnes de cette façon. Faire la distinction entre Linux et GNU/"
-"Linux quand vous écrivez et parlez est de loin la méthode efficace, la plus
"
-"facile d'aider le projet GNU."
+"écrire « GNU/Linux » ne vous prendra qu'une poignée de secondes
par "
+"jour, pas des minutes, donc il vous est possible de toucher beaucoup plus de "
+"personnes de cette façon. Faire la distinction entre Linux et GNU/Linux "
+"quand vous écrivez et parlez est de loin la méthode efficace, la plus
facile "
+"d'aider le projet GNU."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
@@ -2906,9 +2901,9 @@
"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#somanyright\">#somanyright</"
"a>)</span>"
msgstr ""
-"Puisque tant de gens l'appellent « Linux », cela ne leur donne-t-"
-"il pas raison ? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href="
-"\"#somanyright\">#somanyright</a>)</span>"
+"Puisque tant de gens l'appellent « Linux », cela ne leur
donne-t-il "
+"pas raison ? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#somanyright"
+"\">#somanyright</a>)</span>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid "We don't think that the popularity of an error makes it the truth."
Index: gnu/po/initial-announcement.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.21
retrieving revision 1.22
diff -u -b -r1.21 -r1.22
--- gnu/po/initial-announcement.fr.po 27 Nov 2011 20:57:54 -0000 1.21
+++ gnu/po/initial-announcement.fr.po 28 Nov 2011 01:27:27 -0000 1.22
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-11-27 21:53+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Denis Barbier <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
-"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid "About the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
Index: gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr.po 27 Nov 2011 20:57:54 -0000 1.26
+++ gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr.po 28 Nov 2011 01:27:27 -0000 1.27
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-11-27 21:54+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Denis Barbier <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
-"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid "Linux and GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
@@ -359,8 +359,8 @@
"usuelles de Linux contiennent également des programmes non-libres. Ces "
"programmes sont destinés à être chargés dans des appareils
d'entrée/sortie "
"quand le système démarre, et ils sont inclus, sous forme de longues séries
"
-"de nombres, dans le « code source » de Linux. De ce fait, "
-"maintenir une distribution libre de GNU/Linux inclut maintenant également la
"
+"de nombres, dans le « code source » de Linux. De ce fait,
maintenir "
+"une distribution libre de GNU/Linux inclut maintenant également la "
"maintenance d'une <a href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux\";>version "
"libre de Linux</a>."
Index: graphics/po/graphics.de.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/graphics/po/graphics.de.po,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- graphics/po/graphics.de.po 20 Sep 2011 17:12:50 -0000 1.9
+++ graphics/po/graphics.de.po 28 Nov 2011 01:27:34 -0000 1.10
@@ -6,13 +6,14 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: graphics.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-20 12:27-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-11-27 20:25-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-30 00:57+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Joerg Kohne <joeko (AT) online (PUNKT) de>\n"
"Language-Team: German <address@hidden>\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-11-27 20:25-0500\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid "The GNU Art Gallery - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
@@ -267,6 +268,13 @@
"GNU</a>"
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<a href=\"/graphics/gnu-ascii.html\">An ASCII Gnu</a>"
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/graphics/gnu-ascii-liberty.html\">An ASCII GNU is Liberty</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"/graphics/gnu-ascii.html\" hreflang=\"en\">Ein ASCII GNU</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid "<a href=\"/graphics/alternative-ascii.html\">Another ASCII Gnu</a>"
msgstr ""
"<a href=\"/graphics/alternative-ascii.html\" hreflang=\"en\">ASCII GNU</a>"
Index: graphics/po/graphics.pl.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/graphics/po/graphics.pl.po,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- graphics/po/graphics.pl.po 20 Sep 2011 17:12:50 -0000 1.6
+++ graphics/po/graphics.pl.po 28 Nov 2011 01:27:35 -0000 1.7
@@ -6,13 +6,14 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: graphics.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-20 12:27-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-11-27 20:25-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-17 11:39-0600\n"
"Last-Translator: Jan Owoc <jsowoc AT gmail.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Polish <address@hidden>\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-11-27 20:25-0500\n"
"Language: pl\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n==1 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<=4 && (n%100<10 "
"|| n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n"
@@ -254,6 +255,13 @@
msgstr "<a href=\"/graphics/supergnu-ascii.html\">ASCII SuperGNU</a>"
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<a href=\"/graphics/gnu-ascii.html\">An ASCII Gnu</a>"
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/graphics/gnu-ascii-liberty.html\">An ASCII GNU is Liberty</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"/graphics/gnu-ascii.html\">Gnu ASCII</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid "<a href=\"/graphics/alternative-ascii.html\">Another ASCII Gnu</a>"
msgstr "<a href=\"/graphics/alternative-ascii.html\">Inna ASCII GNU</a>"
Index: graphics/po/graphics.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/graphics/po/graphics.pot,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- graphics/po/graphics.pot 20 Sep 2011 17:12:50 -0000 1.4
+++ graphics/po/graphics.pot 28 Nov 2011 01:27:35 -0000 1.5
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-20 12:27-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-11-27 20:25-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -217,6 +217,10 @@
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"/graphics/gnu-ascii-liberty.html\">An ASCII GNU is
Liberty</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid "<a href=\"/graphics/alternative-ascii.html\">Another ASCII Gnu</a>"
msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/no-word-attachments.it.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/no-word-attachments.it.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/no-word-attachments.it.html 6 Nov 2011 00:33:37 -0000
1.10
+++ philosophy/no-word-attachments.it.html 28 Nov 2011 01:27:43 -0000
1.11
@@ -163,6 +163,12 @@
<hr />
<p>
+Chiarimento: posso aprire anche i file in formato ODF, ma personalmente non
+lo trovo comodo, quindi non ho elencato questa possibilità .</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
<em>Hai mandato un allegato nel formato Microsoft Word, un formato segreto e
proprietario, e per questa ragione non mi è facile leggerlo. Se mi mandi
puro testo, HTML, o PDF, allora sarò in grado di leggerlo.</em></p>
@@ -187,11 +193,22 @@
<em>Ma soprattutto, mandare documenti Word spinge le persone ad usare
software Microsoft, e aiuta a negare loro la possibilità di scegliere. Di
fatto, diventi un puntello del monopolio di Microsoft. Questo specifico
-problema è un ostacolo ad una più ampia adozione del sistema operativo
-GNU/Linux. Vorresti per favore riconsiderare l'uso del formato Word per la
+problema è un ostacolo ad una più ampia adozione del software
libero.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Vorresti per favore riconsiderare l'uso del formato Word per la
comunicazione con altre persone?</em></p>
<p>
+<em>Microsoft sta già cominciando a fare migrare gli utenti Word a una nuova
+versione del formato Word, basata su OOXML. Le sue specifiche sono lunghe
+6000 pagine, e hanno una complessità tale che forse nessuno potrà mai
+implementarlo, e non si può escludere che Microsoft possa citarvi per
+violazione di brevetto se ci provate. Se non volete essere parte di questo
+attacco contro l'interoperabilità , decidete di non usare il formato Word per
+scambiare documenti.</em></p>
+
+<p>
<em>Convertire un file in HTML usando Word è semplice. Apri il documento,
clicca su File e poi Salva con Nome (Save As), e nel menù a tendina Tipo di
File (Save As Type) in fondo alla finestra di dialogo scegli Documento
@@ -322,7 +339,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ultimo aggiornamento:
-$Date: 2011/11/06 00:33:37 $
+$Date: 2011/11/28 01:27:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -348,43 +365,58 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<!-- -->
-<!-- <gnun>
-
-<ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
+ -->
<!-- Bosnian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.bs.html">bosanski</a> [bs]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.bs.html">bosanski</a> [bs]</li>
-->
<!-- Czech -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
-->
<!-- Danish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.da.html">dansk</a> [da]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.da.html">dansk</a> [da]</li> -->
<!-- German -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
-->
<!-- English -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
<!-- Spanish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
-->
<!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
<!-- French -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
-->
<!-- Hebrew -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
<!-- Italian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
-->
<!-- Dutch -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
<!-- Norwegian (bokmål) -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.nb.html">norsk
(bokmål)</a> [nb]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.nb.html">norsk
(bokmål)</a> [nb]</li> -->
<!-- Polish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
<!-- Brazilian Portugese -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.pt-br.html">português
do Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
<!-- Romanian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
-->
<!-- Russian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
<!-- </ul>
-</gnun> -->
+ -->
<!-- </div>
-->
</div>
Index: philosophy/no-word-attachments.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/no-word-attachments.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.52
retrieving revision 1.53
diff -u -b -r1.52 -r1.53
--- philosophy/no-word-attachments.pl.html 27 Nov 2011 17:26:43 -0000
1.52
+++ philosophy/no-word-attachments.pl.html 28 Nov 2011 01:27:44 -0000
1.53
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@
<em>Microsoft skÅania użytkowników aby siÄ przerzucili na nowÄ
wersjÄ formatu Word, na podstawach OOXML. Specyfikacja formatu ma 6000
stron – tak dÅuga, że przypuszczalnie nikt jej nie jest
-w stanie zaimplementowaÄ – i Microsoft może Was pozwaÄ
+w stanie zaimplementowaÄ – i Microsoft może Was pozwaÄ
za naruszanie patentów jeÅli spróbujecie. JeÅli nie chcecie siÄ
przyÅÄ
czyÄ do tego ataku na interoperacyjnoÅÄ, powinniÅcie
zaprzestaÄ używania formatu Word do wymiany danych.</em></p>
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2011/11/27 17:26:43 $
+$Date: 2011/11/28 01:27:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/no-word-attachments.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/no-word-attachments.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- philosophy/no-word-attachments.ru.html 20 Sep 2011 17:15:37 -0000
1.11
+++ philosophy/no-word-attachments.ru.html 28 Nov 2011 01:27:44 -0000
1.12
@@ -170,6 +170,12 @@
<hr />
<p>
+(ÐоÑÑнение: Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð¸ Ñ ODF, но мне
ÑÑо не оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñдобно, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ
+не вклÑÑÐ°Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ в мой ÑпиÑок пÑедложений.)</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
<em>ÐÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ñлали вложение в ÑоÑмаÑе Microsoft Word,
ÑекÑеÑном неÑвободном
ÑоÑмаÑе, поÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ ÑÑÑдно его пÑоÑеÑÑÑ.
ÐÑли ÐÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑлÑÑе мне пÑоÑÑой ÑекÑÑ,
HTML или PDF, Ñо Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ пÑоÑÑÑ.</em></p>
@@ -200,9 +206,20 @@
иÑполÑзоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Microsoft и помогаеÑ
лиÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
лÑбого дÑÑгого
вÑбоÑа. ФакÑиÑеÑки ÐÑ ÑÑановиÑеÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ñой
монополии Microsoft. ÐÑо
давление — ÑеÑÑÑÐ·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑ
а более
ÑиÑÐ¾ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑвободнÑÑ
-пÑогÑамм.
-Ðе бÑдеÑе ли ÐÑ Ð»ÑÐ±ÐµÐ·Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑейÑи на дÑÑгой
ÑпоÑоб пеÑеÑÑлки
-Ñайлов дÑÑгим лÑдÑм, без ÑоÑмаÑа Word?</em></p>
+пÑогÑамм.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Ðе бÑдеÑе ли ÐÑ Ð»ÑÐ±ÐµÐ·Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑейÑи на
дÑÑгой ÑпоÑоб пеÑеÑÑлки Ñайлов дÑÑгим
+лÑдÑм, без ÑоÑмаÑа Word?</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>ÐÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Microsoft Ñже наÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°ÑÑавлÑÑÑ
полÑзоваÑелей Word пеÑеÑ
одиÑÑ
+на новÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÑоÑмаÑа Word, оÑнованнÑÑ Ð½Ð°
OOXML. Ðе ÑпеÑиÑикаÑии занимаÑÑ
+6000 ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ — они наÑÑолÑко ÑложнÑ,
ÑÑо, веÑоÑÑно, никÑо
+болÑÑе не ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑеализоваÑÑ ÐµÐµ — и
Microsoft Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð½Ð° ваÑ
+в ÑÑд за наÑÑÑение паÑенÑа, еÑли вÑ
попÑÑаеÑеÑÑ. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ желаеÑе
+пÑиÑоединиÑÑÑÑ Ðº ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑабоÑажÑ
ÑовмеÑÑимоÑÑи, Ñо избежаÑÑ ÑÑого можно,
+ÑеÑив не полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑоÑмаÑом Word длÑ
обмена.</em></p>
<p>
<em>ÐÑеобÑазоваÑÑ Ñайл в ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ HTML Ñ
иÑполÑзованием Word не Ñложно.
@@ -337,11 +354,13 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
</div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ðбновлено
-$Date: 2011/09/20 17:15:37 $
+$Date: 2011/11/28 01:27:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -367,41 +386,58 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<!-- -->
-<!-- <gnun>
-<ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
+ -->
<!-- Bosnian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.bs.html">bosanski</a> [bs]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.bs.html">bosanski</a> [bs]</li>
-->
<!-- Czech -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
-->
<!-- Danish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.da.html">dansk</a> [da]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.da.html">dansk</a> [da]</li> -->
<!-- German -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
-->
<!-- English -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
<!-- Spanish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
-->
<!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
<!-- French -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
-->
<!-- Hebrew -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
<!-- Italian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
-->
<!-- Dutch -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
<!-- Norwegian (bokmål) -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.nb.html">norsk
(bokmål)</a> [nb]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.nb.html">norsk
(bokmål)</a> [nb]</li> -->
<!-- Polish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
<!-- Brazilian Portugese -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.pt-br.html">português
do Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
<!-- Romanian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
-->
<!-- Russian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
-<!-- </ul></gnun> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul>
+ -->
<!-- </div>
-->
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.it-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.it-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.it-en.html 6 Nov 2011 00:33:47
-0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.it-en.html 28 Nov 2011 01:27:56
-0000 1.2
@@ -148,6 +148,12 @@
<hr />
<p>
+(Explanatory note: I can handle ODF too, but it isn't very convenient
+for me, so I don't include it in my list of suggestions.)</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
<em>You sent the attachment in Microsoft Word format, a secret
proprietary format, so it is hard for me to read. If you send me
plain text, HTML, or PDF, then I will read it.</em></p>
@@ -168,14 +174,25 @@
info.</em></p>
<p>
-<em>But above all, sending people Word documents puts pressure on them to
-use Microsoft software and helps to deny them any other choice. In
+<em>But above all, sending people Word documents puts pressure on them
+to use Microsoft software and helps to deny them any other choice. In
effect, you become a buttress of the Microsoft monopoly. This
-pressure is a major obstacle to the broader adoption of free software.
-Would you please switch to a different way of sending files to other
+pressure is a major obstacle to the broader adoption of free
+software.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Would you please switch to a different way of sending files to other
people, instead of Word format?</em></p>
<p>
+<em>Microsoft is already starting to make Word users switch to a new
+version of Word format, based on OOXML. Its specs are 6000 pages
+long--so complex that probably no one else can ever implement it--and
+Microsoft can sue you for patent infringement if you try. If you
+don't wish to join in this attack against interoperability, the way to
+avoid it is by deciding not to use Word format for interchange.</em></p>
+
+<p>
<em>To convert the file to HTML using Word is simple. Open the
document, click on File, then Save As, and in the Save As Type strip
box at the bottom of the box, choose HTML Document or Web Page. Then
@@ -295,7 +312,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2011/11/06 00:33:47 $
+$Date: 2011/11/28 01:27:56 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.it.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.it.po,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.it.po 27 Nov 2011 22:05:34 -0000
1.5
+++ philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.it.po 28 Nov 2011 01:27:56 -0000
1.6
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2011-11-27 04:25-0500\n"
"X-Poedit-Language: Italian\n"
"X-Poedit-Country: ITALY\n"
@@ -364,13 +363,6 @@
"maggiori informazioni.</em>"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<em>But above all, sending people Word documents puts pressure on them to "
-#| "use Microsoft software and helps to deny them any other choice. In "
-#| "effect, you become a buttress of the Microsoft monopoly. This pressure "
-#| "is a major obstacle to the broader adoption of free software. Would you "
-#| "please switch to a different way of sending files to other people, "
-#| "instead of Word format?</em>"
msgid ""
"<em>But above all, sending people Word documents puts pressure on them to "
"use Microsoft software and helps to deny them any other choice. In effect, "
Index: distros/po/common-distros.it-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: distros/po/common-distros.it-en.html
diff -N distros/po/common-distros.it-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ distros/po/common-distros.it-en.html 28 Nov 2011 01:26:51 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems - GNU Project - Free
Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/distros/po/common-distros.translist" -->
+<h2>Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems</h2>
+
+<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
+<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
+<!-- appendix C of the XHTML 1.0 standard. See validator.w3.org. -->
+
+<!-- Please ensure links are consistent with Apache's MultiView. -->
+<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
+<!-- language, where necessary. -->
+
+<p>We're often asked why we don't endorse a particular
+system—usually a popular GNU/Linux distribution. The short
+answer to that question is that they don't follow
+the <a href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">free
+system distribution guidelines</a>. But since it isn't always easy to
+see how a particular system fails to follow the guidelines, we still
+get these questions. We've published this list to help address
+those.</p>
+
+<p>To learn more about free alternatives to these systems, check out
+our list of <a href="/distros/free-distros.html">free GNU/Linux
+distributions</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Except where noted, all of the distributions listed on this page
+fail to follow the guidelines in at least two important ways:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><p>They do not have a policy of <em>only</em> including free
+software, and removing nonfree software if it is discovered. Most of
+them have no clear policy on what software they'll accept or reject at
+all. The distributions that do have a policy unfortunately aren't
+strict enough, as explained below.</p></li>
+<li><p>The kernel that they distribute (in most cases, Linux) includes
+“blobs”: pieces of object code distributed without source,
+usually firmware to run some device.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Below are additional notes about some popular GNU/Linux
+distributions, listed in alphabetical order. This may not be a list
+of every issue; while we've done our best to be comprehensive, there
+may be other issues that we simply don't know about. On the flip
+side, circumstances might have changed since we last updated this
+page; if you think one of the issues here has been addressed,
+please <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>let us know</a>. We review
+all systems carefully before endorsing them.</p>
+
+<!-- Please keep this list sorted, first with all the GNU systems
+ alphabetically, then all the non-GNU systems alphabetically. -->
+
+<h3 id="Arch">Arch GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Arch has the two usual problems: there's no clear policy
+about what software can be included, and nonfree blobs are shipped with
+their Linux kernel. Arch also has no policy about not distributing
+nonfree software through their normal channels.</p>
+
+<h3 id="CentOS">CentOS</h3>
+
+<p>We're not aware of problems in CentOS aside from the two usual ones:
+there's no clear policy about what software can be included,
+and nonfree blobs are shipped with Linux, the kernel. Of course, with
+no firm policy in place, there might be other nonfree software
+included that we missed.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Debian">Debian GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Debian's Social Contract states the goal of making Debian entirely
+free software, and Debian conscientiously keeps nonfree software out
+of the official Debian system. However, Debian also provides a
+repository of nonfree software. According to the project, this
+software is “not part of the Debian system,” but the
+repository is hosted on many of the project's main servers, and people
+can readily learn about these nonfree packages by browsing Debian's
+online package database. This does too much to steer users towards
+proprietary software for us to endorse it.</p>
+
+<p>There are other ways in which programs officially part of Debian
+suggest nonfree software for installation.</p>
+
+<p>Previous releases of Debian also included nonfree blobs with the
+kernel Linux. With the release of Debian 6.0 (“squeeze”)
+in February 2011, these blobs have been moved out of the main
+distribution to separate packages in the nonfree repository.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Fedora">Fedora</h3>
+
+<p>Fedora does have a clear policy about what can be included in the
+distribution, and it seems to be followed carefully. The policy
+requires that most software and all fonts be available under a free
+license, but makes an exception for certain kinds of nonfree firmware.
+Unfortunately, the decision to allow that firmware in the policy keeps
+Fedora from meeting the free system distribution guidelines.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Gentoo">Gentoo GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Gentoo makes it easy to install a number of nonfree programs through
+their primary package system.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Mandriva">Mandriva GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Mandriva does have a stated policy about what can be included in the
+main system. It's based on Fedora's, which means that it also allows
+certain kinds of nonfree firmware to be included. On top of that, it
+permits software released under the original Artistic License to be
+included, even though that's a nonfree license.</p>
+
+<p>Mandriva also provides nonfree software through dedicated
+repositories.</p>
+
+<h3 id="openSUSE">openSUSE GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>openSUSE offers its users access to a repository of nonfree
+software. This is an instance of
+how <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+“open” is weaker than “free”</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="RedHat">Red Hat GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Red Hat's enterprise distribution primarily follows the same
+licensing policies as Fedora, with one exception. Thus, we don't
+endorse it for <a href="#Fedora">the same reasons</a>. In addition to
+those, Red Hat has no policy against making nonfree software available
+for the system through supplementary distribution channels.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Slackware">Slackware</h3>
+
+<p>Slackware has the two usual problems: there's no clear policy about
+what software can be included, and nonfree blobs are included in
+Linux, the kernel. It also ships with the nonfree image-viewing
+program xv. Of course, with no firm policy in place, there might be
+other nonfree software included that we missed.</p>
+
+<h3 id="SUSE">SUSE GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>In addition to the usual two problems, several nonfree software
+programs are available for download from SUSE's official FTP site.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Ubuntu">Ubuntu GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Ubuntu provides specific repositories of nonfree software, and
+Canonical expressly promotes and recommends nonfree software under the
+Ubuntu name in some of their distribution channels. Ubuntu offers the
+option to install only free packages, which means it also offers the
+option to install nonfree packages too. In addition, the version of
+Linux included in Ubuntu contains firmware blobs.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ubuntu's trademark policy prohibits commercial redistribution of exact
+copies of Ubuntu, denying an important freedom.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="BSD">BSD systems</h3>
+
+<p>FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD all include instructions for obtaining
+nonfree programs in their ports system. In addition, their kernels
+include nonfree firmware blobs.</p>
+
+<p>Nonfree firmware programs used with the Linux kernel are called
+“blobs”, and that's how we use the term. In BSD parlance,
+the term “blob” means something else: a nonfree driver.
+OpenBSD and perhaps other BSD distributions have the policy of not
+including those. That is the right policy, as regards drivers; but
+when the developers say these distributions “contain no
+blobs”, it causes a misunderstanding. They are not talking
+about firmware blobs.</p>
+
+<p>No BSD distribution has policies against proprietary binary-only
+firmware that might be loaded even by free drivers.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Haiku">Haiku</h3>
+
+<p>Haiku includes some software that you're not allowed to modify. It
+also includes nonfree firmware blobs.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2011/11/28 01:26:51 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
-->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/distros/common-distros.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
-->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/distros/common-distros.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/distros/common-distros.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- Italian -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/distros/common-distros.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
-->
+<!-- Polish -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/distros/common-distros.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
-->
+<!-- Russian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/distros/common-distros.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: distros/po/common-distros.pl-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: distros/po/common-distros.pl-en.html
diff -N distros/po/common-distros.pl-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ distros/po/common-distros.pl-en.html 28 Nov 2011 01:26:51 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems - GNU Project - Free
Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/distros/po/common-distros.translist" -->
+<h2>Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems</h2>
+
+<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
+<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
+<!-- appendix C of the XHTML 1.0 standard. See validator.w3.org. -->
+
+<!-- Please ensure links are consistent with Apache's MultiView. -->
+<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
+<!-- language, where necessary. -->
+
+<p>We're often asked why we don't endorse a particular
+system—usually a popular GNU/Linux distribution. The short
+answer to that question is that they don't follow
+the <a href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">free
+system distribution guidelines</a>. But since it isn't always easy to
+see how a particular system fails to follow the guidelines, we still
+get these questions. We've published this list to help address
+those.</p>
+
+<p>To learn more about free alternatives to these systems, check out
+our list of <a href="/distros/free-distros.html">free GNU/Linux
+distributions</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Except where noted, all of the distributions listed on this page
+fail to follow the guidelines in at least two important ways:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><p>They do not have a policy of <em>only</em> including free
+software, and removing nonfree software if it is discovered. Most of
+them have no clear policy on what software they'll accept or reject at
+all. The distributions that do have a policy unfortunately aren't
+strict enough, as explained below.</p></li>
+<li><p>The kernel that they distribute (in most cases, Linux) includes
+“blobs”: pieces of object code distributed without source,
+usually firmware to run some device.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Below are additional notes about some popular GNU/Linux
+distributions, listed in alphabetical order. This may not be a list
+of every issue; while we've done our best to be comprehensive, there
+may be other issues that we simply don't know about. On the flip
+side, circumstances might have changed since we last updated this
+page; if you think one of the issues here has been addressed,
+please <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>let us know</a>. We review
+all systems carefully before endorsing them.</p>
+
+<!-- Please keep this list sorted, first with all the GNU systems
+ alphabetically, then all the non-GNU systems alphabetically. -->
+
+<h3 id="Arch">Arch GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Arch has the two usual problems: there's no clear policy
+about what software can be included, and nonfree blobs are shipped with
+their Linux kernel. Arch also has no policy about not distributing
+nonfree software through their normal channels.</p>
+
+<h3 id="CentOS">CentOS</h3>
+
+<p>We're not aware of problems in CentOS aside from the two usual ones:
+there's no clear policy about what software can be included,
+and nonfree blobs are shipped with Linux, the kernel. Of course, with
+no firm policy in place, there might be other nonfree software
+included that we missed.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Debian">Debian GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Debian's Social Contract states the goal of making Debian entirely
+free software, and Debian conscientiously keeps nonfree software out
+of the official Debian system. However, Debian also provides a
+repository of nonfree software. According to the project, this
+software is “not part of the Debian system,” but the
+repository is hosted on many of the project's main servers, and people
+can readily learn about these nonfree packages by browsing Debian's
+online package database. This does too much to steer users towards
+proprietary software for us to endorse it.</p>
+
+<p>There are other ways in which programs officially part of Debian
+suggest nonfree software for installation.</p>
+
+<p>Previous releases of Debian also included nonfree blobs with the
+kernel Linux. With the release of Debian 6.0 (“squeeze”)
+in February 2011, these blobs have been moved out of the main
+distribution to separate packages in the nonfree repository.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Fedora">Fedora</h3>
+
+<p>Fedora does have a clear policy about what can be included in the
+distribution, and it seems to be followed carefully. The policy
+requires that most software and all fonts be available under a free
+license, but makes an exception for certain kinds of nonfree firmware.
+Unfortunately, the decision to allow that firmware in the policy keeps
+Fedora from meeting the free system distribution guidelines.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Gentoo">Gentoo GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Gentoo makes it easy to install a number of nonfree programs through
+their primary package system.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Mandriva">Mandriva GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Mandriva does have a stated policy about what can be included in the
+main system. It's based on Fedora's, which means that it also allows
+certain kinds of nonfree firmware to be included. On top of that, it
+permits software released under the original Artistic License to be
+included, even though that's a nonfree license.</p>
+
+<p>Mandriva also provides nonfree software through dedicated
+repositories.</p>
+
+<h3 id="openSUSE">openSUSE GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>openSUSE offers its users access to a repository of nonfree
+software. This is an instance of
+how <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+“open” is weaker than “free”</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="RedHat">Red Hat GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Red Hat's enterprise distribution primarily follows the same
+licensing policies as Fedora, with one exception. Thus, we don't
+endorse it for <a href="#Fedora">the same reasons</a>. In addition to
+those, Red Hat has no policy against making nonfree software available
+for the system through supplementary distribution channels.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Slackware">Slackware</h3>
+
+<p>Slackware has the two usual problems: there's no clear policy about
+what software can be included, and nonfree blobs are included in
+Linux, the kernel. It also ships with the nonfree image-viewing
+program xv. Of course, with no firm policy in place, there might be
+other nonfree software included that we missed.</p>
+
+<h3 id="SUSE">SUSE GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>In addition to the usual two problems, several nonfree software
+programs are available for download from SUSE's official FTP site.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Ubuntu">Ubuntu GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Ubuntu provides specific repositories of nonfree software, and
+Canonical expressly promotes and recommends nonfree software under the
+Ubuntu name in some of their distribution channels. Ubuntu offers the
+option to install only free packages, which means it also offers the
+option to install nonfree packages too. In addition, the version of
+Linux included in Ubuntu contains firmware blobs.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ubuntu's trademark policy prohibits commercial redistribution of exact
+copies of Ubuntu, denying an important freedom.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="BSD">BSD systems</h3>
+
+<p>FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD all include instructions for obtaining
+nonfree programs in their ports system. In addition, their kernels
+include nonfree firmware blobs.</p>
+
+<p>Nonfree firmware programs used with the Linux kernel are called
+“blobs”, and that's how we use the term. In BSD parlance,
+the term “blob” means something else: a nonfree driver.
+OpenBSD and perhaps other BSD distributions have the policy of not
+including those. That is the right policy, as regards drivers; but
+when the developers say these distributions “contain no
+blobs”, it causes a misunderstanding. They are not talking
+about firmware blobs.</p>
+
+<p>No BSD distribution has policies against proprietary binary-only
+firmware that might be loaded even by free drivers.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Haiku">Haiku</h3>
+
+<p>Haiku includes some software that you're not allowed to modify. It
+also includes nonfree firmware blobs.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2011/11/28 01:26:51 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
-->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/distros/common-distros.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
-->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/distros/common-distros.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/distros/common-distros.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- Italian -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/distros/common-distros.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
-->
+<!-- Polish -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/distros/common-distros.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
-->
+<!-- Russian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/distros/common-distros.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: education/po/edu-schools.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/po/edu-schools.fr-en.html
diff -N education/po/edu-schools.fr-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/po/edu-schools.fr-en.html 28 Nov 2011 01:27:06 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software - GNU Project - Free
Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-schools.translist" -->
+
+<div id="education-content">
+<h2>Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software</h2>
+
+<!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
+<ul id="edu-navigation">
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-contents.html">Education Contents</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-cases.html">Case
Studies</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-resources.html">Educational Resources</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-projects.html">Education Projects</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-team.html">The
Education Team</a></li>
+</ul>
+<!-- end edu navigation bar -->
+
+</div> <!-- id="education-content" -->
+
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb">
+<a href="/education/education.html">Education</a> →
+<a href="/education/education.html#indepth">In Depth</a> →
+Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software</p>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>There are general reasons why all computer users should insist on
+free software: it gives users the freedom to control their own
+computers—with proprietary software, the computer does what the
+software owner wants it to do, not what the user wants it to do. Free
+software also gives users the freedom to cooperate with each other, to
+lead an upright life. These reasons apply to schools as they do to
+everyone. The purpose of this article is to state additional reasons
+that apply specifically to education.</p>
+
+<p>Educational activities (including schools) have
+a <a href="/education/education.html">duty to teach only free
+software.</a> Here are the reasons.
+</p>
+
+<p>First, free software can save schools money. Free software gives
+schools, like other users, the freedom to copy and redistribute the
+software, so the school system can make copies for all the computers
+they have. In poor countries, this can help close the digital
+divide.</p>
+
+<p>This obvious reason, while important in practical terms, is rather
+shallow. And proprietary software developers can eliminate this reason
+by donating copies to the schools. (Warning: a school that accepts
+such an offer may have to pay for upgrades later.) So let's look at
+the deeper reasons.</p>
+
+<p>Schools have a social mission: to teach students to be citizens of
+a strong, capable, independent, cooperating and free society. They
+should promote the use of free software just as they promote
+recycling. If schools teach students free software, then the students
+will tend to use free software after they graduate. This will help
+society as a whole escape from being dominated (and gouged) by
+megacorporations.</p>
+
+<p>What schools should refuse to do is teach dependence. Those
+corporations offer free samples to schools for the same reason tobacco
+companies distribute free cigarettes to minors: to get children
+addicted <a href="#note1">(1)</a>. They will not give discounts to these
+students once they've grown up and graduated.</p>
+
+<p>Free software permits students to learn how software works. Some
+students, on reaching their teens, want to learn everything there is
+to know about their computer and its software. They are intensely
+curious to read the source code of the programs that they use every
+day. To learn to write good code, students need to read lots of code
+and write lots of code. They need to read and understand real
+programs that people really use. Only free software permits this.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary software rejects their thirst for knowledge: it says,
+“The knowledge you want is a secret—learning is
+forbidden!” Free software encourages everyone to learn. The free
+software community rejects the “priesthood of technology”,
+which keeps the general public in ignorance of how technology works;
+we encourage students of any age and situation to read the source code
+and learn as much as they want to know. Schools that use free software
+will enable gifted programming students to advance.</p>
+
+<p>The deepest reason for using free software in schools is for moral
+education. We expect schools to teach students basic facts and useful
+skills, but that is not their whole job. The most fundamental job of
+schools is to teach good citizenship, which includes the habit of
+helping others. In the area of computing, this means teaching people
+to share software. Schools, starting from nursery school, should tell
+their pupils, “If you bring software to school, you must share
+it with the other students. And you must show the source code to the
+class, in case someone wants to learn.”</p>
+
+<p>Of course, the school must practice what it preaches: all the
+software installed by the school should be available for students to
+copy, take home, and redistribute further.</p>
+
+<p>Teaching the students to use free software, and to participate in
+the free software community, is a hands-on civics lesson. It also
+teaches students the role model of public service rather than that of
+tycoons. All levels of school should use free software.</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li><cite><a id="note1"></a>RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company was
+fined $15m in 2002 for handing out free samples of cigarettes at
+events attended by children. See <a
href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm";>http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm</a>.
+</cite></li>
+</ol>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2003, 2009 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2011/11/28 01:27:06 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- Arabic -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
+<!-- Bulgarian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.html">català</a> [ca]</li> -->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/education/edu-schools.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
-->
+<!-- Greek -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
-->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/education/edu-schools.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
+<!-- Hebrew -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
+<!-- Italian -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/education/edu-schools.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
-->
+<!-- Malayalam -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
-->
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
+<!-- Polish -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/educatio/edu-schools.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/education/edu-schools.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
+<!-- Russian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- Tamil -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/education/edu-schools.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
-->
+<!-- Uzbek -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/education/edu-schools.uz.html">O'zbekcha</a> [uz]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.fr-en.html
diff -N gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.fr-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.fr-en.html 28 Nov 2011 01:27:26 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1409 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>GNU/Linux FAQ - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
+
+<h2>GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman</h2>
+
+<div class="announcement">
+ <blockquote><p>To learn more about this issue, you can also read
+our page on <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU Project</a>,
our
+ page on <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a>
+and our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU
+Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.</p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+When people see that we use and recommend the name GNU/Linux for a
+system that many others call just “Linux”, they ask many questions.
+Here are common questions, and our answers.</p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><a href="#why" id="TOCwhy">Why do you call it GNU/Linux and not
Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whycare" id="TOCwhycare">Why is the name important?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#howerror" id="TOChowerror">How did it come about that most
+ people call the system “Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#always" id="TOCalways">Should we always say
+“GNU/Linux” instead of “Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linuxalone" id="TOClinuxalone">Would Linux have achieved
+ the same success if there had been no GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#divide" id="TOCdivide">Wouldn't it be better for the
+ community if you did not divide people with this request?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#freespeech" id="TOCfreespeech">Doesn't the GNU project
+ support an individual's free speech rights to call the system by
+ any name that individual chooses?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#everyoneknows" id="TOCeveryoneknows">Since everyone
+ knows the role of GNU in developing the system, doesn't the
+ “GNU/” in the name go without saying?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#everyoneknows2" id="TOCeveryoneknows2">Since I know the role of
+ GNU in this system, why does it matter what name I use?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#windows" id="TOCwindows">Isn't shortening
+ “GNU/Linux” to “Linux” just like
+ shortening “Microsoft Windows” to
+ “Windows”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#tools" id="TOCtools">Isn't GNU a collection of programming
+ tools that were included in Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#osvskernel" id="TOCosvskernel">What is the difference between an
operating
+ system and a kernel?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#house" id="TOChouse">The kernel of a system is like the
foundation
+ of a house. How can a house be almost complete when it doesn't have a
+ foundation?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#brain" id="TOCbrain">Isn't the kernel the brain of the
+ system?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#kernelmost" id="TOCkernelmost">Isn't writing the kernel
+ most of the work in an operating system?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#afterkernel" id="TOCafterkernel">We're calling the whole
+ system after the kernel, Linux. Isn't it normal to name an
+ operating system after a kernel?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#long" id="TOClong">The problem with
+ “GNU/Linux” is that it is too long. How about
+ recommending a shorter name?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#justgnu" id="TOCjustgnu">Since Linux is a secondary
+ contribution, would it be false to the facts to call the system
+ simply “GNU”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#trademarkfee" id="TOCtrademarkfee">I would have to pay a
+ fee if I use “Linux” in the name of a product, and
+ that would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux”. Is it
+ wrong if I use “GNU” without “Linux”, to
+ save the fee?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#many" id="TOCmany">Many other projects contributed to the
+ system as it is today; it includes TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many
+ more programs. Don't your arguments imply we have to give them
+ credit too? (But that would lead to a name so long it is
+ absurd.)</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#others" id="TOCothers">Many other projects contributed to
+ the system as it is today, but they don't insist on calling it
+ XYZ/Linux. Why should we treat GNU specially?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#allsmall" id="TOCallsmall">GNU is a small fraction of the system
+ nowadays, so why should we mention it?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#manycompanies" id="TOCmanycompanies">Many companies
+ contributed to the system as it is today; doesn't that mean
+ we ought to call it GNU/Red Hat/Novell/Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whyslash" id="TOCwhyslash">Why do you write
+ “GNU/Linux” instead of “GNU
+ Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whyorder" id="TOCwhyorder">Why “GNU/Linux”
+rather than “Linux/GNU”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#distronames" id="TOCdistronames">My distro is called
+ “Foobar Linux”; doesn't that show it's really
+ Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#distronames1" id="TOCdistronames1">My distro's official
+ name is “Foobar Linux”; isn't it wrong to call the
+ distro anything but “Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#companies" id="TOCcompanies">Wouldn't it be more
+ effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to
+ call their distributions “GNU/Linux” rather than
+ asking individuals?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#reserve" id="TOCreserve">Wouldn't it be better to
+ reserve the name “GNU/Linux” for distributions that
+ are purely free software? After all, that is the ideal of
+ GNU.</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#gnudist" id="TOCgnudist">Why not make a GNU distribution of
+ Linux (sic) and call that GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linuxgnu" id="TOClinuxgnu">Why not just say “Linux
+ is the GNU kernel” and release some existing version of
+ GNU/Linux under the name “GNU”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#condemn" id="TOCcondemn">Did the GNU Project condemn and
+ oppose use of Linux in the early days?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#wait" id="TOCwait">Why did you wait so long before
+ asking people to use the name GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#allgpled" id="TOCallgpled">Should the GNU/[name] convention
+ be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#unix" id="TOCunix">Since much of GNU comes from Unix,
+ shouldn't GNU give credit to Unix by using “Unix” in
+ its name?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#bsd" id="TOCbsd">Should we say “GNU/BSD”
+too?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#othersys" id="TOCothersys">If I install the GNU tools on
+ Windows, does that mean I am running a GNU/Windows system?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux">Can't Linux be used without
+GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu" id="TOClinuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there
complete Linux systems without GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#helplinus" id="TOChelplinus">Why not call the system
+ “Linux” anyway, and strengthen Linus Torvalds' role as
+ posterboy for our community?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#claimlinux" id="TOCclaimlinux">Isn't it wrong for us to label
Linus
+ Torvalds' work as GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linusagreed" id="TOClinusagreed">Does Linus Torvalds
+ agree that Linux is just the kernel?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#lost" id="TOClost">The battle is already
+ lost—society has made its decision and we can't change it,
+ so why even think about it?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whatgood" id="TOCwhatgood">Society has made its decision
+ and we can't change it, so what good does it do if I say
+ “GNU/Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#explain" id="TOCexplain">Wouldn't it be better to call
+ the system “Linux” and teach people its real origin
+ with a ten-minute explanation?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#treatment" id="TOCtreatment">Some people laugh at you when
+ you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux. Why do you subject yourself
+ to this treatment?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#alienate" id="TOCalienate">Some people condemn you when you
+ ask them to call the system GNU/Linux. Don't you lose by
+ alienating them?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#rename" id="TOCrename">Whatever you contributed,
+ is it legitimate to rename the operating system?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call
+ the system “GNU/Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whynotsue">Why not sue people who call
+ the whole system “Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#BSDlicense" id="TOCBSDlicense">Since you objected to the original
+ BSD license's advertising requirement to give credit to the University of
+ California, isn't it hypocritical to demand credit for the GNU
project?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#require" id="TOCrequire">Shouldn't you put something in
+ the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
+ “GNU”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#deserve" id="TOCdeserve">Since you failed to put
+ something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
+ “GNU”, you deserve what happened; why are you
+ complaining now?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#contradict" id="TOCcontradict">Wouldn't you be better off
+ not contradicting what so many people believe?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#somanyright" id="TOCsomanyright">Since many people call it
+ “Linux”, doesn't that make it right?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#winning" id="TOCwinning">Many people care about what's
convenient or
+ who's winning, not about arguments of right or wrong. Couldn't you
+ get more of their support by a different road?</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<dl>
+
+<dt id="why">Why do you call it GNU/Linux and not
+ Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#why">#why</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>Most operating system distributions based on Linux as kernel are
+basically modified versions of the GNU operating system. We began
+developing GNU in 1984, years before Linus Torvalds started to write
+his kernel. Our goal was to develop a complete free operating system.
+Of course, we did not develop all the parts ourselves—but we led the way.
+We developed most of the central components, forming the largest single
+contribution to the whole system. The basic vision was ours too.
+<p>
+In fairness, we ought to get at least equal mention.</p>
+
+<p>See <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU Project</a>
+and <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who Have
+Never Heard of GNU</a> for more explanation, and <a
+href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">The GNU Project</a> for the
+history.</p> </dd>
+
+<dt id="whycare">Why is the name
+ important? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whycare">#whycare</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>Although the developers of Linux, the kernel, are contributing to
+the free software community, many of them do not care about freedom.
+People who think the whole system is Linux tend to get confused and
+assign to those developers a role in the history of our community
+which they did not actually play. Then they give inordinate weight to
+those developers' views.
+<p>
+Calling the system GNU/Linux recognizes the role that our idealism
+played in building our community, and
+<a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">helps the public recognize the
+practical importance of these ideals</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="howerror">How did it come about that most
+ people call the system “Linux”? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#howerror">#howerror</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>Calling the system “Linux” is a confusion that has spread
faster
+than the corrective information.
+<p>
+The people who combined Linux with the GNU system were not aware that
+that's what their activity amounted to. They focused their attention
+on the piece that was Linux and did not realize that more of the
+combination was GNU. They started calling it “Linux” even though
that
+name did not fit what they had. It took a few years for us to realize
+what a problem this was and ask people to correct the practice. By
+that time, the confusion had a big head start.</p>
+<p>
+Most of the people who call the system “Linux” have never heard why
+that's not the right thing. They saw others using that name and
+assume it must be right. The name “Linux” also spreads a false
+picture of the system's origin, because people tend to suppose that
+the system's history was such as to fit that name. For
+instance, they often believe its development was started by Linus
+Torvalds in 1991. This false picture tends to reinforce the idea
+that the system should be called “Linux”.</p>
+<p>
+Many of the questions in this file represent people's attempts to
+justify the name they are accustomed to using.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="always">Should we always say
+ “GNU/Linux” instead of “Linux”? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#always">#always</a>)</span></dt>
+<dd>
+Not always—only when you're talking about the whole system. When
+you're referring specifically to the kernel, you should call it
+“Linux”, the name its developer chose.
+<p>
+When people call the whole system “Linux”, as a consequence
+they call the whole system by the same name as the kernel.
+This causes many kinds of confusion, because only experts can tell
+whether a statement is about the kernel or the whole system.
+By calling the whole system “GNU/Linux”, and calling the kernel
+“Linux”, you avoid the ambiguity.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="linuxalone">Would Linux have
+ achieved the same success if there had been no
+ GNU? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linuxalone">#linuxalone</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+In that alternative world, there would be nothing today like the
+GNU/Linux system, and probably no free operating system at all. No
+one attempted to develop a free operating system in the 1980s except
+the GNU Project and (later) Berkeley CSRG, which had been specifically
+asked by the GNU Project to start freeing its code.
+<p>
+Linus Torvalds was partly influenced by a speech about GNU in Finland
+in 1990. It's possible that even without this influence he might have
+written a Unix-like kernel, but it probably would not have been free
+software. Linux became free in 1992 when Linus rereleased it under
+the GNU GPL. (See the release notes for version 0.12.)</p>
+<p>
+Even if Torvalds had released Linux under some other free software
+license, a free kernel alone would not have made much difference to
+the world. The significance of Linux came from fitting into a larger
+framework, a complete free operating system: GNU/Linux.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="divide">Wouldn't it be better for the
+ community if you did not divide people with this request? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#divide">#divide</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+When we ask people to say “GNU/Linux”, we are not dividing people.
We
+are asking them to give the GNU Project credit for the GNU operating
+system. This does not criticize anyone or push anyone away.
+<p>
+However, there are people who do not like our saying this. Sometimes
+those people push us away in response. On occasion they are so rude
+that one wonders if they are intentionally trying to intimidate us
+into silence. It doesn't silence us, but it does tend to divide the
+community, so we hope you can convince them to stop.</p>
+<p>
+However, this is only a secondary cause of division in our community.
+The largest division in the community is between people who appreciate
+free software as a social and ethical issue and consider proprietary
+software a social problem (supporters of the free software movement),
+and those who cite only practical benefits and present free software
+only as an efficient development model (the open source movement).</p>
+<p>
+This disagreement is not just a matter of names—it is a matter
+of differing basic values. It is essential for the community to see
+and think about this disagreement. The names “free
+software” and “open source” are the banners of the
+two positions.
+See <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why Open
+Source misses the point of Free Software</a>.</p>
+<p>
+The disagreement over values partially aligns with the amount of
+attention people pay to the GNU Project's role in our community.
+People who value freedom are more likely to call the system
+“GNU/Linux”, and people who learn that the system is
“GNU/Linux” are
+more likely to pay attention to our philosophical arguments for
+freedom and community (which is why the choice of name for the system
+makes a real difference for society). However, the disagreement would
+probably exist even if everyone knew the system's real origin and its
+proper name, because the issue is a real one. It can only go away if
+we who value freedom either persuade everyone (which won't be easy) or
+are defeated entirely (let's hope not).</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="freespeech">Doesn't the GNU project
+ support an individual's free speech rights to call the system by
+ any name that individual chooses? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#freespeech">#freespeech</a>)</span></dt>
+<dd>
+Yes, indeed, we believe you have a free speech right to call the
+operating system by any name you wish. We ask that people call it
+GNU/Linux as a matter of doing justice to the GNU project, to promote
+the values of freedom that GNU stands for, and to inform others that
+those values of freedom brought the system into existence.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="everyoneknows">Since everyone knows
+ GNU's role in developing the system, doesn't the “GNU/” in the
+ name go without saying? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#everyoneknows">#everyoneknows</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>Experience shows that the system's users, and the computer-using
+public in general, often know nothing about the GNU system. Most
+articles about the system do not mention the name “GNU”, or the
ideals
+that GNU stands for. <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who Have Never
+Heard of GNU</a> explains further.
+<p>
+The people who say this are probably geeks thinking of the geeks they
+know. Geeks often do know about GNU, but many have a completely wrong
+idea of what GNU is. For instance, many think it is a collection
+of <a href="#tools">“tools”</a>, or a project to develop tools.</p>
+<p>
+The wording of this question, which is typical, illustrates another
+common misconception. To speak of “GNU's role” in developing
+something assumes that GNU is a group of people. GNU is an operating
+system. It would make sense to talk about the GNU Project's role in
+this or some other activity, but not that of GNU.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="everyoneknows2">Since I know the role of GNU in this system,
+ why does it matter what name I use? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#everyoneknows2">#everyoneknows2</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+If your words don't reflect your knowledge, you don't teach others.
+Most people who have heard of the GNU/Linux system think it is
+“Linux”, that it was started by Linus Torvalds, and that
+it was intended to be “open source”. If you don't tell
+them, who will?
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="windows">Isn't shortening “GNU/Linux”
+ to “Linux” just like shortening “Microsoft
Windows” to “Windows”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#windows">#windows</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It's useful to shorten a frequently-used name, but not if the
+abbreviation is misleading.
+<p>
+Almost everyone in developed countries really does know that the
+“Windows” system is made by Microsoft, so shortening
“Microsoft
+Windows” to “Windows” does not mislead anyone as to that
system's
+nature and origin. Shortening “GNU/Linux” to “Linux”
does give the
+wrong idea of where the system comes from.</p>
+<p>
+The question is itself misleading because GNU and Microsoft are
+not the same kind of thing. Microsoft is a company;
+GNU is an operating system.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="tools">Isn't GNU a collection of
+ programming tools that were included in Linux? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#tools">#tools</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+People who think that Linux is an entire operating system, if they
+hear about GNU at all, often get a wrong idea of what GNU is. They
+may think that GNU is the name of a collection of programs—often they
+say “programming tools”, since some of our programming tools became
+popular on their own. The idea that “GNU” is the name of an
operating
+system is hard to fit into a conceptual framework in which that
+operating system is labeled “Linux”.
+<p>
+The GNU Project was named after the GNU operating system—it's the project
+to develop the GNU system. (See <a
+href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">the 1983 initial announcement</a>.)</p>
+<p>
+We developed programs such as GCC, GNU Emacs, GAS, GLIBC, BASH, etc.,
+because we needed them for the GNU operating system. GCC, the GNU
+Compiler Collection is the compiler that we wrote for the GNU
+operating system. We, the many people working on the GNU Project,
+developed Ghostscript, GNUCash, GNU Chess and GNOME for the GNU system
+too.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="osvskernel">What is the difference
+between an operating system and a kernel? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#osvskernel">#osvskernel</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+An operating system, as we use the term, means a collection of
+programs that are sufficient to use the computer to do a wide variety
+of jobs. A general purpose operating system, to be complete, ought to
+handle all the jobs that many users may want to do.
+<p>
+The kernel is one of the programs in an operating system—the program
+that allocates the machine's resources to the other programs that are
+running. The kernel also takes care of starting and stopping other
+programs.</p>
+<p>
+To confuse matters, some people use the term “operating system” to
+mean “kernel”. Both uses of the term go back many years. The
+use of “operating system” to mean “kernel” is found in
a number of
+textbooks on system design, going back to the 80s. At the same time,
+in the 80s, the “Unix operating system” was understood to include
all
+the system programs, and Berkeley's version of Unix included even
+games. Since we intended GNU to be a Unix-like operating system, we
+use the term “operating system” in the same way.</p>
+<p>
+Most of the time when people speak of the “Linux operating system”
+they are using “operating system” in the same sense we use: they
mean
+the whole collection of programs. If that's what you are referring
+to, please call it “GNU/Linux”. If you mean just the kernel, then
+“Linux” is the right name for it, but please say
“kernel” also to
+avoid ambiguity about which body of software you mean.</p>
+<p>
+If you prefer to use some other term such as “system distribution”
for
+the entire collection of programs, instead of “operating system”,
+that's fine. Then you would talk about GNU/Linux system
+distributions.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="house">The kernel of a system is like the foundation of a
+ house. How can a house be almost complete when it doesn't have a
+ foundation? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#house">#house</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+A kernel is not much like the foundation of a house because building
+an operating system is not much like building a house.
+
+<p>A house is built from lots of little general parts that are cut and
+put together in situ. They have to be put together from the bottom
+up. Thus, when the foundation has not been built, no substantial part
+has been built; all you have is a hole in the ground.</p>
+
+<p>
+By contrast, an operating system consists of complex
+components that can be developed in any order. When you have
+developed most of the components, most of the work is done. This is
+much more like the International Space Station than like a house. If
+most of the Space Station modules were in orbit but awaiting one other
+essential module, that would be like the GNU system in 1992.
+</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="brain">Isn't the kernel the brain of the system? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#brain">#brain</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+A computer system is not much like a human body,
+and no part of it plays a role comparable to that of
+the brain in a human.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="kernelmost">Isn't writing the kernel most of the work in an
+operating system? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#kernelmost">#kernelmost</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+No, many components take a lot of work.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="afterkernel">We're calling the
+ whole system after the kernel, Linux. Isn't it normal to name an
+ operating system after a kernel? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#afterkernel">#afterkernel</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+That practice seems to be very rare—we can't find any examples other
+than the misuse of the name “Linux”. Normally an operating system
is
+developed as a single unified project, and the developers choose a
+name for the system as a whole. The kernel usually does not have a
+name of its own—instead, people say “the kernel of
such-and-such” or
+“the such-and-such kernel”.
+<p>
+Because those two constructions are used synonymously, the expression
+“the Linux kernel” can easily be misunderstood as meaning
“the kernel
+of Linux” and implying that Linux must be more than a kernel. You can
+avoid the possibility of this misunderstanding by saying or writing
+“the kernel, Linux” or “Linux, the kernel.”</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="long">The problem with “GNU/Linux” is that it is too long.
+ How about recommending a shorter name? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#long">#long</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+For a while we tried the name “LiGNUx”, which combines the words
“GNU”
+and “Linux”. The reaction was very bad. People accept
“GNU/Linux”
+much better.
+<p>
+The shortest legitimate name for this system is “GNU”, but we call
it
+“GNU/Linux” for the reasons given below.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="justgnu">Since Linux is a secondary
+ contribution, would it be false to the facts to call the system simply
+ “GNU”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#justgnu">#justgnu</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It would not be false to the facts, but it is not the best thing to
+do. Here are the reasons we call that system version “GNU/Linux”
+rather than just “GNU”:
+
+<ul>
+<li>
+It's not exactly GNU—it has a different kernel (that is, Linux).
+Distinguishing GNU/Linux from GNU is useful.</li>
+<li>
+It would be ungentlemanly to ask people to <em>stop</em> giving any
+credit to Linus Torvalds. He did write an important component of the
+system. We want to get credit for launching and sustaining the
+system's development, but this doesn't mean we should treat Linus the
+same way those who call the system “Linux” treat us. We strongly
+disagree with his political views, but we deal with that disagreement
+honorably and openly, rather than by trying to cut him out of the
+credit for his contribution to the system.</li>
+<li>
+Since many people know of the system as “Linux”, if we say
“GNU” they
+may simply not recognize we're talking about the same system. If we
+say “GNU/Linux”, they can make a connection to what they have heard
+about.</li>
+</ul><p></p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="trademarkfee">I would have
+ to pay a fee if I use “Linux” in the name of a product, and
that
+ would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux”. Is it wrong if I use
“GNU”
+ without “Linux”, to save the fee? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#trademarkfee">#trademarkfee</a>)</span></dt>
+<dd>
+There's nothing wrong in calling the system “GNU”; basically,
that's
+what it is. It is nice to give Linus Torvalds a share of the credit
+as well, but you have no obligation to pay for the privilege of doing
+so.
+<p>
+So if you want to refer to the system simply as “GNU”, to avoid
paying
+the fee for calling it “Linux”, we won't criticize you.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="many">Many other projects contributed to
+ the system as it is today; it includes TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many
+ more programs. Don't your arguments imply we have to give them credit
+ too? (But that would lead to a name so long it is
+ absurd.) <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#many">#many</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+What we say is that you ought to give the system's principal developer
+a share of the credit. The principal developer is the GNU Project,
+and the system is basically GNU.
+<p>
+If you feel even more strongly about giving credit where it is due,
+you might feel that some secondary contributors also deserve credit in
+the system's name. If so, far be it from us to argue against it. If
+you feel that X11 deserves credit in the system's name, and you want
+to call the system GNU/X11/Linux, please do. If you feel that Perl
+simply cries out for mention, and you want to write GNU/Linux/Perl, go
+ahead.</p>
+<p>
+Since a long name such as GNU/X11/Apache/Linux/TeX/Perl/Python/FreeCiv
+becomes absurd, at some point you will have to set a threshold and
+omit the names of the many other secondary contributions. There is no
+one obvious right place to set the threshold, so wherever you set it,
+we won't argue against it.</p>
+<p>
+Different threshold levels would lead to different choices of name for
+the system. But one name that cannot result from concerns of fairness
+and giving credit, not for any possible threshold level, is
“Linux”.
+It can't be fair to give all the credit to one secondary contribution
+(Linux) while omitting the principal contribution (GNU).</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="others">Many other projects contributed to
+ the system as it is today, but they don't insist on calling it
+ XYZ/Linux. Why should we treat GNU specially? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#others">#others</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Thousands of projects have developed programs commonly included in
+today's GNU/Linux systems. They all deserve credit for their
+contributions, but they aren't the principal developers of the system
+as a whole, so they don't ask to be credited as such.
+<p>
+GNU is different because it is more than just a contributed program,
+more than just a collection of contributed programs. GNU is the
+framework on which the system was made.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="allsmall">GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays,
+ so why should we mention it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#allsmall">#allsmall</a>)</span></dt>
+<dd>
+In 2008, we found that GNU packages made up 15% of the
+“main” repository of the gNewSense GNU/Linux distribution.
+Linux made up 1.5%. So the same argument would apply even more
+strongly to calling it “Linux”.
+
+<p>
+GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays, and Linux is an
+even smaller fraction. But they are the system's core; the system
+was made by combining them. Thus, the name “GNU/Linux”
+remains appropriate.
+</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="manycompanies">Many companies
+ contributed to the system as it is today; doesn't that mean
+ we ought to call it GNU/Red Hat/Novell/Linux? <span
+ class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+ href="#manycompanies">#manycompanies</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>
+GNU is not comparable to Red Hat or Novell; it is not a company, or an
+organization, or even an activity. GNU is an operating system. (When
+we speak of the GNU Project, that refers to the project to develop the
+GNU system.) The GNU/Linux system is based on GNU, and that's why GNU
+ought to appear in its name.
+</p>
+<p>
+Much of those companies' contribution to the GNU/Linux system lies in
+the code they have contributed to various GNU packages including GCC
+and GNOME. Saying GNU/Linux gives credit to those companies along
+with all the rest of the GNU developers.
+</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="whyslash">Why do you write “GNU/Linux”
+instead of “GNU Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whyslash">#whyslash</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Following the rules of English, in the construction “GNU Linux” the
+word “GNU” modifies “Linux”. This can mean either
“GNU's version of
+Linux” or “Linux, which is a GNU package.” Neither of those
meanings
+fits the situation at hand.
+<p>
+Linux is not a GNU package; that is, it wasn't developed under the GNU
+Project's aegis or contributed specifically to the GNU Project. Linus
+Torvalds wrote Linux independently, as his own project. So the
+“Linux, which is a GNU package” meaning is not right.</p>
+<p>
+We're not talking about a distinct GNU version of Linux, the kernel.
+The free GNU/Linux distros do have
+a <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>separate version of
+Linux</a>, since the “standard” version contains non-free
+firmware “blobs”. If this were part of the GNU Project,
+it could be considered “GNU Linux”; but we would not want
+to call it that, because it would be too confusing.</p>
+<p>
+We're talking about a version of GNU, the operating system,
+distinguished by having Linux as the kernel. A slash fits the
+situation because it means “combination.” (Think of
+“Input/Output”.) This system is the combination of GNU
+and Linux; hence, “GNU/Linux”.</p>
+<p>
+There are other ways to express “combination”. If you
+think that a plus-sign is clearer, please use that. In French, a
+hyphen is clear: “GNU-Linux”. In Spanish, we sometimes
+say “GNU con Linux”.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="whyorder">Why “GNU/Linux” rather
+than “Linux/GNU”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whyorder">#whyorder</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It is right and proper to mention the principal contribution first.
+The GNU contribution to the system is not only bigger than Linux and
+prior to Linux, we actually started the whole activity.
+<p>
+However, if you prefer to call the system “Linux/GNU”, that is a
lot
+better than what people usually do, which is to omit GNU entirely and
+make it seem that the whole system is Linux.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="distronames">My distro is called
+ “Foobar Linux”; doesn't that show it's really Linux? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#distronames">#distronames</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>It means that the people who make the “Foobar Linux” distro are
+repeating the common mistake. We appreciate that distributions like Debian,
Dragora, Musix, Trisquel, and Venenux have adopted
+GNU/Linux as part of their official name, and we hope that if you are involved
with a different distribution, you will
+encourage it to do the same.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="distronames1">My distro's official name is “Foobar
+ Linux”; isn't it wrong to call the distro
+ anything but “Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#distronames1">#distronames1</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd><p>If it's allowed for them to change “GNU” to
+“Foobar Linux”, it's allowed for you to change it back and
+call the distro “Foobar GNU/Linux”. It can't be more wrong
+to correct the mistake than it was to make the mistake.</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="companies">Wouldn't it be more
+ effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to
+ call their distributions “GNU/Linux” rather than asking
+ individuals? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#companies">#companies</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It isn't a choice of one or the other—we ask companies and
+organizations and individuals to help spread the word about this. In
+fact, we have asked all three of those companies. Mandrake said it
+would use the term “GNU/Linux” some of the time, but IBM
+and Red Hat were unwilling to help. One executive said, “This
+is a pure commercial decision; we expect to make more money calling it
+‘Linux’.” In other words, that company did not care
+what was right.
+<p>
+We can't make them do this right, but we're not the sort to give up
+just because the road isn't easy. You may not have as much influence
+at your disposal as IBM or Red Hat, but you can still help. Together
+we can change the situation to the point where companies will make
+more profit calling it “GNU/Linux”.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="reserve">Wouldn't it be better to
+ reserve the name “GNU/Linux” for distributions that are purely
+ free software? After all, that is the ideal of GNU. <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#reserve">#reserve</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+The widespread practice of adding non-free software to the GNU/Linux
+system is a major problem for our community. It teaches the users
+that non-free software is ok, and that using it is part of the spirit
+of “Linux”. Many “Linux” User Groups make it part of
their mission to
+help users use non-free add-ons, and may even invite salesmen to come
+and make sales pitches for them. They adopt goals such as “helping
+the users” of GNU/Linux (including helping them use non-free
+applications and drivers), or making the system more popular even at
+the cost of freedom.
+<p>
+The question is how to try to change this.</p>
+<p>
+Given that most of the community which uses GNU with Linux already
+does not realize that's what it is, for us to disown these adulterated
+versions, saying they are not really GNU, would not teach the users to
+value freedom more. They would not get the intended message. They
+would only respond they never thought these systems were GNU in the
+first place.</p>
+<p>
+The way to lead these users to see a connection with freedom is
+exactly the opposite: to inform them that all these system
+versions <em>are</em> versions of GNU, that they all are based on a
+system that exists specifically for the sake of the users' freedom.
+With this understanding, they can start to recognize the distributions
+that include non-free software as perverted, adulterated versions of
+GNU, instead of thinking they are proper and appropriate “versions of
+Linux”.</p>
+<p>
+It is very useful to start GNU/Linux User Groups, which call the
+system GNU/Linux and adopt the ideals of the GNU Project as a basis
+for their activities. If the Linux User Group in your area has the
+problems described above, we suggest you either campaign within the
+group to change its orientation (and name) or start a new group. The
+people who focus on the more superficial goals have a right to their
+views, but don't let them drag you along!</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="gnudist">Why not make a GNU
+ distribution of Linux (sic) and call that GNU/Linux? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#gnudist">#gnudist</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+All the “Linux” distributions are actually versions of the GNU
system
+with Linux as the kernel. The purpose of the term “GNU/Linux” is
to
+communicate this point. To develop one new distribution and call that
+alone “GNU/Linux” would obscure the point we want to make.
+<p>
+As for developing a distribution of GNU/Linux, we already did this
+once, when we funded the early development of Debian GNU/Linux. To do
+it again now does not seem useful; it would be a lot of work, and
+unless the new distribution had substantial practical advantages over
+other distributions, it would serve no purpose.</p>
+<p>
+Instead we help the developers of 100% free GNU/Linux distributions,
+such as gNewSense and Ututo.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="linuxgnu">Why not just say “Linux is
+ the GNU kernel” and release some existing version of GNU/Linux under
+ the name “GNU”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linuxgnu">#linuxgnu</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It might have been a good idea to adopt Linux as the GNU kernel back
+in 1992. If we had realized, then, how long it would take to get the
+GNU Hurd to work, we might have done that. (Alas, that is hindsight.)
+<p>
+If we were to take an existing version of GNU/Linux and relabel it as
+“GNU”, that would be somewhat like making a version of the GNU
system
+and labeling it “Linux”. That wasn't right, and we don't
+want to act like that.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="condemn">Did the GNU Project condemn
+ and oppose use of Linux in the early days? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#condemn">#condemn</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We did not adopt Linux as our kernel, but we didn't condemn or oppose
+it. In 1993 we started discussing the arrangements to sponsor the
+development of Debian GNU/Linux. We also sought to cooperate with the
+people who were changing some GNU packages for use with Linux. We
+wanted to include their changes in the standard releases so that these
+GNU packages would work out-of-the-box in combination with Linux. But
+the changes were often ad-hoc and nonportable; they needed to be cleaned
+up for installation.
+<p>
+The people who had made the changes showed little interest in
+cooperating with us. One of them actually told us that he didn't care
+about working with the GNU Project because he was a “Linux user”.
+That came as a shock, because the people who ported GNU packages to
+other systems had generally wanted to work with us to get their
+changes installed. Yet these people, developing a system that was
+primarily based on GNU, were the first (and still practically the
+only) group that was unwilling to work with us.</p>
+<p>
+It was this experience that first showed us that people were calling a
+version of the GNU system “Linux”, and that this confusion was
+obstructing our work. Asking you to call the system “GNU/Linux” is
+our response to that problem, and to the other problems caused by the
+“Linux” misnomer.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="wait">Why did you wait so
+ long before asking people to use the name GNU/Linux? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#wait">#wait</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Actually we didn't. We began talking privately with developers and
+distributors about this in 1994, and made a more public campaign in
+1996. We will continue for as long as it's necessary.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="allgpled">Should the GNU/<i>name</i>
+ convention be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#allgpled">#allgpled</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We never refer to individual programs as “GNU/<i>name</i>”. When
a program
+is a GNU package, we may call it “GNU <i>name</i>”.
+<p>
+GNU, the operating system, is made up of many different programs.
+Some of the programs in GNU were written as part of the GNU Project or
+specifically contributed to it; these are the GNU packages, and we
+often use “GNU” in their names.</p>
+<p>
+It's up to the developers of a program to decide if they want to contribute
+it and make it a GNU package. If you have developed a program and you
+would like it to be a GNU package, please write to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>, so we can evaluate
it
+and decide whether we want it.</p>
+<p>
+It wouldn't be fair to put the name GNU on every individual program
+that is released under the GPL. If you write a program and release it
+under the GPL, that doesn't mean the GNU Project wrote it or that you
+wrote it for us. For instance, the kernel, Linux, is released under
+the GNU GPL, but Linus did not write it as part of the GNU Project—he
+did the work independently. If something is not a GNU package, the
+GNU Project can't take credit for it, and putting “GNU” in its name
+would be improper.</p>
+<p>
+In contrast, we do deserve the overall credit for the GNU operating
+system as a whole, even though not for each and every program in it.
+The system exists as a system because of our determination and
+persistence, starting in 1984, many years before Linux was begun.</p>
+<p>
+The operating system in which Linux became popular was basically the
+same as the GNU operating system. It was not entirely the same,
+because it had a different kernel, but it was mostly the same system.
+It was a variant of GNU. It was the GNU/Linux system.</p>
+<p>
+Linux continues to be used primarily in derivatives of that system—in
+today's versions of the GNU/Linux system. What gives these systems
+their identity is GNU and Linux at the center of them, not particularly
+Linux alone.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="unix">Since much of GNU comes
+from Unix, shouldn't GNU give credit
+to Unix by using “Unix” in its name? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#unix">#unix</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Actually, none of GNU comes from Unix. Unix was proprietary software
+(and still is), so using any of its code in GNU would have been
+illegal. This is not a coincidence; this is why we developed GNU:
+since you could not have freedom in using Unix, or any of the other
+operating systems of the day, we needed a free system to replace it.
+We could not copy programs, or even parts of them, from Unix;
+everything had to be written afresh.
+<p>
+No code in GNU comes from Unix, but GNU is a Unix-compatible system;
+therefore, many of the ideas and specifications of GNU do come from
+Unix. The name “GNU”, which stands for “GNU's Not
+Unix”, is a humorous way of giving credit to Unix for this,
+following a hacker tradition of recursive acronyms that started in the
+70s.</p>
+<p>
+The first such recursive acronym was TINT, “TINT Is Not
+TECO”. The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO
+(there were already many of them, for various systems), but instead of
+calling it by a dull name like “<em>somethingorother</em> TECO”, he
+thought of a clever amusing name. (That's what hacking
+means: <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>playful
+cleverness</a>.)</p>
+<p>
+Other hackers enjoyed that name so much that we imitated the approach.
+It became a tradition that, when you were writing from scratch a
+program that was similar to some existing program (let's imagine its
+name was “Klever”), you could give it a recursive acronym name,
such
+as “MINK” for “MINK Is Not Klever.” In this same
spirit we called our
+replacement for Unix “GNU's Not Unix”.</p>
+<p>
+Historically, AT&T which developed Unix did not want anyone to
+give it credit by using “Unix” in the name of a similar
+system, not even in a system 99% copied from Unix. AT&T actually
+threatened to sue anyone giving AT&T credit in that way. This is
+why each of the various modified versions of Unix (all proprietary,
+like Unix) had a completely different name that didn't include
+“Unix”.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="bsd">Should we say “GNU/BSD”
+too? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#bsd">#bsd</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We don't call the BSD systems (FreeBSD, etc.) “GNU/BSD” systems,
+because that term does not fit the history of the BSD systems.
+<p>
+The BSD system was developed by UC Berkeley as non-free software in
+the 80s, and became free in the early 90s. A free operating system
+that exists today is almost certainly either a variant of the GNU
+system, or a kind of BSD system.</p>
+<p>
+People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a variant of GNU, as GNU/Linux
+is. It is not. The BSD developers were inspired to make their code
+free software by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals
+from GNU activists helped convince them to start, but the code had
+little overlap with GNU.</p>
+<p>
+BSD systems today use some GNU packages, just as the GNU system and
+its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as wholes, they are
+two different systems that evolved separately. The BSD developers did
+not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system, so a name like
+GNU/BSD would not fit the situation.</p>
+<p>
+The connection between GNU/Linux and GNU is much closer, and that's
+why the name “GNU/Linux” is appropriate for it.</p>
+<p>
+There is a version of GNU which uses the kernel from NetBSD. Its
+developers call it “Debian GNU/NetBSD”, but
“GNU/kernelofNetBSD”
+would be more accurate, since NetBSD is an entire system, not just
+the kernel. This is not a BSD system, since most of the system
+is the same as the GNU/Linux system.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="othersys">If I install the GNU tools
+on Windows, does that mean I am running a GNU/Windows system? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#othersys">#othersys</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Not in the same sense that we mean by “GNU/Linux”. The tools of
GNU
+are just a part of the GNU software, which is just a part of the GNU
+system, and underneath them you would still have another complete
+operating system which has no code in common with GNU. All in all,
+that's a very different situation from GNU/Linux.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="justlinux">Can't Linux be used without GNU? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#justlinux">#justlinux</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Linux is used by itself, or with small other programs, in some
+appliances. These small software systems are a far cry from the
+GNU/Linux system. Users do not install them on PCs, for instance, and
+would find them rather disappointing. It is useful to say that these
+appliances run just Linux, to show how different those small platforms
+are from GNU/Linux.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="linuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete Linux systems without GNU?
<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu">#linuxsyswithoutgnu</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+There are complete systems that contain Linux and not GNU; Android is
+an example. But it is a mistake to call them “Linux”
+systems.
+<p>
+Android is very different from the GNU/Linux system—because it
+contains very little of the GNU system, only Linux. Overall, it's a
+different system. If you call the whole system “Linux”,
+you will find it necessary to say things like, “Android contains
+Linux, but it isn't Linux, because it doesn't have the usual Linux
+[sic] libraries and utilities [meaning the GNU system].” Android
+contains just as much of Linux as GNU/Linux does. What it doesn't
+have is the GNU system. Instead it has a lot of Google software.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="helplinus">Why not call the system
+ “Linux” anyway, and strengthen Linus Torvalds' role as
posterboy for our
+ community? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#helplinus">#helplinus</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Linus Torvalds is the “posterboy” (other people's choice of word,
not
+ours) for his goals, not ours. His goal is to make the system more
+popular, and he believes its value to society lies merely in the
+practical advantages it offers: its power, reliability and easy
+availability. He has never advocated
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">freedom to cooperate</a> as an
+ethical principle, which is why the public does not connect the name
+“Linux” with that principle.
+<p>
+Linus publicly states his disagreement with the free software
+movement's ideals. He developed non-free software in his job for many
+years (and said so to a large audience at a “Linux”World show), and
+publicly invited fellow developers of Linux, the kernel, to use
+non-free software to work on it with him. He goes even further, and
+rebukes people who suggest that engineers and scientists should
+consider social consequences of our technical work—rejecting the
+lessons society learned from the development of the atom bomb.</p>
+<p>
+There is nothing wrong with writing a free program for the motivations
+of learning and having fun; the kernel Linus wrote for those reasons
+was an important contribution to our community. But those motivations
+are not the reason why the complete free system, GNU/Linux, exists,
+and they won't secure our freedom in the future. The public needs to
+know this. Linus has the right to promote his views; however, people
+should be aware that the operating system in question
+stems from ideals of freedom, not from his views.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="claimlinux">Isn't it wrong for us to label Linus Torvalds'
+ work as GNU? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#claimlinux">#claimlinux</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It would be wrong, so we don't do that. Torvalds' work is Linux, the
+kernel; we are careful not to attribute that work to the GNU Project
+or label it as “GNU”. When we talk about the whole
+system, the name “GNU/Linux” gives him a share of the
+credit.
+</dd>
+
+
+<dt id="linusagreed">Does Linus Torvalds
+ agree that Linux is just the kernel? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linusagreed">#linusagreed</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>He recognized this at the beginning. The earliest Linux release notes
+said, <a
+href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
+“Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the
+GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU)
+for more info”</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="lost">The battle is already lost—society
+ has made its decision and we can't change it, so why even think about
+ it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#lost">#lost</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+This isn't a battle, it is a campaign of education. What to call the
+system is not a single decision, to be made at one moment by
+“society”: each person, each organization, can decide what
+name to use. You can't make others say “GNU/Linux”, but
+you can decide to call the system “GNU/Linux”
+yourself—and by doing so, you will help educate others.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="whatgood">Society has made its
+ decision and we can't change it, so what good does it do if I say
+ “GNU/Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whatgood">#whatgood</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+This is not an all-or-nothing situation: correct and incorrect
+pictures are being spread more or less by various people. If you call
+the system “GNU/Linux”, you will help others learn the system's
true
+history, origin, and reason for being. You can't correct the misnomer
+everywhere on your own, any more than we can, but you can help. If
+only a few hundred people see you use the term “GNU/Linux”, you
will
+have educated a substantial number of people with very little work.
+And some of them will spread the correction to others.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="explain">Wouldn't it be better to call
+ the system “Linux” and teach people its real origin with a
ten-minute
+ explanation? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#explain">#explain</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+If you help us by explaining to others in that way, we appreciate your
+effort, but that is not the best method. It is not as effective as
+calling the system “GNU/Linux”, and uses your time inefficiently.
+<p>
+It is ineffective because it may not sink in, and surely will not
+propagate. Some of the people who hear your explanation will pay
+attention, and they may learn a correct picture of the system's
+origin. But they are unlikely to repeat the explanation to others
+whenever they talk about the system. They will probably just call it
+“Linux”. Without particularly intending to, they will help spread
the
+incorrect picture.</p>
+<p>
+It is inefficient because it takes a lot more time. Saying and
+writing “GNU/Linux” will take you only a few seconds a day, not
+minutes, so you can afford to reach far more people that way.
+Distinguishing between Linux and GNU/Linux when you write and speak is
+by far the easiest way to help the GNU Project effectively.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="treatment">Some people laugh at you
+ when you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux. Why do you subject
+ yourself to this treatment? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#treatment">#treatment</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Calling the system “Linux” tends to give people a mistaken picture
of
+the system's history and reason for existence. People who laugh at
+our request probably have picked up that mistaken picture—they think
+our work was done by Linus, so they laugh when we ask for credit for
+it. If they knew the truth, they probably wouldn't laugh.
+<p>
+Why do we take the risk of making a request that sometimes leads
+people to ridicule us? Because often it has useful results that help
+the GNU Project. We will run the risk of undeserved abuse to achieve
+our goals.</p>
+<p>
+If you see such an ironically unfair situation occurring, please don't
+sit idly by. Please teach the laughing people the real history. When
+they see why the request is justified, those who have any sense will
+stop laughing.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="alienate">Some people condemn you
+ when you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux. Don't you lose by
+ alienating them? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#alienate">#alienate</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Not much. People who don't appreciate our role in developing the
+system are unlikely to make substantial efforts to help us. If they
+do work that advances our goals, such as releasing free software, it
+is probably for other unrelated reasons, not because we asked them.
+Meanwhile, by teaching others to attribute our work to someone else,
+they are undermining our ability to recruit the help of others.
+<p>
+It makes no sense to worry about alienating people who are already
+mostly uncooperative, and it is self-defeating to be deterred from
+correcting a major problem lest we anger the people who perpetuate it.
+Therefore, we will continue trying to correct the misnomer.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="rename">Whatever you contributed,
+ is it legitimate to rename the operating system? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#rename">#rename</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We are not renaming anything; we have been calling this system
“GNU”
+ever since we announced it in 1983. The people who tried to rename
+it to “Linux” should not have done so.</dd>
+
+<dt id="force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call
+the system “GNU/Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#force">#force</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It would be wrong to force them, and we don't try. We call the system
+“GNU/Linux”, and we ask you to do it too.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="whynotsue">Why not sue people who call
+the whole system “Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whynotsue">#whynotsue</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+There are no legal grounds to sue them, but since we believe in
+freedom of speech, we wouldn't want to do that anyway. We ask people
+to call the system “GNU/Linux” because that is the right thing to
do.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="require">Shouldn't you put something in
+ the GNU GPL to require people to call the system “GNU”? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#require">#require</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+The purpose of the GNU GPL is to protect the users' freedom from those
+who would make proprietary versions of free software. While it is
+true that those who call the system “Linux” often do things that
limit
+the users' freedom, such as bundling non-free software with the
+GNU/Linux system or even developing non-free software for such use,
+the mere act of calling the system “Linux” does not, in itself,
deny
+users their freedom. It seems improper to make the GPL restrict what
+name people can use for the system.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="BSDlicense">Since you objected to the original BSD license's
+advertising requirement to give credit to the University of California,
+isn't it hypocritical to demand credit for the GNU project? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#BSDlicense">#BSDlicense</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It would be hypocritical to make the name GNU/Linux a license
+requirement, and we don't. We only <em>ask</em> you to give us the
+credit we deserve.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="deserve">Since you failed to put
+ something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
“GNU”,
+ you deserve what happened; why are you complaining now? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#deserve">#deserve</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+The question presupposes a rather controversial general ethical
+premise: that if people do not force you to treat them fairly, you are
+entitled to take advantage of them as much as you like. In other
+words, it assumes that might makes right.
+<p>
+We hope you disagree with that premise just as we do.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="contradict">Wouldn't you be better
+ off not contradicting what so many people believe? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#contradict">#contradict</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We don't think we should go along with large numbers of people because
+they have been misled. We hope you too will decide that truth is
+important.
+<p>
+We could never have developed a free operating system without first
+denying the belief, held by most people, that proprietary software
+was legitimate and acceptable.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="somanyright">Since many people call
+it “Linux”, doesn't that make it right? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We don't think that the popularity of an error makes it the truth.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="winning">Many people care about what's
+ convenient or who's winning, not about arguments of right or wrong.
+ Couldn't you get more of their support by a different
+ road? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#winning">#winning</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+To care only about what's convenient or who's winning is an amoral
+approach to life. Non-free software is an example of that amoral
+approach and thrives on it. So in the long run it is self-defeating
+for us to bow to that approach. We will continue talking in terms
+of right and wrong.
+<p>
+We hope that you are one of those for whom right and wrong do matter.</p>
+</dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+
+
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
+<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
+<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
+<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
+<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are
+also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2011/11/28 01:27:26 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
-->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- Arabic -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
-->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li><a
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+<!-- Hebrew -->
+<!-- <li><a
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-->
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+<!-- <li><a
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-->
+<!-- Dutch -->
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+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- Russian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- Serbian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
-->
+<!-- Turkish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li> -->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: gnu/po/initial-announcement.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/initial-announcement.fr-en.html
diff -N gnu/po/initial-announcement.fr-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/initial-announcement.fr-en.html 28 Nov 2011 01:27:27 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>About the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
+
+<h2>Initial Announcement</h2>
+
+<p> This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by
+<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> on September
+27, 1983.</p>
+
+<p> The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from
+this initial plan. For example, the beginning was delayed until
+January 1984. Several of the philosophical concepts
+of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> were not
+clarified until a few years later.</p>
+
+<h3>Free Unix!</h3>
+
+<p>Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
+Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
+give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.
+Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
+needed.</p>
+
+<p>To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed
+to write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker,
+assembler, and a few other things. After this we will add a text
+formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of
+other things. We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that
+normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including
+on-line and hardcopy documentation.</p>
+
+<p>GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to
+Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our
+experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to
+have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof file system,
+filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and
+eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp
+programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C and
+Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will have
+network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol, far superior to
+UUCP. We may also have something compatible with UUCP.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Who Am I?</h3>
+
+<p>I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
+editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked
+extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters,
+the Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating
+system. I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS. In
+addition I have implemented one crashproof file system and two window
+systems for Lisp machines.</p>
+
+<h3>Why I Must Write GNU</h3>
+
+<p>I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. I cannot in good
+conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license
+agreement.</p>
+
+<p>So that I can continue to use computers without violating my
+principles, I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free
+software so that I will be able to get along without any software that
+is not free.</p>
+
+
+<h3>How You Can Contribute</h3>
+
+<p>I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and
+money. I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.</p>
+
+<p>One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine. But
+we could use more. One consequence you can expect if you donate
+machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date. The machine had
+better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require
+sophisticated cooling or power.</p>
+
+<p>Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate
+of some Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects, such
+part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the
+independently-written parts would not work together. But for the
+particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. Most
+interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each
+contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work
+with the rest of GNU.</p>
+
+<p>If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or
+part time. The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for
+whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money. I view
+this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to
+working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way.</p>
+
+
+<p>For more information, contact me.</p>
+
+<p>Arpanet mail:<br />
+ address@hidden</p>
+
+<p>Usenet:<br />
+ address@hidden<br />
+ address@hidden</p>
+
+<p>US Snail:<br />
+ Richard Stallman<br />
+ 166 Prospect St<br />
+ Cambridge, MA 02139</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="f1">Poor choice of wording around “free”</h4>
+
+<p>The wording here was careless. The intention was that nobody would
+have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system. But the
+words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
+that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
+charge. That was never the intent.</p>
+
+<h3>Original message</h3>
+
+<p>For completeness, the original email is reproduced here, in its
+original form.</p>
+
+<div dir="ltr">
+<pre><!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the headers.-->
+From CSvax:pur-ee:address@hidden
+From: address@hidden
+Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
+Subject: new Unix implementation
+Date: Tue, 27-Sep-83 12:35:59 EST
+Organization: MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA
+
+Free Unix!
+
+Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
+Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
+give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.
+Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
+needed.
+
+To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to
+write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker,
+assembler, and a few other things. After this we will add a text
+formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of
+other things. We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that
+normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including
+on-line and hardcopy documentation.
+
+GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical
+to Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based
+on our experience with other operating systems. In particular,
+we plan to have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof
+file system, filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent
+display support, and eventually a Lisp-based window system through
+which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen.
+Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages.
+We will have network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol,
+far superior to UUCP. We may also have something compatible
+with UUCP.
+
+
+Who Am I?
+
+I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
+editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked
+extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, the
+Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating system.
+I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS. In addition I
+have implemented one crashproof file system and two window systems for
+Lisp machines.
+
+
+Why I Must Write GNU
+
+I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. I cannot in good
+conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license
+agreement.
+
+So that I can continue to use computers without violating my principles,
+I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that
+I will be able to get along without any software that is not free.
+
+
+How You Can Contribute
+
+I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money.
+I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.
+
+One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine. But
+we could use more. One consequence you can expect if you donate
+machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date. The machine had
+better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require
+sophisticated cooling or power.
+
+Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate
+of some Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects, such
+part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the
+independently-written parts would not work together. But for the
+particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. Most
+interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each
+contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work
+with the rest of GNU.
+
+If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or
+part time. The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for
+whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money. I view
+this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to
+working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way.
+
+
+For more information, contact me.
+Arpanet mail:
+ address@hidden
+
+Usenet:
+ address@hidden
+ address@hidden
+
+US Snail:
+ Richard Stallman
+ 166 Prospect St
+ Cambridge, MA 02139
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1983, 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2011/11/28 01:27:27 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
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+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
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+<!-- Bulgarian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li> -->
+<!-- Czech -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li> -->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">English</a> [en]</li>
-->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li><a
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+<!-- Hebrew -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
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+<!-- Italian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
+<!-- Polish -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
-->
+<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
+<!-- Russian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- Swedish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li> -->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr-en.html
diff -N gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr-en.html 28 Nov 2011 01:27:27 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>Linux and GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix
style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to
share and improve the software they use." />
+<link rel="alternate" title="What's New"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
+<link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
+
+<h2>Linux and the GNU Project</h2>
+
+<p><strong>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></strong></p>
+
+<div class="announcement">
+ <blockquote><p>For more information see also
+the <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>,
+and <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></p>
+ </blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+Many computer users run a modified version of
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem">the GNU system</a>
+every day, without realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events,
+the version of GNU which is widely used today is often called
+“Linux”, and many of its users
+are <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"> not aware</a>
+that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just
+a part of the system they use. Linux is the kernel: the program in
+the system that allocates the machine's resources to the other
+programs that you run. The kernel is an essential part of an
+operating system, but useless by itself; it can only function in the
+context of a complete operating system. Linux is normally used in
+combination with the GNU operating system: the whole system is
+basically GNU with Linux added, or GNU/Linux. All the so-called
+“Linux” distributions are really distributions of
+GNU/Linux.</p>
+
+<p>
+Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which
+is Linux, and the whole system, which they also call
+“Linux”. The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help
+people understand. These users often think that Linus Torvalds
+developed the whole operating system in 1991, with a bit of help.</p>
+
+<p>
+Programmers generally know that Linux is a kernel. But since they
+have generally heard the whole system called “Linux” as well, they
+often envisage a history that would justify naming the whole system
+after the kernel. For example, many believe that once Linus Torvalds
+finished writing Linux, the kernel, its users looked around for other
+free software to go with it, and found that (for no particular reason)
+most everything necessary to make a Unix-like system was already
+available.</p>
+
+<p>
+What they found was no accident—it was the not-quite-complete GNU
+system. The available <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+software</a> added up to a complete system because the GNU Project
+had been working since 1984 to make one. In
+the <a href="/gnu/manifesto.html"> The GNU Manifesto</a> we set forth
+the goal of developing a free Unix-like
+system, called GNU. The <a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">
+Initial Announcement</a> of the GNU Project also outlines some of the
+original plans for the GNU system. By the time Linux was started, GNU
+was almost finished.</p>
+
+<p>
+Most free software projects have the goal of developing a particular
+program for a particular job. For example, Linus Torvalds set out to
+write a Unix-like kernel (Linux); Donald Knuth set out to write a text
+formatter (TeX); Bob Scheifler set out to develop a window system (the
+X Window System). It's natural to measure the contribution of this
+kind of project by specific programs that came from the project.</p>
+
+<p>
+If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way,
+what would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux
+distribution”, <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU
+software</a> was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the
+total source code, and this included some of the essential major
+components without which there could be no system. Linux itself was
+about 3%. (The proportions in 2008 are similar: in the “main”
+repository of gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are 15%.)
+So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on
+who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single
+choice would be “GNU”.</p>
+
+<p>
+But that is not the deepest way to consider the question. The GNU
+Project was not, is not, a project to develop specific software
+packages. It was not a project <a href="/software/gcc/"> to
+develop a C compiler</a>, although we did that. It was not a project
+to develop a text editor, although we developed one. The GNU Project
+set out to develop <em>a complete free Unix-like system</em>: GNU.</p>
+
+<p>
+Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the
+system, and they all deserve credit for their software. But the
+reason it is <em>an integrated system</em>—and not just a
+collection of useful programs—is because the GNU Project set out
+to make it one. We made a list of the programs needed to make
+a <em>complete</em> free system, and we systematically found, wrote,
+or found people to write everything on the list. We wrote essential
+but unexciting
+<a href="#unexciting">(1)</a> components because you can't have a system
+without them. Some of our system components, the programming tools,
+became popular on their own among programmers, but we wrote many
+components that are not tools <a href="#nottools">(2)</a>. We even
+developed a chess game, GNU Chess, because a complete system needs
+games too.</p>
+
+<p>
+By the early 90s we had put together the whole system aside from the
+kernel. We had also started a kernel, the
+<a href="/software/hurd/hurd.html">GNU Hurd</a>, which runs on top of
+Mach. Developing this kernel has been a lot harder than we expected;
+<a href="/software/hurd/hurd/documentation/hurd-and-linux.html">the
+GNU Hurd started working reliably in 2001</a>, but it is a long way
+from being ready for people to use in general.</p>
+
+<p>
+Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux.
+Once Torvalds wrote Linux, it fit into the last major gap in the GNU
+system. People could then <a
+href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
+combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free
+system: a Linux-based version of the GNU system; the GNU/Linux system,
+for short.</p>
+
+<p>
+Making them work well together was not a trivial job. Some GNU
+components<a href="#somecomponents">(3)</a> needed substantial change
+to work with Linux. Integrating a complete system as a distribution
+that would work “out of the box” was a big job, too. It
+required addressing the issue of how to install and boot the
+system—a problem we had not tackled, because we hadn't yet
+reached that point. Thus, the people who developed the various system
+distributions did a lot of essential work. But it was work that, in
+the nature of things, was surely going to be done by someone.</p>
+
+<p>
+The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em> GNU
+system. The <a href="http://fsf.org/";>FSF</a> funded the rewriting of
+the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they
+are well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current
+library release with no changes. The FSF also funded an early stage
+of the development of Debian GNU/Linux.</p>
+
+<p>
+Today there are many different variants of the GNU/Linux system (often
+called “distros”). Most of them include non-free
+software—their developers follow the philosophy associated with
+Linux rather than that of GNU. But there are also
+<a href="/distros/">completely free GNU/Linux distros</a>. The FSF
+supports computer facilities for two of these
+distributions, <a href="http://ututo.org";>Ututo</a>
+and <a href="http://gnewsense.org/";>gNewSense</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Making a free GNU/Linux distribution is not just a matter of
+eliminating various non-free programs. Nowadays, the usual version of
+Linux contains non-free programs too. These programs are intended to
+be loaded into I/O devices when the system starts, and they are
+included, as long series of numbers, in the "source code" of Linux.
+Thus, maintaining free GNU/Linux distributions now entails maintaining
+a <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";> free version of
+Linux</a> too.</p>
+
+<p>Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public
+by using the name “Linux” ambiguously. Linux is the
+kernel, one of the essential major components of the system. The
+system as a whole is basically the GNU system, with Linux added. When
+you're talking about this combination, please call it
+“GNU/Linux”.</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further
+reference, this page and <a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices. If
+you mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further
+reference, <a href="http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Linux";>
+http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Linux</a> is a good URL
+to use.</p>
+
+<p>
+Addendum: Aside from GNU, one other project has independently produced
+a free Unix-like operating system. This system is known as BSD, and
+it was developed at UC Berkeley. It was non-free in the 80s, but
+became free in the early 90s. A free operating system that exists
+today<a href="#newersystems">(4)</a> is almost certainly either a
+variant of the GNU system, or a kind of BSD system.</p>
+
+<p>
+People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a version of GNU, like
+GNU/Linux. The BSD developers were inspired to make their code free
+software by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals from
+GNU activists helped persuade them, but the code had little overlap
+with GNU. BSD systems today use some GNU programs, just as the GNU
+system and its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as
+wholes, they are two different systems that evolved separately. The
+BSD developers did not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system,
+and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit the situation.<a
+href="#gnubsd">(5)</a></p>
+
+<h3>Notes:</h3>
+<ol>
+<li>
+<a id="unexciting"></a>These unexciting but essential components
+include the GNU assembler, GAS and the linker, GLD, both
+are now part of the <a href="/software/binutils/">GNU Binutils</a>
+package, <a href="/software/tar/">GNU tar</a>, and more.</li>
+
+<li>
+<a id="nottools"></a>For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
+the PostScript interpreter
+<a href="/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html">Ghostscript</a>, and the
+<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a> are not
+programming tools. Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess.</li>
+
+<li>
+<a id="somecomponents"></a>For instance, the
+<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a>.</li>
+
+<li>
+<a id="newersystems"></a>Since that was written, a nearly-all-free
+Windows-like system has been developed, but technically it is not at
+all like GNU or Unix, so it doesn't really affect this issue. Most of
+the kernel of Solaris has been made free, but if you wanted to make a
+free system out of that, aside from replacing the missing parts of the
+kernel, you would also need to put it into GNU or BSD.</li>
+
+<li>
+<a id="gnubsd"></a>On the other hand, in the years since this article
+was written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of
+the BSD kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system
+with that kernel. Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of
+GNU, and are therefore called, for instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and
+GNU/kNetBSD depending on the kernel of the system. Ordinary users on
+typical desktops can hardly distinguish between GNU/Linux and
+GNU/*BSD.</li>
+
+</ol>
+
+<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2011/11/28 01:27:27 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
-->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- Arabic -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
+<!-- Bulgarian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
+<!-- Bosnian -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bs.html">bosanski</a> [bs]</li> -->
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
-->
+<!-- Czech -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li> -->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- Greek -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
-->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- Farsi/Persian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
+<!-- Hebrew -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
+<!-- Indonesian -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.id.html">Bahasa
Indonesia</a> [id]</li> -->
+<!-- Italian -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
+<!-- Japanese -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
-->
+<!-- Korean -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
-->
+<!-- Malayalam -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
-->
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
+<!-- Polish -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li> -->
+<!-- Russian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- Serbo-Croatian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sh.html">srpsko-hrvatski</a> [sh]</li> -->
+<!-- Slovenian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sl.html">slovenščina</a> [sl]</li> -->
+<!-- Serbian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
-->
+<!-- Tagalog -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.tl.html">Tagalog</a> [tl]</li> -->
+<!-- Tamil -->
+<!-- <li><a
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-->
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
-->
+<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.pl-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.pl-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.pl-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.pl-en.html 28 Nov 2011 01:27:56
-0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>We Can Put an End to Word Attachments - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, general, public, license, gpl, general public license, freedom,
software, power, rights, word, attachment, word attachment, microsoft" />
+<meta http-equiv="description" content="This essay explains why Microsoft Word
attachments to email are bad, and describes what you can do to help stop this
practice." />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.translist" -->
+
+<h2>We Can Put an End to Word Attachments</h2>
+
+<p>by <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Don't you just hate receiving Word documents in email messages? Word
+attachments are annoying, but, worse than that, they impede people from
+switching to free software. Maybe we can stop this practice with a
+simple collective effort. All we have to do is ask each person who
+sends us a Word file to reconsider that way of doing things.</p>
+
+<p>
+Most computer users use Microsoft Word. That is unfortunate for them,
+since Word is proprietary software, denying its users the freedom to
+study, change, copy, and redistribute it. And because Microsoft
+changes the Word file format with each release, its users are locked
+into a system that compels them to buy each upgrade whether they want
+a change or not. They may even find, several years from now, that the
+Word documents they are writing this year can no longer be read with
+the version of Word they use then.</p>
+
+<p>
+But it hurts us, too, when they assume we use Word and send us (or
+demand that we send them) documents in Word format. Some people
+publish or post documents in Word format. Some organizations will
+only accept files in Word format: I heard from someone that he was
+unable to apply for a job because resumes had to be Word files. Even
+governments sometimes impose Word format on the public, which is truly
+outrageous.</p>
+
+<p>
+For us users of free operating systems, receiving Word documents is an
+inconvenience or an obstacle. But the worst impact of sending Word
+format is on people who might switch to free systems: they hesitate
+because they feel they must have Word available to read the Word files
+they receive. The practice of using the secret Word format for
+interchange impedes the growth of our community and the spread of
+freedom. While we notice the occasional annoyance of receiving a Word
+document, this steady and persistent harm to our community usually
+doesn't come to our attention. But it is happening all the time.</p>
+
+<p>
+Many GNU users who receive Word documents try to find ways to handle
+them. You can manage to find the somewhat obfuscated ASCII text in
+the file by skimming through it. Free software today can read most
+Word documents, but not all—the format is secret and has not been
+entirely decoded. Even worse, Microsoft can change it at any time.</p>
+
+<p>
+Worst of all, it has already done so. Microsoft Office 2007 uses by
+default a format based on the patented OOXML format. (This is the one
+that Microsoft got declared an “open standard” by
+political manipulation and packing standards committees.) The actual
+format is not entirely OOXML, and it is not entirely documented.
+Microsoft offers a gratis patent license for OOXML on terms which do
+not allow free implementations. We are thus beginning to receive Word
+files in a format that free programs are not even allowed to read.</p>
+
+<p>
+When you receive a Word file, if you think of that as an isolated
+event, it is natural to try to cope by finding a way to read it.
+Considered as an instance of a pernicious systematic practice, it
+calls for a different approach. Managing to read the file is treating
+a symptom of an epidemic disease; what we really want to do is stop
+the disease from spreading. That means we must convince people not to
+send or post Word documents.</p>
+
+<p>
+I therefore make a practice of responding to Word attachments with a
+polite message explaining why the practice of sending Word files is a
+bad thing, and asking the person to resend the material in a nonsecret
+format. This is a lot less work than trying to read the somewhat
+obfuscated ASCII text in the Word file. And I find that people
+usually understand the issue, and many say they will not send Word
+files to others any more.</p>
+
+<p>
+If we all do this, we will have a much larger effect. People who
+disregard one polite request may change their practice when they
+receive multiple polite requests from various people. We may be able
+to give <em>Don't send Word format!</em> the status of netiquette,
+if we start systematically raising the issue with everyone who sends
+us Word files.</p>
+
+<p>
+To make this effort efficient, you will probably want to develop a
+canned reply that you can quickly send each time it is necessary.
+I've included two examples: the version I have been using recently,
+followed by a new version that teaches a Word user how to convert to
+other useful formats. They are followed by several suggestions sent
+by other people.</p>
+
+<p>
+You can use these replies verbatim if you like, or you can personalize
+them or write your own. By all means construct a reply that fits your
+ideas and your personality—if the replies are personal and not
+all alike, that will make the campaign more effective.</p>
+
+<p>
+These replies are meant for individuals who send Word files. When you
+encounter an organization that imposes use of Word format, that calls
+for a different sort of reply; there you can raise issues of fairness
+that would not apply to an individual's actions.</p>
+
+<p>
+Some recruiters ask for resumes in Word format. Ludicrously, some
+recruiters do this even when looking for someone for a free software
+job. (Anyone using those recruiters for free software jobs is not
+likely to get a competent employee.) To help change this practice,
+you can put a link to this page into your resume, next to links to
+other formats of the resume. Anyone hunting for a Word version of the
+resume will probably read this page.</p>
+
+<p>
+This page talks about Word attachments, since they are by far the most
+common case. However, the same issues apply with other proprietary
+formats, such as PowerPoint and Excel. Please feel free to adapt the
+replies to cover those as well, if you wish.</p>
+
+<p>
+With our numbers, simply by asking, we can make a difference.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<em>You sent the attachment in Microsoft Word format, a secret
+proprietary format, so I cannot read it. If you send me the plain
+text, HTML, or PDF, then I could read it.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Sending people documents in Word format has bad effects, because that
+practice puts pressure on them to use Microsoft software. In effect,
+you become a buttress of the Microsoft monopoly. This specific
+problem is a major obstacle to the broader adoption of GNU/Linux.
+Would you please reconsider the use of Word format for communication
+with other people?</em></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+(Explanatory note: I can handle ODF too, but it isn't very convenient
+for me, so I don't include it in my list of suggestions.)</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<em>You sent the attachment in Microsoft Word format, a secret
+proprietary format, so it is hard for me to read. If you send me
+plain text, HTML, or PDF, then I will read it.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Distributing documents in Word format is bad for you and for others.
+You can't be sure what they will look like if someone views them
+with a different version of Word; they may not work at all.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Receiving Word documents is bad for you because they can carry
+viruses (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_virus_(computing)).
+Sending Word documents is bad for you because a Word document normally
+includes hidden information about the author, enabling those in the
+know to pry into the author's activities (maybe yours). Text that you
+think you deleted may still be embarrassingly present. See
+http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3154479.stm for more
+info.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>But above all, sending people Word documents puts pressure on them
+to use Microsoft software and helps to deny them any other choice. In
+effect, you become a buttress of the Microsoft monopoly. This
+pressure is a major obstacle to the broader adoption of free
+software.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Would you please switch to a different way of sending files to other
+people, instead of Word format?</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Microsoft is already starting to make Word users switch to a new
+version of Word format, based on OOXML. Its specs are 6000 pages
+long--so complex that probably no one else can ever implement it--and
+Microsoft can sue you for patent infringement if you try. If you
+don't wish to join in this attack against interoperability, the way to
+avoid it is by deciding not to use Word format for interchange.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>To convert the file to HTML using Word is simple. Open the
+document, click on File, then Save As, and in the Save As Type strip
+box at the bottom of the box, choose HTML Document or Web Page. Then
+choose Save. You can then attach the new HTML document instead of
+your Word document. Note that Word changes in inconsistent
+ways—if you see slightly different menu item names, please try
+them.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>To convert to plain text is almost the same—instead of HTML
+Document, choose Text Only or Text Document as the Save As
+Type.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Your computer may also have a program to convert to PDF format.
+Select File, then Print. Scroll through available printers and select
+the PDF converter. Click on the Print button and enter a name for the
+PDF file when requested.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>See http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html for more
+about this issue.</em></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+Here's another approach, suggested by Bob Chassell. It requires that
+you edit it for the specific example, and it presumes you have a way
+to extract the contents and see how long they are.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<em>I am puzzled. Why did you choose to send me 876,377 bytes in your
+recent message when the content is only 27,133 bytes?</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>You sent me five files in the non-standard, bloated .doc format that
+is Microsoft's secret, rather than in the international, public, and
+more efficient format of plain text.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Microsoft can (and did recently in Kenya and Brazil) have local
+police enforce laws that prohibit students from studying the code,
+prohibit entrepeneurs starting new companies, and prohibit
+professionals offering their services. Please don't give them your
+support.</em></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+John D. Ramsdell suggests people discourage the use of proprietary
+attachments by making a small statement in their <kbd>.signature</kbd>
+file:</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<em>Please avoid sending me Word or PowerPoint attachments.<br />
+See http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html</em></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<a href="/philosophy/papadopoulos-response.html">Here is a response
+letter</a> by Alexandros Papadopoulos to an email message with a Word
+attachment.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+Kevin Cole of the Gallaudet University in Washington,
+DC, <a href="/philosophy/kevin-cole-response.html">sends out this
+automatic reply message</a> whenever he receives a word
+attachment. (I think it is
+better to send the responses by hand, and make it clear that you have
+done so, because people will receive them better.)</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+Father Martin Sylvester
+offers <a href="/philosophy/sylvester-response.html">a more lengthy
+response</a> that adds the concept that it is a discourtesy to send
+Word attachments to a recipient when you don't know that they can read
+them.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2002, 2007 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2011/11/28 01:27:56 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- Bosnian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.bs.html">bosanski</a> [bs]</li> -->
+<!-- Czech -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
-->
+<!-- Danish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.da.html">dansk</a> [da]</li> -->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
-->
+<!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
-->
+<!-- Hebrew -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
+<!-- Italian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
+<!-- Norwegian (bokmål) -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.nb.html">norsk
(bokmål)</a> [nb]</li> -->
+<!-- Polish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- Brazilian Portugese -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.pt-br.html">português
do Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
-->
+<!-- Russian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.ru-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.ru-en.html 28 Nov 2011 01:27:56
-0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>We Can Put an End to Word Attachments - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, general, public, license, gpl, general public license, freedom,
software, power, rights, word, attachment, word attachment, microsoft" />
+<meta http-equiv="description" content="This essay explains why Microsoft Word
attachments to email are bad, and describes what you can do to help stop this
practice." />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/no-word-attachments.translist" -->
+
+<h2>We Can Put an End to Word Attachments</h2>
+
+<p>by <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Don't you just hate receiving Word documents in email messages? Word
+attachments are annoying, but, worse than that, they impede people from
+switching to free software. Maybe we can stop this practice with a
+simple collective effort. All we have to do is ask each person who
+sends us a Word file to reconsider that way of doing things.</p>
+
+<p>
+Most computer users use Microsoft Word. That is unfortunate for them,
+since Word is proprietary software, denying its users the freedom to
+study, change, copy, and redistribute it. And because Microsoft
+changes the Word file format with each release, its users are locked
+into a system that compels them to buy each upgrade whether they want
+a change or not. They may even find, several years from now, that the
+Word documents they are writing this year can no longer be read with
+the version of Word they use then.</p>
+
+<p>
+But it hurts us, too, when they assume we use Word and send us (or
+demand that we send them) documents in Word format. Some people
+publish or post documents in Word format. Some organizations will
+only accept files in Word format: I heard from someone that he was
+unable to apply for a job because resumes had to be Word files. Even
+governments sometimes impose Word format on the public, which is truly
+outrageous.</p>
+
+<p>
+For us users of free operating systems, receiving Word documents is an
+inconvenience or an obstacle. But the worst impact of sending Word
+format is on people who might switch to free systems: they hesitate
+because they feel they must have Word available to read the Word files
+they receive. The practice of using the secret Word format for
+interchange impedes the growth of our community and the spread of
+freedom. While we notice the occasional annoyance of receiving a Word
+document, this steady and persistent harm to our community usually
+doesn't come to our attention. But it is happening all the time.</p>
+
+<p>
+Many GNU users who receive Word documents try to find ways to handle
+them. You can manage to find the somewhat obfuscated ASCII text in
+the file by skimming through it. Free software today can read most
+Word documents, but not all—the format is secret and has not been
+entirely decoded. Even worse, Microsoft can change it at any time.</p>
+
+<p>
+Worst of all, it has already done so. Microsoft Office 2007 uses by
+default a format based on the patented OOXML format. (This is the one
+that Microsoft got declared an “open standard” by
+political manipulation and packing standards committees.) The actual
+format is not entirely OOXML, and it is not entirely documented.
+Microsoft offers a gratis patent license for OOXML on terms which do
+not allow free implementations. We are thus beginning to receive Word
+files in a format that free programs are not even allowed to read.</p>
+
+<p>
+When you receive a Word file, if you think of that as an isolated
+event, it is natural to try to cope by finding a way to read it.
+Considered as an instance of a pernicious systematic practice, it
+calls for a different approach. Managing to read the file is treating
+a symptom of an epidemic disease; what we really want to do is stop
+the disease from spreading. That means we must convince people not to
+send or post Word documents.</p>
+
+<p>
+I therefore make a practice of responding to Word attachments with a
+polite message explaining why the practice of sending Word files is a
+bad thing, and asking the person to resend the material in a nonsecret
+format. This is a lot less work than trying to read the somewhat
+obfuscated ASCII text in the Word file. And I find that people
+usually understand the issue, and many say they will not send Word
+files to others any more.</p>
+
+<p>
+If we all do this, we will have a much larger effect. People who
+disregard one polite request may change their practice when they
+receive multiple polite requests from various people. We may be able
+to give <em>Don't send Word format!</em> the status of netiquette,
+if we start systematically raising the issue with everyone who sends
+us Word files.</p>
+
+<p>
+To make this effort efficient, you will probably want to develop a
+canned reply that you can quickly send each time it is necessary.
+I've included two examples: the version I have been using recently,
+followed by a new version that teaches a Word user how to convert to
+other useful formats. They are followed by several suggestions sent
+by other people.</p>
+
+<p>
+You can use these replies verbatim if you like, or you can personalize
+them or write your own. By all means construct a reply that fits your
+ideas and your personality—if the replies are personal and not
+all alike, that will make the campaign more effective.</p>
+
+<p>
+These replies are meant for individuals who send Word files. When you
+encounter an organization that imposes use of Word format, that calls
+for a different sort of reply; there you can raise issues of fairness
+that would not apply to an individual's actions.</p>
+
+<p>
+Some recruiters ask for resumes in Word format. Ludicrously, some
+recruiters do this even when looking for someone for a free software
+job. (Anyone using those recruiters for free software jobs is not
+likely to get a competent employee.) To help change this practice,
+you can put a link to this page into your resume, next to links to
+other formats of the resume. Anyone hunting for a Word version of the
+resume will probably read this page.</p>
+
+<p>
+This page talks about Word attachments, since they are by far the most
+common case. However, the same issues apply with other proprietary
+formats, such as PowerPoint and Excel. Please feel free to adapt the
+replies to cover those as well, if you wish.</p>
+
+<p>
+With our numbers, simply by asking, we can make a difference.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<em>You sent the attachment in Microsoft Word format, a secret
+proprietary format, so I cannot read it. If you send me the plain
+text, HTML, or PDF, then I could read it.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Sending people documents in Word format has bad effects, because that
+practice puts pressure on them to use Microsoft software. In effect,
+you become a buttress of the Microsoft monopoly. This specific
+problem is a major obstacle to the broader adoption of GNU/Linux.
+Would you please reconsider the use of Word format for communication
+with other people?</em></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+(Explanatory note: I can handle ODF too, but it isn't very convenient
+for me, so I don't include it in my list of suggestions.)</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<em>You sent the attachment in Microsoft Word format, a secret
+proprietary format, so it is hard for me to read. If you send me
+plain text, HTML, or PDF, then I will read it.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Distributing documents in Word format is bad for you and for others.
+You can't be sure what they will look like if someone views them
+with a different version of Word; they may not work at all.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Receiving Word documents is bad for you because they can carry
+viruses (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_virus_(computing)).
+Sending Word documents is bad for you because a Word document normally
+includes hidden information about the author, enabling those in the
+know to pry into the author's activities (maybe yours). Text that you
+think you deleted may still be embarrassingly present. See
+http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3154479.stm for more
+info.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>But above all, sending people Word documents puts pressure on them
+to use Microsoft software and helps to deny them any other choice. In
+effect, you become a buttress of the Microsoft monopoly. This
+pressure is a major obstacle to the broader adoption of free
+software.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Would you please switch to a different way of sending files to other
+people, instead of Word format?</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Microsoft is already starting to make Word users switch to a new
+version of Word format, based on OOXML. Its specs are 6000 pages
+long--so complex that probably no one else can ever implement it--and
+Microsoft can sue you for patent infringement if you try. If you
+don't wish to join in this attack against interoperability, the way to
+avoid it is by deciding not to use Word format for interchange.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>To convert the file to HTML using Word is simple. Open the
+document, click on File, then Save As, and in the Save As Type strip
+box at the bottom of the box, choose HTML Document or Web Page. Then
+choose Save. You can then attach the new HTML document instead of
+your Word document. Note that Word changes in inconsistent
+ways—if you see slightly different menu item names, please try
+them.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>To convert to plain text is almost the same—instead of HTML
+Document, choose Text Only or Text Document as the Save As
+Type.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Your computer may also have a program to convert to PDF format.
+Select File, then Print. Scroll through available printers and select
+the PDF converter. Click on the Print button and enter a name for the
+PDF file when requested.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>See http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html for more
+about this issue.</em></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+Here's another approach, suggested by Bob Chassell. It requires that
+you edit it for the specific example, and it presumes you have a way
+to extract the contents and see how long they are.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<em>I am puzzled. Why did you choose to send me 876,377 bytes in your
+recent message when the content is only 27,133 bytes?</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>You sent me five files in the non-standard, bloated .doc format that
+is Microsoft's secret, rather than in the international, public, and
+more efficient format of plain text.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Microsoft can (and did recently in Kenya and Brazil) have local
+police enforce laws that prohibit students from studying the code,
+prohibit entrepeneurs starting new companies, and prohibit
+professionals offering their services. Please don't give them your
+support.</em></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+John D. Ramsdell suggests people discourage the use of proprietary
+attachments by making a small statement in their <kbd>.signature</kbd>
+file:</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<em>Please avoid sending me Word or PowerPoint attachments.<br />
+See http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html</em></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<a href="/philosophy/papadopoulos-response.html">Here is a response
+letter</a> by Alexandros Papadopoulos to an email message with a Word
+attachment.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+Kevin Cole of the Gallaudet University in Washington,
+DC, <a href="/philosophy/kevin-cole-response.html">sends out this
+automatic reply message</a> whenever he receives a word
+attachment. (I think it is
+better to send the responses by hand, and make it clear that you have
+done so, because people will receive them better.)</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+Father Martin Sylvester
+offers <a href="/philosophy/sylvester-response.html">a more lengthy
+response</a> that adds the concept that it is a discourtesy to send
+Word attachments to a recipient when you don't know that they can read
+them.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2002, 2007 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2011/11/28 01:27:56 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- Bosnian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.bs.html">bosanski</a> [bs]</li> -->
+<!-- Czech -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
-->
+<!-- Danish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.da.html">dansk</a> [da]</li> -->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
-->
+<!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
-->
+<!-- Hebrew -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
+<!-- Italian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
+<!-- Norwegian (bokmål) -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.nb.html">norsk
(bokmål)</a> [nb]</li> -->
+<!-- Polish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- Brazilian Portugese -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.pt-br.html">português
do Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
-->
+<!-- Russian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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