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www gnu/gnu-linux-faq.de.html gnu/po/gnu-linux-...
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www gnu/gnu-linux-faq.de.html gnu/po/gnu-linux-... |
|
Date: |
Sat, 26 Nov 2011 01:27:02 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 11/11/26 01:27:02
Modified files:
gnu : gnu-linux-faq.de.html
gnu/po : gnu-linux-faq.de.po
server : sitemap.de.html
server/po : sitemap.de-en.html
Added files:
gnu/po : gnu-linux-faq.de-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.11&r2=1.12
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.de.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.de-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/sitemap.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/sitemap.de-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
Patches:
Index: gnu/gnu-linux-faq.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- gnu/gnu-linux-faq.de.html 2 Oct 2011 00:27:52 -0000 1.11
+++ gnu/gnu-linux-faq.de.html 26 Nov 2011 01:26:32 -0000 1.12
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
zur Programmierung, die in Linux enthalten ist?</a></li>
<li><a href="#osvskernel" id="TOCosvskernel">Was ist der Unterschied zwischen
-einem Betriebssystem und einem Betriebssystemkern
„Kernel“?</a></li>
+einem Betriebssystem und einem Betriebssystemkern
‚Kernel‘?</a></li>
<li><a href="#house" id="TOChouse">Der Betriebssystemkern eines Systems ist wie
das Fundament eines Hauses. Wie kann ein Haus fast komplett sein, wenn es
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
<li><a href="#whatgood" id="TOCwhatgood">Die Gesellschaft hat ihre Entscheidung
getroffen und man kann es nicht mehr ändern, also was nützt es
-<strong>GNU/Linux</strong> zu sagen?</a></li>
+<em><strong>GNU/Linux</strong></em> zu sagen?</a></li>
<li><a href="#explain" id="TOCexplain">Wäre es nicht besser, das System
„Linux“ zu nennen und den wahren Ursprung in einer zehnminütigen
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@
</dd>
<dt id="osvskernel">Was ist der Unterschied zwischen einem Betriebssystem und
einem
-Betriebssystemkern „Kernel“? <span
+Betriebssystemkern ‚Kernel‘? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#osvskernel">#osvskernel</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
@@ -1163,7 +1163,7 @@
href="#claimlinux">#claimlinux</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-Es wäre falsch, so dass wir das nicht tun. Torvalds’ Arbeit ist Linux,
+Es wäre falsch, also machen wir das nicht. Torvalds’ Arbeit ist Linux,
der Betriebssystemkern; wir sind darauf bedacht, diese Arbeit nicht dem GNU
Projekt zuzuschreiben oder es als ‚GNU‘ beschriftet wird. Wenn
wir über das ganze System sprechen, gibt ihm der Name
@@ -1176,13 +1176,12 @@
href="#linusagreed">#linusagreed</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-<p>Er hat das anfangs anerkannt. Die frühesten Anmerkungen zur
Veröffentlichung
-von Linux sagten, <a
-href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>Die
-meisten der mit Linux benutzten Werkzeuge sind GNU-Software und unter der
+<p>Anfangs erkannte er das. Die frühesten Versionshinweise von Linux sagten:
<a
+href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>„Die
+meisten der mit Linux benutzten Werkzeuge sind GNU Software und stehen unter
GNU Copyleft. Diese Werkzeuge sind nicht in der
Distribution ‑ fragt mich (oder GNU) für weitere
-Informationen."</a>.</p>
+Informationen.“</a></p>
</dd>
<dt id="lost">Der Kampf ist bereits verloren ‑ die
Gesellschaft hat ihre
@@ -1192,28 +1191,28 @@
<dd>
Es ist kein Kampf, es ist eine Kampagne der Bildung und Information. Wie man
-das System nennt, ist keine Einzelentscheidung, die in einem Augenblick von
-"der Gesellschaft" gefällt wird: Jede Person, jede Organisation kann
-entscheiden, welchen Namen sie benutzt. Du kannst Anderen nicht
-vorschreiben, <strong>GNU/Linux</strong> zu sagen, aber du kannst auch für
-dich selbst entscheiden, das System <strong>GNU/Linux</strong> zu
-nennen ‑ und indem du das tust, hilfst du uns.
+das System nennt ist keine Einzelentscheidung, die in einem Augenblick von
+der <em>Gesellschaft</em> gefällt wird: Jede Person, jedes Unternehmen kann
+entscheiden, welchen Namen sie benutzt. Sie können Anderen nicht
+vorschreiben <em>GNU/Linux</em> zu sagen, aber Sie können entscheiden, das
+System <em>GNU/Linux</em> zu nennen ‑ und dadurch andere
+aufzuklären.
</dd>
<dt id="whatgood">Die Gesellschaft hat ihre Entscheidung getroffen und man
kann es nicht mehr
-ändern, also was nützt es <strong>GNU/Linux</strong> zu sagen? <span
-class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whatgood">#whatgood</a>)</span></dt>
+ändern, also was nützt es <em><strong>GNU/Linux</strong></em> zu sagen?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whatgood">#whatgood</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Das ist keine Alles-oder-Nichts-Situation: Richtige und falsche Bilder
-werden mehr oder weniger von verschiedenen Leuten verbreitet. Wenn du das
-System <strong>GNU/Linux</strong> nennst, hilfst du Anderen, die wahre
+werden mehr oder weniger von verschiedenen Leuten verbreitet. Wenn Sie das
+System <strong>GNU/Linux</strong> nennen, helfen Sie Anderen, die wahre
Geschichte, den Ursprung und den Grund zu lernen, warum es das System
-gibt. Du kannst diese Fehlbezeichnung nicht überall selbst verbessern, genau
-so wenig wie wir, aber du kannst helfen. Wenn nur ein paar hundert Leute
-dich den Ausdruck <strong>GNU/Linux</strong> benutzen sehen, wirst du durch
-wenig Aufwand eine maÃgebliche Anzahl an Leuten informiert haben. Und einige
-von ihnen werden die Korrektur auf Andere ausbreiten.
+gibt. Sie können diese falsche Bezeichnung nicht überall selbst korrigieren,
+nicht mehr als wir, aber Sie können helfen. Wenn Sie nur bei ein paar
+hundert Menschen den Begriff <strong>GNU/Linux</strong> benutzen, werden
+eine erhebliche Anzahl mit wenig Aufwand informiert. Und einige werden die
+Korrektur auf andere Bereiche ausdehnen.
</dd>
<dt id="explain">Wäre es nicht besser, das System „Linux“ zu
nennen und den
@@ -1221,25 +1220,25 @@
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#explain">#explain</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-Wenn du uns hilfst, indem du es Anderen so erklärst, dann werden wir deine
-Bemühung schätzen. Aber das ist nicht die beste Methode. Es ist nicht so
-effektiv wie, das System <strong>GNU/Linux</strong> zu nennen, und nutzt
-deine Zeit nicht effektiv.
-<p>
-Es ist ineffektiv, weil es vielleicht keine Wirkung hat und sich sicherlich
-nicht verbreiten wird. Einige derer, die sich deine Erklärung anhören,
-werden aufpassen und vielleicht ein korrektes Bild des Systemursprungs
-lernen. Aber sie können Anderen die Erklärung wahrscheinlich nicht
-wiederholen, wann auch immer sie über das System sprechen. Sie werden es
-wahrscheinlich einfach „Linux“ nennen. Ohne es speziell zu
-beabsichtigen, werden sie bei der Verbreitung des falschen Bildes helfen.</p>
-<p>
-Es ist ineffizient, weil es viel mehr Zeit
-braucht. <strong>GNU/Linux</strong> zu sagen und zu schreiben, wird dich nur
-ein paar Sekunden am Tag kosten, nicht Minuten. Auf diese Weise kannst du
-daher weit mehr Menschen erreichen. Beim Schreiben und Sprechen zwischen
-Linux und GNU/Linux zu unterscheiden, ist bei weitem der einfachste Weg, dem
-GNU-Projekt effektiv zu helfen.</p>
+Wenn Sie uns helfen, es Anderen auf diese Weise zu erklären, bedanken wir
+uns für Ihre Bemühungen, aber das ist nicht die beste Methode. Es ist nicht
+so effektiv wie das System <strong>GNU/Linux</strong> zu nennen, und nutzt
+Ihre Zeit ineffektiv.
+<p>
+Es ist ineffektiv, weil es vielleicht keine Wirkung hat und sicherlich nicht
+weitergegeben. Einige derer, die Ihre Erklärung hören, werden aufpassen und
+vielleicht ein korrektes Bild des Systemursprungs lernen. Aber sie können
+Anderen die Erklärung wahrscheinlich nicht wiederholen, wenn über das System
+gesprochen wird. Es wird wahrscheinlich einfach „Linux“
+nennen. Ohne es besonders zu beabsichtigen, helfen sie, ein falsches Bild zu
+verbreiten.</p>
+<p>
+Es ist ineffizient, weil es viel mehr Zeit in Anspruch
+nimmt. <strong>GNU/Linux</strong> zu sagen und zu schreiben beansprucht
+täglich nur ein paar Sekunden, keine Minuten, um auf diese Weise weit mehr
+Menschen zu erreichen. Beim Schreiben und Sprechen zwischen Linux und
+GNU/Linux zu unterscheiden, ist bei weitem der einfachste Weg, dem GNU
+Projekt effektiv zu helfen.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="treatment">Einige Leute lachen einen aus, wenn man sie bittet, das
System
@@ -1248,13 +1247,12 @@
href="#treatment">#treatment</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-Das System „Linux“ zu nennen, neigt dazu, Leuten ein falsches
-Bild der Geschichte des System zu geben und davon, warum es
-existiert. Leute, die über unsere Anfrage lachen, haben wahrscheinlich
-dieses falsche Bild aufgenommen ‑ sie denken, unsere Arbeit
-wäre von Linus getan worden. Deswegen lachen sie, wenn wir dafür um
-Anerkennung bitten. Wenn sie die Wahrheit wüssten, würden sie wahrscheinlich
-nicht lachen.
+Das System „Linux“ zu nennen, neigt dazu, ein falsches Bild der
+Systemgeschichte und Grund für die Existenz zu geben. Leute, die über unsere
+Aufforderung wahrscheinlich lachen, haben dieses falsche Bild
+aufgenommen ‑ sie denken, unsere Arbeit wäre von Linus
+getan. Deswegen lachen sie, wenn wir um Anerkennung bitten. Wenn sie die
+Wahrheit wüssten, würden sie wahrscheinlich nicht lachen.
<p>
Warum riskieren wir es, eine Bitte anzubringen, der manchmal dazu führt,
dass Leute uns lächerlich machen? Weil es oft nützliche Ergebnisse hat, die
@@ -1438,15 +1436,15 @@
<p>
Bitte beachten Sie die <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations">LIESMICH für Ãbersetzungen</a>,
-um weitere Informationen Ãber die Koordinierung und Einsendung von
+um weitere Informationen über die Koordinierung und Einsendung von
Ãbersetzungen zu erhalten.
</p>
<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>Dieses Werk bzw. Inhalt steht unter einer <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
-Namensnennung-Keine Bearbeitung 3.0 Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.de";>Creative
+Commons Namensnennung-Keine Bearbeitung 3.0 Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika
Lizenz</a>.
</p>
@@ -1455,10 +1453,12 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
<strong>Ãbersetzung:</strong> Richard Steuer, 2006. Joerg Kohne. 2011.</div>
+
+
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualisierung:
-$Date: 2011/10/02 00:27:52 $
+$Date: 2011/11/26 01:26:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -1484,35 +1484,49 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<!-- -->
-<!-- <gnun>
-<ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
+ -->
<!-- Arabic -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
<!-- Catalan -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li> -->
<!-- German -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
<!-- English -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
<!-- Spanish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
<!-- French -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
<!-- Hebrew -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
<!-- Korean -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
-->
<!-- Dutch -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
<!-- Polish -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
<!-- Russian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
<!-- Serbian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
-->
<!-- Turkish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li> -->
-<!-- </ul></gnun> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li> -->
+<!-- </ul>
+ -->
<!-- </div>
-->
</div>
Index: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.de.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.de.po,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.de.po 25 Nov 2011 20:32:33 -0000 1.9
+++ gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.de.po 26 Nov 2011 01:26:39 -0000 1.10
@@ -956,8 +956,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
"Since I know the role of GNU in this system, why does it matter what name I "
-"use? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href="
-"\"#everyoneknows2\">#everyoneknows2</a>)</span>"
+"use? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#everyoneknows2"
+"\">#everyoneknows2</a>)</span>"
msgstr ""
"Seit die Rolle von GNU in diesem System bekannt iat, warum ist es wichtig, "
"welcher Name benutzt wird? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href="
@@ -1705,8 +1705,8 @@
msgstr ""
"Der offizielle Name der Distribution ist <em>Fubar Linux</em>. Ist es nicht "
"falsch, die Distribution alles andere als „Linux“ zu nennen? "
-"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href="
-"\"#distronames1\">#distronames1</a>)</span>"
+"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#distronames1"
+"\">#distronames1</a>)</span>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
@@ -2490,12 +2490,6 @@
"\"#linusagreed\">#linusagreed</a>)</span>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "He recognized this at the beginning. The earliest Linux release notes "
-#| "said, <a href=\"http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-";
-#| "versions/RELNOTES-0.01\"> “Most of the tools used with linux are "
-#| "GNU software and are under the GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the "
-#| "distribution - ask me (or GNU) for more info”</a>."
msgid ""
"He recognized this at the beginning. The earliest Linux release notes said, "
"<a href=\"http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/";
@@ -2504,10 +2498,10 @@
"me (or GNU) for more info”</a>."
msgstr ""
"Anfangs erkannte er das. Die frühesten Versionshinweise von Linux sagten: <a
"
-"href=\"http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/";
-"RELNOTES-0.01\">„Die meisten der mit Linux benutzten Werkzeuge sind "
-"GNU Software und stehen unter GNU Copyleft. Diese Werkzeuge sind nicht in "
-"der Distribution ‑ fragt mich (oder GNU) für weitere "
+"href=\"http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-";
+"0.01\">„Die meisten der mit Linux benutzten Werkzeuge sind GNU "
+"Software und stehen unter GNU Copyleft. Diese Werkzeuge sind nicht in der "
+"Distribution ‑ fragt mich (oder GNU) für weitere "
"Informationen.“</a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
@@ -2952,7 +2946,10 @@
"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
"translations of this article."
-msgstr "Bitte beachten Sie die <a
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations\">LIESMICH für
Ãbersetzungen</a>, um weitere Informationen über die Koordinierung und
Einsendung von Ãbersetzungen zu erhalten."
+msgstr ""
+"Bitte beachten Sie die <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations"
+"\">LIESMICH für Ãbersetzungen</a>, um weitere Informationen über die "
+"Koordinierung und Einsendung von Ãbersetzungen zu erhalten."
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
@@ -2967,7 +2964,11 @@
"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://";
"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
"NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
-msgstr "Dieses Werk bzw. Inhalt steht unter einer <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.de\";>Creative
Commons Namensnennung-Keine Bearbeitung 3.0 Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika
Lizenz</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Dieses Werk bzw. Inhalt steht unter einer <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://";
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.de\">Creative Commons "
+"Namensnennung-Keine Bearbeitung 3.0 Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika Lizenz</"
+"a>."
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
#. type: Content of: <div><div>
Index: server/sitemap.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/sitemap.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- server/sitemap.de.html 8 Nov 2011 01:34:41 -0000 1.10
+++ server/sitemap.de.html 26 Nov 2011 01:26:46 -0000 1.11
@@ -765,179 +765,206 @@
<div class="sitemap-header"><a href="/philosophy/philosophy">philosophy -
Philosophie des GNU
Projekt</a></div>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software">15 Jahre Freie
Software</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon-nat">Amazon: Nachricht von Nat</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim">Amazon: Nachricht von RMS an Tim
-OâReilly</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon">Boykottiert Amazon! (ehemals)</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/amazonpatent.html" hreflang="en">Amazons US-Patent
-5.960.411</a> (Method and system for placing a purchase order via a
-communications network )</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom">Android und die Freiheit
des
-Nutzers</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/apsl">APSL: Stellungnahme der FSF zur Apple Public
-Source License 2.0</a></li>
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software">15-years-of-free-software.html
+- 15 Jahre Freie Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon-nat">amazon-nat.html - Amazon: Nachricht von
+Nat</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim">amazon-rms-tim.html - Amazon:
Nachricht
+von RMS an Tim OâReilly</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon">amazon.html - Boykottiert Amazon!
(ehemals)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/amazonpatent.html" hreflang="en">amazonpatent.html -
+US-Patent: 5.960.411</a></li>
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom">android-and-users-freedom.html
+- Android und die Freiheit des Nutzers</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/apsl">apsl.html - APSL: Stellungnahme der FSF zur
Apple
+Public Source License 2.0</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html"
hreflang="en">assigning-copyright.html - Wenn ein Unternehmen um Ihr
Copyright bittet</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms">Rede-, Presse- und
Versammlungsfreiheit
-im Internet</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/bdk">Ballade von Dennis Karjala</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine">Boldrin und Levine: Der Fall gegen
-geistiges Eigentum (Rezension)</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/bsd">Problem der BSD-Lizenz</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust">KoÌnnen Sie Ihrem Rechner
vertrauen?</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/categories">Kategorien freier und unfreier
Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms">basic-freedoms.html - Rede-, Presse-
+und Versammlungsfreiheit im Internet</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/bdk">bdk.html - Ballade von Dennis Karjala</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine">boldrin-levine.html - Boldrin und
+Levine: Der Fall gegen geistiges Eigentum (Rezension)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/bsd">bsd.html - Problem der BSD-Lizenz</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust">can-you-trust.html - KoÌnnen Sie
Ihrem
+Rechner vertrauen?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/categories">categories.html - Kategorien freier und
+unfreier Software</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html"
-hreflang="en">censoring-emacs.html - Zensur meiner Software</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/compromise">RuinoÌse Kompromisse vermeiden</a></li>
+hreflang="en">censoring-emacs.html - Zensur meiner Software [Emacs]</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/compromise">ompromise.html - RuinoÌse Kompromisse
+vermeiden</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html"
-hreflang="en">computing-progress.html - Computing <q>Fortschritte</q>: Gut
-und Böse</a></li>
+hreflang="en">computing-progress.html - „Fortschritte“ in der
+Datenverarbeitung: Gut und Böse</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.html"
-hreflang="en">Copyright und Globalisierung im Zeitalter von
-Rechnernetzen</a></li>
+hreflang="en">copyright-and-globalization.html - Copyright und
+Globalisierung im Zeitalter von Rechnernetzen</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community-2000.html"
-hreflang="en">Copyright gegen Gemeinschaft im Zeitalter von Rechnernetzen
-(2000)</a></li>
+hreflang="en">copyright-versus-community-2000.html - Copyright gegen
+Gemeinschaft im Zeitalter von Rechnernetzen (2000)</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.html"
-hreflang="en">Copyright gegen Gemeinschaft im Zeitalter von
-Rechnernetzen</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.html"
hreflang="en">Gefahr
-von Softwarepatentens</a></li>
+hreflang="en">copyright-versus-community.html - Copyright gegen Gemeinschaft
+im Zeitalter von Rechnernetzen</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.html"
+hreflang="en">danger-of-software-patents.html - Gefahr von
+Softwarepatenten</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/dat.html" hreflang="en">dat.html - Der richtige Weg
DAT
zu besteuern</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html"
-hreflang="en">digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html - Is Digital Inclusion A
-Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?</a></li>
+hreflang="en">digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html - Ist die digitale
+Integration eine gute Sache? Wie können wir uns vergewissern?</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/dmarti-patent.html"
hreflang="en">dmarti-patent.html -
-Patent Reform Now</a></li>
+Patentreform, jetzt!</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.html"
hreflang="en">drdobbs-letter.html
-- Letter to the Editor of Dr. Dobb's Journal</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks.html" hreflang="en">E-Bücher: Freiheit oder
-Copyright</a></li>
+- Leserbrief an Dr. Dobbs Journal</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks.html" hreflang="en">ebooks.html - E-Bücher:
+Freiheit oder Copyright</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.html"
hreflang="en">eldred-amicus.html -
-FSF's Brief Amicus Curiae, Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl">Durchsetzung der GNU GPL</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles">Aufsätze und Artikel</a></li>
+FSFs Amicus-Curiae-Brief, Eldred vs. Ashcroft</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl">enforcing-gpl.html - Durchsetzung der
+GNU GPL</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles">essays-and-articles.html -
+Aufsätze und Artikel</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html"
-hreflang="en">europes-unitary-patent.html - Europe's “unitary
-patent” Could Mean Unlimited Software Patents</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html" hreflang="en">Kampf
-gegen Softwarepatente - Einzeln und gemeinsam</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/fire">Copyrightgeschütztes Feuer!</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc">Warum freie Software freie Dokumentation
-braucht</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom">Warum <em>Freie
-Software</em> besser ist als „Open Source“</a></li>
- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-intro">Freie-Software-Bewegung</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw">Was ist Freie Software?</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-world-notes.html" hreflang="en">Freie Welt
-Hinweise</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-world.html" hreflang="en">Nur die freie Welt
kann
-sich gegen Microsoft behaupten</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old">Freiheit oder Copyright?
-(1999)</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html" hreflang="en">Freiheit
oder
-Copyright? (2008)</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power">Freiheit oder Macht?</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives">Motive um Freie Software zu
schreiben</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-translations">Ãbersetzungen des Begriffs
<em>Freie
-Software</em></a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/gates.html" hreflang="en">Es sind nicht die Gatter,
es
-sind die Gitter</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/gif">Warum es keine GIF-Dateien auf Webseiten von
GNU
-gibt</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/gnutella">Ãber Gnutella</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.html" hreflang="en">GNU
&
-<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Free Software
-Foundation – Engineering Tech Talk</span> bei <span
-xml:lang="en" lang="en">Google</span></a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/gov-promote">Wie Regierungen Freie Software fördern
-sollten?</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-dream.html" hreflang="en">GNU GPL und
der
-amerikanische Traum</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html" hreflang="en">GNU GPL und der
-amerikanische Weg</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/greve-clown">Rede anlässlich des CLOWN</a></li>
+hreflang="en">europes-unitary-patent.html - Europas „einheitliches
+Patent“ könnte unbegrenzte Softwarepatente bedeuten</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html"
+hreflang="en">fighting-software-patents.html - Kampf gegen Softwarepatente -
+Einzeln und gemeinsam</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/fire">fire.html - Copyrightgeschütztes
Feuer!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-digital-society.html"
+hreflang="en">free-digital-society.html -Eine freie digitale
+Gesellschaft</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc">free-doc.html - Warum freie Software freie
+Dokumentation braucht</a></li>
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom">free-software-for-freedom.html
+- Warum <em>Freie Software</em> besser ist als „Open
Source“</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-intro">free-software-intro.html -
+Freie-Software-Bewegung</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw">free-sw.html - Was ist Freie
Software?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-world-notes.html"
+hreflang="en">free-world-notes.html - Freie-Welt-Hinweise</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-world.html" hreflang="en">free-world.html - Nur
+die freie Welt kann sich gegen Microsoft behaupten</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old">freedom-or-copyright-old.html
+- Freiheit oder Copyright? (1999)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html"
+hreflang="en">freedom-or-copyright.html - Freiheit oder Copyright?
+(2008)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power">freedom-or-power.html - Freiheit
oder
+Macht?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives">fs-motives.html - Motive um Freie
Software
+zu schreiben</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-translations">fs-translations.html -
Ãbersetzungen
+des Begriffs <em>Freie Software</em></a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gates.html" hreflang="en">gates.html - Es sind nicht
+die Gatter, es sind die Gitter</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gif">gif.html - Warum es keine GIF-Dateien auf
+Webseiten von GNU gibt</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gnutella">gnutella.html - Ãber Gnutella</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.html"
+hreflang="en">google-engineering-talk.html - GNU & <span xml:lang="en"
+lang="en">Free Software Foundation – Engineering Tech
+Talk</span> bei <span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Google</span></a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gov-promote">gov-promote.html - Wie Regierungen
Freie
+Software fördern sollten?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-dream.html"
+hreflang="en">gpl-american-dream.html - GNU GPL und der amerikanische
+Traum</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html"
+hreflang="en">gpl-american-way.html - GNU GPL und der amerikanische
Weg</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/greve-clown">greve-clown.html - Rede anlässlich des
+CLOWN</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/guardian-article.html"
hreflang="en">guardian-article.html - Das ist ein Kampfgespräch</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/hague">Gefahr aus Den Haag</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/hague">hague.html - Gefahr aus Den Haag</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/historical-apsl.html"
hreflang="en">historical-apsl.html - APSL: Probleme mit alten Versionen der
Apple License</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/ICT-for-prosperity.html"
-hreflang="en">ICT-for-prosperity.html - Shaping Collaborative ICT
-Development and Initiatives for Global Prosperity</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/ipjustice.html" hreflang="en">ipjustice.html -
Reject
-IP Enforcement Directive</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/java-trap">Frei, aber gefesselt   Die
-Java-Falle</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap">JavaScript-Falle</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.html" hreflang="en">Ein kluger
+hreflang="en">ICT-for-prosperity.html - Gestaltung zusammenarbeitender
+IKT-Entwicklung und Initiativen für den globalen Wohlstand</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/ipjustice.html" hreflang="en">ipjustice.html - IP
+Durchsetzungsrichtlinie ausschlieÃen</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/java-trap">java-trap.html - Frei, aber gefesselt
 
+Die Java-Falle</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap">javascript-trap.html -
+JavaScript-Falle</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/judge-internet-usage.html" hreflang="en">Ein weiser
Nutzer beurteilt jedes Internet-Nutzungsszenario sorgfaÌltig</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing">Behalten Sie die
-Kontrolle uÌber Ihre EDV, damit sie nicht Sie kontrolliert!</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/kevin-cole-response.html"
hreflang="en">Word-Anhänge:
-Ein Antwortschreiben</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/kragen-software.html" hreflang="en">Menschen, Orte,
-Dinge und Ideen</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/latest-articles">Philosophie des GNU
Projekt</a></li>
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing">keep-control-of-your-computing.html
+- Behalten Sie die Kontrolle uÌber Ihre EDV, damit sie nicht Sie
+kontrolliert!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/kevin-cole-response.html"
+hreflang="en">kevin-cole-response.html - Word-Anhänge: Ein
+Antwortschreiben</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/kragen-software.html"
+hreflang="en">kragen-software.html - Menschen, Orte, Dinge und Ideen</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/latest-articles">latest-articles.html - Philosophie
des
+GNU Projekt: Aktuelle Artikel</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.html" hreflang="en">Einführung in
-Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays von Richard M.
Stallman</a></li>
+<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Free Software, Free Society</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html"
-hreflang="en">CodePlex-nicht verblüffen</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom">Linux, GNU und Freiheit</a></li>
+hreflang="en">lest-codeplex-perplex.html - Damit CodePlex-nicht
+verblüfft</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom">linux-gnu-freedom.html - Linux,
GNU
+und Freiheit</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/luispo-rms-interview.html"
hreflang="en">luispo-rms-interview.html - Interview: Richard M.
Stallman</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/mcvoy.html" hreflang="en">mcvoy.html - Thank You,
Larry
McVoy</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.html"
-hreflang="en">microsoft-antitrust.html - The Microsoft Antitrust Trial and
-Free Software</a></li>
+hreflang="en">microsoft-antitrust.html - Die Microsoft Antitrust Trial und
+Freie Software</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.html"
-hreflang="en">microsoft-new-monopoly.html - Microsoft's New Monopoly</a></li>
+hreflang="en">microsoft-new-monopoly.html - Microsofts neues Monopol</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.html"
hreflang="en">microsoft-old.html -
-Is Microsoft the Great Satan?</a></li>
+Ist Microsoft der groÃe Satan? (1997)</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-verdict.html"
-hreflang="en">microsoft-verdict.html - On the Microsoft Verdict</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html" hreflang="en">microsoft.html - Is
-Microsoft the Great Satan?</a></li>
+hreflang="en">microsoft-verdict.html - Auf den Microsoft-Urteilsspruch</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html" hreflang="en">microsoft.html - Ist
+Microsoft der groÃe Satan? (2009)</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html"
-hreflang="en">misinterpreting-copyright.html - Misinterpreting
Copyright</a></li>
+hreflang="en">misinterpreting-copyright.html - Copyright
+fehlinterpretiert</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/moglen-harvard-speech-2004.html"
-hreflang="en">moglen-harvard-speech-2004.html - Eben Moglen Speech - Harvard
-- 2004</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/motif.html" hreflang="en">motif.html - The Motif
-License</a></li>
+hreflang="en">moglen-harvard-speech-2004.html - Eben Moglen Vortrag, Harvard
+(2004)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/motif.html" hreflang="en">motif.html -
Motif-Lizenz</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.html" hreflang="en">motivation.html -
-Studies Find Reward Often No Motivator</a></li>
+Studien zeigen: Lohn oft keine Motivation</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.html"
hreflang="en">ms-doj-tunney.html -
-FSF Statement in Response to Proposed Revised Final Judgment in Microsoft
-vs. United States</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/my_doom.html" hreflang="en">my_doom.html - MyDoom
and
-You</a></li>
+Stellungsnahme der FSF als Antwort auf das vorgeschlagene korrigierte
+rechtskräftige Urteil zu Microsoft vs. Vereinigte Staaten</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/my_doom.html" hreflang="en">my_doom.html - MyDoom un
+Du</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl-old.html"
-hreflang="en">netscape-npl-old.html - Netscape Public License</a></li>
+hreflang="en">netscape-npl-old.html - Netscape Public License (NLP)
+(1998)</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl.html" hreflang="en">netscape-npl.html -
-Netscape Public License</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/netscape.html" hreflang="en">netscape.html -
-Netscape</a></li>
+Netscape Public License (NLP) (2007)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/netscape">netscape.html - Netscape und Freie
+Software</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/new-monopoly.html" hreflang="en">new-monopoly.html -
-U.S. Congress Threatens to Establish a New Kind of Monopoly</a></li>
+US-Kongress droht, eine neue Art Monopol einzuführen</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/nit-india.html" hreflang="en">nit-india.html -
-Stallman's Speech at National Institute of Technology, Trichy, India, 17
-February 2004</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.html" hreflang="en">no-ip-ethos.html -
-Don't Let ‘Intellectual Property’ Twist Your Ethos</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html"
-hreflang="en">no-word-attachments.html - We Can Put an End to Word
-Attachments</a></li>
+Stallmans Rede am Nationalen Institut für Technologie, Trichy, Indien
+(2004-02-17)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.html" hreflang="en">no-ip-ethos.html -
Vom
+‚geistigen Eigentum‘ nicht die Gesinnung verdrehen lassen</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments">no-word-attachments.html - Wir
+können Word-Anhängen ein Ende setzen</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/nonsoftware-copyleft.html"
-hreflang="en">nonsoftware-copyleft.html - Applying Copyleft To Non-Software
-Information</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html" hreflang="en">not-ipr.html - Did You
Say
-“Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive Mirage</a></li>
+hreflang="en">nonsoftware-copyleft.html - Copyleft auf
+Nicht-Softwareinformation anwenden</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html" hreflang="en">not-ipr.html - Sagten
Sie
+„geistiges Eigentum“? Eine verführerische Illusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"
hreflang="en">open-source-misses-the-point.html - Why Open Source Misses the
Point of Free Software</a></li>
@@ -1450,7 +1477,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualisierung:
-$Date: 2011/11/08 01:34:41 $
+$Date: 2011/11/26 01:26:46 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -1488,7 +1515,7 @@
<li><a href="/server/sitemap.ca.html"
hreflang="en">Català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- German -->
-<li><a href="/server/sitemap.de.html" hreflang="en">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
+<li><a href="/server/sitemap.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/server/sitemap.html" hreflang="en">English</a> [en]</li>
Index: server/po/sitemap.de-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/sitemap.de-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/sitemap.de-en.html 8 Nov 2011 01:34:51 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/sitemap.de-en.html 26 Nov 2011 01:26:55 -0000 1.2
@@ -610,6 +610,7 @@
Software Patents</a></li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html">fighting-software-patents.html
- Fighting Software Patents - Singly and Together</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/fire.html">fire.html - Copyrighting fire!</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-digital-society.html">free-digital-society.html - A Free
Digital Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">free-doc.html - Why Free Software
needs Free Documentation</a></li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">free-software-for-freedom.html
- Why “Free Software” is better than “Open
Source”</a></li>
@@ -964,7 +965,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2011/11/08 01:34:51 $
+$Date: 2011/11/26 01:26:55 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.de-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.de-en.html
diff -N gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.de-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.de-en.html 26 Nov 2011 01:26:39 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1409 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>GNU/Linux FAQ - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
+
+<h2>GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman</h2>
+
+<div class="announcement">
+ <blockquote><p>To learn more about this issue, you can also read
+our page on <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU Project</a>,
our
+ page on <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a>
+and our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU
+Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.</p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+When people see that we use and recommend the name GNU/Linux for a
+system that many others call just “Linux”, they ask many questions.
+Here are common questions, and our answers.</p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><a href="#why" id="TOCwhy">Why do you call it GNU/Linux and not
Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whycare" id="TOCwhycare">Why is the name important?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#howerror" id="TOChowerror">How did it come about that most
+ people call the system “Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#always" id="TOCalways">Should we always say
+“GNU/Linux” instead of “Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linuxalone" id="TOClinuxalone">Would Linux have achieved
+ the same success if there had been no GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#divide" id="TOCdivide">Wouldn't it be better for the
+ community if you did not divide people with this request?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#freespeech" id="TOCfreespeech">Doesn't the GNU project
+ support an individual's free speech rights to call the system by
+ any name that individual chooses?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#everyoneknows" id="TOCeveryoneknows">Since everyone
+ knows the role of GNU in developing the system, doesn't the
+ “GNU/” in the name go without saying?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#everyoneknows2" id="TOCeveryoneknows2">Since I know the role of
+ GNU in this system, why does it matter what name I use?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#windows" id="TOCwindows">Isn't shortening
+ “GNU/Linux” to “Linux” just like
+ shortening “Microsoft Windows” to
+ “Windows”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#tools" id="TOCtools">Isn't GNU a collection of programming
+ tools that were included in Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#osvskernel" id="TOCosvskernel">What is the difference between an
operating
+ system and a kernel?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#house" id="TOChouse">The kernel of a system is like the
foundation
+ of a house. How can a house be almost complete when it doesn't have a
+ foundation?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#brain" id="TOCbrain">Isn't the kernel the brain of the
+ system?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#kernelmost" id="TOCkernelmost">Isn't writing the kernel
+ most of the work in an operating system?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#afterkernel" id="TOCafterkernel">We're calling the whole
+ system after the kernel, Linux. Isn't it normal to name an
+ operating system after a kernel?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#long" id="TOClong">The problem with
+ “GNU/Linux” is that it is too long. How about
+ recommending a shorter name?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#justgnu" id="TOCjustgnu">Since Linux is a secondary
+ contribution, would it be false to the facts to call the system
+ simply “GNU”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#trademarkfee" id="TOCtrademarkfee">I would have to pay a
+ fee if I use “Linux” in the name of a product, and
+ that would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux”. Is it
+ wrong if I use “GNU” without “Linux”, to
+ save the fee?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#many" id="TOCmany">Many other projects contributed to the
+ system as it is today; it includes TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many
+ more programs. Don't your arguments imply we have to give them
+ credit too? (But that would lead to a name so long it is
+ absurd.)</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#others" id="TOCothers">Many other projects contributed to
+ the system as it is today, but they don't insist on calling it
+ XYZ/Linux. Why should we treat GNU specially?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#allsmall" id="TOCallsmall">GNU is a small fraction of the system
+ nowadays, so why should we mention it?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#manycompanies" id="TOCmanycompanies">Many companies
+ contributed to the system as it is today; doesn't that mean
+ we ought to call it GNU/Red Hat/Novell/Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whyslash" id="TOCwhyslash">Why do you write
+ “GNU/Linux” instead of “GNU
+ Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whyorder" id="TOCwhyorder">Why “GNU/Linux”
+rather than “Linux/GNU”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#distronames" id="TOCdistronames">My distro is called
+ “Foobar Linux”; doesn't that show it's really
+ Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#distronames1" id="TOCdistronames1">My distro's official
+ name is “Foobar Linux”; isn't it wrong to call the
+ distro anything but “Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#companies" id="TOCcompanies">Wouldn't it be more
+ effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to
+ call their distributions “GNU/Linux” rather than
+ asking individuals?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#reserve" id="TOCreserve">Wouldn't it be better to
+ reserve the name “GNU/Linux” for distributions that
+ are purely free software? After all, that is the ideal of
+ GNU.</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#gnudist" id="TOCgnudist">Why not make a GNU distribution of
+ Linux (sic) and call that GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linuxgnu" id="TOClinuxgnu">Why not just say “Linux
+ is the GNU kernel” and release some existing version of
+ GNU/Linux under the name “GNU”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#condemn" id="TOCcondemn">Did the GNU Project condemn and
+ oppose use of Linux in the early days?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#wait" id="TOCwait">Why did you wait so long before
+ asking people to use the name GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#allgpled" id="TOCallgpled">Should the GNU/[name] convention
+ be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#unix" id="TOCunix">Since much of GNU comes from Unix,
+ shouldn't GNU give credit to Unix by using “Unix” in
+ its name?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#bsd" id="TOCbsd">Should we say “GNU/BSD”
+too?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#othersys" id="TOCothersys">If I install the GNU tools on
+ Windows, does that mean I am running a GNU/Windows system?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux">Can't Linux be used without
+GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu" id="TOClinuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there
complete Linux systems without GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#helplinus" id="TOChelplinus">Why not call the system
+ “Linux” anyway, and strengthen Linus Torvalds' role as
+ posterboy for our community?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#claimlinux" id="TOCclaimlinux">Isn't it wrong for us to label
Linus
+ Torvalds' work as GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linusagreed" id="TOClinusagreed">Does Linus Torvalds
+ agree that Linux is just the kernel?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#lost" id="TOClost">The battle is already
+ lost—society has made its decision and we can't change it,
+ so why even think about it?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whatgood" id="TOCwhatgood">Society has made its decision
+ and we can't change it, so what good does it do if I say
+ “GNU/Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#explain" id="TOCexplain">Wouldn't it be better to call
+ the system “Linux” and teach people its real origin
+ with a ten-minute explanation?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#treatment" id="TOCtreatment">Some people laugh at you when
+ you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux. Why do you subject yourself
+ to this treatment?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#alienate" id="TOCalienate">Some people condemn you when you
+ ask them to call the system GNU/Linux. Don't you lose by
+ alienating them?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#rename" id="TOCrename">Whatever you contributed,
+ is it legitimate to rename the operating system?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call
+ the system “GNU/Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whynotsue">Why not sue people who call
+ the whole system “Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#BSDlicense" id="TOCBSDlicense">Since you objected to the original
+ BSD license's advertising requirement to give credit to the University of
+ California, isn't it hypocritical to demand credit for the GNU
project?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#require" id="TOCrequire">Shouldn't you put something in
+ the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
+ “GNU”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#deserve" id="TOCdeserve">Since you failed to put
+ something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
+ “GNU”, you deserve what happened; why are you
+ complaining now?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#contradict" id="TOCcontradict">Wouldn't you be better off
+ not contradicting what so many people believe?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#somanyright" id="TOCsomanyright">Since many people call it
+ “Linux”, doesn't that make it right?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#winning" id="TOCwinning">Many people care about what's
convenient or
+ who's winning, not about arguments of right or wrong. Couldn't you
+ get more of their support by a different road?</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<dl>
+
+<dt id="why">Why do you call it GNU/Linux and not
+ Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#why">#why</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>Most operating system distributions based on Linux as kernel are
+basically modified versions of the GNU operating system. We began
+developing GNU in 1984, years before Linus Torvalds started to write
+his kernel. Our goal was to develop a complete free operating system.
+Of course, we did not develop all the parts ourselves—but we led the way.
+We developed most of the central components, forming the largest single
+contribution to the whole system. The basic vision was ours too.
+<p>
+In fairness, we ought to get at least equal mention.</p>
+
+<p>See <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU Project</a>
+and <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who Have
+Never Heard of GNU</a> for more explanation, and <a
+href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">The GNU Project</a> for the
+history.</p> </dd>
+
+<dt id="whycare">Why is the name
+ important? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whycare">#whycare</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>Although the developers of Linux, the kernel, are contributing to
+the free software community, many of them do not care about freedom.
+People who think the whole system is Linux tend to get confused and
+assign to those developers a role in the history of our community
+which they did not actually play. Then they give inordinate weight to
+those developers' views.
+<p>
+Calling the system GNU/Linux recognizes the role that our idealism
+played in building our community, and
+<a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">helps the public recognize the
+practical importance of these ideals</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="howerror">How did it come about that most
+ people call the system “Linux”? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#howerror">#howerror</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>Calling the system “Linux” is a confusion that has spread
faster
+than the corrective information.
+<p>
+The people who combined Linux with the GNU system were not aware that
+that's what their activity amounted to. They focused their attention
+on the piece that was Linux and did not realize that more of the
+combination was GNU. They started calling it “Linux” even though
that
+name did not fit what they had. It took a few years for us to realize
+what a problem this was and ask people to correct the practice. By
+that time, the confusion had a big head start.</p>
+<p>
+Most of the people who call the system “Linux” have never heard why
+that's not the right thing. They saw others using that name and
+assume it must be right. The name “Linux” also spreads a false
+picture of the system's origin, because people tend to suppose that
+the system's history was such as to fit that name. For
+instance, they often believe its development was started by Linus
+Torvalds in 1991. This false picture tends to reinforce the idea
+that the system should be called “Linux”.</p>
+<p>
+Many of the questions in this file represent people's attempts to
+justify the name they are accustomed to using.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="always">Should we always say
+ “GNU/Linux” instead of “Linux”? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#always">#always</a>)</span></dt>
+<dd>
+Not always—only when you're talking about the whole system. When
+you're referring specifically to the kernel, you should call it
+“Linux”, the name its developer chose.
+<p>
+When people call the whole system “Linux”, as a consequence
+they call the whole system by the same name as the kernel.
+This causes many kinds of confusion, because only experts can tell
+whether a statement is about the kernel or the whole system.
+By calling the whole system “GNU/Linux”, and calling the kernel
+“Linux”, you avoid the ambiguity.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="linuxalone">Would Linux have
+ achieved the same success if there had been no
+ GNU? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linuxalone">#linuxalone</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+In that alternative world, there would be nothing today like the
+GNU/Linux system, and probably no free operating system at all. No
+one attempted to develop a free operating system in the 1980s except
+the GNU Project and (later) Berkeley CSRG, which had been specifically
+asked by the GNU Project to start freeing its code.
+<p>
+Linus Torvalds was partly influenced by a speech about GNU in Finland
+in 1990. It's possible that even without this influence he might have
+written a Unix-like kernel, but it probably would not have been free
+software. Linux became free in 1992 when Linus rereleased it under
+the GNU GPL. (See the release notes for version 0.12.)</p>
+<p>
+Even if Torvalds had released Linux under some other free software
+license, a free kernel alone would not have made much difference to
+the world. The significance of Linux came from fitting into a larger
+framework, a complete free operating system: GNU/Linux.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="divide">Wouldn't it be better for the
+ community if you did not divide people with this request? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#divide">#divide</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+When we ask people to say “GNU/Linux”, we are not dividing people.
We
+are asking them to give the GNU Project credit for the GNU operating
+system. This does not criticize anyone or push anyone away.
+<p>
+However, there are people who do not like our saying this. Sometimes
+those people push us away in response. On occasion they are so rude
+that one wonders if they are intentionally trying to intimidate us
+into silence. It doesn't silence us, but it does tend to divide the
+community, so we hope you can convince them to stop.</p>
+<p>
+However, this is only a secondary cause of division in our community.
+The largest division in the community is between people who appreciate
+free software as a social and ethical issue and consider proprietary
+software a social problem (supporters of the free software movement),
+and those who cite only practical benefits and present free software
+only as an efficient development model (the open source movement).</p>
+<p>
+This disagreement is not just a matter of names—it is a matter
+of differing basic values. It is essential for the community to see
+and think about this disagreement. The names “free
+software” and “open source” are the banners of the
+two positions.
+See <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why Open
+Source misses the point of Free Software</a>.</p>
+<p>
+The disagreement over values partially aligns with the amount of
+attention people pay to the GNU Project's role in our community.
+People who value freedom are more likely to call the system
+“GNU/Linux”, and people who learn that the system is
“GNU/Linux” are
+more likely to pay attention to our philosophical arguments for
+freedom and community (which is why the choice of name for the system
+makes a real difference for society). However, the disagreement would
+probably exist even if everyone knew the system's real origin and its
+proper name, because the issue is a real one. It can only go away if
+we who value freedom either persuade everyone (which won't be easy) or
+are defeated entirely (let's hope not).</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="freespeech">Doesn't the GNU project
+ support an individual's free speech rights to call the system by
+ any name that individual chooses? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#freespeech">#freespeech</a>)</span></dt>
+<dd>
+Yes, indeed, we believe you have a free speech right to call the
+operating system by any name you wish. We ask that people call it
+GNU/Linux as a matter of doing justice to the GNU project, to promote
+the values of freedom that GNU stands for, and to inform others that
+those values of freedom brought the system into existence.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="everyoneknows">Since everyone knows
+ GNU's role in developing the system, doesn't the “GNU/” in the
+ name go without saying? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#everyoneknows">#everyoneknows</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>Experience shows that the system's users, and the computer-using
+public in general, often know nothing about the GNU system. Most
+articles about the system do not mention the name “GNU”, or the
ideals
+that GNU stands for. <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who Have Never
+Heard of GNU</a> explains further.
+<p>
+The people who say this are probably geeks thinking of the geeks they
+know. Geeks often do know about GNU, but many have a completely wrong
+idea of what GNU is. For instance, many think it is a collection
+of <a href="#tools">“tools”</a>, or a project to develop tools.</p>
+<p>
+The wording of this question, which is typical, illustrates another
+common misconception. To speak of “GNU's role” in developing
+something assumes that GNU is a group of people. GNU is an operating
+system. It would make sense to talk about the GNU Project's role in
+this or some other activity, but not that of GNU.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="everyoneknows2">Since I know the role of GNU in this system,
+ why does it matter what name I use? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#everyoneknows2">#everyoneknows2</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+If your words don't reflect your knowledge, you don't teach others.
+Most people who have heard of the GNU/Linux system think it is
+“Linux”, that it was started by Linus Torvalds, and that
+it was intended to be “open source”. If you don't tell
+them, who will?
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="windows">Isn't shortening “GNU/Linux”
+ to “Linux” just like shortening “Microsoft
Windows” to “Windows”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#windows">#windows</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It's useful to shorten a frequently-used name, but not if the
+abbreviation is misleading.
+<p>
+Almost everyone in developed countries really does know that the
+“Windows” system is made by Microsoft, so shortening
“Microsoft
+Windows” to “Windows” does not mislead anyone as to that
system's
+nature and origin. Shortening “GNU/Linux” to “Linux”
does give the
+wrong idea of where the system comes from.</p>
+<p>
+The question is itself misleading because GNU and Microsoft are
+not the same kind of thing. Microsoft is a company;
+GNU is an operating system.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="tools">Isn't GNU a collection of
+ programming tools that were included in Linux? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#tools">#tools</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+People who think that Linux is an entire operating system, if they
+hear about GNU at all, often get a wrong idea of what GNU is. They
+may think that GNU is the name of a collection of programs—often they
+say “programming tools”, since some of our programming tools became
+popular on their own. The idea that “GNU” is the name of an
operating
+system is hard to fit into a conceptual framework in which that
+operating system is labeled “Linux”.
+<p>
+The GNU Project was named after the GNU operating system—it's the project
+to develop the GNU system. (See <a
+href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">the 1983 initial announcement</a>.)</p>
+<p>
+We developed programs such as GCC, GNU Emacs, GAS, GLIBC, BASH, etc.,
+because we needed them for the GNU operating system. GCC, the GNU
+Compiler Collection is the compiler that we wrote for the GNU
+operating system. We, the many people working on the GNU Project,
+developed Ghostscript, GNUCash, GNU Chess and GNOME for the GNU system
+too.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="osvskernel">What is the difference
+between an operating system and a kernel? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#osvskernel">#osvskernel</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+An operating system, as we use the term, means a collection of
+programs that are sufficient to use the computer to do a wide variety
+of jobs. A general purpose operating system, to be complete, ought to
+handle all the jobs that many users may want to do.
+<p>
+The kernel is one of the programs in an operating system—the program
+that allocates the machine's resources to the other programs that are
+running. The kernel also takes care of starting and stopping other
+programs.</p>
+<p>
+To confuse matters, some people use the term “operating system” to
+mean “kernel”. Both uses of the term go back many years. The
+use of “operating system” to mean “kernel” is found in
a number of
+textbooks on system design, going back to the 80s. At the same time,
+in the 80s, the “Unix operating system” was understood to include
all
+the system programs, and Berkeley's version of Unix included even
+games. Since we intended GNU to be a Unix-like operating system, we
+use the term “operating system” in the same way.</p>
+<p>
+Most of the time when people speak of the “Linux operating system”
+they are using “operating system” in the same sense we use: they
mean
+the whole collection of programs. If that's what you are referring
+to, please call it “GNU/Linux”. If you mean just the kernel, then
+“Linux” is the right name for it, but please say
“kernel” also to
+avoid ambiguity about which body of software you mean.</p>
+<p>
+If you prefer to use some other term such as “system distribution”
for
+the entire collection of programs, instead of “operating system”,
+that's fine. Then you would talk about GNU/Linux system
+distributions.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="house">The kernel of a system is like the foundation of a
+ house. How can a house be almost complete when it doesn't have a
+ foundation? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#house">#house</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+A kernel is not much like the foundation of a house because building
+an operating system is not much like building a house.
+
+<p>A house is built from lots of little general parts that are cut and
+put together in situ. They have to be put together from the bottom
+up. Thus, when the foundation has not been built, no substantial part
+has been built; all you have is a hole in the ground.</p>
+
+<p>
+By contrast, an operating system consists of complex
+components that can be developed in any order. When you have
+developed most of the components, most of the work is done. This is
+much more like the International Space Station than like a house. If
+most of the Space Station modules were in orbit but awaiting one other
+essential module, that would be like the GNU system in 1992.
+</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="brain">Isn't the kernel the brain of the system? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#brain">#brain</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+A computer system is not much like a human body,
+and no part of it plays a role comparable to that of
+the brain in a human.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="kernelmost">Isn't writing the kernel most of the work in an
+operating system? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#kernelmost">#kernelmost</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+No, many components take a lot of work.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="afterkernel">We're calling the
+ whole system after the kernel, Linux. Isn't it normal to name an
+ operating system after a kernel? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#afterkernel">#afterkernel</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+That practice seems to be very rare—we can't find any examples other
+than the misuse of the name “Linux”. Normally an operating system
is
+developed as a single unified project, and the developers choose a
+name for the system as a whole. The kernel usually does not have a
+name of its own—instead, people say “the kernel of
such-and-such” or
+“the such-and-such kernel”.
+<p>
+Because those two constructions are used synonymously, the expression
+“the Linux kernel” can easily be misunderstood as meaning
“the kernel
+of Linux” and implying that Linux must be more than a kernel. You can
+avoid the possibility of this misunderstanding by saying or writing
+“the kernel, Linux” or “Linux, the kernel.”</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="long">The problem with “GNU/Linux” is that it is too long.
+ How about recommending a shorter name? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#long">#long</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+For a while we tried the name “LiGNUx”, which combines the words
“GNU”
+and “Linux”. The reaction was very bad. People accept
“GNU/Linux”
+much better.
+<p>
+The shortest legitimate name for this system is “GNU”, but we call
it
+“GNU/Linux” for the reasons given below.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="justgnu">Since Linux is a secondary
+ contribution, would it be false to the facts to call the system simply
+ “GNU”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#justgnu">#justgnu</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It would not be false to the facts, but it is not the best thing to
+do. Here are the reasons we call that system version “GNU/Linux”
+rather than just “GNU”:
+
+<ul>
+<li>
+It's not exactly GNU—it has a different kernel (that is, Linux).
+Distinguishing GNU/Linux from GNU is useful.</li>
+<li>
+It would be ungentlemanly to ask people to <em>stop</em> giving any
+credit to Linus Torvalds. He did write an important component of the
+system. We want to get credit for launching and sustaining the
+system's development, but this doesn't mean we should treat Linus the
+same way those who call the system “Linux” treat us. We strongly
+disagree with his political views, but we deal with that disagreement
+honorably and openly, rather than by trying to cut him out of the
+credit for his contribution to the system.</li>
+<li>
+Since many people know of the system as “Linux”, if we say
“GNU” they
+may simply not recognize we're talking about the same system. If we
+say “GNU/Linux”, they can make a connection to what they have heard
+about.</li>
+</ul><p></p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="trademarkfee">I would have
+ to pay a fee if I use “Linux” in the name of a product, and
that
+ would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux”. Is it wrong if I use
“GNU”
+ without “Linux”, to save the fee? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#trademarkfee">#trademarkfee</a>)</span></dt>
+<dd>
+There's nothing wrong in calling the system “GNU”; basically,
that's
+what it is. It is nice to give Linus Torvalds a share of the credit
+as well, but you have no obligation to pay for the privilege of doing
+so.
+<p>
+So if you want to refer to the system simply as “GNU”, to avoid
paying
+the fee for calling it “Linux”, we won't criticize you.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="many">Many other projects contributed to
+ the system as it is today; it includes TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many
+ more programs. Don't your arguments imply we have to give them credit
+ too? (But that would lead to a name so long it is
+ absurd.) <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#many">#many</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+What we say is that you ought to give the system's principal developer
+a share of the credit. The principal developer is the GNU Project,
+and the system is basically GNU.
+<p>
+If you feel even more strongly about giving credit where it is due,
+you might feel that some secondary contributors also deserve credit in
+the system's name. If so, far be it from us to argue against it. If
+you feel that X11 deserves credit in the system's name, and you want
+to call the system GNU/X11/Linux, please do. If you feel that Perl
+simply cries out for mention, and you want to write GNU/Linux/Perl, go
+ahead.</p>
+<p>
+Since a long name such as GNU/X11/Apache/Linux/TeX/Perl/Python/FreeCiv
+becomes absurd, at some point you will have to set a threshold and
+omit the names of the many other secondary contributions. There is no
+one obvious right place to set the threshold, so wherever you set it,
+we won't argue against it.</p>
+<p>
+Different threshold levels would lead to different choices of name for
+the system. But one name that cannot result from concerns of fairness
+and giving credit, not for any possible threshold level, is
“Linux”.
+It can't be fair to give all the credit to one secondary contribution
+(Linux) while omitting the principal contribution (GNU).</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="others">Many other projects contributed to
+ the system as it is today, but they don't insist on calling it
+ XYZ/Linux. Why should we treat GNU specially? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#others">#others</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Thousands of projects have developed programs commonly included in
+today's GNU/Linux systems. They all deserve credit for their
+contributions, but they aren't the principal developers of the system
+as a whole, so they don't ask to be credited as such.
+<p>
+GNU is different because it is more than just a contributed program,
+more than just a collection of contributed programs. GNU is the
+framework on which the system was made.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="allsmall">GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays,
+ so why should we mention it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#allsmall">#allsmall</a>)</span></dt>
+<dd>
+In 2008, we found that GNU packages made up 15% of the
+“main” repository of the gNewSense GNU/Linux distribution.
+Linux made up 1.5%. So the same argument would apply even more
+strongly to calling it “Linux”.
+
+<p>
+GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays, and Linux is an
+even smaller fraction. But they are the system's core; the system
+was made by combining them. Thus, the name “GNU/Linux”
+remains appropriate.
+</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="manycompanies">Many companies
+ contributed to the system as it is today; doesn't that mean
+ we ought to call it GNU/Red Hat/Novell/Linux? <span
+ class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+ href="#manycompanies">#manycompanies</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>
+GNU is not comparable to Red Hat or Novell; it is not a company, or an
+organization, or even an activity. GNU is an operating system. (When
+we speak of the GNU Project, that refers to the project to develop the
+GNU system.) The GNU/Linux system is based on GNU, and that's why GNU
+ought to appear in its name.
+</p>
+<p>
+Much of those companies' contribution to the GNU/Linux system lies in
+the code they have contributed to various GNU packages including GCC
+and GNOME. Saying GNU/Linux gives credit to those companies along
+with all the rest of the GNU developers.
+</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="whyslash">Why do you write “GNU/Linux”
+instead of “GNU Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whyslash">#whyslash</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Following the rules of English, in the construction “GNU Linux” the
+word “GNU” modifies “Linux”. This can mean either
“GNU's version of
+Linux” or “Linux, which is a GNU package.” Neither of those
meanings
+fits the situation at hand.
+<p>
+Linux is not a GNU package; that is, it wasn't developed under the GNU
+Project's aegis or contributed specifically to the GNU Project. Linus
+Torvalds wrote Linux independently, as his own project. So the
+“Linux, which is a GNU package” meaning is not right.</p>
+<p>
+We're not talking about a distinct GNU version of Linux, the kernel.
+The free GNU/Linux distros do have
+a <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>separate version of
+Linux</a>, since the “standard” version contains non-free
+firmware “blobs”. If this were part of the GNU Project,
+it could be considered “GNU Linux”; but we would not want
+to call it that, because it would be too confusing.</p>
+<p>
+We're talking about a version of GNU, the operating system,
+distinguished by having Linux as the kernel. A slash fits the
+situation because it means “combination.” (Think of
+“Input/Output”.) This system is the combination of GNU
+and Linux; hence, “GNU/Linux”.</p>
+<p>
+There are other ways to express “combination”. If you
+think that a plus-sign is clearer, please use that. In French, a
+hyphen is clear: “GNU-Linux”. In Spanish, we sometimes
+say “GNU con Linux”.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="whyorder">Why “GNU/Linux” rather
+than “Linux/GNU”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whyorder">#whyorder</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It is right and proper to mention the principal contribution first.
+The GNU contribution to the system is not only bigger than Linux and
+prior to Linux, we actually started the whole activity.
+<p>
+However, if you prefer to call the system “Linux/GNU”, that is a
lot
+better than what people usually do, which is to omit GNU entirely and
+make it seem that the whole system is Linux.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="distronames">My distro is called
+ “Foobar Linux”; doesn't that show it's really Linux? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#distronames">#distronames</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>It means that the people who make the “Foobar Linux” distro are
+repeating the common mistake. We appreciate that distributions like Debian,
Dragora, Musix, Trisquel, and Venenux have adopted
+GNU/Linux as part of their official name, and we hope that if you are involved
with a different distribution, you will
+encourage it to do the same.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="distronames1">My distro's official name is “Foobar
+ Linux”; isn't it wrong to call the distro
+ anything but “Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#distronames1">#distronames1</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd><p>If it's allowed for them to change “GNU” to
+“Foobar Linux”, it's allowed for you to change it back and
+call the distro “Foobar GNU/Linux”. It can't be more wrong
+to correct the mistake than it was to make the mistake.</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="companies">Wouldn't it be more
+ effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to
+ call their distributions “GNU/Linux” rather than asking
+ individuals? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#companies">#companies</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It isn't a choice of one or the other—we ask companies and
+organizations and individuals to help spread the word about this. In
+fact, we have asked all three of those companies. Mandrake said it
+would use the term “GNU/Linux” some of the time, but IBM
+and Red Hat were unwilling to help. One executive said, “This
+is a pure commercial decision; we expect to make more money calling it
+‘Linux’.” In other words, that company did not care
+what was right.
+<p>
+We can't make them do this right, but we're not the sort to give up
+just because the road isn't easy. You may not have as much influence
+at your disposal as IBM or Red Hat, but you can still help. Together
+we can change the situation to the point where companies will make
+more profit calling it “GNU/Linux”.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="reserve">Wouldn't it be better to
+ reserve the name “GNU/Linux” for distributions that are purely
+ free software? After all, that is the ideal of GNU. <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#reserve">#reserve</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+The widespread practice of adding non-free software to the GNU/Linux
+system is a major problem for our community. It teaches the users
+that non-free software is ok, and that using it is part of the spirit
+of “Linux”. Many “Linux” User Groups make it part of
their mission to
+help users use non-free add-ons, and may even invite salesmen to come
+and make sales pitches for them. They adopt goals such as “helping
+the users” of GNU/Linux (including helping them use non-free
+applications and drivers), or making the system more popular even at
+the cost of freedom.
+<p>
+The question is how to try to change this.</p>
+<p>
+Given that most of the community which uses GNU with Linux already
+does not realize that's what it is, for us to disown these adulterated
+versions, saying they are not really GNU, would not teach the users to
+value freedom more. They would not get the intended message. They
+would only respond they never thought these systems were GNU in the
+first place.</p>
+<p>
+The way to lead these users to see a connection with freedom is
+exactly the opposite: to inform them that all these system
+versions <em>are</em> versions of GNU, that they all are based on a
+system that exists specifically for the sake of the users' freedom.
+With this understanding, they can start to recognize the distributions
+that include non-free software as perverted, adulterated versions of
+GNU, instead of thinking they are proper and appropriate “versions of
+Linux”.</p>
+<p>
+It is very useful to start GNU/Linux User Groups, which call the
+system GNU/Linux and adopt the ideals of the GNU Project as a basis
+for their activities. If the Linux User Group in your area has the
+problems described above, we suggest you either campaign within the
+group to change its orientation (and name) or start a new group. The
+people who focus on the more superficial goals have a right to their
+views, but don't let them drag you along!</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="gnudist">Why not make a GNU
+ distribution of Linux (sic) and call that GNU/Linux? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#gnudist">#gnudist</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+All the “Linux” distributions are actually versions of the GNU
system
+with Linux as the kernel. The purpose of the term “GNU/Linux” is
to
+communicate this point. To develop one new distribution and call that
+alone “GNU/Linux” would obscure the point we want to make.
+<p>
+As for developing a distribution of GNU/Linux, we already did this
+once, when we funded the early development of Debian GNU/Linux. To do
+it again now does not seem useful; it would be a lot of work, and
+unless the new distribution had substantial practical advantages over
+other distributions, it would serve no purpose.</p>
+<p>
+Instead we help the developers of 100% free GNU/Linux distributions,
+such as gNewSense and Ututo.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="linuxgnu">Why not just say “Linux is
+ the GNU kernel” and release some existing version of GNU/Linux under
+ the name “GNU”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linuxgnu">#linuxgnu</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It might have been a good idea to adopt Linux as the GNU kernel back
+in 1992. If we had realized, then, how long it would take to get the
+GNU Hurd to work, we might have done that. (Alas, that is hindsight.)
+<p>
+If we were to take an existing version of GNU/Linux and relabel it as
+“GNU”, that would be somewhat like making a version of the GNU
system
+and labeling it “Linux”. That wasn't right, and we don't
+want to act like that.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="condemn">Did the GNU Project condemn
+ and oppose use of Linux in the early days? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#condemn">#condemn</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We did not adopt Linux as our kernel, but we didn't condemn or oppose
+it. In 1993 we started discussing the arrangements to sponsor the
+development of Debian GNU/Linux. We also sought to cooperate with the
+people who were changing some GNU packages for use with Linux. We
+wanted to include their changes in the standard releases so that these
+GNU packages would work out-of-the-box in combination with Linux. But
+the changes were often ad-hoc and nonportable; they needed to be cleaned
+up for installation.
+<p>
+The people who had made the changes showed little interest in
+cooperating with us. One of them actually told us that he didn't care
+about working with the GNU Project because he was a “Linux user”.
+That came as a shock, because the people who ported GNU packages to
+other systems had generally wanted to work with us to get their
+changes installed. Yet these people, developing a system that was
+primarily based on GNU, were the first (and still practically the
+only) group that was unwilling to work with us.</p>
+<p>
+It was this experience that first showed us that people were calling a
+version of the GNU system “Linux”, and that this confusion was
+obstructing our work. Asking you to call the system “GNU/Linux” is
+our response to that problem, and to the other problems caused by the
+“Linux” misnomer.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="wait">Why did you wait so
+ long before asking people to use the name GNU/Linux? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#wait">#wait</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Actually we didn't. We began talking privately with developers and
+distributors about this in 1994, and made a more public campaign in
+1996. We will continue for as long as it's necessary.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="allgpled">Should the GNU/<i>name</i>
+ convention be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#allgpled">#allgpled</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We never refer to individual programs as “GNU/<i>name</i>”. When
a program
+is a GNU package, we may call it “GNU <i>name</i>”.
+<p>
+GNU, the operating system, is made up of many different programs.
+Some of the programs in GNU were written as part of the GNU Project or
+specifically contributed to it; these are the GNU packages, and we
+often use “GNU” in their names.</p>
+<p>
+It's up to the developers of a program to decide if they want to contribute
+it and make it a GNU package. If you have developed a program and you
+would like it to be a GNU package, please write to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>, so we can evaluate
it
+and decide whether we want it.</p>
+<p>
+It wouldn't be fair to put the name GNU on every individual program
+that is released under the GPL. If you write a program and release it
+under the GPL, that doesn't mean the GNU Project wrote it or that you
+wrote it for us. For instance, the kernel, Linux, is released under
+the GNU GPL, but Linus did not write it as part of the GNU Project—he
+did the work independently. If something is not a GNU package, the
+GNU Project can't take credit for it, and putting “GNU” in its name
+would be improper.</p>
+<p>
+In contrast, we do deserve the overall credit for the GNU operating
+system as a whole, even though not for each and every program in it.
+The system exists as a system because of our determination and
+persistence, starting in 1984, many years before Linux was begun.</p>
+<p>
+The operating system in which Linux became popular was basically the
+same as the GNU operating system. It was not entirely the same,
+because it had a different kernel, but it was mostly the same system.
+It was a variant of GNU. It was the GNU/Linux system.</p>
+<p>
+Linux continues to be used primarily in derivatives of that system—in
+today's versions of the GNU/Linux system. What gives these systems
+their identity is GNU and Linux at the center of them, not particularly
+Linux alone.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="unix">Since much of GNU comes
+from Unix, shouldn't GNU give credit
+to Unix by using “Unix” in its name? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#unix">#unix</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Actually, none of GNU comes from Unix. Unix was proprietary software
+(and still is), so using any of its code in GNU would have been
+illegal. This is not a coincidence; this is why we developed GNU:
+since you could not have freedom in using Unix, or any of the other
+operating systems of the day, we needed a free system to replace it.
+We could not copy programs, or even parts of them, from Unix;
+everything had to be written afresh.
+<p>
+No code in GNU comes from Unix, but GNU is a Unix-compatible system;
+therefore, many of the ideas and specifications of GNU do come from
+Unix. The name “GNU”, which stands for “GNU's Not
+Unix”, is a humorous way of giving credit to Unix for this,
+following a hacker tradition of recursive acronyms that started in the
+70s.</p>
+<p>
+The first such recursive acronym was TINT, “TINT Is Not
+TECO”. The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO
+(there were already many of them, for various systems), but instead of
+calling it by a dull name like “<em>somethingorother</em> TECO”, he
+thought of a clever amusing name. (That's what hacking
+means: <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>playful
+cleverness</a>.)</p>
+<p>
+Other hackers enjoyed that name so much that we imitated the approach.
+It became a tradition that, when you were writing from scratch a
+program that was similar to some existing program (let's imagine its
+name was “Klever”), you could give it a recursive acronym name,
such
+as “MINK” for “MINK Is Not Klever.” In this same
spirit we called our
+replacement for Unix “GNU's Not Unix”.</p>
+<p>
+Historically, AT&T which developed Unix did not want anyone to
+give it credit by using “Unix” in the name of a similar
+system, not even in a system 99% copied from Unix. AT&T actually
+threatened to sue anyone giving AT&T credit in that way. This is
+why each of the various modified versions of Unix (all proprietary,
+like Unix) had a completely different name that didn't include
+“Unix”.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="bsd">Should we say “GNU/BSD”
+too? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#bsd">#bsd</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We don't call the BSD systems (FreeBSD, etc.) “GNU/BSD” systems,
+because that term does not fit the history of the BSD systems.
+<p>
+The BSD system was developed by UC Berkeley as non-free software in
+the 80s, and became free in the early 90s. A free operating system
+that exists today is almost certainly either a variant of the GNU
+system, or a kind of BSD system.</p>
+<p>
+People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a variant of GNU, as GNU/Linux
+is. It is not. The BSD developers were inspired to make their code
+free software by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals
+from GNU activists helped convince them to start, but the code had
+little overlap with GNU.</p>
+<p>
+BSD systems today use some GNU packages, just as the GNU system and
+its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as wholes, they are
+two different systems that evolved separately. The BSD developers did
+not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system, so a name like
+GNU/BSD would not fit the situation.</p>
+<p>
+The connection between GNU/Linux and GNU is much closer, and that's
+why the name “GNU/Linux” is appropriate for it.</p>
+<p>
+There is a version of GNU which uses the kernel from NetBSD. Its
+developers call it “Debian GNU/NetBSD”, but
“GNU/kernelofNetBSD”
+would be more accurate, since NetBSD is an entire system, not just
+the kernel. This is not a BSD system, since most of the system
+is the same as the GNU/Linux system.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="othersys">If I install the GNU tools
+on Windows, does that mean I am running a GNU/Windows system? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#othersys">#othersys</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Not in the same sense that we mean by “GNU/Linux”. The tools of
GNU
+are just a part of the GNU software, which is just a part of the GNU
+system, and underneath them you would still have another complete
+operating system which has no code in common with GNU. All in all,
+that's a very different situation from GNU/Linux.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="justlinux">Can't Linux be used without GNU? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#justlinux">#justlinux</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Linux is used by itself, or with small other programs, in some
+appliances. These small software systems are a far cry from the
+GNU/Linux system. Users do not install them on PCs, for instance, and
+would find them rather disappointing. It is useful to say that these
+appliances run just Linux, to show how different those small platforms
+are from GNU/Linux.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="linuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete Linux systems without GNU?
<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu">#linuxsyswithoutgnu</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+There are complete systems that contain Linux and not GNU; Android is
+an example. But it is a mistake to call them “Linux”
+systems.
+<p>
+Android is very different from the GNU/Linux system—because it
+contains very little of the GNU system, only Linux. Overall, it's a
+different system. If you call the whole system “Linux”,
+you will find it necessary to say things like, “Android contains
+Linux, but it isn't Linux, because it doesn't have the usual Linux
+[sic] libraries and utilities [meaning the GNU system].” Android
+contains just as much of Linux as GNU/Linux does. What it doesn't
+have is the GNU system. Instead it has a lot of Google software.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="helplinus">Why not call the system
+ “Linux” anyway, and strengthen Linus Torvalds' role as
posterboy for our
+ community? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#helplinus">#helplinus</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Linus Torvalds is the “posterboy” (other people's choice of word,
not
+ours) for his goals, not ours. His goal is to make the system more
+popular, and he believes its value to society lies merely in the
+practical advantages it offers: its power, reliability and easy
+availability. He has never advocated
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">freedom to cooperate</a> as an
+ethical principle, which is why the public does not connect the name
+“Linux” with that principle.
+<p>
+Linus publicly states his disagreement with the free software
+movement's ideals. He developed non-free software in his job for many
+years (and said so to a large audience at a “Linux”World show), and
+publicly invited fellow developers of Linux, the kernel, to use
+non-free software to work on it with him. He goes even further, and
+rebukes people who suggest that engineers and scientists should
+consider social consequences of our technical work—rejecting the
+lessons society learned from the development of the atom bomb.</p>
+<p>
+There is nothing wrong with writing a free program for the motivations
+of learning and having fun; the kernel Linus wrote for those reasons
+was an important contribution to our community. But those motivations
+are not the reason why the complete free system, GNU/Linux, exists,
+and they won't secure our freedom in the future. The public needs to
+know this. Linus has the right to promote his views; however, people
+should be aware that the operating system in question
+stems from ideals of freedom, not from his views.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="claimlinux">Isn't it wrong for us to label Linus Torvalds'
+ work as GNU? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#claimlinux">#claimlinux</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It would be wrong, so we don't do that. Torvalds' work is Linux, the
+kernel; we are careful not to attribute that work to the GNU Project
+or label it as “GNU”. When we talk about the whole
+system, the name “GNU/Linux” gives him a share of the
+credit.
+</dd>
+
+
+<dt id="linusagreed">Does Linus Torvalds
+ agree that Linux is just the kernel? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linusagreed">#linusagreed</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>He recognized this at the beginning. The earliest Linux release notes
+said, <a
+href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
+“Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the
+GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU)
+for more info”</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="lost">The battle is already lost—society
+ has made its decision and we can't change it, so why even think about
+ it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#lost">#lost</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+This isn't a battle, it is a campaign of education. What to call the
+system is not a single decision, to be made at one moment by
+“society”: each person, each organization, can decide what
+name to use. You can't make others say “GNU/Linux”, but
+you can decide to call the system “GNU/Linux”
+yourself—and by doing so, you will help educate others.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="whatgood">Society has made its
+ decision and we can't change it, so what good does it do if I say
+ “GNU/Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whatgood">#whatgood</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+This is not an all-or-nothing situation: correct and incorrect
+pictures are being spread more or less by various people. If you call
+the system “GNU/Linux”, you will help others learn the system's
true
+history, origin, and reason for being. You can't correct the misnomer
+everywhere on your own, any more than we can, but you can help. If
+only a few hundred people see you use the term “GNU/Linux”, you
will
+have educated a substantial number of people with very little work.
+And some of them will spread the correction to others.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="explain">Wouldn't it be better to call
+ the system “Linux” and teach people its real origin with a
ten-minute
+ explanation? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#explain">#explain</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+If you help us by explaining to others in that way, we appreciate your
+effort, but that is not the best method. It is not as effective as
+calling the system “GNU/Linux”, and uses your time inefficiently.
+<p>
+It is ineffective because it may not sink in, and surely will not
+propagate. Some of the people who hear your explanation will pay
+attention, and they may learn a correct picture of the system's
+origin. But they are unlikely to repeat the explanation to others
+whenever they talk about the system. They will probably just call it
+“Linux”. Without particularly intending to, they will help spread
the
+incorrect picture.</p>
+<p>
+It is inefficient because it takes a lot more time. Saying and
+writing “GNU/Linux” will take you only a few seconds a day, not
+minutes, so you can afford to reach far more people that way.
+Distinguishing between Linux and GNU/Linux when you write and speak is
+by far the easiest way to help the GNU Project effectively.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="treatment">Some people laugh at you
+ when you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux. Why do you subject
+ yourself to this treatment? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#treatment">#treatment</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Calling the system “Linux” tends to give people a mistaken picture
of
+the system's history and reason for existence. People who laugh at
+our request probably have picked up that mistaken picture—they think
+our work was done by Linus, so they laugh when we ask for credit for
+it. If they knew the truth, they probably wouldn't laugh.
+<p>
+Why do we take the risk of making a request that sometimes leads
+people to ridicule us? Because often it has useful results that help
+the GNU Project. We will run the risk of undeserved abuse to achieve
+our goals.</p>
+<p>
+If you see such an ironically unfair situation occurring, please don't
+sit idly by. Please teach the laughing people the real history. When
+they see why the request is justified, those who have any sense will
+stop laughing.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="alienate">Some people condemn you
+ when you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux. Don't you lose by
+ alienating them? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#alienate">#alienate</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Not much. People who don't appreciate our role in developing the
+system are unlikely to make substantial efforts to help us. If they
+do work that advances our goals, such as releasing free software, it
+is probably for other unrelated reasons, not because we asked them.
+Meanwhile, by teaching others to attribute our work to someone else,
+they are undermining our ability to recruit the help of others.
+<p>
+It makes no sense to worry about alienating people who are already
+mostly uncooperative, and it is self-defeating to be deterred from
+correcting a major problem lest we anger the people who perpetuate it.
+Therefore, we will continue trying to correct the misnomer.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="rename">Whatever you contributed,
+ is it legitimate to rename the operating system? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#rename">#rename</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We are not renaming anything; we have been calling this system
“GNU”
+ever since we announced it in 1983. The people who tried to rename
+it to “Linux” should not have done so.</dd>
+
+<dt id="force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call
+the system “GNU/Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#force">#force</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It would be wrong to force them, and we don't try. We call the system
+“GNU/Linux”, and we ask you to do it too.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="whynotsue">Why not sue people who call
+the whole system “Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whynotsue">#whynotsue</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+There are no legal grounds to sue them, but since we believe in
+freedom of speech, we wouldn't want to do that anyway. We ask people
+to call the system “GNU/Linux” because that is the right thing to
do.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="require">Shouldn't you put something in
+ the GNU GPL to require people to call the system “GNU”? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#require">#require</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+The purpose of the GNU GPL is to protect the users' freedom from those
+who would make proprietary versions of free software. While it is
+true that those who call the system “Linux” often do things that
limit
+the users' freedom, such as bundling non-free software with the
+GNU/Linux system or even developing non-free software for such use,
+the mere act of calling the system “Linux” does not, in itself,
deny
+users their freedom. It seems improper to make the GPL restrict what
+name people can use for the system.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="BSDlicense">Since you objected to the original BSD license's
+advertising requirement to give credit to the University of California,
+isn't it hypocritical to demand credit for the GNU project? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#BSDlicense">#BSDlicense</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It would be hypocritical to make the name GNU/Linux a license
+requirement, and we don't. We only <em>ask</em> you to give us the
+credit we deserve.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="deserve">Since you failed to put
+ something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
“GNU”,
+ you deserve what happened; why are you complaining now? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#deserve">#deserve</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+The question presupposes a rather controversial general ethical
+premise: that if people do not force you to treat them fairly, you are
+entitled to take advantage of them as much as you like. In other
+words, it assumes that might makes right.
+<p>
+We hope you disagree with that premise just as we do.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="contradict">Wouldn't you be better
+ off not contradicting what so many people believe? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#contradict">#contradict</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We don't think we should go along with large numbers of people because
+they have been misled. We hope you too will decide that truth is
+important.
+<p>
+We could never have developed a free operating system without first
+denying the belief, held by most people, that proprietary software
+was legitimate and acceptable.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="somanyright">Since many people call
+it “Linux”, doesn't that make it right? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We don't think that the popularity of an error makes it the truth.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="winning">Many people care about what's
+ convenient or who's winning, not about arguments of right or wrong.
+ Couldn't you get more of their support by a different
+ road? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#winning">#winning</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+To care only about what's convenient or who's winning is an amoral
+approach to life. Non-free software is an example of that amoral
+approach and thrives on it. So in the long run it is self-defeating
+for us to bow to that approach. We will continue talking in terms
+of right and wrong.
+<p>
+We hope that you are one of those for whom right and wrong do matter.</p>
+</dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
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+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
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+also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2011/11/26 01:26:39 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
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