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www keepingup.pt-br.html provide.bg.html provid...
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From: |
Yavor Doganov |
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Subject: |
www keepingup.pt-br.html provide.bg.html provid... |
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Date: |
Sat, 03 Sep 2011 08:36:08 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 11/09/03 08:36:04
Modified files:
. : keepingup.pt-br.html provide.bg.html
provide.pt-br.html
accessibility : accessibility.ar.html
contact : contact.es.html
copyleft : copyleft.ar.html copyleft.fa.html
copyleft.sr.html copyleft.tr.html
distros : common-distros.fr.html distros.ar.html
distros.fa.html distros.ml.html distros.sk.html
distros.zh-cn.html free-distros.ar.html
free-distros.ca.html free-distros.sk.html
free-system-distribution-guidelines.fr.html
free-system-distribution-guidelines.ml.html
doc : TOC-FSFS.el.html doc.ar.html doc.el.html
other-free-books.de.html
other-free-books.fr.html
education : education.ca.html education.fr.html
events : rms-nyu-2001-transcript.tr.html
fry : happy-birthday-to-gnu-download.ar.html
happy-birthday-to-gnu-download.de.html
happy-birthday-to-gnu-translation.ar.html
happy-birthday-to-gnu.ar.html
gnu : gnu-history.ar.html gnu-history.bg.html
gnu-history.ml.html gnu-history.sr.html
gnu-linux-faq.ar.html gnu-linux-faq.ca.html
gnu-linux-faq.fr.html gnu-linux-faq.sr.html
gnu-linux-faq.tr.html
gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ar.html
gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.bg.html
gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fa.html
gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ml.html
gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.sr.html
gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.tr.html
gnu.ar.html gnu.bg.html gnu.ca.html gnu.el.html
gnu.es.html gnu.sr.html
initial-announcement.ar.html
initial-announcement.bg.html
initial-announcement.ca.html
initial-announcement.fr.html
linux-and-gnu.ar.html linux-and-gnu.bg.html
linux-and-gnu.ca.html linux-and-gnu.fa.html
linux-and-gnu.id.html linux-and-gnu.ml.html
linux-and-gnu.sr.html manifesto.ar.html
manifesto.ca.html manifesto.fr.html
manifesto.sr.html manifesto.tr.html
thegnuproject.ca.html thegnuproject.el.html
thegnuproject.sq.html thegnuproject.tr.html
why-gnu-linux.bg.html why-gnu-linux.ca.html
why-gnu-linux.el.html why-gnu-linux.fa.html
why-gnu-linux.sr.html why-gnu-linux.tr.html
graphics : license-logos.ar.html license-logos.fr.html
help : directory.ar.html evaluation.de.html
help.ar.html
licenses : NYC_Seminars_Jan2004.fr.html
fdl-1.3-faq.bg.html fdl-howto-opt.fr.html
gpl-3.0.ar.html gpl-faq.fr.html gpl-faq.ta.html
gpl-howto.fr.html gpl-howto.ta.html
gpl-violation.ta.html license-list.fr.html
licenses.ar.html licenses.ca.html
licenses.el.html licenses.fr.html
rms-why-gplv3.fr.html translations.ar.html
translations.ca.html translations.de.html
translations.es.html translations.fr.html
why-affero-gpl.ar.html why-affero-gpl.fa.html
why-assign.bg.html why-assign.ta.html
why-gfdl.ar.html why-not-lgpl.ar.html
why-not-lgpl.bg.html why-not-lgpl.sr.html
why-not-lgpl.ta.html
licenses/old-licenses: gpl-2.0-faq.fr.html
gpl-2.0-translations.fr.html
old-licenses.ar.html
links : companies.ar.html links.de.html links.es.html
links.fr.html
music : free-software-song.de.html music.de.html
people : people.de.html people.es.html
philosophy : 15-years-of-free-software.ar.html
15-years-of-free-software.ml.html
15-years-of-free-software.tr.html
ICT-for-prosperity.fr.html amazon.fr.html
bdk.ar.html bdk.fr.html can-you-trust.ar.html
can-you-trust.bg.html can-you-trust.fa.html
can-you-trust.tr.html categories.ar.html
categories.ca.html categories.fr.html
categories.sr.html categories.tr.html
compromise.ar.html compromise.bg.html
compromise.el.html compromise.ml.html
compromise.zh-cn.html
copyright-and-globalization.ro.html
copyright-and-globalization.tr.html dat.fr.html
drdobbs-letter.tr.html ebooks.ar.html
ebooks.fr.html enforcing-gpl.bg.html
enforcing-gpl.de.html
essays-and-articles.ar.html
essays-and-articles.bg.html
essays-and-articles.ca.html
essays-and-articles.de.html
essays-and-articles.fr.html
essays-and-articles.pt-br.html
essays-and-articles.ro.html
essays-and-articles.sr.html
fighting-software-patents.ml.html
free-doc.ar.html free-doc.bg.html
free-doc.fr.html free-doc.sr.html
free-doc.tr.html
free-software-for-freedom.bg.html
free-software-for-freedom.sr.html
free-software-intro.ar.html
free-software-intro.fa.html
free-software-intro.ml.html free-sw.af.html
free-sw.ar.html free-sw.bg.html free-sw.fr.html
free-sw.sk.html free-sw.sr.html free-sw.tr.html
freedom-or-copyright.fa.html
freedom-or-copyright.fr.html
freedom-or-power.fa.html
freedom-or-power.fr.html fs-motives.ar.html
fs-motives.ro.html fs-translations.fr.html
fs-translations.sr.html gates.ar.html
gif.ca.html gif.fr.html gif.sr.html
java-trap.bg.html java-trap.fr.html
java-trap.sr.html javascript-trap.ar.html
javascript-trap.fa.html javascript-trap.fr.html
lessig-fsfs-intro.tr.html
linux-gnu-freedom.sr.html
luispo-rms-interview.fr.html mcvoy.fr.html
microsoft-new-monopoly.fr.html
microsoft-old.ar.html microsoft-old.fr.html
microsoft-old.ml.html microsoft.ar.html
microsoft.ml.html
misinterpreting-copyright.fr.html
misinterpreting-copyright.tr.html
misinterpreting-copyright.zh-cn.html
ms-doj-tunney.fr.html my_doom.fa.html
no-word-attachments.fa.html
no-word-attachments.fr.html not-ipr.ar.html
not-ipr.el.html not-ipr.ml.html
not-ipr.pt-br.html not-ipr.ro.html
not-ipr.sr.html not-ipr.zh-cn.html
open-source-misses-the-point.bg.html
open-source-misses-the-point.fa.html
open-source-misses-the-point.ml.html
open-source-misses-the-point.ro.html
open-source-misses-the-point.tr.html
philosophy.ar.html philosophy.bg.html
philosophy.ca.html philosophy.el.html
philosophy.fr.html philosophy.pt-br.html
philosophy.ro.html philosophy.sr.html
philosophy.zh-cn.html pirate-party.cs.html
pirate-party.de.html pirate-party.fr.html
practical.pt-br.html practical.zh-cn.html
pragmatic.ar.html pragmatic.bg.html
pragmatic.fa.html pragmatic.ml.html
pragmatic.ro.html pragmatic.tr.html
push-copyright-aside.bg.html
push-copyright-aside.fr.html
push-copyright-aside.pl.html
push-copyright-aside.tr.html
right-to-read.ar.html right-to-read.bg.html
right-to-read.ca.html right-to-read.fa.html
right-to-read.fr.html right-to-read.sr.html
right-to-read.tr.html rms-hack.fr.html
selling.ar.html selling.bg.html selling.el.html
selling.fr.html selling.ml.html selling.sr.html
selling.tr.html shouldbefree.fr.html
shouldbefree.sr.html shouldbefree.tr.html
social-inertia.ml.html
software-literary-patents.bg.html
software-literary-patents.fr.html
software-literary-patents.pt-br.html
speeches-and-interview.bg.html
speeches-and-interview.fr.html
speeches-and-interview.ro.html
stallman-kth.fr.html sun-in-night-time.bg.html
sun-in-night-time.fr.html
the-danger-of-ebooks.de.html
third-party-ideas.bg.html
third-party-ideas.fr.html
third-party-ideas.ro.html university.bg.html
university.tr.html wassenaar.fr.html
who-does-that-server-really-serve.ar.html
who-does-that-server-really-serve.ro.html
why-copyleft.ar.html why-copyleft.bg.html
why-copyleft.fa.html why-copyleft.ml.html
why-copyleft.tr.html why-free.ar.html
why-free.bg.html why-free.ml.html
why-free.ro.html why-free.tr.html
wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.fr.html
words-to-avoid.ar.html words-to-avoid.fr.html
words-to-avoid.sr.html words-to-avoid.tr.html
x.fr.html
your-freedom-needs-free-software.fa.html
your-freedom-needs-free-software.ml.html
philosophy/sco : sco-gnu-linux.de.html
server : 08whatsnew.ar.html 08whatsnew.bg.html
08whatsnew.sr.html 08whatsnew.uk.html
irc-rules.ar.html irc-rules.ro.html
mirror.ro.html sitemap.ar.html sitemap.fr.html
sitemap.ro.html sitemap.sq.html sitemap.uk.html
server/po : outdated.af.po outdated.ar.po outdated.bg.po
outdated.ca.po outdated.cs.po outdated.de.po
outdated.el.po outdated.es.po outdated.fa.po
outdated.fr.po outdated.he.po outdated.id.po
outdated.it.po outdated.ja.po outdated.ml.po
outdated.nb.po outdated.nl.po outdated.pl.po
outdated.pot outdated.pt-br.po outdated.pt.po
outdated.ro.po outdated.ru.po outdated.sk.po
outdated.sq.po outdated.sr.po outdated.ta.po
outdated.tr.po outdated.uk.po outdated.vi.po
outdated.zh-cn.po
server/standards: README.translations.ca.html
README.translations.fr.html
software : reliability.fa.html reliability.ml.html
reliability.zh-cn.html software.ar.html
software.el.html software.sk.html
software.zh-cn.html
Added files:
server : outdated.af.html outdated.ar.html
outdated.bg.html outdated.ca.html
outdated.cs.html outdated.de.html
outdated.el.html outdated.es.html
outdated.fa.html outdated.fr.html
outdated.he.html outdated.id.html
outdated.it.html outdated.ja.html
outdated.ml.html outdated.nb.html
outdated.nl.html outdated.pl.html
outdated.pt-br.html outdated.pt.html
outdated.ro.html outdated.ru.html
outdated.sk.html outdated.sq.html
outdated.sr.html outdated.ta.html
outdated.tr.html outdated.uk.html
outdated.vi.html outdated.zh-cn.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/keepingup.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/provide.bg.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/provide.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/accessibility/accessibility.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/contact/contact.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/copyleft/copyleft.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/copyleft/copyleft.fa.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/copyleft/copyleft.sr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/copyleft/copyleft.tr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/common-distros.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/distros.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/distros.fa.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/distros.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/distros.sk.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/distros.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/free-distros.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/free-distros.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/free-distros.sk.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/doc/TOC-FSFS.el.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/doc/doc.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/doc/doc.el.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/doc/other-free-books.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/doc/other-free-books.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/education.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/education.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.tr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-download.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-download.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-translation.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-history.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.17&r2=1.18
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-history.bg.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.18&r2=1.19
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-history.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-history.sr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.19&r2=1.20
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.19&r2=1.20
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.19&r2=1.20
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.tr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.bg.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fa.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.sr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.tr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.11&r2=1.12
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu.bg.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.19&r2=1.20
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.17&r2=1.18
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu.el.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu.sr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/initial-announcement.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/initial-announcement.bg.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/initial-announcement.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/initial-announcement.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.29&r2=1.30
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.28&r2=1.29
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.16&r2=1.17
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fa.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.id.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/manifesto.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/manifesto.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/manifesto.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/manifesto.sr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.19&r2=1.20
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/manifesto.tr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/thegnuproject.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/thegnuproject.el.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/thegnuproject.sq.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/thegnuproject.tr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.20&r2=1.21
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.el.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.fa.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.sr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.tr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/graphics/license-logos.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/graphics/license-logos.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
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http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/selling.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.29&r2=1.30
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/selling.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/selling.sr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.17&r2=1.18
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/selling.tr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/shouldbefree.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
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http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/shouldbefree.tr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/social-inertia.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/software-literary-patents.bg.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/software-literary-patents.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/software-literary-patents.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/speeches-and-interview.bg.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
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http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/speeches-and-interview.ro.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/stallman-kth.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.bg.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
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http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/third-party-ideas.ro.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/university.bg.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/university.tr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/wassenaar.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.18&r2=1.19
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
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http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/why-free.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
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http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
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http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.tr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/x.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.fa.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
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http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/irc-rules.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/irc-rules.ro.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
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http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/outdated.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
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http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/outdated.cs.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/outdated.de.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
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http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/outdated.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
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http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/outdated.it.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/outdated.ja.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/outdated.ml.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
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http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/outdated.pot?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
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http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/standards/README.translations.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.27&r2=1.28
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/reliability.fa.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/reliability.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/reliability.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/software.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/software.el.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/software.sk.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/software.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
Patches:
Index: keepingup.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/keepingup.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- keepingup.pt-br.html 1 Feb 2010 09:25:52 -0000 1.6
+++ keepingup.pt-br.html 3 Sep 2011 08:32:29 -0000 1.7
@@ -93,8 +93,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
<p>
-Permite-se mundialmente a cópia e distribuição deste artigo integral, sem
-<em>royalties</em>, em qualquer meio, desde que este aviso seja preservado.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
-Atualizada: $Date: 2010/02/01 09:25:52 $
+Atualizada: $Date: 2011/09/03 08:32:29 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -130,6 +131,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/keepingup.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/keepingup.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
<li><a
href="/keepingup.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
Index: provide.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/provide.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- provide.bg.html 17 Feb 2010 09:25:31 -0000 1.13
+++ provide.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:32:29 -0000 1.14
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@
2006, 2008, 2009, 2010 <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>Free Software
Foundation</a>, Inc.</p>
<p>
-ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение на
ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка и
-бележкаÑа за авÑоÑÑкиÑе пÑава да бÑдаÑ
запазени.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/02/17 09:25:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:32:29 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -160,8 +160,6 @@
<li><a
href="provide.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Swedish -->
<li><a href="provide.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li>
-<!-- Turkish -->
-<li><a href="provide.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
<!-- Ukrainian -->
<li><a
href="provide.uk.html">українська</a> [uk]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
Index: provide.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/provide.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- provide.pt-br.html 17 Feb 2010 09:25:31 -0000 1.7
+++ provide.pt-br.html 3 Sep 2011 08:32:30 -0000 1.8
@@ -69,9 +69,9 @@
2006, 2008, 2009, 2010 <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>Free Software
Foundation</a>, Inc.</p>
<p>
-Permite-se mundialmente a cópia e distribuição literais e integrais deste
-artigo, sem <em>royalties</em>, em qualquer meio, desde que esta
-advertência, e a nota de <em>copyright</em>, sejam preservadas.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Atualizada:
-$Date: 2010/02/17 09:25:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:32:30 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -151,8 +151,6 @@
<li><a
href="provide.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Swedish -->
<li><a href="provide.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li>
-<!-- Turkish -->
-<li><a href="provide.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
<!-- Ukrainian -->
<li><a
href="provide.uk.html">українська</a> [uk]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
Index: accessibility/accessibility.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/accessibility/accessibility.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- accessibility/accessibility.ar.html 15 Jan 2011 01:27:54 -0000 1.3
+++ accessibility/accessibility.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:32:35 -0000 1.4
@@ -128,11 +128,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥ÙâإسâØ¥Ù ÙاستÙسارات غÙ٠إÙÙ
<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ٠اÙضا٠<a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a> باÙØ¥ÙâإسâØ¥Ù.
<br /> Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرسÙ
-اÙرÙابط اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات أ٠اÙتراØات
Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p> Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠راجع <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.ar.html">تعÙÙÙ
ات
@@ -160,7 +161,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
:تØدÙØ«
-$Date: 2011/01/15 01:27:54 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:32:35 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -184,10 +185,14 @@
use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/accessibility/accessibility.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/accessibility/accessibility.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a href="/accessibility/accessibility.ar.html"
title="Arabic">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<!-- French -->
+<li><a href="/accessibility/accessibility.fr.html"
title="French">français</a> [fr]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: contact/contact.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/contact/contact.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- contact/contact.es.html 23 Nov 2009 21:26:25 -0000 1.5
+++ contact/contact.es.html 3 Sep 2011 08:32:40 -0000 1.6
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Contactar con el Proyecto GNU y la Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+<title>Contacting the GNU project</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
-<h2>Contactar con el Proyecto GNU y la Free Software Foundation (FSF)</h2>
+<h2>Contacting the GNU project</h2>
<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
@@ -14,113 +13,145 @@
<!-- Please ensure links are consistent with Apache's MultiView. -->
<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
<!-- language, where necessary. -->
-<a href="/graphics/listen.es.html"><img src=
-"/graphics/listen-tiny.jpg" alt="[imagen de un ñu escuchando]"
-width="213" height="130" /></a>
-<hr />
-
-<p>Nos esforzamos en dar respuesta a todas las posibles preguntas que usted
-pueda tener en nuestro <a href="/home.es.html">sitio web</a>. Sin embargo,
-en ocasiones, podrÃa tener una pregunta o problema que necesita nuestra
-atención. Esta página describe cómo contactarnos bajo esas
circunstancias.</p>
-<p>Por favor, tenga en cuenta que el tiempo que nos toma responder a preguntas
-del público reduce la cantidad de tiempo en el que podemos continuar
-escribiendo, documentando, protegiendo y promocionando al <a
-href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">software libre</a>. Por eso, pro favor,
-compruebe si su pregunta está respuesta en nuestro sitio web. Si no puede
-encontrar la respuesta, use la siguiente tabla para saber qué hacer.</p>
-
-<h2>Contactar a la FSF y al Proyecto GNU por correo electrónico</h2>
-
-<p>Cuando sea posible, preferimos que contacte a la FSF y al Proyecto GNU
-mediante correo electrónico. Esto permite direccionar mejor su solicitud. La
-tabla, que aparece abajo, expone diversas de nuestras direcciones y cuándo
-usarlas.</p>
-
-<dl>
-<dt>Si necesita soporte técnico, información técnica sobre el software GNU u
-otro software libre, o está tratando de encontrar un software libre en
-particular o programa de GNU,</dt>
-<dd>Tenga en cuenta, por favor, que <a href="/help/gethelp.es.html">no
-proporcionamos soporte técnico</a>. Pruebe nuestras <a
-href="http://lists.gnu.org/";>páginas de listas de correo</a>, nuestra <a
-href="/server/irc-rules.es.html">página de IRC</a>, nuestra <a
-href="/software/software.es.html">página de software</a>, nuestro <a
-href="http://directory.fsf.org/";>Directorio de Software Libre</a> y nuestro
-<a href="http://www.fsf.org/resources/service/";>directorio de
servicios</a>.</dd>
-
-<dt>Para consultas acerca el contenido de nuestro sitio web, ideas para el
-mismo, o correcciones de errores tipográficos,</dt>
-<dd>contacte a los webmasters de GNU <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Excepto
-correos sobre las páginas web de paquetes de GNU especÃficos, que deberÃan
-ser dirigidos a los responsables del paquete. Las cuestiones relativas a
-traducciones de esta página web pueden dirigirse a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</dd>
-
-<dt>Para consultas acerca cómo donar a la FSF, pedir merchandasing de la FSF o
-comprobar el estado de su pedido,</dt>
-<dd>compruebe el <a href="/order/order.html">formulario de pedidos</a>, y luego
-póngase en contacto con al departamento de pedidos de la FSF (<span
-style="text-style:italic;" lang="en">FSF Ordering Department</span> en
-inglés) <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</dd>
-
-<dt>Para enviar ideas para la lista de tareas de GNU,</dt>
-<dd>vea nuestra <a href="/prep/tasks.html">página con la lista de
tareas</a>.</dd>
-
-<dt>Para preguntar acerca encargarse del mantenimiento de <a
-href="/philosophy/categories.es.html#GNUsoftware">software de GNU</a>, o
-para enviar su software para que se considere convertirlo a un <a
-href="/philosophy/categories.es.html#GNUprograms">programa de GNU</a>,</dt>
-<dd>eche un vistazo a la <a href="/prep/maintain/">guÃa de mantenimiento de
-GNU</a>, el <a href="/help/evaluation.html">formulario de evaluación de
-software de GNU</a>, o contacte con <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</dd>
-
-<dt>Para preguntar acerca <a href="http://savannah.gnu.org";>savannah</a>,
-nuestro servidor de alojamiento disponible tanto para proyectos de GNU como
-para los ajenos,</dt>
-<dd>vea por favor la <a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/contact.php";>página de
-contacto de savannah</a>.</dd>
-
-<dt>Si desea informar de un incumplimiento de una licencia de software libre
que
-ha encontrado,</dt>
-<dd>lea por favor nuestra <a href="/copyleft/gpl-violation.es.html">página de
-incumplimiento de licencias</a>; y luego contacte con <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</dd>
-
-<dt>Si tiene una pregunta, del mundo real, sobre el licenciamiento de software
-libre y derechos de autor (para informar de incumplimientos de licencias,
-vea arriba),</dt>
-<dd>lea por favor nuestra <a href="/philosophy/license-list.es.html">página
con
-la lista de licencias</a>, nuestra <a
-href="/copyleft/copyleft.es.html">página sobre el copyleft</a>, y luego
-póngase en contacto con <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</dd>
-
-<dt>Si está manteniendo o trabajando <strong>activamente</strong> en un
proyecto
-de GNU, y necesita una cuenta en alguna máquina de GNU o la FSF,</dt>
-<dd>vea la <a href="/software/README.accounts.html">información sobre el
acceso
-a máquinas</a> y contacte con <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> si tiene
-problemas.</dd>
-
-<dt>Si está trabajando en un programa de GNU, y el titular de los derechos de
-autor es la FSF, y necesita tratar la asignación de derechos de autor;</dt>
-<dd>contacte con <a href=
"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</dd>
-
-<dt>Si tiene activo un reenvÃo de correos desde el dominio gnu.org, y necesita
-actualizarlo,</dt>
-<dd>contacte con <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
-<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
-<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+<p>We strive to put the answers to all possible questions you might have on our
+<a href="http://www.gnu.org/";>web site</a>. However, sometimes, you might
+have a question or issue that isn't covered. This page describes how to
+contact us in these circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>Please keep in mind, though, that time spent answering individual queries
+reduces the time available to work on writing, documenting, protecting and
+promoting <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>. So, please
+look to see if your question is addressed on our web site first. If you
+can't find the answer, use the table below to figure out what to do.</p>
+
+<p>We prefer that you contact the GNU project via email, if at all possible.
+This allows for best routing of your query. The list below gives our
+various addresses and when to use them.</p>
+
+
+<h4>For technical support</h4>
+
+<p>Or if you need technical information about GNU software or other free
+software, or are trying to find a particular free software or GNU
+program…</p>
+
+<p><strong>Please note that we do not provide technical support ourselves;
+however, <a href="/help/gethelp.html">help is at hand</a>:</strong></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>We have a general page on <a href="/help/gethelp.html">getting help with
GNU
+software</a>.</li>
+<li>The home page for each GNU package is
+<tt>http://www.gnu.org/software/<i>pkgname</i></tt>; for example, <a
+href="http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/";><tt>http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs</tt></a>
+for GNU Emacs.</li>
+<li>Try our <a href="http://lists.gnu.org/";>mailing lists</a>—there is
+usually one or more lists for each GNU package; that is, a GNU Emacs mailing
+list, a GNU Chess mailing list, etc.</li>
+<li>The <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/";>Free Software Directory</a> can
help
+you find both GNU and other free software packages.</li>
+<li>Our <a href="/server/irc-rules.html">IRC chat rooms</a>.</li>
+<li>Finally, our <a href="http://www.fsf.org/resources/service/";>service
+directory</a> will help you find companies and people in your area who have
+provide support services, usually for a fee.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+ <h4>For inquiries about the content of the GNU web site</h4>
+
+<p>Including ideas for our web site, or corrections of typographical
errors.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>For general pages, contact the GNU Webmasters <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</li>
+<li>For pages of specific GNU packages, <a href="/help/gethelp.html">contact
the
+particular package maintainer(s).</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+ <h4>For memberships, donations, t-shirts, books, GNU toys, …</h4>
+
+<p>FSF is a 501(c)(3) charity in the USA, and therefore your membership dues
+are tax-deductible in the USA.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><a href="http://donate.fsf.org/";>Make a donation to the Free Software
+Foundation</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="http://www.fsf.org/associate/";>Join the FSF as an associate member
+with a monthly or yearly contribution</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="http://shop.fsf.org/";>Buy books, t-shirts, manuals and more at the
+GNU press store</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+ <h4>For ideas for the GNU task list</h4>
+
+<p>See our page on <a href="/help/help.html">how to help GNU</a>.</p>
+
+
+ <h4>For questions about maintaining <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU software</a></h4>
+
+<p>Including how to submit your software for consideration to become a <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUprograms">GNU program</a>. See the <a
+href="/prep/standards/">GNU Coding Standards</a>, <a
+href="/prep/maintain/">Information for GNU Maintainers</a>, and the <a
+href="/help/evaluation.html">GNU software evaluation questionnaire</a>. If
+still questions, email <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+
+ <h4>For questions about Savannah hosting</h4>
+
+ <p>To ask questions about <a href="http://savannah.gnu.org";>savannah</a>, our
+hosting server available for both GNU and non-GNU projects, please see the
+<a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/contact.php";>savannah contact page</a>.</p>
+
+
+ <h4>For licensing violations</h4>
+
+<p>If you want to report a free software license violation that you have found,
+please read our <a href="/copyleft/gpl-violation.html">license violation
+page</a>, and then contact <a href=
+"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+
+ <h4>For questions about free software licensing and copyright</h4>
+
+<p>Please check our <a href="/licenses/gpl-faq.html">licensing FAQ</a>, the <a
+href="/licenses/license-list.html">license list</a>, <a
+href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">general copyleft information</a>, and <a
+href="/licenses/">related pages</a>. If questions remains, email <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>The <a href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing/";>FSF's licensing compliance
+lab</a> also offers <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing/contact";>paid-consulting on free software
+licensing issues</a>.</p>
+
+
+ <h4>For accounts on GNU/FSF machines</h4>
+
+<p>If you are <strong>actively</strong> maintaining or working on a GNU
+project, and need an account on a GNU or FSF machine, see <a
+href="/software/README.accounts.html">machine access information</a>.</p>
+
+ <h4>For copyright assignments of FSF-copyrighted GNU programs</h4>
+
+<p>Contact <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <h4>For updating personal GNU email aliases</h4>
+
+<p>If you currently have an email forward from the gnu.org domain, and need it
+updated, contact <a href=
+"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -130,21 +161,24 @@
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.es.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>Por favor, envÃe sus comentarios y preguntas sobre la â©<acronym
title="Free
-Software Foundation">FSF</acronym> y el proyecto GNU a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. â©También puede <a
-href="/contact/">contactar con la FSF por otros medios</a>.<br />Por favor,
-envÃe enlaces rotos y otras correcciones o sugerencias a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
-<p>Por favor, visite la <a href=
-"/server/standards/README.translations.es.html">guÃa de traducciones</a>
-para obtener información acerca cómo coordinar o enviar traducciones de este
-artÃculo.</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted
-worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice, and the
-copyright notice, are preserved.</p>
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>
+for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this
article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -158,36 +192,40 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2009/11/23 21:26:25 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:32:40 $
+
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
+
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traducciones de esta página</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<li><a href="/contact/contact.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/contact/contact.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
-<li><a href="/contact/contact.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
<li><a href="/contact/contact.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/contact/contact.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a href="/contact/contact.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/contact/contact.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
-
+<li><a href="/contact/contact.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: copyleft/copyleft.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/copyleft/copyleft.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- copyleft/copyleft.ar.html 20 Feb 2011 01:25:10 -0000 1.15
+++ copyleft/copyleft.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:32:45 -0000 1.16
@@ -81,13 +81,13 @@
اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© Ù
٠اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
ÙÙ</a>.</p>
<p>
-ÙÙ
Ùذج بدÙÙ ÙÙØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ترÙÙØ©Ø <a
href="/copyleft/lesser.html">رخصة غÙÙ
-اÙعÙ
ÙÙ
ÙØ© اÙصغر٠(Ø¥Ù‌جÙ‌بÙ‌Ø¥Ù) (Ù
تاØØ© ÙÙ ÙسÙ
-إتش‌تÙ‌Ø¥Ù
‌Ø¥Ù</a> Ù<a
href="/copyleft/lesser.txt">Ùص</a>Ø
-Ù<a href="/copyleft/lesser.texi">تخئÙÙÙ</a>). Ù
طبÙØ© عÙ٠بعض
(ÙÙÙس ÙÙ) Ù
Ùتبات
-غÙÙ. ÙتعÙÙ
اÙÙ
زÙد ØÙ٠اÙاستخداÙ
اÙÙ
رجØ
ÙØ¥Ù‌جÙ‌بÙ‌Ø¥ÙØ Ù
Ù
-ÙضÙ٠اÙرأ اÙÙ
Ùا٠<a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ar.html"><cite>ÙÙ
اذا Ùجب
-Ø£Ùا تستخدÙ
جÙ‌بÙ‌إ٠اÙصغر٠ÙÙ
ÙتبتÙ
اÙÙادÙ
Ø©</cite></a>.</p>
+An alternate form of copyleft, the <a href="/licenses/lgpl.html">GNU Lesser
+General Public License (LGPL) (available in HTML</a>, <a
+href="/licenses/lgpl.txt">text</a>, and <a
+href="/licenses/lgpl.texi">Texinfo</a> format), applies to a few (but not
+all) GNU libraries. To learn more about properly using the LGPL, please read
+the article <a href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html"><cite>Why you shouldn't
+use the Lesser GPL for your next library</cite></a>.</p>
<p>
<a href="/copyleft/fdl.html">رخصة غÙÙ ÙÙÙثائ٠اÙØرة
(Ø¥Ù‌دÙ‌Ø¥Ù)
@@ -153,8 +153,9 @@
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 1996Ø 1997Ø 1998Ø 1999Ø 2000Ø 2001Ø 2002Ø
2003Ø 2004Ø
2005Ø 2006Ø 2007Ø 2008Ø 2009 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرةØ
اÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ</p>
-<p>اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙ
دخÙØ© اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù
Ùجازة ÙÙ Ù٠أÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠أرباØØ
-Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ù
ع Ùضع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاØظة Ù٠عÙÙ
اÙاعتبار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -169,7 +170,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2011/02/20 01:25:10 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:32:45 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: copyleft/copyleft.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/copyleft/copyleft.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- copyleft/copyleft.fa.html 8 Jan 2010 21:26:14 -0000 1.8
+++ copyleft/copyleft.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:32:45 -0000 1.9
@@ -85,15 +85,13 @@
استÙاد٠</p>
<p>
-ÙÙع دÛÚ¯Ø±Û Ø§Ø² Ú©Ù¾ÛâÙÙت ب٠ÙاÙ
<a
href="/copyleft/lesser.html">اجازÙâÙاÙ
Ù
-Ú©ÙÚکتر٠جاÙ
ع ٠عÙ
ÙÙ
Û Ú¯ÙÙ (LGPL) (در ÙاÙب HTML</a>Ø
<a
-href="/copyleft/lesser.txt">Ù
تÙ</a> Ù <a
-href="/copyleft/lesser.texi">Texinfo</a> Ù
ÙجÙد است) Ø´Ùاخت٠Ù
ÛâØ´Ùد ک٠براÛ
-ØªØ¹Ø¯Ø§Ø¯Û Ø§Ø² کتابخاÙÙâÙØ§Û ÙرÙ
âاÙØ²Ø§Ø±Û Ú¯ÙÙ (ÙÙ
تÙ
اÙ
Ø¢ÙÙا) ب٠کار گرÙت٠شدÙ
-است. Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø§Ø·Ùاعات بÛشتر در Ù
Ùرد استÙاد٠از
LGPLØ ÙØ·Ùا Ù
ÙاÙÙ <a
-href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html"><cite>Úرا Ø´Ù
ا ÙباÛد از
اجازÙâÙاÙ
Ù
-Ú©ÙÚکتر٠GPL Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ú©ØªØ§Ø¨Ø®Ø§ÙÙ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار بعدÛ
Ø®Ùد استÙاد٠کÙÛد</cite></a> را
-Ù
طاÙع٠کÙÛد.</p>
+An alternate form of copyleft, the <a href="/licenses/lgpl.html">GNU Lesser
+General Public License (LGPL) (available in HTML</a>, <a
+href="/licenses/lgpl.txt">text</a>, and <a
+href="/licenses/lgpl.texi">Texinfo</a> format), applies to a few (but not
+all) GNU libraries. To learn more about properly using the LGPL, please read
+the article <a href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html"><cite>Why you shouldn't
+use the Lesser GPL for your next library</cite></a>.</p>
<p>
<a href="/copyleft/fdl.html">اجازÙâÙاÙ
Ù Ù
ستÙدات آزاد
Ú¯ÙÙ (FDL) (در ÙاÙب
@@ -146,11 +144,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fa.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÙØ·Ùا سÙاÙات ٠پرسشâÙØ§Û Ø®Ùد در رابط٠با Ú¯ÙÙ
٠بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ را بÙ
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> ارساÙ
Ú©ÙÛد. ÙÙ
ÚÙÛÙ <a
-href="/contact/">راÙâÙØ§Û Ø¯ÛÚ¯Ø±Û Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ØªÙ
اس</a> با
بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ ÙجÙد
-دارد. <br /> ÙØ·Ùا ÙÛÙÚ©âÙØ§Û Ø®Ø±Ø§Ø¨ Ù Ûا Ù
Ø´Ú©Ùات
دÛگر Ûا Ù¾ÛØ´ÙÙادات Ø®Ùد را ب٠<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> ارسا٠کÙÛد.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -163,9 +162,9 @@
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
-<p>ÙسخÙâØ¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÙ
٠ب٠کÙÙ
٠٠تÙزÛع ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در سراسر جÙا٠٠در Ùر
-رساÙÙâاÛØ Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠پرداخت Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز Ù
جاز Ù
ÛâØ¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ù Ø´Ø±Ø·Û Ú©Ù Ø§Û٠اعÙاÙ/Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز
-ØÙظ Ø´Ùد.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -177,7 +176,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2010/01/08 21:26:14 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:32:45 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: copyleft/copyleft.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/copyleft/copyleft.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- copyleft/copyleft.sr.html 8 Jan 2010 21:26:14 -0000 1.8
+++ copyleft/copyleft.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:32:46 -0000 1.9
@@ -86,13 +86,13 @@
добиÑа задаÑке за аÑÑоÑÑка пÑава од
ÑÑеÑника</a>.</p>
<p>
-ÐлÑеÑнаÑивна ÑоÑма копилеÑÑа, <a
href="/copyleft/lesser.html">ÐÐУ-ова маÑа
-опÑÑа Ñавна лиÑенÑа (ÐÐÐÐ) (доÑÑÑпна Ñ
ХТÐÐ</a>, <a
-href="/copyleft/lesser.txt">ÑекÑÑ</a>, и <a
-href="/copyleft/lesser.texi">ТекÑинÑо</a> ÑоÑмаÑÑ), Ñе
одноÑи на неколико
-(али не Ñве) ÐÐУ библиоÑека. Ðа наÑÑиÑе виÑе
о пÑавилном коÑиÑÑеÑÑ ÐÐÐÐ-а,
-молимо пÑоÑиÑаÑÑе Ñланак <a
href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html"><cite>ÐаÑÑо
-не би ÑÑебали да коÑиÑÑиÑе ÐаÑÑ ÐÐРза ваÑÑ
библиоÑекÑ</cite></a>.</p>
+An alternate form of copyleft, the <a href="/licenses/lgpl.html">GNU Lesser
+General Public License (LGPL) (available in HTML</a>, <a
+href="/licenses/lgpl.txt">text</a>, and <a
+href="/licenses/lgpl.texi">Texinfo</a> format), applies to a few (but not
+all) GNU libraries. To learn more about properly using the LGPL, please read
+the article <a href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html"><cite>Why you shouldn't
+use the Lesser GPL for your next library</cite></a>.</p>
<p>
<a href="/copyleft/fdl.html">ÐÐУ-ова Ñлободна лиÑенÑа
докÑменÑаÑиÑе (СÐÐ)
@@ -149,11 +149,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.sr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑаÑеÑе пиÑаÑа Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð¸ Ñа
ÐСС-ом и ÐÐУ-ом на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÐоÑÑоÑе и <a
-href="/contact/">дÑÑги наÑини да Ñе обÑаÑиÑе</a>
ÐСС-Ñ.<br />Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-ÑаÑеÑе неиÑпÑавне везе и дÑÑге иÑпÑавке
(или пÑедлоге) на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -166,9 +167,9 @@
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа,
-без надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз
ÑÑлов да Ñе оÑÑвано ово
-обавеÑÑеÑе.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -194,7 +195,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2010/01/08 21:26:14 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:32:46 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: copyleft/copyleft.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/copyleft/copyleft.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- copyleft/copyleft.tr.html 8 Jan 2010 21:26:15 -0000 1.1
+++ copyleft/copyleft.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:32:46 -0000 1.2
@@ -92,14 +92,13 @@
okuyabilirsiniz.</p>
<p>
-Alternatif bir copyleft biçimi olan <a href="/copyleft/lesser.html">GNU
-Kısıtlı Genel Kamu Lisansı (LGPL)(HTML</a>, <a
-href="/copyleft/lesser.txt">metin</a>, ve <a
-href="/copyleft/lesser.texi">Texinfo</a> biçimleri) bazı (ama hepsi deÄil)
-GNU kütüphanelerine uygulanmaktadır. LGPL'i uygun kullanmak için daha
-fazlasını öÄrenmek üzere, lütfen <a
-href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html"><cite>Neden bir sonraki kütüphaneniz
-için Lesser GPL kullanmamalısınız</cite></a> yazısını okuyun.</p>
+An alternate form of copyleft, the <a href="/licenses/lgpl.html">GNU Lesser
+General Public License (LGPL) (available in HTML</a>, <a
+href="/licenses/lgpl.txt">text</a>, and <a
+href="/licenses/lgpl.texi">Texinfo</a> format), applies to a few (but not
+all) GNU libraries. To learn more about properly using the LGPL, please read
+the article <a href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html"><cite>Why you shouldn't
+use the Lesser GPL for your next library</cite></a>.</p>
<p>
<a href="/copyleft/fdl.html">GNU Ãzgür Belgeleme Lisansı (FDL) (HTML</a>, <a
@@ -153,12 +152,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.tr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır. Lütfen
-çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -171,9 +170,9 @@
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
-<p>Bu makalenin tamamının kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve
daÄıtılmasına,
-ücret talep etmeksizin, herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı
-bildirisini korumak Åartıyla, dünya çapında izin verilmiÅtir.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -226,7 +225,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/01/08 21:26:15 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:32:46 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: distros/common-distros.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/common-distros.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- distros/common-distros.fr.html 23 Jun 2010 13:59:48 -0000 1.8
+++ distros/common-distros.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:23 -0000 1.9
@@ -28,8 +28,9 @@
liste de <a href="/distros/free-distros.html">distributions GNU/Linux
libres</a>.</p>
-<p>Toutes les distributions listées dans cette page ne respectent pas les
-recommandations pour au moins deux points importants :</p>
+<p>Sauf indications contraires, toutes les distributions listées dans cette
+page ne respectent pas les recommandations pour au moins deux points
+importants :</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Elles n'ont pas de politique pour inclure <em>seulement</em> des
logiciels
@@ -37,9 +38,9 @@
plupart d'entre-ellesn'ont pas de politique claire sur les logiciels
qu'elles acceptent ou pas. Les distributions qui ont une politique ne sont
malheureusement pas assez strictes, comme c'est expliqué ci-dessous.</p></li>
-<li><p>La version du noyau Linux qu'elles distribuent contient des
blobs : des
-morceaux de code objet, distribués sans les sources, habituellement pour
-faire fonctionner un périphérique.</p></li>
+<li><p>Le noyau qu'elles distribuent (Linux dans la plupart des cas) contient
des
+« blobs » : des morceaux de code objet, distribués sans les
+sources, habituellement pour faire fonctionner un périphérique.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Vous trouverez ci-après des notes additionnelles à propos de quelques
@@ -52,36 +53,41 @@
href="mailto:address@hidden";>nous le faire savoir</a>. Nous révisons
tous les systèmes soigneusement avant de les homologuer.</p>
-<a id="CentOS"></a>
-<h3>CentOS</h3>
+<!-- Please keep this list sorted, first with all the GNU systems
+ alphabetically, then all the non-GNU systems alphabetically. -->
+<h3 id="Arch">Arch GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Arch a les deux problèmes habituels : il n'y a pas de politique claire
+sur les logiciels qui peuvent être inclus, et des blobs non-libres sont
+fournis avec leur noyau Linux. Arch n'a pas non plus de politique pour
+empêcher de distribuer des logiciels non-libres dans leurs canaux de
+distribution normaux.</p>
+
+<h3 id="CentOS">CentOS</h3>
<p>Nous ne connaissons pas de problèmes dans CentOS hormis les deux
-ci-dessus : il n'y a pas de politique claire sur les logiciels qui
-peuvent être inclus, et des blobs non-libres sont fournis avec Linux. Bien
-sûr, sans politique ferme appliquée, il pourrait y avoir d'autres logiciels
-non-libres que nous avons manqués.</p>
-
-<a id="Debian"></a>
-<h3>Debian</h3>
-
-<p>Le Contrat social de Debian spécifie que tous les logiciels dans la
-distribution principale seront libres. Malheureusement, ce n'est pas
-toujours le cas en pratique. Debian a souvent fait des exceptions tacites ou
-explicites pour certains logiciels non-libres, comme les blobs inclus dans
-Linux ou l'accompagnant. Nous espérons qu'il n'y aura pas de telles
-exceptions dans le futur, mais nous ne pouvons fermer les yeux sur la
-situation actuelle.</p>
-
-<p>Debian propose aussi des entrepôts de logiciels non-libres. Selon le
projet,
-ces logiciels ne « font pas partie du système Debian ». Nous
-comprenons que ce soit important pour des raisons organisationnelles, mais
-les utilisateurs devraient être mis en garde pour faire la distinction. Les
-entrepôts non-libres sont exposés de la même manières que les entrepôts
-principaux sur le site Web, dans la documentation et d'autres supports
-Debian.</p>
+habituels : il n'y a pas de politique claire sur les logiciels qui
+peuvent être inclus, et des blobs non-libres sont fournis avec le noyau
+Linux. Bien sûr, sans politique ferme appliquée, il pourrait y avoir
+d'autres logiciels non-libres que nous avons manqués.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Debian">Debian GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Debian's Social Contract states the goal of making Debian entirely free
+software, and Debian conscientiously keeps nonfree software out of the
+official Debian system. However, Debian also provides a repository of
+nonfree software. According to the project, this software is “not
+part of the Debian system,” but the repository is hosted on many of
+the project's main servers, and people can readily learn about these nonfree
+packages by browsing Debian's online package database. This does too much
+to steer users towards proprietary software for us to endorse it.</p>
+
+<p>Previous releases of Debian also included nonfree blobs with the kernel
+Linux. With the release of Debian 6.0 (“squeeze”) in February
+2011, these blobs have been moved out of the main distribution to separate
+packages in the nonfree repository.</p>
-<a id="Fedora"></a>
-<h3>Fedora</h3>
+<h3 id="Fedora">Fedora</h3>
<p>Fedora a une politique claire sur ce qui doit être inclus dans une
distribution, et elle semble la suivre soigneusement. La politique nécessite
@@ -91,14 +97,12 @@
cette politique empêche Fedora de respecter les recommandations pour une
distribution système libre.</p>
-<a id="Gentoo"></a>
-<h3>Gentoo</h3>
+<h3 id="Gentoo">Gentoo GNU/Linux</h3>
<p>Gentoo rend facile l'installation d'un certain nombre de logiciels
non-libres au moyen de son système de paquetages principal.</p>
-<a id="Mandriva"></a>
-<h3>Mandriva</h3>
+<h3 id="Mandriva">Mandriva GNU/Linux</h3>
<p>Mandriva a une politique établie sur ce qui doit être inclus dans le
système
principal. Elle est basée sur celle de Fedora, ce qui signifie qu'elle
@@ -108,14 +112,14 @@
<p>Mandriva propose aussi les logiciels non-libres au moyen d'entrepôts
dédiés.</p>
-<a id="openSUSE"></a>
-<h3>openSUSE</h3>
+<h3 id="openSUSE">openSUSE GNU/Linux</h3>
-<p>openSUSE propose à ces utilisateurs un accès à des entrepôts de
logiciels
-non-libres.</p>
+<p>openSUSE offers its users access to a repository of nonfree software. This
+is an instance of how <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> “open” is
+weaker than “free”</a>.</p>
-<a id="RedHat"></a>
-<h3>Red Hat</h3>
+<h3 id="RedHat">Red Hat GNU/Linux</h3>
<p>La distribution Enterprise de Red Hat's suivant auparavant les mêmes
politiques de licence que Fedora, avec une exception. Par conséquent, ,ous
@@ -123,45 +127,54 @@
Red Hat n'a pas de politique contre la mise à disposition de logiciels
non-libres par l'intermédiaire de canaux de distribution supplémentaires.</p>
-<a id="Slackware"></a>
-<h3>Slackware</h3>
+<h3 id="Slackware">Slackware</h3>
+
+<p>Slackware a les deux problèmes habituels : il n'y a pas de politique
+claire sur les logiciels qui peuvent être inclus, et des blobs non-libres
+sont fournis avec le noyau Linux. Elle inclut aussi le programme xv de
+visualisation d'images. Bien sûr, sans politique ferme appliquée, il
+pourrait y avoir d'autres logiciels non-libres que nous avons manqués.</p>
+
+<h3 id="SUSE">SUSE GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>En plus des deux problèmes habituels, plusieurs logiciels non-libres sont
+disponibles au téléchargement sur le site FTP officiel de SUSE.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Ubuntu">Ubuntu GNU/Linux</h3>
+
+<p>Ubuntu provides specific repositories of nonfree software, and Canonical
+expressly promotes and recommends nonfree software under the Ubuntu name in
+some of their distribution channels. Ubuntu offers the option to install
+only free packages, which means it also offers the option to install nonfree
+packages too. In addition, the version of Linux included in Ubuntu contains
+firmware blobs.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ubuntu's trademark policy prohibits commercial redistribution of exact
+copies of Ubuntu, denying an important freedom.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="BSD">Systèmes BSD</h3>
-<p>Nous ne connaissons pas de problèmes dans Slackware, hormis ceux listés
plus
-haut : il n'y a pas de politique claire sur les logiciels qui peuvent
-être inclus, et des blobs non-libres sont fournis avec Linux. Bien sûr, sans
-politique ferme appliquée, il pourrait y avoir d'autres logiciels non-libres
-que nous avons manqués.</p>
-
-<a id="SUSE"></a>
-<h3>SUSE</h3>
-
-<p>Plusieurs logiciels non-libres sont disponibles au téléchargements sur le
-site FTP officiel de SUSE.</p>
-
-<a id="Ubuntu"></a>
-<h3>Ubuntu</h3>
-
-<p>Ubuntu propose des entrepôts de logiciels non-libres. Même si vous ne les
-utilisez pas, l'installeur d'application par défaut vous proposera des
-logiciels non-libres.</p>
-
-<a id="BSD"></a>
-<h3>Et au sujet des systèmes BSD ?</h3>
-
-<p>FreeBSD, NetBSD et OpenBSD incluent toutes des instructions pour obtenir des
-programmes non-libres dans leur système de ports.</p>
-
-<p>Les systèmes BSD se réfèrent à des pilotes propriétaires comme les
-« blobs » et certains ont une politique contre l'inclusions de
-ceux-ci. C'est bien, mais malheureusement, aucun système BSD n'a de
-politique contre les firmware binaires propriétaires qui pourraient être
-chargés, même par des pilotes libres.</p>
-
-<p>Les microcodes non-libres dans Linux sont appelés « blobs »,
mais
-dans le vocabulaire BSD, « blob » a un autre sens. Par conséquent,
-quand les développeurs BSD disent que leurs distributions ne contiennent pas
-de blobs, il y a mauvaise communication, car ils parlent d'autre chose.</p>
+<p>FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD all include instructions for obtaining nonfree
+programs in their ports system. In addition, their kernels include nonfree
+firmware blobs.</p>
+
+<p>Nonfree firmware programs used with the Linux kernel are called
+“blobs”, and that's how we use the term. In BSD parlance, the
+term “blob” means something else: a nonfree driver. OpenBSD and
+perhaps other BSD distributions have the policy of not including those.
+That is the right policy, as regards drivers; but when the developers say
+these distributions “contain no blobs”, it causes a
+misunderstanding. They are not talking about firmware blobs.</p>
+<p>No BSD distribution has policies against proprietary binary-only firmware
+that might be loaded even by free drivers.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Haiku">Haiku</h3>
+
+<p>Haiku includes some software that you're not allowed to modify. It also
+includes nonfree firmware blobs.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -175,9 +188,10 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
<p>Veuillez consulter le <a
@@ -185,11 +199,13 @@
traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission
de traductions de cet article.</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.</p>
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
+</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -201,7 +217,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/06/23 13:59:48 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -225,8 +241,18 @@
use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/distros/common-distros.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/distros/common-distros.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<li><a href="/distros/common-distros.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
+<!-- Italian -->
+<li><a href="/distros/common-distros.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/distros/common-distros.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/distros/common-distros.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: distros/distros.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/distros.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- distros/distros.ar.html 21 Feb 2011 09:25:59 -0000 1.13
+++ distros/distros.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:23 -0000 1.14
@@ -77,8 +77,9 @@
<p>
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 2009 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرةØ
اÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ
</p>
-<p>ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù
ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø· إبÙاء Ùذا
-اÙإخطار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2011/02/21 09:25:59 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -116,10 +117,16 @@
http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/distros/distros.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/distros/distros.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/distros/distros.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -128,6 +135,8 @@
<li><a href="/distros/distros.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
<li><a href="/distros/distros.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<!-- Malayalam -->
+<li><a
href="/distros/distros.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/distros/distros.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
Index: distros/distros.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/distros.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- distros/distros.fa.html 18 Jan 2011 09:28:22 -0000 1.1
+++ distros/distros.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:23 -0000 1.2
@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@
<h3 id="freeDistros">تÙزÛعâÙØ§Û Ú¯ÙÙ/ÙÛÙÙکس آزاد</h3>
<p>
-Ù
ا تÙصÛÙ Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÛÙ
از ÛÚ© تÙزÛع سÛستÙ
Ú¯ÙÙ/ÙÛÙÙکس ازاد استÙاد٠کÙÛØ¯Ø ÛÚ©Û Ú©Ù Ø§ØµÙا
-ÙرÙ
âاÙزار اÙØØµØ§Ø±Û Ùداشت٠باشد. اÛÙØ·ÙØ±Û Ø´Ù
ا Ù
ÛâتÙاÙÛد Ù
Ø·Ù
ئ٠باشÛد Ú©Ù ÙÛÚ
-ÙرÙ
âاÙزار غÛر Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø±Ø§ Ùصب ÙÙ
ÛâÚ©ÙÛد.
اÛÙجا Ù
ÛâتÙاÙÛد ÙÛست Ù
ا از اÛ٠تÙزÛعâÙا
-را ببÛÙÛد. <br /> <a
href="/distros/free-distros.html">تÙزÛعâÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯
-Ú¯ÙÙ/ÙÛÙÙکس</a>.</p>
+We recommend that you use a free GNU/Linux system distribution, one that
+does not include proprietary software at all. That way you can be sure that
+you are not installing any non-free programs. Here is our list of such
+distros:<br />
+<a href="/distros/free-distros.html"> Free GNU/Linux distributions</a>.</p>
<p>
ÙÙ
ÙâÛ Ø§Û٠تÙزÛعâÙØ§Û Ù
ÙجÙد ب٠کÙ
Ú© براÛ
تÙسع٠ÙÛاز دارÙد. بÙابراÛÙØ Ø§Ú¯Ø±
@@ -34,17 +34,17 @@
<h3 id="distroGuidelines">رÙÙÙ
ÙدâÙØ§Û ØªÙزÛعâÙاÛ
آزاد</h3>
<p>
-اÛÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙØ±Ø³ØªÛ Ø§Ø³Øª از Ù
Ø´Ú©ÙØ§ØªÛ Ú©Ù Ø¨Ø§Ø¹Ø« Ù
ÛâØ´Ùد ÛÚ© ÙÙزÛØ¹Ø Ú©Ø§Ù
Ùا آزاد در Ùظر
-گرÙت٠ÙØ´Ùد: <br /> <a
-href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html"> رÙÙÙ
ÙدÙاÛÛ
براÛ
-تÙزÛعâÙØ§Û Ø³ÛستÙ
آزاد</a>.</p>
+Here is the list of problems that can prevent a distro from being considered
+entirely free:<br />
+<a href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html"> Guidelines for
+free system distributions</a>.</p>
<h3 id="otherDistros">تÙزÛعâÙØ§Û Ø±Ø§Ûج</h3>
<p>
-Ø®ÛÙÛ Ø§Ø² تÙزÛعâÙØ§Û ÙرÙ
âاÙØ²Ø§Ø±Û Ú¯ÙÙ/ÙÛÙÙکس Ù
Ø´ÙÙر شاÙ
٠رÙÙÙ
ÙدâÙØ§Û Ù
ا
-ÙÙ
ÛâØ´ÙÙد. Ø´Ù
ا Ù
ÛâتÙاÙÛد در Ù
Ùرد Ù
Ø´Ú©Ùات
Ø¢ÙâÙا اÛÙâجا بخÙاÙÛد: <br /> <a
-href="/distros/common-distros.html"> Úرا ÙÙ
ÛâتÙاÙÛÙ
Ø®ÛÙÛ
از تÙزÛعâÙاÛ
-Ú¯ÙÙ/ÙÛÙÙکس Ù
Ø´ÙÙر را تاÛÛد Ú©ÙÛÙ
</a>.</p>
+Many common and well-known GNU/Linux software distributions don't meet our
+guidelines. You can read about their problems here:<br />
+<a href="/distros/common-distros.html"> Why we can't endorse many well-known
+GNU/Linux distros</a>.</p>
<p>
Ù
ا از تÙسع٠دÙÙدگا٠اÛ٠تÙزÛعâÙا درخÙاست Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÛÙ
ک٠بخشâÙØ§Û ØºÛر آزاد را
@@ -63,11 +63,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-پرسشâÙاÛتا٠را در Ù
Ùرد Ú¯Ù٠ب٠<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> بÙرستÛد. ÙÙ
ÚÙÛÙ <a
-href="/contact/">راÙâÙØ§Û Ø¯Ûگر Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ØªÙ
اس </a> با
اÙâاسâا٠ÙÛز ÙستÙد. <br />
-ÙØ·Ùا Ù¾ÛÙÙدâÙØ§Û Ø´Ú©Ø³ØªÙ Ù Ø¯Ûگر اصÙاØات Ù
Ù¾ÛØ´ÙÙادâÙا را ب٠<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> بÙرستÛد.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -80,8 +81,9 @@
ØÙ ÙØ³Ø®Ù Ø¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û © Û²Û°Û±Û° بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارâÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ (ب٠عÙÙا٠ÛÚ© شخصÛت
ØÙÙÙÛ)
</p>
-<p>با شرط ØÙظ اÛ٠آگÙÛ Ù Ø¢Ú¯ÙÛ Ú©Ù¾Û Ø±Ø§ÛتØ
ÙسخÙâØ¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ø¨Ø± ٠اÙتشار ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙÙ
-در سرتاسر جÙاÙØ Ø¨Ø¯ÙÙ Ø٠تاÙÛÙØ Ø¯Ø± Ùر
رساÙÙâاÛØ Ú©Ø§Ù
Ùا ازاد است.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -93,7 +95,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ Ø´Ø¯Ù Ø¯Ø±:
-$Date: 2011/01/18 09:28:22 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -115,10 +117,16 @@
http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/distros/distros.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/distros/distros.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/distros/distros.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -127,6 +135,8 @@
<li><a href="/distros/distros.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
<li><a href="/distros/distros.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<!-- Malayalam -->
+<li><a
href="/distros/distros.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/distros/distros.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
Index: distros/distros.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/distros.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- distros/distros.ml.html 1 Apr 2011 00:28:25 -0000 1.1
+++ distros/distros.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:23 -0000 1.2
@@ -81,12 +81,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted
-worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice, and the
-copyright notice, are preserved. <br /> à´ à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµà´,à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶
à´àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´
-നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨ നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ,
സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£ à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
പദാനàµà´ªà´¦
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´ à´à´¤àµ
മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ
-à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -98,7 +95,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2011/04/01 00:28:25 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -128,6 +125,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/distros/distros.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/distros/distros.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/distros/distros.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: distros/distros.sk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/distros.sk.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- distros/distros.sk.html 20 Dec 2009 09:26:09 -0000 1.8
+++ distros/distros.sk.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:23 -0000 1.9
@@ -18,36 +18,32 @@
<h3 id="freeDistros">Slobodné distribúcie GNU/Linux</h3>
<p>
-OdporúÄame vám použÃvaÅ¥ niektorú zo slobodných distribúcià systému
-GNU/Linux, tj. takú, ktorá vôbec neobsahuje proprietárny softvér. Tak si
-budete môcÅ¥ byÅ¥ istÃ, že neinÅ¡talujete žiadne programy, ktoré nie sú
-slobodné. Tu je zoznam takých distribúciÃ:<br /> <a
-href="/distros/free-distros.sk.html"> Slobodné distribúcie GNU/Linux </a><br
-/>
-</p>
+We recommend that you use a free GNU/Linux system distribution, one that
+does not include proprietary software at all. That way you can be sure that
+you are not installing any non-free programs. Here is our list of such
+distros:<br />
+<a href="/distros/free-distros.html"> Free GNU/Linux distributions</a>.</p>
<p>
-Each of these existing distros could use more development help. Thus, if
-you want to make an effective contribution to free GNU/Linux distributions,
-we suggest that you join the development of an existing free distro rather
-that starting a new free distro.
+All of these existing distros could use more development help. Thus, if you
+want to make an effective contribution to free GNU/Linux distributions, we
+suggest that you join the development of an existing free distro rather that
+starting a new free distro.
</p>
<h3 id="distroGuidelines">Usmernenia pre slobodné distribúcie</h3>
<p>
-Tu je zoznam problémov, ktoré môžu zabrániť tomu, aby bola distribúcia
-považovaná za úplne slobodnú:<br /> <a
-href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">Smernice pre
-slobodné distribúcie systémov GNU/Linux</a>
-</p>
+Here is the list of problems that can prevent a distro from being considered
+entirely free:<br />
+<a href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html"> Guidelines for
+free system distributions</a>.</p>
<h3 id="otherDistros">Bežné distribúcie</h3>
<p>
-Mnohé z bežných a dobre známych distribúcià GNU/Linux nespĺÅajú naÅ¡e
-požiadavky. O ich problémoch sa môžete doÄÃtaÅ¥ tu:<br /> <a
-href="/distros/common-distros.html"> Vysvetlenie, preÄo neschvaľujeme
-populárne distribúcie GNU/Linux</a>
-</p>
+Many common and well-known GNU/Linux software distributions don't meet our
+guidelines. You can read about their problems here:<br />
+<a href="/distros/common-distros.html"> Why we can't endorse many well-known
+GNU/Linux distros</a>.</p>
<p>
Apelujeme na vývojárov týchto distribúciÃ, aby z nich odstránili vÅ¡etky
@@ -68,8 +64,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -81,11 +78,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>Doslovné kopÃrovanie a distribúcia celého tohto Älánku sú povolené
na celom
-svete, bez poplatku, na ľubovoľnom médiu, za predpokladu, že toto
oznámenie
-a copyright zostanú zachované.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -99,7 +96,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizované:
-$Date: 2009/12/20 09:26:09 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -108,29 +105,47 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Preklady tejto stránky</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/distros/distros.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/distros/distros.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/distros/distros.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
<li><a href="/distros/distros.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
+<!-- French -->
+<li><a href="/distros/distros.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Italian -->
+<li><a href="/distros/distros.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<!-- Malayalam -->
+<li><a
href="/distros/distros.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/distros/distros.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/distros/distros.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Slovak -->
<li><a href="/distros/distros.sk.html">slovenčina</a> [sk]</li>
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<li><a
href="/distros/distros.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: distros/distros.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/distros.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- distros/distros.zh-cn.html 13 Dec 2010 09:28:21 -0000 1.2
+++ distros/distros.zh-cn.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:23 -0000 1.3
@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@
<h3 id="freeDistros">èªç±ç GNU/Linux åè¡ç</h3>
<p>
- æ们æ¨èæ¨ä½¿ç¨èªç±ç GNU/Linux
-ç³»ç»åè¡çãå®ä»¬ä¸å
å«ä»»ä½ä¸æ软件ãè¿æ
·ï¼æ¨å°±è½ç¡®å®èªå·±æ²¡æè¿è¡ä»»ä½éèªç±çç¨åºãè¿å¼
å表ååºäºè¿æ ·çåè¡çï¼<br /> <a
-href="/distro/free-distros.html">èªç±ç GNU/Linux åè¡ç</a>ã</p>
+We recommend that you use a free GNU/Linux system distribution, one that
+does not include proprietary software at all. That way you can be sure that
+you are not installing any non-free programs. Here is our list of such
+distros:<br />
+<a href="/distros/free-distros.html"> Free GNU/Linux distributions</a>.</p>
<p>
è¿äºç°æçåè¡ç大å¤å¨å¼åæ¹é¢éè¦æ´å¤ç帮å©ãå
æ¤ï¼å¦ææ¨å¸æå¶ä½ä¸ä¸ªé«æä¸èªç±ç GNU/Linux
@@ -26,13 +28,17 @@
<h3 id="distroGuidelines">èªç±åè¡çæå</h3>
<p>
-è¿éååºä¸äºå¯è½ä¼ä½¿å¾ä¸ä¸ªåè¡çæ
æ³æ为èªç±åè¡ççä¸äºåå ï¼<br /> <a
-href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidlines.html">èªç±ç³»ç»åè¡çæå</a>ã</p>
+Here is the list of problems that can prevent a distro from being considered
+entirely free:<br />
+<a href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html"> Guidelines for
+free system distributions</a>.</p>
<h3 id="otherDistros">常è§åè¡ç</h3>
<p>
-大å¤æ°å¸¸è§ç GNU/Linux åè¡ç并ä¸è½æ»¡è¶³æ们å
³äºèªç±çè¦æ±ãè¿ç¯æç« ä¸ºæ¨å举äºå®ä»¬çä¸äºé®é¢ï¼<br
/><a
-href="/distros/common-distros.html">为ä»ä¹æ们ä¸èµåå¾å¤èåç
GNU/Linux åè¡ç</a></p>
+Many common and well-known GNU/Linux software distributions don't meet our
+guidelines. You can read about their problems here:<br />
+<a href="/distros/common-distros.html"> Why we can't endorse many well-known
+GNU/Linux distros</a>.</p>
<p>
æ们å¼åè¿äºå¸¸è§å¸¸è§åè¡ççå¼å人åæå
¶ä¸éèªç±çé¨å移é¤ï¼è¿ç¨æ·ä¸ä¸ªå®å
¨èªç±çç³»ç»ã
@@ -50,9 +56,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-èç³»GNUæFSFï¼è¯·åé®ä»¶è³<a
href="address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ä¹å¯éè¿<a
-href="/contact/">å
¶ä»æ¹å¼</a>èç³»æ们ã<br />请å°åé¾æ¥æå
¶ä»æè§æ建议åéè³<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ã
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -62,7 +71,9 @@
<p>
çæææ © 2002, 2003, 2007 èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼.
</p>
-<p>å
许åç§å½¢å¼çåæ转载ï¼ä½éä¿ççæ声æåæ¬å£°æ
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -74,7 +85,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
æ´æ°ï¼
-$Date: 2010/12/13 09:28:21 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -96,10 +107,16 @@
http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/distros/distros.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/distros/distros.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/distros/distros.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -108,6 +125,8 @@
<li><a href="/distros/distros.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
<li><a href="/distros/distros.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<!-- Malayalam -->
+<li><a
href="/distros/distros.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/distros/distros.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
Index: distros/free-distros.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/free-distros.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- distros/free-distros.ar.html 31 Mar 2010 08:25:56 -0000 1.9
+++ distros/free-distros.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:23 -0000 1.10
@@ -18,49 +18,97 @@
programming platforms, non-free drivers, or non-free firmware
“blobs”. If by mistake they do include any, they remove it. To
learn more about what makes for a free GNU/Linux distribution, see our <a
-href="/philosophy/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">Guidelines for
-Free System Distributions</a>.</p>
+href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">Guidelines for Free
+System Distributions</a>.</p>
<p>We list <a href="/links/companies.html">companies that sell hardware
preinstalled with a free GNU/Linux distribution</a> separately.</p>
-<p>إذا ÙاÙت تعر٠تÙزÙعة Ù
ؤÙÙØ© ÙÙضعÙا ÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙ
Ù ÙضÙ٠اسأ٠أصØاب اÙتÙزÙعة Ø¥Ù ÙاÙÙا
-ÙرغبÙÙ Ù٠اتباع إرشاداتÙا ØÙÙ ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠اÙØرÙ. إذا ÙاÙÙ ÙØ°ÙÙ Ùإذا رغبÙا
-Ù٠أ٠تظÙر اÙتÙزÙعة Ù٠اÙÙائÙ
Ø©Ø Ùجب Ø£Ù
ÙÙتبÙا Ø¥ÙÙ <address@hidden> بعض
-اÙتÙزÙعات تبذ٠جÙدÙا Ù
Ù Ø£Ø¬Ù Ø£Ù ØªØµØ¨Ø ØرÙØ© تÙ
اÙ
ا. ÙØÙ ÙØ´ÙرÙÙ
عÙÙ Ù
ا ÙÙÙÙ
Ù٠بÙ
-Ù
٠أعÙ
ا٠Ù
٠أج٠تØÙÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙدÙØ ÙÙØ£Ù
٠أÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
بÙضعÙا ÙÙا ÙÙÙ
Ùا Ù
ا.</p>
-
-<p>إذا ÙÙت تتساء٠ع٠اÙأسباب اÙت٠تجعÙÙا Ùا
Ùدرج تÙزÙعات Ù
Ø´ÙÙرة ÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙد ترغب
-Ù٠رؤÙØ© اÙصÙØØ© اÙØªÙ ØªØ´Ø±Ø <a
href="/philosophy/common-distros.html">سبب عدÙ
-تأÙÙدÙا عÙÙ Ùبعض اÙتÙزÙعات اÙشائعة</a>. ÙÙاØ
سÙ٠تجد ÙائÙ
Ø© اÙأسباب اÙت٠تجعÙ
-عددÙا Ù
٠اÙتÙزÙعات اÙÙ
عرÙÙØ© Ùا تتبع
إرشاداتÙا.</p>
-
-<p>All of the distributions that follow are installable to a computer hard
-drive and most can be run live. They are listed in alphabetical order.</p>
+<p>If you know of a distribution that may qualify but isn't listed here, please
+ask the distribution's maintainers if they want to follow these free
+software principles. If they do, and they would like their distribution to
+be listed here, they should write to <address@hidden>.</p>
+
+<p>If you're wondering why a certain popular distribution isn't listed here,
+you may want to check our page explaining <a
+href="/distros/common-distros.html">why we don't endorse some common
+distributions</a>. There, we've listed the reasons why several well-known
+distributions don't meet our guidelines.</p>
+
+<p>Some distributions are making efforts to move toward a completely free
+system. We thank them for their ongoing work to achieve that goal, and hope
+to list them here some day.</p>
+
+<p>Information about <a href="/software/software.html">individual GNU
+packages</a> (most of which are included in the free distros here) is
+available separately.</p>
+
+<p><strong>All of the distributions that follow are installable to a computer's
+hard drive and most can be run live.</strong> They are listed in
+alphabetical order.</p>
<!-- Please notify address@hidden when adding a new distro here; and
do not do so without a lot of discussion and confirmation by rms. -->
-<ul>
-<li><a href="http://www.blagblagblag.org/";>BLAG</a>Ø·بÙاغ غÙÙ Ù
ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø ØªÙزÙعة
-غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس ØرÙØ© Ù
بÙÙØ© عÙÙ ÙÙدÙرا.</li>
-<li><a href="http://dragora.usla.org.ar/wiki/doku.php";>Dragora</a>, an
-independent GNU/Linux distribution based on concepts of simplicity.</li>
-<li><a href="http://dynebolic.org";>Dynebolic</a>Ø·تÙزÙعة
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø ØªØ±Ùز بصÙØ©
-خاصة عÙ٠تØرÙر اÙصÙت ÙاÙÙÙدÙÙ.</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.gnewsense.org/";>gNewSense</a>, a GNU/Linux distribution
-based on Debian and Ubuntu.</li>
-<li><a href="http://kongoni.co.za";>Kongoni</a> is a free GNU/Linux operating
-system of African origin. The name comes from the Shona word for a gnu (also
-known as a wildebeest).</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.musix.org.ar";>Musix GNU+Linux</a>Ø·تÙزÙعة
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس
-Ù
بÙÙØ© عÙÙ ÙÙÙبÙÙØ³Ø Ù
ع ترÙÙر خاص عÙÙ
اÙØ¥Ùتاج اÙصÙتÙ.</li>
-<li><a href="http://trisquel.info/en";>Trisquel</a>Ø·تÙزÙعة
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس Ù
ÙجÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ
-اÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙصغÙرة ÙاÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙÙ
ÙزÙÙÙÙ
ÙاÙÙ
راÙز اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ©.</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.ututo.org/www/";>Ututo</a>Ø·تÙزÙعة
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس Ù
بÙÙØ© عÙÙ
-Gentoo. ÙاÙت Ø£ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس Ùعتر٠ب٠Ù
شرÙع
غÙÙ.</li>
-<li><a href="http://venenux.org";>Venenux</a>Ø ØªÙزÙعة Øرة Ù
بÙÙØ©
عÙÙ Ø³Ø·Ø Ø§ÙÙ
Ùتب
-ÙدÙ.</li>
-</ul>
+<table class="listing">
+ <thead><tr>
+ <th>Distribution</th>
+ <th>Description</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+
+ <tr class="odd">
+ <td><a href="http://www.blagblagblag.org/";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-blag.jpg" alt="BLAG Linux and GNU"
/></a></td>
+ <td>BLAG Linux and GNU, a GNU/Linux distribution based on Fedora.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="even">
+ <td><a href="http://www.dragora.org/";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-dragora.png" alt="Dragora" /></a></td>
+ <td>Dragora, an independent GNU/Linux distribution based on concepts of
+simplicity.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="odd">
+ <td><a href="http://dynebolic.org";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-dyen.png" alt="Dynebolic" /></a></td>
+ <td>Dynebolic, a GNU/Linux distribution with special emphasis on audio and
video
+editing.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="even">
+ <td><a href="http://www.gnewsense.org/";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-gnewsense.png" alt="gNewSense" /></a></td>
+ <td>gNewSense, a GNU/Linux distribution based on Debian and Ubuntu, with
+sponsorship from the FSF.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="odd">
+ <td><a href="http://www.musix.org.ar";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-musix.png" alt="Musix GNU+Linux" /></a></td>
+ <td>Musix, a GNU+Linux distribution based on Knoppix, with special emphasis
on
+audio production.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="even">
+ <td><a href="http://parabolagnulinux.org";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-parabola.png"
+ alt="Parabola GNU/Linux" /></a></td>
+ <td>Parabola GNU/Linux, a distribution based on Arch that prioritizes simple
+package and system management.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="odd">
+ <td><a href="http://trisquel.info/en";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-trisquel.png" alt="Trisquel" /></a></td>
+ <td>Trisquel, a GNU/Linux distribution oriented toward small enterprises,
+domestic users and educational centers.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="even">
+ <td><a href="http://www.ututo.org/";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-ututo.png" alt="Ututo" /></a></td>
+ <td>Ututo, a GNU/Linux distribution based on Gentoo. It was the first fully
+free GNU/Linux system recognized by the GNU Project.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="odd">
+ <td><a href="http://venenux.org";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-venenux.png" alt="Venenux" /></a></td>
+ <td>Venenux, a GNU/Linux distribution built around the KDE
desktop.</td></tr>
+
+</table>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -72,38 +120,36 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
جÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
باÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù
-ÙضÙ٠أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+<p>Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
-<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠راجع <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.ar.html">تعÙÙÙ
ات
-اÙترجÙ
Ø©</a> ÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات ØÙ٠تÙسÙÙ ÙتسÙÙÙ
ترجÙ
ات Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ©.
-</p>
+<p>Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠راجع <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.ar.html">تعÙÙÙ
ات
+اÙترجÙ
Ø©</a> ÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات ØÙ٠تÙسÙÙ ÙتسÙÙÙ
ترجÙ
ات Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ©.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>
-Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
-2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù
ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ· ÙبدÙÙ ÙÙØ§Ø¦Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø·
-إبÙاء Ùذا اÙإخطار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
+
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
ترجÙ
Ùا <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>صÙØ§Ø Ø§ÙدÙÙÙ
ØÙ
ÙاÙØ©</em></a><br />.ÙرÙ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø© اÙعربÙØ©
بإشرا٠<a
href="http://www.cruised.net/";><em>ØساÙ
ØسÙÙ</em></a>.</div>
- <p>
-<!-- timestamp start -->
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/03/31 08:25:56 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -112,17 +158,43 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>ترجÙ
ات Ùذ٠اÙصÙØØ©</h4>
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/distros/free-distros.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/distros/free-distros.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/distros/free-distros.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/distros/free-distros.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
<li><a href="/distros/free-distros.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
<li><a href="/distros/free-distros.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Italian -->
+<li><a href="/distros/free-distros.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/distros/free-distros.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/distros/free-distros.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Slovak -->
<li><a href="/distros/free-distros.sk.html">slovenčina</a> [sk]</li>
</ul>
Index: distros/free-distros.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/free-distros.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- distros/free-distros.ca.html 31 Mar 2010 08:25:56 -0000 1.14
+++ distros/free-distros.ca.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:23 -0000 1.15
@@ -12,25 +12,24 @@
<p> <em><span class="highlight">La FSF no és responsable del contingut
d'altres
llocs web ni de si estan o no actualitzats.</span></em></p>
-<p>Following are the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>
-distributions we know of which have a firm policy commitment to only include
-and only propose free software. They reject non-free applications, non-free
-programming platforms, non-free drivers, or non-free firmware
-“blobs”. If by mistake they do include any, they remove it. To
-learn more about what makes for a free GNU/Linux distribution, see our <a
-href="/philosophy/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">Guidelines for
-Free System Distributions</a>.</p>
+<p>Aquà trobareu les distribucions <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html">GNU/Linux</a> que sabem que segueixen
+estrictament la polÃtica d'incloure i proposar només programari
+lliure. Aquestes distribucions rebutgen les aplicacions no lliures, les
+plataformes de programació no lliures, els controladors no lliures i el
+firmware no lliure. Si s'adonen que per error hi ha quelcom no lliure, ho
+treuen. Per saber més sobre que s'entén per una distribució GNU/Linux
+lliure, vegeu les nostres <a
+href="/philosophy/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">Directrius per a
+les distribucions de sistemes lliures</a>.</p>
-<p>We list <a href="/links/companies.html">companies that sell hardware
-preinstalled with a free GNU/Linux distribution</a> separately.</p>
+<p>Tenim a part una llista de les <a href="/links/companies.html">companyies
+que venen maquinari amb una distribució GNU/Linux lliure
preinstal·lada</a>.</p>
<p>Si sabeu d'alguna distribució que pot considerar-se lliure i no es troba a
la llista, pregunteu si us plau als autors de la distribució si volen seguir
els principis del programari lliure. Si ho desitgen i volen que la seva
-distribució s'inclogui aquÃ, poden escriure a <address@hidden>. Algunes
-distribucions estan fent un esforç per migrar a un sistema completament
-lliure. Els agraïm la feina que estan fent per arribar a aquest objectiu, i
-esperem poder incloure-les aquà algun dia.</p>
+distribució s'inclogui aquÃ, poden escriure a <address@hidden>.</p>
<p>Si us esteu preguntant per què certes distribucions populars no es troben a
la llista, podeu mirar la pà gina que explica <a
@@ -39,34 +38,81 @@
quals algunes distribucions molt conegudes no compleixen els nostres
criteris.</p>
-<p>All of the distributions that follow are installable to a computer hard
-drive and most can be run live. They are listed in alphabetical order.</p>
+<p>Algunes distribucions estan fent un esforç per migrar a un sistema
+completament lliure. Els agraïm la feina que estan fent per arribar a aquest
+objectiu, i esperem poder incloure-les aquà algun dia.</p>
+
+<p>Trobareu apart la informació sobre els <a
+href="/software/software.ca.html">paquets individuals de GNU </a> (la major
+part estan inclosos a les distribucions lliures que esmenem aquÃ).</p>
+
+<p><strong>Totes les distribucions que trobareu a continuació poden
+instal·lar-se al disc dur de l'ordinador, i la majoria es poden executar
+directament sense instal·lar-les. </strong>La llista segueix l'ordre
+alfabètic.</p>
<!-- Please notify address@hidden when adding a new distro here; and
do not do so without a lot of discussion and confirmation by rms. -->
-<ul>
-<li><a href="http://www.blagblagblag.org/";>BLAG</a>, BLAG Linux i GNU, una
-distribució GNU/Linux lliure basada en Fedora.</li>
-<li><a href="http://dragora.usla.org.ar/wiki/doku.php";>Dragora</a>, an
-independent GNU/Linux distribution based on concepts of simplicity.</li>
-<li><a href="http://dynebolic.org";>Dynebolic</a>, una distribució GNU/Linux
que
-posa especial èmfasi en l'edició de vÃdeo i à udio.</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.gnewsense.org/";>gNewSense</a>, a GNU/Linux distribution
-based on Debian and Ubuntu.</li>
-<li><a href="http://kongoni.co.za";>Kongoni</a> is a free GNU/Linux operating
-system of African origin. The name comes from the Shona word for a gnu (also
-known as a wildebeest).</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.musix.org.ar";>Musix GNU+Linux</a>, una distribució
-GNU/Linux basada en Knoppix que posa especial èmfasi en la producció
-d'Ã udio.</li>
-<li><a href="http://trisquel.info/en";>Trisquel</a>, una distribució GNU/Linux
-orientada a petites empreses, usuaris domèstics i centres educatius.</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.ututo.org/www/";>Ututo</a>, una distribució GNU/Linux
-basada en Gentoo. Va ser el primer sistema GNU/Linux completament lliure
-reconegut pel Projecte GNU.</li>
-<li><a href="http://venenux.org";>Venenux</a>, una distribució lliure
construïda
-al voltant de l'escriptori KDE.</li>
-</ul>
+<table class="listing">
+ <thead><tr>
+ <th>Distribució</th>
+ <th>Descripció</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+
+ <tr class="odd">
+ <td><a href="http://www.blagblagblag.org/";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-blag.jpg" alt="BLAG Linux i GNU" /></a></td>
+ <td>BLAG Linux i GNU, una distribució GNU/Linux basada en Fedora.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="even">
+ <td><a href="http://www.dragora.org/";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-dragora.png" alt="Dragora" /></a></td>
+ <td>Dragora, una distribució GNU/Linux independent basada en conceptes de
+simplicitat.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="odd">
+ <td><a href="http://dynebolic.org";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-dyen.png" alt="Dynebolic" /></a></td>
+ <td>Dynebolic, una distribució GNU/Linux que posa especial èmfasi en
l'edició de
+vÃdeo i à udio.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="even">
+ <td><a href="http://www.gnewsense.org/";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-gnewsense.png" alt="gNewSense" /></a></td>
+ <td>gNewSense, una distribució GNU/Linux basada en Debian i Ubuntu amb el
+patrocini de la FSF.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="odd">
+ <td><a href="http://www.musix.org.ar";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-musix.png" alt="Musix GNU+Linux" /></a></td>
+ <td>Musix GNU+Linux, una distribució GNU/Linux basada en Knoppix que posa
+especial èmfasi en la producció d'à udio.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="even">
+ <td><a href="http://parabolagnulinux.org";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-parabola.png"
+ alt="Parabola GNU/Linux" /></a></td>
+ <td>Parabola GNU/Linux, una distribució basada en Arch que prioritza la
+simplicitat en la gestió del sistema i dels paquets.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="odd">
+ <td><a href="http://trisquel.info/en";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-trisquel.png" alt="Trisquel" /></a></td>
+ <td>Trisquel, una distribució GNU/Linux orientada a petites empreses,
usuaris
+domèstics i centres educatius.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="even">
+ <td><a href="http://www.ututo.org/";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-ututo.png" alt="Ututo" /></a></td>
+ <td>Ututo, una distribució GNU/Linux basada en Gentoo. Va ser el primer
sistema
+GNU/Linux completament lliure reconegut pel Projecte GNU.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="odd">
+ <td><a href="http://venenux.org";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-venenux.png" alt="Venenux" /></a></td>
+ <td>Venenux, una distribució lliure construïda al voltant de l'escriptori
KDE.</td></tr>
+
+</table>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -78,40 +124,39 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ca.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-Envieu les vostres preguntes sobre la FSF i GNU a <a
+<p>Envieu les vostres preguntes sobre la FSF i GNU a <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. També hi ha <a
-href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la
-FSF. <br />Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o
-suggeriments a <a
+href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la FSF.
+<br />
+Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o suggeriments a <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
-<p>
-Vegeu la <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.ca.html">Guia de
+<p>Vegeu la <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.ca.html">Guia de
traducció</a> per informar-vos sobre la coordinació i publicació de les
traduccions d'aquest article. <br />Contacteu amb l'<a
href="/server/standards/translations/ca/">Equip de traducció</a> per
-col·laborar en la traducció al català del web de GNU.
-</p>
+col·laborar en la traducció al català del web de GNU.</p>
-<p>
-Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
-2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en
-qualsevol medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que es conservi aquesta nota.
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Aquesta pà gina es troba sota la <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ca";>Llicència
+Creative Commons Reconeixement-SenseObraDerivada 3.0 Estats Units
+d'Amèrica</a>.
</p>
+
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-Traducció: <a href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 22 d'abril de
2009.</div>
- <p>
-<!-- timestamp start -->
+Darrera actualització: <a href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 23 de
+desembre de 2009.</div>
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2010/03/31 08:25:56 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -120,17 +165,43 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traduccions d'aquesta pà gina</h4>
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/distros/free-distros.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/distros/free-distros.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/distros/free-distros.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/distros/free-distros.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
<li><a href="/distros/free-distros.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
<li><a href="/distros/free-distros.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Italian -->
+<li><a href="/distros/free-distros.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/distros/free-distros.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/distros/free-distros.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Slovak -->
<li><a href="/distros/free-distros.sk.html">slovenčina</a> [sk]</li>
</ul>
Index: distros/free-distros.sk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/free-distros.sk.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- distros/free-distros.sk.html 31 Mar 2010 08:25:57 -0000 1.10
+++ distros/free-distros.sk.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:23 -0000 1.11
@@ -18,54 +18,97 @@
programming platforms, non-free drivers, or non-free firmware
“blobs”. If by mistake they do include any, they remove it. To
learn more about what makes for a free GNU/Linux distribution, see our <a
-href="/philosophy/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">Guidelines for
-Free System Distributions</a>.</p>
+href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">Guidelines for Free
+System Distributions</a>.</p>
<p>We list <a href="/links/companies.html">companies that sell hardware
preinstalled with a free GNU/Linux distribution</a> separately.</p>
-<p>Ak poznáte nejakú distribúciu, ktorá by sa mohla považovať za
slobodnú, ale
-nie je uvedená v nasledovnom zozname, skúste sa prosÃm spýtaÅ¥ správcov
tejto
-distribúcie, Äi by boli ochotnà nasledovaÅ¥ princÃpy slobodného
softvéru. Ak
-by súhlasili a chceli, aby bola ich distribúcia uvedená v tomto zozname,
-mali by napÃsaÅ¥ na <address@hidden>. Niektoré distribúcie vyvÃjajú
-úsilie, aby sa postupne stali úplne slobodnými. Äakujeme im za ich
úsilie a
-snahu dosiahnuÅ¥ tento cieľ a verÃme, že jedného dÅa budú zaradené do
tohoto
-zoznamu.</p>
-
-<p>Ak vás zaujÃma, preÄo v tomto zozname nie sú uvedené aj isté dobre
známe
-distribúcie, vysvetlenie nájdete na stránke <a
-href="/philosophy/common-distros.html">preÄo neschvaľujeme niektoré
-populárne distribúcie</a>. Zhrnuli sme tam zoznam dôvodov, preÄo niektoré
-zo známych distribúcià nespĺÅajú naÅ¡e požiadavky.</p>
-
-<p>All of the distributions that follow are installable to a computer hard
-drive and most can be run live. They are listed in alphabetical order.</p>
+<p>If you know of a distribution that may qualify but isn't listed here, please
+ask the distribution's maintainers if they want to follow these free
+software principles. If they do, and they would like their distribution to
+be listed here, they should write to <address@hidden>.</p>
+
+<p>If you're wondering why a certain popular distribution isn't listed here,
+you may want to check our page explaining <a
+href="/distros/common-distros.html">why we don't endorse some common
+distributions</a>. There, we've listed the reasons why several well-known
+distributions don't meet our guidelines.</p>
+
+<p>Some distributions are making efforts to move toward a completely free
+system. We thank them for their ongoing work to achieve that goal, and hope
+to list them here some day.</p>
+
+<p>Information about <a href="/software/software.html">individual GNU
+packages</a> (most of which are included in the free distros here) is
+available separately.</p>
+
+<p><strong>All of the distributions that follow are installable to a computer's
+hard drive and most can be run live.</strong> They are listed in
+alphabetical order.</p>
<!-- Please notify address@hidden when adding a new distro here; and
do not do so without a lot of discussion and confirmation by rms. -->
-<ul>
-<li><a href="http://www.blagblagblag.org/";>BLAG</a>, BLAG Linux and GNU,
-slobodná distribúcia GNU/Linux založená na distribúcii Fedora.</li>
-<li><a href="http://dragora.usla.org.ar/wiki/doku.php";>Dragora</a>, an
-independent GNU/Linux distribution based on concepts of simplicity.</li>
-<li><a href="http://dynebolic.org";>Dynebolic</a>, distribúcia GNU/Linux
zameraná
-špeciálne na prácu s audio a video súbormi.</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.gnewsense.org/";>gNewSense</a>, a GNU/Linux distribution
-based on Debian and Ubuntu.</li>
-<li><a href="http://kongoni.co.za";>Kongoni</a> je slobodný operaÄný systém
-GNU/Linux afrického pôvodu. Jeho názov je odvodený zo slova oznaÄujúceho
-pakoÅa v jazyku Shona (pakôŠpo anglicky je gnu).</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.musix.org.ar";>Musix GNU+Linux</a>, distribúcia
GNU+Linux
-založená na systéme Knoppix so zameranÃm na audio produkciu.</li>
-<li><a href="http://trisquel.info/en";>Trisquel</a>, distribúcia GNU/Linux
urÄená
-pre malých podnikateľov, domácich užÃvateľov a Å¡koliace strediská.</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.ututo.org/www/";>Ututo</a>, distribúcia GNU/Linux
-založená na Gentoo. Bola to prvá distribúcia, ktorú projekt GNU uznal ako
-kompletne slobodnú.</li>
-<li><a href="http://venenux.org";>Venenux</a>, slobodná distribúcia
postavená na
-KDE desktope.</li>
-</ul>
+<table class="listing">
+ <thead><tr>
+ <th>Distribution</th>
+ <th>Description</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+
+ <tr class="odd">
+ <td><a href="http://www.blagblagblag.org/";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-blag.jpg" alt="BLAG Linux and GNU"
/></a></td>
+ <td>BLAG Linux and GNU, a GNU/Linux distribution based on Fedora.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="even">
+ <td><a href="http://www.dragora.org/";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-dragora.png" alt="Dragora" /></a></td>
+ <td>Dragora, an independent GNU/Linux distribution based on concepts of
+simplicity.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="odd">
+ <td><a href="http://dynebolic.org";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-dyen.png" alt="Dynebolic" /></a></td>
+ <td>Dynebolic, a GNU/Linux distribution with special emphasis on audio and
video
+editing.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="even">
+ <td><a href="http://www.gnewsense.org/";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-gnewsense.png" alt="gNewSense" /></a></td>
+ <td>gNewSense, a GNU/Linux distribution based on Debian and Ubuntu, with
+sponsorship from the FSF.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="odd">
+ <td><a href="http://www.musix.org.ar";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-musix.png" alt="Musix GNU+Linux" /></a></td>
+ <td>Musix, a GNU+Linux distribution based on Knoppix, with special emphasis
on
+audio production.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="even">
+ <td><a href="http://parabolagnulinux.org";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-parabola.png"
+ alt="Parabola GNU/Linux" /></a></td>
+ <td>Parabola GNU/Linux, a distribution based on Arch that prioritizes simple
+package and system management.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="odd">
+ <td><a href="http://trisquel.info/en";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-trisquel.png" alt="Trisquel" /></a></td>
+ <td>Trisquel, a GNU/Linux distribution oriented toward small enterprises,
+domestic users and educational centers.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="even">
+ <td><a href="http://www.ututo.org/";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-ututo.png" alt="Ututo" /></a></td>
+ <td>Ututo, a GNU/Linux distribution based on Gentoo. It was the first fully
+free GNU/Linux system recognized by the GNU Project.</td></tr>
+
+ <tr class="odd">
+ <td><a href="http://venenux.org";>
+ <img src="/graphics/distros-venenux.png" alt="Venenux" /></a></td>
+ <td>Venenux, a GNU/Linux distribution built around the KDE
desktop.</td></tr>
+
+</table>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -77,41 +120,38 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.sk.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-VaÅ¡e otázky pre FSF & GNU posielajte prosÃm na <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Môžete tiež
využiť <a
-href="/contact/">iné spôsoby ako kontaktovaÅ¥</a> FSF. <br /> ProsÃm
-upozornite nás na nefunkÄné odkazy, chyby a možné vylepÅ¡enia na <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+<p>Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
-<p>
-Ak chcete pomôcÅ¥ s prekladom tejto stránky (prÃp. s jeho úpravou),
+<p>Ak chcete pomôcÅ¥ s prekladom tejto stránky (prÃp. s jeho úpravou),
preÄÃtajte si prosÃm <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">informácie pre
-prekladateľov</a>.
-</p>
+prekladateľov</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>
-Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
-2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Doslovné kopÃrovanie a distribúcia celého tohto Älánku sú povolené
na celom
-svete, bez poplatku, na ľubovoľnom médiu, za predpokladu, že toto
oznámenie
-a copyright zostanú zachované.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
+
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
<strong>Preklad</strong>: <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/dominiks";>Dominik Smatana</a> <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>, 2009.</div>
- <p>
-<!-- timestamp start -->
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizované:
-$Date: 2010/03/31 08:25:57 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -120,17 +160,43 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Preklady tejto stránky</h4>
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/distros/free-distros.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/distros/free-distros.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/distros/free-distros.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
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-<title>Recommandations pour la distribution de systèmes libres - GNU
Project
-- Free Software Foundation</title>
+<title>Recommandations pour la distribution de systèmes libres - GNU Project
- Free
+Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Recommandations pour la distribution de systèmes libres</h2>
+<h2>Recommandations pour la distribution de systèmes libres</h2>
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<h3 id="introduction">Introduction</h3>
+
<p>Le propos de ces recommandations est d'expliquer ce que cela signifie pour
une distribution système (telle qu'une distribution GNU/Linux) d'être
qualifiée de libre, et d'aider les développeurs des distributions à rendre
les leurs libres.</p>
-<p>Ces recommandations ne sont pas exhaustives. Nous avons mentionné les
-problèmes dont nous sommes conscients maintenant, mais nous sommes
-sûrs qu'il y en a plus. Nous les ajouterons quand nous les
-rencontrerons.</p>
-<p>Nous aimerions remercier le Projet Fedora pour nous avoir aidés
-à nous concentrer sur ces règles et pour nous avoir
-autorisés à utiliser leurs propres recommandations de licence
-de distribution comme base pour ce document.</p>
+
+<p>Ces recommandations ne sont pas exhaustives. Nous avons mentionné les
+problèmes dont nous sommes conscients maintenant, mais nous sommes sûrs
+qu'il y en a plus. Nous les ajouterons quand nous les rencontrerons.</p>
+
+<p>Nous aimerions remercier le Projet Fedora pour nous avoir aidés à nous
+concentrer sur ces règles et pour nous avoir autorisés à utiliser leurs
+propres recommandations de licence de distribution comme base pour ce
+document.</p>
<h3 id="license-rules">Règles pour les licences</h3>
-<p>« Les informations pour une utilisation pratique »
-incluent les logiciels, la documentation, les polices et les autres
-données qui ont des applications fonctionnelles directes. Cela
-n'inclut pas les travaux artistiques qui ont une vocation esthétique
-(plutôt que fonctionnelle), ou des déclarations ou des
-jugements.</p>
+
+<p>« Les informations pour une utilisation pratique » incluent les
+logiciels, la documentation, les polices et les autres données qui ont des
+applications fonctionnelles directes. Cela n'inclut pas les travaux
+artistiques qui ont une vocation esthétique (plutôt que fonctionnelle), ou
+des déclarations ou des jugements.</p>
+
<p>Toutes les informations pour l'utilisation pratique d'une distribution libre
doit être disponible sous forme de source. (« Source » signifie la
forme sous laquelle les informations sont facilement modifiables).</p>
<p>Toutes les informations pour une utilisation pratique dans une distribution
-libre doivent être publiées sous une licence libre
-appropriée. Nous listons celles que nous avons évaluées
-dans <a class="reference" href="/licenses/license-list.fr.html">notre liste
-de licences</a>, avec des sections séparées pour les licences
-adéquates pour les logiciels, la documentation, les polices et
-d'autres travaux utiles. Si un tel travail est distribué sous de
-multiples licences, dont au moins une est libre, il peut être inclus
-dans notre système ; les développeurs système ont
-seulement besoin de suivre les termes de la (des) licence(s) libre(s)
-disponible(s) quand ils le distribuent et/ou le modifient.</p>
-<p>Une distribution système libre ne doit pas aider les utilisateurs
-à obtenir des informations non-libres pour un usage pratique, ou les
-encourager à le faire. Il ne doit pas y avoir d'entrepôts de
-données ou de portages pour des logiciels non-libres. Les programmes
-du système ne doivent pas suggérer d'installer des plugins
-non-libres, de la documentation non-libre, etc.</p>
-<p>Une distribution système libre doit être autonome. Cela
-signifie que vous devez être capable de développer et de
-compiler le système avec des outils fournis par le
-système. Par conséquent, une distribution système libre
-ne peut pas contenir de logiciels libres qui ne peuvent être
-compilés qu'en utilisant des logiciels non-libres.</p>
-<p>Il y a beaucoup de code dans la plupart des distributions système
-libres aujourd'hui ; la somme des efforts que cela prendrait pour les
-auditer entièrement et directement est impossible pour la plupart des
-équipes. Par le passé, du code non-libre a été
-accidentellement inclus dans des distributions système libres. Nous
-n'avons pas retiré ces distributions à cause de cela ; au
-lieu de cela, nous demandons seulement qu'une distribution fasse de gros
-efforts pour éviter d'inclure du logiciel non-libre, et s'investisse
-pour retirer de tels programmes s'ils sont découverts plus tard.</p>
-<p>Certaines situations en matière de licences méritent une
-attention particulière de la part des personnes qui créent ou
-envisagent de le faire, des distributions système libres ;
-celles-ci sont abordées dans les sections qui suivent.</p>
+libre doivent être publiées sous une licence libre appropriée. Nous listons
+celles que nous avons évaluées dans <a class="reference"
+href="/licenses/license-list.fr.html">notre liste de licences</a>, avec des
+sections séparées pour les licences adéquates pour les logiciels, la
+documentation, les polices et d'autres travaux utiles. Si un tel travail est
+distribué sous de multiples licences, dont au moins une est libre, il peut
+être inclus dans notre système ; les développeurs système ont
seulement
+besoin de suivre les termes de la (des) licence(s) libre(s) disponible(s)
+quand ils le distribuent et/ou le modifient.</p>
+
+<p>Une distribution système libre ne doit pas aider les utilisateurs Ã
obtenir
+des informations non-libres pour un usage pratique, ou les encourager à le
+faire. Il ne doit pas y avoir d'entrepôts de données ou de portages pour des
+logiciels non-libres. Elle ne devrait pas non plus faire référence à des
+entrepôts tiers qui ne promettent pas de ne fournir que des logiciels
+libres ; même si ceux-ci ne contiennent aujourd'hui que des logiciels
+libres, cela peut changer demain. Les programmes du système ne doivent pas
+suggérer d'installer des greffons non-libres, de la documentation non-libre,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p>Une distribution système libre doit être autonome. Cela signifie que vous
+devez être capable de développer et de compiler le système avec des outils
+fournis par le système. Par conséquent, une distribution système libre ne
+peut pas contenir de logiciels libres qui ne peuvent être compilés qu'en
+utilisant des logiciels non-libres.</p>
+
+<p>Il y a beaucoup de code dans la plupart des distributions système libres
+aujourd'hui ; la somme des efforts que cela prendrait pour les auditer
+entièrement et directement est impossible pour la plupart des équipes. Par
+le passé, du code non-libre a été accidentellement inclus dans des
+distributions système libres. Nous n'avons pas retiré ces distributions Ã
+cause de cela ; au lieu de cela, nous demandons seulement qu'une
+distribution fasse de gros efforts pour éviter d'inclure du logiciel
+non-libre, et s'investisse pour retirer de tels programmes s'ils sont
+découverts plus tard.</p>
+
+<p>Certaines situations en matière de licences méritent une attention
+particulière de la part des personnes qui créent ou envisagent de le faire,
+des distributions système libres ; celles-ci sont abordées dans les
+sections qui suivent.</p>
<h3 id="nonfree-firmware">Microcode non-libre</h3>
-<p>Certaines applications et pilotes nécessitent un microcode (firmware)
-pour fonctionner, et parfois, ce microcode est distribué seulement
-sous forme de code objet, sous une licence non-libre. Nous appelons ces
-programmes de microcode des « blobs ». Dans la plupart
-des systèmes GNU/Linux, vous les trouverez typiquement qui
-accompagnent des pilotes dans le noyau Linux. De tels microcodes doivent
-être retirés d'une distribution système libre.</p>
+
+<p>Certaines applications et pilotes nécessitent un microcode (firmware) pour
+fonctionner, et parfois, ce microcode est distribué seulement sous forme de
+code objet, sous une licence non-libre. Nous appelons ces programmes de
+microcode des « blobs ». Dans la plupart des systèmes GNU/Linux,
+vous les trouverez typiquement qui accompagnent des pilotes dans le noyau
+Linux. De tels microcodes doivent être retirés d'une distribution système
+libre.</p>
+
<p>Les blobs peuvent prendre plusieurs formes. Quelquefois, ils seront fournis
-dans des fichiers séparés. D'autres fois, ils peuvent
-être incorporés dans le code source du pilote lui-même
-— par exemple, ils peuvent être encodés sous la forme
-d'un grand tableau de nombre. Mais peu importe la façon dont ils sont
-encodés, tout microcode non-libre doit être retiré d'un
-système libre.</p>
+dans des fichiers séparés. D'autres fois, ils peuvent être incorporés dans
+le code source du pilote lui-même — par exemple, ils peuvent être
+encodés sous la forme d'un grand tableau de nombre. Mais peu importe la
+façon dont ils sont encodés, tout microcode non-libre doit être retiré d'un
+système libre.</p>
+
<p>(Plus clairement, tout tableau de nombres dans un pilote n'est pas
-nécessairement un microcode. Il est important de comprendre la
-destination des données avant de décider si le pilote est
-approprié ou pas pour un système libre).</p>
-<p>Brian Brazil, Jeff Moe et Alexandre Oliva ont développé une
-série de <a class="reference"
+nécessairement un microcode. Il est important de comprendre la destination
+des données avant de décider si le pilote est approprié ou pas pour un
+système libre).</p>
+
+<p>Brian Brazil, Jeff Moe et Alexandre Oliva ont développé une série de <a
+class="reference"
href="http://www.fsfla.org/svn/fsfla/software/linux-libre/scripts/";>scripts
-pour supprimer les microcodes non-libres</a> d'une version de Linux. Vous
-pouvez les trouver utiles si vous souhaitez développer votre propre
-distribution GNU/Linux libre. Les sources complètes pour une version
-de Linux sans blob est également disponible ; vous pouvez en
-apprendre plus à ce sujet dans le <a class="reference"
-href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux/";>Répertoire des
-logiciels libres</a>.</p>
+pour supprimer les microcodes non-libres</a> d'une version du noyau
+Linux. Vous pouvez les trouver utiles si vous souhaitez développer votre
+propre distribution GNU/Linux libre (bien que nous recommandions de
+rejoindre le développement d'une distribution existante plutôt que de
+fragmenter les efforts en en démarrant une nouvelle). Les sources complètes
+pour une version de Linux sans blob est également disponible ; vous
+pouvez en apprendre plus à ce sujet dans le <a class="reference"
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux/";>répertoire des logiciels
+libres</a>.</p>
<h3 id="non-functional-data">Données non-fonctionnelles</h3>
-<p>Les données à vocation esthétique, plutôt que
-fonctionnelle, peuvent être incluses dans une distribution
-système libre tant que leur licence vous autorise à les copier
-ou les redistribuer, à des fins commerciales ou pas. Par exemple, il
-existe certains moteurs de jeu qui ont été publiés sous
-la GNU GPL, et qui ont des informations qui accompagnent le jeu (une carte
-du monde, des graphiques de jeu, etc.) publiées sous une telle
-licence de distribution verbatim. Ce type de données peut faire
-partie d'une distribution système libre.</p>
+
+<p>Data that isn't functional, that doesn't do a practical job, is more of an
+adornment to the system's software than a part of it. Thus, we don't insist
+on the free license criteria for non-functional data. It can be included in
+a free system distribution as long as its license gives you permission to
+copy and redistribute, both for commercial and non-commercial purposes. For
+example, some game engines released under the GNU GPL have accompanying game
+information—a fictional world map, game graphics, and so
+on—released under such a verbatim-distribution license. This kind of
+data can be part of a free system distribution, even though its license does
+not qualify as free, because it is non-functional.</p>
<h3 id="trademarks">Marques déposées</h3>
-<p>Des marques déposées sont associées à certains
-logiciels. Par exemple, le nom d'un programme peut être une marque
-déposée, ou son interface peut afficher un logo
-déposé. Souvent, l'utilisation de ces marques sera
-contrôlée d'une certaine manière ; en particulier,
-il est souvent demandé aux développeurs de retirer les
-références à la marque déposée du
+
+<p>Des marques déposées sont associées à certains logiciels. Par exemple,
le
+nom d'un programme peut être une marque déposée, ou son interface peut
+afficher un logo déposé. Souvent, l'utilisation de ces marques sera
+contrôlée d'une certaine manière ; en particulier, il est souvent
+demandé aux développeurs de retirer les références à la marque déposée
du
logiciel lorsqu'ils le modifient.</p>
-<p>Dans des cas extrêmes, ces restrictions peuvent effectivement rendre
-le programme non-libre. Il est injuste de demander à quelqu'un de
-retirer la marque déposée du code modifié si celle-ci
-est disséminée dans tout le code source original. Tant que les
-conditions sont raisonnables, cependant, les distributions système
-libres peuvent inclure ces programmes avec ou sans marques
-déposées.</p>
-<p>De même, la distribution elle-même peut avoir une marque
-déposée propre. Ce n'est pas un problème pour ces
-marques d'être dans la distribution, tant qu'elles peuvent être
-retirées sans perte de fonctionnalités du système.</p>
-<p>
- Cependant, il est inacceptable d'utiliser les marques déposées pour
+
+<p>Dans des cas extrêmes, ces restrictions peuvent effectivement rendre le
+programme non-libre. Il est injuste de demander à quelqu'un de retirer la
+marque déposée du code modifié si celle-ci est disséminée dans tout le
code
+source original. Tant que les conditions sont raisonnables, cependant, les
+distributions système libres peuvent inclure ces programmes avec ou sans
+marques déposées.</p>
+
+<p>De même, la distribution elle-même peut avoir une marque déposée
propre. Ce
+n'est pas un problème pour ces marques d'être dans la distribution, tant
+qu'elles peuvent être retirées sans perte de fonctionnalités du
système.</p>
+
+<p>Cependant, il est inacceptable d'utiliser les marques déposées pour
restreindre la copie intégrale et la redistribution de toute la
distribution, ou quelle que partie que ce soit.</p>
<h3 id="documentation">Documentation</h3>
-<p>Toute la documentation dans une distribution système libre doit
-être publiée sous une licence libre appropriée. De plus,
-elle doit faire attention à ne pas recommander de logiciels
-non-libres.</p>
-<p>En général, quelque chose qui aide les utilisateurs qui
-utilisent déjà des logiciels non-libres à mieux
-utiliser le logiciel libre avec celui-ci est acceptable, mais quelque chose
-qui encourage les utilisateurs de logiciels libres à installer des
-logiciels non-libres est néfaste.</p>
-<p>Par exemple, une distribution système libre peut avoir de la
-documentation pour les utilisateurs désirant réaliser des
-systèmes à double démarrage. Elle peut expliquer
-comment accéder aux systèmes de fichiers d'un système
-d'exploitation propriétaire, comment importer les paramètres
-à partir de celui-ci, etc. Ceci aiderait les personnes à
-installer une distribution système libre sur une machine ayant
-déjà un logiciel propriétaire, ce qui est bien.</p>
+
+<p>Toute la documentation dans une distribution système libre doit être
publiée
+sous une licence libre appropriée. De plus, elle doit faire attention à ne
+pas recommander de logiciels non-libres.</p>
+
+<p>En général, quelque chose qui aide les utilisateurs qui utilisent déjÃ
des
+logiciels non-libres à mieux utiliser le logiciel libre avec celui-ci est
+acceptable, mais quelque chose qui encourage les utilisateurs de logiciels
+libres à installer des logiciels non-libres est néfaste.</p>
+
+<p>Par exemple, une distribution système libre peut avoir de la documentation
+pour les utilisateurs désirant réaliser des systèmes à double
+démarrage. Elle peut expliquer comment accéder aux systèmes de fichiers d'un
+système d'exploitation propriétaire, comment importer les paramètres Ã
+partir de celui-ci, etc. Ceci aiderait les personnes à installer une
+distribution système libre sur une machine ayant déjà un logiciel
+propriétaire, ce qui est bien.</p>
+
<p>Ce qui serait inacceptable, ce serait de la documentation indiquant aux
-utilisateurs comment installer un programme non-libre sur le système
-ou de mentionner les avantages que cela pourra apporter en le faisant.</p>
-<p>Pour des cas limites, une exhortation claire et sérieuse de ne pas
-utiliser le programme non-libre, la rendrait clairement acceptable.</p>
+utilisateurs comment installer un programme non-libre sur le système ou de
+mentionner les avantages que cela pourra apporter en le faisant.</p>
+
+<p>Pour des cas limites, une exhortation claire et sérieuse de ne pas utiliser
+le programme non-libre, la rendrait clairement acceptable.</p>
<h3 id="patents">Brevets</h3>
-<p>Il est en fait impossible pour les développeurs de logiciels libres
-et les distributeurs de savoir si une partie donnée du logiciel
-enfreint des brevets : il y en a beaucoup trop, ils varient d'un pays Ã
-l'autre, et ils sont souvent formulés d'une manière qui
-obscurcit l'application qui doit en être faite. Par conséquent, nous
-ne demandons générelement pas à ce que les distributions
-système libres excluent des logiciels à cause des menaces
-potentielles de brevets. D'un autre côté, ce n'est pas un
-problème non plus si un distributeur choisit d'exclure un logiciel
-pour minimiser les risques de procès contre lui pour violation de
-brevets.</p>
+
+<p>Il est en fait impossible pour les développeurs de logiciels libres et les
+distributeurs de savoir si une partie donnée du logiciel enfreint des
+brevets : il y en a beaucoup trop, ils varient d'un pays à l'autre, et
+ils sont souvent formulés d'une manière qui obscurcit l'application qui doit
+en être faite. Par conséquent, nous ne demandons générelement pas à ce que
+les distributions système libres excluent des logiciels à cause des menaces
+potentielles de brevets. D'un autre côté, ce n'est pas un problème non plus
+si un distributeur choisit d'exclure un logiciel pour minimiser les risques
+de procès contre lui pour violation de brevets.</p>
<h3 id="mistakes">Engagement à corriger les erreurs</h3>
-<p>La plupart des équipes de développement n'ont pas les ressources
disponibles
-pour vérifier parfaitement que leurs distributions répondent à tous ces
-critères. Et nous non plus. Donc, nous nous attendons à ce que les
-développeurs fassent parfois des erreurs qui laissent passer un logiciel
-non-libre, et nous ne rejetons pas une distribution seulement pour cela. Ce
-qui est crucial pour les développeurs de la distribution, est d'avoir un
-engagement ferme pour corriger rapidement les erreurs qui leur sont
-rapportées.</p>
+
+<p>Most distribution development teams don't have the resources to perfectly
+check and make sure that their distribution meet all these criteria.
+Neither do we. So we expect developers to occasionally make mistakes that
+let some nonfree software slip through, and we don't reject a distribution
+just for that. What is crucial is for the distribution developers to have a
+firm commitment to promptly correct any mistakes that are reported to them.</p>
<h3 id="maintenance">Maintenance</h3>
-<p>Pour être listés, une distribution doit être activement maintenue et doit
-donner au projet GNU un moyen clair et spécifique pour rapporter les
-problèmes à propos de logiciels non-libres que nous avons trouvés. Elle doit
-aussi nous informer quand les problèmes rapportés ont été corrigés.</p>
+
+<p>To be listed, a distribution should be actively maintained, and should give
+the GNU Project a clear and specific way to report problems of nonfree
+software that we find out about. It should also inform us when the problems
+we have reported are fixed.</p>
+
+<h3 id="name-confusion">Confusion de noms</h3>
+
+<p>We will not list a distribution whose name makes confusion with nonfree
+distributions likely. For example, if Foobar Light is a free distribution
+and Foobar is a nonfree distribution, we will not list Foobar Light. This
+is because we expect that the distinction between the two would be lost in
+the process of communicating the message.</p>
+
+<h3 id="upstream">Contacting Upstream If You're Downstream</h3>
+
+<p>For distro developers (or anyone else) who have sent an important bug report
+for a GNU package: if it has gone unheeded by the package maintainer after a
+reasonable time (please allow at least two weeks), you can escalate the bug
+by writing to <address@hidden>. This is especially warranted if
+you can't find evidence of recent activity by the package maintainer.</p>
<h3 id="final-notes">Notes</h3>
-<p>Nous maintenons une liste des <a
-href="/distros/free-distros.html">distributions système libres</a>que nous
-connaissons . Si vous connaissez une distribution libre qui n'est pas listée
-ici, veuillez demander aux développeurs de nous écrire à <<a
-class="reference" href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>>.</p>
-
-<p>Cependant, nous ne listerons pas une distribution dont le nom pourrait
-prêter à confusion avec des distributions non-libres. Par conséquent, si
-Foobar Light est une distribution libre et que Foobar est une distribution
-non-libre, nous ne listerons pas Foobar Light. Ceci, parce que nous
-craignons que la distinction entre les deux serait perdue dans le processus
-de communication de ce message.</p>
-
-<p>Nous listons les distributions système libres que nous connaissons
-sur notre <a class="reference" href="/links/links.fr.html">page de
-liens</a>. Si vous en connaissez une qui n'est pas listée ici,
-veuillez dire aux développeurs de nous écrire à <<a
-class="reference" href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org";>gnu@gnu.org</a>>. Si
-vous avez des questions ou des commentaires au sujet de ces recommandations
-elles-mêmes, veuillez nous les envoyer à <<a
-class="reference"
-href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org";>licensing@gnu.org</a>>. Nous
-espérons que ceci aidera tout le monde à mieux comprendre les
-problèmes qui sont importants pour les distributions système
-libres et nous attendons avec impatience l'occasion de faire la promotion de
-plus d'entre-elles dans le futur.</p>
+<p>We maintain a list of the <a href="/distros/free-distros.html">free system
+distributions</a> we know about. If you know about a free distribution that
+isn't listed there, please have the developers write to <<a
+class="reference" href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>> with a
+description of their system and a link to their web page.</p>
+
+<p>Our list consists of systems based on GNU which acknowledge that they are
+based on GNU. At present, we know of no other systems that would qualify.
+If someday there is one, we will list it, but not necessarily in same way.</p>
+
+<p>If you have questions or comments about these guidelines themselves, feel
+free to send those to <<a class="reference"
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>>. We hope that
+they help everyone better understand the issues that are important for free
+system distributions, and we look forward to promoting more of them in the
+future.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -237,27 +258,24 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
+<p>Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
-<p>
-Veuillez consulter le <a
+<p>Veuillez consulter le <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html">README des
traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission
-de traductions de cet article.
-</p>
+de traductions de cet article.</p>
-<p>
-Copyright © 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -266,11 +284,10 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traduction : Cédric Corazza.<br /> Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
- <p>
-<!-- timestamp start -->
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2009/10/28 20:26:01 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -279,27 +296,41 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traductions de cette page</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a
href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
<li><a
href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
<li><a
href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Italian -->
+<li><a
href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<!-- Malayalam -->
+<li><a
href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.ml.html 1 Apr 2011 00:28:25
-0000 1.1
+++ distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:23
-0000 1.2
@@ -53,11 +53,13 @@
നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¾à´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµâ വിതരണà´
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´´àµà´ മാറàµà´±à´
വരàµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´´àµà´ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´
à´¨àµà´®à´¤à´¿à´ªà´¤àµà´°à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´à´³àµâ
മാതàµà´°à´®à´¨àµà´¸à´°à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´²àµâ മതി.</p>
-<p>à´à´°àµ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´° വിതരണà´
à´à´°à´¿à´àµà´à´²àµà´
à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´à´¾à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµ
-à´
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´° വിവരà´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´²à´àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´²àµà´àµà´àµ
നയിà´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµ à´
തിനവരàµ
-à´ªàµà´°àµà´°à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´àµà´àµà´ à´ªàµà´²àµà´®àµ
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´°àµà´¤àµàµ. à´
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµ
à´µàµà´£àµà´à´¿
-à´¸à´à´à´°à´£à´¿à´à´³àµâ
à´à´£àµà´à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´àµà´à´°àµà´¤àµàµ.
വിതരണതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµ à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
-à´àµà´àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´°àµâà´àµà´à´²àµà´à´³àµ,
സഹായരàµà´à´à´³àµ à´à´¨àµà´¨àµà´
à´àµà´°àµâà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´¿à´àµà´à´°àµà´¤àµàµ. </p>
+<p>A free system distribution must not steer users towards obtaining any
+nonfree information for practical use, or encourage them to do so. There
+should be no repositories or ports for nonfree software. Nor should the
+distribution refer to third-party repositories that are not committed to
+only including free software; even if they only have free software today,
+that may not be true tomorrow. Programs in the system should not suggest
+installing nonfree plugins, documentation, and so on.</p>
<p>à´à´°àµ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´° വിതരണഠà´à´²àµà´²à´¾ à´
à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¥à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´ à´¸àµà´µà´¯à´
പരàµà´¯à´¾à´ªàµà´¤à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´àµà´à´£à´. à´à´¨àµà´¨àµ
à´µà´àµà´à´¾à´²àµâ,
വിതരണതàµà´¤àµà´àµà´ªàµà´ªà´®àµà´³àµà´³ വിവിധ
à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ
വിതരണà´
@@ -118,15 +120,16 @@
<h3
id="non-functional-data">à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´ªà´¯àµà´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¯àµà´³àµà´³
വിവരà´àµà´à´³àµâ</h3>
-<p>à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´ªà´¯àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¨àµà´àµà´à´¾à´³àµà´
à´¸àµà´¨àµà´¦à´°àµà´¯à´ªà´°à´µàµà´ മറàµà´±àµà´®à´¾à´¯
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´àµà´à´³àµà´³àµà´³ വിവരà´àµà´à´³àµâ
-à´
വയàµà´àµ à´
വയàµà´àµ à´
à´¨àµà´®à´¤à´¿à´ªà´¤àµà´°à´àµà´à´³àµâ വാണിà´àµà´¯à´ªà´°à´®àµ
à´
à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤à´µà´¯àµ à´à´¯
à´à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´à´¾à´¯à´¿
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµà´ à´ªàµà´¨à´°àµâവിതരണà´
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´¾à´¨àµâ à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´³à´ à´à´°àµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
-വിതരണതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´
à´à´³àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´µàµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ.
à´à´¦à´¾à´¹à´°à´£à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ à´àµà´¨àµ
à´à´¿à´ªà´¿à´à´²àµà´²à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
-à´
à´à´¿à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ
à´ªàµà´°à´¸à´¿à´¦àµà´§àµà´à´°à´¿à´àµà´ à´à´¿à´² à´àµà´¯à´¿à´
à´à´¨àµâà´à´¿à´¨àµà´à´³àµà´àµà´ªàµà´ªà´®àµà´³àµà´³ à´à´¿à´²
-à´à´³à´¿à´µà´¿à´µà´°à´àµà´à´³àµâ—à´²àµà´ à´àµà´ªà´à´,
à´à´³à´¿à´àµà´àµ à´µàµà´£àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´³àµà´³
à´à´²à´¾à´µà´¿à´°àµà´¤àµà´à´³àµâ
-à´¤àµà´à´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´µ—à´à´¤àµà´¤à´°à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³
à´
à´¨àµà´®à´¤à´¿à´ªà´¤àµà´°à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´ªàµà´°à´à´¾à´°à´
വിതരണà´
-à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´µà´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ.
à´à´¤àµà´¤à´°à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³
വിവരà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ à´à´°àµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
-വിതരണതàµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´à´¾à´à´®à´¾à´à´¾à´µàµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ. </p>
+<p>Data that isn't functional, that doesn't do a practical job, is more of an
+adornment to the system's software than a part of it. Thus, we don't insist
+on the free license criteria for non-functional data. It can be included in
+a free system distribution as long as its license gives you permission to
+copy and redistribute, both for commercial and non-commercial purposes. For
+example, some game engines released under the GNU GPL have accompanying game
+information—a fictional world map, game graphics, and so
+on—released under such a verbatim-distribution license. This kind of
+data can be part of a free system distribution, even though its license does
+not qualify as free, because it is non-functional.</p>
<h3 id="trademarks">à´µàµà´¯à´¾à´ªà´¾à´°à´®àµà´¦àµà´°à´à´³àµâ </h3>
@@ -196,23 +199,27 @@
<h3 id="mistakes">à´¤àµà´±àµà´±àµà´à´³àµâ
തിരàµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³ സനàµà´¨à´¦àµà´§à´¤</h3>
-<p>മിà´àµà´ വിതരണ വിà´à´¸à´¨
à´¸à´à´à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµà´ à´
വരàµà´àµ
വിതരണà´àµà´à´³àµâ à´
നിദാനà´àµà´à´³àµà´²àµà´²à´¾à´
-പാലിà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´£àµà´àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´±à´ªàµà´ªàµà´µà´°àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³
-വിà´à´µà´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´².
à´à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµà´®à´¿à´²àµà´². à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´£àµà´àµà´¤à´¨àµà´¨àµ
നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¾à´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµâ പലപàµà´ªàµà´´àµà´
-പിഴവàµà´à´³àµâ വരàµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´à´¯àµà´ à´
à´¤àµà´µà´´à´¿ à´à´¿à´² à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³àµâ à´à´à´¨àµà´¨àµ
-à´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµà´ à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´®àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ
à´à´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´ªàµà´°à´¤àµà´àµà´·à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´£àµà´àµàµ. à´
പിഴവàµà´à´³àµà´àµ à´ªàµà´±à´¤àµà´¤àµàµ
-à´à´°àµ വിതരണതàµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´ à´à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´
യിതàµà´¤à´ à´à´²àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´±à´¿à´²àµà´². à´
വരൠà´àµà´°à´¹à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
-പിഴവàµà´à´³àµâ താമസà´à´µà´¿à´¨à´¾
തിരàµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµâ വിതരണ
നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¾à´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµà´³àµà´³
സനàµà´¨à´¦àµà´§à´¤à´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ
-à´ªàµà´°à´§à´¾à´¨à´. </p>
+<p>Most distribution development teams don't have the resources to perfectly
+check and make sure that their distribution meet all these criteria.
+Neither do we. So we expect developers to occasionally make mistakes that
+let some nonfree software slip through, and we don't reject a distribution
+just for that. What is crucial is for the distribution developers to have a
+firm commitment to promptly correct any mistakes that are reported to them.</p>
<h3 id="maintenance">പരിപാലനà´</h3>
-<p>à´ªà´àµà´à´¿à´à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´³àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ
à´à´°àµ വിതരണഠസà´àµà´µà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
-പരിപാലിà´àµà´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´µàµà´à´¯àµà´
à´à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´à´£àµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³àµ
à´¸à´à´¬à´¨àµà´§à´¿à´àµà´ à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´àµà´£àµà´à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´³àµà´³
à´µàµà´¯à´àµà´¤à´µàµà´
-à´ªàµà´°à´¤àµà´¯àµà´à´µàµà´®à´¾à´¯ മാരàµâà´àµà´à´
à´àµà´¨àµ à´¸à´à´°à´à´¤àµà´¤àµ
ധരിപàµà´ªà´¿à´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµà´ à´µàµà´£à´.
à´à´àµà´à´³àµâ
-à´àµà´£àµà´à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´àµà´à´¿à´¯
à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´àµà´à´³àµâ പരിഹരിà´àµà´àµ
à´à´´à´¿à´¯àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ à´à´àµà´à´³àµ à´
റിയിà´àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµà´
-à´µàµà´£à´. </p>
+<p>To be listed, a distribution should be actively maintained, and should give
+the GNU Project a clear and specific way to report problems of nonfree
+software that we find out about. It should also inform us when the problems
+we have reported are fixed.</p>
+
+<h3 id="name-confusion">Name Confusion</h3>
+
+<p>We will not list a distribution whose name makes confusion with nonfree
+distributions likely. For example, if Foobar Light is a free distribution
+and Foobar is a nonfree distribution, we will not list Foobar Light. This
+is because we expect that the distinction between the two would be lost in
+the process of communicating the message.</p>
<h3 id="upstream">à´à´±à´µà´¯àµ
ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´àµà´à´¨àµ</h3>
@@ -232,12 +239,9 @@
<<a class="reference" href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>>
à´²àµà´àµà´àµà´´àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµâ വിതരണ
നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¾à´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ പറയàµà´. </p>
-<p>à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµâ
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
വിതരണà´àµà´à´³àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´àµà´´à´ªàµà´ªà´®àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
-à´ªàµà´°àµà´à´³àµà´³àµà´³ വിതരണà´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´ªà´àµà´à´¿à´à´¯à´¿à´²àµâ
à´à´³àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´².
à´à´¦à´¾à´¹à´°à´£à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ
-à´«àµà´¬à´¾à´°àµâ à´²àµà´±àµà´±àµ à´à´°àµ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
വിതരണവàµà´ à´«àµà´¬à´¾à´°àµâ à´à´°àµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
-വിതരണവàµà´®à´¾à´£àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ à´à´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´«àµà´¬à´¾à´°àµâ à´²àµà´±àµà´±àµ à´ªà´àµà´à´¿à´à´¯à´¿à´²àµâ
à´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´². à´°à´£àµà´àµà´
-തമàµà´®à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³ à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¾à´¸à´
വിനിമയഠà´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´²àµâ
പരാà´à´¯à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´®àµà´¨àµà´¨ à´à´¶à´àµà´
-à´à´¾à´°à´£à´®à´¾à´£à´¿à´¤àµàµ. </p>
+<p>Our list consists of systems based on GNU which acknowledge that they are
+based on GNU. At present, we know of no other systems that would qualify.
+If someday there is one, we will list it, but not necessarily in same way.</p>
<p>നിà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµ
മാരàµâà´àµà´à´¨à´¿à´°àµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ªàµà´ªà´±àµà´±à´¿
à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµ
à´à´£àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ à´à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµ à´
വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ <<a class="reference"
@@ -269,12 +273,10 @@
<p>Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted
-worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice, and the
-copyright notice, are preserved. <br /> (à´ à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµà´,à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶
à´àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´
-നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨ നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ,
സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£ à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
പദാനàµà´ªà´¦
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´ à´à´¤àµ
മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ
-à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.)</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -284,7 +286,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2011/04/01 00:28:25 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -312,6 +314,8 @@
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
-->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a
href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: doc/TOC-FSFS.el.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/doc/TOC-FSFS.el.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- doc/TOC-FSFS.el.html 27 Mar 2011 00:28:02 -0000 1.2
+++ doc/TOC-FSFS.el.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:31 -0000 1.3
@@ -101,8 +101,9 @@
2004, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010 ÎδÏÏ
μα ÎλεÏθεÏοÏ
ÎογιÏμικοÏ, Inc.,
</p>
<p>
-ÎÏιÏÏÎÏεÏαι η καÏά λÎξη ανÏιγÏαÏή και
διανομή ÏλοÏ
αÏ
ÏÎ¿Ï ÏοÏ
άÏθÏοÏ
Ïε κάθε
-μÎÏο, με Ïην ÏÏοÏÏÏθεÏη ÏÏι αÏ
Ïή η
ειδοÏοίηÏη διαÏηÏείÏαι.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÎνημεÏÏθηκε:
-$Date: 2011/03/27 00:28:02 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -139,6 +140,8 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/doc/TOC-FSFS.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
<li><a
href="/doc/TOC-FSFS.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
Index: doc/doc.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/doc/doc.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- doc/doc.ar.html 14 Jan 2011 09:26:56 -0000 1.12
+++ doc/doc.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:31 -0000 1.13
@@ -21,9 +21,6 @@
<li><a href="http://planet.gnu.org";>ÙÙÙب غÙÙ</a> جاÙب ÙÙ
دÙÙات ÙإعÙاÙات اÙأخبار
Ù
Ù ØزÙ
غÙÙ.</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.changelog.org";>changelog.log</a> جاÙب Ù
دخÙات
سجÙات
-اÙتغÙÙرات ÙÙ
شرÙع٠غÙÙ ÙغÙÙÙ
.</li>
-
<li><a href="http://shop.fsf.org";>Ù
تجر Ø¥Ù​إس​إ٠عÙÙ
اÙØ¥ÙترÙت: Ùتب
Ù
طبÙعة ÙÙÙ
صا٠ÙÙ
ÙصÙات ÙغÙرÙا.</a></li>
@@ -70,11 +67,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
جÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
باÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù
-ÙضÙ٠أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -89,8 +87,9 @@
</p>
<p>
-ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù ØرÙÙÙا
Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø· إبÙاء Ùذا
-اÙإخطار.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -105,7 +104,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2011/01/14 09:26:56 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -134,7 +133,9 @@
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/doc/doc.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- Czech -->
-<li><a href="/doc/doc.ca.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
+<li><a href="/doc/doc.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/doc/doc.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
<li><a
href="/doc/doc.el.html">Ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
Index: doc/doc.el.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/doc/doc.el.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- doc/doc.el.html 27 Mar 2011 00:28:02 -0000 1.4
+++ doc/doc.el.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:31 -0000 1.5
@@ -22,9 +22,6 @@
<li>Το <a href="http://planet.gnu.org";>planet.gnu.org</a> είναι μια
ÏÏ
νάθÏοιÏη
ιÏÏολογίÏν και ανακοινÏÏεÏν ειδήÏεÏν αÏÏ
ÏακÎÏα GNU.</li>
-<li>Το <a href="http://www.changelog.org";>changelog.org</a> είναι
μια ÏÏ
νάθÏοιÏη
-εγγÏαÏÏν ChangeLog αÏÏ Ïα ÎÏγα GNU και GNOME.</li>
-
<li><a href="http://shop.fsf.org";>Online καÏάÏÏημα ÏοÏ
ÎÎÎ: ÏÏ
ÏÏμÎνα βιβλία,
μÏλοÏ
ζάκια, ÏÏÏÏÎµÏ ÎºÎ±Î¹ ÏεÏιÏÏÏÏεÏα.</a></li>
@@ -99,8 +96,9 @@
</p>
<p>
-ÎÏιÏÏÎÏεÏαι η καÏά λÎξη ανÏιγÏαÏή και
διανομή ÏλοÏ
αÏ
ÏÎ¿Ï ÏοÏ
άÏθÏοÏ
Ïε κάθε
-μÎÏο, με Ïην ÏÏοÏÏÏθεÏη ÏÏι αÏ
Ïή η
ειδοÏοίηÏη διαÏηÏείÏαι.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -115,7 +113,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÎνημεÏÏθηκε:
-$Date: 2011/03/27 00:28:02 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -144,7 +142,9 @@
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/doc/doc.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- Czech -->
-<li><a href="/doc/doc.ca.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
+<li><a href="/doc/doc.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/doc/doc.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
<li><a
href="/doc/doc.el.html">Ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
Index: doc/other-free-books.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/doc/other-free-books.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- doc/other-free-books.de.html 7 Jul 2011 16:29:41 -0000 1.1
+++ doc/other-free-books.de.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:32 -0000 1.2
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
<title>Freie Bücher von anderen Verlagen - GNU Projekt - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Description" name="Description" content="This page describes
various free (as in freedom) books that are available
-from source other than the GNU project." />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" name="Description" content="Diese Seite
beschreibt verschiedene freie (wie in Freiheit) Bücher, die von
+Dritten, nicht dem GNU Projekt, erhältlich sind." />
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" name="Keywords" content="Buch, Bücher,
Dokumentationen, Copyleft, Freiheit, frei, Software, Open
Source, Recht, Copyright geistiges, Eigentum, Bewegung" />
@@ -54,36 +54,36 @@
<th>ISBN</th> <th>Lizenz</th> </tr>
<tr>
-<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/org/manual/";>The Org Mode 7
-Reference Manual (for Org version 7.3)</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/org/manual/";>The Org Mode 7
+Reference Manual (for Org version 7.3)</a></td>
<td>Carsten Dominik and others</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd</td>
<td>978-1-906966-08-9</td>
-<td><a href="/licenses/fdl.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
+<td><a href="/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
-<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/postgresql9/";>The PostgreSQL 9.0
-Reference Manual (in 4 volumes)</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/postgresql9/";>The
+PostgreSQL 9.0 Reference Manual (in four volumes)</a></td>
<td>The PostgreSQL Global Development Group</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd</td>
-<td>978-1-906966-{04-1,05-8,06-5,07-2}</td>
+<td>978-1-906966-<br />{04-1,05-8,06-5,07-2}</td>
<td><a href="http://www.xfree86.org/3.3.6/COPYRIGHT2.html#5";>Modified BSD
license</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/perl/language/";>The Perl Language
-Reference Manual (for Perl version 5.12.1)</a></td>
+Reference Manual (for Perl version 5.12.1)</a></td>
<td>Larry Wall and others</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd</td>
<td>9781906966027</td>
-<td><a href="/licenses/gpl.de.html">GNU General Public License</a></td>
+<td><a href="/licenses/gpl-3.0.de.html">GNU General Public License</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/octave/manual/";>GNU Octave Manual
-Version 3</a></td>
+Version 3</a></td>
<td>J.W. Eaton et al.</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>095461206X</td>
@@ -95,21 +95,21 @@
<td>Phoebe Ayers, Charles Matthews, and Ben Yates</td>
<td>No Starch Press</td>
<td>9781593271763</td>
-<td><a href="/licenses/fdl.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
+<td><a href="/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
-<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/valgrind/manual/";>Valgrind 3.3
+<td><a
href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/valgrind/manual/";>Valgrind 3.3
— Advanced Debugging and Profiling for GNU/Linux applications</a></td>
<td>J. Seward, N. Nethercote, J. Weidendorfer et al</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0954612051</td>
-<td><a href="/licenses/fdl.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
+<td><a href="/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/postgresql/vol1/";>The PostgreSQL
-Reference Manual Volume 1: SQL Language Reference</a></td>
+Reference Manual Volume 1: SQL Language Reference</a></td>
<td>The PostgreSQL Global Development Group</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0954612027</td>
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/postgresql/vol2/";>The PostgreSQL
-Reference Manual Volume 2: Programming Guide</a></td>
+Reference Manual Volume 2: Programming Guide</a></td>
<td>The PostgreSQL Global Development Group</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0954612035</td>
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/postgresql/vol3/";>The PostgreSQL
-Reference Manual Volume 3: Server Administration Guide</a></td>
+Reference Manual Volume 3: Server Administration Guide</a></td>
<td>The PostgreSQL Global Development Group</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0954612043</td>
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
<td>Brian J. Gough</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0-9541617-9-3</td>
-<td><a href="/licenses/fdl.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
+<td><a href="/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/R/base/";>The R Reference Manual -
-Base Package - Volume 1</a></td>
+Base Package - Volume 1</a></td>
<td>The R Development Core Team</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0-9546120-0-0</td>
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/R/base2/";>The R Reference Manual -
-Base Package - Volume 2</a></td>
+Base Package - Volume 2</a></td>
<td>The R Development Core Team</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0-9546120-1-9</td>
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
<td>D. MacKenzie, P. Eggert, R. Stallman</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0-9541617-5-0</td>
-<td><a href="/licenses/fdl.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
+<td><a href="/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -203,11 +203,12 @@
<td>M. Galassi, et al.</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0-9541617-0-X</td>
-<td><a href="/licenses/fdl.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
+<td><a href="/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
-<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/R/manual/";>An Introduction to
R</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/R/manual/";>An Introduction
+to R</a></td>
<td>W.N. Venables, et al.</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0-9541617-4-2</td>
@@ -237,16 +238,16 @@
<td>Mark Pilgrim</td>
<td>aPress</td>
<td>1-59059-356-1</td>
-<td><a href="/licenses/fdl.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
+<td><a href="/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython.html";>How to Think Like a
-Computer Scientist: Learning with Python</a>, First Edition</td>
+Computer Scientist: Learning with Python, First Edition</a></td>
<td>Allen Downey, Jeff Elkner and Chris Meyers</td>
<td>Green Tea</td>
<td>0971677506</td>
-<td><a href="/licenses/fdl.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
+<td><a href="/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -254,17 +255,17 @@
<td>Mark Mitchell, Jeffery Oldham, and Alex Samuel</td>
<td>New Riders</td>
<td>0-757-1043-0</td>
-<td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised) <a
+<td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised) <a
name="ALP_ENTRY" href="#ALP_NOTE">(See note below)</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
-<td><a href="http://www.zope.org/Documentation/Books/ZopeBook/";>The Zope
-Book</a>, First Edition</td>
+<td><a href="http://www.zope.org/Documentation/Books/ZopeBook/";>The Zopek,
First
+Edition</a></td>
<td>Amos Latteier and Michel Pelletier</td>
<td>New Riders</td>
<td>0-7357-1137-2</td>
-<td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised)</td>
+<td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised)</td>
</tr>
@@ -283,7 +284,7 @@
<td>Arnold Robbins</td>
<td>O’Reilly and Associates</td>
<td>0-596-00070-7</td>
-<td><a href="/licenses/fdl.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
+<td><a href="/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -292,7 +293,7 @@
<td>Gary V. Vaughan, Ben Elliston, Tom Tromey, Ian Lance Taylor</td>
<td>New Riders</td>
<td>1-57870-190-2</td>
-<td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised)</td>
+<td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -301,7 +302,7 @@
<td>John Goerzen and Ossama Othman</td>
<td>New Riders</td>
<td>0-7357-0914-9</td>
-<td><a href="/licenses/gpl.de.html">GNU General Public License</a></td>
+<td><a href="/licenses/gpl-3.0.de.html">GNU General Public License</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -309,12 +310,11 @@
<td>Havoc Pennington</td>
<td>New Riders</td>
<td>0-7357-0078-8</td>
-<td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised)</td>
+<td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
- <td><a href="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/1932111816/";>Open Source
Development
-with CVS</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://cvsbook.red-bean.com/";>Open Source Development with
CVS</a></td>
<td>Karl Fogel and Moshe Bar</td>
<td>Paraglyph Press</td>
<td>1932111816</td>
@@ -338,25 +338,25 @@
<td>Jonathan Bartlett</td>
<td>Bartlett Publishing</td>
<td>0975283847</td>
- <td><a href="/licenses/fdl.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
+ <td><a href="/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html">GNU Free Documentation
License</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/make3/book/index.csp";>Managing
-Projects with GNU Make</a>, Third Edition</td>
+Projects with GNU Make, Third Edition</a></td>
<td>Robert Mecklenburg</td>
<td>O’Reilly and Associates</td>
<td>0-596-00610-1</td>
- <td><a href="/licenses/fdl.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
+ <td><a href="/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html">GNU Free Documentation
License</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
- <td><a href="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/samba2/book/toc.html";>Using
-Samba</a>, 2nd Edition</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/samba2/book/toc.html";>Using
Samba,
+2nd Edition</a></td>
<td>Jay Ts, Robert Eckstein, David Collier-Brown</td>
<td>O’Reilly and Associates</td>
<td>0-596-00256-4</td>
- <td><a href="/licenses/fdl.de.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
+ <td><a href="/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html">GNU Free Documentation
License</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -365,16 +365,16 @@
<td>O’Reilly and Associates</td>
<td>0-596-00448-6</td>
<td><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode";>Creative
-Commons Attribution 2.0 License</a></td>
+Commons Attribution 2.0 License</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.oreilly.com/openbook/motif/";>Motif Reference Manual,
-VOL.6B</a>, Second Edition</td>
+Vol. 6B, Second Edition</a></td>
<td>Antony Fountain, Paula Ferguson</td>
<td>O’Reilly and Associates</td>
<td>1-56592-654-4</td>
- <td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 or later</td>
+ <td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 or later</td>
</tr>
</table>
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@
The 2001 printing of this book failed to list the license notification
properly. This printed edition says it is a proprietary book. The
publisher has assured us that this was purely a printing error and that the
-intended license is the Open Publication License, Version 1.0, with no
+intended license is the Open Publication License, Version 1.0, with no
options exercised. Their <a
href="http://www.newriders.com/content/images/0735710015/errata/0735710015.pdf";>errata
(in PDF format)</a> confirms this.
@@ -399,8 +399,8 @@
The June 2001 printing of this book failed to list the license notification
properly. This printed edition says it is a proprietary book. The
publisher has assured us that this was purely a printing error and that the
-intended license is “Open Publication License, Version 1.0, No options
-exercised”. Their <a
+intended license is “Open Publication License, Version 1.0, No
+options exercised”. Their <a
href="http://www.advancedlinuxprogramming.com/errata.html";>errata page</a>
confirms this. They have assured us that the next printing will have the
corrected license.
@@ -427,12 +427,13 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+Bitte senden Sie Fragen zur FSF & GNU an <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Sie koÌnnen auch die
<a
+href="/contact/contact.de.html">Free Software Foundation kontaktieren</a>.
<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Bitte senden Sie unguÌltige Verweise und andere Korrekturen oder VorschlaÌge
+an <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -445,22 +446,22 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Die unveraÌnderte VervielfaÌltigung und Verbreitung dieses gesamten
-Textes<!--sind weltweit ohne LizenzgebuÌhren und--> ist mit jedem Medium,
-sofern dieser Hinweis<!-- und der Copyright-Hinweis--> angegeben ist,
-erlaubt.
+<p>Dieses Werk bzw. Inhalt steht unter einer <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Namensnennung-Keine Bearbeitung 3.0 Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika
+Lizenz</a>.
</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
- </div>
+<b>UÌbersetzung:</b> Joerg Kohne, 2011.</div>
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualisierung:
-$Date: 2011/07/07 16:29:41 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -487,7 +488,7 @@
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/doc/other-free-books.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- German -->
-<li><a href="/doc/other-free-books.de,html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
+<li><a href="/doc/other-free-books.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/doc/other-free-books.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
Index: doc/other-free-books.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/doc/other-free-books.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- doc/other-free-books.fr.html 29 Nov 2009 21:26:13 -0000 1.5
+++ doc/other-free-books.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:32 -0000 1.6
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
<address@hidden></a>.
</p>
-<h3 id="FreeBooks">Livres libres</h3>
+<h3 id="FreeBooks">Free books</h3>
<p>
Les nouveaux listings sont placés en début de liste.
@@ -55,8 +55,36 @@
<th>ISBN</th> <th>Licence</th> </tr>
<tr>
+<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/org/manual/";>The Org Mode 7
+Reference Manual (for Org version 7.3)</a></td>
+<td>Carsten Dominik and others</td>
+<td>Network Theory Ltd</td>
+<td>978-1-906966-08-9</td>
+<td><a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/postgresql9/";>The
+PostgreSQL 9.0 Reference Manual (in four volumes)</a></td>
+<td>The PostgreSQL Global Development Group</td>
+<td>Network Theory Ltd</td>
+<td>978-1-906966-<br />{04-1,05-8,06-5,07-2}</td>
+<td><a href="http://www.xfree86.org/3.3.6/COPYRIGHT2.html#5";>Modified BSD
+license</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/perl/language/";>The Perl Language
+Reference Manual (for Perl version 5.12.1)</a></td>
+<td>Larry Wall and others</td>
+<td>Network Theory Ltd</td>
+<td>9781906966027</td>
+<td><a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/octave/manual/";>GNU Octave Manual
-Version 3</a></td>
+Version 3</a></td>
<td>J.W. Eaton et al.</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>095461206X</td>
@@ -72,7 +100,7 @@
</tr>
<tr>
-<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/valgrind/manual/";>Valgrind 3.3
+<td><a
href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/valgrind/manual/";>Valgrind 3.3
— Advanced Debugging and Profiling for GNU/Linux applications</a></td>
<td>J. Seward, N. Nethercote, J. Weidendorfer et al</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
@@ -82,7 +110,7 @@
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/postgresql/vol1/";>The PostgreSQL
-Reference Manual Volume 1: SQL Language Reference</a></td>
+Reference Manual Volume 1: SQL Language Reference</a></td>
<td>The PostgreSQL Global Development Group</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0954612027</td>
@@ -91,7 +119,7 @@
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/postgresql/vol2/";>The PostgreSQL
-Reference Manual Volume 2: Programming Guide</a></td>
+Reference Manual Volume 2: Programming Guide</a></td>
<td>The PostgreSQL Global Development Group</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0954612035</td>
@@ -100,7 +128,7 @@
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/postgresql/vol3/";>The PostgreSQL
-Reference Manual Volume 3: Server Administration Guide</a></td>
+Reference Manual Volume 3: Server Administration Guide</a></td>
<td>The PostgreSQL Global Development Group</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0954612043</td>
@@ -136,7 +164,7 @@
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/R/base/";>The R Reference Manual -
-Base Package - Volume 1</a></td>
+Base Package - Volume 1</a></td>
<td>The R Development Core Team</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0-9546120-0-0</td>
@@ -145,7 +173,7 @@
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/R/base2/";>The R Reference Manual -
-Base Package - Volume 2</a></td>
+Base Package - Volume 2</a></td>
<td>The R Development Core Team</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0-9546120-1-9</td>
@@ -180,7 +208,8 @@
</tr>
<tr>
-<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/R/manual/";>An Introduction to
R</a></td>
+<td><a href="http://www.network-theory.co.uk/R/manual/";>An Introduction
+to R</a></td>
<td>W.N. Venables, et al.</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0-9541617-4-2</td>
@@ -215,7 +244,7 @@
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython.html";>How to Think Like a
-Computer Scientist: Learning with Python</a>, First Edition</td>
+Computer Scientist: Learning with Python, First Edition</a></td>
<td>Allen Downey, Jeff Elkner and Chris Meyers</td>
<td>Green Tea</td>
<td>0971677506</td>
@@ -227,17 +256,17 @@
<td>Mark Mitchell, Jeffery Oldham, and Alex Samuel</td>
<td>New Riders</td>
<td>0-757-1043-0</td>
-<td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised) <a
-name="ALP_ENTRY" href="#ALP_NOTE">(voir note ci-dessous)</a></td>
+<td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised) <a
+name="ALP_ENTRY" href="#ALP_NOTE">(See note below)</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
-<td><a href="http://www.zope.org/Documentation/Books/ZopeBook/";>The Zope
-Book</a>, First Edition</td>
+<td><a href="http://www.zope.org/Documentation/Books/ZopeBook/";>The Zopek,
First
+Edition</a></td>
<td>Amos Latteier and Michel Pelletier</td>
<td>New Riders</td>
<td>0-7357-1137-2</td>
-<td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised)</td>
+<td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised)</td>
</tr>
@@ -265,7 +294,7 @@
<td>Gary V. Vaughan, Ben Elliston, Tom Tromey, Ian Lance Taylor</td>
<td>New Riders</td>
<td>1-57870-190-2</td>
-<td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised)</td>
+<td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -282,12 +311,11 @@
<td>Havoc Pennington</td>
<td>New Riders</td>
<td>0-7357-0078-8</td>
-<td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised)</td>
+<td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 (no options exercised)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
- <td><a href="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/1932111816/";>Open Source
Development
-with CVS</a></td>
+ <td><a href="http://cvsbook.red-bean.com/";>Open Source Development with
CVS</a></td>
<td>Karl Fogel and Moshe Bar</td>
<td>Paraglyph Press</td>
<td>1932111816</td>
@@ -317,7 +345,7 @@
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/make3/book/index.csp";>Managing
-Projects with GNU Make</a>, Third Edition</td>
+Projects with GNU Make, Third Edition</a></td>
<td>Robert Mecklenburg</td>
<td>O'Reilly and Associates</td>
<td>0-596-00610-1</td>
@@ -326,8 +354,8 @@
</tr>
<tr>
- <td><a href="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/samba2/book/toc.html";>Using
-Samba</a>, 2nd Edition</td>
+ <td><a href="http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/samba2/book/toc.html";>Using
Samba,
+2nd Edition</a></td>
<td>Jay Ts, Robert Eckstein, David Collier-Brown</td>
<td>O'Reilly and Associates</td>
<td>0-596-00256-4</td>
@@ -341,16 +369,16 @@
<td>O'Reilly and Associates</td>
<td>0-596-00448-6</td>
<td><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode";>Creative
-Commons Attribution 2.0 License</a></td>
+Commons Attribution 2.0 License</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.oreilly.com/openbook/motif/";>Motif Reference Manual,
-VOL.6B</a>, Second Edition</td>
+Vol. 6B, Second Edition</a></td>
<td>Antony Fountain, Paula Ferguson</td>
<td>O'Reilly and Associates</td>
<td>1-56592-654-4</td>
- <td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 or later</td>
+ <td>Open Publication License, Version 1.0 or later</td>
</tr>
</table>
@@ -360,26 +388,26 @@
<dt><a href="#VIM_ENTRY" name="VIM_NOTE"><strong>Note sur Vi IMproved —
Vim :</strong></a></dt>
<dd>
-L'édition 2001 de ce livre indiquait une licence incorrecte. L'édition
-imprimée indiquait qu'il s'agissait d'un livre propriétaire. L'éditeur nous
-a assuré que c'était seulement une erreur d'impression et que la licence
-était en fait la Open Publication License, Version 1.0, sans options
-exercées. Leur <a
+The 2001 printing of this book failed to list the license notification
+properly. This printed edition says it is a proprietary book. The
+publisher has assured us that this was purely a printing error and that the
+intended license is the Open Publication License, Version 1.0, with no
+options exercised. Their <a
href="http://www.newriders.com/content/images/0735710015/errata/0735710015.pdf";>errata
-(au format PDF)</a> l'atteste.
+(in PDF format)</a> confirms this.
</dd>
<dt><a href="#ALP_ENTRY" name="ALP_NOTE"><strong>Note sur Advanced Linux
Programming, First Edition :</strong></a></dt>
<dd>
-L'édition 2001 de ce livre indiquait une licence incorrecte. L'édition
-imprimée indiquait qu'il s'agissait d'un livre propriétaire. L'éditeur nous
-a assuré que c'était seulement une erreur d'impression et que la licence
-était en fait la Open Publication License, Version 1.0, sans options
-exercées. Leur <a
-href="http://www.advancedlinuxprogramming.com/errata.html";>page errata</a>
-l'atteste. Ils nous ont assuré que la prochaine édition imprimée aurait la
-licence corrigée.
+The June 2001 printing of this book failed to list the license notification
+properly. This printed edition says it is a proprietary book. The
+publisher has assured us that this was purely a printing error and that the
+intended license is “Open Publication License, Version 1.0, No
+options exercised”. Their <a
+href="http://www.advancedlinuxprogramming.com/errata.html";>errata page</a>
+confirms this. They have assured us that the next printing will have the
+corrected license.
</dd>
<dt><a href="#DRIVER_ENTRY" name="DRIVER_NOTE"><strong>Note sur Linux Device
@@ -404,9 +432,11 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -420,9 +450,10 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -435,7 +466,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2009/11/29 21:26:13 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -461,6 +492,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/doc/other-free-books.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/doc/other-free-books.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/doc/other-free-books.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
Index: education/education.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/education.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- education/education.ca.html 8 Apr 2010 08:25:52 -0000 1.6
+++ education/education.ca.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:39 -0000 1.7
@@ -1,274 +1,156 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ca.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.57 -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.ca.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>El programari lliure a l'educació - GNU Operating System</title>
+<title>Free Software and Education - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
-<h2>Free Software Universities</h2>
+<div id="education-content">
+<h2>Free Software and Education</h2>
-<p>
-More and more students are considering whether a university teaches computer
-science and software development using Free Software when deciding where
-they will study. Free Software means that students are free to study how the
-programs they use work and to learn how to adapt them for their own
-needs. Learning about Free Software can also help in studying software
-development ethics and professional practice. If you know of a
-Free-Software-oriented university then email <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a> to tell us about it
-so we can list it here.
-</p>
-
-<h2>La vostra escola està compromesa amb el programari lliure?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Free Horizon Montessori in Arvada, Colorado has 63 GNU/Linux user systems,
-plus 6 GNU/Linux servers. Their favorite apps are Ktouch, TuxTyping, and
-Tuxmath.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If your school is committed to Free Software then we want to hear from you
-so that we can list it here. Has your school migrated to GNU/Linux, or has
-your school adopted the firm policy of rejecting proprietary software? If
-so, contact <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
-to let us know.
-</p>
-
-<h2>El programari lliure a l'educació</h2>
-
-<p>
-El <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">programari lliure</a> pot ser un
-recurs valuós a l'à mbit educatiu. No només pot ser tècnicament i
-pedagògicament superior a les alternatives de tipus propietari, sinó que a
-més pot promoure els valors del projecte GNU a les escoles:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Llibertat</li>
-<li>Cooperació</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Avui dia, molts estudiants i escoles ni tan sols coneixen el programari
-lliure i els seus grans avantatges. Al mateix temps, cada vegada més tasques
-requereixen el coneixement del programari, i el programari lliure té un
-avantatge clar en aquest camp. Si sou un d'aquells que fins ara estaven a
-les fosques, llegiu si us plau algun dels materials informatius que hem
-reunit aquÃ.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Aquà hi trobareu alguna informació que hem recollit sobre la relació entre
-el projecte GNU i l'educació (podeu veure altres relacions llegint la <a
-href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ca.html">història del projecte GNU</a>). Envieu si
-us plau els vostres comentaris i suggeriments sobre aquest apartat a la
-llista de correu de GNU i Educació <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="why">Per què?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Estem treballant amb el grup Free Software in Education per produir aquests
-materials. Si no esteu familiaritzats amb el programari lliure, aprengueu
-per què és bo per vosaltres!
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Cada material distribuïble, com ara el butlletà d'estudiants, condueix a un
-portal en lÃnia mantingut per cert grup en particular, on els interessats
-poden trobar més informació sobre el sentit del programari lliure, aprendre
-a utilitzar-lo i, naturalment, obtenir-lo.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Una idea de GNU, la Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource, es va
-convertir en la <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org";>Viquipèdia</a>. Sapigueu
-més sobre <a href="/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia.html">per què necessitem
-un recurs com aquest i per què haurÃeu de posar-hi atenció</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Articles:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/schools.ca.html">Per què les escoles haurien
-d'utilitzar exclusivament programari lliure</a>, per Richard Stallman.</li>
-<li><a href="http://fsfeurope.org/projects/education/argumentation.en.html";>Per
-què donar preferència al programari lliure a l'escola?</a>, per Jean
-Peyratout.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<!-- TODO: The aim of the
-lists <a
href="http://mail.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/info-tech-reports";>info-tech-reports</a>
-is to alert people to new articles, and to build up a bibliography of
-freely redistributable technical reports on free software. where
-should this go? -->
-<h3 id="how">Com?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Tot i que la comunitat educativa és relativament competent en qüestions de
-tecnologia, encara necessita ajuda per aprendre el funcionament de sistemes
-operatius lliures com GNU. Els estudiants, els professors i els
-administradors tenen a la seva disposició algunes eines d'aprenentatge.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-El nostre consell és, simplement, instal·lar un sistema operatiu lliure, o
-buscar-ne algun d'instal·lat, i aprendre com funciona simplement
-utilitzant-lo.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Mario Fux <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> escriu el
-butlletà <a
-href="http://fsfeurope.org/projects/education/tgs/tgs.en.html";>“TUX&address@hidden”</a>
-per al <a
-href="http://fsfeurope.org/projects/education/education.en.html";>projecte
-educació de la FSF Europa</a>. A cada número comenta un programa educatiu.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="events">Esdeveniments</h3>
-
-<p>
-A sota trobareu una llista d'alguns projectes que promouen el programari
-lliure a l'educació. Si us plau, envieu-nos notÃcies d'altres esdeveniments
-en l'Ã mbit educatiu que segueixin la <a
-href="/philosophy/philosophy.ca.html">filosofia de GNU</a> escrivint a la
-llista de correu de GNU i Educació <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
-
-<!-- cleanup -->
-<h3 id="statistics">Qui l'està utilitzant?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Alguns grups mantenen estadÃstiques d'escoles que utilitzen programari
-lliure en algunes regions del món:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-
-<!-- Those links are dead 2008-08-15 ccorazza
-<li><a href="http://libresoftware.educ.april.org/fr/carteFrance.html";>
-France</a>, maintained by the
-group <a href="http://libresoftware.educ.april.org";>The Libre Software
-School Day</a>.</li> -->
-<li><a href="http://www.rittershofer.de/info/linux/linout.htm";>Alemanya</a>,
-mantinguda per Andreas Rittershofer. Hi ha un mirall no actualitzat a <a
-href="http://linux-schulen.be.schule.de/";>linux-schulen.be.schule.de</a>.
-</li>
-
-<!-- Those links are dead 2008-08-15 ccorazza
-<li><a href="http://libresoftware.educ.april.org/it/carteItalieit.html";>
-Italy</a>, maintained by the
-group <a href="http://libresoftware.educ.april.org";>The Libre Software
-School Day</a>.</li> -->
+<!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
+<ul id="edu-navigation">
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-contents.html">Education Contents</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-cases.html">Case
Studies</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-resources.html">Educational Resources</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-projects.html">Education Projects</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-team.html">The
Education Team</a></li>
</ul>
-<p>
-Ens agradaria presentar algunes històries de classes i cursos on s'estigui
-utilitzant programari lliure. Tant si el vostre ús és creatiu com si no,
-compartiu si us plau la vostra història. Per fer-ho, envieu-la si us plau a
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="advocacy">Promoció</h3>
-
-<p>
-Abans de poder defensar el programari lliure a nivell local, com ens
-agradaria fer-ho al projecte Free Software in Education, necessitem pensar
-en com fer-ho. Estem buscant articles en aquesta à rea. Si sabeu d'algun bon
-enllaç sobre programari lliure i educació, contacteu si us plau amb
-nosaltres.
-</p>
+<!-- end edu navigation bar -->
+</div>
-<h3 id="software">Programari educatiu lliure</h3>
+<!-- id="education-content" -->
+<div class="center">
+<h3>What Does Free Software Have To Do With Education?</h3>
+</div>
-<p>
-Mantenim una <a href="/education/software.html">llista de programari
-educatiu lliure i de projectes de programari educatiu lliure</a>.
-</p>
+<p>Software freedom has an especially important role in education. Educational
+institutions of all levels should use and teach Free Software because it is
+the only software that allows them to accomplish their essential missions:
+to disseminate human knowledge and to prepare students to be good members of
+their community. The source code and the methods of Free Software are part
+of human knowledge. On the contrary, proprietary software is secret,
+restricted knowledge, which is the opposite of the mission of educational
+institutions. Free Software supports education, proprietary software forbids
+education.</p>
+
+<p>Free Software is not just a technical question; it is an ethical, social,
+and political question. It is a question of the human rights that the users
+of software ought to have. Freedom and cooperation are essential values of
+Free Software. The GNU System implements these values and the principle of
+sharing, since sharing is good and beneficial to human progress.</p>
+
+<p>To learn more, see the <a href=" /philosophy/free-sw.html">Free Software
+definition</a> and our article on <a href="
+/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">why software should be free</a> (as in
+freedom).</p>
+
+<div class="yui-gc">
+ <div class="yui-u first">
+
+<h2>The Basics</h2>
+
+<p>In this six-minutes video <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/about/leadership/#rms";>Richard Stallman</a>
+explains briefly and to the point the principles of Free Software and how
+they connect to education.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: please add the link to your language here in the first
place, followed by a comma. -->
+Transcriptions of this video are available in <a
+href="/education/misc/rms-education-es-translation-to-en.txt"> English</a>,
+<a href="/education/misc/rms-education-es-transcription.txt"> Spanish</a>,
+and <a href="/education/misc/edu-misc.html#transcriptions">other
+languages</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p> <!-- TRANSLATORS: please add the link to your language here in the first
place, followed by a comma. -->
+SubRip subtitle files are also available for download in <a
+href="/education/misc//rms-education-es-sub-en.srt"> English</a>, <a
+href="/education/misc//rms-education-es-sub-es.srt">Spanish</a>, and <a
+href="/education/misc/edu-misc.html#subtitles">other languages</a>.
+</p>
+
+<video id="rms-movie" width="512" height="288" controls="controls">
+ <source
+ src="http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-sub-en.ogv";
+ type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"' />
+</video>
+
+<p>Download video as <a
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-sub-en.ogv";> Ogg
+Theora</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The GNU Project was <a href=" /gnu/initial-announcement.html">launched</a>
+in 1983 by Richard Stallman to develop a Free Libre operating system: the
+GNU operating system. As a result, today it is possible for anyone to use a
+computer in freedom.</p>
-<h3 id="projects">Altres grups i projectes</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="yui-u">
-<p>
-Existeixen diversos grups i projectes que estan treballant amb Free Software
-in Education. Alguns d'ells es llisten a continuació. Si el vostre projecte
-dóna suport exclusivament al programari lliure i no està llistat aquÃ,
-envieu-nos si us plau un correu electrònic a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
+<h2>In Depth</h2>
-<!-- keep this list in strict alphabetical order, except for official
-GNU-affiliated pages, which should go at top. -->
-<ul>
-<li><a href="/education/freelearning.html">Free Learning Resources</a> intenta
-portar els principis del programari lliure als materials educatius i al
-coneixement en general.</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.gleducar.org.ar";>Gleducar</a>, un projecte argentÃ
sobre
-GNU a l'educació.</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.ofset.org";>OFSET</a>. L'Organització per al Programari
-Lliure a l'Educació i l'Ensenyament promou l'ús del programari lliure a
-l'Ã mbit educatiu. <a href="http://www.ofset.org/freeduc-cd";>Doneu un cop
-d'ull a Freeduc-cd</a>, un CD educatiu autoarrancable preparat per Ofset.</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.sugarlabs.org";>Sugar Labs</a>, que proporciona l'entorn
-d'aprenentatge Sugar, promou la reflexió i l'aprenentatge col·laboratiu.</li>
-</ul>
+<p>Learn about the <a href="/education/edu-why.html">Reasons Why</a>
+educational institutions should use and teach exclusively Free Software.</p>
-<h3 id="help">Podeu ajudar-nos</h3>
+<p>An article by Richard Stallman: <a href="/philosophy/schools.html">Why
+Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software</a></p>
-<p>Si coneixeu algun projecte educatiu basat en programari lliure, envieu si us
-plau la pà gina del projecte i una breu descripció a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
+<p>An article by Dr. V. Sasi Kumar on the <a
+href="/education/edu-system-india.html">education system in India.</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ca.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Envieu si us plau els enllaços trencats i altres correccions o suggeriments
+a <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
-<p>
-Vegeu la <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.ca.html">Guia de
+<p>Vegeu la <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.ca.html">Guia de
traducció</a> per informar-vos sobre la coordinació i publicació de les
traduccions d'aquest article. <br />Contacteu amb l'<a
href="/server/standards/translations/ca/">Equip de traducció</a> per
-col·laborar en la traducció al català del web de GNU.
-</p>
+col·laborar en la traducció al català del web de GNU.</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>
-Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en
-qualsevol medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que es conservi aquesta nota.
-</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
</div>
- <p>
-<!-- timestamp start -->
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2010/04/08 08:25:52 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:39 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -277,41 +159,31 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traduccions d'aquesta pà gina</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
-<!-- Arabic -->
-<li><a
href="/education/education.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a href="/education/education.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/education/education.html">English</a> [en]</li>
-<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/education/education.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
-<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/education/education.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
-<!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/education/education.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
-<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
-<li><a href="/education/education.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
-<!-- Chinese (Simplified -->
-<li><a
href="/education/education.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
-<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
-<li><a
href="/education/education.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
+<li><a href="/education/education.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
+
Index: education/education.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/education.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- education/education.fr.html 8 Apr 2010 08:25:52 -0000 1.13
+++ education/education.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:39 -0000 1.14
@@ -1,284 +1,145 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.57 -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Les logiciels libres dans l'éducation - GNU Operating System</title>
+<title>Free Software and Education - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Les logiciels libres et les universités</h2>
+<div id="education-content">
+<h2>Free Software and Education</h2>
-<p>
-De plus en plus d'étudiants se posent la question de savoir si une
-université enseigne l'informatique et le développement en utilisant des
-logiciels libres quand vient le moment de choisir leur université. Des
-logiciels libres signifient que les étudiants sont libres d'étudier la façon
-dont fonctionnent les logiciels qu'ils utilisent et d'apprendre à les
-adpater à leurs propres besoins. Apprendre sur les logiciels libres peut
-aussi aider dans l'apprentissage de l'éthique de développement et des
-pratiques professionnelles. Si vous connaissez une université qui s'oriente
-vers les logiciels libres, veuillez envoyer un courriel à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a> pour nous le
-signaler afin que nous la citions ici.
-</p>
-
-<h2>Votre école s'implique-t-elle dans les logiciels libres ?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Free Horizon Montessori in Arvada, Colorado has 63 GNU/Linux user systems,
-plus 6 GNU/Linux servers. Their favorite apps are Ktouch, TuxTyping, and
-Tuxmath.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Si votre école s'implique dans les logiciels libres, alors nous aimerions le
-savoir pour la lister ici. Votre école a-t-elle migré vers GNU/Linux, ou
-a-t-elle adopté une politique ferme de rejet des logiciels
-propriétaires ? Si c'est la cas, contactez <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> pour nous le
-faire savoir.
-</p>
-
-<h2>Les logiciels libres dans l'éducation</h2>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">Le logiciel libre</a> peut constituer
-une ressource précieuse dans l'enseignement. En effet, il peut
-être non seulement supérieur aux alternatives
-propriétaires d'un point de vue technique ou pédagogique, mais
-il peut aussi faire passer les valeurs du projet GNU au sein des
-établissements scolaires :
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Liberté</li>
-<li>Coopération</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Aujourd'hui, beaucoup d'étudiants et d'établissements
-scolaires ne connaissent même pas les logiciels libres ou les grands
-avantages qu'ils apportent. En même temps, des compétences en
-informatique sont requises pour de plus en plus de tâches, et les
-logiciels libres ont un avantage sérieux sans ce domaine. Si vous
-faites partie de ceux qui sont restés dans le noir jusqu'à
-présent, veuillez lire les quelques informations que nous avons
-rassemblées ici.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voici des informations que nous avons réunies sur les relations entre
-le projet GNU et l'enseignement (vous pourrez en apprendre plus en lisant <a
-href="/gnu/thegnuproject.fr.html">l'histoire du projet GNU</a>). Merci de
-faire part de vos commentaires et de vos suggestions à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="why">Pourquoi ?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Nous travaillons en proche collaboration avec un nouveau groupe, les
-logiciels libres dans l'enseignement, pour produire ces introductions. Si
-vous n'êtes pas totalement familier avec les logiciels libres,
-découvrez pourquoi ils sont bons pour vous !
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Chaque élément distribuable, facilement assimilable, comme les
-billets du journal des étudiants, mène à un portail en
-ligne, taillé sur mesure pour le groupe particulier, sur lequel
-l'intéressé peut en apprendre plus sur ce que signifie les
-logiciels libres, apprendre à les utiliser et bien sûr les
-télécharger.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Une idée de GNU, l'Encyclopédie libre universelle et des
-ressources d'apprentissage, est devenue <a
-href="http://www.wikipedia.org";>Wikipédia</a>. Découvrez <a
-href="/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia.html">pourquoi nous avons besoin d'une
-telle ressource et pourquoi nous devons y faire attention</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Articles :
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/schools.fr.html">Pourquoi les écoles devraient
-utiliser exclusivement des logiciels libres</a>, par Richard Stallman.</li>
-<li><a
-href="http://fsfeurope.org/projects/education/argumentation.fr.html";>Pourquoi
-préférer l'utilisation de logiciels libres dans
-l'Éducation ?</a>, par Jean Peyratout.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<!-- TODO: The aim of the
-lists <a
href="http://mail.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/info-tech-reports";>info-tech-reports</a>
-is to alert people to new articles, and to build up a bibliography of
-freely redistributable technical reports on free software. where
-should this go? -->
-<h3 id="how">Comment ?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Bien que la tendance dans l'éducation est de devenir de plus en plus
-technique, elle a encore besoin d'aider à l'apprentissage de
-système d'exploitation libres tel que GNU. Les étudiants, les
-professeurs et les administrateurs ont des outils à leur disposition
-avec lesquels apprendre.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Notre conseil est juste d'installer un système d'exploitation libre
-ou de trouver une installation existante, et d'apprendre à s'en
-servir, simplement en l'utilisant. Cependant, ces ressources peuvent vous
-aider à faciliter la transition.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Mario Fux <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
-écrit <a
-href="http://fsfeurope.org/projects/education/tgs/tgs.fr.html";>TUX&address@hidden</a>
-pour le <a
-href="http://fsfeurope.org/projects/education/education.fr.html";>projet
-éducation de la FSF Europe</a>. Il passe en revue des logiciels
-éducatifs libres pour chaque usage.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="events">Ãvénements</h3>
-
-<p>
-Certains projets qui ne font la promotion que de logiciels libres dans
-l'éducation sont listés ci-dessous. Veuillez nous signaler
-tout autre événement concernant l'éducation qui suit la
-<a href="/philosophy/philosophy.fr.html">Philosophie GNU</a>, en
-écrivant à la liste de diffusion GNU & Education à
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-</p>
-
-<!-- cleanup -->
-<h3 id="statistics">Qui les utilisent ?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Certains groupes maintiennent des statistiques sur les écoles qui
-utilisent des logiciels libres dans plusieurs régions du monde :
-</p>
-
-<ul>
-
-<!-- Those links are dead 2008-08-15 ccorazza
-<li><a href="http://libresoftware.educ.april.org/fr/carteFrance.html";>
-France</a>, maintained by the
-group <a href="http://libresoftware.educ.april.org";>The Libre Software
-School Day</a>.</li> -->
-<li><a href="http://www.rittershofer.de/info/linux/linout.htm";>Allemagne</a>,
-maintenu par Andreas Rittershofer. Il existe un miroir obsolète à <a
-href="http://linux-schulen.be.schule.de/";>linux-schulen.be.schule.de</a>.
-</li>
-
-<!-- Those links are dead 2008-08-15 ccorazza
-<li><a href="http://libresoftware.educ.april.org/it/carteItalieit.html";>
-Italy</a>, maintained by the
-group <a href="http://libresoftware.educ.april.org";>The Libre Software
-School Day</a>.</li> -->
+<!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
+<ul id="edu-navigation">
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-contents.html">Education Contents</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-cases.html">Case
Studies</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-resources.html">Educational Resources</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-projects.html">Education Projects</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-team.html">The
Education Team</a></li>
</ul>
-<p>
-Nous voulons présenter des expériences de classes ou de cours
-où les logiciels libres sont utilisés. Que votre utilisation
-soit créative ou pas, veuillez partager votre histoire. Si vous le
-faites, veuillez écrire à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
-
-<h3 id="advocacy">Plaidoyer</h3>
-
-<p>
-Avant de plaider pour les logiciels libres à un échelon local,
-comme le projet Logiciels libres dans l'éducation voudrait le faire,
-nous devons trouver <em>comment</em> faire cela. Nous recherchons des
-articles concernant votre région. Si vous connaissez un bon lien sur
-les logiciels libres et l'éducation, veuillez nous contacter.
-</p>
+<!-- end edu navigation bar -->
+</div>
-<h3 id="software">Logiciels libres dans l'éducation</h3>
+<!-- id="education-content" -->
+<div class="center">
+<h3>What Does Free Software Have To Do With Education?</h3>
+</div>
-<p>
-Nous maintenons une <a href="/education/software.html">de logiciels libres
-et de projets de logiciels libres pour l'éducation</a>.
-</p>
+<p>Software freedom has an especially important role in education. Educational
+institutions of all levels should use and teach Free Software because it is
+the only software that allows them to accomplish their essential missions:
+to disseminate human knowledge and to prepare students to be good members of
+their community. The source code and the methods of Free Software are part
+of human knowledge. On the contrary, proprietary software is secret,
+restricted knowledge, which is the opposite of the mission of educational
+institutions. Free Software supports education, proprietary software forbids
+education.</p>
+
+<p>Free Software is not just a technical question; it is an ethical, social,
+and political question. It is a question of the human rights that the users
+of software ought to have. Freedom and cooperation are essential values of
+Free Software. The GNU System implements these values and the principle of
+sharing, since sharing is good and beneficial to human progress.</p>
+
+<p>To learn more, see the <a href=" /philosophy/free-sw.html">Free Software
+definition</a> and our article on <a href="
+/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">why software should be free</a> (as in
+freedom).</p>
+
+<div class="yui-gc">
+ <div class="yui-u first">
+
+<h2>The Basics</h2>
+
+<p>In this six-minutes video <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/about/leadership/#rms";>Richard Stallman</a>
+explains briefly and to the point the principles of Free Software and how
+they connect to education.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: please add the link to your language here in the first
place, followed by a comma. -->
+Transcriptions of this video are available in <a
+href="/education/misc/rms-education-es-translation-to-en.txt"> English</a>,
+<a href="/education/misc/rms-education-es-transcription.txt"> Spanish</a>,
+and <a href="/education/misc/edu-misc.html#transcriptions">other
+languages</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p> <!-- TRANSLATORS: please add the link to your language here in the first
place, followed by a comma. -->
+SubRip subtitle files are also available for download in <a
+href="/education/misc//rms-education-es-sub-en.srt"> English</a>, <a
+href="/education/misc//rms-education-es-sub-es.srt">Spanish</a>, and <a
+href="/education/misc/edu-misc.html#subtitles">other languages</a>.
+</p>
+
+<video id="rms-movie" width="512" height="288" controls="controls">
+ <source
+ src="http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-sub-en.ogv";
+ type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"' />
+</video>
+
+<p>Download video as <a
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/rms-education-es-sub-en.ogv";> Ogg
+Theora</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The GNU Project was <a href=" /gnu/initial-announcement.html">launched</a>
+in 1983 by Richard Stallman to develop a Free Libre operating system: the
+GNU operating system. As a result, today it is possible for anyone to use a
+computer in freedom.</p>
-<h3 id="projects">Autres groupes et projets</h3>
+</div>
+<div class="yui-u">
-<p>
-Il existe plusieurs groupes et projets qui travaillent dans les logiciels
-libres et l'éducation. Certains d'entre-eux sont listés
-ci-dessous. Si votre projet ne soutient que les logiciels libres et qu'il
-n'est pas listé ici, veuillez envoyer un courriel à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
+<h2>In Depth</h2>
-<!-- keep this list in strict alphabetical order, except for official
-GNU-affiliated pages, which should go at top. -->
-<ul>
-<li><a href="/education/freelearning.html">Free Learning Resources</a>, dont le
-but est d'apporter les principes du logiciel libre sur les supports
-dédiés à l'éducation ou à la connaissance
-en général.</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.gleducar.org.ar";>Gleducar</a>, un projet argentin GNU
-dans l'éducation.</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.ofset.org";>OFSET</a>, The Organization for Free
Software
-in Education and Teaching (Organisation pour les logiciels libres dans
-l'éducation et l'enseignement), qui soutient l'utilisation des
-logiciels libres dans l'éducation. <a
-href="http://www.ofset.org/freeduc-cd";>Jetez un œil à
-Freeduc-cd</a>, un live-cd pour l'éducation créé par
-Ofset.</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.sugarlabs.org";>Sugar Labs</a>, qui fournit le Sugar
-Learning Environment, soutien le partage et l'apprentissage collaboratif, et
-la réflexion.</li>
-</ul>
+<p>Learn about the <a href="/education/edu-why.html">Reasons Why</a>
+educational institutions should use and teach exclusively Free Software.</p>
-<h3 id="help">Vous pouvez nous aider</h3>
+<p>An article by Richard Stallman: <a href="/philosophy/schools.html">Why
+Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software</a></p>
-<p>Si vous connaissez un projet éducatif basé sur les logiciels
-libres, veuillez nous soumettre la page du projet et une brève
-description à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>.
-</p>
+<p>An article by Dr. V. Sasi Kumar on the <a
+href="/education/edu-system-india.html">education system in India.</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
-<p>
-Veuillez consulter le <a
+<p>Veuillez consulter le <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html">README des
traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission
-de traductions de cet article.
-</p>
+de traductions de cet article.</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>
-La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
-</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -286,11 +147,10 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traduction : Cédric Corazza.<br /> Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
- <p>
-<!-- timestamp start -->
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/04/08 08:25:52 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:39 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -299,41 +159,31 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traduction de cette page</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
-<!-- Arabic -->
-<li><a
href="/education/education.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a href="/education/education.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/education/education.html">English</a> [en]</li>
-<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/education/education.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
-<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/education/education.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
-<!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/education/education.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
-<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
-<li><a href="/education/education.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
-<!-- Chinese (Simplified -->
-<li><a
href="/education/education.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
-<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
-<li><a
href="/education/education.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
+<li><a href="/education/education.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
+
Index: events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.tr.html 12 Jan 2010 09:26:50 -0000
1.2
+++ events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:47 -0000
1.3
@@ -8,9 +8,11 @@
<h2>Ãzgür Yazılım: Ãzgürlük ve Ä°ÅbirliÄi</h2>
<p style="text-align: center;">
-Richard M. Stallman'ın <em>"Ãzgür Yazılım: Ãzgürlük ve
Ä°ÅbirliÄi"</em><br />
-isimli, New York'taki New York Ãniversitesi'nde <br />, 29 Mayıs 2001
-tarihinde yaptıÄı konuÅmanın metnidir.</p>
+Transcript of<br />
+Richard M. Stallman's speech,<br />
+<em>“Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation”</em><br />
+New York University in New York, New York<br />
+on 29 May 2001</p>
<div class="announcement">
<blockquote><p>Bu konuÅmanın <a
href="/events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.txt">düz metin</a>
@@ -1991,12 +1993,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.tr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır. Lütfen
-çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> adresine
-gönderin.</p>
+<p>Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.</p>
<p>Bu makale için çeviri göndermek veya çevirileri düzenlemek için
lütfen <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">çeviriler hakkındakı
@@ -2004,9 +2005,10 @@
<p>Copyright © 2001, 2005, 2006 Richard M. Stallman</p>
-<p>Bu makalenin tamamının kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve
daÄıtılmasına,
-ücret talep etmeksizin, herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı
-bildirisini korumak Åartıyla, dünya çapında izin verilmiÅtir.</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -2057,7 +2059,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/01/12 09:26:50 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:47 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-download.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-download.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-download.ar.html 6 Jan 2010 21:26:07 -0000
1.5
+++ fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-download.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:53 -0000
1.6
@@ -36,18 +36,22 @@
باÙإضاÙØ© Ø¥Ù٠إصداراتبدÙÙØ© (بÙ
ا ÙÙ Ø°Ù٠ترجÙ
Ø© عربÙØ© ÙÙرÙسÙØ©Ø Ø¨Ø§ÙإضاÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ Ùسخ
صÙتÙØ© ÙÙØ·) Ù
Ù Ù
ÙاÙع اÙÙ
راÙا أدÙاÙ.</p>
-<h3><a href="http://ubuntu.media.mit.edu/gnu/";>Ù
اساتشÙستس</a> Ø£Ù <a
-href="http://joyent.vo.llnwd.net/o25/";>ÙÙÙÙÙرÙÙا</a></h3>
+<h3><!-- Broken/Dead link - 25-Mar-2011 - shailesh
+or <a href="http://joyent.vo.llnwd.net/o25/";>
+California</a>
+-->
+</h3>
<h2>Ù
راÙا أخرÙ</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://ma.tt/dropbox/2008/09/gnu/";>ÙÙÙÙÙرÙÙا</a></li>
-<li><a href="http://mirrors.asheesh.org/fsf-video/";>اÙÙاباÙ</a></li>
<li><a href="http://stallman.org/fry/";>اÙÙ
Ù
ÙÙØ© اÙÙ
تØدة</a></li>
<li><a
href="http://files.tdobson.net/fsf/video/fry/";>ÙاÙÙÙÙرÙÙا</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.softwareliber.ro/gnu/fry/";>رÙÙ
اÙÙا</a></li>
-<li><a
href="http://www.zeuux.org/news/gnu-birth-25.cn.html";>اÙصÙÙ</a></li>
+
+<!--<li>
+<a href="http://www.zeuux.org/news/gnu-birth-25.cn.html";>China</a></li>-->
</ul>
<h2>صÙر ÙÙÙصÙ</h2>
@@ -108,7 +112,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/01/06 21:26:07 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:53 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -133,6 +137,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-download.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-download.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a
href="/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-download.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- French -->
Index: fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-download.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-download.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-download.de.html 29 Jun 2011 08:29:31 -0000
1.1
+++ fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-download.de.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:53 -0000
1.2
@@ -41,22 +41,18 @@
or <a href="http://joyent.vo.llnwd.net/o25/";>
California</a>
-->
-<a href="http://ubuntu.media.mit.edu/gnu/";>Massachusetts</a>
</h3>
<h2>Weitere Spiegelserver</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://ma.tt/dropbox/2008/09/gnu/";>Kalifornien</a></li>
-
-<!-- Broken/Dead link - 25-Mar-2011 - shailesh
-<li>
-<a href="http://mirrors.asheesh.org/fsf-video/";>Japan</a></li>
--->
<li><a href="http://stallman.org/fry/";>Vereinigtes Königreich</a></li>
<li><a href="http://files.tdobson.net/fsf/video/fry/";>Kalifornien</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.softwareliber.ro/gnu/fry/";>Rumänien</a></li>
-<li><a href="http://www.zeuux.org/news/gnu-birth-25.cn.html";>China</a></li>
+
+<!--<li>
+<a href="http://www.zeuux.org/news/gnu-birth-25.cn.html";>China</a></li>-->
</ul>
<h2>Bilder für Verweise</h2>
@@ -115,12 +111,11 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-<b>UÌbersetzung:</b> Joerg Kohne <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><joeko></a>, 2011.</div>
+<b>UÌbersetzung:</b> Joerg Kohne, 2011.</div>
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualisierung:
-$Date: 2011/06/29 08:29:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:53 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-translation.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-translation.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-translation.ar.html 15 Mar 2010 08:26:01
-0000 1.6
+++ fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-translation.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:53
-0000 1.7
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
<ul>
<li><a href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-arabic.srt">اÙعربÙØ©</a></li>
+<li><a href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-belarus.srt">Belarusian</a></li>
<li><a
href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-brazilian-portuguese.srt">اÙبرازÙÙÙØ©
اÙبرتغاÙÙØ©</a></li>
<li><a href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-bulgarian.srt">اÙبÙغارÙØ©</a></li>
@@ -28,10 +29,14 @@
<li><a href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-zh_CN.srt">اÙصÙÙÙØ© (اÙÙ
بسطة)</a></li>
<li><a href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-danish.srt">اÙدÙÙ
ارÙÙØ©</a></li>
<li><a href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-dutch.srt">اÙÙÙÙÙدÙØ©</a></li>
-<li><a href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-english.srt">اÙØ¥ÙجÙÙزÙØ©</a></li>
+<li><a href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-english.srt">English</a> (<a
+href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-english-transcription.html">an English
+transcription</a> is also available)</li>
<li><a href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-esperanto.srt">اÙإسباÙÙØ©</a></li>
<li><a href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-finnish.srt">اÙÙÙÙدÙØ©</a></li>
-<li><a href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-french.srt">اÙÙرÙسÙØ©</a></li>
+<li><a href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-french.srt">French</a> (<a
+href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-french-transcription.html">a French
+transcription</a> is also available)</li>
<li><a href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-galego.srt">اÙجÙÙÙÙØ©</a></li>
<li><a href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-german.srt">اÙØ£ÙÙ
اÙÙØ©</a></li>
<li><a href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-greek.srt">اÙÙÙÙاÙÙØ©</a></li>
@@ -108,8 +113,10 @@
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 1996Ø 1997Ø 1998Ø 1999Ø 2000Ø 2001Ø 2002Ø
2003Ø 2004Ø
2005Ø 2006Ø 2007Ø 2008Ø 2009 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙاتاÙØرةØ
اÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ</p>
-<p>اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙ
دخÙØ© اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù
Ùجازة ÙÙ Ù٠أÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠أرباØØ
-Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ù
ع Ùضع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاØظة Ù٠عÙÙ
اÙاعتبار. </p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
<p>Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠راجع <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.ar.html">تعÙÙÙ
ات
اÙترجÙ
Ø©</a> ÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات ØÙ٠تÙسÙÙ ÙتسÙÙÙ
ترجÙ
ات Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ©.</p>
@@ -124,7 +131,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/03/15 08:26:01 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:53 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -150,6 +157,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-translation.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-translation.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a
href="/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu-translation.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- French -->
Index: fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.ar.html 6 Jan 2010 21:26:09 -0000 1.9
+++ fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:53 -0000 1.10
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.ar.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>ستÙÙÙ Ùرا٠— عÙد Ù
ÙÙاد سعÙد ÙغÙÙ —
ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠غÙÙ</title>
@@ -31,7 +31,14 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
<h2 class="center">Ùرا٠اÙØرÙØ© — ”عÙد Ù
ÙÙاد
سعÙد ÙغÙÙ“</h2>
-<p style="text-align: center; width: 600px; margin: 1em auto;"><video
src="http://ftp.gnu.org/video/Stephen_Fry-Happy_Birthday_GNU-hq_600px_780kbit.ogv";
style="width: 600px; height: 336px"
thumbnail="http://ftp.gnu.org/video/fry720.jpg"; controls></video></p>
+<p style="text-align: center; width: 600px; margin: 1em auto;">
+<video
+
src="http://ftp.gnu.org/video/Stephen_Fry-Happy_Birthday_GNU-hq_600px_780kbit.ogv";
+ style="width: 600px; height: 336px"
+ poster="http://ftp.gnu.org/video/fry720.jpg";
+ controls="controls">
+</video>
+</p>
<p class="center">اÙسÙد <a href="http://www.stephenfry.com/";>ستÙÙÙ
ÙراÙ</a> ÙعرÙÙ٠عÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙØ°Ùر٠بعÙد Ù
ÙÙاد Ù
Ù
Ùز
جدا.</p>
@@ -229,7 +236,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/01/06 21:26:09 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:53 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -254,6 +261,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- French -->
Index: gnu/gnu-history.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-history.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.17
retrieving revision 1.18
diff -u -b -r1.17 -r1.18
--- gnu/gnu-history.ar.html 28 Apr 2011 00:27:28 -0000 1.17
+++ gnu/gnu-history.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:58 -0000 1.18
@@ -132,8 +132,9 @@
Ø٠اÙÙسخ © 1996Ø 1997Ø 1998Ø 1999Ø 2001Ø 2002Ø 2003Ø 2005Ø
2007 Ù
ؤسسة
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة اÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ
</p>
-<p>Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ادة بÙاÙ
ÙÙا ØرÙÙا Ù
سÙ
ÙØ Ø¨Ù Ù٠جÙ
Ùع Ø£ÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
بدÙ٠أÙ
-Ùساطة بأخذ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاØظة Ù Ù
ÙاØظة اÙØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© Ù٠اÙاعتبار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2011/04/28 00:27:28 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/gnu-history.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-history.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.18
retrieving revision 1.19
diff -u -b -r1.18 -r1.19
--- gnu/gnu-history.bg.html 2 Aug 2009 20:28:57 -0000 1.18
+++ gnu/gnu-history.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:58 -0000 1.19
@@ -77,13 +77,12 @@
пÑави леÑно пÑеÑ
вÑÑлÑнеÑо на поÑÑебиÑели
на âЮникÑâ кÑм GNU.</p>
<p>
-Ðдна опеÑаÑионна ÑиÑÑема, подобна на
âЮникÑâ, е много повеÑе Ð¾Ñ ÑдÑо; ÑÑ
-ÑÑÑо ÑÑдÑÑжа компилаÑоÑи, ÑедакÑоÑи,
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð·Ð° ÑоÑмаÑиÑане на ÑекÑÑ Ð¸
-обÑабоÑка на поÑа, какÑо и много дÑÑги
неÑа. Така Ñе напиÑванеÑо на ÑÑла
-опеÑаÑионна ÑиÑÑема е огÑомна задаÑа. Ðие
запоÑнаÑ
ме пÑез ÑнÑаÑи 1984 г.
-ÐÑне ни много години. <a
href="http://fsf.org/";>ФондаÑиÑÑа за Ñвободен
-ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a> беÑе оÑнована пÑез окÑомвÑи 1985
г., пÑÑвонаÑално за да набиÑа
-ÑÑедÑÑва, коиÑо да подпомогнаÑ
ÑазÑабоÑкаÑа на GNU.</p>
+A Unix-like operating system is much more than a kernel; it also includes
+compilers, editors, text formatters, mail software, and many other things.
+Thus, writing a whole operating system is a very large job. We started in
+January 1984. It took many years. The <a href="http://fsf.org/";>Free
+Software Foundation</a> was founded in October 1985, initially to raise
+funds to help develop GNU.</p>
<p>Ðо 1990 г. ние бÑÑ
ме или намеÑили, или
напиÑали вÑиÑки главни компоненÑи,
оÑвен един â ÑдÑоÑо. Тогава ÐинÑкÑ, ÑдÑо,
подобно на ÑдÑоÑо на âЮникÑâ, бе
@@ -117,12 +116,11 @@
налиÑе.</p>
<p>
-Ðолко Ð´Ð°Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ðµ да ÑÑигне ÑвободниÑÑ
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ? ÐÑма гÑаниÑи, оÑвен когаÑо
-<a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html">закони каÑо
паÑенÑнаÑа
-ÑиÑÑема забÑанÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a>
изÑÑло. ÐавеÑнаÑа Ñел е да
-оÑигÑÑим Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð·Ð° извÑÑÑванеÑо
на вÑÑкакÑв вид задаÑи, коиÑо
-компÑÑÑÑниÑе поÑÑебиÑели иÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð° вÑÑÑаÑ
â и Ñака ÑобÑÑвениÑеÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð°
-излезе Ð¾Ñ ÑпоÑÑеба.</p>
+How far can free software go? There are no limits, except when <a
+href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html">laws such as the patent
+system prohibit free software</a> entirely. The ultimate goal is to provide
+free software to do all of the jobs computer users want to do—and thus
+make proprietary software a thing of the past.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -146,11 +144,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Ðма и дÑÑги
наÑини за <a
-href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -163,9 +162,9 @@
ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003,
2005, 2007,
2009 ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ
</p>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:28:57 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -246,6 +245,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.ro.html">Românã</a> [ro]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Swedish -->
Index: gnu/gnu-history.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-history.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- gnu/gnu-history.ml.html 14 Jul 2010 08:25:34 -0000 1.9
+++ gnu/gnu-history.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:58 -0000 1.10
@@ -79,15 +79,12 @@
à´à´àµà´à´³àµâà´¤àµà´°àµà´®à´¾à´¨à´¿à´àµà´àµ.</p>
<p>
-à´¯àµà´¨à´¿à´àµà´¸à´¿à´¨àµ à´ªàµà´²àµà´³àµà´³ à´à´°àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´
à´¸à´à´µà´¿à´§à´¾à´¨à´,à´àµà´°àµâണലàµâ
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´²àµà´ വളരàµ
-വലàµà´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ.à´
തിലàµâ
à´à´®àµà´ªàµà´²à´±àµà´à´³àµâ,à´°à´à´¨
à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´à´àµà´à´³àµâ,à´°à´à´¨
à´à´¿à´àµà´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨
-à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´àµà´à´³àµâ,à´à´¤àµà´¤àµàµ
à´àµà´à´¾à´°àµà´¯à´ à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´¤àµà´à´àµà´à´¿
-à´àµà´±àµà´¯àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ
തനàµà´¨àµ à´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£à´®à´¾à´¯ à´à´°àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´ à´¸à´à´µà´¿à´§à´¾à´¨à´
-നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµ
വളരൠവലിയ à´àµà´²à´¿à´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ. 1984
à´à´¨àµà´µà´°à´¿à´¯à´¿à´²à´¾à´£àµàµ à´à´àµà´à´³àµâ
-à´¤àµà´à´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ.à´
à´¤àµàµ à´à´°àµà´ªà´¾à´àµàµ
വരàµâà´·à´®àµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµ. à´àµà´¨àµ
à´¸à´à´°à´à´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ സഹായതàµà´¤à´¿à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿
ധനà´
-à´¸àµà´µà´°àµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´ âà´à´¨àµà´¨
à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµà´àµ 1985 à´à´àµà´àµà´¬à´±à´¿à´²àµâ <a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/";>à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´«àµà´£àµà´àµà´·à´¨àµâ
-</a>à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´ªà´¿à´¤à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿.</p>
+A Unix-like operating system is much more than a kernel; it also includes
+compilers, editors, text formatters, mail software, and many other things.
+Thus, writing a whole operating system is a very large job. We started in
+January 1984. It took many years. The <a href="http://fsf.org/";>Free
+Software Foundation</a> was founded in October 1985, initially to raise
+funds to help develop GNU.</p>
<p>1990-à´à´àµ à´àµà´°àµâണലàµâ à´à´´à´¿à´àµ
മറàµà´±àµà´²àµà´²à´¾ à´ªàµà´°à´§à´¾à´¨ à´à´à´à´àµà´à´³àµà´
à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´à´¯àµ à´à´£àµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´à´¯àµ
à´àµà´¯àµà´¤àµ. പിനàµà´¨àµà´àµàµ 1991-à´²àµâ ലിനസàµ
à´àµà´°àµâവാളàµâà´¡àµà´¸àµ à´¯àµà´¨à´¿à´àµà´¸àµ
മാതàµà´à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³
@@ -124,13 +121,11 @@
à´àµà´±àµ à´à´³à´¿à´à´³àµâ</a> à´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´³àµâ
തനàµà´¨àµ à´²à´àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ.</p>
<p>
-à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´¨àµàµ à´à´¤àµ വരàµ
à´ªàµà´à´¾à´?<a
-href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html">à´ªàµà´±àµà´±à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´µàµà´¯à´µà´¸àµà´¥ à´ªàµà´²àµà´³àµà´³
-നിയമà´àµà´à´³àµâ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´¨àµ à´®àµà´¾à´¤àµà´¤à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
-വിലà´àµà´àµà´¤à´à´¿à´¯à´¾à´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´¾à´´à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´²àµâ</a>,à´à´¤àµ
നിസàµà´¸àµà´®à´ à´¤àµà´à´°àµà´.
à´à´®àµà´ªàµà´¯àµà´àµà´à´°àµâ
-à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
à´à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´¯ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾ à´à´¾à´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´° à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
-നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ
പരമമായ à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´—à´
à´àµà´à´¿à´¨àµ
à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´à´¾à´²à´¹à´°à´£à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´àµà´ªàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´.</p>
+How far can free software go? There are no limits, except when <a
+href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html">laws such as the patent
+system prohibit free software</a> entirely. The ultimate goal is to provide
+free software to do all of the jobs computer users want to do—and thus
+make proprietary software a thing of the past.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -143,12 +138,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ -നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµ
-വിനൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ </a>.
<br
-/>à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯ à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµàµ നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµàµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
-à´à´¨àµà´¨ വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ
à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -160,9 +155,9 @@
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´ © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001,
2003, 2005, 2007, 2009
à´«àµà´°àµ à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´«àµà´£àµà´àµà´·à´¨àµâ
</p>
-<p>à´ à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµà´,à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶
à´àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨
-നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ, സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£
à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ പദാനàµà´ªà´¦
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´ à´à´¤àµ
-മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -175,7 +170,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2010/07/14 08:25:34 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -237,6 +232,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.ro.html">Românã</a> [ro]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Swedish -->
Index: gnu/gnu-history.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-history.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- gnu/gnu-history.sr.html 28 Oct 2009 20:26:29 -0000 1.19
+++ gnu/gnu-history.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:58 -0000 1.20
@@ -72,13 +72,12 @@
ÑаглаÑноÑÑ Ñа УникÑом олакÑава
коÑиÑниÑима УникÑа да пÑеÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÐÐУ.</p>
<p>
-УникÑолики опеÑаÑивни ÑиÑÑем не Ñини Ñамо
ÑезгÑо. Ðн ÑадÑжи и пÑеводиоÑе,
-ÑÑеÑиваÑе, пÑогÑаме за ÑлагаÑе ÑекÑÑа,
ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð·Ð° елекÑÑонÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑ, и многе
-дÑÑге ÑÑваÑи. СÑога Ñе пиÑаÑе опеÑаÑивног
ÑиÑÑема веома обиман поÑао. Ðи Ñмо
-ÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñао запоÑели ÑанÑаÑа 1984, и за Ñега
нам Ñе било поÑÑебно много
-година. <a href="http://fsf.org/";>ÐадÑжбина за
Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ</a> Ñе
-оÑнована окÑобÑа 1985., Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑеÑÐºÑ Ñа ÑиÑем да
пÑикÑпи ÑÑедÑÑва за ÑазвоÑ
-ÐÐУ-а.</p>
+A Unix-like operating system is much more than a kernel; it also includes
+compilers, editors, text formatters, mail software, and many other things.
+Thus, writing a whole operating system is a very large job. We started in
+January 1984. It took many years. The <a href="http://fsf.org/";>Free
+Software Foundation</a> was founded in October 1985, initially to raise
+funds to help develop GNU.</p>
<p>Ðо 1990. Ñмо или наÑли или напиÑали Ñве
главне делове, оÑим Ñедног â
ÑезгÑа. Ðнда Ñе ÐинÑÑ Ð¢Ð¾ÑÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð´Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð³Ñадио
ÑникÑолико ÑезгÑо â ÐинÑÐºÑ 1991., а
@@ -111,12 +110,11 @@
href="http://directory.fsf.org/category/games/";>ÑлободниÑ
игаÑа</a>.</p>
<p>
-Ðолики Ñе Ð´Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑ Ñлободног ÑоÑÑвеÑа?
ÐÑаниÑе не поÑÑоÑе, оÑим када га Ñ
-поÑпÑноÑÑи не забÑане <a
-href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html">закони као ÑÑо
Ñе паÑенÑни
-ÑиÑÑем</a>. ÐÑаÑÑи ÑÐ¸Ñ Ð±Ð¸ ÑÑебало да бÑде да
Ñе понÑди Ñлободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°
-Ñве поÑлове коÑе коÑиÑниÑи ÑаÑÑнаÑа желе
да обавÑаÑÑ â и да на ÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñин
-влаÑниÑки ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑане ÑÑвиÑан.</p>
+How far can free software go? There are no limits, except when <a
+href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html">laws such as the patent
+system prohibit free software</a> entirely. The ultimate goal is to provide
+free software to do all of the jobs computer users want to do—and thus
+make proprietary software a thing of the past.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -133,11 +131,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑаÑеÑе пиÑаÑа Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð¸ Ñа
ÐСС-ом и ÐÐУ-ом на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ÐоÑÑоÑе и <a
-href="/contact/">дÑÑги наÑини да Ñе обÑаÑиÑе</a>
ÐСС-Ñ.<br />Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-ÑаÑеÑе неиÑпÑавне везе и дÑÑге иÑпÑавке
(или пÑедлоге) на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -150,9 +149,9 @@
<b>ÐÑÑоÑÑка пÑава:</b><br />Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998,
1999, 2001,
2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
</p>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа,
-без надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз
ÑÑлов да Ñе оÑÑвано ово
-обавеÑÑеÑе.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -178,7 +177,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2009/10/28 20:26:29 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -240,6 +239,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.ro.html">Românã</a> [ro]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Swedish -->
Index: gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ar.html 30 Apr 2010 08:25:56 -0000 1.5
+++ gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:58 -0000 1.6
@@ -73,8 +73,9 @@
<li><a href="#long" id="TOClong">Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© ”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“
Ø£ÙÙ Ø·ÙÙ٠جدÙا. ÙÙ
تÙترØÙ٠اسÙ
Ùا Ø£ÙصرØ</a></li>
-<li><a href="#justgnu" id="TOCjustgnu">بÙ
ا Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙس Ù
ساÙÙ
Ø©
ثاÙÙÙØ©Ø Ø£ÙÙس Ù
Ù
-اÙÙ
ÙاÙض ÙÙØÙÙÙØ© تسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙظاÙ
"غÙÙ"
ÙØسبØ</a></li>
+<li><a href="#justgnu" id="TOCjustgnu">Since Linux is a secondary contribution,
+would it be false to the facts to call the system simply
+“GNU”?</a></li>
<li><a href="#trademarkfee" id="TOCtrademarkfee">سÙÙ ÙتÙجب عÙÙ
دÙع رسÙ
Ù
ÙابÙ
استخداÙ
”ÙÙÙÙس“ Ù٠اسÙ
Ù
ÙØªØ¬Ø ÙÙÙس
اÙØ£Ù
ر ÙÙطب٠عÙÙ
@@ -92,9 +93,9 @@
<li><a href="#allsmall" id="TOCallsmall">غÙ٠جزء صغÙر Ù
Ù
اÙÙظاÙ
Ø ÙÙ
اذا عÙÙÙا Ø£Ù
ÙØ°ÙرÙØ</a></li>
-<li><a href="#manycompanies" id="TOCmanycompanies">اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
Ù
اÙشرÙات ÙدÙ
ت
-Ù
ساÙÙ
ات Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙظاÙ
اÙØاÙÙØ Ø£Ùا ÙعÙÙ Ùذا Ø£Ù
عÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙسÙ
ÙÙ
-غÙÙ/ردÙات/ÙÙÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙسØ</a></li>
+<li><a href="#manycompanies" id="TOCmanycompanies">Many companies contributed
to
+the system as it is today; doesn't that mean we ought to call it
+GNU/Red Hat/Novell/Linux?</a></li>
<li><a href="#whyslash" id="TOCwhyslash">ÙÙ
اذا تÙتبÙÙ
”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“
بدÙا Ù
Ù ”غÙÙ ÙÙÙÙسx“Ø</a></li>
@@ -140,7 +141,10 @@
<li><a href="#othersys" id="TOCothersys">إذا رÙبت أدÙات غÙÙ
عÙÙ ÙÙÙدÙØ²Ø Ù٠سÙعÙÙ
Ø°Ù٠أÙÙ٠أستخدÙ
ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙدÙزØ</a></li>
-<li><a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux">Ø£Ùا تÙجد Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø©
ÙÙÙÙس بدÙ٠غÙÙØ</a></li>
+<li><a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux">Can't Linux be used without
GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu" id="TOClinuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete
+Linux systems without GNU?</a></li>
<li><a href="#helplinus" id="TOChelplinus">ÙÙ
اذا Ùا ÙÙÙت٠بتسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙظاÙ
”ÙÙÙÙس“ ÙÙجع٠ÙÙÙÙاس تÙرÙÙدز رÙ
زÙا ÙÙ
جتÙ
عÙاØ</a></li>
@@ -168,6 +172,12 @@
<li><a href="#rename" id="TOCrename">Ø£ÙØÙ Ù٠تغÙÙر اÙاسÙ
Ø£ÙÙا ÙاÙت Ù
ساÙÙ
تÙØ</a></li>
+<li><a href="#force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call the system
+“GNU/Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whynotsue">Why not sue people who call the whole system
+“Linux”?</a></li>
+
<li><a href="#BSDlicense" id="TOCBSDlicense">Ø£ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙارÙØ©
أ٠تطÙبÙا Ùسب
اÙعÙ
٠إÙÙ Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ ÙÙد عارضتÙ
شرط اÙدعاÙØ©
ÙجاÙ
عة ÙاÙÙÙÙرÙÙا Ù٠رخصة BSD
اÙأصÙÙØ©Ø</a></li>
@@ -193,7 +203,8 @@
<dl>
-<dt id="why">ÙÙ
اذا تسÙ
ÙÙ٠غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس بدÙا Ù
Ù
ÙÙÙÙسØ</dt>
+<dt id="why">Why do you call it GNU/Linux and not Linux? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#why">#why</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>Ù
عظÙ
تÙزÙعات Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø© اÙتشغÙ٠اÙÙ
بÙÙØ© عÙÙ
اÙÙÙاة ÙÙÙÙس Ù
ا Ù٠إÙا Ùسخ Ù
عدÙØ© Ù
Ù
ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠غÙÙ. بدأÙا تطÙÙر غÙÙ Ù٠عاÙ
1984Ø Ùب٠سÙÙات Ù
٠بدئ ÙÙÙÙاس
@@ -209,7 +220,8 @@
عÙ٠أبدÙا</a> ÙÙ
زÙد Ù
٠اÙتÙضÙØØ Ù<a
href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">Ù
شرÙع
غÙÙ</a> ÙÙ
زÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات ع٠اÙتارÙØ®.</p> </dd>
-<dt id="whycare">Ù
ا سبب Ø£ÙÙ
ÙØ© اÙاسÙ
Ø</dt>
+<dt id="whycare">Why is the name important? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#whycare">#whycare</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>عÙ٠اÙرغÙ
Ù
٠أ٠Ù
Ø·Ùر٠ÙÙÙÙس ÙساÙÙ
Ù٠إÙÙ Ù
جتÙ
ع اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø¥Ùا Ø£Ù ÙØ«ÙرÙا
Ù
ÙÙÙ
Ùا ÙÙتÙ
باÙØرÙØ©. إ٠اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙعتÙدÙ٠أÙ
اÙÙظاÙ
اÙÙ
تÙاÙ
Ù ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙس ÙخطؤÙÙ
@@ -221,7 +233,8 @@
اÙÙ
بادئ</a>.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="howerror">ÙÙ
اذا ÙسÙ
Ù Ù
عظÙ
اÙÙاس اÙÙظاÙ
”ÙÙÙÙس“Ø</dt>
+<dt id="howerror">How did it come about that most people call the system
“Linux”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#howerror">#howerror</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>إ٠تسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙظاÙ
”ÙÙÙÙس“ Ùغط اÙتشر
بسرعة ÙبÙرة ÙاÙت سرعة اÙتشار
اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات اÙصØÙØØ©.
@@ -243,7 +256,8 @@
باÙاسÙ
اÙذ٠اعتادÙا استخداÙ
Ù.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="always">ÙÙ ÙÙبغ٠عÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙسÙ
ÙÙ
”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙس“ بدÙا Ù
Ù ”ÙÙÙÙس“Ø</dt>
+<dt id="always">Should we always say “GNU/Linux” instead of
“Linux”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#always">#always</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÙÙس دائÙ
Ùا—ÙÙØ· عÙدÙ
ا تتØدث ع٠اÙÙظاÙ
ÙÙÙ. عÙدÙ
ا ترغب Ù٠اÙإشارة Ø¥ÙÙ
اÙÙÙØ§Ø©Ø ÙÙبغ٠عÙÙ٠استخداÙ
اÙاسÙ
”ÙÙÙÙس“ اÙذ٠اختار٠Ù
Ø·ÙرÙÙا.
@@ -254,7 +268,8 @@
”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“Ø ÙتسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙÙاة
”ÙÙÙÙس“.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="linuxalone">Ù٠سÙØÙÙ ÙÙÙÙس اÙÙØ¬Ø§Ø Ø°Ø§ØªÙ Ø¨Ø¯ÙÙ
غÙÙØ</dt>
+<dt id="linuxalone">Would Linux have achieved the same success if there had
been no GNU? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#linuxalone">#linuxalone</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙÙتÙاجد Ø´ÙØ¡ Ù
Ø«Ù ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø ÙعÙÙ
اÙØ£Ø±Ø¬Ø ÙÙ ÙتÙاجد Ø£Ù ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ
@@ -272,7 +287,9 @@
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="divide">ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙØ£Ùض٠أÙا تشÙÙا ص٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع
بÙذا اÙØ·ÙبØ</dt>
+<dt id="divide">Wouldn't it be better for the community if you did not divide
people with
+this request? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#divide">#divide</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
عÙدÙ
ا ÙØ·ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙاس ÙÙÙ ”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“Ø
ÙØ¥ÙÙا Ùا ÙÙسÙÙ
. Ø¥ÙÙا ÙطاÙب
@@ -303,15 +320,19 @@
ÙÙÙ٠سÙÙا) Ø£Ù ÙزÙ
Ùا تÙ
اÙ
Ùا (ÙÙØ£Ù
٠أÙا ÙØدث
Ø°ÙÙ).</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="freespeech">Ø£Ùا ÙدعÙ
Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ ØÙ ØرÙØ©
اÙتعبÙر بأ٠ÙسÙ
٠اÙÙرد اÙÙظاÙ
بأ٠اسÙ
ÙختارÙØ</dt>
+<dt id="freespeech">Doesn't the GNU project support an individual's free
speech rights to call
+the system by any name that individual chooses? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#freespeech">#freespeech</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
باÙطبع. ÙØÙ ÙؤÙ
٠بأ٠ÙÙ ØرÙØ© تسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙظاÙ
بأ٠اسÙ
ترÙدÙ. ÙÙÙÙا ÙØ·Ùب Ù
٠اÙÙاس
تسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙظاÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس ÙÙØ¥Ùصا٠ÙÙ
شرÙع غÙÙ
ÙÙÙشر ÙÙÙ
اÙØرÙØ© اÙت٠ÙÙاض٠Ù
شرÙع
غÙÙ Ù
٠أجÙÙا ÙÙÙعÙÙ
اÙÙاس أ٠اÙØرÙØ© Ù٠اÙتÙ
Ø£Ùجدت اÙÙظاÙ
.
</dd>
-<dt id="everyoneknows">بÙ
ا أ٠اÙجÙ
Ùع Ùعر٠دÙر غÙÙ ÙÙ
تطÙÙر اÙÙظاÙ
Ø Ø£Ùا تعتبر ”غÙÙ/“
-بدÙÙÙØ© ÙÙا تØتاج اÙØ°ÙرØ</dt>
+<dt id="everyoneknows">Since everyone knows GNU's role in developing the
system, doesn't the
+“GNU/” in the name go without saying? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#everyoneknows">#everyoneknows</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>ÙÙد أظÙرت اÙتجربة Ø£Ù Ù
ستخدÙ
٠اÙÙظاÙ
(ÙعاÙ
Ø© Ù
ستخدÙ
٠اÙØاسÙب بشÙ٠عاÙ
) Ùا
ÙعرÙÙÙ Ø´ÙØ¡ ع٠ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ. Ù
عظÙ
اÙÙ
ÙاÙات اÙتÙ
تتÙاÙ٠اÙÙظاÙ
Ùا تشÙر Ø¥Ù٠اسÙ
@@ -328,7 +349,9 @@
اÙØدÙØ« ع٠دÙر Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ ÙÙ Ùشاطات أخرÙØ ÙÙÙ
ÙÙس Ù
٠بÙÙÙا غÙÙ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="everyoneknows2">Ø£Ùا أعر٠دÙر غÙÙØ Ù
ا Ùائدة
اÙاسÙ
اÙذ٠أستخدÙ
ÙØ</dt>
+<dt id="everyoneknows2">Since I know the role of GNU in this system, why does
it matter what name I
+use? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#everyoneknows2">#everyoneknows2</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
إذا ÙÙ
تعÙس ÙÙÙ
ات٠ÙÙÙ
ÙØ ÙØ¥ÙÙ Ùا تعÙÙ
اÙÙاس. Ù
عظÙ
اÙØ°Ù٠سÙ
عÙا ع٠ÙظاÙ
@@ -336,23 +359,26 @@
بدأ٠ÙÙÙÙÙ ”Ù
ÙتÙØ Ø§ÙÙ
صدر“. إذا ÙÙ
تخبرÙÙ
Ø£ÙØªØ ÙÙ
٠سÙخبرÙÙ
Ø
</dd>
-<dt id="windows">Ø£ÙÙس اختصار ”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“ Ø¥ÙÙ
”ÙÙÙÙس“ Ù
ث٠اختصار
-”Ù
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت ÙÙÙدÙز“ Ø¥ÙÙ
”ÙÙÙدÙز“?</dt>
+<dt id="windows">Isn't shortening “GNU/Linux” to
“Linux” just like
+shortening “Microsoft Windows” to “Windows”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#windows">#windows</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙÙد اختصار اسÙ
Ù
ستخدÙ
بÙØ«Ø±Ø©Ø ÙÙÙ Ùجب
Ø£Ùا ÙÙÙ٠اÙاختصار Ù
ضÙÙا.
<p>
-Ù
عظÙ
اÙÙاس Ù٠اÙبÙدا٠اÙÙ
تÙدÙ
Ø© ÙعرÙÙ٠أÙ
”ÙÙÙدÙز“ ÙظاÙ
Ø·ÙرتÙ
-Ù
اÙÙرÙسÙÙØªØ ÙÙذا Ùإ٠اختصار ”Ù
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت ÙÙÙدÙز“ Ø¥ÙÙ
-”ÙÙÙدÙز“ ÙÙ ÙضÙ٠أØدÙا Ù٠طبÙعة ÙأصÙ
اÙÙظاÙ
. اختصار
-”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“ Ø¥ÙÙ ”ÙÙÙÙس“ ÙعطÙ
تصÙرÙا خاطئÙا ع٠أصÙ
-اÙÙظاÙ
.</p>
+Almost everyone in developed countries really does know that the
+“Windows” system is made by Microsoft, so shortening
+“Microsoft Windows” to “Windows” does not mislead
+anyone as to that system's nature and origin. Shortening
+“GNU/Linux” to “Linux” does give the wrong idea of
+where the system comes from.</p>
<p>
اÙسؤا٠ÙÙس٠خطأ Ùأ٠غÙÙ ÙÙ
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت ÙÙسا
اÙØ´ÙØ¡ ذاتÙ. Ù
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت شرÙØ©Ø Ø£Ù
ا
غÙÙ ÙÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="tools">Ø£ÙÙس غÙÙ Ù
جÙ
Ùعة Ù
٠اÙأدÙات اÙبرÙ
جÙØ© اÙت٠ضÙÙ
ÙÙت ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙسØ</dt>
+<dt id="tools">Isn't GNU a collection of programming tools that were included
in Linux?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#tools">#tools</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
إ٠اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙعتÙدÙ٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙس ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ ÙاÙ
Ù ÙدÙÙÙ
تصÙر خاطئ عÙ
ا Ù٠غÙÙ. Ùد
@@ -370,7 +396,8 @@
Ghostscript Ù GNUCash ÙشطرÙج غÙÙ ÙغÙÙÙ
ÙÙظاÙ
غÙÙ
Ø£ÙضÙا.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="osvskernel">Ù
ا اÙÙر٠بÙÙ ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙÙ
ÙاÙÙÙاةØ</dt>
+<dt id="osvskernel">What is the difference between an operating system and a
kernel? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#osvskernel">#osvskernel</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
عÙدÙ
ا ÙستخدÙ
Ù
صطÙØ ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙÙ ÙØ¥ÙÙا ÙعÙÙ
Ù
جÙ
Ùعة Ù
٠اÙبراÙ
ج اÙÙاÙÙØ©
@@ -400,7 +427,9 @@
ØدÙث٠ع٠تÙزÙعات ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="house">ÙÙاة اÙÙظاÙ
Ù
ث٠أساس اÙÙ
ÙزÙ. ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
Ùز٠أ٠ÙÙÙ٠شب٠Ù
ÙتÙ
٠بدÙ٠اÙأساسØ</dt>
+<dt id="house">The kernel of a system is like the foundation of a house. How
can a house
+be almost complete when it doesn't have a foundation? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#house">#house</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
إ٠اÙÙÙاة ÙÙست Ù
ث٠أساس اÙÙ
Ùز٠Ùأ٠بÙاء
ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙÙ ÙÙس Ù
ث٠بÙاء اÙÙ
ÙزÙ.
@@ -417,21 +446,24 @@
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="brain">Ø£ÙÙست اÙÙÙاة عÙ٠اÙÙظاÙ
Ø</dt>
+<dt id="brain">Isn't the kernel the brain of the system? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#brain">#brain</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÙظاÙ
اÙØاسب Ùا Ùشب٠اÙجسÙ
اÙبشر٠ÙØ«ÙرÙاØ
ÙÙا Ø´ÙØ¡ ÙÙÙ Ùشب٠دÙر اÙعÙÙ ÙÙ
اÙجسÙ
.
</dd>
-<dt id="kernelmost">Ø£Ùا تÙ
Ø«Ù Ùتابة اÙÙÙاة Ù
عظÙ
عÙ
Ù
ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙÙØ</dt>
+<dt id="kernelmost">Isn't writing the kernel most of the work in an operating
system? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#kernelmost">#kernelmost</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÙØ§Ø Ø§ÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙأجزاء تتطÙب اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙعÙ
Ù.
</dd>
-<dt id="afterkernel">ÙØÙ ÙسÙ
٠اÙÙظاÙ
اÙÙاÙ
٠عÙÙ
ÙÙاتÙØ ÙÙÙÙس. Ø£ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙطبÙع٠أ٠تÙسÙ
Ù٠أÙظÙ
Ø©
-اÙتشغÙ٠عÙ٠أÙÙÙتÙاØ</dt>
+<dt id="afterkernel">We're calling the whole system after the kernel, Linux.
Isn't it normal to
+name an operating system after a kernel? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#afterkernel">#afterkernel</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ù
ارسة Ùادرة جدÙØ§Ø ÙÙ
Ùجد Ø£Ù Ù
ثا٠عدا
سÙØ¡ استخداÙ
اÙاسÙ
@@ -445,7 +477,9 @@
(اÙÙÙاة)“.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="long">Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© ”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“ Ø£ÙÙ Ø·ÙÙÙ
جدÙا. Ù٠تÙترØÙ٠اسÙ
Ùا Ø£ÙصرØ</dt>
+<dt id="long">The problem with “GNU/Linux” is that it is too long.
How about
+recommending a shorter name? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#long">#long</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
جربÙا ÙÙترة اÙاسÙ
ÙÙغÙÙÙس ÙاÙØ°Ù ÙجÙ
ع بÙÙ
اÙاسÙ
ÙÙ ”غÙÙ“ Ù
@@ -456,8 +490,9 @@
”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“ ÙÙأسباب اÙÙ
ÙÙضØØ© أدÙاÙ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="justgnu">بÙ
ا Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙس Ù
ساÙÙ
Ø© ثاÙÙÙØ©Ø Ø£ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙض ÙÙØÙÙÙØ© تسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙظاÙ
-”غÙÙ“ ÙØسبØ</dt>
+<dt id="justgnu">Since Linux is a secondary contribution, would it be false to
the facts to
+call the system simply “GNU”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#justgnu">#justgnu</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ Ù
ÙاÙضÙا ÙÙØÙائÙØ ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙس
اÙتصر٠اÙØ£Ù
Ø«Ù. أدÙا٠سبب تسÙ
ÙتÙا Ùسخة
@@ -481,9 +516,11 @@
</ul><p></p>
</dd>
-<dt id="trademarkfee">سÙÙ ÙتÙجب عÙ٠دÙع رسÙ
Ù
ÙابÙ
استخداÙ
”ÙÙÙÙس“ Ù٠اسÙ
Ù
ÙØªØ¬Ø ÙÙÙس
-اÙØ£Ù
ر ÙÙطب٠عÙÙ ”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“. ÙÙ Ù
Ù
اÙخطأ أ٠أستخدÙ
اÙاسÙ
-”غÙÙ“ بدÙÙ ”ÙÙÙÙس“, ÙأتÙادÙ
اÙرسÙÙ
Ø</dt>
+<dt id="trademarkfee">I would have to pay a fee if I use “Linux”
in the name of a
+product, and that would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux”. Is it
+wrong if I use “GNU” without “Linux”, to save the
+fee? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#trademarkfee">#trademarkfee</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
تسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙظاÙ
”غÙÙ“ ÙÙست Ø®Ø·Ø£Ø ÙÙذا ÙÙ
أساس اÙÙظاÙ
. Ù
٠اÙÙط٠أÙ
تÙسب٠إÙÙ ÙÙÙÙاس تÙرÙÙدز Ø£ÙØ¶Ø§Ø ÙÙÙÙ Ùست Ù
طاÙبا باÙدÙع ÙÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙ.
@@ -492,9 +529,11 @@
تسÙ
Ùت٠”ÙÙÙÙس“ ÙØ¥ÙÙا ÙÙ ÙتÙدÙ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="many">اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙÙ
شارÙع اÙأخر٠ÙدÙ
ت Ù
ساÙÙ
ات ÙÙÙظاÙ
اÙØاÙÙØ Ù
٠ضÙ
ÙÙا تخ ٠إÙس11
-Ùأباتش٠ÙبÙر٠ÙاÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙبراÙ
ج اÙأخرÙ.
Ø£Ùا تعÙÙ Øجت٠أ٠عÙÙÙا Ùسب اÙÙظاÙ
-Ø¥ÙÙÙÙ
Ø£ÙضÙØ§Ø (ÙÙÙ Ùذا سÙÙ Ùؤد٠بÙا Ø¥Ù٠اسÙ
Ø·ÙÙ٠جدÙا ÙÙا Ù
عÙÙÙ).</dt>
+<dt id="many">Many other projects contributed to the system as it is today; it
includes
+TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many more programs. Don't your arguments imply
+we have to give them credit too? (But that would lead to a name so long it
+is absurd.) <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#many">#many</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÙØÙ ÙÙÙ٠أ٠عÙÙ٠تÙسب اÙÙظاÙ
Ø¥ÙÙ Ù
Ø·ÙرÙÙ
اÙأصÙ٠أÙضÙا. اÙÙØ·Ùر اÙأصÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
شرÙع
@@ -516,8 +555,9 @@
ÙتجاÙ٠اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
اÙرئÙس٠(غÙÙ).</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="others">اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙÙ
شارÙع ÙدÙ
ت Ù
ساÙÙ
ات
ÙÙÙظاÙ
اÙØاÙÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙ
Ùا ÙصرÙ٠عÙ٠تسÙ
ÙتÙ
-س/ÙÙÙÙس. ÙÙ
اذا ÙعاÙ
٠غÙÙ Ù
عاÙ
ÙØ© خاصةØ</dt>
+<dt id="others">Many other projects contributed to the system as it is today,
but they don't
+insist on calling it XYZ/Linux. Why should we treat GNU specially? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#others">#others</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ø¢Ùا٠اÙÙ
شارÙع Ø·Ùرت براÙ
ج تÙضÙ
ÙÙ Ù٠أÙظÙ
Ø©
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ø© اÙÙÙÙ
. جÙ
ÙعÙا
@@ -528,7 +568,8 @@
اÙبراÙ
ج اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
بÙا. غÙÙ Ù٠إطار اÙعÙ
٠اÙØ°Ù
أسس اÙÙظاÙ
عÙÙÙ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="allsmall">غÙ٠جزء صغÙر Ù
٠اÙÙظاÙ
Ø ÙÙ
اذا
عÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙØ°ÙرÙØ</dt>
+<dt id="allsmall">GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays, so why
should we mention it?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#allsmall">#allsmall</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÙجدÙا ÙÙ 2008 Ø£Ù ØزÙ
غÙÙ ÙÙÙÙت 15% Ù
Ù Ù
خزÙ
”main“ ÙتÙزÙعة
غÙÙÙسÙس غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس. Ø´ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙس 1.5% Ù
ÙÙا. ÙÙذا
ÙØ¥Ù ÙÙس اÙØجة سÙ٠تÙطب٠أÙثر
@@ -540,8 +581,10 @@
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="manycompanies">اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙشرÙات ÙدÙ
ت Ù
ساÙÙ
ات Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙظاÙ
اÙØاÙÙØ Ø£Ùا ÙعÙÙ Ùذا أ٠عÙÙÙا
Ø£Ù
-ÙسÙ
Ù٠غÙÙ/ردÙات/ÙÙÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙسØ</dt>
+<dt id="manycompanies">Many companies contributed to the system as it is
today; doesn't that mean
+we ought to call it GNU/Red Hat/Novell/Linux? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#manycompanies">#manycompanies</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
@@ -556,7 +599,8 @@
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="whyslash">ÙÙ
اذا تÙتبÙÙ ”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“
بدÙا Ù
Ù ”غÙÙ ÙÙÙÙسx“Ø</dt>
+<dt id="whyslash">Why do you write “GNU/Linux” instead of
“GNU Linux”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whyslash">#whyslash</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
استÙادÙا Ø¥ÙÙ ÙÙاعد اÙÙغة اÙØ¥ÙجÙÙزÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥Ù
تÙسÙر ”غÙÙ ÙÙÙÙس“ Ø£Ù
@@ -585,7 +629,8 @@
ÙÙÙÙس“.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="whyorder">ÙÙ
اذا ”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“ بدÙا Ù
Ù
”ÙÙÙÙس/غÙÙ“Ø</dt>
+<dt id="whyorder">Why “GNU/Linux” rather than
“Linux/GNU”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whyorder">#whyorder</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ù
٠اÙأصÙب Ø°Ùر اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
اÙرئÙس٠أÙÙا. Ù
ساÙÙ
Ø©
غÙ٠إÙ٠اÙÙظاÙ
ÙÙست Ø£Ùبر Ù
Ù ÙÙÙÙس
@@ -596,21 +641,31 @@
ÙÙÙÙس.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="distronames">اسÙ
تÙزÙعت٠”س ÙÙÙÙس“Ø
Ø£Ùا ÙعÙÙ Ùذا Ø£ÙÙا ÙعÙا ÙÙÙÙسØ</dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>Ùذا ÙعÙ٠أ٠اÙØ°Ù٠أÙشؤÙا تÙزÙعة ”س
ÙÙÙÙس“ ÙÙررÙ٠اÙخطأ اÙشائع.</p>
-</dd>
-
-<dt id="distronames1">اسÙ
تÙزÙعت٠اÙرسÙ
Ù ”س
ÙÙÙÙس“Ø Ø£ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙخطأ تسÙ
ÙتÙا بأ٠شÙØ¡ غÙر
-”ÙÙÙÙس“Ø</dt>
+<dt id="distronames">My distro is called “Foobar Linux”; doesn't
that show it's
+really Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#distronames">#distronames</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>It means that the people who make the “Foobar Linux” distro are
+repeating the common mistake. We appreciate that distributions like Debian,
+Dragora, Musix, Trisquel, and Venenux have adopted GNU/Linux as part of
+their official name, and we hope that if you are involved with a different
+distribution, you will encourage it to do the same.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="distronames1">My distro's official name is “Foobar Linux”;
isn't it wrong to
+call the distro anything but “Linux”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#distronames1">#distronames1</a>)</span></dt>
<dd><p>ÙسÙ
Ø ÙÙÙ
بتغÙÙر ”غÙÙ“ Ø¥ÙÙ ”س
ÙÙÙÙس“ ÙسÙ
Ø Ù٠بإعادتÙ
Ø¥ÙÙ Ù
ا Ùا٠عÙÙÙ ÙتسÙ
ÙØ© اÙتÙزÙعة ”س
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“. تصØÙØ Ø§Ùخطأ ÙÙس
أسÙØ£ Ù
٠اÙÙÙاÙ
بÙ.</p></dd>
-<dt id="companies">Ø£ÙÙس اÙØ£Ùض٠أ٠تطÙبÙا Ù
٠اÙشرÙات
Ù
Ø«Ù Ù
اÙدرÙÙ ÙردÙات Ùآ٠ب٠إÙ
تسÙ
ÙØ©
-تÙزÙعاتÙا ”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“ بدÙا Ù
٠أÙ
تطÙبÙا Ù
٠اÙØ£ÙرادØ</dt>
+<dt id="companies">Wouldn't it be more effective to ask companies such as
Mandrake, Red Hat and
+IBM to call their distributions “GNU/Linux” rather than asking
+individuals? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#companies">#companies</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
اÙÙضÙØ© ÙÙست اختÙار طر٠عÙ٠آخر. Ø¥ÙÙا ÙØ·Ùب Ù
٠اÙشرÙات ÙاÙÙ
ÙظÙ
ات ÙاÙØ£Ùراد
@@ -626,8 +681,10 @@
”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="reserve">Ø£ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙØ£Ùض٠أ٠ÙØÙظ اسÙ
”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“ ÙÙتÙزÙعات اÙØرة باÙÙاÙ
ÙØ
-ÙØ°Ù Ù
بادئ غÙÙ.</dt>
+<dt id="reserve">Wouldn't it be better to reserve the name
“GNU/Linux” for
+distributions that are purely free software? After all, that is the ideal of
+GNU. <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#reserve">#reserve</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
اÙتشار إضاÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات غÙر اÙØرة Ø¥ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© ÙبÙرة ÙعاÙÙ Ù
ÙÙا
@@ -651,14 +708,17 @@
اÙتÙزÙعات اÙت٠تØتÙ٠برÙ
جÙات غÙر Øرة Ù
خطئة
ÙÙسخÙا Ù
غشÙشة Ù
٠غÙÙØ Ø¨Ø¯Ùا Ù
٠أÙ
ÙعتÙدÙ٠أÙÙا Ùسخ صØÙØØ© ÙÙ
ÙائÙ
Ø© Ù
Ù
”ÙÙÙÙس“.</p>
<p>
-Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙÙد جدÙا بدء Ù
جÙ
Ùعات Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس اÙت٠تسÙ
٠اÙÙظاÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس
-ÙتتبÙ٠أÙÙار Ù
شرÙع غÙ٠أساسÙا ÙÙشاطاتÙا.
إذا ÙاÙت Ù
جÙ
Ùعة Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù ÙÙÙÙس ÙÙ
-Ù
ÙØ·Ùت٠تعاÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© أعÙاÙØ ÙØ¥ÙÙا ÙÙترØ
عÙÙ٠إÙ
ا أ٠تبدأ ØÙ
ÙØ© ÙÙ ÙÙس
-اÙÙ
جÙ
Ùعة ÙتغÙÙر تÙجÙÙا (ÙاسÙ
Ùا) أ٠أ٠تبدأ Ù
جÙ
Ùعة جدÙدة. Ø¥Ù ÙÙØ°ÙÙ ÙأخذÙÙ
-اÙØ£Ù
Ùر Ù
Ù Ù
ÙØ·ÙÙ Ø³Ø·Ø ØÙ Ù٠تبÙÙ Ø°Ùب٠اÙÙ
ÙÙجØ
ÙÙ٠اØذر Ù
٠أ٠ÙجرÙÙ Ù
عÙÙ
.</p>
+It is very useful to start GNU/Linux User Groups, which call the system
+GNU/Linux and adopt the ideals of the GNU Project as a basis for their
+activities. If the Linux User Group in your area has the problems described
+above, we suggest you either campaign within the group to change its
+orientation (and name) or start a new group. The people who focus on the
+more superficial goals have a right to their views, but don't let them drag
+you along!</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="gnudist">ÙÙ
اذا Ùا تعدÙ٠تÙزÙعة غÙÙ Ù
شتÙØ© Ù
Ù ÙÙÙÙس (ÙÙ
ا ÙسÙ
ÙÙÙ) ÙتسÙ
ÙÙÙا غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙسØ</dt>
+<dt id="gnudist">Why not make a GNU distribution of Linux (sic) and call that
GNU/Linux?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#gnudist">#gnudist</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ù٠تÙزÙعات ”ÙÙÙÙس“ ÙÙ Ù٠اÙØÙÙÙØ© Ùسخ Ù
Ù ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ Ù
ع ÙÙÙÙس ÙÙاة
@@ -674,8 +734,9 @@
Ututo.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="linuxgnu">ÙÙ
اذا Ùا ÙÙÙ٠باÙإشارة Ø¥Ù٠أÙ
”ÙÙÙÙس ÙÙاة غÙÙ“ ÙÙØ·Ù٠بعض إصدارات
-غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس باسÙ
”غÙÙ“Ø?</dt>
+<dt id="linuxgnu">Why not just say “Linux is the GNU kernel” and
release some
+existing version of GNU/Linux under the name “GNU”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#linuxgnu">#linuxgnu</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ربÙ
ا ÙاÙت ÙÙرة جÙدة Ø£Ù ÙتبÙÙ ÙÙÙÙس ÙÙاة
ÙغÙÙ Ù
ÙØ° عاÙ
1992. Ù٠عرÙÙا Ø°ÙÙ
@@ -686,7 +747,8 @@
ÙتسÙ
ÙتÙا ”ÙÙÙÙس“. Ø¥ÙÙا ÙÙست ÙÙرة Ù
ÙائÙ
Ø©Ø ÙÙØÙ Ùا ÙØب اÙتÙاجÙا.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="condemn">Ù٠رÙض Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ Ùعارض ÙÙÙÙس ÙÙ
Ø£ÙاÙ
Ùا اÙØ£ÙÙÙØ</dt>
+<dt id="condemn">Did the GNU Project condemn and oppose use of Linux in the
early days? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#condemn">#condemn</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÙÙ
ÙتبÙÙ ÙÙÙÙس ÙÙاة ÙÙا ÙÙÙÙا ÙÙ
ÙرÙضÙا ÙÙÙ
ÙعارضÙا. Ù٠عاÙ
1993 بدأÙا
@@ -707,7 +769,8 @@
اÙخاطئ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="wait">ÙÙ
اذا تأخرتÙ
ÙØ«ÙرÙا ÙÙ Ø·Ùب تسÙ
ÙتÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙسØ</dt>
+<dt id="wait">Why did you wait so long before asking people to use the name
GNU/Linux?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#wait">#wait</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Ù٠اÙØÙÙÙØ© ÙÙ
Ùتأخر. بدأÙا اÙØدÙØ« بشÙÙ
خاص Ù
ع اÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙÙ ÙاÙÙ
ÙزعÙ٠ع٠Ùذا
@@ -715,7 +778,9 @@
اÙØ£Ù
ر.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="allgpled">ÙÙ ÙÙبغ٠أ٠تسÙ
Ù Ù٠اÙبراÙ
ج
اÙخاضعة Ùج٠ب٠إ٠بغÙÙ/<i>اÙاسÙ
</i>Ø</dt>
+<dt id="allgpled">Should the GNU/<i>name</i> convention be applied to all
programs that are
+GPL'ed? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#allgpled">#allgpled</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÙÙ
ÙسÙ
٠أبدÙا براÙ
ج Ù
ÙÙردة ”غÙÙ/<i>اÙاسÙ
</i>“. عÙدÙ
ا ÙÙÙÙ
@@ -749,8 +814,9 @@
ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس. Ù
ا ÙÙ
Ùز Ùذ٠اÙØ£ÙظÙ
Ø© أ٠غÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙÙس أصÙÙÙ
Ø§Ø ÙÙÙس ÙÙÙÙس ÙØدÙا.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="unix">بÙ
ا Ø£Ù Ù
عظÙ
أجزاء غÙÙ Ù
أخÙذة Ù
Ù
ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø Ø£Ùا ÙÙترض Ø£Ù ÙÙسب غÙ٠اÙÙظاÙ
Ø¥ÙÙ
-ÙÙÙÙس بإضاÙØ© ”ÙÙÙÙس“ Ø¥Ù٠اÙاسÙ
Ø</dt>
+<dt id="unix">Since much of GNU comes from Unix, shouldn't GNU give credit to
Unix by
+using “Unix” in its name? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#unix">#unix</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ù٠اÙØÙÙÙØ© ÙÙ
Ùأت٠أ٠جزء Ù
٠أجزاء غÙÙ Ù
Ù
ÙÙÙÙس. Ùا٠ÙÙÙÙس (ÙÙا ÙزاÙ) برÙ
جÙØ©
@@ -764,10 +830,12 @@
ٔغÙÙ ÙÙس ÙÙÙÙس“) ÙÙ
ث٠عادة
اÙاختصارات اÙÙ
تداخÙØ© اÙت٠بدأت ÙÙ
اÙØ«Ù
اÙÙÙات.</p>
<p>
-Ø£Ù٠اختصار Ù
تداخ٠ÙاÙت TINT Ù
Ù “TINT Is Not
TECO”Ø ÙÙÙد ØاÙÙ
-Ù
Ø·Ùر TINT برÙاÙ
ج TECO (ÙÙاÙت تÙجد اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
Ù Ùسخ
TECO ÙØ£ÙظÙ
Ø© عدÙدة)Ø ÙÙ٠بدÙا
-Ù
٠أ٠ÙسÙ
ÙÙا ”Ø´ÙØ¡ TECO“Ø Ùرر اÙعبث
باÙاسÙ
. (ÙÙذا عÙ
٠اÙÙاÙرز: <a
-href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>اÙØ°Ùاء اÙÙ
رØ</a>).</p>
+The first such recursive acronym was TINT, “TINT Is Not TECO”.
+The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO (there were already
+many of them, for various systems), but instead of calling it by a dull name
+like “<em>somethingorother</em> TECO”, he thought of a clever
+amusing name. (That's what hacking means: <a
+href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>playful
cleverness</a>.)</p>
<p>
أعجب Ùذا اÙاسÙ
اÙÙاÙرز اÙآخرÙÙ Ùدرجة Ø£ÙÙÙ
ÙÙدÙا Ùذا اÙتصر٠ØØªÙ Ø£ØµØ¨Ø Ø¹Ø§Ø¯Ø©
Ù
Ø£ÙÙÙØ©Ø ÙعÙدÙ
ا ترÙد Ùتابة برÙاÙ
ج آخر شبÙÙ
ÙبرÙاÙ
ج آخر (دعÙا ÙتخÙ٠أ٠اسÙ
@@ -782,7 +850,8 @@
اسÙ
Ù
ختÙ٠تÙ
اÙ
Ùا Ùا ÙتضÙ
Ù ”ÙÙÙÙس“.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="bsd">ÙÙ ÙÙترض Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ ”غÙÙ/BSD“
Ø£ÙضÙاØ</dt>
+<dt id="bsd">Should we say “GNU/BSD” too? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#bsd">#bsd</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÙØÙ Ùا ÙسÙ
٠أÙظÙ
Ø© BSD (Ù
Ø«Ù FreeBSD ÙغÙرÙ) Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø©
”غÙÙ/BSD“ ÙØ£Ù
@@ -810,7 +879,9 @@
اÙÙظاÙ
شبÙÙØ© بÙظاÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="othersys">إذا رÙبت أدÙات غÙ٠عÙÙ ÙÙÙدÙØ²Ø ÙÙ
سÙعÙÙ Ø°Ù٠أÙÙ٠أستخدÙ
ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙدÙزØ</dt>
+<dt id="othersys">If I install the GNU tools on Windows, does that mean I am
running a
+GNU/Windows system? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#othersys">#othersys</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÙÙست بÙÙس اÙطرÙÙØ© اÙت٠ÙعÙÙÙا
ب”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“. أدÙات غÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
جرد
@@ -818,30 +889,38 @@
Ù
تÙاÙ
٠آخر ÙÙس ذا صÙØ© بغÙÙ. ÙØ°Ù ØاÙØ© Ù
ختÙÙØ©
تÙ
اÙ
Ùا ع٠غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس.
</dd>
-<dt id="justlinux">Ø£Ùا تÙجد Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø© ÙÙÙÙس بدÙ٠غÙÙØ</dt>
+<dt id="justlinux">Can't Linux be used without GNU? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#justlinux">#justlinux</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Linux is used by itself, or with small other programs, in some appliances.
+These small software systems are a far cry from the GNU/Linux system. Users
+do not install them on PCs, for instance, and would find them rather
+disappointing. It is useful to say that these appliances run just Linux, to
+show how different those small platforms are from GNU/Linux.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="linuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete Linux systems without GNU? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu">#linuxsyswithoutgnu</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙجد ÙظاÙ
ÙستخدÙ
اÙÙÙاة ÙÙÙÙس بدÙÙ
Ø£Ù ÙÙشت٠Ù
٠غÙÙ. ÙÙد Ø£ÙعÙÙ
ت
-بÙ
ÙجÙد Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø© صغÙرة تستخدÙ
ÙÙتطÙÙر اÙÙ
ÙضÙ
ÙÙ ÙاÙØ°Ù ÙØتÙÙ ÙÙÙÙس بدÙÙ ÙظاÙ
-غÙÙ. دارت إشاعات ÙÙÙ
ا Ù
ض٠ع٠أ٠IBM تخطط
ÙاستخداÙ
ÙÙÙÙس ÙÙ AIXØ ÙسÙاءÙ
-Ø£ØاÙÙÙا Ùع٠ذÙ٠أ٠ÙØ§Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ø°ÙÙ Ù
Ù
ÙÙ ÙظرÙÙا.
Ù
اذا ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙستÙتج Ù
٠تسÙ
ÙØ©
-اÙØ£ÙظÙ
Ø© اÙÙ
ختÙÙØ©Ø
-<p>
-أ٠اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙعتÙدÙ٠أ٠اÙÙÙاة Ø£Ùثر Ø£ÙÙ
ÙØ© Ù
Ù ÙÙ
أجزاء اÙÙظاÙ
اÙأخر٠ÙÙÙÙÙÙ:
-”Ø¥ÙÙا تØتÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø Ø¯Ø¹ÙÙا ÙسÙ
ÙÙا ÙÙÙا
Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø© ÙÙÙÙس“. ÙÙÙ Ù٠اثÙÙÙ
-Ù
Ù Ùذ٠اÙØ£ÙظÙ
Ø© Ù
ختÙÙØ© بشÙ٠شب٠تاÙ
Ø ÙتسÙ
ÙتÙا ÙÙÙا ÙÙس اÙاسÙ
Ù
ضÙÙ. (ÙÙÙ -عÙÙ
-سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙ- Ùجع٠اÙÙاس ÙعتÙدÙ٠أ٠اÙÙÙاة
Ø£Ùثر Ø£ÙÙ
ÙØ© Ù
Ù Ù٠أجزاء اÙÙظاÙ
).</p>
-<p>
-Ù٠اÙØ£ÙظÙ
Ø© اÙصغÙرة اÙÙ
ÙضÙ
ÙÙØ© Ùد تÙ
Ø«Ù ÙÙÙÙس
Ø£Ùثر أجزاء اÙÙظاÙ
Ø ÙÙع٠اسÙ
-”Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø© ÙÙÙÙس“ Ù٠اÙاسÙ
اÙصØÙØ ÙÙا.
تÙ٠اÙØ£ÙظÙ
Ø© Ù
ختÙÙØ© تÙ
اÙ
Ùا عÙ
-Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø© غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø Ø§Ùت٠ÙÙ
Ø«Ù ÙÙÙا غÙÙ Øصة
Ø£Ùبر Ù
Ù ÙÙÙÙس. ÙظاÙ
IBM اÙاÙتراضÙ
-ÙظاÙ
Ù
ختÙ٠ع٠ÙÙا اÙØاÙتÙÙØ ÙسÙÙ ÙÙÙ٠اسÙ
Ù
اÙصØÙØ AIX/ÙÙÙÙس: Ù٠أصÙا AIXØ
-ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙس ÙÙ ÙÙاتÙ. Ùذ٠اÙأسÙ
اء اÙÙ
ختÙÙØ©
سÙ٠تظÙر اÙÙر٠بÙ٠تÙ٠اÙØ£ÙظÙ
Ø©
-ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ.</p>
+There are complete systems that contain Linux and not GNU; Android is an
+example. But it is a mistake to call them “Linux” systems.
+<p>
+Android is very different from the GNU/Linux system—because it
+contains very little of the GNU system, only Linux. Overall, it's a
+different system. If you call the whole system “Linux”, you
+will find it necessary to say things like, “Android contains Linux,
+but it isn't Linux, because it doesn't have the usual Linux [sic] libraries
+and utilities [meaning the GNU system].” Android contains just as much
+of Linux as GNU/Linux does. What it doesn't have is the GNU system.
+Instead it has a lot of Google software.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="helplinus">ÙÙ
اذا Ùا ÙÙÙت٠بتسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙظاÙ
”ÙÙÙÙس“ ÙÙجع٠ÙÙÙÙاس تÙرÙÙز اÙصبÙ
-اÙراÙ
ز ÙÙ
جتÙ
عÙاØ</dt>
+<dt id="helplinus">Why not call the system “Linux” anyway, and
strengthen Linus
+Torvalds' role as posterboy for our community? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#helplinus">#helplinus</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÙÙÙÙاس تÙرÙÙدز ”صب٠راÙ
ز“ (ÙÙ
ا أطÙÙ
عÙÙ٠اÙØ¨Ø¹Ø¶Ø ÙÙÙس ÙØÙ)
@@ -865,7 +944,8 @@
اÙتشغÙ٠اÙØ°Ù ÙتØدث عÙÙ Ùشأ ع٠Ù
بدأ اÙØرÙØ©Ø
ÙÙÙس ع٠اÙآراء اÙت٠ÙتبÙاÙا.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="claimlinux">Ø£ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙخطأ Ø£Ù ÙرÙ
ز ÙعÙ
Ù
تÙرÙÙدز بغÙÙØ</dt>
+<dt id="claimlinux">Isn't it wrong for us to label Linus Torvalds' work as
GNU? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#claimlinux">#claimlinux</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
بÙÙØ Ù
٠اÙخطأ اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙ ÙÙذا ÙØ¥ÙÙا Ùا
ÙÙÙÙ
بÙ. عÙ
٠تÙرÙÙدز ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙس ÙÙÙ
@@ -875,7 +955,8 @@
</dd>
-<dt id="linusagreed">ÙÙ ÙتÙÙ ÙÙÙÙاس تÙرÙÙدز عÙ٠أÙ
ÙÙÙÙس Ù٠اÙÙÙاة ÙØسبØ</dt>
+<dt id="linusagreed">Does Linus Torvalds agree that Linux is just the kernel?
<span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linusagreed">#linusagreed</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>ÙÙد اعتر٠بذÙÙ Ù٠اÙبداÙØ©Ø ÙÙ
ÙاØظات
إصدار ÙÙÙÙس اÙØ£ÙÙ٠تÙص٠عÙ٠أÙ: <a
@@ -885,8 +966,9 @@
اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات.“</a>.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="lost">ÙÙد خسرتÙ
اÙÙ
عرÙØ© أصÙا—ÙÙد Ùرر
اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙا تستطÙعÙ٠تغÙÙر Ø°ÙÙØ ÙÙ
اذا
-تخططÙ٠أصÙا ÙØ°ÙÙØ</dt>
+<dt id="lost">The battle is already lost—society has made its decision
and we can't
+change it, so why even think about it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#lost">#lost</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ø¥ÙÙا ÙÙست Ù
ÙرÙØ©Ø Ø¨Ù ÙÙ ØÙ
ÙØ© تثÙÙÙÙØ©.تسÙ
ÙØ©
اÙÙظاÙ
ÙÙس ÙرارÙا ÙاØدÙا ÙتخذÙ
@@ -896,8 +978,9 @@
اÙآخرÙÙ.
</dd>
-<dt id="whatgood">ÙÙد Ùرر اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙا ÙستطÙع تغÙÙر
ÙرارÙØ Ù
ا Ùائدة أ٠أÙÙÙ
-”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“Ø</dt>
+<dt id="whatgood">Society has made its decision and we can't change it, so
what good does it
+do if I say “GNU/Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#whatgood">#whatgood</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
اÙÙضÙØ© ÙÙست ÙÙ Ø´ÙØ¡ Ø£Ù Ùا Ø´ÙØ¡: اÙصÙرتاÙ
اÙصØÙØØ© ÙاÙخاطئة تÙتشرا٠أ٠تÙÙا٠بÙÙ
@@ -908,8 +991,9 @@
ÙبÙرÙا Ù
٠اÙÙاس بدÙ٠جÙد ÙبÙر. ÙسÙÙ ÙÙشر
بعضÙÙ
اÙتصØÙØ ÙÙآخرÙÙ.
</dd>
-<dt id="explain">Ø£ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙØ£Ùض٠أ٠ÙسÙ
٠اÙÙظاÙ
”ÙÙÙÙس“ ÙÙØ´Ø±Ø ÙÙÙاس أصÙÙ ÙÙ ØدÙØ«
-Ùا تتجاÙز Ù
دت٠عشر دÙائÙØ</dt>
+<dt id="explain">Wouldn't it be better to call the system “Linux”
and teach
+people its real origin with a ten-minute explanation? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#explain">#explain</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
إذا ساعدتÙا بتÙضÙØ Ø§ÙØ£Ù
ر ÙÙآخرÙÙ ÙسÙÙ ÙÙدر
جÙدÙØ ÙÙÙ ÙØ°Ù ÙÙست اÙÙسÙÙØ©
@@ -927,8 +1011,9 @@
Ùعد أسÙÙ ÙسÙÙØ© Ù
ؤثرة ÙÙ
ساعدة Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="treatment">اÙبعض Ùسخر Ù
ÙÙÙ
عÙدÙ
ا تطÙبÙ٠تسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙظاÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس. ÙÙ
اذا تعرضÙ٠أÙÙسÙÙ
-ÙÙذ٠اÙÙ
عاÙ
ÙØ©Ø</dt>
+<dt id="treatment">Some people laugh at you when you ask them to call the
system GNU/Linux.
+Why do you subject yourself to this treatment? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#treatment">#treatment</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
تسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙظاÙ
”ÙÙÙÙس“ تعط٠اÙÙاس صÙرة
خاطئة ع٠تارÙØ® اÙÙظاÙ
Ùسبب
@@ -943,8 +1028,9 @@
اÙتارÙØ® اÙØÙÙÙ. عÙدÙ
ا ÙعÙ٠أ٠طÙبÙا عادÙØ
ÙسÙÙ ÙتÙÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙدÙ٠ضÙ
Ùر Ù
ÙÙÙ
.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="alienate">اÙبعض Ùسخر Ù
ÙÙÙ
عÙدÙ
ا تطÙبÙ٠تسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙظاÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس. ÙÙ
اذا تعرضÙ٠أÙÙسÙÙ
-ÙÙذ٠اÙÙ
عاÙ
ÙØ©Ø</dt>
+<dt id="alienate">Some people condemn you when you ask them to call the system
GNU/Linux.
+Don't you lose by alienating them? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#alienate">#alienate</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÙÙس دائÙ
Ùا. إ٠اÙØ°ÙÙ Ùا ÙÙدرÙ٠دÙرÙا ÙÙ
تطÙÙر اÙÙظاÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙدÙ
Ùا اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
Ù
@@ -958,21 +1044,24 @@
ÙÙا. ÙÙذا سÙÙ ÙÙاص٠Ù
ØاÙÙØ© تصØÙØ Ø§ÙاسÙ
اÙخاطئ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="rename">Ø£ÙØÙ Ù٠تغÙÙر اÙاسÙ
Ø£ÙÙا ÙاÙت Ù
ساÙÙ
تÙØ</dt>
+<dt id="rename">Whatever you contributed, is it legitimate to rename the
operating system?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#rename">#rename</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÙØÙ Ùا ÙغÙر اسÙ
Ø£Ù Ø´ÙØ¡Ø ÙÙÙد ÙÙا ÙسÙ
٠اÙÙظاÙ
”غÙÙ“ Ù
ÙØ° أعÙÙا٠ÙÙ
عاÙ
1983. إ٠اÙØ°ÙÙ ØاÙÙÙا تغÙÙر اسÙ
٠إÙÙ
”ÙÙÙÙس“ ÙÙ
اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙاÙ
عÙÙÙÙ
Ø£Ùا ÙÙÙÙ
Ùا بذÙÙ.</dd>
-<dt id="force">Ø£ÙÙس خطأ٠أ٠Ùجبر اÙÙاس عÙ٠تسÙ
ÙØ©
اÙÙظاÙ
”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“Ø</dt>
+<dt id="force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call the system
“GNU/Linux”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#force">#force</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
إجبار اÙÙاس Ø®Ø·Ø£Ø ÙÙØÙ Ùا ÙØاÙ٠إجبار Ø£Øد.
ÙØÙ ÙسÙ
٠اÙÙظاÙ
”غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس“ ÙÙØ·Ùب Ù
Ù٠أ٠تÙع٠اÙØ£Ù
ر
ذاتÙ.
</dd>
-<dt id="whynotsue">ÙÙ
اذا ÙسÙ
Ù Ù
عظÙ
اÙÙاس اÙÙظاÙ
”ÙÙÙÙس“Ø</dt>
+<dt id="whynotsue">Why not sue people who call the whole system
“Linux”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whynotsue">#whynotsue</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ùا ÙÙجد أ٠أساس ÙاÙÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙاضاتÙÙ
Ø ÙÙØ£ÙÙا ÙؤÙ
٠بØرÙØ© اÙتعبÙØ±Ø ÙÙÙ ÙÙاض٠أØدÙا
@@ -980,8 +1069,9 @@
Ù٠اÙتصر٠اÙصØÙØ.
</dd>
-<dt id="require">Ø£Ùا ÙÙترض أ٠تضعÙا Ù
تطÙبÙا ÙÙ
رخصة غÙ٠اÙعÙ
ÙÙ
ÙØ© ÙÙ
طاÙبة اÙÙاس بتسÙ
ÙØ©
اÙÙظاÙ
-”غÙÙ“Ø</dt>
+<dt id="require">Shouldn't you put something in the GNU GPL to require people
to call the
+system “GNU”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#require">#require</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
غرض غÙ٠ج٠ب٠إ٠ØÙ
اÙØ© ØرÙØ© اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ù
اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙرغبÙÙ Ù٠إÙشاء Ùسخ Ù
ØتÙرة
@@ -992,16 +1082,20 @@
إ٠تÙÙد اÙاسÙ
اÙØ°Ù ÙستطÙع اÙÙاس اختÙارÙ
ÙÙÙظاÙ
.
</dd>
-<dt id="BSDlicense">Ø£ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙارÙØ© أ٠تطÙبÙا Ùسب
اÙعÙ
٠إÙÙ Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ ÙÙد عارضتÙ
شرط اÙدعاÙØ©
-ÙجاÙ
عة ÙاÙÙÙÙرÙÙا Ù٠رخصة BSD اÙأصÙÙØ©Ø</dt>
+<dt id="BSDlicense">Since you objected to the original BSD license's
advertising requirement to
+give credit to the University of California, isn't it hypocritical to demand
+credit for the GNU project? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#BSDlicense">#BSDlicense</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
جع٠اÙاسÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس Ù
تطÙب Ù٠اÙرخص ÙÙاÙ
ÙÙØÙ Ùا ÙÙÙÙ
بÙ. ÙØÙ <em>ÙØ·Ùب</em>
Ù
ÙÙ ÙØسب Ùسب اÙÙظاÙ
Ø¥ÙÙÙا ÙØ£ÙÙا ÙستØÙ Ø°ÙÙ.
</dd>
-<dt id="deserve">Ø£ÙتÙ
تستØÙÙÙ Ù
ا Øص٠ÙØ£ÙÙÙ
تÙاعستÙ
ع٠Ùضع Ù
تطÙب Ù٠غÙ٠ج٠ب٠إ٠ÙØ·Ùب اÙÙاس
-تسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙظاÙ
“غÙÙ”Ø ÙÙ
اذا تتØسرÙÙ
اÙØ¢ÙØ</dt>
+<dt id="deserve">Since you failed to put something in the GNU GPL to require
people to call
+the system “GNU”, you deserve what happened; why are you
+complaining now? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#deserve">#deserve</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÙÙترض اÙسؤا٠ÙرضÙØ© Ù
Ø«Ùرة ÙÙجدÙ: أ٠اÙÙاس Ø¥Ù
ÙÙ
ÙجبرÙ٠عÙ٠اÙعد٠ÙÙ Ù
عاÙ
ÙتÙÙ
@@ -1010,7 +1104,9 @@
ÙØ£Ù
٠أÙ٠تختÙÙ Ù
ع Ùذ٠اÙÙرضÙØ© ÙÙ
ا ÙختÙÙ ÙØÙ
Ù
عÙا.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="contradict">Ø£ÙÙس Ù
٠اÙØ£Ùض٠ÙÙÙ
Ø£Ùا تعارضÙا Ù
ا ÙعتÙد٠ÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙÙاسØ</dt>
+<dt id="contradict">Wouldn't you be better off not contradicting what so many
people believe?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#contradict">#contradict</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÙØÙ Ùا ÙعتÙد أ٠عÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙساÙر اÙÙاس اÙØ£Ùثر
ÙØ£ÙÙا ÙعتÙد Ø£ÙÙÙ
Ùد خدعÙا. ÙØ£Ù
Ù
@@ -1020,14 +1116,18 @@
Ù
عظÙ
اÙÙاس أ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© Ù
شرÙعة
ÙÙ
ÙبÙÙØ©.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="somanyright">بÙ
ا Ø£Ù ÙØ«ÙرÙا Ù
٠اÙÙاس ÙسÙ
ÙÙÙ
“ÙÙÙÙس”Ø Ø£Ùا ÙجعÙÙ Ùذا صØÙØÙاØ</dt>
+<dt id="somanyright">Since many people call it “Linux”, doesn't
that make it right?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÙØÙ Ùا ÙعتÙد أ٠اÙØ´Ùرة تجع٠Ù
٠اÙخطأ صÙابÙا.
</dd>
-<dt id="winning">اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙÙاس ÙسعÙÙ ÙØ٠اÙأسÙÙ
Ø£Ù ÙØ٠اÙÙائز بدÙ٠أ٠ÙÙÙرÙا بÙ
ا Ù٠صØÙØ Ø£Ù
-خاطئ. Ø£ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠بإÙ
ÙاÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙستÙÙد Ù
ÙÙÙ
ÙÙ
سÙÙÙا طرÙÙÙا آخرÙاØ</dt>
+<dt id="winning">Many people care about what's convenient or who's winning,
not about
+arguments of right or wrong. Couldn't you get more of their support by a
+different road? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#winning">#winning</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
أ٠تÙتÙ
باÙأسÙ٠أ٠بÙ
Ù ÙÙÙز ÙÙ Ù
ÙÙج ÙÙر٠ÙÙ
اÙØÙاة. اÙبرÙ
جÙات غÙر اÙØرة Ù
ثاÙ
@@ -1070,8 +1170,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -1080,9 +1181,11 @@
اÙترجÙ
Ø©</a> ÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات ØÙ٠تÙسÙÙ ÙتسÙÙÙ
ترجÙ
ات Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ©.
</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
-<p>ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù
ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ· ÙبدÙÙ ÙÙØ§Ø¦Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø·
-إبÙاء Ùذا اÙإخطار.
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -1095,7 +1198,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/04/30 08:25:56 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -1139,6 +1242,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html 19 Aug 2010 00:26:53 -0000 1.12
+++ gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:58 -0000 1.13
@@ -99,9 +99,9 @@
<li><a href="#allsmall" id="TOCallsmall">Avui dia GNU és una petita part del
sistema; per què hem de mencionar-la?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#manycompanies" id="TOCmanycompanies">Moltes empreses han
-contribuït al desenvolupament del sistema tal i com el coneixem; no
-significa això que deurÃem anomenar-lo GNU/Redhat/Novell/Linux?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#manycompanies" id="TOCmanycompanies">Many companies contributed
to
+the system as it is today; doesn't that mean we ought to call it
+GNU/Red Hat/Novell/Linux?</a></li>
<li><a href="#whyslash" id="TOCwhyslash">Per què escriviu âGNU/Linuxâ en
lloc de
âGNU Linuxâ?</a></li>
@@ -149,8 +149,10 @@
<li><a href="#othersys" id="TOCothersys">Si instal·lo ferramentes del GNU en
el
Windows, significa això que estic executant un sistema GNU/Windows?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux">No seria possible tenir sistemes
-Linux sense el GNU?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux">Can't Linux be used without
GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu" id="TOClinuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete
+Linux systems without GNU?</a></li>
<li><a href="#helplinus" id="TOChelplinus">Per què no anomenar als sistemes
âLinuxâ de totes maneres i aixà reforcen el paper de Linus Torvalds com a
@@ -218,7 +220,8 @@
<dl>
-<dt id="why">Per què l'anomeneu GNU/Linux i no Linux?</dt>
+<dt id="why">Why do you call it GNU/Linux and not Linux? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#why">#why</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>La majoria de les distribucions basades en Linux com a nucli són bÃ
sicament
versions modificades del sistema operatiu GNU. Començà rem a desenvolupar el
@@ -237,7 +240,8 @@
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ca.html">El Projecte GNU</a> per conèixer la
història.</p> </dd>
-<dt id="whycare">Per què és important el nom?</dt>
+<dt id="whycare">Why is the name important? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#whycare">#whycare</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>Malgrat que els desenvolupadors de Linux, el nucli, estan contribuint a la
comunitat del programari lliure, molts d'ells no mostren preocupació per la
@@ -252,7 +256,8 @@
importà ncia prà ctica d'aquests ideals</a>.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="howerror">Com s'ha arribat a què la majoria de la gent anomeni
âLinuxâ al sistema?</dt>
+<dt id="howerror">How did it come about that most people call the system
“Linux”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#howerror">#howerror</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>L'anomenar âLinuxâ al sistema és una confusió que s'ha difós més
rà pid que
la informació correcta.
@@ -276,7 +281,8 @@
justificar el nom que estan acostumats a utilitzar.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="always">DeurÃem dir sempre âGNU/Linuxâ en lloc de
âLinuxâ?</dt>
+<dt id="always">Should we always say “GNU/Linux” instead of
“Linux”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#always">#always</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
No sempreâsols quan estigueu parlant sobre el sistema en conjunt. Quan us
estigueu referint al nucli en especial, deurÃeu d'anomenar-lo âLinuxâ, el
@@ -289,7 +295,8 @@
âLinuxâ al nucli, evitareu aquesta ambigüitat.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="linuxalone">Hauria aconseguit Linux el mateix èxit sense el GNU?</dt>
+<dt id="linuxalone">Would Linux have achieved the same success if there had
been no GNU? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#linuxalone">#linuxalone</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
En aquest món alternatiu, no hi tindrÃem res paregut als sistemes GNU/Linux,
@@ -310,8 +317,9 @@
marc més ampli, en un sistema operatiu completament lliure: el GNU/Linux.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="divide">No seria millor per a la comunitat si no dividireu la gent amb
aquesta
-petició?</dt>
+<dt id="divide">Wouldn't it be better for the community if you did not divide
people with
+this request? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#divide">#divide</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Quan demanem a la gent que digui âGNU/Linuxâ, no estem dividint-la. Estem
@@ -352,8 +360,9 @@
derrotats definitivament (espero que no).</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="freespeech">No dóna suport el Projecte GNU a la llibertat
d'expressió individual per
-anomenar al sistema com cadascú trii?</dt>
+<dt id="freespeech">Doesn't the GNU project support an individual's free
speech rights to call
+the system by any name that individual chooses? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#freespeech">#freespeech</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
SÃ, per descomptat. Creiem que vostè té la llibertat d'anomenar al sistema
operatiu amb el nom que desitgi. Nosaltres demanem a la gent que l'anomeni
@@ -362,8 +371,10 @@
que aquests valors els que han fet possible l'existència del sistema.
</dd>
-<dt id="everyoneknows">Atès que tothom sap el paper del GNU en el
desenvolupament del sistema, no
-es sobreentén el mot âGNU/Linuxâ complet?</dt>
+<dt id="everyoneknows">Since everyone knows GNU's role in developing the
system, doesn't the
+“GNU/” in the name go without saying? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#everyoneknows">#everyoneknows</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>L'experiència ens mostra que els usuaris del sistema, i que els públic
que
usa ordinadors en general, no saben res encara sobre el sistema GNU. La
@@ -385,8 +396,9 @@
però no el del GNU.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="everyoneknows2">Atès que conec el paper del sistema GNU, quina
importà ncia té el nom que
-utilitzi?</dt>
+<dt id="everyoneknows2">Since I know the role of GNU in this system, why does
it matter what name I
+use? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#everyoneknows2">#everyoneknows2</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Si les vostres paraules no reflecteixen el vostre coneixement, no podrÃ
@@ -396,8 +408,9 @@
ho farà ?
</dd>
-<dt id="windows">No és més curt anomenar âLinuxâ al âGNU/Linuxâ
igual que acurtem âWindowsâ
-per referir-nos al âMicrosoft Windowsâ?</dt>
+<dt id="windows">Isn't shortening “GNU/Linux” to
“Linux” just like
+shortening “Microsoft Windows” to “Windows”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#windows">#windows</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ãs útil escurçar un nom que s'utilitza molt, però no si l'abreviatura és
@@ -413,8 +426,8 @@
cosa. Microsoft és una empresa; GNU és un sistema operatiu.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="tools">No és el GNU una col·lecció de ferramentes de programació
que fou inclosa en
-el Linux?</dt>
+<dt id="tools">Isn't GNU a collection of programming tools that were included
in Linux?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#tools">#tools</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
La gent que pensa que Linux és un sistema operatiu complet, si escolten
@@ -437,7 +450,8 @@
el GNOME per al sistema GNU també.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="osvskernel">Quina és la diferència entre un sistema operatiu i un
nucli?</dt>
+<dt id="osvskernel">What is the difference between an operating system and a
kernel? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#osvskernel">#osvskernel</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Un sistema operatiu, de la forma en que emprem el terme, significa una
@@ -473,8 +487,9 @@
GNU/Linux.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="house">El nucli d'un sistema és com els fonaments d'una casa. Com es
pot considerar
-gairebé enllestida una casa si no té fonaments?</dt>
+<dt id="house">The kernel of a system is like the foundation of a house. How
can a house
+be almost complete when it doesn't have a foundation? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#house">#house</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Un nucli no és como els fonaments d'una casa, perquè construir un sistema
@@ -496,22 +511,24 @@
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="brain">No és el nucli el cervell del sistema?</dt>
+<dt id="brain">Isn't the kernel the brain of the system? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#brain">#brain</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Un ordinador no s'assembla massa al cos humà , i cap de les seves parts té un
paper comparable al del cervell en l'ésser humà .
</dd>
-<dt id="kernelmost">Escriure el nucli no és la major part de la feina al fer
un sistema
-operatiu?</dt>
+<dt id="kernelmost">Isn't writing the kernel most of the work in an operating
system? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#kernelmost">#kernelmost</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
No, molts components donen un munt de feina.
</dd>
-<dt id="afterkernel">Estem anomenant al sistema operatiu en conjunt com al
nucli, Linux. No és
-normal anomenar al sistema operatiu com al seu nucli?</dt>
+<dt id="afterkernel">We're calling the whole system after the kernel, Linux.
Isn't it normal to
+name an operating system after a kernel? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#afterkernel">#afterkernel</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Aquesta prà ctica sembla ser molt estranyaâno trobem altres exemples d'errors
@@ -527,8 +544,9 @@
nucli.â</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="long">El problema de âGNU/Linuxâ és que és massa llarg. Quin nom
més curt
-recomaneu?</dt>
+<dt id="long">The problem with “GNU/Linux” is that it is too long.
How about
+recommending a shorter name? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#long">#long</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Durant un temps provà rem amb el nom âLiGNUxâ, que combina les paraules
âGNUâ
@@ -539,8 +557,9 @@
per les raons que donem baix.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="justgnu">Atès que Linux és una contribució secundà ria, seria
faltar a la veritat
-anomenar al sistema simplement âGNUâ?</dt>
+<dt id="justgnu">Since Linux is a secondary contribution, would it be false to
the facts to
+call the system simply “GNU”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#justgnu">#justgnu</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
No seria faltar als fets, però no és la millor opció. Acà estan les raons
@@ -567,9 +586,11 @@
</ul><p></p>
</dd>
-<dt id="trademarkfee">Hauria que pagar un canon si utilitze âLinuxâ en el
nom d'un producte i
-hauria també de pagar-lo si utilitze el nom âGNU/Linuxâ. Ãs dolent
utilitzar
-âGNUâ sense âLinuxâ, per estalviar el canon?</dt>
+<dt id="trademarkfee">I would have to pay a fee if I use “Linux”
in the name of a
+product, and that would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux”. Is it
+wrong if I use “GNU” without “Linux”, to save the
+fee? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#trademarkfee">#trademarkfee</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
No hi ha res de dolent en anomenar al sistema âGNUâ; bà sicament, això
és el
que és. Ãs bo donar-li a Linus Torvalds el reconeixement que es mereix, però
@@ -579,10 +600,11 @@
pagar un canon per anomenar-lo âLinuxâ, no us criticarem.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="many">Molts altres projectes han contribuït al sistema per fer-lo com
és avui en
-dia; per exemple el TeX, l'X11, l'Apache, el Perl, i molts altres
-programes. Els vostres arguments no impliquen que deurÃem reconèixer-los
-aquests també? (Però això significaria un nom tant llarg que seria
absurd.)</dt>
+<dt id="many">Many other projects contributed to the system as it is today; it
includes
+TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many more programs. Don't your arguments imply
+we have to give them credit too? (But that would lead to a name so long it
+is absurd.) <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#many">#many</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
El que diem és que deus donar al desenvolupador principal del projecte la
@@ -609,9 +631,9 @@
contribució principal (GNU).</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="others">Molts altres projectes han contribuït al sistema com és
avui, però no
-insisteixen en anomenar-lo XYZ/Linux. Per què deurÃem fer cas a GNU en
-especial?</dt>
+<dt id="others">Many other projects contributed to the system as it is today,
but they don't
+insist on calling it XYZ/Linux. Why should we treat GNU specially? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#others">#others</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Milers de projectes han desenvolupat programes inclosos normalment en els
@@ -624,7 +646,8 @@
on s'ha construït el sistema.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="allsmall">Avui dia GNU és una petita part del sistema; per què hem
de mencionar-la?</dt>
+<dt id="allsmall">GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays, so why
should we mention it?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#allsmall">#allsmall</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Al 2008 vam trobar que el 15% del repositori de la distribuició gNewSense
GNU/Linux eren paquets GNU. Linux representava l'1,5%. De manera que el
@@ -637,8 +660,10 @@
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="manycompanies">Moltes empreses han contribuït al desenvolupament del
sistema tal i com el
-coneixem; no significa això que deurÃem anomenar-lo
GNU/Redhat/Novell/Linux?</dt>
+<dt id="manycompanies">Many companies contributed to the system as it is
today; doesn't that mean
+we ought to call it GNU/Red Hat/Novell/Linux? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#manycompanies">#manycompanies</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
@@ -656,7 +681,8 @@
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="whyslash">Per què escriviu âGNU/Linuxâ en lloc de âGNU
Linuxâ?</dt>
+<dt id="whyslash">Why do you write “GNU/Linux” instead of
“GNU Linux”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whyslash">#whyslash</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Seguint les regles de l'anglès, en al construcció âGNU Linuxâ la paraula
@@ -687,7 +713,8 @@
clarificador: âGNU-Linuxâ. En castellà , de vegades diem âGNU con
Linuxâ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="whyorder">Per què âGNU/Linuxâ en lloc de âLinux/GNUâ?</dt>
+<dt id="whyorder">Why “GNU/Linux” rather than
“Linux/GNU”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whyorder">#whyorder</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ãs més apropiat mencionar la contribució principal primer. La contribució
@@ -699,24 +726,31 @@
parèixer que Linux és el sistema complet.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="distronames">La meva distribució es diu âFoobar Linuxâ; no
demostra això que és realment
-Linux?</dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>Això significa que la gent que ha fet la distribució âFoobar Linuxâ
estan
-repetint l'error comú.</p>
-</dd>
-
-<dt id="distronames1">El nom oficial de la meva distribució és âFoobar
Linuxâ; No existeix cap
-problema en anomenar-la d'una altra manera que no siga sols âLinuxâ?</dt>
+<dt id="distronames">My distro is called “Foobar Linux”; doesn't
that show it's
+really Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#distronames">#distronames</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>It means that the people who make the “Foobar Linux” distro are
+repeating the common mistake. We appreciate that distributions like Debian,
+Dragora, Musix, Trisquel, and Venenux have adopted GNU/Linux as part of
+their official name, and we hope that if you are involved with a different
+distribution, you will encourage it to do the same.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="distronames1">My distro's official name is “Foobar Linux”;
isn't it wrong to
+call the distro anything but “Linux”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#distronames1">#distronames1</a>)</span></dt>
<dd><p>Si ells poden canviar âGNUâ per âFoobar Linuxâ, vosaltres podeu
canviar-li
el nom altra vegada i anomenar-la âFoobar GNU/Linuxâ. No pot ser més
equivocat corregir l'error que cometre'l.</p></dd>
-<dt id="companies">No seria més efectiu demanar a les companyies com
Mandrake, Red Hat i IBM
-anomenar âGNU/Linuxâ a les seves distribucions en lloc de demanar-ho als
-particulars?</dt>
+<dt id="companies">Wouldn't it be more effective to ask companies such as
Mandrake, Red Hat and
+IBM to call their distributions “GNU/Linux” rather than asking
+individuals? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#companies">#companies</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
No és una elecció d'un o d'un altreânosaltres demanem a les companyies, a
@@ -734,9 +768,10 @@
âGNU/Linuxâ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="reserve">No seria millor reservar el nom âGNU/Linuxâ per a les
distribucions que
-disposen de programari lliure únicament? Al cap i a la fi, aquest és l'ideal
-del GNU.</dt>
+<dt id="reserve">Wouldn't it be better to reserve the name
“GNU/Linux” for
+distributions that are purely free software? After all, that is the ideal of
+GNU. <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#reserve">#reserve</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
La prà ctica à mpliament estesa d'afegir programari no lliure als sistemes
@@ -775,7 +810,8 @@
t'arrosseguin amb ells!</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="gnudist">Per què no fer una distribució GNU del Linux (sic) i
anomenar-la GNU/Linux?</dt>
+<dt id="gnudist">Why not make a GNU distribution of Linux (sic) and call that
GNU/Linux?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#gnudist">#gnudist</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Totes les distribucions del âLinuxâ són de fet versions del sistema GNU
amb
@@ -793,8 +829,9 @@
100% lliures, com la gNewSense i l'Ututo.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="linuxgnu">Per què no dir simplement que âLinux és el nucli del
GNUâ i publicar alguna
-versió existent del GNU/Linux amb el nom de âGNUâ?</dt>
+<dt id="linuxgnu">Why not just say “Linux is the GNU kernel” and
release some
+existing version of GNU/Linux under the name “GNU”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#linuxgnu">#linuxgnu</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Podria haver estat una bona idea adoptar el Linux com el nucli del GNU allÃ
@@ -806,8 +843,8 @@
no estaria bé, i no volem actuar aixÃ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="condemn">Va condemnar el Projecte GNU i es va oposar a utilitzar el
Linux en els
-primers dies?</dt>
+<dt id="condemn">Did the GNU Project condemn and oppose use of Linux in the
early days? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#condemn">#condemn</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
No adoptà rem el Linux com el nostre nucli, però ni el condemnà rem ni ens
@@ -835,7 +872,8 @@
sistema.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="wait">Per què esperà reu tant per demanar a la gent que usés el nom
GNU/Linux?</dt>
+<dt id="wait">Why did you wait so long before asking people to use the name
GNU/Linux?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#wait">#wait</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>De fet no ho férem. Començà rem parlant en privat amb els desenvolupadors
i
@@ -843,8 +881,9 @@
1996. Per la nostra part, continuarem tant de temps com sigui necessari.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="allgpled">Deuria aplicar-se la convenció GNU/[nom] a tots els
programes que estan
-llicenciats amb la GPL?</dt>
+<dt id="allgpled">Should the GNU/<i>name</i> convention be applied to all
programs that are
+GPL'ed? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#allgpled">#allgpled</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Mai ens referim a un programa individual com âGNU/[nom]â. Quan un programa
@@ -886,8 +925,9 @@
el Linux en solitari.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="unix">Atès que molt del GNU prové de l'Unix, no deuria el GNU
donar-li
-reconeixement a l'Unix emprant âUnixâ en el seu nom?</dt>
+<dt id="unix">Since much of GNU comes from Unix, shouldn't GNU give credit to
Unix by
+using “Unix” in its name? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#unix">#unix</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Realment, res del GNU prové de l'Unix. L'Unix era programari propietari (i
@@ -928,7 +968,8 @@
inclouen el mot âUnixâ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="bsd">DeurÃem dir âGNU/BSDâ també?</dt>
+<dt id="bsd">Should we say “GNU/BSD” too? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#bsd">#bsd</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
No deurÃem anomenar als sistemes BSD (FreeBSD, etc.) com sistemes
âGNU/BSDâ,
@@ -961,8 +1002,9 @@
és el mateix que trobem en un sistema GNU/Linux.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="othersys">Si instal·lo ferramentes del GNU en el Windows, significa
això que estic
-executant un sistema GNU/Windows?</dt>
+<dt id="othersys">If I install the GNU tools on Windows, does that mean I am
running a
+GNU/Windows system? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#othersys">#othersys</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
No de la mateixa forma que el que significa âGNU/Linuxâ. Les ferramentes
del
@@ -972,21 +1014,38 @@
del GNU/Linux.
</dd>
-<dt id="justlinux">No seria possible tenir sistemes Linux sense el GNU?</dt>
+<dt id="justlinux">Can't Linux be used without GNU? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#justlinux">#justlinux</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Linux is used by itself, or with small other programs, in some appliances.
+These small software systems are a far cry from the GNU/Linux system. Users
+do not install them on PCs, for instance, and would find them rather
+disappointing. It is useful to say that these appliances run just Linux, to
+show how different those small platforms are from GNU/Linux.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="linuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete Linux systems without GNU? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu">#linuxsyswithoutgnu</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-Hi ha sistemes que contenen Linux i no GNU; un exemple és Android.
+There are complete systems that contain Linux and not GNU; Android is an
+example. But it is a mistake to call them “Linux” systems.
<p>
-Android és molt diferent del sistema GNU/Linux perquè no conte GNU, només
-Linux. Ãs, efectivament, un sistema completament diferent. Si penseu en
-"Linux" com a sistema en conjunt, us semblarà necessari dir coses com
-"Android conté Linux, però no és Linux, perquè no te les habituals
-llibreries i utilitats [referint-se a les del sistema GNU] de Linux [sic]."
-Android conté tant Linux com el sistema GNU/Linux. El que no té és GNU.</p>
+Android is very different from the GNU/Linux system—because it
+contains very little of the GNU system, only Linux. Overall, it's a
+different system. If you call the whole system “Linux”, you
+will find it necessary to say things like, “Android contains Linux,
+but it isn't Linux, because it doesn't have the usual Linux [sic] libraries
+and utilities [meaning the GNU system].” Android contains just as much
+of Linux as GNU/Linux does. What it doesn't have is the GNU system.
+Instead it has a lot of Google software.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="helplinus">Per què no anomenar als sistemes âLinuxâ de totes
maneres i aixà reforcen el
-paper de Linus Torvalds com a âposterboyâ (imatge) de la nostra
comunitat?</dt>
+<dt id="helplinus">Why not call the system “Linux” anyway, and
strengthen Linus
+Torvalds' role as posterboy for our community? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#helplinus">#helplinus</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Linus Torvalds és el âposterboyâ (és altra gent la que ha elegit la
paraula,
@@ -1018,7 +1077,8 @@
idees de Linus.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="claimlinux">No és erroni etiquetar l'obra de Linus Torvalds com a
GNU?</dt>
+<dt id="claimlinux">Isn't it wrong for us to label Linus Torvalds' work as
GNU? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#claimlinux">#claimlinux</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Seria erroni, i per això no ho fem. L'obra de Torvalds és Linux, el nucli;
@@ -1028,7 +1088,8 @@
</dd>
-<dt id="linusagreed">Està Linus Torvalds d'acord amb que el Linux és sols el
nucli?</dt>
+<dt id="linusagreed">Does Linus Torvalds agree that Linux is just the kernel?
<span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linusagreed">#linusagreed</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Ho reconegué al començament. En les notes de les primeres publicacions del
@@ -1039,8 +1100,9 @@
distribució - pregunteu-me (a mi o a GNU) per més informacióâ</a>.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="lost">La batalla ja està perdudaâla societat ha pres la seva
decisió i no podem
-canviar-la, aixà que per què seguir pensant amb això?</dt>
+<dt id="lost">The battle is already lost—society has made its decision
and we can't
+change it, so why even think about it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#lost">#lost</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
No ens trobem en una batalla, és un campanya d'educació. Com anomenar al
@@ -1051,8 +1113,9 @@
ajudant-nos.
</dd>
-<dt id="whatgood">La societat ha pres la seva decisió i no podem canviar-la,
per tant què té
-de bo anomenar al sistema âGNU/Linuxâ?</dt>
+<dt id="whatgood">Society has made its decision and we can't change it, so
what good does it
+do if I say “GNU/Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#whatgood">#whatgood</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
No ens trobem en una situació de tot o res: Les imatges de correcte i
@@ -1066,8 +1129,9 @@
ensenyaran el nom correcte a altres.
</dd>
-<dt id="explain">No seria millor anomenar al sistema âLinuxâ i ensenyar a
la gent el seu
-vertader origen amb una explicació de deu minuts?</dt>
+<dt id="explain">Wouldn't it be better to call the system “Linux”
and teach
+people its real origin with a ten-minute explanation? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#explain">#explain</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Si voleu ajudar-nos explicant a altres d'aquesta forma, apreciem el vostre
@@ -1088,8 +1152,9 @@
el Projecte GNU de forma eficient.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="treatment">Molta gent es riu de vostès quan els demaneu que anomenen
al sistema
-GNU/Linux. Per què us sotmeteu a aquest tracte?</dt>
+<dt id="treatment">Some people laugh at you when you ask them to call the
system GNU/Linux.
+Why do you subject yourself to this treatment? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#treatment">#treatment</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Anomenar âLinuxâ al sistema indueix a la gent a idees equivocades sobre la
@@ -1110,8 +1175,9 @@
seny deixarà de riure's.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="alienate">Alguna gent s'enfada amb vosaltres quan els demaneu que
anomenen GNU/Linux
-al sistema. No sortiu pendent quan feu que s'enfadin?</dt>
+<dt id="alienate">Some people condemn you when you ask them to call the system
GNU/Linux.
+Don't you lose by alienating them? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#alienate">#alienate</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
No massa. La gent que no aprecia el nostre paper en el desenvolupament del
@@ -1128,22 +1194,24 @@
corregir la confusió.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="rename">Encara que heu contribuït, això us legitima per canviar el
nom del sistema
-operatiu?</dt>
+<dt id="rename">Whatever you contributed, is it legitimate to rename the
operating system?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#rename">#rename</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
No estem canviant el nom a res; hem estat anomenant âGNUâ al sistema des de
que l'anuncià rem el 1983. Qui intentà canviar-li el nom a âLinuxâ no
devia
haver-ho fet.</dd>
-<dt id="force">No és equivocat forçar a la gent a anomenar al sistema
âGNU/Linuxâ?</dt>
+<dt id="force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call the system
“GNU/Linux”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#force">#force</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Seria equivocat forçar-la i no ho intentem. Nosaltres anomenem âGNU/Linuxâ
al sistema i us demanem que també ho feu vosaltres.
</dd>
-<dt id="whynotsue"> Per què no demandar a la gent que anomeni âLinuxâ al
sistema sencer?</dt>
+<dt id="whynotsue">Why not sue people who call the whole system
“Linux”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whynotsue">#whynotsue</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
No hi ha motius legals per demandar-los, però com que creiem en la llibertat
@@ -1151,8 +1219,9 @@
anomeni âGNU/Linuxâ al sistema perquè és el correcte.
</dd>
-<dt id="require">No deurÃeu posar alguna clà usula a la GNU GPL per requerir
a la gent a
-anomenar al sistema âGNUâ?</dt>
+<dt id="require">Shouldn't you put something in the GNU GPL to require people
to call the
+system “GNU”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#require">#require</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
El propòsit de la GNU GPL és protegir la llibertat dels usuaris de tot
@@ -1165,9 +1234,10 @@
quin nom poden utilitzar les persones per al sistema.
</dd>
-<dt id="BSDlicense">Atès us oposeu a la clà usula de la llicència BSD
original que exigeix que es
-reconega a la Universitat de Califòrnia la seva tasca, no resulta hipòcrita
-que demaneu reconeixement per al Projecte GNU?</dt>
+<dt id="BSDlicense">Since you objected to the original BSD license's
advertising requirement to
+give credit to the University of California, isn't it hypocritical to demand
+credit for the GNU project? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#BSDlicense">#BSDlicense</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Seria hipòcrita exigir usar el nom GNU/Linux en una clà usula de la
@@ -1175,9 +1245,10 @@
reconeixement que mereixem.
</dd>
-<dt id="deserve">Ja que no vau afegir cap clà usula a la GNU GPL per exigir a
la gent que
-anomenés âGNUâ al sistema, us mereixeu el que ha passat; perquè us
queixeu
-ara?</dt>
+<dt id="deserve">Since you failed to put something in the GNU GPL to require
people to call
+the system “GNU”, you deserve what happened; why are you
+complaining now? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#deserve">#deserve</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
La pregunta pressuposa una premissa ètica (més bé controvertida): si la gent
@@ -1188,7 +1259,9 @@
estem.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="contradict">No seria millor no contradir el que molta gent creu?</dt>
+<dt id="contradict">Wouldn't you be better off not contradicting what so many
people believe?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#contradict">#contradict</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
No creiem que hem de seguir un gran nombre de persones perquè han segut
@@ -1199,15 +1272,18 @@
privatiu era legÃtim i acceptable.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="somanyright">Atès que molta gent l'anomena âLinuxâ, no el
converteix en el nom correcte?</dt>
+<dt id="somanyright">Since many people call it “Linux”, doesn't
that make it right?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
No creiem que un error acceptat per la majoria el faça cert.
</dd>
-<dt id="winning">Molta gent es preocupa de què és més beneficiós o de qui
surt guanyant i no
-es fixa en els arguments sobre el que està bé i el que està mal. No creieu
-que obtindrÃeu més suport de la seva part per un altre camÃ?</dt>
+<dt id="winning">Many people care about what's convenient or who's winning,
not about
+arguments of right or wrong. Couldn't you get more of their support by a
+different road? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#winning">#winning</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Preocupar-se sols d'allò que és més beneficiós o de qui surt guanyant és
una
@@ -1250,12 +1326,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Envieu les vostres preguntes sobre la FSF i GNU a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. També hi ha <a
-href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la
-FSF. <br />Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o
-suggeriments a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -1266,9 +1342,11 @@
col·laborar en la traducció al català del web de GNU.
</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
-<p>Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en
-qualsevol medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que es conservi aquesta nota.
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -1281,7 +1359,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2010/08/19 00:26:53 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -1325,6 +1403,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html 19 Jul 2011 08:42:04 -0000 1.19
+++ gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:58 -0000 1.20
@@ -161,8 +161,10 @@
Windows, cela signifie-t-il que je fonctionne sous un système
GNU/Windows ?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux">Ne peut-il y avoir de systèmes
Linux
-sans GNU ?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux">Can't Linux be used without
GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu" id="TOClinuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete
+Linux systems without GNU?</a></li>
<li><a href="#helplinus" id="TOChelplinus">Pourquoi ne pas carrément appeler
le
système « Linux », et renforcer le rôle de Linus Torwald comme
@@ -1107,21 +1109,33 @@
situation très différente de GNU/Linux.
</dd>
-<dt id="justlinux">Ne peut-il pas y avoir de système Linux sans GNU ?
<span
-class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#justlinux">#justlinux</a>)</span></dt>
+<dt id="justlinux">Can't Linux be used without GNU? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#justlinux">#justlinux</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Linux is used by itself, or with small other programs, in some appliances.
+These small software systems are a far cry from the GNU/Linux system. Users
+do not install them on PCs, for instance, and would find them rather
+disappointing. It is useful to say that these appliances run just Linux, to
+show how different those small platforms are from GNU/Linux.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="linuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete Linux systems without GNU? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu">#linuxsyswithoutgnu</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-Il y a des systèmes qui contiennent Linux et pas GNU : Android en est
-un exemple.
+There are complete systems that contain Linux and not GNU; Android is an
+example. But it is a mistake to call them “Linux” systems.
<p>
-Android est très différent du système GNU/Linux : parce qu'il ne
-contient pas GNU, seulement Linux. En effet, c'est un système complètement
-différent. Si vous pensez au système dans son ensemble en tant que
-« Linux », vous trouverez nécessaire de dire quelque chose du
-genre, « Android contient Linux, mais n'est pas Linux, parce qu'il n'a
-pas les bibliothèques et outils habituels Linux (sic) (c'est à dire le
-système GNU) ». Android contient exactement autant de Linux que
-GNU/Linux. Ce qu'il n'a pas c'est GNU.</p>
+Android is very different from the GNU/Linux system—because it
+contains very little of the GNU system, only Linux. Overall, it's a
+different system. If you call the whole system “Linux”, you
+will find it necessary to say things like, “Android contains Linux,
+but it isn't Linux, because it doesn't have the usual Linux [sic] libraries
+and utilities [meaning the GNU system].” Android contains just as much
+of Linux as GNU/Linux does. What it doesn't have is the GNU system.
+Instead it has a lot of Google software.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="helplinus">Pourquoi ne pas carrément appeler le système
« Linux », et
@@ -1462,7 +1476,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/19 08:42:04 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html 30 Apr 2010 08:25:56 -0000 1.19
+++ gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:58 -0000 1.20
@@ -73,8 +73,9 @@
<li><a href="#long" id="TOClong">Ðно ÑÑо ÑмеÑа код назива
âÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑомâ Ñе
Ñо ÑÑо Ñе пÑедÑгаÑак. Ðако би било да
пÑедложиÑе неки кÑаÑи назив?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#justgnu" id="TOCjustgnu">ÐоÑÑо Ñе ÐинÑкÑ
ÑпоÑедни допÑиноÑ, да ли
-би било неиÑÑиниÑо називаÑи ÑиÑÑем пÑоÑÑо
âÐÐУ-омâ?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#justgnu" id="TOCjustgnu">Since Linux is a secondary contribution,
+would it be false to the facts to call the system simply
+“GNU”?</a></li>
<li><a href="#trademarkfee" id="TOCtrademarkfee">Уколико
коÑиÑÑим назив âÐинÑкÑâ
Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ñоизвода, моÑам да за Ñо плаÑим.
ÐÑÑо важи и ако коÑиÑÑим назив
@@ -94,9 +95,9 @@
<li><a href="#allsmall" id="TOCallsmall">ÐÐУ Ñе Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¸
део ÑиÑÑема. ÐаÑÑо
биÑмо га онда помиÑали?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#manycompanies" id="TOCmanycompanies">Ðноге ÑиÑме ÑÑ
допÑинеле Ñоме
-да ÑиÑÑем бÑде онакав какав Ñе данаÑ. ÐаÑ
Ñо не знаÑи да би ÑÑебало да га
-називамо Ред ХеÑов и Ðовелов ÐÐУ Ñа
ÐинÑкÑом?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#manycompanies" id="TOCmanycompanies">Many companies contributed
to
+the system as it is today; doesn't that mean we ought to call it
+GNU/Red Hat/Novell/Linux?</a></li>
<li><a href="#whyslash" id="TOCwhyslash">ÐаÑÑо пиÑеÑе âÐÐУ
Ñа ÐинÑкÑомâ ÑмеÑÑо
âÐÐУ ÐинÑкÑâ?</a></li>
@@ -142,8 +143,10 @@
<li><a href="#othersys" id="TOCothersys">Уколико инÑÑалиÑам
ÐÐУ-ове алаÑе под
ÐиндовÑом, да ли Ñо знаÑи да имам ÑиÑÑем
ÐÐУ Ñа ÐиндовÑом?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux">Ðоже ли поÑÑоÑаÑи
ÑиÑÑем ÐинÑÐºÑ Ð±ÐµÐ·
-ÐÐУ-а?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux">Can't Linux be used without
GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu" id="TOClinuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete
+Linux systems without GNU?</a></li>
<li><a href="#helplinus" id="TOChelplinus">ÐаÑÑо да и поÑед
Ñвега не називамо
ÑиÑÑем âÐинÑкÑомâ и Ñако оÑаÑамо ÑлогÑ
ÐинÑÑа ТоÑвалдÑа као маÑкоÑе наÑе
@@ -174,6 +177,12 @@
<li><a href="#rename" id="TOCrename">Ðа ли Ñе легиÑимно
пÑеименоваÑи опеÑаÑивни
ÑиÑÑем, без обзиÑа на Ñо Ñиме ÑÑе
допÑинели?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call the system
+“GNU/Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whynotsue">Why not sue people who call the whole system
+“Linux”?</a></li>
+
<li><a href="#BSDlicense" id="TOCBSDlicense">ÐоÑÑо ÑÑе Ñе
пÑоÑивили пÑвобиÑном
заÑ
ÑÐµÐ²Ñ Ð¸Ð· ÐСÐ-ове лиÑенÑе да Ñе ода
пÑизнаÑе ÐалиÑоÑниÑÑком ÑнивеÑзиÑеÑÑ,
ниÑе ли лиÑемеÑно да Ñе заÑ
Ñева одаваÑе
пÑизнаÑа ÐÑоÑекÑÑ ÐÐУ?</a></li>
@@ -199,7 +208,8 @@
<dl>
-<dt id="why">ÐаÑÑо га зовеÑе ÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑом а не
ÐинÑкÑ?</dt>
+<dt id="why">Why do you call it GNU/Linux and not Linux? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#why">#why</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>ÐеÑина диÑÑÑибÑÑиÑа опеÑаÑивниÑ
ÑиÑÑема заÑнованиÑ
на ÐинÑкÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¾ ÑезгÑÑ ÑÑ
Ñ ÑÑÑÑини измеÑене веÑзиÑе опеÑаÑивног
ÑиÑÑема ÐÐУ. Ðи Ñмо поÑели Ñа
@@ -217,7 +227,8 @@
ниÑÑ ÑÑли за ÐÐУ</a>, а за иÑÑоÑиÑÑ
погледаÑÑе <a
href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">ÐÑоÑÐµÐºÐ°Ñ ÐÐУ</a>.</p> </dd>
-<dt id="whycare">ÐаÑÑо Ñе назив биÑан?</dt>
+<dt id="whycare">Why is the name important? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#whycare">#whycare</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>Ðако ÑÑ Ð³ÑадиÑеÑи ÐинÑкÑа, дакле ÑезгÑа,
допÑинели заÑедниÑи Ñлободног
ÑоÑÑвеÑа, многима од ÑиÑ
Ñлобода ниÑе
важна. ÐÑди коÑи миÑле да Ñе Ñео
@@ -230,7 +241,8 @@
ÑавноÑÑи да ÑоÑи конкÑеÑÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑ ÑиÑ
идеала</a>.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="howerror">Ðако Ñе доÑло до Ñога да веÑина
ÑÑди назива ÑиÑÑем âÐинÑкÑомâ?</dt>
+<dt id="howerror">How did it come about that most people call the system
“Linux”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#howerror">#howerror</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>ÐазиваÑе ÑиÑÑема âÐинÑкÑомâ Ñе забÑна
коÑа Ñе пÑоÑиÑила бÑже него Ñена
иÑпÑавка.
@@ -254,7 +266,8 @@
опÑавдаÑе за назив на коÑи ÑÑ Ñе навикли.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="always">ТÑеба ли Ñвек да говоÑимо âÐÐУ Ñа
ÐинÑкÑомâ ÑмеÑÑо âÐинÑкÑâ?</dt>
+<dt id="always">Should we always say “GNU/Linux” instead of
“Linux”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#always">#always</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðе Ñвек, Ð²ÐµÑ Ñамо ако миÑлиÑе на Ñео ÑиÑÑем.
Ðада миÑлиÑе иÑкÑÑÑиво на
ÑезгÑо, ÑÑебало би да га називаÑе
âÐинÑкÑомâ, називом коÑи Ñе изабÑао Ñегов
@@ -266,7 +279,8 @@
ÐинÑкÑомâ а ÑезгÑа âÐинÑкÑомâ
избегаваÑе двоÑмиÑленоÑÑ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="linuxalone">Ðа ли би ÐинÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑигао иÑÑи
ÑÑпеÑ
да ÐÐУ ниÑе ни наÑÑао?</dt>
+<dt id="linuxalone">Would Linux have achieved the same success if there had
been no GNU? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#linuxalone">#linuxalone</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
У Ñом алÑеÑнаÑивном ÑвеÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ би
поÑÑоÑало ниÑÑа ÑлиÑно ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐÐУ Ñа
@@ -287,7 +301,9 @@
ÐинÑкÑом.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="divide">ÐÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ би било боÑе по заÑедниÑÑ
не делиÑи ÑÑде овим заÑ
Ñевом?</dt>
+<dt id="divide">Wouldn't it be better for the community if you did not divide
people with
+this request? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#divide">#divide</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðада молимо ÑÑде да говоÑе âÐÐУ Ñа
ÐинÑкÑомâ, Ñо ниÑе ÑÑваÑаÑе поделе. Ðи
@@ -325,8 +341,9 @@
лако) или Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑпÑно поÑазе (ÑÑо Ñе,
надаÑмо Ñе, неÑе догодиÑи).</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="freespeech">ÐÐ°Ñ ÐÑоÑÐµÐºÐ°Ñ ÐÐУ не подÑжава
пÑава Ñлободе говоÑа поÑединаÑа да
називаÑÑ
-ÑиÑÑем по Ñвом избоÑÑ?</dt>
+<dt id="freespeech">Doesn't the GNU project support an individual's free
speech rights to call
+the system by any name that individual chooses? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#freespeech">#freespeech</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÐаиÑÑа, ми веÑÑÑемо да Ñвако има пÑаво
Ñлободе говоÑа и да може да назива
опеÑаÑивни ÑиÑÑем било коÑим називом. Ðи
Ñамо молимо ÑÑде да Ñе он назива
@@ -335,8 +352,10 @@
ÑпÑаво вÑедноÑÑи Ñлободе изнеле ÑиÑÑем на
ÑвеÑлоÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð°.
</dd>
-<dt id="everyoneknows">ÐоÑÑо Ñе Ñвакоме познаÑа
Ñлога ÐÐУ-а Ñ ÑазвоÑÑ ÑиÑÑема, Ð·Ð°Ñ Ñе âÐÐУ
Ñаâ Ñ
-Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ подÑазÑмева?</dt>
+<dt id="everyoneknows">Since everyone knows GNU's role in developing the
system, doesn't the
+“GNU/” in the name go without saying? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#everyoneknows">#everyoneknows</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>ÐÑкÑÑÑво нам показÑÑе да коÑиÑниÑи
ÑиÑÑема, и ÑопÑÑе део ÑавноÑÑи коÑи
коÑиÑÑи ÑаÑÑнаÑе, ÑеÑÑо не зна ниÑÑа о
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐÐУ. У веÑини Ñланака о
@@ -356,8 +375,9 @@
Ñлози.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="everyoneknows2">ÐоÑÑо ми Ñе познаÑа Ñлога
ÐÐУ-а Ñ Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¼ ÑиÑÑемÑ, заÑÑо Ñе биÑно коÑи
назив
-коÑиÑÑим?</dt>
+<dt id="everyoneknows2">Since I know the role of GNU in this system, why does
it matter what name I
+use? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#everyoneknows2">#everyoneknows2</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðко ваÑе ÑеÑи не одÑажаваÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñе знаÑе,
онда не подÑÑаваÑе дÑÑге. ÐеÑина
@@ -366,24 +386,27 @@
âоÑвоÑеног извоÑног кодаâ. Ðко им ви не
кажеÑе, ко Ñе?
</dd>
-<dt id="windows">ÐиÑе ли ÑкÑаÑиваÑе назива âÐÐУ
Ñа ÐинÑкÑомâ на âÐинÑкÑâ иÑÑо ÑÑо и
-ÑкÑаÑиваÑе назива âÐикÑоÑоÑÑов ÐиндовÑâ
на âÐиндовÑâ?</dt>
+<dt id="windows">Isn't shortening “GNU/Linux” to
“Linux” just like
+shortening “Microsoft Windows” to “Windows”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#windows">#windows</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÐоÑиÑно Ñе ÑкÑаÑиÑи ÑеÑÑо коÑиÑÑени назив,
али не Ñколико ÑкÑаÑениÑа може да
доведе Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±ÑнÑ.
<p>
-СкоÑо Ñви Ñ ÑазвиÑеним земÑама заиÑÑа
знаÑÑ Ð´Ð° Ñе âÐиндовÑâ ÑиÑÑем кога
-пÑоизводи ÐикÑоÑоÑÑ, па ÑÑога ÑкÑаÑиваÑе
назива âÐикÑоÑоÑÑов ÐиндовÑâ на
-âÐиндовÑâ никога не збÑÑÑÑе Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð»ÐµÐ´Ñ
пÑиÑоде и наÑÑанка Ñог
-ÑиÑÑема. ÐеÑÑÑим, ÑкÑаÑиваÑе назива âÐÐУ
Ñа ÐинÑкÑомâ на âÐинÑкÑâ пÑÑжа
-погÑеÑÐ½Ñ ÑÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¾ Ñоме како Ñе ÑиÑÑем
наÑÑао.</p>
+Almost everyone in developed countries really does know that the
+“Windows” system is made by Microsoft, so shortening
+“Microsoft Windows” to “Windows” does not mislead
+anyone as to that system's nature and origin. Shortening
+“GNU/Linux” to “Linux” does give the wrong idea of
+where the system comes from.</p>
<p>
Само пиÑаÑе доводи Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±ÑнÑ, ÑÐµÑ ÐÐУ и
ÐикÑоÑоÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑа вÑÑÑа
ÑÑваÑи. ÐикÑоÑоÑÑ Ñе ÑиÑма, а ÐÐУ Ñе
опеÑаÑивни ÑиÑÑем.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="tools">ÐиÑе ли ÐÐУ Ñамо ÑкÑп
пÑогÑамеÑÑкиÑ
алаÑа коÑи Ñе иÑпоÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ñа
ÐинÑкÑом?</dt>
+<dt id="tools">Isn't GNU a collection of programming tools that were included
in Linux?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#tools">#tools</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Уколико ÑопÑÑе и ÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÐÐУ, ÑÑди коÑи
миÑле да Ñе ÐинÑÐºÑ Ñео опеÑаÑивни
@@ -407,7 +430,8 @@
ÐÐУÐеÑ, ÐÐУ-ов ÑаÑ
и Ðном за ÑиÑÑем ÐÐУ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="osvskernel">Ðаква Ñе Ñазлика измеÑÑ
опеÑаÑивног ÑиÑÑема и ÑезгÑа?</dt>
+<dt id="osvskernel">What is the difference between an operating system and a
kernel? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#osvskernel">#osvskernel</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÐпеÑаÑивни ÑиÑÑем по нама пÑедÑÑавÑа ÑкÑп
пÑогÑама коÑи ÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñни за
@@ -441,7 +465,8 @@
</dd>
<dt id="house">The kernel of a system is like the foundation of a house. How
can a house
-be almost complete when it doesn't have a foundation?</dt>
+be almost complete when it doesn't have a foundation? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#house">#house</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÐезгÑо ниÑе попÑÑ ÑемеÑа кÑÑе ÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð³ÑадÑа
опеÑаÑивног ÑиÑÑема ниÑе попÑÑ
@@ -461,21 +486,24 @@
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="brain">Isn't the kernel the brain of the system?</dt>
+<dt id="brain">Isn't the kernel the brain of the system? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#brain">#brain</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
A computer system is not much like a human body, and no part of it plays a
role comparable to that of the brain in a human.
</dd>
-<dt id="kernelmost">Isn't writing the kernel most of the work in an operating
system?</dt>
+<dt id="kernelmost">Isn't writing the kernel most of the work in an operating
system? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#kernelmost">#kernelmost</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
No, many components take a lot of work.
</dd>
-<dt id="afterkernel">Ðи називамо Ñео ÑиÑÑем по
ÑезгÑÑ â ÐинÑкÑ. ÐиÑе ли ÑобиÑаÑено назваÑи
-опеÑаÑивни ÑиÑÑем по ÑезгÑÑ?</dt>
+<dt id="afterkernel">We're calling the whole system after the kernel, Linux.
Isn't it normal to
+name an operating system after a kernel? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#afterkernel">#afterkernel</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Таква пÑакÑа Ñе веома ÑеÑка â не можемо да
пÑонаÑемо ниÑедан Ñакав пÑимеÑ
@@ -491,8 +519,9 @@
âÑезгÑо, ÐинÑкÑâ или âÐинÑкÑ, ÑезгÑоâ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="long">Ðно ÑÑо ÑмеÑа код назива âÐÐУ Ñа
ÐинÑкÑомâ Ñе Ñо ÑÑо Ñе пÑедÑгаÑак. Ðако би
-било да пÑедложиÑе неки кÑаÑи назив?</dt>
+<dt id="long">The problem with “GNU/Linux” is that it is too long.
How about
+recommending a shorter name? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#long">#long</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðи Ñмо неко вÑеме покÑÑали да коÑиÑÑимо
назив âÐиÐÐУкÑâ, коÑи комбинÑÑе ÑеÑи
@@ -503,8 +532,9 @@
ÐинÑкÑомâ, због доленаведениÑ
Ñазлога.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="justgnu">ÐоÑÑо Ñе ÐинÑÐºÑ ÑпоÑедни
допÑиноÑ, да ли би било неиÑÑиниÑо називаÑи
ÑиÑÑем
-пÑоÑÑо âÐÐУ-омâ?</dt>
+<dt id="justgnu">Since Linux is a secondary contribution, would it be false to
the facts to
+call the system simply “GNU”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#justgnu">#justgnu</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðе би Ñе коÑило Ñа ÑиÑениÑама, али Ñо ниÑе
наÑбоÑи избоÑ. Ðво Ñазлога због
@@ -529,9 +559,11 @@
</ul><p></p>
</dd>
-<dt id="trademarkfee">Уколико коÑиÑÑим назив
âÐинÑкÑâ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ñоизвода, моÑам да за Ñо
-плаÑим. ÐÑÑо важи и ако коÑиÑÑим назив
âÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑомâ. Ðа ли Ñе погÑеÑно
-да коÑиÑÑим Ñамо назив âÐÐУâ без назива
âÐинÑкÑâ како биÑ
избегао плаÑаÑе?</dt>
+<dt id="trademarkfee">I would have to pay a fee if I use “Linux”
in the name of a
+product, and that would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux”. Is it
+wrong if I use “GNU” without “Linux”, to save the
+fee? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#trademarkfee">#trademarkfee</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðема ниÑег лоÑег Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÑÑ ÑиÑÑема
âÐÐУ-омâ, ÑÐµÑ ÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð² опиÑÑÑе оно о
ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñе овде говоÑи. Ðепо Ñе и ÐинÑÑÑ
ТоÑвалдÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ñи део поÑаÑÑи, али ниÑÑе
@@ -541,10 +573,11 @@
како биÑÑе избегли плаÑаÑе за назив
âÐинÑкÑâ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="many">Ðо Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸ пÑоÑекÑи помогли
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ°Ð² Ñе он данаÑ. Ðн ÑкÑÑÑÑÑе
-ТеХ, ÐкÑ11, ÐпаÑ, ÐеÑл, и много дÑÑгиÑ
пÑогÑама. ÐÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñи аÑгÑменÑи не
-наводе на Ñо да и Ñима ÑÑеба одаÑи
пÑизнаÑе? (Ðли би Ñо довело до назива
-коÑи би био Ñолико дÑгаÑак да би Ñо било
ÑмеÑно.)</dt>
+<dt id="many">Many other projects contributed to the system as it is today; it
includes
+TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many more programs. Don't your arguments imply
+we have to give them credit too? (But that would lead to a name so long it
+is absurd.) <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#many">#many</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðно ÑÑо ми поÑÑÑÑÑемо Ñе да главном
гÑадиÑеÑÑ ÑиÑÑема ÑÑеба одаÑи део
@@ -570,8 +603,9 @@
(ÐинÑкÑÑ) а не поменÑÑи главни допÑиноÑ
(ÐÐУ).</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="others">Ðноги дÑÑги пÑоÑекÑи ÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ñинели
Ñоме да ÑиÑÑем бÑде онакав какав Ñе данаÑ,
-али они не инÑиÑÑиÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ñ ÐÐÐ Ñа
ÐинÑкÑом. ÐаÑÑо биÑмо издваÑали ÐÐУ?</dt>
+<dt id="others">Many other projects contributed to the system as it is today,
but they don't
+insist on calling it XYZ/Linux. Why should we treat GNU specially? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#others">#others</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ХиÑаде пÑоÑекаÑа ÑÑ ÑазвиÑали пÑогÑаме
коÑи Ñе ÑÑандаÑдно ÑкÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð°ÑÑе
@@ -583,7 +617,8 @@
ÑкÑпа пÑиложениÑ
пÑогÑама. ÐÐУ Ñе оÑнова
на коÑÐ¾Ñ Ñе изгÑаÑен ÑиÑÑем.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="allsmall">ÐÐУ Ñе Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¸ део ÑиÑÑема.
ÐаÑÑо биÑмо га онда помиÑали?</dt>
+<dt id="allsmall">GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays, so why
should we mention it?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#allsmall">#allsmall</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðодине 2008. Ñмо Ñазнали да ÐÐУ-ови пакеÑи
Ñине 15% âглавногâ ÑкладиÑÑа
диÑÑÑибÑÑиÑе ÐÐУ-а Ñа ÐинÑкÑом <em>gNewSense</em>.
ÐинÑÐºÑ Ñини 1,5%. ÐаÑо би
@@ -597,8 +632,10 @@
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="manycompanies">Ðноге ÑиÑме ÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ñинеле Ñоме
да ÑиÑÑем бÑде онакав какав Ñе данаÑ. ÐÐ°Ñ Ñо
-не знаÑи да би ÑÑебало да га називамо Ред
ХеÑов и Ðовелов ÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑом?</dt>
+<dt id="manycompanies">Many companies contributed to the system as it is
today; doesn't that mean
+we ought to call it GNU/Red Hat/Novell/Linux? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#manycompanies">#manycompanies</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
@@ -616,7 +653,8 @@
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="whyslash">ÐаÑÑо пиÑеÑе âÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑомâ
ÑмеÑÑо âÐÐУ ÐинÑкÑâ?</dt>
+<dt id="whyslash">Why do you write “GNU/Linux” instead of
“GNU Linux”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whyslash">#whyslash</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðо пÑавилима енглеÑког Ñезика, ÑÐµÑ âÐÐУâ
(енг. <em>GNU</em>) Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑкÑиÑи
@@ -649,7 +687,8 @@
<em>GNU-Linux</em>. Ðи понекад на ÑпанÑком кажемо
<em>GNU con Linux</em>.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="whyorder">ÐаÑÑо âÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑомâ ÑмеÑÑо
âÐинÑÐºÑ Ñа ÐÐУ-омâ?</dt>
+<dt id="whyorder">Why “GNU/Linux” rather than
“Linux/GNU”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whyorder">#whyorder</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÐÑпÑавно Ñе и пÑавиÑно пÑво поменÑÑи
оÑновног допÑиноÑиоÑа. Ðе Ñамо да Ñе
@@ -661,24 +700,31 @@
ÐÐУ, Ñиме ÑÑваÑаÑÑÑи ÑÑиÑак да Ñе Ñео
ÑиÑÑем ÐинÑкÑ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="distronames">ÐоÑа диÑÑÑибÑÑиÑа Ñе зове
âÐеÑÑонеÑÑо ÐинÑкÑâ. ÐÐ°Ñ Ñо не говоÑи да
Ñе Ñади о
-ÐинÑкÑÑ?</dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>То Ñамо знаÑи да ÑÑди коÑи пÑаве
диÑÑÑибÑÑиÑÑ âÐеÑÑонеÑÑо ÐинÑкÑâ
понавÑаÑÑ
-ÑеÑÑÑ Ð³ÑеÑкÑ.</p>
-</dd>
-
-<dt id="distronames1">ÐваниÑан назив моÑе
диÑÑÑибÑÑиÑе Ñе âÐеÑÑонеÑÑо ÐинÑкÑâ. ÐаÑ
ниÑе погÑеÑно
-не називаÑи Ñе âÐинÑкÑомâ?</dt>
+<dt id="distronames">My distro is called “Foobar Linux”; doesn't
that show it's
+really Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#distronames">#distronames</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>It means that the people who make the “Foobar Linux” distro are
+repeating the common mistake. We appreciate that distributions like Debian,
+Dragora, Musix, Trisquel, and Venenux have adopted GNU/Linux as part of
+their official name, and we hope that if you are involved with a different
+distribution, you will encourage it to do the same.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="distronames1">My distro's official name is “Foobar Linux”;
isn't it wrong to
+call the distro anything but “Linux”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#distronames1">#distronames1</a>)</span></dt>
<dd><p>Ðко они Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð´Ð° пÑомене âÐÐУâ Ñ
âÐеÑÑонеÑÑо ÐинÑкÑâ, можеÑе и ви ÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²
да пÑомениÑе Ñ âÐеÑÑонеÑÑо(в) ÐÐУ Ñа
ÐинÑкÑомâ. Ðе може биÑи маÑе иÑпÑавно
да Ñе гÑеÑка иÑпÑави него да Ñе ÑÑини.</p></dd>
-<dt id="companies">ÐÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ би било еÑекÑниÑе да Ñе
ÑиÑме као ÑÑо ÑÑ ÐандÑак, Ред Ð¥ÐµÑ Ð¸ ÐÐÐ
-замоле да називаÑÑ ÑиÑ
ове диÑÑÑибÑÑиÑе
âÐÐУ-ом Ñа ÐинÑкÑомâ ÑмеÑÑо ÑÑо Ñе
-моле поÑединÑи?</dt>
+<dt id="companies">Wouldn't it be more effective to ask companies such as
Mandrake, Red Hat and
+IBM to call their distributions “GNU/Linux” rather than asking
+individuals? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#companies">#companies</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
It isn't a choice of one or the other—we ask companies and
@@ -697,9 +743,10 @@
“GNU/Linux”.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="reserve">ÐÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ би било боÑе да Ñе назив
âÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑомâ задÑжи Ñамо за
-диÑÑÑибÑÑиÑе коÑе ÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑиÑене ÑиÑÑо од
Ñлободног ÑоÑÑвеÑа? ÐÐ°Ñ Ñо ниÑе идеал
-ÐÐУ-а?</dt>
+<dt id="reserve">Wouldn't it be better to reserve the name
“GNU/Linux” for
+distributions that are purely free software? After all, that is the ideal of
+GNU. <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#reserve">#reserve</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
РаÑиÑена пÑакÑа додаваÑа неÑлободног
ÑоÑÑвеÑа ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑом
@@ -727,17 +774,17 @@
гледаÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¾ на изопаÑене и иÑкваÑене
веÑзиÑе ÐÐУ-а, ÑмеÑÑо да на ÑиÑ
гледаÑÑ
као на иÑпÑавне и пÑикладне âвеÑзиÑе
ÐинÑкÑаâ.</p>
<p>
-Ðеома Ñе коÑиÑно оÑганизоваÑи гÑÑпе
коÑиÑника ÐÐУ-а Ñа ÐинÑкÑом, коÑе ÑиÑÑем
-називаÑÑ ÐÐУ-ом Ñа ÐинÑкÑом и пÑиÑ
ваÑаÑÑ
идеале ÐÑоÑекÑа ÐÐУ као оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ñвог
-деловаÑа. Уколико ваÑа оближÑа âÐинÑкÑ
коÑиÑниÑка гÑÑпаâ паÑи од иÑÑиÑ
-гоÑенаведениÑ
ÑимпÑома, пÑедлажемо вам
или да запоÑнеÑе кампаÑÑ Ð¿Ñомене
-ÑÑмеÑеÑа (и назива) ÑнÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð³ÑÑпе или да
запоÑнеÑе Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð³ÑÑпÑ. ÐÑди коÑи Ñе
-поÑвеÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÑÑниÑим ÑиÑевима имаÑÑ Ð¿Ñаво
на ÑвоÑа гледиÑÑа, али им немоÑÑе
-дозволиÑи да повÑÐºÑ Ð¸ ваÑ!</p>
+It is very useful to start GNU/Linux User Groups, which call the system
+GNU/Linux and adopt the ideals of the GNU Project as a basis for their
+activities. If the Linux User Group in your area has the problems described
+above, we suggest you either campaign within the group to change its
+orientation (and name) or start a new group. The people who focus on the
+more superficial goals have a right to their views, but don't let them drag
+you along!</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="gnudist">ÐаÑÑо не ÑÑиниÑи ÐÐУ
диÑÑÑибÑÑиÑом ÐинÑкÑа (sic) и Ñо називаÑи
ÐÐУ-ом Ñа
-ÐинÑкÑом?</dt>
+<dt id="gnudist">Why not make a GNU distribution of Linux (sic) and call that
GNU/Linux?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#gnudist">#gnudist</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Све диÑÑÑибÑÑиÑе âÐинÑкÑаâ ÑÑ Ñ ÑÑваÑи
веÑзиÑе ÑиÑÑема ÐÐУ Ñа ÑезгÑом
@@ -755,8 +802,9 @@
ÐинÑкÑом, као ÑÑо ÑÑ <em>gNewSense</em> и <em>Ututo</em>.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="linuxgnu">ÐаÑÑо не ÑеÑи âÐинÑÐºÑ Ñе ÑезгÑо
ÐÐУ-аâ и обÑавиÑи Ð½ÐµÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑоÑеÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑзиÑÑ
-ÐÐУ-а Ñа ÐинÑкÑом под именом âÐÐУâ?</dt>
+<dt id="linuxgnu">Why not just say “Linux is the GNU kernel” and
release some
+existing version of GNU/Linux under the name “GNU”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#linuxgnu">#linuxgnu</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðожда би 1992. године пÑедÑÑавÑало добÑÑ
идеÑÑ ÑÑвоÑиÑи ÐинÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¾ ÑезгÑо
@@ -770,7 +818,8 @@
поÑÑÑпамо.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="condemn">Ðа ли Ñе ÐÑоÑÐµÐºÐ°Ñ ÐÐУ од поÑеÑка
оÑÑÑивао и пÑоÑивио Ñе ÑпоÑÑеби ÐинÑкÑа?</dt>
+<dt id="condemn">Did the GNU Project condemn and oppose use of Linux in the
early days? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#condemn">#condemn</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðи ниÑмо пÑиÑ
ваÑили ÐинÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¾ наÑе
ÑезгÑо, али га ни не оÑÑÑÑÑемо и не
@@ -796,8 +845,8 @@
ÑиÑÑема Ñе да молимо ÑÑде да називаÑÑ
ÑиÑÑем âÐÐУ-ом Ñа ÐинÑкÑомâ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="wait">ÐаÑÑо вам Ñе било поÑÑебно Ñолико
много вÑемена да поÑнеÑе да ÑÑажиÑе од
-ÑÑди да коÑиÑÑе назив ÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑом?</dt>
+<dt id="wait">Why did you wait so long before asking people to use the name
GNU/Linux?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#wait">#wait</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Ðа, Ñ ÑÑваÑи, и ниÑе. Ðи Ñмо пÑиваÑно
поÑели да о овоме ÑазговаÑамо Ñа
@@ -805,7 +854,9 @@
1996. године. ÐаÑÑавиÑемо Ñа Ñом онолико
колико Ñе Ñо поÑÑебно.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="allgpled">ТÑеба ли пÑавило ÐÐУ Ñа [назив]
пÑимеÑиваÑи на Ñве пÑогÑаме коÑи ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´
ÐÐÐ?</dt>
+<dt id="allgpled">Should the GNU/<i>name</i> convention be applied to all
programs that are
+GPL'ed? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#allgpled">#allgpled</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðи никада не називамо поÑединаÑне
пÑогÑаме коÑиÑÑеÑи обÑÐ°Ð·Ð°Ñ âÐÐУ Ñа
@@ -845,8 +896,9 @@
ÑеÑÑе ÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑом Ñ ÑиÑ
овом ÑÑедиÑÑÑ, а
не иÑкÑÑÑиво ÐинÑкÑ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="unix">ÐоÑÑо велики део ÐÐУ-а поÑиÑе од
УникÑа, Ð·Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ би ÑÑебало да ÐÐУ ода
-пÑизнаÑе УникÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð²Ñи Ð£Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑ Ñвом
називÑ?</dt>
+<dt id="unix">Since much of GNU comes from Unix, shouldn't GNU give credit to
Unix by
+using “Unix” in its name? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#unix">#unix</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
УÑÑваÑи, ниÑедан део ÐÐУ-а не поÑиÑе од
УникÑа. Ð£Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑ Ñе влаÑниÑки ÑоÑÑвеÑ
@@ -862,12 +914,12 @@
пÑедÑÑавÑа комиÑан наÑин одаваÑа поÑаÑÑи
УникÑÑ, Ñ ÑÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ñа Ñ
акеÑÑком
ÑÑадиÑиÑом ÑекÑÑзивниÑ
ÑкÑаÑениÑа коÑа
поÑиÑе из ÑедамдеÑеÑиÑ
.</p>
<p>
-ÐÑва Ñаква ÑекÑÑзивна ÑкÑаÑениÑа Ñе била
ТÐТ, âТÐТ ниÑе Текоâ
-(енг. <em>TINT, âTINT Is Not TECOâ</em>). ÐÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¢ÐТ-а Ñе
напиÑао ÑÐ¾Ñ Ñедно
-оÑÑваÑеÑе Тека (Ð²ÐµÑ Ñе поÑÑоÑало виÑе
ÑаквиÑ
оÑÑваÑеÑа, за Ñазне ÑиÑÑеме),
-али ÑмеÑÑо да Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ½Ðµ доÑадно име као ÑÑо
Ñе âнеÑÑодÑÑго Текоâ, ÑмиÑлио Ñе
-инÑелигенÑно и забавно име. (УпÑаво Ñо и
знаÑи Ñ
акеÑиÑаÑе: <a
-href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>ÑазигÑана
биÑÑÑина</a>.)</p>
+The first such recursive acronym was TINT, “TINT Is Not TECO”.
+The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO (there were already
+many of them, for various systems), but instead of calling it by a dull name
+like “<em>somethingorother</em> TECO”, he thought of a clever
+amusing name. (That's what hacking means: <a
+href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>playful
cleverness</a>.)</p>
<p>
ÐÑÑгим Ñ
акеÑима Ñе Ñо име Ñвидело Ñолико
да Ñмо и ми имиÑиÑали оваÑ
пÑинÑип. ÐоÑÑала Ñе ÑÑадиÑиÑа да пÑогÑамÑ,
када пиÑеÑе изнова пÑогÑам коÑи
@@ -886,7 +938,8 @@
Ñазне ÑаÑÑнаÑÑке ÑиÑме Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð´ÑÑгаÑиÑе.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="bsd">ТÑеба ли коÑиÑÑиÑи и назив âÐÐУ Ñа
ÐСÐ-омâ?</dt>
+<dt id="bsd">Should we say “GNU/BSD” too? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#bsd">#bsd</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðи не називамо ÑиÑÑеме ÐСР(ФÑиÐСÐ, иÑд.)
ÑиÑÑемима âÐÐУ Ñа ÐСÐ-омâ,
@@ -917,8 +970,9 @@
ÐСÐ, ÑÐµÑ Ñе веÑина ÑиÑÑема иÑÑа као код
ÑиÑÑема ÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑом.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="othersys">Уколико инÑÑалиÑам ÐÐУ-ове алаÑе
под ÐиндовÑом, да ли Ñо знаÑи да имам
-ÑиÑÑем ÐÐУ Ñа ÐиндовÑом?</dt>
+<dt id="othersys">If I install the GNU tools on Windows, does that mean I am
running a
+GNU/Windows system? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#othersys">#othersys</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðе на иÑÑи наÑин коÑи подÑазÑмевамо код
âÐÐУ-а Ñа ÐинÑкÑомâ. ÐлаÑи ÐÐУ-а ÑÑ
@@ -928,33 +982,38 @@
ÐинÑкÑом.
</dd>
-<dt id="justlinux">Ðоже ли поÑÑоÑаÑи ÑиÑÑем ÐинÑкÑ
без ÐÐУ-а?</dt>
+<dt id="justlinux">Can't Linux be used without GNU? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#justlinux">#justlinux</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Linux is used by itself, or with small other programs, in some appliances.
+These small software systems are a far cry from the GNU/Linux system. Users
+do not install them on PCs, for instance, and would find them rather
+disappointing. It is useful to say that these appliances run just Linux, to
+show how different those small platforms are from GNU/Linux.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="linuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete Linux systems without GNU? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu">#linuxsyswithoutgnu</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-ÐогÑÑе Ñе напÑавиÑи ÑиÑÑем коме Ñе ÐинÑкÑ
ÑезгÑо али ниÑе заÑнован на
-ÐÐУ-Ñ. РеÑено ми Ñе да поÑÑоÑе мали ÑиÑÑеми,
коÑи Ñе коÑиÑÑе за ÑгÑежден
-ÑазвоÑ, коÑи ÑадÑже ÐинÑÐºÑ Ð°Ð»Ð¸ не и ÑиÑÑем
ÐÐУ. Ðедно вÑеме ÑÑ ÐºÑÑжиле
-глаÑине да ÐÐРпланиÑа да Ñ ÐÐ¸ÐºÑ (енг.
<em>AIX</em>) ÑмеÑÑи ÐинÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¾
-ÑезгÑо. То Ñе ÑеоÑеÑÑки могÑÑе, без обзиÑа
да ли ÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ ово и пÑобали Ñ
-ÑÑваÑноÑÑи. Ðакве закÑÑÑке о именоваÑÑ
ÑазниÑ
ÑиÑÑема можемо извÑÑи из
-овога?
-<p>
-ÐÑди коÑима Ñе ÑезгÑо важниÑе од оÑÑаÑка
ÑиÑÑема говоÑе: âСви они ÑадÑже
-ÐинÑкÑ. Ðовимо иÑ
ÑÑога ÐинÑÐºÑ ÑиÑÑемимаâ.
Ðли било коÑа два Ñаква ÑиÑÑема
-ÑÑ Ñглавном ÑазлиÑиÑа, па Ñе погÑеÑно
називаÑи иÑ
иÑÑим именом. (Ðа пÑимеÑ,
-Ñо наводи ÑÑде да ÑмаÑÑаÑÑ ÑезгÑо важниÑим
од Ñелог оÑÑаÑка ÑиÑÑема.)</p>
-<p>
-У малим ÑгÑежденим ÑиÑÑемима, ÐинÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ðµ
да пÑедÑÑавÑа веÑи део
-ÑиÑÑема. Ðожда Ñе назив âÑиÑÑеми ÐинÑкÑâ
за ÑиÑ
иÑпÑаван. Ðни ÑÑ Ð²ÐµÐ¾Ð¼Ð°
-ÑазлиÑиÑи од ÑиÑÑема ÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑом, коÑи
ÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ñе ÐÐУ него
-ÐинÑкÑ. ХипоÑеÑиÑки ÐÐÐ-ов ÑиÑÑем би био
ÑазлиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð´ оба ова ÑиÑÑема. ÐÑави
-назив за Ñега би био ÐÐ¸ÐºÑ Ñа ÐинÑкÑом (енг.
<em>AIX/Linux</em>): ÐикÑова
-оÑнова, али Ñа ÐинÑкÑом као ÑезгÑом. Ðви
ÑазлиÑиÑи називи би демонÑÑÑиÑали
-коÑиÑниÑима колико ÑÑ Ñи ÑиÑÑеми
ÑазлиÑиÑи.</p>
+There are complete systems that contain Linux and not GNU; Android is an
+example. But it is a mistake to call them “Linux” systems.
+<p>
+Android is very different from the GNU/Linux system—because it
+contains very little of the GNU system, only Linux. Overall, it's a
+different system. If you call the whole system “Linux”, you
+will find it necessary to say things like, “Android contains Linux,
+but it isn't Linux, because it doesn't have the usual Linux [sic] libraries
+and utilities [meaning the GNU system].” Android contains just as much
+of Linux as GNU/Linux does. What it doesn't have is the GNU system.
+Instead it has a lot of Google software.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="helplinus">ÐаÑÑо да и поÑед Ñвега не
називамо ÑиÑÑем âÐинÑкÑомâ и Ñако оÑаÑамо
ÑлогÑ
-ÐинÑÑа ТоÑвалдÑа као маÑкоÑе наÑе
заÑедниÑе?</dt>
+<dt id="helplinus">Why not call the system “Linux” anyway, and
strengthen Linus
+Torvalds' role as posterboy for our community? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#helplinus">#helplinus</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÐинÑÑ Ð¢Ð¾ÑÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð´Ñ Ñе âмаÑкоÑаâ (Ñако га
називаÑÑ Ð´ÑÑги, а не ми) ÑвоÑиÑ
ÑиÑева,
@@ -981,7 +1040,8 @@
ÑиÑÑем о коме Ñе говоÑи поÑиÑе из идеала
Ñлободе, а не из ÑеговиÑ
ÑÑавова.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="claimlinux">ÐÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñе погÑеÑно ознаÑаваÑи
дело ÐинÑÑа ТоÑвалдÑа ÐÐУ-ом?</dt>
+<dt id="claimlinux">Isn't it wrong for us to label Linus Torvalds' work as
GNU? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#claimlinux">#claimlinux</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðило би погÑеÑно, па заÑо Ñо ми и не Ñадимо.
ТоÑвалдÑово дело Ñе ÐинÑкÑ,
@@ -991,7 +1051,8 @@
</dd>
-<dt id="linusagreed">Ðа ли Ñе ÐинÑÑ Ð¢Ð¾ÑÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð´Ñ Ñлаже
Ñа Ñим да Ñе ÐинÑÐºÑ Ñамо ÑезгÑо?</dt>
+<dt id="linusagreed">Does Linus Torvalds agree that Linux is just the kernel?
<span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linusagreed">#linusagreed</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Ðн Ñе ово ÑÑ
ваÑао Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑеÑкÑ. У Ñеговим
наÑÑаниÑим обÑавним белеÑкама Ñе
@@ -1002,8 +1063,9 @@
или ÐÐУ-Ñ</a>.â</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="lost">ÐиÑка Ñе Ð²ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð³ÑбÑена â дÑÑÑÑво
Ñе одлÑÑило и ми Ñо не можемо
-пÑомениÑи. ÐаÑÑо биÑмо Ñак и помиÑÑали на
Ñо?</dt>
+<dt id="lost">The battle is already lost—society has made its decision
and we can't
+change it, so why even think about it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#lost">#lost</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðво ниÑе биÑка, Ð²ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±Ñазовна кампаÑа.
ÐдлÑка како назваÑи ÑиÑÑем ниÑе
@@ -1013,8 +1075,9 @@
називаÑе ÑиÑÑем âÐÐУ-ом Ñа ÐинÑкÑомâ, и
Ñако нам помогнеÑе.
</dd>
-<dt id="whatgood">ÐÑÑÑÑво Ñе одлÑÑило и ми Ñо не
можемо пÑомениÑи. ШÑа би пÑоменило Ñколико
-биÑ
говоÑио âÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑомâ?</dt>
+<dt id="whatgood">Society has made its decision and we can't change it, so
what good does it
+do if I say “GNU/Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#whatgood">#whatgood</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðво ниÑе ÑиÑÑаÑиÑа âÑве или ниÑÑаâ.
ÐÑпÑавне и погÑеÑне Ñлике ÑиÑе маÑе или
@@ -1026,8 +1089,9 @@
нико ниÑе пÑимеÑио. Рнеки од ÑиÑ
Ñе о овоÑ
иÑпÑавÑи иÑпÑиÑаÑи дÑÑгима.
</dd>
-<dt id="explain">ÐÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ би било боÑе зваÑи ÑиÑÑем
âÐинÑкÑâ и подÑÑаваÑи ÑÑде о Ñеговом
пÑавом
-поÑÐµÐºÐ»Ñ Ð´ÐµÑеÑоминÑÑним обÑаÑÑеÑем?</dt>
+<dt id="explain">Wouldn't it be better to call the system “Linux”
and teach
+people its real origin with a ten-minute explanation? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#explain">#explain</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Уколико нам помажеÑе Ñаквим обÑаÑÑаваÑем
дÑÑгима, ми Ñенимо Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑÑÑд, али Ñо
@@ -1047,8 +1111,9 @@
ÐÑоÑекÑÑ ÐÐУ.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="treatment">Ðеки ÑÑди Ñе ÑмеÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð´Ð° иÑ
замолиÑе да називаÑÑ ÑиÑÑем ÐÐУ-ом Ñа
-ÐинÑкÑом. ÐаÑÑо Ñе излагаÑи Ñоме?</dt>
+<dt id="treatment">Some people laugh at you when you ask them to call the
system GNU/Linux.
+Why do you subject yourself to this treatment? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#treatment">#treatment</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÐазиваÑе ÑиÑÑема âÐинÑкÑомâ пÑÑжа ÑÑдима
погÑеÑÐ½Ñ ÑÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¸ÑÑоÑиÑаÑа и Ñазлога
@@ -1068,8 +1133,9 @@
ÑмеÑаÑем.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="alienate">Ðеки ÑÑди Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¾ÑпиÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð´Ð° иÑ
замолиÑе да називаÑÑ ÑиÑÑем ÐÐУ-ом Ñа
-ÐинÑкÑом. ÐÐ°Ñ Ð¾ÑÑÑиваÑе од ÑиÑ
не
пÑедÑÑавÑа гÑбиÑак?</dt>
+<dt id="alienate">Some people condemn you when you ask them to call the system
GNU/Linux.
+Don't you lose by alienating them? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#alienate">#alienate</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðе велики. ÐÑди коÑи не пÑизнаÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑ ÑлогÑ
Ñ ÑазвоÑÑ ÑиÑÑема Ñе ÑеÑко
@@ -1085,22 +1151,24 @@
Ñа покÑÑаÑима да иÑпÑавимо погÑеÑан
назив.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="rename">Ðа ли Ñе легиÑимно пÑеименоваÑи
опеÑаÑивни ÑиÑÑем, без обзиÑа на Ñо Ñиме ÑÑе
-допÑинели?</dt>
+<dt id="rename">Whatever you contributed, is it legitimate to rename the
operating system?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#rename">#rename</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðи ниÑÑа не пÑеименÑÑемо. Ðи Ñмо називали
ÑиÑÑем âÐÐУ-омâ ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´ када Ñмо га
запоÑели, 1983. године. Ðни коÑи ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÑÑали
да га пÑеименÑÑÑ Ñ âÐинÑкÑâ
ниÑе ÑÑебало Ñо да ÑÑаде.</dd>
-<dt id="force">ÐÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñе погÑеÑно пÑиÑиÑаваÑи
ÑÑде да називаÑÑ ÑиÑÑем âÐÐУ-ом Ñа
ÐинÑкÑомâ?</dt>
+<dt id="force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call the system
“GNU/Linux”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#force">#force</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðило би погÑеÑно пÑиÑиÑаваÑи иÑ
, и заÑо Ñо
ни не покÑÑавамо. Ðи називамо
ÑиÑÑем âÐÐУ-ом Ñа ÐинÑкÑомâ и молимо ваÑ
да и ви Ñо ÑадиÑе.
</dd>
-<dt id="whynotsue">ÐаÑÑо не ÑÑжиÑи ÑÑде коÑи
називаÑÑ Ñео ÑиÑÑем âÐинÑкÑомâ?</dt>
+<dt id="whynotsue">Why not sue people who call the whole system
“Linux”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whynotsue">#whynotsue</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðемамо пÑавног оÑнова да иÑ
ÑÑжимо, али,
поÑÑо ми веÑÑÑемо Ñ ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñа,
@@ -1108,8 +1176,9 @@
âÐÐУ-ом Ñа ÐинÑкÑомâ због Ñога ÑÑо Ñе Ñо
иÑпÑавно.
</dd>
-<dt id="require">ÐаÑÑо не ÑÑавиÑе неÑÑо Ñ ÐÐУ-овÑ
ÐÐÐ ÑÑо би заÑ
Ñевало да Ñе ÑиÑÑем назива
-âÐÐУ-омâ?</dt>
+<dt id="require">Shouldn't you put something in the GNU GPL to require people
to call the
+system “GNU”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#require">#require</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
СвÑÑ
а ÐÐУ-ове ÐÐÐ Ñе да заÑÑиÑи ÑлободÑ
коÑиÑника од ониÑ
коÑи би наÑинили
@@ -1121,9 +1190,10 @@
огÑаниÑава Ð¸Ð·Ð±Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð° коÑим ÑÑди Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð´Ð°
називаÑÑ ÑиÑÑем.
</dd>
-<dt id="BSDlicense">ÐоÑÑо ÑÑе Ñе пÑоÑивили
пÑвобиÑном заÑ
ÑÐµÐ²Ñ Ð¸Ð· ÐСÐ-ове лиÑенÑе да Ñе
ода
-пÑизнаÑе ÐалиÑоÑниÑÑком ÑнивеÑзиÑеÑÑ,
ниÑе ли лиÑемеÑно да Ñе заÑ
Ñева
-одаваÑе пÑизнаÑа ÐÑоÑекÑÑ ÐÐУ?</dt>
+<dt id="BSDlicense">Since you objected to the original BSD license's
advertising requirement to
+give credit to the University of California, isn't it hypocritical to demand
+credit for the GNU project? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#BSDlicense">#BSDlicense</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðило би лиÑемеÑно заÑ
ÑеваÑи лиÑенÑом да Ñе
коÑиÑÑи назив ÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑом, и
@@ -1131,8 +1201,10 @@
да нам одаÑе пÑизнаÑе како биÑÑе ÑÑинили
иÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð½Ñ ÑÑваÑ.
</dd>
-<dt id="deserve">ÐоÑÑо ниÑÑе ÑÑавили неÑÑо Ñ
ÐÐУ-Ð¾Ð²Ñ ÐÐÐ ÑÑо би заÑ
Ñевало да Ñе ÑиÑÑем
назива
-âÐÐУ-омâ, заÑлÑжили ÑÑе оно ÑÑо вам Ñе
деÑило. ШÑо Ñе Ñада жалиÑе?</dt>
+<dt id="deserve">Since you failed to put something in the GNU GPL to require
people to call
+the system “GNU”, you deserve what happened; why are you
+complaining now? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#deserve">#deserve</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðво пиÑаÑе ÑнапÑед пÑеÑпоÑÑавÑа да Ñе
ÑаÑна веома конÑÑовеÑзна еÑиÑка
@@ -1144,7 +1216,9 @@
Ñлажемо.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="contradict">ÐÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ не би било боÑе да Ñе не
ÑÑпÑоÑÑÑавÑаÑе ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ñ ÑоликиÑ
ÑÑди?</dt>
+<dt id="contradict">Wouldn't you be better off not contradicting what so many
people believe?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#contradict">#contradict</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðи не миÑлимо да би ÑÑебало да Ñе
пÑидÑÑжимо великом бÑоÑÑ ÑÑди коÑи ÑÑ
@@ -1155,15 +1229,18 @@
легиÑиман и пÑиÑ
ваÑÑив.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="somanyright">ÐоÑÑо има доÑÑа ÑÑди коÑи
називаÑÑ ÑиÑÑем âÐинÑкÑомâ, Ð·Ð°Ñ Ñо не
знаÑи да Ñе
-Ñо иÑпÑавно?</dt>
+<dt id="somanyright">Since many people call it “Linux”, doesn't
that make it right?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ðи не ÑмаÑÑамо да попÑлаÑноÑÑ Ð³ÑеÑкÑ
пÑеÑваÑа Ñ Ð¸ÑÑинÑ.
</dd>
-<dt id="winning">Ðногим ÑÑдима Ñе биÑно Ñамо ÑÑа
Ñе згодниÑе или ко Ñе победник, а не ÑÑа Ñе
-иÑпÑавно. ÐÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ биÑÑе задобили виÑе
подÑÑке дÑÑгаÑиÑим пÑиÑÑÑпом?</dt>
+<dt id="winning">Many people care about what's convenient or who's winning,
not about
+arguments of right or wrong. Couldn't you get more of their support by a
+different road? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#winning">#winning</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
ÐÑинÑÑи Ñамо о Ñоме ÑÑа Ñе згодно или ко
побеÑÑÑе Ñе немоÑална живоÑна
@@ -1218,8 +1295,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -1229,9 +1307,11 @@
за виÑе инÑоÑмаÑиÑа о кооÑдиниÑаÑÑ Ð¸ ÑлаÑÑ
пÑевода овог Ñланка.
</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка без
-надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз ÑÑлов
да Ñе оÑÑвано ово обавеÑÑеÑе.
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -1256,7 +1336,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2010/04/30 08:25:56 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -1300,6 +1380,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: gnu/gnu-linux-faq.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- gnu/gnu-linux-faq.tr.html 30 Apr 2010 08:25:56 -0000 1.10
+++ gnu/gnu-linux-faq.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:58 -0000 1.11
@@ -77,8 +77,9 @@
<li><a href="#long" id="TOClong">“GNU/Linux” ifadesindeki sorun,
bunun çok uzun olması⦠Daha kısa bir isim önerseniz nasıl olur?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#justgnu" id="TOCjustgnu">Linux ikincil bir katkı olduÄuna
göre,
-sistemi basitçe "GNU" diye adlandırmak gerçeÄe aykırı mı olurdu?
</a></li>
+<li><a href="#justgnu" id="TOCjustgnu">Since Linux is a secondary contribution,
+would it be false to the facts to call the system simply
+“GNU”?</a></li>
<li><a href="#trademarkfee" id="TOCtrademarkfee">EÄer, bir ürün isminde
“Linux” kelimesini kullanırsam karÅılıÄında ücret ödemem
@@ -99,9 +100,9 @@
<li><a href="#allsmall" id="TOCallsmall">GNU artık sistemin küçük bir
kısmını
oluÅturur hale gelmiÅtir. Dolayısıyla neden onun adını analım?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#manycompanies" id="TOCmanycompanies">Sistemin bugünkü Åekline
pek
-çok sirket de katkıda bulunmuÅtur. Bu yüzden sistemi
GNU/RedHat/Novell/Linux
-olarak adlandırmamız gerekmiyor mu?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#manycompanies" id="TOCmanycompanies">Many companies contributed
to
+the system as it is today; doesn't that mean we ought to call it
+GNU/Red Hat/Novell/Linux?</a></li>
<li><a href="#whyslash" id="TOCwhyslash">Neden “GNU Linux” yerine
“GNU/Linux” yazıyorsunuz?</a></li>
@@ -150,8 +151,10 @@
kurarsam, bu benim bir GNU/Windows sistemi kullandıÄım anlamına mı
gelir?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux">GNU'suz Linux sistemleri olamaz
-mı?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux">Can't Linux be used without
GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu" id="TOClinuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete
+Linux systems without GNU?</a></li>
<li><a href="#helplinus" id="TOChelplinus">Neden sistemi “Linux”
olarak isimlendirip, Linus Torvalds'ın, topluluÄumuzdaki medya maymunu
@@ -185,6 +188,12 @@
<li><a href="#rename" id="TOCrename">Ne katkıda bulunmuŠolursanız olun,
iÅletim
sisteminin ismini deÄiÅtirmek meÅru mudur?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call the system
+“GNU/Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whynotsue">Why not sue people who call the whole system
+“Linux”?</a></li>
+
<li><a href="#BSDlicense" id="TOCBSDlicense">Ãzgün BSD lisansıânda,
California
Ãniversitesiânin emeÄinin takdir edilmesini saÄlamak için reklam
zorunluluÄu
getirilmek istenmesine karÅı çıktınız. Åimdi GNU projesi'nde kendi
@@ -214,7 +223,8 @@
<dl>
-<dt id="why">Neden sistemi Linux olarak deÄil de GNU/Linux olarak
adlandırıyorsunuz?</dt>
+<dt id="why">Why do you call it GNU/Linux and not Linux? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#why">#why</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>Ãekirdek olarak Linux'u esas alan bir çok iÅletim sistemi daÄıtımı,
temel
olarak GNU iÅletim sisteminin deÄiÅtirilmiÅ sürümleridir. Biz GNU'yu
@@ -232,7 +242,8 @@
DuymamıŠGNU Kullanıcıları</a>; tarih için de <a
href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">GNU Projesi</a> sayfalarına bakınız.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="whycare">Peki ad neden önemli?</dt>
+<dt id="whycare">Why is the name important? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#whycare">#whycare</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>Linux'un (yani çekirdeÄin) geliÅtiricileri, özgür yazılım
topluluÄuna
katkıda bulunsa da, çoÄu özgürlüÄü umursamıyor bile. Bütün sistemin
Linux
@@ -247,8 +258,8 @@
tarafından kavranmasına yardımcı olur</a>.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="howerror">Nasıl oldu da çoÄu kimse sistemi “Linux”
olarak adlandırmayı
-yeÄledi?</dt>
+<dt id="howerror">How did it come about that most people call the system
“Linux”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#howerror">#howerror</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>Sistemin “Linux” olarak adlandırılması, kargaÅanın
düzeltici
bilgiye kıyasla daha hızlı yayılmasına bir örnektir.
@@ -275,8 +286,8 @@
haklı çıkarma giriÅimlerine iÅaret eder.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="always">“Linux” yerine her zaman “GNU/Linux”u
mu
-kullanmalıyız?</dt>
+<dt id="always">Should we always say “GNU/Linux” instead of
“Linux”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#always">#always</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Her zaman deÄil, yalnızca bütün sistemden söz ederken. EÄer özellikle
çekirdekten söz ediyorsanız, geliÅtiricisinin seçtiÄi “Linux”
@@ -291,8 +302,8 @@
olursunuz.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="linuxalone">EÄer GNU diye bir Åey olmasaydı Linux gene aynı
baÅarıyı yakalayabilir
-miydi?</dt>
+<dt id="linuxalone">Would Linux have achieved the same success if there had
been no GNU? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#linuxalone">#linuxalone</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
BahsettiÄiniz alternatif dünyada, GNU/Linux tarzı bir Åey var olmayacaÄı
@@ -314,7 +325,9 @@
gelmektedir.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="divide">TopluluÄu böyle bir istekle bölmeseniz topluluk için daha
iyi olmaz mıydı?</dt>
+<dt id="divide">Wouldn't it be better for the community if you did not divide
people with
+this request? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#divide">#divide</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ä°nsanlardan “GNU/Linux” demelerini istemekle onları bölmüÅ
@@ -357,8 +370,9 @@
(böyle olmamasını ümit edelim) ortadan kalkacaktır.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="freespeech">GNU projesi; bir bireyin sistemlere kendi seçeceÄi
herhangi bir ismi
-verebilme konusunda ifade özgürlüÄünü desteklemiyor mu?</dt>
+<dt id="freespeech">Doesn't the GNU project support an individual's free
speech rights to call
+the system by any name that individual chooses? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#freespeech">#freespeech</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Elbette, iÅletim sistemini dilediÄiniz Åekilde adlandırmak konusunda ifade
özgürlüÄünüzün olduÄuna inanıyoruz. Biz, insanlardan sistemi GNU/Linux
@@ -367,8 +381,10 @@
özgürlük deÄerleri olduÄundan baÅkalarını haberdar etmek için
istiyoruz.
</dd>
-<dt id="everyoneknows">Herkes GNU'nun sistem geliÅimindeki rolünü
bildiÄine göre, isimdeki
-“GNU/” kısmı atlansa olmaz mı?</dt>
+<dt id="everyoneknows">Since everyone knows GNU's role in developing the
system, doesn't the
+“GNU/” in the name go without saying? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#everyoneknows">#everyoneknows</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>Deneyimlerimize göre, sistemin kullanıcıları ve genel olarak bilgisayar
kullanan insanlar, GNU sistemi hakkında çoÄunlukla hiçbir Åey
@@ -391,8 +407,9 @@
Projesi'nin rolünden söz etmek mantıklı olabilir.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="everyoneknows2">GNU'nun bu sistemdeki rolünü bildiÄime göre, hangi
ismi kullandıÄımın ne
-önemi var?</dt>
+<dt id="everyoneknows2">Since I know the role of GNU in this system, why does
it matter what name I
+use? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#everyoneknows2">#everyoneknows2</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
EÄer kullandıÄınız kelimeler bilginizi yansıtmıyorsa, baÅkalarına da
@@ -403,26 +420,27 @@
söyleyecek?
</dd>
-<dt id="windows">“GNU/Linux”u “Linux” olarak
kısaltmak,
-“Microsoft Windows”u “Windows” olarak kısaltmak gibi
-deÄil midir?</dt>
+<dt id="windows">Isn't shortening “GNU/Linux” to
“Linux” just like
+shortening “Microsoft Windows” to “Windows”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#windows">#windows</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Sık kullanılan bir adı kısaltmak, eÄer kısaltma yanıltıcı deÄilse,
kullanıÅlıdır.
<p>
-GeliÅmiŠülkelerde, insanların çoÄu “Windows”un Microsoft
-tarafından yapılmıŠbir sistem olduÄunu biliyor, bu yüzden
“Microsoft
-Windows”u “Windows” olarak kısaltmak, kimseyi sistemin
-yapısı ve kökeni hakkında yanılgıya düÅürmez. “GNU/Linux”u
-“Linux” olarak kısaltmak ise, sistemin nereden geldiÄi konusunda
-yanlıŠbir fikir verir.</p>
+Almost everyone in developed countries really does know that the
+“Windows” system is made by Microsoft, so shortening
+“Microsoft Windows” to “Windows” does not mislead
+anyone as to that system's nature and origin. Shortening
+“GNU/Linux” to “Linux” does give the wrong idea of
+where the system comes from.</p>
<p>
Esasında sorunun kendisi de yanıltıcı, çünkü GNU ve Microsoft aynı
Åeyler
deÄildir. Microsoft bir Åirket, GNU ise bir iÅletim sistemidir.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="tools">GNU, Linux içinde yer alan bir dizi programlama aracı deÄil
midir?</dt>
+<dt id="tools">Isn't GNU a collection of programming tools that were included
in Linux?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#tools">#tools</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Linux'un baÅlıbaÅına bir iÅletim sistemi olduÄunu düÅünen insanlar,
GNU
@@ -445,7 +463,8 @@
GNU Chess ve GNOME'yi de geliÅtirdik.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="osvskernel">Bir iÅletim sistemi ile bir çekirdek arasındaki fark
nedir?</dt>
+<dt id="osvskernel">What is the difference between an operating system and a
kernel? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#osvskernel">#osvskernel</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Bizim kavramı kullanıŠÅeklimize göre bir iÅletim sistemi, geniÅ
çaplı pek
@@ -484,8 +503,9 @@
gerekiyor.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="house">Bir sistemin çekirdeÄi bir evin temeli gibidir. Temeli
olmayan bir eve nasıl
-olur da tam gözüyle bakabiliriz?</dt>
+<dt id="house">The kernel of a system is like the foundation of a house. How
can a house
+be almost complete when it doesn't have a foundation? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#house">#house</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ãekirdek bir evin temeli gibi deÄildir aslında, çünkü bir iÅletim
sistemi
@@ -508,21 +528,24 @@
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="brain">Ãekirdek sistemin beyni deÄil midir?</dt>
+<dt id="brain">Isn't the kernel the brain of the system? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#brain">#brain</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Bir bilgisayar sistemi tam olarak bir insan bedeni gibi deÄildir ve hiçbir
parçası insan beyniyle kıyaslanabilecek bir rol oynamaz.
</dd>
-<dt id="kernelmost">ÃekirdeÄi yazmak bir iÅletim sisteminin büyük
bölümü deÄil midir?</dt>
+<dt id="kernelmost">Isn't writing the kernel most of the work in an operating
system? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#kernelmost">#kernelmost</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Hayır, birçok bileÅen çok fazla iÅ gerektirmektedir.
</dd>
-<dt id="afterkernel">Biz, tüm sisteme, çekirdeÄin, yani Linux'un adını
veriyoruz. Bir iÅletim
-sistemine çekirdeÄin adını vermek normal deÄil midir?</dt>
+<dt id="afterkernel">We're calling the whole system after the kernel, Linux.
Isn't it normal to
+name an operating system after a kernel? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#afterkernel">#afterkernel</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Böyle bir uygulama pek rastlanılan bir Åey deÄil; “Linux”
@@ -540,8 +563,9 @@
söyleyip yazabilirsiniz.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="long">“GNU/Linux” ifadesindeki sorun, bunun çok uzun
olması⦠Daha kısa
-bir isim önerseniz nasıl olur?</dt>
+<dt id="long">The problem with “GNU/Linux” is that it is too long.
How about
+recommending a shorter name? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#long">#long</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Bir süreliÄine “GNU” ve “Linux” adlarının
birleÅimi
@@ -553,8 +577,9 @@
adlandırdık.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="justgnu">Linux ikincil bir katkı olduÄuna göre, sistemi basitçe
“GNU”
-diye adlandırmak gerçeÄe aykırı mı olurdu?</dt>
+<dt id="justgnu">Since Linux is a secondary contribution, would it be false to
the facts to
+call the system simply “GNU”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#justgnu">#justgnu</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
GerçeÄe aykırı olmazdı, ama tutulacak en iyi yol deÄildir bu. Sisteme
@@ -582,11 +607,11 @@
</ul><p></p>
</dd>
-<dt id="trademarkfee">EÄer, bir ürün isminde “Linux” kelimesini
kullanırsam
-karÅılıÄında ücret ödemem gerekir. Bu durum “GNU/Linux”
-kelimesini kullandıÄım zaman da geçerli⦠Peki, ücret ödememek için
-“Linux”u çıkarıp sadece “GNU”yu kullanmam hatalı
mı
-olur?</dt>
+<dt id="trademarkfee">I would have to pay a fee if I use “Linux”
in the name of a
+product, and that would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux”. Is it
+wrong if I use “GNU” without “Linux”, to save the
+fee? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#trademarkfee">#trademarkfee</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Sistemi “GNU” olarak adlandırmakta hiçbir sakınca
yoktur. Esasında sistemin kendisi de budur. Ancak Linus Torvalds'a da
@@ -598,10 +623,11 @@
“GNU” olarak adlandırmak isterseniz sizi tenkit etmeyiz.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="many">Sistemin bugünkü haline pek çok baÅka projenin de katkısı
bulunmuÅtur;
-bunlar arasında TeX, X11, Apache, Perl ve baÅka pek çok program
-sayılabilir. Savlarınıza göre onların da emeklerini saymamız gerekmiyor
mu?
-(Fakat bu bizi anlamsız derecede uzun bir ada götürür.)</dt>
+<dt id="many">Many other projects contributed to the system as it is today; it
includes
+TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many more programs. Don't your arguments imply
+we have to give them credit too? (But that would lead to a name so long it
+is absurd.) <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#many">#many</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Bizim söylediÄimiz Åey, sistemin baÅlıca geliÅtiricisinin emeÄini
saymamız
@@ -629,9 +655,9 @@
katkıya (Linux) vermek adil olamaz.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="others">Sistemin bugünkü haline baÅka pek çok proje de katkıda
bulunmuÅtur, fakat
-onlar sistemin XYZ/Linux Åeklinde adlandırılması konusunda ısrar
-etmiyorlar. Neden GNU'ya ayrıcalık tanıyalım?</dt>
+<dt id="others">Many other projects contributed to the system as it is today,
but they don't
+insist on calling it XYZ/Linux. Why should we treat GNU specially? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#others">#others</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Binlerce proje, bugünün GNU/Linux sistemlerinde yaygın olarak bulunan
@@ -644,8 +670,8 @@
üzerine inÅa edildiÄi iskelettir.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="allsmall">GNU artık sistemin küçük bir kısmını oluÅturur hale
gelmiÅtir. Dolayısıyla
-neden onun adını analım?</dt>
+<dt id="allsmall">GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays, so why
should we mention it?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#allsmall">#allsmall</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
2008 yılında gNewSense GNU/Linux daÄıtımının “ana” deposunun
%15'ini GNU paketlerinin oluÅturduÄunu gördük. Linux ise deponun %1.5'ini
@@ -660,8 +686,10 @@
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="manycompanies">Sistemin bugünkü Åekline pek çok sirket de katkıda
bulunmuÅtur. Bu yüzden
-sistemi GNU/RedHat/Novell/Linux olarak adlandırmamız gerekmiyor mu?</dt>
+<dt id="manycompanies">Many companies contributed to the system as it is
today; doesn't that mean
+we ought to call it GNU/Red Hat/Novell/Linux? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#manycompanies">#manycompanies</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
@@ -679,7 +707,8 @@
</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="whyslash">Neden “GNU Linux” yerine “GNU/Linux”
yazıyorsunuz?</dt>
+<dt id="whyslash">Why do you write “GNU/Linux” instead of
“GNU Linux”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whyslash">#whyslash</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ä°ngilizce kurallarına göre, “GNU Linux” yapısında
@@ -713,7 +742,8 @@
Ä°spanyolca'da ise bazen “GNU con Linux” deriz.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="whyorder">Neden “Linux/GNU” deÄil de,
“GNU/Linux”?</dt>
+<dt id="whyorder">Why “GNU/Linux” rather than
“Linux/GNU”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whyorder">#whyorder</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
DoÄru ve uygun olan, baÅ katkıcıyı ilk önce anmaktır. GNU'nun sisteme
@@ -726,27 +756,32 @@
iyidir.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="distronames">Benim daÄıtımımın adı “Falanca Linux”;
Bu onun gerçekten Linux
-olduÄunu göstermez mi?</dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>Bu, “Falanca Linux” daÄıtımını yapan insanların yaygın
yanlıÅı
-tekrar ettiÄi anlamına gelir.</p>
-</dd>
-
-<dt id="distronames1">Benim daÄıtımımın resmi ismi “Falanca
Linux”. DaÄıtımı
-“Linux” dıÅında herhangi bir Åey ile isimlendirmek yanlıÅ
olmaz
-mı?</dt>
+<dt id="distronames">My distro is called “Foobar Linux”; doesn't
that show it's
+really Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#distronames">#distronames</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>It means that the people who make the “Foobar Linux” distro are
+repeating the common mistake. We appreciate that distributions like Debian,
+Dragora, Musix, Trisquel, and Venenux have adopted GNU/Linux as part of
+their official name, and we hope that if you are involved with a different
+distribution, you will encourage it to do the same.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="distronames1">My distro's official name is “Foobar Linux”;
isn't it wrong to
+call the distro anything but “Linux”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#distronames1">#distronames1</a>)</span></dt>
<dd><p>EÄer onlara “GNU”yu “Falanca Linux”a çevirme
izni
verilmiÅse; size de daÄıtımın ismini tekrar deÄiÅtirip daÄıtımı
âFalanca
GNU/Linuxâ olarak isimlendirme izni verilmiÅtir. Hatayı düzeltmek, hatayı
yapmaktan daha yanlıŠolamaz.</p></dd>
-<dt id="companies">Tek tek kiÅilerden daÄıtımları “GNU/Linux”
olarak
-adlandırmalarını istemek yerine, Mandrake, Red Hat ve IBM gibi Åirketlerden
-daÄıtımlarını “GNU/Linux” olarak adlandırmalarını istemek
daha
-etkili olmaz mıydı?</dt>
+<dt id="companies">Wouldn't it be more effective to ask companies such as
Mandrake, Red Hat and
+IBM to call their distributions “GNU/Linux” rather than asking
+individuals? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#companies">#companies</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Bu birini ya da diÄerini seçme meselesi deÄil. Esasında biz Åirketlerden,
@@ -765,8 +800,10 @@
fazla kâr edeceÄi bir noktaya getirebiliriz.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="reserve">“GNU/Linux” ismini, tamamen özgür
yazılımlardan oluÅan
-daÄıtımlara saklamak daha iyi olmaz mı? Ne de olsa GNU'nun ideali de
budur.</dt>
+<dt id="reserve">Wouldn't it be better to reserve the name
“GNU/Linux” for
+distributions that are purely free software? After all, that is the ideal of
+GNU. <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#reserve">#reserve</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
GNU/Linux sistemine özgür olmayan yazılımların eklenmesine yönelik
uygulama
@@ -799,18 +836,17 @@
sürümü” olduÄunu düÅünmek yerine, bunların bozulmuÅ,
saflıÄını
yitirmiÅ birer GNU sürümü olduÄunu kavrayacaklardır.</p>
<p>
-Sistemi GNU/Linux olarak adlandıran ve faaliyetlerinde GNU Projesi'nin
-ideallerini temel alan GNU/Linux Kullanıcı Grupları kurmak epey faydalı
-olacaktır. EÄer çevrenizdeki Linux Kullanıcı Grubu, yukarıda tarif edilen
-ilkelere iliÅkin eksiklikler taÅıyorsa, bu grubun eÄilimlerini (ve adını)
-deÄiÅtirmek için grup içinde etkinlik yürütmenizi ya da yeni bir grup
-oluÅturmanızı öneriyoruz. Daha üstünkörü hedeflere odaklanmıÅ
insanların
-kendi görüÅlerini savunmaya hakları vardır, fakat onların sizi de
-sürüklemesine izin vermeyin!</p>
+It is very useful to start GNU/Linux User Groups, which call the system
+GNU/Linux and adopt the ideals of the GNU Project as a basis for their
+activities. If the Linux User Group in your area has the problems described
+above, we suggest you either campaign within the group to change its
+orientation (and name) or start a new group. The people who focus on the
+more superficial goals have a right to their views, but don't let them drag
+you along!</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="gnudist">Neden Linux'un bir GNU daÄıtımını (sic) üretip bunu
GNU/Linux olarak
-adlandırmıyorsunuz?</dt>
+<dt id="gnudist">Why not make a GNU distribution of Linux (sic) and call that
GNU/Linux?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#gnudist">#gnudist</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Bütün “Linux” daÄıtımları, aslında çekirdek olarak Linux'u
@@ -830,8 +866,9 @@
geliÅtiricilerine yardımcı oluyoruz.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="linuxgnu">Neden yalnızca “Linux GNU çekirdeÄidir” deyip
mevcut GNU/Linux
-sürümlerinden birini “GNU” adı altında
yayınlamıyorsunuz?</dt>
+<dt id="linuxgnu">Why not just say “Linux is the GNU kernel” and
release some
+existing version of GNU/Linux under the name “GNU”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#linuxgnu">#linuxgnu</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
1992'de Linux'u GNU çekirdeÄi olarak benimsemek iyi bir fikir
@@ -844,8 +881,8 @@
yapmamız doÄru olmazdı ve biz de bu Åekilde davranmak istemiyoruz.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="condemn">İlk zamanlarda da GNU Projesi, Linux kullanımını
kınayıp buna karÅı çıkıyor
-muydu?</dt>
+<dt id="condemn">Did the GNU Project condemn and oppose use of Linux in the
early days? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#condemn">#condemn</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Biz, Linux'u çekirdeÄimiz olarak benimsemedik, fakat Linux'u kınayıp ona
@@ -874,8 +911,8 @@
sorunlara karÅı bizim verdiÄimiz yanıttır.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="wait">İnsanlardan GNU/Linux adını kullanmalarını istemekte neden
bu kadar
-geciktiniz?</dt>
+<dt id="wait">Why did you wait so long before asking people to use the name
GNU/Linux?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#wait">#wait</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Aslında gecikmedik. Bu konu hakkında geliÅticiler ve daÄıtıcılarla,
1994
@@ -883,7 +920,9 @@
kampanya yürüttük. Gerekli olduÄu sürece de devam edeceÄiz.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="allgpled">GNU/<i>ad</i> Åablonunun bütün GPL'li programlara
uygulanması gerekiyor mu?</dt>
+<dt id="allgpled">Should the GNU/<i>name</i> convention be applied to all
programs that are
+GPL'ed? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#allgpled">#allgpled</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Biz, tek bir programı asla “GNU/<i>ad</i>” Åablonuna göre
@@ -929,8 +968,9 @@
baÅına sadece Linux deÄil.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="unix">GNU, Unix'ten pek çok Åey miras aldıÄına göre, isminde
“Unix”i
-kullanarak ona bir pay vermesi gerekiyor mu?</dt>
+<dt id="unix">Since much of GNU comes from Unix, shouldn't GNU give credit to
Unix by
+using “Unix” in its name? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#unix">#unix</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Aslında GNU Unix'ten hiçbir Åey miras almamıÅtır. Unix, sahipli bir
@@ -950,13 +990,12 @@
“hacker” geleneÄi olan, kendini tekrar eden isimler türetme
uygulamasına baÄlı kalınmıÅtır.</p>
<p>
-Bu Åekilde kendini tekrar eden isimlere ilk örnek TINT idi, (“TINT Is
-Not TECO” — TINT TECO DeÄildir). TINT'in yazarı, TECO'yu baÅka
-bir Åekilde kodlamıÅtı (zaten farklı sistemler için pek çok farklı
kodlama
-örneÄi vardı), fakat ona “falanca TECO” gibi sıkıcı bir ad
-vermektense, akıllıca ve eÄlenceli bir isim tasarladı.
(“Hack”in
-anlamı da budur zaten: <a
-href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>oyunbaz bir zeka</a>.)</p>
+The first such recursive acronym was TINT, “TINT Is Not TECO”.
+The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO (there were already
+many of them, for various systems), but instead of calling it by a dull name
+like “<em>somethingorother</em> TECO”, he thought of a clever
+amusing name. (That's what hacking means: <a
+href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>playful
cleverness</a>.)</p>
<p>
BaÅka “hacker”lar da bu isme bayıldılar. Ãyle ki biz de bu
yaklaÅımı taklit ettik. Mevcut baÅka programlara çok benzeyen bir
programı
@@ -975,7 +1014,8 @@
seçmiÅlerdir.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="bsd">“GNU/BSD” de dememiz gerekir mi?</dt>
+<dt id="bsd">Should we say “GNU/BSD” too? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#bsd">#bsd</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
BSD sistemlerini (FreeBSD, vb.) “GNU/BSD” sistemleri olarak
@@ -1009,8 +1049,9 @@
GNU/Linux sistemi ile aynı olduÄu için, buna bir BSD sistemi denemez.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="othersys">EÄer GNU araçlarını Windows üzerine kurarsam, bu benim
bir GNU/Windows
-sistemi kullandıÄım anlamına mı gelir?</dt>
+<dt id="othersys">If I install the GNU tools on Windows, does that mean I am
running a
+GNU/Windows system? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#othersys">#othersys</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
“GNU/Linux” ile kastettiÄimiz durumla aynı Åey deÄildir bu. GNU
@@ -1020,37 +1061,38 @@
GNU/Linux'tan tamamen farklıdır.
</dd>
-<dt id="justlinux">GNU'suz Linux sistemleri olamaz mı?</dt>
+<dt id="justlinux">Can't Linux be used without GNU? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#justlinux">#justlinux</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-Ãekirdek olarak Linux kullanan, ama GNU tabanlı olmayan bir sistem yapmak
-olanaklıdır. Linux'u içerdiÄi halde GNU sistemini içermeyen, gömülü
-geliÅtirme çalıÅmaları için kullanılan küçük sistemlerin olduÄunu
-duymuÅtum. IBM'in, bir zamanlar, AIX'in içine çekirdek olarak Linux'u
-yerleÅtirmeyi planladıÄı söylentileri çıkmıÅtı. Bunu gerçekten
denediler mi
-yoksa denemediler mi bir yana, böyle bir Åey teorik olarak mümkündür. Peki
-ama sistemlerin isimlendirilmesine iliÅkin olarak bu durumdan ne tür bir
-sonuç çıkarabiliriz?
-<p>
-ÃekirdeÄin sistemin geri kalanından daha önemli olduÄunu düÅünen
insanlar
-diyorlar ki, “Hepsinin içinde Linux var, o halde gelin hepsine birden
-Linux sistemleri diyelim.” Fakat bu sistemler birbirlerinden büyük
-ölçüde farklıdırlar. Bunlara aynı ismi vermek yanıltıcıdır. (Böyle
bir
-yaklaÅım, insanların, çekirdeÄin sistemin geri kalanından daha önemli
-olduÄunu zannetmelerine yol açabilir mesela...)</p>
-<p>
-Linux, küçük gömülü sistemlerde sistemin büyük bir kısmını
oluÅturuyor
-olabilir. Belki de “Linux sistemleri” ifadesi onlar için
-doÄrudur. Bunlar, Linux'tan daha çok GNU olan GNU/Linux sistemlerinden çok
-farklıdırlar. Yukarıda bahsettiÄimiz farazi IBM sistemi, bunların
ikisinden
-de farklı olacaktır. O sistem için doÄru isim, AIX/Linux olabilir: temelde
-AIX olan, fakat çekirdek olarak Linux kullanan bir sistem⦠Bu farklı
-isimler, kullanıcılara, bu sistemlerin birbirlerinden ne kadar farklı
-olduÄunu gösterecektir.</p>
+Linux is used by itself, or with small other programs, in some appliances.
+These small software systems are a far cry from the GNU/Linux system. Users
+do not install them on PCs, for instance, and would find them rather
+disappointing. It is useful to say that these appliances run just Linux, to
+show how different those small platforms are from GNU/Linux.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="linuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete Linux systems without GNU? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu">#linuxsyswithoutgnu</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+There are complete systems that contain Linux and not GNU; Android is an
+example. But it is a mistake to call them “Linux” systems.
+<p>
+Android is very different from the GNU/Linux system—because it
+contains very little of the GNU system, only Linux. Overall, it's a
+different system. If you call the whole system “Linux”, you
+will find it necessary to say things like, “Android contains Linux,
+but it isn't Linux, because it doesn't have the usual Linux [sic] libraries
+and utilities [meaning the GNU system].” Android contains just as much
+of Linux as GNU/Linux does. What it doesn't have is the GNU system.
+Instead it has a lot of Google software.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="helplinus">Neden sistemi “Linux” olarak isimlendirip,
Linus Torvalds'ın,
-topluluÄumuzdaki medya maymunu imajını güçlendirmiyoruz?</dt>
+<dt id="helplinus">Why not call the system “Linux” anyway, and
strengthen Linus
+Torvalds' role as posterboy for our community? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#helplinus">#helplinus</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Linus Torvalds, kendi amaçları için bir “medya maymunu”dur (bu
@@ -1080,7 +1122,8 @@
görüÅlerinden deÄil, özgürlük ideallerinden doÄduÄunu bilmelidir.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="claimlinux">Linus Torvalds'ın çalıÅmalarını GNU olarak
nitelendirmemiz yanlıŠolmaz mı?</dt>
+<dt id="claimlinux">Isn't it wrong for us to label Linus Torvalds' work as
GNU? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#claimlinux">#claimlinux</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
YanlıŠolur, dolayısıyla biz öyle nitelendirmiyoruz. Torvalds'ın
çalıÅması
@@ -1091,7 +1134,8 @@
</dd>
-<dt id="linusagreed">Linus Torvalds Linux'un yalnızca çekirdek olduÄu
düÅüncesine katılıyor mu?</dt>
+<dt id="linusagreed">Does Linus Torvalds agree that Linux is just the kernel?
<span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linusagreed">#linusagreed</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Bunu baÅlangıçta kabul ediyordu. En eski Linux sürüm notlarında
Åöyle der:
@@ -1102,8 +1146,9 @@
fazla bilgi için bana sorun (ya da GNU'ya)”</a>.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="lost">SavaŠzaten kaybedildi. Toplum kararını verdi. Biz de bunu
deÄiÅtiremeyiz. O
-halde neden hâlâ bunu düÅünüp duruyoruz?</dt>
+<dt id="lost">The battle is already lost—society has made its decision
and we can't
+change it, so why even think about it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#lost">#lost</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Bu bir savaÅ deÄil. Bir eÄitim seferberliÄi... Sisteme ne ad vereceÄimiz,
@@ -1115,8 +1160,9 @@
olursunuz.
</dd>
-<dt id="whatgood">Toplum kararını verdi. Biz de bunu deÄiÅtiremeyiz. O
halde
-“GNU/Linux” dememin ne faydası var?</dt>
+<dt id="whatgood">Society has made its decision and we can't change it, so
what good does it
+do if I say “GNU/Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#whatgood">#whatgood</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Bu, ya hep ya hiç durumu deÄildir: doÄru-yanlıŠbilgiler öyle ya da
böyle
@@ -1130,8 +1176,9 @@
baÅkalarına yayar.
</dd>
-<dt id="explain">Sisteme “Linux” desek ve insanlara on dakikalık
bir açıklama ile
-sistemin gerçek kökenini öÄretsek daha iyi olmaz mı?</dt>
+<dt id="explain">Wouldn't it be better to call the system “Linux”
and teach
+people its real origin with a ten-minute explanation? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#explain">#explain</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
EÄer baÅkalarına bu yolla açıklama yaparak bize yardım ederseniz,
çabanızı
@@ -1154,8 +1201,9 @@
etmenin en kolay yoludur.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="treatment">Bazı insanlar, sisteme GNU/Linux demelerini istediÄinizde
sizinle alay
-ediyorlar. Neden kendinizi bu muameleye maruz bırakıyorsunuz?</dt>
+<dt id="treatment">Some people laugh at you when you ask them to call the
system GNU/Linux.
+Why do you subject yourself to this treatment? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#treatment">#treatment</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Sisteme “Linux” demek, insanlara sistemin geçmiÅi ve varoluÅ
@@ -1176,8 +1224,9 @@
birazcık mantık sahibi olanlar gülmeyi keseceklerdir.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="alienate">Bazıları sisteme GNU/Linux demelerini istediÄinizde sizi
suçluyorlar. Onları
-kendinizden uzaklaÅtırarak kaybetmiyor musunuz?</dt>
+<dt id="alienate">Some people condemn you when you ask them to call the system
GNU/Linux.
+Don't you lose by alienating them? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#alienate">#alienate</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Pek sayılmaz. Sistemi geliÅtirmedeki rolümüzü takdir etmeyen insanlar bize
@@ -1195,8 +1244,8 @@
adlandırmayı düzeltme çabalarımızı sürdüreceÄiz.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="rename">Ne katkıda bulunmuÅ olursanız olun, iÅletim sisteminin
ismini deÄiÅtirmek
-meÅru mudur?</dt>
+<dt id="rename">Whatever you contributed, is it legitimate to rename the
operating system?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#rename">#rename</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Biz hiç bir Åeyin ismini deÄiÅtirmiyoruz. Biz 1983 yılında sistemi
@@ -1204,8 +1253,8 @@
olan, sistemin adını “Linux” olarak deÄiÅtirmeye çalıÅan
insanların yaptıklarıdır.</dd>
-<dt id="force">Ä°nsanlara sistemi “GNU/Linux” diye
isimlendirmelerini dayatmak
-yanlıŠdeÄil mi?</dt>
+<dt id="force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call the system
“GNU/Linux”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#force">#force</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Ä°nsanlara bunu dayatmak yanlıŠolurdu. Zaten biz de böyle bir Åeye
@@ -1213,8 +1262,8 @@
böyle demenizi talep ediyoruz.
</dd>
-<dt id="whynotsue">Niçin bütün sistemi “Linux” olarak
isimlendiren insanları dava
-etmiyorsunuz?</dt>
+<dt id="whynotsue">Why not sue people who call the whole system
“Linux”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whynotsue">#whynotsue</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Dava açmak için yasal zemin yok, fakat biz ifade özgürlüÄüne inanan
insanlar
@@ -1222,8 +1271,9 @@
“GNU/Linux” demelerini, doÄrusu bu olduÄu için istiyoruz.
</dd>
-<dt id="require">Ä°nsanların sistemi “GNU” diye isimlendirmesini
zorunlu kılacak
-bir ifadeyi GNU GPLâye yerleÅtirmeniz gerekmiyor mu?</dt>
+<dt id="require">Shouldn't you put something in the GNU GPL to require people
to call the
+system “GNU”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#require">#require</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
GNU GPL'nin amacı, özgür yazılımların sahipli sürümlerini üretenlere
karÅı
@@ -1237,10 +1287,10 @@
olmaz.
</dd>
-<dt id="BSDlicense">Ãzgün BSD lisansıânda, California Ãniversitesiânin
emeÄinin takdir
-edilmesini saÄlamak için reklam zorunluluÄu getirilmek istenmesine karÅı
-çıktınız. Åimdi GNU Projesi'nde kendi emeÄinizin takdir edilmesini
istemeniz
-ikiyüzlü bir davranıŠdeÄil mi?</dt>
+<dt id="BSDlicense">Since you objected to the original BSD license's
advertising requirement to
+give credit to the University of California, isn't it hypocritical to demand
+credit for the GNU project? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#BSDlicense">#BSDlicense</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
GNU/Linux ismini bir lisans gereksinimi haline getirmek ikiyüzlü bir
@@ -1248,9 +1298,10 @@
hakettiÄimiz payı vermenizi <em>istiyoruz</em>.
</dd>
-<dt id="deserve">GNU GPL'e, insanların sisteme “GNU” demelerini
zorunlu kılacak
-bir ifade yerleÅtirmediniz. O yüzden her Åeyi hakediyorsunuz. Peki Åimdi ne
-diye Åikayet ediyorsunuz?</dt>
+<dt id="deserve">Since you failed to put something in the GNU GPL to require
people to call
+the system “GNU”, you deserve what happened; why are you
+complaining now? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#deserve">#deserve</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Bu soru, son derece tartıÅmalı bir genel etik önermeyi doÄru varsayıyor:
@@ -1261,7 +1312,9 @@
Umarız siz de bizim gibi, bu önermeye karÅı çıkıyorsunuzdur.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="contradict">Birçok insanın inandıÄı Åeyle ters düÅmeseniz daha
iyi olmaz mıydı?</dt>
+<dt id="contradict">Wouldn't you be better off not contradicting what so many
people believe?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#contradict">#contradict</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
YanlıŠyola sevkedilmiŠinsanların sayısı ne kadar fazla olursa olsun,
@@ -1273,17 +1326,19 @@
iÅletim sistemi geliÅtiremezdik.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="somanyright">ÃoÄu kimsenin, sistemi “Linux” olarak
adlandırması, bu
-isimlendirmeyi doÄru kılmaz mı?</dt>
+<dt id="somanyright">Since many people call it “Linux”, doesn't
that make it right?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Biz bir yanlıÅın popülerlik derecesinin, onu bir hakikat haline
getirdiÄini
düÅünmüyoruz.
</dd>
-<dt id="winning">Birçok insan doÄru-yanlıŠtartıÅmaları ile deÄil,
neyin kullanıÅlı olduÄuyla
-veya kimin kazandıÄıyla ilgileniyor. Onların desteÄini almak için
farklı bir
-yol izleseniz olmaz mıydı?</dt>
+<dt id="winning">Many people care about what's convenient or who's winning,
not about
+arguments of right or wrong. Couldn't you get more of their support by a
+different road? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#winning">#winning</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
Neyin kullanıÅlı olduÄuyla ya da kimin kazandıÄıyla ilgilenmek hayata
karÅı
@@ -1328,8 +1383,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -1339,10 +1395,11 @@
BENİOKU</a> dosyasına bakınız.
</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
-<p>Bu notun korunması koÅuluyla, makalenin birebir kopyasının, herhangi bir
-telif ücreti ödeme zorunluluÄu olmaksızın her türlü ortamda
yayınlanması
-veya daÄıtımının yapılması serbesttir.
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -1392,7 +1449,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/04/30 08:25:56 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -1437,6 +1494,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ar.html 12 Dec 2010 09:28:06 -0000
1.9
+++ gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:59 -0000
1.10
@@ -61,11 +61,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a> باÙØ¥Ù.إس.Ø¥Ù. <br
/> Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرسÙ
-اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات أ٠اÙتراØات
Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -75,8 +76,9 @@
<p>
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 2006Ø 2007 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ</p>
-<p>ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù
ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø· إبÙاء Ùذا
-اÙإخطار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -90,7 +92,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/12/12 09:28:06 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -120,6 +122,8 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -132,6 +136,8 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
Index: gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.bg.html 12 Dec 2010 09:28:07 -0000
1.14
+++ gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:59 -0000
1.15
@@ -65,11 +65,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Ðма и дÑÑги
наÑини за <a
-href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -80,9 +81,9 @@
<p>
ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 2006, 2007 ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</p>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/12/12 09:28:07 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -131,6 +132,8 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -143,6 +146,8 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
Index: gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fa.html 2 Aug 2009 20:28:58 -0000
1.3
+++ gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:59 -0000
1.4
@@ -69,8 +69,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -82,9 +83,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>ÙسخÙâØ¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÙ
٠ب٠کÙÙ
٠٠تÙزÛع ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در سراسر جÙا٠٠در Ùر
-رساÙÙâاÛØ Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠پرداخت Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز Ù
جاز Ù
ÛâØ¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø§ اÛ٠شرط ک٠اÛ٠اعÙاÙ/ØÙ
-اÙ
تÛاز ØÙظ Ø´Ùد.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:28:58 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -126,6 +127,8 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -138,6 +141,10 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ml.html 12 Dec 2010 09:28:07 -0000
1.8
+++ gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:59 -0000
1.9
@@ -76,12 +76,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
à´àµà´¨àµà´µà´¿à´¨àµ à´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ
</a>.<br
-/>à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯ à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµàµ നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
-à´à´¨àµà´¨à´µà´¿à´²à´¾à´¸à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ
à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -91,9 +91,9 @@
<p>
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´ © 2006, 2007 à´«àµà´°àµ
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´«àµà´£àµà´àµà´·à´¨àµâ.
Inc. </p>
-<p>à´ à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµà´, à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶
à´àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨
-നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ, സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£
à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ പദാനàµà´ªà´¦
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´ à´à´¤àµ
-മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2010/12/12 09:28:07 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -135,6 +135,8 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -147,6 +149,8 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
Index: gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.sr.html 28 Oct 2009 20:26:29 -0000
1.9
+++ gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:59 -0000
1.10
@@ -67,8 +67,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -80,9 +81,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа,
-без надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз
ÑÑлов да Ñе оÑÑвано ово
-обавеÑÑеÑе.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2009/10/28 20:26:29 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -138,6 +139,8 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -150,6 +153,10 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.tr.html 12 Dec 2010 09:28:07 -0000
1.14
+++ gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:59 -0000
1.15
@@ -67,13 +67,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU hakkındaki sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine gönderin.
FSF ile
-iletiÅime geçmenin <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır.<br
-/>Lütfen çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve diÄer düzeltmelerinizi (ya da
-önerilerinizi) <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -84,9 +83,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Bu makalenin tamamının kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve
daÄıtılmasına,
-ücret talep etmeksizin, herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı
-bildirisini korumak Åartıyla, dünya çapında izin verilmiÅtir.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/12/12 09:28:07 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -169,6 +168,8 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -181,6 +182,8 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
Index: gnu/gnu.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- gnu/gnu.ar.html 21 Feb 2011 17:27:42 -0000 1.11
+++ gnu/gnu.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:59 -0000 1.12
@@ -1,22 +1,15 @@
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>ØÙÙ ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠غÙÙ - Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ - Ù
ؤسسة
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
-(Ø¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù)</title>
+<title>The GNU Operating System - GNU project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
-<h2>ØÙÙ ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠غÙÙ</h2>
+<h2>The GNU Operating System</h2>
-<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
-<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
-<!-- appendex C of the XHTML 1.0 standard. See validator.w3.org. -->
-<!-- Please ensure links are consistent with Apache's MultiView. -->
-<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
-<!-- language, where necessary. -->
<ul>
- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.ar.html">Ùبذة ع٠غÙÙ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/about-gnu.html">About the GNU Operating System</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">A historical overview of GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">تارÙØ® Ø£Ùثر تÙصÙÙا عÙ
غÙÙ</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">اÙإعÙا٠اÙÙ
بدئÙ</a> ÙÙÙ
شرÙع</li>
<li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">ظاÙرة غÙÙ</a></li>
@@ -35,9 +28,12 @@
ÙÙ Ù
عÙد Ù
اساتشÙستس ÙÙتÙÙÙÙÙجÙØ§Ø ÙاÙÙتابةØ
بشÙÙ Ù
ستÙÙØ Ùإدخا٠تØسÙÙات Ù
Ù
اثÙØ©
Ùاستبدا٠اÙتØسÙÙات اÙت٠ÙدÙ
ت دراسة اÙرÙ
Ùز
اÙÙدÙÙ
Ø© ÙÙ Ùسخت٠Ù
عÙد Ù
اساتشÙستس
ÙÙتÙÙÙÙÙجÙا ÙظاÙ
Ø¢ÙØ© اÙÙÙسب.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.html">15 Years of Free
+Software</a> (1999)</li>
</ul>
- <h2><a name="gnulinux"></a>غÙÙ ÙÙÙÙÙس</h2>
+
+<h3><a id="gnulinux"></a>GNU and Linux</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">اÙعÙاÙØ© بÙ٠غÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙÙس</a></li>
@@ -48,45 +44,43 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">اسئÙØ© ÙأجÙبة Ù
تÙررة
ع٠غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس</a></li>
</ul>
- <h2><a name="misc"></a>Ù
Ùارد أخر٠ذات عÙاÙØ© بغÙÙ</h2>
+
+<h3><a id="misc"></a>Other GNU-related resources</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-user-groups.html">Ù
جÙ
Ùعة Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس ÙغÙÙ/Ùارد</a></li>
</ul>
-<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
-<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
-<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
-<br />
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.<br />
Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
-<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠راجع <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ترجÙ
ات
-اÙرأÙÙ</a> ÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات ØÙ٠تÙسÙÙ ÙتسÙÙÙ
ترجÙ
ات
Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ©.
-</p>
+<p>Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠راجع <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ترجÙ
ات
+اÙرأÙÙ</a> ÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات ØÙ٠تÙسÙÙ ÙتسÙÙÙ
ترجÙ
ات
Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ©.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 1996Ø 1997Ø 1998Ø 1999Ø 2000Ø 2001Ø 2002Ø
2003Ø 2004Ø
-2005Ø 2006Ø 2008 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ</p>
-<p>اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙ
دخÙØ© اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù
Ùجازة ÙÙ Ù٠أÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
بدÙÙ Ø£Ø±Ø¨Ø§Ø ÙÙ
-Ø£Ù ÙسÙØ· Ù
ع Ùضع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاØظة Ù٠عÙ٠اÙاعتبار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -100,7 +94,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2011/02/21 17:27:42 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -122,7 +116,11 @@
http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
@@ -130,6 +128,8 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
-<!--Kannada -->
+<!-- Kannada -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.kn.html">ಕನ್ನಡ</a> [kn]</li>
<!-- Macedonian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.mk.html">македонски</a> [mk]</li>
@@ -156,7 +156,6 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
</ul>
</div>
-
</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/gnu.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- gnu/gnu.bg.html 20 Feb 2010 09:25:25 -0000 1.19
+++ gnu/gnu.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:59 -0000 1.20
@@ -1,22 +1,15 @@
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.bg.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>ÐÑноÑно опеÑаÑионнаÑа ÑиÑÑема GNU -
ÐÑоекÑÑÑ GNU - ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободен
-ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (ФСС)</title>
+<title>The GNU Operating System - GNU project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
-<h2>ÐнÑоÑмаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð° опеÑаÑионнаÑа ÑиÑÑема
GNU</h2>
+<h2>The GNU Operating System</h2>
-<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
-<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
-<!-- appendex C of the XHTML 1.0 standard. See validator.w3.org. -->
-<!-- Please ensure links are consistent with Apache's MultiView. -->
-<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
-<!-- language, where necessary. -->
<ul>
- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.bg.html">ÐÑеглед на GNU</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/about-gnu.html">About the GNU Operating System</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">A historical overview of GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">Ðо-подÑобна иÑÑоÑиÑ
на GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">ÐÑÑвонаÑалноÑо
обÑвление</a> на
пÑоекÑа</li>
@@ -37,9 +30,12 @@
working at MIT, was to write, independently, replacement improvements
comparable to the improvements that Symbolics made in its version of the MIT
Lisp Machine System.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.html">15 Years of Free
+Software</a> (1999)</li>
</ul>
- <h2><a name="gnulinux"></a>GNU и ÐинÑкÑ</h2>
+
+<h3><a id="gnulinux"></a>GNU and Linux</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html">ÐÑÑзкаÑа Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ GNU и
ÐинÑкÑ</a></li>
@@ -50,48 +46,45 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">ЧеÑÑо задавани
вÑпÑоÑи за GNU/ÐинÑкÑ</a></li>
</ul>
- <h2><a id="misc"></a>ÐÑÑги ÑеÑÑÑÑи, ÑвÑÑзани Ñ GNU</h2>
+
+<h3><a id="misc"></a>Other GNU-related resources</h3>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-user-groups.html">ÐÑÑпи на
поÑÑебиÑели на GNU/ÐинÑÐºÑ Ð¸
-GNU/Ð¥ÑÑд</a></li>
- <li><a href="/gnu/fs-user-groups.html">ÐÑÑпи на
поÑÑебиÑели на Ñвободен
-ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group_list";>GNU/Linux, GNU/Hurd, and
+free software user groups</a></li>
</ul>
-<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
-<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
-<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.bg.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
-<p>
-ÐижÑе <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ÐокÑменÑаÑиÑÑа
за
+<p>ÐижÑе <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ÐокÑменÑаÑиÑÑа
за
пÑеводаÑи</a> за инÑоÑмаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
кооÑдиниÑанеÑо и подаванеÑо на пÑеводи на
-Ñази ÑÑаÑиÑ.
-</p>
+Ñази ÑÑаÑиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -109,7 +102,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/02/20 09:25:25 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -131,7 +124,11 @@
http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
@@ -139,6 +136,8 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
@@ -149,7 +148,7 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
-<!--Kannada -->
+<!-- Kannada -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.kn.html">ಕನ್ನಡ</a> [kn]</li>
<!-- Macedonian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.mk.html">македонски</a> [mk]</li>
@@ -165,7 +164,6 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
</ul>
</div>
-
</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/gnu.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.17
retrieving revision 1.18
diff -u -b -r1.17 -r1.18
--- gnu/gnu.ca.html 25 Jun 2010 20:26:09 -0000 1.17
+++ gnu/gnu.ca.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:59 -0000 1.18
@@ -1,22 +1,15 @@
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ca.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Sobre el Sistema Operatiu GNU - Projecte GNU - Free Software Foundation
-(FSF)</title>
+<title>The GNU Operating System - GNU project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
-<h2>Sobre el Sistema Operatiu GNU</h2>
+<h2>The GNU Operating System</h2>
-<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
-<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
-<!-- appendex C of the XHTML 1.0 standard. See validator.w3.org. -->
-<!-- Please ensure links are consistent with Apache's MultiView. -->
-<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
-<!-- language, where necessary. -->
<ul>
- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.ca.html">Introducció a GNU</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/about-gnu.html">About the GNU Operating System</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">A historical overview of GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ca.html">Història més
detallada de
GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.ca.html">Anunci inicial</a> del
Projecte
@@ -38,9 +31,12 @@
que Stallman va fer, quan encara treballava al MIT, va ser escriure, de
manera independent, millores comparables amb les que Symbolics va fer en la
seva versió del MIT Lisp Machine System.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.html">15 Years of Free
+Software</a> (1999)</li>
</ul>
- <h2><a name="gnulinux"></a>GNU i Linux</h2>
+
+<h3><a id="gnulinux"></a>GNU and Linux</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html">La relació entre GNU i
Linux</a></li>
@@ -52,49 +48,47 @@
GNU/Linux </a></li>
</ul>
- <h2><a name="misc"></a>Altres recursos relacionats amb GNU</h2>
+
+<h3><a id="misc"></a>Other GNU-related resources</h3>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-user-groups.html">Grups d'usuaris de GNU/Linux i
-GNU/Hurd</a></li>
- <li><a href="/gnu/fs-user-groups.html">Grups d'usuaris de programari
lliure</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group_list";>Grups d'usuaris de
+GNU/Linux, GNU/Hurd i programari lliure</a></li>
</ul>
-<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
-<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
-<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ca.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-Envieu les vostres preguntes sobre la FSF i GNU a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. També hi ha <a
-href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la
-FSF. <br />Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o
-suggeriments a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-</p>
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
-<p>
-Vegeu la <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.ca.html">Guia de
+<p>Vegeu la <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.ca.html">Guia de
traducció</a> per informar-vos sobre la coordinació i publicació de les
traduccions d'aquest article. <br />Contacteu amb l'<a
href="/server/standards/translations/ca/">Equip de traducció</a> per
-col·laborar en la traducció al català del web de GNU.
-</p>
+col·laborar en la traducció al català del web de GNU.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en
-qualsevol medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que hi aparegui aquesta nota.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -106,7 +100,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2010/06/25 20:26:09 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -128,7 +122,11 @@
http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
@@ -136,6 +134,8 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
-<!--Kannada -->
+<!-- Kannada -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.kn.html">ಕನ್ನಡ</a> [kn]</li>
<!-- Macedonian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.mk.html">македонски</a> [mk]</li>
@@ -162,7 +162,6 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
</ul>
</div>
-
</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/gnu.el.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu.el.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- gnu/gnu.el.html 27 Mar 2011 00:28:05 -0000 1.9
+++ gnu/gnu.el.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:59 -0000 1.10
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
<h2>Το ÎειÏοÏ
ÏÎ³Î¹ÎºÏ Î£ÏÏÏημα GNU</h2>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">Îία εÏιÏκÏÏηÏη ÏοÏ
GNU</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/about-gnu.html">About the GNU Operating System</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">A historical overview of GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">Îια Ïιο λεÏÏομεÏήÏ
ιÏÏοÏία ÏοÏ
GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">ΠαÏÏική
ανακοίνÏÏη</a> ÏοÏ
ÎÏγοÏ
</li>
<li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">Το ÎανιÏÎÏÏο ÏοÏ
GNU</a></li>
@@ -82,9 +83,10 @@
<p>ΠνεÏ
μαÏικά δικαιÏμαÏα © 2011 ÎδÏÏ
μα
ÎλεÏθεÏοÏ
ÎογιÏμικοÏ, Inc.,</p>
-<p>ÎÏιÏÏÎÏεÏαι η καÏά λÎξη ανÏιγÏαÏή και
διανομή ÏλοÏ
αÏ
ÏÎ¿Ï ÏοÏ
άÏθÏοÏ
-ÏαγκοÏμίÏÏ, ÏÏÏÎ¯Ï ÎµÏίδομα ÏÏ
γγÏαÏÎÏÏ, Ïε
οÏοιοδήÏοÏε μÎÏο, με Ïην ÏÏοÏÏÏθεÏη
-ÏÏι αÏ
Ïή η ειδοÏοίηÏη και η ειδοÏοίηÏη ÏνεÏ
μαÏικÏν δικαιÏμάÏÏν διαÏηÏοÏνÏαι.</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ÎνημεÏÏθηκε:
-$Date: 2011/03/27 00:28:05 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -133,6 +135,8 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
Index: gnu/gnu.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- gnu/gnu.es.html 28 Feb 2010 21:25:38 -0000 1.13
+++ gnu/gnu.es.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:59 -0000 1.14
@@ -1,22 +1,15 @@
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Sobre el Sistema Operativo GNU - Proyecto GNU - Free Software Foundation
-(FSF)</title>
+<title>El Sistema Operativo GNU - Proyecto GNU - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
-<h2>Sobre el Sistema Operativo GNU</h2>
+<h2>El Sistema Operativo GNU</h2>
-<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
-<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
-<!-- appendex C of the XHTML 1.0 standard. See validator.w3.org. -->
-<!-- Please ensure links are consistent with Apache's MultiView. -->
-<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
-<!-- language, where necessary. -->
<ul>
- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.es.html">Un resumen de GNU</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/about-gnu.html">Acerca el Sistema Operativo GNU</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.es.html">Un resumen de la historia de
GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.es.html">Una historia más detallada de
GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.es.html">El anuncio inicial</a> del
proyecto</li>
@@ -37,9 +30,12 @@
trabajaba en el MIT, fue escribir, independientemente, reemplazos mejorados
comparables a las mejoras que Symbolics hizo en su versión del List Machine
System del MIT.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.es.html">15 años de
software
+libre</a> (1999)</li>
</ul>
- <h2><a name="gnulinux"></a>GNU y Linux</h2>
+
+<h3><a name="gnulinux"></a>GNU y Linux</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.es.html">La relación entre GNU y
Linux</a></li>
@@ -51,49 +47,47 @@
GNU/Linux</a></li>
</ul>
- <h2><a name="misc"></a>Otros recursos relacionados con GNU</h2>
+
+<h3><a name="misc"></a>Otros recursos relacionados con GNU</h3>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-user-groups.es.html">Grupos de usuarios de GNU/Linux y
de
-GNU/Hurd</a></li>
- <li><a href="/gnu/fs-user-groups.html">Grupos de usuarios de software
libre</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group_list";>Grupos de usuarios de
+GNU/Linux, GNU/Hurd y software libre</a></li>
</ul>
-<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
-<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
-<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.es.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-Por favor, envÃe sus comentarios y preguntas sobre la <acronym title="Free
-Software Foundation">FSF</acronym> y el proyecto GNUâ©a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. También puede <a
-href="/contact/">contactar con la FSFâ©por otros medios</a>. â©<br />â©Por
-favor, envÃe enlaces rotos y otras correcciones o sugerencias a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-</p>
+<p>Por favor, envÃe sus preguntas sobre la FSF y GNU a <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. También dispone <a
+href="/contact/">de otros medios para contactar</a> con la FSF.<br />
+Por favor, envÃe enlaces rotos y otras correcciones o sugerencias a <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.</p>
-<p>
-Para informarse de <a
+<p>Para informarse de <a
href="/server/standards/translations/es/#ayudar"><em>cómo traducir al
español o enviar correcciones</em></a> de esta página visite el sitio web
del <a href="/server/standards/translations/es/">Equipo de Traducción al
-Español de GNU</a>.
-</p>
+Español de GNU</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
-<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any
-medium without royalty provided this notice is preserved.
+<p>Está página está bajo una <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.es";>licencia
+Creative Commons Atribución-SinDerivadas 3.0 Estados Unidos de América</a>.
</p>
@@ -109,7 +103,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2010/02/28 21:25:38 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -131,7 +125,11 @@
http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
@@ -139,6 +137,8 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
-<!--Kannada -->
+<!-- Kannada -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.kn.html">ಕನ್ನಡ</a> [kn]</li>
<!-- Macedonian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.mk.html">македонски</a> [mk]</li>
@@ -165,7 +165,6 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
</ul>
</div>
-
</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/gnu.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- gnu/gnu.sr.html 20 Feb 2010 09:25:25 -0000 1.15
+++ gnu/gnu.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:33:59 -0000 1.16
@@ -1,22 +1,15 @@
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.sr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>РопеÑаÑивном ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐÐУ â ÐÑоÑекаÑ
ÐÐУ â ÐадÑжбина за Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ
-(ÐСС)</title>
+<title>The GNU Operating System - GNU project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.sr.html" -->
-<h2>РопеÑаÑивном ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐÐУ</h2>
+<h2>The GNU Operating System</h2>
-<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
-<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
-<!-- appendex C of the XHTML 1.0 standard. See validator.w3.org. -->
-<!-- Please ensure links are consistent with Apache's MultiView. -->
-<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
-<!-- language, where necessary. -->
<ul>
- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.sr.html">ÐÑеглед ÐÐУ-а</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/about-gnu.html">About the GNU Operating System</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">A historical overview of GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">ÐеÑаÑниÑа иÑÑоÑиÑа
ÐÐУ-а</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">ÐÑвобиÑна
наÑава</a> овог пÑоÑекÑа</li>
<li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.sr.html">ÐаниÑеÑÑ ÐÐУ-а</a></li>
@@ -36,9 +29,12 @@
working at MIT, was to write, independently, replacement improvements
comparable to the improvements that Symbolics made in its version of the MIT
Lisp Machine System.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.html">15 Years of Free
+Software</a> (1999)</li>
</ul>
- <h2><a name="gnulinux"></a>ÐÐУ и ÐинÑкÑ</h2>
+
+<h3><a id="gnulinux"></a>GNU and Linux</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sr.html">Ðеза измеÑÑ ÐÐУ-а и
ÐинÑкÑа</a></li>
@@ -49,47 +45,45 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html">ЧÐÐ ÐÐУ-а Ñа
ÐинÑкÑом</a></li>
</ul>
- <h2><a name="misc"></a>ÐÑÑги ÑеÑÑÑÑи Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð¸ Ñа
ÐÐУ-ом</h2>
+
+<h3><a id="misc"></a>Other GNU-related resources</h3>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-user-groups.html">ÐоÑиÑниÑке гÑÑпе
ÐÐУ-а Ñа ÐинÑкÑом и
-ÐÐУ-а Ñа ÐÑдом</a></li>
- <li><a href="/gnu/fs-user-groups.html">ÐоÑиÑниÑке гÑÑпе
Ñлободног ÑоÑÑвеÑа</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group_list";>GNU/Linux, GNU/Hurd, and
+free software user groups</a></li>
</ul>
-<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
-<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
-<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.sr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
-<p>
-Ðолимо да погледаÑе <a
+<p>Ðолимо да погледаÑе <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ÐÐ ÐЧÐТÐÐÐРза
пÑеводе</a>
-за виÑе инÑоÑмаÑиÑа о кооÑдиниÑаÑÑ Ð¸ ÑлаÑÑ
пÑевода овог Ñланка.
-</p>
+за виÑе инÑоÑмаÑиÑа о кооÑдиниÑаÑÑ Ð¸ ÑлаÑÑ
пÑевода овог Ñланка.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа,
-без надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз
ÑÑлов да Ñе оÑÑвано ово
-обавеÑÑеÑе.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -114,7 +108,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2010/02/20 09:25:25 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:33:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -136,7 +130,11 @@
http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
@@ -144,6 +142,8 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
-<!--Kannada -->
+<!-- Kannada -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.kn.html">ಕನ್ನಡ</a> [kn]</li>
<!-- Macedonian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.mk.html">македонски</a> [mk]</li>
@@ -170,7 +170,6 @@
<li><a
href="/gnu/gnu.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
</ul>
</div>
-
</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/initial-announcement.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/initial-announcement.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- gnu/initial-announcement.ar.html 13 Jan 2010 09:26:31 -0000 1.4
+++ gnu/initial-announcement.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:00 -0000 1.5
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@
href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> on September 27, 1983.</p>
<p> The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from this
initial
-plan. For example, the beginning was delayed until January, 1984. Several
-of the philosophical concepts of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
-software</a> had not yet been clarified.</p>
+plan. For example, the beginning was delayed until January 1984. Several of
+the philosophical concepts of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+software</a> were not clarified until a few years later.</p>
<h3>ÙÙÙÙس Øر!</h3>
@@ -64,11 +64,13 @@
تستطÙعÙ٠تÙÙعÙا إذا تبرعتÙ
باÙأجÙزة أ٠غÙÙ
سÙعÙ
Ù ÙÙ Ù
Ùعد Ø£Ùرب. ÙÙض٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ
اÙجÙاز ÙادرÙا عÙ٠اÙعÙ
Ù ÙÙ Ù
ÙØ·ÙØ© سÙÙÙØ© ÙÙا
ÙØتاج تبرÙدÙا أ٠طاÙØ© Ù
ÙÙÙØ©.</p>
-<p>ÙستطÙع اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠اÙØ£Ùراد اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
Ø©
بÙتابة بدائ٠Ù
تÙاÙÙ ÙأدÙات ÙÙÙÙس ÙإعطائÙا
-ÙÙ. Ùصعب اÙتÙسÙÙ ÙÙ
شارÙع تÙÙÙزع اÙعÙ
٠عÙÙ
دÙاÙ
ات جزئÙØ© ÙÙØ°ÙØ Ùأ٠اÙأجزاء
-اÙت٠ÙÙتبÙا اÙØ£Ùراد Ù٠تعÙ
٠سÙÙÙا. ÙÙ٠عÙ
ÙÙØ© استبدا٠ÙÙÙÙس خصÙصÙا Ùا تÙاجÙ
-Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙ
عظÙ
تÙاصÙ٠اÙÙاجÙØ© سÙÙ
تتÙÙد بÙÙÙÙس. إذا عÙÙ
ÙÙت ÙÙ Ù
ساÙÙ
Ø© Ù
ع
-بÙÙØ© أجزاء ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø ÙسÙ٠تعÙ
٠عÙ٠اÙØ£Ø±Ø¬Ø Ù
ع
بÙÙØ© أجزاء غÙÙ.</p>
+<p>Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate of
+some Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects, such part-time
+distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the independently-written
+parts would not work together. But for the particular task of replacing
+Unix, this problem is absent. Most interface specifications are fixed by
+Unix compatibility. If each contribution works with the rest of Unix, it
+will probably work with the rest of GNU.</p>
<p>إذا ØصÙت٠عÙ٠تبرعات Ù
اÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙد أتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ù
تÙظÙ٠بضعة أشخاص بدÙاÙ
جزئ٠أÙ
ÙاÙ
Ù. Ù٠تÙÙ٠اÙÙ
رتبات عاÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙ٠أبØØ« عÙ
Ø£Ùاس ÙؤÙ
ÙÙ٠أ٠Ù
ساعدة اÙØ¥ÙساÙÙØ©
@@ -78,12 +80,17 @@
<p>اتص٠ب٠ÙÙ
زÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات.</p>
-<p>برÙد Arpanet:<br /> address@hidden</p>
+<p>Arpanet mail:<br />
+ address@hidden</p>
-<p>Usenet:<br /> address@hidden<br /> address@hidden</p>
-
-<p>US Snail:<br /> Richard Stallman<br /> 166 Prospect St<br /> Cambridge, MA
-02139</p>
+<p>Usenet:<br />
+ address@hidden<br />
+ address@hidden</p>
+
+<p>US Snail:<br />
+ Richard Stallman<br />
+ 166 Prospect St<br />
+ Cambridge, MA 02139</p>
<h4 id="f1">اختÙار سÙØ¡ ÙÙÙÙ
Ø© ”free“ Ù٠اÙÙص
اÙأصÙÙ</h4>
@@ -214,8 +221,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -225,10 +233,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 1983, 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù
ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ· ÙبدÙÙ ÙÙØ§Ø¦Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø·
-إبÙاء Ùذا اÙإخطار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -242,7 +251,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/01/13 09:26:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -292,6 +301,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Swedish -->
<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li>
</ul>
Index: gnu/initial-announcement.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/initial-announcement.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- gnu/initial-announcement.bg.html 13 Jan 2010 09:26:31 -0000 1.7
+++ gnu/initial-announcement.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:00 -0000 1.8
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@
href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> on September 27, 1983.</p>
<p> The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from this
initial
-plan. For example, the beginning was delayed until January, 1984. Several
-of the philosophical concepts of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
-software</a> had not yet been clarified.</p>
+plan. For example, the beginning was delayed until January 1984. Several of
+the philosophical concepts of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+software</a> were not clarified until a few years later.</p>
<h3>Свободен âЮникÑâ!</h3>
@@ -78,14 +78,13 @@
href="#TransNote3"><sup>3</sup></a> и да не изиÑква Ñложно
оÑ
лаждане или
заÑ
Ñанване.</p>
-<p>ÐндивидÑалниÑе пÑогÑамиÑÑи Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
допÑинеÑаÑ, каÑо напиÑÐ°Ñ ÑÑвмеÑÑим
-дÑÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð° нÑкой Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑÑÑÑменÑиÑе на
âЮникÑâ и ми го пÑедоÑÑавÑÑ. Ðа
-повеÑеÑо пÑоекÑи, Ñакава ÑаÑÑиÑна и
ÑазпÑеделена ÑабоÑа би била изклÑÑиÑелно
-ÑÑÑдна за кооÑдинаÑÐ¸Ñ â незавиÑимо
напиÑаниÑе ÑаÑÑи не биÑ
а ÑабоÑили
-заедно. Ðо за ÑпеÑиÑиÑнаÑа задаÑа за
замÑнаÑа на âЮникÑâ Ñози пÑоблем не
-ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑва. ÐовеÑеÑо ÑпеÑиÑикаÑии за
инÑеÑÑейÑи Ñа ÑикÑиÑани за
-ÑÑвмеÑÑимоÑÑ Ñ âЮникÑâ. Ðко вÑÑка
допÑинеÑена пÑогÑама ÑабоÑи Ñ Ð¾ÑÑаналаÑа
-ÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° âЮникÑâ, ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¹-веÑоÑÑно Ñе ÑабоÑи
и Ñ Ð¾ÑÑаналаÑа ÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° GNU.</p>
+<p>Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate of
+some Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects, such part-time
+distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the independently-written
+parts would not work together. But for the particular task of replacing
+Unix, this problem is absent. Most interface specifications are fixed by
+Unix compatibility. If each contribution works with the rest of Unix, it
+will probably work with the rest of GNU.</p>
<p>Ðко полÑÑа паÑиÑни даÑениÑ, Ñе мога да
наема нÑколко дÑÑи на пÑлен или
непÑлен ÑабоÑен ден. ÐаплаÑаÑа нÑма да е
виÑока, но аз Ñе ÑÑÑÑÑ Ñ
оÑа, за
@@ -97,12 +96,17 @@
<p>СвÑÑжеÑе Ñе Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ за повеÑе инÑоÑмаÑиÑ.</p>
-<p>ÐоÑа Arpanet:<br /> address@hidden</p>
+<p>Arpanet mail:<br />
+ address@hidden</p>
-<p>Usenet:<br /> address@hidden<br /> address@hidden</p>
-
-<p>ÐдÑеÑ:<br /> РиÑаÑд СÑолман<br /> Ñл.
âÐÑоÑпекÑâ 166<br /> ÐембÑидж,
-ÐаÑаÑÑзеÑÑ 02139</p>
+<p>Usenet:<br />
+ address@hidden<br />
+ address@hidden</p>
+
+<p>US Snail:<br />
+ Richard Stallman<br />
+ 166 Prospect St<br />
+ Cambridge, MA 02139</p>
<h4 id="f1">ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð±Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð° дÑми около âfree<a
href="#TransNote4"><sup>4</sup></a>â</h4>
@@ -121,12 +125,12 @@
<div dir="ltr">
<pre><!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the headers.-->
-ÐÑ CSvax:pur-ee:address@hidden
-ÐÑ: address@hidden
-ÐÑÑпи за новини: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
-Тема: new Unix implementation
-ÐаÑа: Tue, 27-Sep-83 12:35:59 EST
-ÐÑганизаÑиÑ: MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA
+From CSvax:pur-ee:address@hidden
+From: address@hidden
+Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
+Subject: new Unix implementation
+Date: Tue, 27-Sep-83 12:35:59 EST
+Organization: MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA
Free Unix!
@@ -256,11 +260,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Ðма и дÑÑги
наÑини за <a
-href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -270,11 +275,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009 ФондаÑиÑ
за Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ
+Copyright © 1983, 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -293,7 +298,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/01/13 09:26:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -343,6 +348,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Swedish -->
<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li>
</ul>
Index: gnu/initial-announcement.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/initial-announcement.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- gnu/initial-announcement.ca.html 12 Dec 2010 09:28:07 -0000 1.12
+++ gnu/initial-announcement.ca.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:00 -0000 1.13
@@ -98,12 +98,17 @@
<p>Per a més informació, contacteu amb mi.</p>
-<p>Arpanet mail:<br /> address@hidden</p>
+<p>Arpanet mail:<br />
+ address@hidden</p>
-<p>Usenet:<br /> address@hidden<br /> address@hidden</p>
-
-<p>US Snail:<br /> Richard Stallman<br /> 166 Prospect St<br /> Cambridge, MA
-02139</p>
+<p>Usenet:<br />
+ address@hidden<br />
+ address@hidden</p>
+
+<p>US Snail:<br />
+ Richard Stallman<br />
+ 166 Prospect St<br />
+ Cambridge, MA 02139</p>
<h4 id="f1">La desafortunada elecció de la paraula "free"</h4>
@@ -235,12 +240,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Envieu les vostres preguntes sobre la FSF i GNU a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. També hi ha <a
-href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la
-FSF. <br />Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o
-suggeriments a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -254,8 +259,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1983, 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en
-qualsevol medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que es conservi aquesta nota.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -268,7 +274,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2010/12/12 09:28:07 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/initial-announcement.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/initial-announcement.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.29
retrieving revision 1.30
diff -u -b -r1.29 -r1.30
--- gnu/initial-announcement.fr.html 1 Jul 2011 00:31:21 -0000 1.29
+++ gnu/initial-announcement.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:00 -0000 1.30
@@ -248,11 +248,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -266,9 +267,10 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1983, 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage sans contrepartie financière,
-pourvu que cette notice soit préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -281,7 +283,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/01 00:31:21 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.ar.html 21 Feb 2011 17:27:42 -0000 1.13
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:00 -0000 1.14
@@ -240,8 +240,9 @@
Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007 Richard
M. Stallman
<br />
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any
-medium without royalty provided this notice is preserved.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -255,7 +256,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2011/02/21 17:27:42 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -322,7 +323,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbo-Croatian -->
<li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sh.html">srpsko-hrvatski</a> [sh]</li>
<!-- Slovenian -->
Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.28
retrieving revision 1.29
diff -u -b -r1.28 -r1.29
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html 27 Jan 2010 21:25:53 -0000 1.28
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:00 -0000 1.29
@@ -239,14 +239,14 @@
ÑдÑоÑо.</li>
<li>
-<a id="gnubsd"></a>ÐÑ Ð´ÑÑга ÑÑÑана, в годиниÑе Ñлед
напиÑванеÑо на Ñази
-ÑÑаÑиÑ, библиоÑекаÑа на GNU за Си беÑе
адапÑиÑана кÑм ÑдÑоÑо FreeBSD, коеÑо
-напÑави вÑзможно комбиниÑанеÑо на
ÑиÑÑемаÑа GNU Ñ Ñова ÑдÑо. ТоÑно какÑо и
-GNU/ÐинÑкÑ, Ñова Ñа вÑÑÑноÑÑ Ð²Ð°ÑианÑи на GNU и
ÑледоваÑелно Ñе наÑиÑаÑ
-GNU/kFreeBSD и GNU/kNetBSD в завиÑимоÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ñова Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ðµ
ÑдÑо ÑабоÑи
-ÑиÑÑемаÑа. ÐбикновениÑе поÑÑебиÑели на
ÑипиÑна ÑабоÑна ÑÑеда ÑÑÑдно биÑ
а
-могли да ÑазлиÑÐ°Ñ GNU/ÐинÑÐºÑ Ð¸ GNU/*BSD.
-</li>
+<a id="gnubsd"></a>On the other hand, in the years since this article was
+written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of the BSD
+kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system with that
+kernel. Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of GNU, and are
+therefore called, for instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and GNU/kNetBSD depending on
+the kernel of the system. Ordinary users on typical desktops can hardly
+distinguish between GNU/Linux and GNU/*BSD.</li>
+
</ol>
<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
@@ -264,11 +264,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Ðма и дÑÑги
наÑини за <a
-href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -278,10 +279,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007 Ð
иÑаÑд
-Ð. СÑолман <br /> ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и
ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа
-позволени за вÑеки Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда
Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази
-бележка да бÑде запазена.
+Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007 Richard
+M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -299,7 +302,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/01/27 21:25:53 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -366,7 +369,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbo-Croatian -->
<li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sh.html">srpsko-hrvatski</a> [sh]</li>
<!-- Slovenian -->
Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html 23 Dec 2010 17:29:12 -0000 1.16
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:00 -0000 1.17
@@ -262,9 +262,9 @@
<p>
Envieu les vostres preguntes sobre la FSF i GNU a <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. També hi ha <a
-href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la
-FSF. <br />Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o
-suggeriments a <a
+href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la FSF.
+<br />
+Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o suggeriments a <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -278,9 +278,12 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007 Richard
-M. Stallman <br /> Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest
-article en qualsevol medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que es conservi
-aquesta nota.
+M. Stallman
+<br />
+Aquesta pà gina es troba sota la <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ca";>Llicència
+Creative Commons Reconeixement-SenseObraDerivada 3.0 Estats Units
+d'Amèrica</a>.
</p>
@@ -292,7 +295,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2010/12/23 17:29:12 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -359,7 +362,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbo-Croatian -->
<li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sh.html">srpsko-hrvatski</a> [sh]</li>
<!-- Slovenian -->
Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.fa.html 27 Jan 2010 21:25:53 -0000 1.10
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:00 -0000 1.11
@@ -225,13 +225,14 @@
بخشâÙØ§Û ØºÛرآزاد ÙستÙØ Ø¨Ø§Ø²ÙÙ
Ù
جبÙرÛد آ٠را
درÙÙ Ú¯ÙÙ Ûا BSD Ùرار دÙÛد.</li>
<li>
-<a id="gnubsd"></a>از طر٠دÛÚ¯Ø±Ø Ø¯Ø± ساÙâÙاÛÛ Ú©Ù Ø§ÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙÙ ÙÚ¯Ø§Ø´ØªÙ Ø´Ø¯Ø GNU C
-Library Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ÙستÙÙ FreeBSD ÙÛز ÙÛراÛØ´ Ø´Ø¯Ø Ù Ø§Û٠اÙ
کا٠را ب٠ÙجÙد Ø¢Ùرد Ú©Ù
-سÛستÙ
Ú¯Ù٠را با Ø¢Ù Ùست٠ÙÛز ب٠کار رÙد. درست
ÙÙ
اÙÙد Ú¯ÙÙ/ÙÛÙÙÚ©Ø³Ø Ø§ÛÙ ÙÛز
-ØÙÛÙتا ÙÙØ¹Û Ø§Ø² Ú¯ÙÙ Ø§Ø³ØªØ Ø¨ÙابراÛÙ GNU/kFreeBSD Ù
Ûا GNU/kNetBSD ÙاÙ
ÛدÙ
-Ù
ÛâØ´ÙØ¯Ø Ø¨Ø³ØªÙ Ø¨Ù Ø§ÛÙک٠از کداÙ
Ùست٠استÙادÙ
شد٠باشد. Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù Ø¹Ø§Ø¯Û ÙÙ
ÛâتÙاÙÙد
-تÙاÙØªÛ Ù
Ûا٠گÙÙ/ÙÛÙÙکس Ù GNU/*BSD بÛابÙد.
-</li>
+<a id="gnubsd"></a>On the other hand, in the years since this article was
+written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of the BSD
+kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system with that
+kernel. Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of GNU, and are
+therefore called, for instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and GNU/kNetBSD depending on
+the kernel of the system. Ordinary users on typical desktops can hardly
+distinguish between GNU/Linux and GNU/*BSD.</li>
+
</ol>
<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
@@ -249,12 +250,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÙØ·Ùا سÙاÙات ٠پرسشâÙØ§Û Ø®Ùد در رابط٠با Ú¯ÙÙ
٠بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ را بÙ
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> ارساÙ
Ú©ÙÛد. ÙÙ
ÚÙÛÙ <a
-href="/contact/">راÙâÙØ§Û Ø¯ÛÚ¯Ø±Û Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ØªÙ
اس</a> با
بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ ÙجÙد
-دارد. <br /> ÙØ·Ùا ÙÛÙÚ©âÙØ§Û Ø®Ø±Ø§Ø¨ Ù Ûا Ù
Ø´Ú©Ùات
دÛگر Ûا Ù¾ÛØ´ÙÙادات Ø®Ùد را ب٠<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
-ارسا٠کÙÛد.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -265,9 +266,11 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007 Richard
-M. Stallman <br />ÙسخÙâØ¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÙ
٠ب٠کÙÙ
٠٠تÙزÛع
ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در سراسر
-جÙا٠٠در Ùر رساÙÙâاÛØ Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠پرداخت Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز Ù
جاز Ù
ÛâØ¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø§ اÛ٠شرط ک٠اÛÙ
-اعÙاÙ/Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز ØÙظ Ø´Ùد.
+M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -278,7 +281,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2010/01/27 21:25:53 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -345,7 +348,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbo-Croatian -->
<li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sh.html">srpsko-hrvatski</a> [sh]</li>
<!-- Slovenian -->
Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.id.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.id.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.id.html 27 Jan 2010 21:25:53 -0000 1.2
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.id.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:00 -0000 1.3
@@ -246,14 +246,14 @@
akan bergantung pada GNU atau BSD.</li>
<li>
-<a id="gnubsd"></a>Di lain pihak, Sejak artikel ini pertama kali ditulis,
-GNU C Library juga telah dimasukkan ke dalam kernel FreeBSD, sehingga
-memungkinkan kombinasi sistem GNU dengan kernel tersebut. Sama seperti
-GNU/Linux, kombinasi ini jelas merupakan varian dari sistem GNU juga, dan
-pantas disebut GNU/kFreeBSD and GNU/kNetBSD, tergantung dari
-kernelnya. Pengguna umumnya akan kesulitan membedakan GNU/Linux dan
-GNU/*BSD.
-</li>
+<a id="gnubsd"></a>On the other hand, in the years since this article was
+written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of the BSD
+kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system with that
+kernel. Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of GNU, and are
+therefore called, for instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and GNU/kNetBSD depending on
+the kernel of the system. Ordinary users on typical desktops can hardly
+distinguish between GNU/Linux and GNU/*BSD.</li>
+
</ol>
<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
@@ -289,8 +289,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -301,11 +302,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Hak Cipta © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
-2005,2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>Free Software
-Foundation</a>, Inc. Diizinkan untuk melakukan penyalinan utuh serta
-mengedarkan seluruh berkas pada segala macam media, dengan ketentuan
-menyertakan nota hak cipta ini.
+Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007 Richard
+M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -316,7 +318,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2010/01/27 21:25:53 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -383,7 +385,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbo-Croatian -->
<li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sh.html">srpsko-hrvatski</a> [sh]</li>
<!-- Slovenian -->
Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.ml.html 14 Jul 2010 08:25:35 -0000 1.9
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:00 -0000 1.10
@@ -272,15 +272,14 @@
à´µàµà´£à´.</li>
<li>
-<a id="gnubsd"></a>à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµâ, à´ à´²àµà´à´¨à´
à´à´´àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ à´¶àµà´·à´ വരàµâà´·à´àµà´à´³àµâ
-à´à´´à´¿à´àµà´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´³àµâ à´àµà´¨àµ സി
à´²àµà´¬àµà´°à´±à´¿
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´àµà´àµà´£àµà´àµàµ
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ
-à´àµà´¨àµ സിസàµà´±àµà´±à´µàµà´ à´ à´àµà´°àµâണലàµà´
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ
സാധàµà´¯à´®à´¾à´àµà´à´¿. à´àµà´¨àµ/ലിനà´àµà´¸àµ
-à´ªàµà´²àµ à´à´µà´¯àµà´ à´¤àµà´°àµâà´àµà´à´¯à´¾à´¯àµà´
à´àµà´¨àµà´µà´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´°àµà´ªà´¾à´¨àµà´¤à´°à´àµà´à´³à´¾à´£àµàµ, à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´£àµà´àµàµ തനàµà´¨àµ
-സിസàµà´±àµà´±à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµ
à´àµà´°àµâണലിനനàµà´¸à´°à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ à´à´µà´¯àµ
à´àµà´¨àµ/à´àµà´«àµà´°àµà´¬à´¿à´à´¸àµà´¡à´¿
-à´àµà´¨àµ/à´àµà´¨àµà´±àµà´±àµà´¬à´¿à´à´¸àµà´¡à´¿
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´àµà´à´¨àµ
വിളിയàµà´àµà´à´¾à´±àµà´£àµà´àµàµ. സാധാരണ
-à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
à´àµà´¨àµ/ലിനà´àµà´¸àµà´
à´àµà´¨àµ/*ബിà´à´¸àµà´¡à´¿à´¯àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´µàµà´°àµâതിരിà´àµà´à´±à´¿à´¯à´¾à´¨àµâ
-à´ªàµà´²àµà´ à´ªàµà´°à´¯à´¾à´¸à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ.
-</li>
+<a id="gnubsd"></a>On the other hand, in the years since this article was
+written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of the BSD
+kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system with that
+kernel. Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of GNU, and are
+therefore called, for instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and GNU/kNetBSD depending on
+the kernel of the system. Ordinary users on typical desktops can hardly
+distinguish between GNU/Linux and GNU/*BSD.</li>
+
</ol>
<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
@@ -298,12 +297,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ -നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµ
-വിനൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ </a>.
<br
-/>à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯ à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµàµ നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> à´à´¨àµà´¨
-വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -312,10 +311,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´ © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001,
2002, 2007 റിà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâà´¡àµ
-à´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâമാനàµâ <br />à´ à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµàµ
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨ നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ,
-സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£ à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
പദാനàµà´ªà´¦ à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´,
à´à´¤àµ
-മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007 Richard
+M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -327,7 +328,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2010/07/14 08:25:35 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -394,7 +395,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbo-Croatian -->
<li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sh.html">srpsko-hrvatski</a> [sh]</li>
<!-- Slovenian -->
Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.sr.html 27 Jan 2010 21:25:53 -0000 1.22
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:00 -0000 1.23
@@ -232,15 +232,14 @@
Ñ ÐÐУ или ÐСÐ.</li>
<li>
-<a id="gnubsd"></a>Са дÑÑге ÑÑÑане, Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð° коÑе
ÑÑ ÑÑледиле поÑле пиÑаÑа
-овог Ñланка, ÐÐУ-ова библиоÑека за Це Ñе
пÑенеÑена и на ÑезгÑо ФÑиÐСÐ-а, ÑÑо
-Ñе омогÑÑило да Ñе ÑиÑÑем ÐÐУ комбинÑÑе Ñа
Ñим ÑезгÑом. Ðао ÑÑо Ñе Ñо ÑлÑÑаÑ
-и Ñа ÐÐУ-ом Ñа ÐинÑкÑом, и ово ÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¸ÑÑа
ваÑиÑанÑе ÐÐУ-а, коÑе Ñе називаÑÑ
-ÐÐУ-ом Ñа ÑФÑиÐСÐ-ом (<em>GNU/kFreeBSD</em>) и ÐÐУ-ом
Ñа ÑÐеÑÐСÐ-ом
-(<em>GNU/kNetBSD</em>), Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÑноÑÑи од Ñога коÑе
ÑезгÑо ÑиÑÑем
-коÑиÑÑи. ÐбиÑни коÑиÑниÑи ÑобиÑаÑениÑ
кÑÑниÑ
ÑаÑÑнаÑа ÑеÑко Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð´Ð°
-ÑазликÑÑÑ ÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑом од ÐÐУ-а Ñа
*ÐСÐ-овима.
-</li>
+<a id="gnubsd"></a>On the other hand, in the years since this article was
+written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of the BSD
+kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system with that
+kernel. Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of GNU, and are
+therefore called, for instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and GNU/kNetBSD depending on
+the kernel of the system. Ordinary users on typical desktops can hardly
+distinguish between GNU/Linux and GNU/*BSD.</li>
+
</ol>
<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
@@ -263,11 +262,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑаÑеÑе пиÑаÑа Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð¸ Ñа
ÐСС-ом и ÐÐУ-ом на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ÐоÑÑоÑе и <a
-href="/contact/">дÑÑги наÑини да Ñе обÑаÑиÑе</a>
ÐСС-Ñ.<br />Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-ÑаÑеÑе неиÑпÑавне везе и дÑÑге иÑпÑавке
(или пÑедлоге) на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -277,10 +277,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-<b>ÐÑÑоÑÑка пÑава:</b><br />Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999,
2000, 2001,
-2002, 2007 Richard M. Stallman <br /> ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно
ÑмножаваÑе и
-ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка на било коÑем
медиÑÑмÑ, без надокнаде, Ñз ÑÑлов
-да Ñе оÑÑвано ово обавеÑÑеÑе.
+Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007 Richard
+M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -305,7 +307,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2010/01/27 21:25:53 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -372,7 +374,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbo-Croatian -->
<li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sh.html">srpsko-hrvatski</a> [sh]</li>
<!-- Slovenian -->
Index: gnu/manifesto.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/manifesto.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- gnu/manifesto.ar.html 22 Apr 2010 08:26:04 -0000 1.4
+++ gnu/manifesto.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:00 -0000 1.5
@@ -31,16 +31,18 @@
equipment are greatly needed.</p>
<p>
- Ø¥Ù٠اÙØ¢Ù ÙدÙÙا Ù
Øرر اÙÙصÙص Ø¥ÙÙ
اÙس Ù
ع Ø£ÙاÙ
ر Lisp ÙÙÙتابة ÙÙ
ÙÙØ ÙÙÙ
ستÙÙ
-اÙÙ
صدر٠ÙÙ
ÙÙد Ù
ØÙÙ Ù
تÙاÙÙ Ù
ع yacc Ùرابط ÙÙ
ا
ÙÙارب 35 أداة Ù
ساعدة أخرÙ. اÙØ´Ù
-(Ù
Ùسر اÙØ£ÙاÙ
ر) Ù
ÙتÙ
٠تÙرÙبÙا. Ù
صرÙ٠سÙ
اÙجدÙد اÙÙ
ØÙ
Ù٠اÙØ£Ù
ث٠صرÙÙ ÙÙس٠ÙÙد
-ÙÙصدر Ùذ٠اÙسÙØ©. تÙجد ÙÙاة Ù
بدئÙØ© ÙÙÙ Ø«Ù
Ø© Ù
زاÙا ÙØ«Ùرة أخر٠Ù
Ø·ÙÙبة ÙÙ
ØاÙاة
-ÙÙÙÙس. عÙدÙ
ا تÙتÙ٠اÙÙÙاة ÙاÙÙ
صرÙØ Ø³ÙÙ
ÙØµØ¨Ø Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ù
Ù٠تÙزÙع إصدار ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ
-Ù
ÙائÙ
ÙتطÙÙر اÙبراÙ
ج. سÙÙ ÙستخدÙ
تخ ÙÙ
ÙسÙ
ÙÙÙصÙØµØ ÙÙÙÙا ÙعÙ
٠أÙÙصا عÙÙ
-nroff. سÙÙ ÙستخدÙ
Ø£ÙضÙا ÙظاÙ
اÙÙÙÙذة اÙØر اÙÙ
ØÙ
ÙÙ. Ùبعد Ø°Ù٠سÙÙ ÙضÙÙ Common
-Lisp ÙÙعبة Ø¥Ù
براطÙرÙات ÙبرÙاÙ
ج جداÙÙ ÙÙ
ئات
اÙأشÙاء اÙأخر٠باÙإضاÙØ© Ø¥Ù٠تÙØ«ÙÙ
-بÙÙئة Ø¥ÙÙترÙÙÙØ©. ÙØ£Ù
٠أخÙرÙا Ø£Ù ÙÙÙر ÙÙ Ø´ÙØ¡
Ù
ÙÙد Ùأت٠عادة Ù
ع ÙظاÙ
ÙÙÙÙس
-ÙØ£Ùثر.</p>
+ So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor commands, a
+source level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator, a linker, and
+around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is nearly completed. A
+new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled itself and may be released
+this year. An initial kernel exists but many more features are needed to
+emulate Unix. When the kernel and compiler are finished, it will be
+possible to distribute a GNU system suitable for program development. We
+will use TeX as our text formatter, but an nroff is being worked on. We
+will use the free, portable X Window System as well. After this we will add
+a portable Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other
+things, plus online documentation. We hope to supply, eventually,
+everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more.</p>
<p>
سÙÙ ÙتÙ
Ù٠غÙÙ Ù
٠تشغÙ٠براÙ
ج ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø ÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ Ù
طابÙÙا ÙÙÙÙÙس. سÙÙ Ùجر٠ÙÙ
@@ -57,25 +59,27 @@
تشغÙÙ٠عÙÙÙا.</p>
<p>
- ÙتÙاد٠Ùغط ÙبÙØ±Ø Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠اÙØ·Ù ØرÙ
’G‘ Ù٠اÙاسÙ
اÙØ¥ÙجÙÙزÙ
-’GNU‘ عÙدÙ
ا ÙÙÙÙ Ù٠سÙا٠اسÙ
Ùذا اÙÙ
شرÙع.</p>
+ To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the <em>g</em> in the word
+“GNU” when it is the name of this project.</p>
<h3>ÙÙ
اذا تتØتÙ
عÙÙ Ùتابة غÙÙ</h3>
<p>
- أر٠أ٠اÙÙاعدة اÙØ°ÙبÙØ© Ø£Ù٠إذا أعجبÙÙ
برÙاÙ
ج ÙÙجب أ٠أشارÙÙ Ù
ع Ù
Ù
-ÙØبÙÙÙ. ÙرÙد بائع٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات تÙرÙ٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ÙاÙسÙادة عÙÙÙÙ
بØÙ
٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ
-عÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙÙØ© عÙ٠عدÙ
Ù
شارÙØ© اÙبراÙ
ج Ù
ع
اÙآخرÙÙ. Ø¥ÙÙ٠أرÙض تÙ
زÙ٠اÙÙد بÙÙÙ
-ÙبÙ٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙآخرÙ٠بÙذ٠اÙطرÙÙØ©. Ùا
ÙÙبغ٠عÙÙ -بضÙ
Ùر ØÙ- أ٠أÙÙع
-اتÙاÙÙØ© سرÙØ© أ٠اتÙاÙÙØ© ترخÙص برÙ
جÙØ©. ÙÙت
Ø£ÙاÙÙ
Ù
Ø«Ù Ùذ٠اÙأساÙÙب غÙر
-اÙأخÙاÙÙØ© عÙدÙ
ا ÙÙت أعÙ
Ù ÙÙ Ù
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء
اÙاصطÙاعÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙ
تÙ
ادÙا Ùدرجة Ø£ÙÙÙ
-ÙÙ
أستطع أ٠أبÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
عÙد Ùتبع Ùذ٠اÙأساÙÙب Ù
ع٠ÙبرÙض Ù
ÙÙ.</p>
+ I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I must
+share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to divide the
+users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share with others. I
+refuse to break solidarity with other users in this way. I cannot in good
+conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement.
+For years I worked within the Artificial Intelligence Lab to resist such
+tendencies and other inhospitalities, but eventually they had gone too far:
+I could not remain in an institution where such things are done for me
+against my will.</p>
<p>
So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to
put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to
get along without any software that is not free. I have resigned from the
-AI lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away.<a
+AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away.<a
href="#f2a">(2)</a></p>
<h3>ÙÙ
اذا سÙتÙاÙ٠غÙÙ Ù
ع ÙÙÙÙس</h3>
@@ -118,11 +122,12 @@
<blockquote>
<p>
-(Ù٠اÙÙÙت اÙراÙ٠راجع <a
-href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tasklist";>ÙائÙ
Ø© Ù
ÙÙ
ات
غÙÙ</a> ÙÙÙ
ÙÙ
ات
-اÙبرÙ
جÙØ©. راجع <a
-href="/help/help.ar.html">http://www.gnu.org/help/help.ar.html</a> ÙطرÙ
-اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
Ø© اÙأخرÙ.)
+(Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the <a
+href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects";>High Priority Projects
+list</a> and the <a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1";>GNU
+Help Wanted list</a>, the general task list for GNU software packages. For
+other ways to help, see <a href="http://gnu.org/help/help.html";>the guide to
+helping the GNU operating system</a>.)
</p>
</blockquote>
@@ -136,16 +141,18 @@
اÙجÙاز ÙادرÙا عÙ٠اÙعÙ
Ù ÙÙ Ù
ÙØ·ÙØ© سÙÙÙØ© ÙÙا
ÙØتاج تبرÙدÙا أ٠طاÙØ© Ù
ÙÙÙØ©.</p>
<p>
- Ùجدت اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ Ù
تØÙ
سÙÙ ÙÙÙ
ساÙÙ
Ø© بدÙاÙ
جزئ٠ÙغÙÙ. Ùصعب اÙتÙسÙÙ
-ÙÙ
شارÙع تÙÙÙزع اÙعÙ
٠عÙ٠دÙاÙ
ات جزئÙØ©
ÙÙØ°ÙØ Ùأ٠اÙأجزاء اÙت٠ÙÙتبÙا اÙØ£Ùراد
-Ù٠تعÙ
٠سÙÙÙا. ÙÙ٠عÙ
ÙÙØ© استبدا٠ÙÙÙÙس
خصÙصÙا Ùا تÙاج٠Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© ÙØ£Ù ÙظاÙ
-ÙÙÙÙس اÙÙاÙ
Ù ÙتÙÙÙ Ù
ئات اÙبراÙ
ج اÙÙ
ساعدةØ
ÙÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙا Ù
ÙÙØ«Ù٠بشÙÙ Ù
ستÙÙ. Ù
عظÙ
-تÙاصÙ٠اÙÙاجÙØ© سÙ٠تتÙÙد بÙÙÙÙس. إذا
استطاع ÙÙ Ù
ساÙÙ
Ùتابة بدÙÙ Ù
تÙاÙÙ
-ÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ù
ساعد ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø ÙجعÙÙا تعÙ
٠بشÙÙ
جÙد ÙÙ Ù
Ø٠اÙأصÙÙØ©Ø ÙسÙ٠تعÙ
Ù ÙØ°Ù
-اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙÙ
ساعدة بشÙ٠صØÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ ÙÙضعت Ù
ع
بعضÙا اÙبعض. ÙØت٠Ù٠صدÙÙا بÙاÙÙÙ
-Ù
ÙرÙÙ ÙÙÙعت بعض اÙÙ
شاÙ٠غÙر اÙÙ
تÙÙØ¹Ø©Ø ÙØ¥Ù
جÙ
ع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙات ستÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙ
Ø©
-Ù
جدÙØ©. (سÙÙ ÙتطÙب اÙعÙ
٠عÙ٠اÙÙÙاة اتصاÙات
Ø£Ùرب ÙسÙ٠تعÙ
Ù Ù
جÙ
Ùعة صغÙرة
-عÙÙÙا)</p>
+ I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time work for
+GNU. For most projects, such part-time distributed work would be very hard
+to coordinate; the independently written parts would not work together. But
+for the particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. A
+complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility programs, each of which is
+documented separately. Most interface specifications are fixed by Unix
+compatibility. If each contributor can write a compatible replacement for a
+single Unix utility, and make it work properly in place of the original on a
+Unix system, then these utilities will work right when put together. Even
+allowing for Murphy to create a few unexpected problems, assembling these
+components will be a feasible task. (The kernel will require closer
+communication and will be worked on by a small, tight group.)</p>
<p>
إذا ØصÙت٠عÙ٠تبرعات Ù
اÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙد أتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ù
تÙظÙ٠بضعة أشخاص بدÙاÙ
جزئ٠أÙ
@@ -228,11 +235,13 @@
ÙÙÙÙÙ
Ùا بأÙ
Ùر سÙÙ٠عÙÙÙÙ
اÙÙÙاÙ
بÙا
بأÙÙسÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙÙ
Ùا ÙعرÙÙÙ ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
Ù٠بÙا.</p>
<p>
- ÙÙ
Ù٠تÙدÙÙ
Ù
Ø«Ù Ùذ٠اÙخدÙ
ات عبر شرÙات تبÙع
خدÙ
ات اÙدعÙ
شخص٠ÙاÙصÙاÙØ© ÙÙØ·. إذا
-Ùا٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠سÙدÙعÙÙ Ù
اÙÙا Ù
Ùاب٠Ù
Ùتج Ù
ع
دعÙ
Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙÙ
سÙÙبÙÙ٠شراء اÙخدÙ
Ø© Ù
ع
-أخذ اÙÙ
Ùتج باÙÙ
جاÙ. سÙ٠تتÙاÙس شرÙات اÙخدÙ
Ø© Ù٠اÙجÙدة ÙاÙØ³Ø¹Ø±Ø ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙÙد
-اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠بشرÙØ© Ù
عÙÙØ©. ÙÙÙ ÙÙس اÙÙÙت سÙتÙ
Ù٠اÙØ°ÙÙ Ùا ÙرÙدÙ٠اÙخدÙ
Ø© Ù
Ù
-استخداÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج بدÙ٠اÙدÙع ÙÙخدÙ
Ø©.</p>
+ Such services could be provided by companies that sell just handholding and
+repair service. If it is true that users would rather spend money and get a
+product with service, they will also be willing to buy the service having
+got the product free. The service companies will compete in quality and
+price; users will not be tied to any particular one. Meanwhile, those of us
+who don't need the service should be able to use the program without paying
+for the service.</p>
<p>
<strong>”Ùا ÙÙ
Ù٠اÙÙصÙ٠إÙ٠أشخاص Ùثر بدÙÙ
اÙإعÙاÙØ ÙÙجب أ٠تبÙع
@@ -356,12 +365,14 @@
ببراءات اختراع.</p>
<p>
- ÙÙ
تطرأ ÙÙرة ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر Ù٠اÙعصÙر اÙÙسطÙØ
عÙدÙ
ا Ùا٠اÙÙ
ؤÙÙÙÙ ÙÙسخÙ٠أجزاءÙ
-Ø·ÙÙÙØ© Ù
٠أعÙ
ا٠غÙر رÙائÙØ© ÙÙ
ؤÙÙÙ٠آخرÙÙ.
ÙاÙت Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ù
ارسة Ù
ÙÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙÙÙد ÙاÙت
-Ùراء Ùجاة أعÙ
ا٠Ùتاب Ùثر أ٠أجزاء Ù
ÙÙا.
Ø£Ùشئ ÙظاÙ
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر خصÙÙصÙا ÙتشجÙع
-اÙتأÙÙÙ. Ùا٠Ù٠ضرر Ù
ØدÙد Ù٠اÙÙطا٠اÙØ°Ù
Ø£Ùشئ ÙÙÙ (اÙÙØªØ¨Ø ÙÙ٠اÙت٠Ùا٠ÙسخÙا
-بÙÙ
Ùات تجارÙØ© ÙتطÙب Ù
طبعة Ù
تخصصة)Ø ÙÙÙ
ÙÙ
ث٠عÙبة Ù٠طرÙ٠اÙØ£Ùراد اÙØ°Ù ÙاÙÙا
-ÙÙرؤÙ٠اÙÙتب.</p>
+ The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times, when authors
+frequently copied other authors at length in works of nonfiction. This
+practice was useful, and is the only way many authors' works have survived
+even in part. The copyright system was created expressly for the purpose of
+encouraging authorship. In the domain for which it was
+invented—books, which could be copied economically only on a printing
+press—it did little harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals
+who read the books.</p>
<p>
ÙÙ ØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙÙÙرÙØ© Ù
ا Ù٠إÙا Ù
جرد
رخص ÙÙ
ÙØÙا اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙØ£Ù٠اعتÙد (صÙابÙا
@@ -409,9 +420,10 @@
ØاÙز Ù
اÙ٠أÙÙØ Ø®Ø¨Ø±ØªÙ ØªÙÙد بأ٠ÙØ«ÙرÙ٠سÙبرÙ
جÙÙ.</p>
<p>
- ÙØ£Ùثر Ù
٠عشر سÙÙØ§ØªØ Ø¹Ù
٠أÙض٠Ù
برÙ
جÙ
اÙعاÙÙ
ÙÙ Ù
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء اÙاصطÙاع٠بÙ
رتÙب
-Ø£Ù٠بÙØ«Ùر Ù
Ù
ا ÙستطÙعÙ٠جÙÙÙ Ù٠أ٠Ù
Ùا٠آخر.
ÙÙÙÙÙ
جÙÙا Ù
ÙاÙآت غÙر Ù
اÙÙØ©
-ÙØ«Ùرة: ÙاÙسÙ
عة ÙاÙتÙدÙر Ù
Ø«ÙÙا. ÙاÙإبداع
Ø£ÙضÙا Ù
Ù
ØªØ¨Ø¹Ø ÙÙÙ Ù
ÙاÙأة بذاتÙ.</p>
+ For more than ten years, many of the world's best programmers worked at the
+Artificial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could have had
+anywhere else. They got many kinds of nonmonetary rewards: fame and
+appreciation, for example. And creativity is also fun, a reward in itself.</p>
<p>
بعد Ø°Ù٠غادر Ù
عظÙ
ÙÙ
عÙدÙ
ا عÙرض عÙÙÙÙ
اÙÙÙاÙ
بÙÙس اÙعÙ
٠اÙÙ
Ù
تع Ù
Ùاب٠Ù
رتب
@@ -444,12 +456,13 @@
اÙعتاد اÙجدÙد.</p>
<p>
- ÙÙ
Ù٠أÙضÙا Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙظÙ٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ Ù٠خدÙ
ات
اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙاÙدعÙ
اÙشخص٠ÙاÙصÙاÙØ©.</p>
+ The sale of teaching, handholding and maintenance services could also employ
+programmers.</p>
<p>
People with new ideas could distribute programs as freeware<a
href="#f7">(9)</a>, asking for donations from satisfied users, or selling
-hand-holding services. I have met people who are already working this way
+handholding services. I have met people who are already working this way
successfully.</p>
<p>
@@ -484,11 +497,13 @@
<li>سÙÙ ÙتÙ
Ù٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙÙ
ÙتÙ
Ù٠باÙÙ
شارÙع
اÙت٠تÙا٠ØصتÙÙ
Ù
٠اختÙارÙا بأÙÙسÙÙ
.</li>
</ul>
<p>
- إ٠جع٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات Øرة ÙÙعتبر -عÙ٠اÙÙ
دÙ
اÙبعÙد- خطÙØ© ÙØ٠عاÙÙ
اÙÙÙرة اÙعÙÙ
ÙØ©
-ÙاÙÙÙرÙØ© اÙØ°Ù ÙÙ Ùضطر ÙÙ٠أØد Ø¥Ù٠اÙعÙ
٠بÙ
Ø´ÙØ© باÙغ ÙÙجÙÙ ÙÙتÙ. سÙÙ ÙتÙ
ÙÙ
-اÙÙاس Ù
٠تÙرÙس Ø£ÙÙسÙÙ
Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙشاطات اÙÙ
Ù
تعة
(ÙاÙبرÙ
جة) بعد Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙÙا عشر
-ساعات Ù٠اÙأسبÙع ÙÙÙÙÙا اÙÙ
ÙÙ
ات اÙÙ
Ø·ÙÙبة Ù
ÙÙÙ
ÙاÙتشرÙع ÙÙØµØ Ø§ÙعائÙØ© ÙإصÙاØ
-اÙرÙبÙت ÙاÙبØØ« ع٠اÙÙÙÙÙبات. ÙÙ ÙÙضطر Ø£Øد
ÙØ£Ù ÙجÙÙ ÙÙت٠Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
جة.</p>
+ In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the postscarcity
+world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to make a living.
+People will be free to devote themselves to activities that are fun, such as
+programming, after spending the necessary ten hours a week on required tasks
+such as legislation, family counseling, robot repair and asteroid
+prospecting. There will be no need to be able to make a living from
+programming.</p>
<p>
ÙÙد تÙ
ÙÙÙا Ø¥ÙÙ Øد ÙبÙر Ù
٠تÙÙÙÙ Ù
Ùدار اÙعÙ
٠اÙذ٠عÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع بأسر٠اÙÙÙاÙ
بÙ
@@ -578,10 +593,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
جÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
باÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù
-ÙضÙ٠أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -594,9 +610,12 @@
Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
<p>
-ÙسÙ
Ø ÙÙجÙ
Ùع بإÙشاء أ٠تÙزÙع Ùسخ ØرÙÙØ© Ù
Ù
Ùذ٠اÙÙØ«ÙÙØ© Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙطة بشرط إبÙاء
-إخطار ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر Ùإخطار اÙإذÙØ ÙØ£Ù ÙضÙ
٠اÙÙ
ÙÙزÙع أ٠اÙÙ
ستÙÙ
ÙتØص٠عÙ٠إذÙ
-بإعادة اÙتÙزÙع ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
Ø³Ø Ø¨Ù Ùذا اÙإخطار<br />
Ùا ÙÙ
Ù٠إÙشاء Ùسخ Ù
ÙعدÙÙØ©.
+Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies of
+this document, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and
+permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor grants the
+recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
+<br />
+Modified versions may not be made.
</p>
@@ -610,7 +629,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/04/22 08:26:04 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -619,20 +638,20 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>ترجÙ
ات Ùذ٠اÙصÙØØ©</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/manifesto.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
@@ -666,6 +685,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/manifesto.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/manifesto.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Swedish -->
Index: gnu/manifesto.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/manifesto.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- gnu/manifesto.ca.html 22 Apr 2010 08:26:04 -0000 1.6
+++ gnu/manifesto.ca.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:01 -0000 1.7
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
sembla millor deixar-lo sense modificar, com l'ha conegut la majoria de la
gent.</p>
-<p>Since that time, we have learned about certain common misunderstandings that
-different wording could help avoid. Footnotes added since 1993 help clarify
-these points.</p>
+<p>Des d'aleshores, hem après que és possible ajudar a evitar certes
confusions
+comuns amb un canvi en l'elecció de paraules. Les notes a peu de pà gina van
+ser afegides el 1993 per ajudar a aclarir aquests punts.</p>
<p>Per estar al dia amb el programari GNU disponible, si us plau consulteu la
informació disponible en el nostre <a
@@ -28,18 +28,18 @@
<h3>Què és GNU? GNU no és Unix!</h3>
<p>
- GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete
-Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give it
-away free to everyone who can use it.<a href="#f1">(1)</a> Several other
-volunteers are helping me. Contributions of time, money, programs and
-equipment are greatly needed.</p>
+ GNU, que prové de <i>GNU's Not Unix</i> (GNU no és Unix, en català ), és
el
+nom per a un sistema complet compatible amb Unix que estic escrivint per tal
+de donar-lo a tot aquell que vulgui usar-lo <a href="#f1">(1)</a>. Alguns
+altres voluntaris estan ajudant-me. Les contribucions econòmiques, de temps,
+de programes i equipament són molt necessà ries.</p>
<p>
De moment tenim l'editor de text Emacs amb Lisp per escriure ordres
d'edició, un depurador de codi, un generador parser compatible amb yacc, un
enllaçador, i al voltant de 35 utilitats. Molt prompte estarà complet un
intèrpret d'ordres. S'ha optimitzat un nou compilador portable de C que s'ha
-compilat a si mateixa i podria ser alliberat aquest any. Existeix un nucli
+compilat a si mateix i podria ser alliberat aquest any. Existeix un nucli
inicial però encara li falten moltes caracterÃstiques per emular a
l'Unix. Quan el nucli i el compilador estiguen acabats, serà possible
distribuir el sistema GNU per al desenvolupament de programes. Utilitzarem
@@ -70,8 +70,9 @@
el deixarem per algú que el vulga fer servir en aquestes.</p>
<p>
- Per evitar una terrible confusió (en anglès), cal pronunciar la 'G' en la
-paraula 'GNU' quan es parli del projecte (en català és correcte dir
'nyu').</p>
+ Per evitar una terrible confusió (en anglès), cal pronunciar la <em>g</em>
+en la paraula 'GNU' quan es parli del projecte (en català és correcte dir
+'nyu').</p>
<h3>Per què haig d'escriure el GNU</h3>
@@ -88,10 +89,11 @@
terme contra la meva voluntat.</p>
<p>
- So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to
-put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to
-get along without any software that is not free. I have resigned from the
-AI lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away.<a
+ Com que vull continuar emprant ordinadors sense perdre el meu honor, he
+decidit agrupar un cos suficient de programari lliure per tal de ser capaç
+de tirar endavant sense cap mena de programari que no sigui lliure. He
+abandonat el Laboratori d'Intel·ligència Artificial per denegar qualsevol
+excusa legal al MIT que m'impedÃs oferir el GNU lliurement.<a
href="#f2a">(2)</a></p>
<h3>Per què el GNU serà compatible amb l'Unix</h3>
@@ -142,10 +144,13 @@
<blockquote>
<p>
-(Ara mateixa, per treballar en les tasques de programari, veieu <a
-href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tasklist";>la llista de tasques del
-GNU</a>. Si voleu contribuir d'altres maneres, veieu <a
-href="/help/help.ca.html">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.)
+(Per trobar ara projectes de programari en què treballar, vegeu la <a
+href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects";>Llista de projectes d'alta
+prioritat</a> i la <a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1";>GNU
+necessita ajuda</a>, que és la llista general de tasques per als paquets de
+programari GNU. Per conèixer altres maneres d'ajudar, vegeu <a
+href="http://gnu.org/help/help.ca.html";>la guia per ajudar al sistema
+operatiu GNU</a>.)
</p>
</blockquote>
@@ -189,8 +194,9 @@
<h3>Per què tots els usuaris d'ordinador se'n sortiran beneficiats</h3>
<p>
- Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system software
-free, just like air.<a href="#f2">(3)</a></p>
+ Una vegada el GNU estiga escrit, qualsevol serà capaç d'obtenir un bon
+sistema de programari lliure, igual que disposem d'aire per respirar. <a
+href="#f2">(3)</a></p>
<p>
Això significa molt més que el simple fet que algú s'estalviï el preu
de la
@@ -247,9 +253,10 @@
tècnica.â</strong></p>
<p>
- If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free without
-service, a company to provide just service to people who have obtained GNU
-free ought to be profitable.<a href="#f3">(4)</a></p>
+ Si la gent preferÃs pagar per tenir el GNU més assistència tècnica que
+obtenir el GNU de franc sense assistència, una empresa que oferÃs només
+l'assistència tècnica a les persones que haguessin obtingut el GNU de franc
+hauria de tenir èxit.<a href="#f3">(4)</a></p>
<p>
DeurÃem distingir entre l'assistència en forma de vertader treball de
@@ -275,7 +282,7 @@
<p>
Aquests serveis podran ser proporcionats per companyies que venguin sols el
-servei d'assessoria i de reparació. Si es veritat que els usuaris
+servei d'assessoria i de reparació. Si és veritat que els usuaris
prefereixen gastar diners i obtenir un producte amb assistència, estaran
igualment d'acord d'adquirir el servei després d'haver obtingut el producte
de franc. Les empreses de serveis competiran en qualitat i preu, de manera
@@ -301,10 +308,11 @@
reben benefici de la publicitat paguen per ella.</p>
<p>
- On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and such
-companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not really
-necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates don't want to
-let the free market decide this?<a href="#f4">(5)</a></p>
+ D'altra banda, si molta gent obté el GNU dels seus amics i aquestes
+companyies no tenen èxit, això mostrarà que la publicitat no era realment
+necessà ria per difondre el GNU. Per què deu ser que els defensors del mercat
+lliure no volen deixar al mercat lliure que ho decideixi? <a
+href="#f4">(5)</a></p>
<p>
<strong>âLa meva companyia necessita un sistema operatiu privatiu per ser
@@ -320,8 +328,9 @@
empès dins del costós negoci de la venta de sistemes operatius.</p>
<p>
- I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many
-manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.<a href="#f5">(6)</a></p>
+ M'agradaria veure que el desenvolupament del GNU és finançat amb donacions
+de molts fabricants i usuaris, reduint els costos per a ells mateixos. <a
+href="#f5">(6)</a></p>
<p>
<strong>âNo es mereixen els programadors una recompensa per la seva
@@ -381,11 +390,12 @@
com ara.</p>
<p>
- Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software. It is
-the most common basis<a href="#f8">(7)</a> because it brings in the most
-money. If it were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software
-business would move to other bases of organization which are now used less
-often. There are always numerous ways to organize any kind of business.</p>
+ Restringir la còpia no és l'única base per al negoci del programari. Ãs
la
+més comuna <a href="#f8">(7)</a> perquè permet guanyar molts diners. Si
+aquesta es prohibÃs, o fos rebutjada pel consumidor, el negoci del
+programari es mouria cap altres bases d'organització que ara s'usen
+menys. Sempre hi ha nombroses maneres d'organitzar qualsevol tipus de
+negoci.</p>
<p>
Probablement la programació no serà tant lucrativa amb la nova base com ho
@@ -405,11 +415,11 @@
les seves vides.</p>
<p>
- People who have studied the issue of intellectual property rights<a
-href="#f6">(8)</a> carefully (such as lawyers) say that there is no
-intrinsic right to intellectual property. The kinds of supposed
-intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were created by
-specific acts of legislation for specific purposes.</p>
+ La gent que ha estudiat amb cura el tòpic dels drets de la propietat
+intel·lectual <a href="#f6">(8)</a> (com els advocats) diuen que no hi ha un
+dret intrÃnsec a la propietat intel·lectual. Els tipus de suposats drets de
+propietat intel·lectual que reconeix el govern foren creats per actes
+especÃfiques de legislació per a propòsits especÃfics.</p>
<p>
Per exemple, el sistema de patents fou establert per animar als inventors a
@@ -428,8 +438,8 @@
ficció. Aquesta prà ctica era útil, i és l'única forma de què el treball
de
molts autors haja sobreviscut, encara que sols sigui en part. El sistema
dels drets d'autor fou creat expressament amb el propòsit de promoure
-l'autoria. En l'Ã mbit per la qual es va inventarâllibres, els quals sols
-podien ser copiats econòmicament en impremtes, això feia molt poc mal i no
+l'autoria. En l'Ã mbit per la qual es va inventar (llibres, els quals sols
+podien ser copiats econòmicament en impremtes), això feia molt poc mal i no
obstruïa a la major part dels individus que llegien els llibres. </p>
<p>
@@ -530,14 +540,14 @@
sistemes operatius a la nova mà quina.</p>
<p>
- La venta de l'ensenyança, els serveis de suport i manteniment podrien donar
-feina també als programadors.</p>
+ La venta de l'ensenyança i dels serveis de suport i manteniment podrien
+donar feina també als programadors.</p>
<p>
- People with new ideas could distribute programs as freeware<a
-href="#f7">(9)</a>, asking for donations from satisfied users, or selling
-hand-holding services. I have met people who are already working this way
-successfully.</p>
+ La gent amb idees noves podria distribuir programes com programari gratuït
+<a href="#f7">(9)</a>, demanant donacions dels usuaris satisfets, o venent
+serveis de suport. He conegut gent que han tingut èxit treballant d'aquesta
+manera.</p>
<p>
Els usuaris amb necessitats comuns poden formar grups d'usuaris, i pagar
@@ -582,7 +592,7 @@
estarà lliure per a dedicar-se a activitats entretingudes, com la
programació, després d'haver dedicat les seves deu hores necessà ries a la
setmana per a les seves tasques requerides com legislar, aconsellar la
-famÃlies, reparar robots i explorar d'asteroides. No haurà necessitat de
+famÃlies, reparar robots i explorar d'asteroides. No hi haurà necessitat de
guanyar-se la vida programant.</p>
<p>
@@ -617,12 +627,11 @@
programari, millor. Allò important és que tothom que tingui una còpia tingui
la llibertat de cooperar amb altres al utilitzar-lo.</li>
-<li><a name="f2a"></a>The expression “give away” is another
-indication that I had not yet clearly separated the issue of price from that
-of freedom. We now recommend avoiding this expression when talking about
-free software. See <a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware"> <q>Confusing Words
-and Phrases</q></a> for more explanation.</li>
+<li><a name="f2a"></a>La paraula "donar" es una altra indicació que encara no
+havia separat clarament el tema del preu del de la llibertat. Recomanem
+evitar aquesta paraula al parlar de programari lliure. Vegeu <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ca.html#GiveAwaySoftware">Paraules i Frases
+confuses</a> per a més explicacions.</li>
<li><a name="f2"></a>Acà és un altre lloc on vaig errar a l'hora de
diferenciar
amb cura entre els dos significats diferents de "free" (lliure i
@@ -632,41 +641,43 @@
<li><a name="f3"></a>Ja existeixen moltes d'aquestes companyies.</li>
-<li><a name="f4"></a> Although it is a charity rather than a company, the Free
-Software Foundation for 10 years raised most of its funds from its
-distribution service. You can <a href="/order/order.html">order things from
-the FSF</a> to support its work.
+<li><a name="f4"></a>La Free Software Foundation durant 10 anys ha aconseguit
la
+major part dels seus fons d'un servei de distribució, encara que és més una
+caritat que una empresa. Ara pots <a href="/order/order.html">comprar coses
+de la FSF</a> per donar suport a la seva tasca.
</li>
<li><a name="f5"></a>Una agrupació d'empreses informà tiques donaren fons al
voltant de l'any 1991 per donar suport al manteniment del Compilador C de
GNU.</li>
-<li><a name="f8"></a>I think I was mistaken in saying that proprietary software
-was the most common basis for making money in software. It seems that
-actually the most common business model was and is development of custom
-software. That does not offer the possibility of collecting rents, so the
-business has to keep doing real work in order to keep getting income. The
-custom software business would continue to exist, more or less unchanged, in
-a free software world. Therefore, I no longer expect that most paid
-programmers would earn less in a free software world.</li>
-
-<li><a name="f6"></a>In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing it was
to
-speak of “the issue” of “intellectual property”.
-That term is obviously biased; more subtle is the fact that it lumps
-together various disparate laws which raise very different issues. Nowadays
-I urge people to reject the term “intellectual property”
-entirely, lest it lead others to suppose that those laws form one coherent
-issue. The way to be clear is to discuss patents, copyrights, and
-trademarks separately. See <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">further
-explanation</a> of how this term spreads confusion and bias.</li>
-
-<li><a name="f7"></a>Subsequently we learned to distinguish between “free
-software” and “freeware”. The term “freeware”
-means software you are free to redistribute, but usually you are not free to
-study and change the source code, so most of it is not free software. See
-<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Freeware"> <q>Confusing Words and
-Phrases</q></a> for more explanation.</li>
+<li><a name="f8"></a>Crec que va ser un error dir que el programari propietari
+era la manera més habitual de fer diners amb el programari. Sembla que
+actualment el model de negoci més habitual es desenvolupar programari
+personalitzat. Això no dona la possibilitat de viure de renda, de manera que
+el negoci ha de treballar contÃnuament per mantenir els ingressos. El negoci
+del programari personalitzat continuaria existint, amb més o menys
+diferències, en un món amb programari lliure. Per tant, no crec que el
+programadors més ben pagats guanyessin menys en un món amb programari
+lliure.</li>
+
+<li><a name="f6"></a>Als anys 80 encara no m'havia adonat de la confusió que
+creava parlar de "la qüestió" de la "propietat intel·lectual". Aquest terme
+òbviament és esbiaixat; més subtil és el fet que agrupa diverses lleis que
+plantegen qüestions molt diferents. Avui en dia insisteixo a la gent a
+rebutjar el terme "propietat intel·lectual" completament, per a evitar que
+altra gent pense que aquestes lleis juntes són coherents. La manera de ser
+clar és parlar de patents, drets d'autor i marques comercials per
+separat. Veieu <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">una explicació més
+detallada</a> de com aquest terme provoca confusió i biaix.</li>
+
+<li><a name="f7"></a>Posteriorment hem après a distingir entre "programari
+lliure" (free software) i "programari gratuït" (freeware). El terme
+"programari gratuït" significa programari que eres lliure de redistribuir,
+però que normalment no eres lliure d'estudiar o modificar el codi font, aixÃ
+que la majoria d'aquest programari no és lliure. Veieu <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ca.html#Freeware">Paraules i Frases
+confuses</a> per a més explicacions.</li>
</ol>
@@ -683,8 +694,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -700,11 +712,12 @@
Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
<p>
-Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en
-qualsevol medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que es conservi aquesta nota
-i que el distribuïdor garanteixi al receptor el dret a futures
-redistribucions, tal com ho permet aquesta nota. <br />No es poden fer
-versions modificades.
+Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies of
+this document, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and
+permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor grants the
+recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
+<br />
+Modified versions may not be made.
</p>
@@ -713,12 +726,12 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traducció: <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>puigcerver</a>, 8 de març
de 2008. <br />Darrera actualització: <a
-href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 20 d'abril de 2009.</div>
+href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 19 d'agost de 2010.</div>
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2010/04/22 08:26:04 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -727,20 +740,20 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traduccions d'aquesta pà gina</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/manifesto.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
@@ -774,6 +787,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/manifesto.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/manifesto.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Swedish -->
Index: gnu/manifesto.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/manifesto.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.30
retrieving revision 1.31
diff -u -b -r1.30 -r1.31
--- gnu/manifesto.fr.html 23 Jun 2010 14:12:20 -0000 1.30
+++ gnu/manifesto.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:01 -0000 1.31
@@ -7,166 +7,147 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
<h2>Le Manifeste GNU</h2>
-<p> Le manifeste GNU, reproduit ci-dessous, a été écrit
par
-<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> au commencement du
+<p> Le manifeste GNU, reproduit ci-dessous, a été écrit par <a
+href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> au commencement du
projet GNU pour encourager la participation et le soutien de tous. Au cours
-des premières années, il y a eu quelques petites mises
-à jour pour tenir compte des développements, mais il nous
-semble maintenant plus judicieux de le laisser en l'état.</p>
-
-<p>Nous avons appris depuis qu'il y avait quelques
-incompréhensions ; celles-ci peuvent être corrigées
-en changeant quelques mots. Des notes de bas de page ajoutées en 1993
-aident à clarifier ces points.</p>
-
-<p>Pour les dernières informations sur les logiciels GNU actuellement
-disponibles, veuillez vous référer à notre <a
-href="/home.fr.html">site web</a>, en particulier notre <a
-href="/software/software.fr.html">liste de logiciels</a>. Pour savoir
-comment contribuer, consultez <a
+des premières années, il y a eu quelques petites mises à jour pour tenir
+compte des développements, mais il nous semble maintenant plus judicieux de
+le laisser en l'état.</p>
+
+<p>Nous avons appris depuis qu'il y avait quelques incompréhensions ;
+celles-ci peuvent être corrigées en changeant quelques mots. Des notes de
+bas de page ajoutées en 1993 aident à clarifier ces points.</p>
+
+<p>Pour les dernières informations sur les logiciels GNU actuellement
+disponibles, veuillez vous référer à notre <a href="/home.fr.html">site
+web</a>, en particulier notre <a href="/software/software.fr.html">liste de
+logiciels</a>. Pour savoir comment contribuer, consultez <a
href="/help/">http://www.gnu.org/help/help.fr.html</a>. </p>
<h3>Qu'est ce que GNU ? Gnu N'est pas Unix !</h3>
<p>
- GNU, l'acronyme de GNU's Not Unix (GNU n'est pas Unix), est le nom du
-système complet de logiciels compatible Unix que j'écris pour
-pouvoir le donner librement à tous ceux qui en auraient besoin. <a
-href="#f1"><sup>1</sup></a> De nombreux bénévoles
-m'aident. Les contributions en temps, en argent, en logiciels et en
-matériel sont les bienvenues.</p>
-
-<p>
- Pour l'instant, nous avons un éditeur de texte, Emacs, utilisant le
-Lisp pour écrire des commandes d'édition, un débogueur,
-un générateur d'analyseurs syntaxiques compatible avec YACC,
-un éditeur de liens, et environ trente-cinq autres utilitaires. Un
-shell (un interprètede commandes) est presque terminé. Un
-nouveau compilateur C portable et optimisé s'est compilé
-lui-même et devrait être disponible cette année. Un
-premier noyau existe, mais nécessite plus de fonctions pour
-émuler Unix. Quand le noyau et le compilateur seront terminés,
-il sera possible de distribuer un système GNU propice au
-développement. Nous utiliserons TeX comme formateur de textes, mais
-un nroff est en cours de développement. Nous utiliserons aussi le
-système libre et portable X Window System. Par la suite, nous
-ajouterons un Common Lisp portable, le jeu Empire, un tableur et des
-centaines d'autres choses, plus une documentation en ligne. Nous
-espérons fournir, finalement, tout ce qui peut être utile et
-qui est normalement inclus dans un système Unix et plus encore.</p>
-
-<p>
- GNU pourra exécuter des programmes Unix mais ne sera pas identique
-à Unix. Nous ferons toutes les améliorations que nous jugerons
-appropriées, en nous fondant sur nos expériences avec d'autres
-systèmes d'exploitation. En particulier, nous prévoyons
-d'avoir des fichiers avec des noms longs, des numéros de version de
-fichier, un système de fichiers à tolérance de panne,
-éventuellement un système de complétion des noms de
-fichiers, un dispositif d'affichage indépendant du terminal, et
-peut-être, finalement, un système de fenêtrage
-fondé sur Lisp, au travers duquel plusieurs programmes Lisp et autres
-programmes Unix pourront partager un écran. Le C et le Lisp seront
-tous les deux disponibles comme langages de programmation
-système. Nous essayerons de supporter UUCP, MIT Chaosnet, et les
-protocoles de l'Internet pour la communication.</p>
-
-<p>
- Initialement, GNU vise les machines de classe 68000/16000 avec de la
-mémoire virtuelle, car ce sont les machines les plus simples pour le
-faire fonctionner. Nous laissons l'effort supplémentaire pour
-l'adapter sur de plus faibles machines à ceux qui voudront l'utiliser
-sur celles-ci.</p>
-
-<p>
- Pour éviter d'horribles confusions, veuillez bien prononcer le
-« G » de « GNU » quand vous parlez de ce projet.</p>
-
-<h3>Pourquoi dois-je écrire GNU</h3>
-
-<p>
- J'estime que la Règle d'or est que, si j'aime un programme, je dois
-le partager avec d'autres qui aiment ce programme. Les éditeurs de
-logiciels cherchent à diviser et à conquérir les
-utilisateurs, en interdisant à chacun de partager avec les autres. Je
-refuse de rompre la solidarité avec les autres utilisateurs de cette
-manière. Je ne peux pas, en mon âme et conscience, signer un
-accord de non-divulgation ou une licence de logiciels. Pendant des
-années, j'ai Åuvré au sein du Laboratoire d'Intelligence
-Artificielle du MIT pour résister à ces tendances, mais
-finalement, ils sont allés trop loin : je ne pouvais pas rester dans
-une institution où de telles choses avaient lieu contre ma
-volonté.</p>
-
-<p>
- Pour pouvoir continuer à utiliser les ordinateurs en accord avec ma
-conscience, j'ai décidé de rassembler un ensemble suffisant de
-logiciels libres, pour pouvoir me débrouiller sans logiciels non
-libres. J'ai démissionné du laboratoire d'Intelligence
-Artificielle pour que le MIT ne puisse invoquer toutes les excuses
-légales pour m'empêcher de distribuer GNU librement <a
-href="#f2a">(2a)</a>..</p>
+ GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete
+Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give it
+away free to everyone who can use it.<a href="#f1">(1)</a> Several other
+volunteers are helping me. Contributions of time, money, programs and
+equipment are greatly needed.</p>
+
+<p>
+ So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor commands, a
+source level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator, a linker, and
+around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is nearly completed. A
+new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled itself and may be released
+this year. An initial kernel exists but many more features are needed to
+emulate Unix. When the kernel and compiler are finished, it will be
+possible to distribute a GNU system suitable for program development. We
+will use TeX as our text formatter, but an nroff is being worked on. We
+will use the free, portable X Window System as well. After this we will add
+a portable Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other
+things, plus online documentation. We hope to supply, eventually,
+everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more.</p>
+
+<p>
+ GNU pourra exécuter des programmes Unix mais ne sera pas identique Ã
+Unix. Nous ferons toutes les améliorations que nous jugerons appropriées, en
+nous fondant sur nos expériences avec d'autres systèmes d'exploitation. En
+particulier, nous prévoyons d'avoir des fichiers avec des noms longs, des
+numéros de version de fichier, un système de fichiers à tolérance de panne,
+éventuellement un système de complétion des noms de fichiers, un dispositif
+d'affichage indépendant du terminal, et peut-être, finalement, un système de
+fenêtrage fondé sur Lisp, au travers duquel plusieurs programmes Lisp et
+autres programmes Unix pourront partager un écran. Le C et le Lisp seront
+tous les deux disponibles comme langages de programmation système. Nous
+essayerons de supporter UUCP, MIT Chaosnet, et les protocoles de l'Internet
+pour la communication.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Initialement, GNU vise les machines de classe 68000/16000 avec de la
mémoire
+virtuelle, car ce sont les machines les plus simples pour le faire
+fonctionner. Nous laissons l'effort supplémentaire pour l'adapter sur de
+plus faibles machines à ceux qui voudront l'utiliser sur celles-ci.</p>
+
+<p>
+ To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the <em>g</em> in the word
+“GNU” when it is the name of this project.</p>
+
+<h3>Pourquoi dois-je écrire GNU</h3>
+
+<p>
+ I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I must
+share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to divide the
+users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share with others. I
+refuse to break solidarity with other users in this way. I cannot in good
+conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement.
+For years I worked within the Artificial Intelligence Lab to resist such
+tendencies and other inhospitalities, but eventually they had gone too far:
+I could not remain in an institution where such things are done for me
+against my will.</p>
+
+<p>
+ So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to
+put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to
+get along without any software that is not free. I have resigned from the
+AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away.<a
+href="#f2a">(2)</a></p>
<h3>Pourquoi GNU sera compatible avec Unix</h3>
<p>
- Unix n'est pas pour moi le système parfait, mais il n'est pas trop
-mauvais. Les fonctions essentielles d'Unix semble être les bonnes, et
-je pense pouvoir compléter ce qui manque à Unix sans les
-gâcher. Et un système compatible Unix serait commode à
-adopter par de nombreuses personnes.</p>
+ Unix n'est pas pour moi le système parfait, mais il n'est pas trop
+mauvais. Les fonctions essentielles d'Unix semble être les bonnes, et je
+pense pouvoir compléter ce qui manque à Unix sans les gâcher. Et un système
+compatible Unix serait commode à adopter par de nombreuses personnes.</p>
-<h3>Disponibilité de GNU</h3>
+<h3>Disponibilité de GNU</h3>
<p>
GNU n'est pas dans le domaine public. Tout le monde aura le droit de
modifier et redistribuer GNU, mais aucun distributeur ne pourra restreindre
-ces futures redistributions. C'est-à-dire que des modifications <a
-href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html#ProprietarySoftware">propriétaires</a>
-seront interdites. Je veux être sûr que toutes les versions de
-GNU restent libres.</p>
+ces futures redistributions. C'est-Ã -dire que des modifications <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html#ProprietarySoftware">propriétaires</a>
+seront interdites. Je veux être sûr que toutes les versions de GNU restent
+libres.</p>
<h3>Pourquoi beaucoup de programmeurs veulent contribuer</h3>
<p>
- J'ai rencontré beaucoup de programmeurs enthousiasmés par GNU
-et qui souhaitaient contribuer.</p>
+ J'ai rencontré beaucoup de programmeurs enthousiasmés par GNU et qui
+souhaitaient contribuer.</p>
<p>
De nombreux programmeurs sont insatisfaits de la commercialisation de
-logiciels systèmes. Il se peut que cela leur permette de gagner plus
-d'argent, mais cela les amène forcement à se sentir en conflit
-avec les autres programmeurs en général, plutôt que
-d'être camarades. L'acte fondamental d'une amitié entre des
-programmeurs est le partage des programmes ; les arrangements
-commerciaux typiquement utilisés de nos jours interdisent aux
-programmeurs de considérer les autres comme des amis. L'acheteur de
-programmes doit choisir entre l'amitié et l'obéissance
-à la loi. Naturellement, un grand nombre décident que
-l'amitié est plus importante. Mais ceux qui respectent la loi se
-sentent souvent mal à l'aise face à ce seul choix. Ils sont
-désabusés et pensent que programmer n'est qu'une façon
-de gagner de l'argent.</p>
-
-<p>
- En utilisant GNU plutôt que des programmes propriétaires, nous
-pouvons être amicaux envers tout le monde tout en respectant la
-loi. De plus, GNU est une source d'inspiration et une bannière sous
-laquelle d'autres peuvent nous rejoindre dans le partage. Ceci peut nous
-procurer un sentiment d'harmonie, impossible à atteindre avec des
-logiciels qui ne sont pas libres. Pour environ la moitié des
-programmeurs avec lesquels j'ai discuté, c'est une satisfaction
-importante que l'argent ne peut pas remplacer.</p>
+logiciels systèmes. Il se peut que cela leur permette de gagner plus
+d'argent, mais cela les amène forcement à se sentir en conflit avec les
+autres programmeurs en général, plutôt que d'être camarades. L'acte
+fondamental d'une amitié entre des programmeurs est le partage des
+programmes ; les arrangements commerciaux typiquement utilisés de nos
+jours interdisent aux programmeurs de considérer les autres comme des
+amis. L'acheteur de programmes doit choisir entre l'amitié et l'obéissance Ã
+la loi. Naturellement, un grand nombre décident que l'amitié est plus
+importante. Mais ceux qui respectent la loi se sentent souvent mal à l'aise
+face à ce seul choix. Ils sont désabusés et pensent que programmer n'est
+qu'une façon de gagner de l'argent.</p>
+
+<p>
+ En utilisant GNU plutôt que des programmes propriétaires, nous pouvons
être
+amicaux envers tout le monde tout en respectant la loi. De plus, GNU est une
+source d'inspiration et une bannière sous laquelle d'autres peuvent nous
+rejoindre dans le partage. Ceci peut nous procurer un sentiment d'harmonie,
+impossible à atteindre avec des logiciels qui ne sont pas libres. Pour
+environ la moitié des programmeurs avec lesquels j'ai discuté, c'est une
+satisfaction importante que l'argent ne peut pas remplacer.</p>
<h3>Comment vous pouvez contribuer</h3>
<blockquote>
<p>
-(Actuellement, pour la liste des tâches logicielles sur lesquelles
-travailler, consultez <a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tasklist";>la
-liste des tâches GNU</a>.Pour d'autres manières de contribuer,
-consultez <a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/help/help.fr.html";>http://www.gnu.org/help/help.fr.html</a>.)
+(Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the <a
+href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects";>High Priority Projects
+list</a> and the <a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1";>GNU
+Help Wanted list</a>, the general task list for GNU software packages. For
+other ways to help, see <a href="http://gnu.org/help/help.html";>the guide to
+helping the GNU operating system</a>.)
</p>
</blockquote>
@@ -175,594 +156,499 @@
d'argent. Je demande aux individus de faire don de programmes et de
travail.</p>
<p>
- Une des conséquences à laquelle vous pouvez vous attendre si
-vous donnez des machines, c'est que GNU tournera dessus très
-rapidement. Les machines doivent être complètes, prêtes
-à l'utilisation, sans besoin de système particulier de
-climatisation ou d'alimentation.</p>
-
-<p>
- J'ai trouvé de nombreux programmeurs impatients de contribuer
-à mi-temps pour GNU. Pour la plupart des projets, un tel travail
-distribué à temps partiel serait très difficile
-à coordonner; les diverses parties codées
-indépendamment ne fonctionneraient pas ensemble. Mais ce
-problème n'existe pas dans le cas du projet de remplacement
-d'Unix. Un système Unix complet contient des centaines d'utilitaires,
-chacun étant documenté séparément. La plupart
-des spécifications des interfaces sont déterminées par
-la compatibilité avec Unix. Si chaque collaborateur peut
-écrire un remplacement compatible pour un seul utilitaire Unix et
-l'intégrer proprement à la place de l'original sur un
-système Unix, il s'ensuit que ces utilitaires fonctionneront ensemble
-sans problème. Même en faisant quelques concessions à la
-loi de Murphy qui créera quelques problèmes inattendus,
-l'assemblage de ces composants sera une tâche réalisable. (Le
-noyau demandera quand même une communication plus soutenue et sera
-réalisé par un petit groupe).</p>
-
-<p>
- Si je reçois des dons financiers, je pourrais embaucher quelques
-personnes à temps plein ou à mi-temps. Le salaire ne sera
-peut-être pas très élevé par rapport au
-marché, mais je cherche des personnes pour lesquelles l'esprit de
-communauté est aussi important que l'appât du gain. Je
-considère que c'est une façon de permettre à quelques
-personnes dévouées de consacrer toutes leurs ressources au
-projet GNU, en leur évitant d'avoir à gagner leur vie
+ Une des conséquences à laquelle vous pouvez vous attendre si vous donnez
des
+machines, c'est que GNU tournera dessus très rapidement. Les machines
+doivent être complètes, prêtes à l'utilisation, sans besoin de système
+particulier de climatisation ou d'alimentation.</p>
+
+<p>
+ I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time work for
+GNU. For most projects, such part-time distributed work would be very hard
+to coordinate; the independently written parts would not work together. But
+for the particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. A
+complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility programs, each of which is
+documented separately. Most interface specifications are fixed by Unix
+compatibility. If each contributor can write a compatible replacement for a
+single Unix utility, and make it work properly in place of the original on a
+Unix system, then these utilities will work right when put together. Even
+allowing for Murphy to create a few unexpected problems, assembling these
+components will be a feasible task. (The kernel will require closer
+communication and will be worked on by a small, tight group.)</p>
+
+<p>
+ Si je reçois des dons financiers, je pourrais embaucher quelques personnes
Ã
+temps plein ou à mi-temps. Le salaire ne sera peut-être pas très élevé par
+rapport au marché, mais je cherche des personnes pour lesquelles l'esprit de
+communauté est aussi important que l'appât du gain. Je considère que c'est
+une façon de permettre à quelques personnes dévouées de consacrer toutes
+leurs ressources au projet GNU, en leur évitant d'avoir à gagner leur vie
autrement.</p>
-<h3>Pourquoi tous les utilisateurs en bénéficieront</h3>
+<h3>Pourquoi tous les utilisateurs en bénéficieront</h3>
<p>
- Une fois GNU achevé, tout le monde pourra obtenir de bons logiciels
-libres comme l'air <a href="#f2"><sup>2</sup></a>.</p>
+ Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system software
+free, just like air.<a href="#f2">(3)</a></p>
<p>
- Ceci représente beaucoup plus que l'économie d'une licence
-Unix. Cela veut dire que l'on va éviter la duplication inutile du
-travail de programmation. Cet effort pourra plutôt se diriger vers
-l'avancement du domaine informatique.</p>
+ Ceci représente beaucoup plus que l'économie d'une licence Unix. Cela veut
+dire que l'on va éviter la duplication inutile du travail de
+programmation. Cet effort pourra plutôt se diriger vers l'avancement du
+domaine informatique.</p>
<p>
- Les sources du système complet seront disponibles pour tous. Et cela
-aura pour résultat qu'un utilisateur qui a besoin de changer un
-composant du système aura toujours la liberté d'effectuer des
-changements lui-même, ou d'engager une personne ou une
-société capable d'effectuer ces changements pour lui. Les
-utilisateurs ne seront plus à la merci d'une seule personne ou d'une
-seule société qui possède les sources du programme et
-qui est la seule à pouvoir effectuer des changements.</p>
+ Les sources du système complet seront disponibles pour tous. Et cela aura
+pour résultat qu'un utilisateur qui a besoin de changer un composant du
+système aura toujours la liberté d'effectuer des changements lui-même, ou
+d'engager une personne ou une société capable d'effectuer ces changements
+pour lui. Les utilisateurs ne seront plus à la merci d'une seule personne ou
+d'une seule société qui possède les sources du programme et qui est la seule
+Ã pouvoir effectuer des changements.</p>
<p>
- Les écoles pourront fournir un milieu beaucoup plus éducatif
-en encourageant chaque étudiant à étudier et à
-améliorer le code du système. Le laboratoire informatique
-d'Harvard avait comme politique de n'installer aucun programme sur le
-système si ses sources n'étaient pas disponibles, et ils
-soutenaient cette politique en refusant carrément d'installer
-certains programmes. Cela m'a beaucoup inspiré.</p>
+ Les écoles pourront fournir un milieu beaucoup plus éducatif en
encourageant
+chaque étudiant à étudier et à améliorer le code du système. Le
laboratoire
+informatique d'Harvard avait comme politique de n'installer aucun programme
+sur le système si ses sources n'étaient pas disponibles, et ils soutenaient
+cette politique en refusant carrément d'installer certains programmes. Cela
+m'a beaucoup inspiré.</p>
<p>
- Enfin, les frais engendrés par les questions d'appartenance et de
-droits des logiciels ne seront plus d'actualité.</p>
+ Enfin, les frais engendrés par les questions d'appartenance et de droits
des
+logiciels ne seront plus d'actualité.</p>
<p>
Les mesures pour faire payer les licences des programmes et de leurs copies
-génèrent toujours un coût important pour la
-société en général, à cause des
-mécanismes nécessaires pour calculer combien
-(c'est-à-dire quels programmes) chacun doit payer. Et il faudrait un
-État policier pour appliquer parfaitement ces mesures. Prenons une
-station orbitale, où l'air doit être fabriqué à
-un coût important: facturer chaque litre inspiré peut
-être justifié, mais porter un masque/compteur toute la
-journée et toute la nuit est intolérable même si on a de
-quoi payer la facture. Et les caméras de surveillance placées
-partout pour vérifier que vous ne retirez jamais le masque/compteur
-seraient inacceptables. Il vaut mieux financer la fabrication de l'air avec
-une taxe par personne et se débarrasser des masques.</p>
-
-<p>
- De copier tout ou des parties d'un logiciel semble aussi naturel à un
-programmeur que de respirer, tout aussi productif. Cela aussi devrait
-être libre.</p>
-
-<h3>Quelques objections facilement contrées aux objectifs de GNU</h3>
-
-<p>
-<strong>« Personne ne s'en servira si c'est gratuit, car cela
-veut dire que l'on ne peut compter sur aucun support. »</strong></p>
-
-<p>
-<strong>« Il faut faire payer le logiciel pour financer le
-service après-vente. »</strong></p>
-
-<p>
- Il y a des gens qui préfèrent payer pour GNU et le service
-plutôt que d'obtenir GNU sans service. Une société qui
-propose le service uniquement à ceux qui ont obtenu GNU gratuitement,
-devrait être rentable <a href="#f3"><sup>3</sup></a>.</p>
-
-<p>
- Nous devons faire la distinction entre le support en termes de réel
-travail de programmation et le simple support d'assistance. On ne peut pas
-compter sur le premier de la part d'un simple revendeur. Si votre
-problème n'est pas suffisamment répandu, le revendeur vous
-enverra balader.</p>
-
-<p>
- Si votre société a besoin d'un support fiable, la seule
-façon est d'avoir toutes les sources et tous les outils
-nécessaires. À partir de là, vous pouvez engager
-n'importe quelle personne qualifiée pour régler les
-problèmes. Vous n'êtes pas à la merci d'une seule
-personne. Avec Unix, le prix des sources rend cette solution inabordable
-pour la plupart des sociétés. Avec GNU ce sera facile. Il
-serait éventuellement concevable qu'il n'y ait personne de
-disponible, mais les modalités de distribution ne sont pas
-responsables de ce problème. GNU ne propose pas de régler tous
-les problèmes, mais seulement quelques-uns.</p>
+génèrent toujours un coût important pour la société en général, Ã
cause des
+mécanismes nécessaires pour calculer combien (c'est-à -dire quels programmes)
+chacun doit payer. Et il faudrait un Ãtat policier pour appliquer
+parfaitement ces mesures. Prenons une station orbitale, où l'air doit être
+fabriqué à un coût important: facturer chaque litre inspiré peut être
+justifié, mais porter un masque/compteur toute la journée et toute la nuit
+est intolérable même si on a de quoi payer la facture. Et les caméras de
+surveillance placées partout pour vérifier que vous ne retirez jamais le
+masque/compteur seraient inacceptables. Il vaut mieux financer la
+fabrication de l'air avec une taxe par personne et se débarrasser des
+masques.</p>
+
+<p>
+ De copier tout ou des parties d'un logiciel semble aussi naturel à un
+programmeur que de respirer, tout aussi productif. Cela aussi devrait être
+libre.</p>
+
+<h3>Quelques objections facilement contrées aux objectifs de GNU</h3>
+
+<p>
+<strong>« Personne ne s'en servira si c'est gratuit, car cela veut dire
+que l'on ne peut compter sur aucun support. »</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>« Il faut faire payer le logiciel pour financer le service
+après-vente. »</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free without
+service, a company to provide just service to people who have obtained GNU
+free ought to be profitable.<a href="#f3">(4)</a></p>
+
+<p>
+ Nous devons faire la distinction entre le support en termes de réel travail
+de programmation et le simple support d'assistance. On ne peut pas compter
+sur le premier de la part d'un simple revendeur. Si votre problème n'est pas
+suffisamment répandu, le revendeur vous enverra balader.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Si votre société a besoin d'un support fiable, la seule façon est d'avoir
+toutes les sources et tous les outils nécessaires. à partir de là , vous
+pouvez engager n'importe quelle personne qualifiée pour régler les
+problèmes. Vous n'êtes pas à la merci d'une seule personne. Avec Unix, le
+prix des sources rend cette solution inabordable pour la plupart des
+sociétés. Avec GNU ce sera facile. Il serait éventuellement concevable qu'il
+n'y ait personne de disponible, mais les modalités de distribution ne sont
+pas responsables de ce problème. GNU ne propose pas de régler tous les
+problèmes, mais seulement quelques-uns.</p>
<p>
Pendant ce temps, les utilisateurs qui n'y connaissent rien en informatique
-ont besoin d'assistance et de personnes pour les aider à faire ce
-qu'ils pourraient faire très bien eux-mêmes si seulement ils
-s'y connaissaient.</p>
-
-<p>
- De tels services pourraient être proposés par des
-sociétés qui ne font que des cours d'initiation et des
-réparations. S'il est vrai que les utilisateurs
-préfèrent dépenser de l'argent pour un logiciel
-intégrant un service après-vente, ils seront aussi d'accord
-pour payer simplement le service, ayant obtenu le logiciel gratuitement. Les
-sociétés de service se feront concurrence sur la
-qualité et le prix de leurs prestations. Les utilisateurs ne seront
-pas limités à une société
-particulière. En même temps, ceux d'entre nous qui n'ont pas
-besoin du service pourront utiliser le logiciel sans payer le service.</p>
-
-<p>
-<strong>« On ne peut pas être connu sans publicité
-et il faut payer le logiciel pour financer la
-publicité. »</strong></p>
-
-<p>
-<strong>« Ca ne sert à rien de faire de la
-publicité si on peut obtenir le logiciel
-gratuitement. »</strong></p>
-
-<p>
- Il existe plusieurs formes de publicité gratuite ou bon marché
-qui peuvent être utilisées pour informer de nombreux
-utilisateurs au sujet de GNU. Cependant, il est peut-être vrai que
-l'on peut atteindre plus d'utilisateurs avec de la publicité. Si cela
-est vrai, une société qui fait de la publicité sur le
-service payant de copie et de distribution de GNU doit être
-suffisamment rentable pour assurer sa propre publicité et bien
-davantage. Ainsi, seuls les utilisateurs qui bénéficient de la
-publicité la payent.</p>
-
-<p>
- En revanche, si de nombreuses personnes obtiennent GNU par leurs relations,
-de telles sociétés ne seraient pas rentables, et cela
-démontrerait que la publicité n'était pas vraiment
-nécessaire pour répandre GNU. Pourquoi est-ce que les
-partisans du libre échange ne veulent pas laisser cette
-décision au marché libre <a
href="#f4"><sup>4</sup></a> ?</p>
-
-<p>
-<strong>« Ma société a besoin d'un système
-propriétaire pour être
-compétitive. »</strong></p>
-
-<p>
- GNU va retirer les systèmes d'exploitation du domaine de la
-concurrence. Vous ne pourrez pas être avantagé dans ce domaine,
-mais votre concurrent non plus. Vous pourrez rivaliser dans d'autres
-domaines. Si votre domaine est la vente de systèmes d'exploitation,
-vous n'aimerez pas GNU, et c'est tant pis pour vous. Si votre domaine est
-différent, GNU peut vous éviter d'être poussé
-dans le domaine onéreux de la vente de systèmes
+ont besoin d'assistance et de personnes pour les aider à faire ce qu'ils
+pourraient faire très bien eux-mêmes si seulement ils s'y connaissaient.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Such services could be provided by companies that sell just handholding and
+repair service. If it is true that users would rather spend money and get a
+product with service, they will also be willing to buy the service having
+got the product free. The service companies will compete in quality and
+price; users will not be tied to any particular one. Meanwhile, those of us
+who don't need the service should be able to use the program without paying
+for the service.</p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>« On ne peut pas être connu sans publicité et il faut payer le
+logiciel pour financer la publicité. »</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>« Ca ne sert à rien de faire de la publicité si on peut obtenir
+le logiciel gratuitement. »</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ Il existe plusieurs formes de publicité gratuite ou bon marché qui peuvent
+être utilisées pour informer de nombreux utilisateurs au sujet de
+GNU. Cependant, il est peut-être vrai que l'on peut atteindre plus
+d'utilisateurs avec de la publicité. Si cela est vrai, une société qui fait
+de la publicité sur le service payant de copie et de distribution de GNU
+doit être suffisamment rentable pour assurer sa propre publicité et bien
+davantage. Ainsi, seuls les utilisateurs qui bénéficient de la publicité la
+payent.</p>
+
+<p>
+ On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and such
+companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not really
+necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates don't want to
+let the free market decide this?<a href="#f4">(5)</a></p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>« Ma société a besoin d'un système propriétaire pour être
+compétitive. »</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ GNU va retirer les systèmes d'exploitation du domaine de la
+concurrence. Vous ne pourrez pas être avantagé dans ce domaine, mais votre
+concurrent non plus. Vous pourrez rivaliser dans d'autres domaines. Si votre
+domaine est la vente de systèmes d'exploitation, vous n'aimerez pas GNU, et
+c'est tant pis pour vous. Si votre domaine est différent, GNU peut vous
+éviter d'être poussé dans le domaine onéreux de la vente de systèmes
d'exploitation.</p>
<p>
- J'aimerais bien voir le développement de GNU financé par des
-dons de fabricants et utilisateurs, réduisant ainsi les coûts
-pour chacun <a href="#f5"><sup>5</sup></a>.</p>
+ I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many
+manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.<a href="#f5">(6)</a></p>
<p>
-<strong>« Les programmeurs ne méritent-ils pas
-d'être récompensés pour leur
-créativité ? »</strong></p>
+<strong>« Les programmeurs ne méritent-ils pas d'être récompensés
pour
+leur créativité ? »</strong></p>
<p>
- Si quelque chose mérite une récompense, c'est bien la
-contribution sociale. La créativité peut être une
-contribution sociale, mais seulement tant que la société est
-libre de profiter des résultats. Si les programmeurs méritent
-d'être récompensés pour la création de logiciels
-innovants, de même, ils méritent d'être punis s'ils
-limitent l'utilisation de leurs programmes.</p>
+ Si quelque chose mérite une récompense, c'est bien la contribution
+sociale. La créativité peut être une contribution sociale, mais seulement
+tant que la société est libre de profiter des résultats. Si les programmeurs
+méritent d'être récompensés pour la création de logiciels innovants, de
+même, ils méritent d'être punis s'ils limitent l'utilisation de leurs
+programmes.</p>
<p>
-<strong>« Un programmeur ne devrait-il pas avoir le droit de
-demander une récompense pour sa
-créativité ? »</strong></p>
+<strong>« Un programmeur ne devrait-il pas avoir le droit de demander
+une récompense pour sa créativité ? »</strong></p>
<p>
- Il n'y a rien de mal à vouloir être payé pour son
-travail, ou à chercher à augmenter ses revenus, tant que l'on
-n'utilise pas de méthodes destructives. Mais les méthodes
-pratiquées dans le domaine du logiciel sont fondées sur la
-destruction.</p>
+ Il n'y a rien de mal à vouloir être payé pour son travail, ou Ã
chercher Ã
+augmenter ses revenus, tant que l'on n'utilise pas de méthodes
+destructives. Mais les méthodes pratiquées dans le domaine du logiciel sont
+fondées sur la destruction.</p>
<p>
Extraire de l'argent aux utilisateurs d'un programme en limitant son
-utilisation est destructeur, car ces restrictions réduisent
-l'utilité du programme. Ce qui à son tour réduit la
-richesse apportée par ce programme à l'humanité. Quand
-le choix de limiter est délibéré, les
-conséquences néfastes qui en découlent sont de la
-destruction délibérée.</p>
+utilisation est destructeur, car ces restrictions réduisent l'utilité du
+programme. Ce qui à son tour réduit la richesse apportée par ce programme Ã
+l'humanité. Quand le choix de limiter est délibéré, les conséquences
+néfastes qui en découlent sont de la destruction délibérée.</p>
<p>
La raison pour laquelle un bon citoyen ne doit pas utiliser de telles
-méthodes destructrices pour augmenter sa richesse personnelle est que
-si tout le monde faisait de même, il y aurait un appauvrissement
-général dû à la destruction mutuelle. C'est ce
-que l'on appelle la morale kantienne, ou la Règle d'or. Puisque je
-n'apprécie pas les conséquences qui adviennent si tout le
-monde fait de la rétention d'informations, je ne dois pas trouver
-acceptable qu'un individu le fasse. Plus précisément, le
-désir d'être récompensé pour sa création
-ne justifie pas que l'on prive le monde en général de toute ou
-partie de cette créativité.</p>
-
-<p>
-<strong>« Les programmeurs ne vont-ils pas mourir de
-faim ? »</strong></p>
-
-<p>
- Je peux répondre que personne n'est forcé d'être un
-programmeur. La plupart d'entre nous n'arriverait pas à se faire
-payer pour faire des grimaces dans la rue. Mais nous ne sommes pas pour
-autant condamnés à passer notre vie dans la rue à faire
-des grimaces et à mourir de faim. On fait autre chose.</p>
+méthodes destructrices pour augmenter sa richesse personnelle est que si
+tout le monde faisait de même, il y aurait un appauvrissement général dû Ã
+la destruction mutuelle. C'est ce que l'on appelle la morale kantienne, ou
+la Règle d'or. Puisque je n'apprécie pas les conséquences qui adviennent si
+tout le monde fait de la rétention d'informations, je ne dois pas trouver
+acceptable qu'un individu le fasse. Plus précisément, le désir d'être
+récompensé pour sa création ne justifie pas que l'on prive le monde en
+général de toute ou partie de cette créativité.</p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>« Les programmeurs ne vont-ils pas mourir de
+faim ? »</strong></p>
<p>
- Mais c'est une mauvaise réponse, car elle accepte l'a priori de la
-question : c'est-à-dire que sans possession du logiciel, les
+ Je peux répondre que personne n'est forcé d'être un programmeur. La
plupart
+d'entre nous n'arriverait pas à se faire payer pour faire des grimaces dans
+la rue. Mais nous ne sommes pas pour autant condamnés à passer notre vie
+dans la rue à faire des grimaces et à mourir de faim. On fait autre
chose.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Mais c'est une mauvaise réponse, car elle accepte l'a priori de la
+question : c'est-Ã -dire que sans possession du logiciel, les
programmeurs ne pourraient pas recevoir le moindre sou. C'est, soi-disant,
tout ou rien.</p>
<p>
La vraie raison pour laquelle les programmeurs ne vont pas mourir de faim
-est qu'il sera quand même possible pour eux d'être payés
-pour programmer; seulement, peut-être pas autant qu'actuellement.</p>
+est qu'il sera quand même possible pour eux d'être payés pour programmer;
+seulement, peut-être pas autant qu'actuellement.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software. It is
+the most common basis<a href="#f8">(7)</a> because it brings in the most
+money. If it were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software
+business would move to other bases of organization which are now used less
+often. There are always numerous ways to organize any kind of business.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Il est probable qu'avec ce nouveau système, la programmation serait moins
+rentable qu'elle ne l'est actuellement. Mais ce n'est pas un argument
+valable contre le changement. Il n'est pas considéré comme injuste que les
+caissières gagnent ce qu'elles gagnent. Si les programmeurs gagnaient la
+même chose, ce ne serait pas non plus une injustice. (En pratique, ils
+gagneraient quand même beaucoup plus).</p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>« Les gens n'ont-ils pas le droit de gérer l'utilisation de
+leur créativité ? »</strong></p>
<p>
- La restriction des copies n'est pas la seule base des affaires du domaine
-des logiciels. C'est la base la plus commune <a href="#f8">(8)</a>, car
-c'est la plus rentable. Si ces restrictions étaient interdites ou
-rejetées par le client, les éditeurs passeraient à
-d'autres formes d'organisation, qui sont actuellement moins
-utilisées. Il y a de nombreuses façons d'organiser une
-entreprise.</p>
-
-<p>
- Il est probable qu'avec ce nouveau système, la programmation serait
-moins rentable qu'elle ne l'est actuellement. Mais ce n'est pas un argument
-valable contre le changement. Il n'est pas considéré comme
-injuste que les caissières gagnent ce qu'elles gagnent. Si les
-programmeurs gagnaient la même chose, ce ne serait pas non plus une
-injustice. (En pratique, ils gagneraient quand même beaucoup plus).</p>
-
-<p>
-<strong>« Les gens n'ont-ils pas le droit de gérer
-l'utilisation de leur créativité ? »</strong></p>
-
-<p>
-« Contrôler l'utilisation que l'on fait de ses
-idées » revient à contrôler la vie des
-autres; et c'est souvent utilisé pour leur rendre la vie plus
-difficile.</p>
-
-<p>
- Ceux qui ont étudié le problème de la
-propriété intellectuelle <a href="#f6"><sup>6</sup></a>
-à fond (les avocats, les juristes, etc.) soutiennent qu'il n'existe
-aucun droit intrinsèque à la propriété
-intellectuelle. Les différents droits de soi-disant
-propriété intellectuelle reconnus par le gouvernement ont
-été créés par des législations
-précises dans des buts bien précis.</p>
-
-<p>
- Par exemple, le système de brevets a été établi
-pour encourager les inventeurs à divulguer les détails de
-leurs inventions. Sa raison d'être était d'aider la
-société plutôt que d'avantager les inventeurs. À
-l'époque, la durée de vie de 17 ans pour un brevet
-était court par rapport à la cadence des évolutions
-technologiques. Puisque les brevets ne concernent que les fabricants, pour
-lesquels le coût et l'effort d'établir une licence sont minimes
-comparés à la mise en production, les brevets ne font souvent
-pas trop de tort. Ils ne gênent pas la plupart des individus qui
-utilisent des produits brevetés.</p>
-
-<p>
- Le concept de droit d'auteur n'existait pas dans l'Antiquité, les
-auteurs copiaient souvent, et beaucoup, l'Åuvre des autres. Cette pratique
-était utile, et c'est de cette seule façon que les travaux de
-certains auteurs ont survécus ne serait-ce qu'en partie. Le
-système du droit d'auteur a été créé
-expressément pour encourager les auteurs. Dans le domaine pour lequel
-ce système a été inventé, les livres, qui
-pouvaient seulement être copiés en imprimerie ne causait pas
-beaucoup de tort, et ne gênait pas la plupart des personnes qui
-lisaient ces livres.</p>
-
-<p>
- Tous les droits de propriété intellectuelle ne sont que des
-licences accordées par la société parce que nous
-pensions, à tort ou à raison, que la société en
-général bénéficierait de ces accords. Mais dans
-chaque situation précise, nous devons nous demander :
-bénéficierons-nous vraiment d'accorder cette licence ?
-Quels actes autorisons-nous avec cette licence ?</p>
-
-<p>
- Le cas des logiciels aujourd'hui est très différent de celui
-des livres il y a un siècle. Le fait que la manière la plus
-répandue de copier un programme est entre voisins, le fait qu'un
-programme contient à la fois du code source et du code binaire bien
-distinct, et le fait qu'un programme est utilisé plutôt que lu
-comme divertissement, se réunissent pour créer une situation
-dans laquelle celui qui applique le droit d'auteur fait du tort à la
-société, matériellement et spirituellement; cette
-personne ne devrait pas appliquer le droit d'auteur, que la loi l'y autorise
-ou non.</p>
-
-<p>
-<strong>« La compétition permet de mieux faire les
-choses. »</strong></p>
-
-<p>
- Le paradigme de la compétition est une course : en
-récompensant le vainqueur, nous encourageons tout le monde à
-courir plus vite. Quand le capitalisme fonctionne réellement de cette
-façon, tout marche bien; mais ses partisans ont tort s'ils pensent
-que cela fonctionne toujours de cette façon. Si les coureurs oublient
-le pourquoi de la récompense, et deviennent obsédés par
-la victoire, quelles que soient les méthodes employées, ils
-risquent de trouver d'autres stratégies telles qu'agresser les autres
+« Contrôler l'utilisation que l'on fait de ses idées » revient Ã
+contrôler la vie des autres; et c'est souvent utilisé pour leur rendre la
+vie plus difficile.</p>
+
+<p>
+ People who have studied the issue of intellectual property rights<a
+href="#f6">(8)</a> carefully (such as lawyers) say that there is no
+intrinsic right to intellectual property. The kinds of supposed
+intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were created by
+specific acts of legislation for specific purposes.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Par exemple, le système de brevets a été établi pour encourager les
+inventeurs à divulguer les détails de leurs inventions. Sa raison d'être
+était d'aider la société plutôt que d'avantager les inventeurs. Ã
l'époque,
+la durée de vie de 17 ans pour un brevet était court par rapport à la
+cadence des évolutions technologiques. Puisque les brevets ne concernent que
+les fabricants, pour lesquels le coût et l'effort d'établir une licence sont
+minimes comparés à la mise en production, les brevets ne font souvent pas
+trop de tort. Ils ne gênent pas la plupart des individus qui utilisent des
+produits brevetés.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times, when authors
+frequently copied other authors at length in works of nonfiction. This
+practice was useful, and is the only way many authors' works have survived
+even in part. The copyright system was created expressly for the purpose of
+encouraging authorship. In the domain for which it was
+invented—books, which could be copied economically only on a printing
+press—it did little harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals
+who read the books.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Tous les droits de propriété intellectuelle ne sont que des licences
+accordées par la société parce que nous pensions, à tort ou à raison, que
la
+société en général bénéficierait de ces accords. Mais dans chaque
situation
+précise, nous devons nous demander : bénéficierons-nous vraiment
+d'accorder cette licence ? Quels actes autorisons-nous avec cette
+licence ?</p>
+
+<p>
+ Le cas des logiciels aujourd'hui est très différent de celui des livres
il y
+a un siècle. Le fait que la manière la plus répandue de copier un programme
+est entre voisins, le fait qu'un programme contient à la fois du code source
+et du code binaire bien distinct, et le fait qu'un programme est utilisé
+plutôt que lu comme divertissement, se réunissent pour créer une situation
+dans laquelle celui qui applique le droit d'auteur fait du tort à la
+société, matériellement et spirituellement; cette personne ne devrait pas
+appliquer le droit d'auteur, que la loi l'y autorise ou non.</p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>« La compétition permet de mieux faire les
+choses. »</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ Le paradigme de la compétition est une course : en récompensant le
+vainqueur, nous encourageons tout le monde à courir plus vite. Quand le
+capitalisme fonctionne réellement de cette façon, tout marche bien; mais ses
+partisans ont tort s'ils pensent que cela fonctionne toujours de cette
+façon. Si les coureurs oublient le pourquoi de la récompense, et deviennent
+obsédés par la victoire, quelles que soient les méthodes employées, ils
+risquent de trouver d'autres stratégies telles qu'agresser les autres
concurrents. Si tous les coureurs s'engageaient dans un combat, ils
finiraient tous en retard.</p>
<p>
- Les logiciels propriétaires et secrets sont l'équivalent moral
-des coureurs qui se battent. Malheureusement, le seul arbitre que l'on ait
-ne semble pas s'opposer aux combats ; il se contente de les réguler
-(« Pour dix mètres parcourus, vous avez le droit de tirer
-un coup de feu »). Il devrait en fait séparer les
-combattants, et punir les coureurs qui tentent de se battre.</p>
+ Les logiciels propriétaires et secrets sont l'équivalent moral des
coureurs
+qui se battent. Malheureusement, le seul arbitre que l'on ait ne semble pas
+s'opposer aux combats ; il se contente de les réguler (« Pour dix
+mètres parcourus, vous avez le droit de tirer un coup de feu »). Il
+devrait en fait séparer les combattants, et punir les coureurs qui tentent
+de se battre.</p>
<p>
-<strong>« Les gens s'arrêteront-ils de programmer sans
-l'appât du gain ? »</strong></p>
+<strong>« Les gens s'arrêteront-ils de programmer sans l'appât du
+gain ? »</strong></p>
<p>
- En fait, beaucoup de gens programmeront même sans aucun
-bénéfice financier. La programmation exerce une fascination
-irrésistible pour quelques-uns, généralement ceux qui
-programment le mieux. Il n'y a aucune pénurie de musiciens
-professionnels qui continuent à jouer, même sans l'espoir de
-pouvoir en faire leur gagne-pain.</p>
+ En fait, beaucoup de gens programmeront même sans aucun bénéfice
+financier. La programmation exerce une fascination irrésistible pour
+quelques-uns, généralement ceux qui programment le mieux. Il n'y a aucune
+pénurie de musiciens professionnels qui continuent à jouer, même sans
+l'espoir de pouvoir en faire leur gagne-pain.</p>
<p>
- Mais en fait cette question, bien qu'elle soit souvent posée, ne
-convient pas à la situation. Les salaires des programmeurs ne
-disparaîtront pas mais diminueront peut-être. La question
-devient donc, trouvera-t-on des programmeurs qui travailleront pour une
-moindre rémunération ? D'après mon
-expérience, la réponse est oui.</p>
+ Mais en fait cette question, bien qu'elle soit souvent posée, ne convient
+pas à la situation. Les salaires des programmeurs ne disparaîtront pas mais
+diminueront peut-être. La question devient donc, trouvera-t-on des
+programmeurs qui travailleront pour une moindre rémunération ? D'après
+mon expérience, la réponse est oui.</p>
<p>
- Pendant plus de dix ans, plusieurs des meilleurs programmeurs du monde ont
-travaillé au laboratoire d'Intelligence Artificielle du MIT pour un
-salaire bien moins important que ce qu'ils auraient touchés
-ailleurs. Ils étaient récompensés de plusieurs autres
-manières: la notoriété, le respect des autres, par
-exemple. Et la créativité est une récompense en soi.</p>
+ For more than ten years, many of the world's best programmers worked at the
+Artificial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could have had
+anywhere else. They got many kinds of nonmonetary rewards: fame and
+appreciation, for example. And creativity is also fun, a reward in itself.</p>
<p>
- Et puis la plupart sont partis pour faire le même travail pour
-beaucoup plus d'argent.</p>
+ Et puis la plupart sont partis pour faire le même travail pour beaucoup
plus
+d'argent.</p>
<p>
- Les faits démontrent que les gens programmeront pour d'autres raisons
-que l'accumulation de richesses; mais si on leur propose beaucoup plus
-d'argent, ils s'y attendront finalement et l'exigeront. Les organismes qui
-payent moins bien ont du mal face à ceux qui payent bien, mais ils
-devraient pouvoir s'en sortir si les gros payeurs sont bannis.</p>
+ Les faits démontrent que les gens programmeront pour d'autres raisons que
+l'accumulation de richesses; mais si on leur propose beaucoup plus d'argent,
+ils s'y attendront finalement et l'exigeront. Les organismes qui payent
+moins bien ont du mal face à ceux qui payent bien, mais ils devraient
+pouvoir s'en sortir si les gros payeurs sont bannis.</p>
<p>
-<strong>« Nos besoins en programmeurs sont tellement importants
-que s'ils interdisent le partage, nous ne pouvons que leur
-obéir. »</strong></p>
+<strong>« Nos besoins en programmeurs sont tellement importants que
+s'ils interdisent le partage, nous ne pouvons que leur
+obéir. »</strong></p>
<p>
- La situation n'est jamais aussi désespérée au point
-d'être amené à obéir à une telle
-interdiction.</p>
+ La situation n'est jamais aussi désespérée au point d'être amené Ã
obéir Ã
+une telle interdiction.</p>
<p>
-<strong>« Les programmeurs doivent bien gagner leur
-pain. »</strong></p>
+<strong>« Les programmeurs doivent bien gagner leur
+pain. »</strong></p>
<p>
- À court terme, cela est vrai. Cependant, il y a de nombreuses
-possibilités offertes à un programmeur pour vivre
-décemment sans pour autant vendre le droit d'utiliser un
-programme. Cette façon est la plus répandue actuellement, car
-c'est celle qui engendre le plus de profit pour les programmeurs et les
-hommes d'affaires, et non parce que c'est la seule manière de gagner
-son pain. Vous pouvez facilement trouver d'autres manières si vous le
-voulez. Voici quelques exemples.</p>
+ à court terme, cela est vrai. Cependant, il y a de nombreuses possibilités
+offertes à un programmeur pour vivre décemment sans pour autant vendre le
+droit d'utiliser un programme. Cette façon est la plus répandue
+actuellement, car c'est celle qui engendre le plus de profit pour les
+programmeurs et les hommes d'affaires, et non parce que c'est la seule
+manière de gagner son pain. Vous pouvez facilement trouver d'autres manières
+si vous le voulez. Voici quelques exemples.</p>
<p>
Un fabricant arrivant avec un nouvel ordinateur payera pour le portage des
-systèmes d'exploitation sur le nouveau matériel.</p>
+systèmes d'exploitation sur le nouveau matériel.</p>
<p>
- L'offre de services d'enseignement, de conseil et de maintenance peut
-permettre la création d'emplois.</p>
+ The sale of teaching, handholding and maintenance services could also employ
+programmers.</p>
<p>
- Les personnes avec des idées nouvelles peuvent distribuer des
-logiciels librement <a href="#f7"><sup>7</sup></a>, en demandant des dons
-aux utilisateurs satisfaitsou en offrant un service de conseil. J'ai
-déjà rencontré des personnes travaillant ainsi.</p>
+ People with new ideas could distribute programs as freeware<a
+href="#f7">(9)</a>, asking for donations from satisfied users, or selling
+handholding services. I have met people who are already working this way
+successfully.</p>
<p>
- Les utilisateurs ayant des besoins en commun, peuvent créer des
-groupes d'utilisateurs et payer des cotisations. Un tel groupe pourrait
-faire appel à une société de développement pour
-écrire les programmes spécifiques pour ses membres.</p>
+ Les utilisateurs ayant des besoins en commun, peuvent créer des groupes
+d'utilisateurs et payer des cotisations. Un tel groupe pourrait faire appel
+à une société de développement pour écrire les programmes spécifiques
pour
+ses membres.</p>
<p>
- Toutes sortes de développement pourraient être financés
-par une taxe sur les logiciels :</p>
+ Toutes sortes de développement pourraient être financés par une taxe sur
les
+logiciels :</p>
<p>
- supposons que chaque personne qui achète un ordinateur doive payer
x
-pour cent du prix en tant que taxe sur les logiciels. Le gouvernement
-reverserait cette somme à un organisme tel que la NSF pour subvenir
-au développement de logiciels</p>
+ supposons que chaque personne qui achète un ordinateur doive payer x pour
+cent du prix en tant que taxe sur les logiciels. Le gouvernement reverserait
+cette somme à un organisme tel que la NSF pour subvenir au développement de
+logiciels</p>
<p>
- Mais si l'acheteur fait lui-même un don au développement de
-logiciels, il pourra être crédité pour cette taxe. Il
-pourrait donner au projet de son choix, car il espérera profiter des
-résultats à l'achèvement du projet. Il pourra donc
-être exempté de la taxe si le montant de sa donation recouvre
+ Mais si l'acheteur fait lui-même un don au développement de logiciels,
il
+pourra être crédité pour cette taxe. Il pourrait donner au projet de son
+choix, car il espérera profiter des résultats à l'achèvement du projet. Il
+pourra donc être exempté de la taxe si le montant de sa donation recouvre
celle-ci.</p>
<p>
- Le taux de la taxe pourrait être déterminé par un vote
-de ceux qui la payent, pondéré par le montant de
l'imposition.</p>
+ Le taux de la taxe pourrait être déterminé par un vote de ceux qui la
+payent, pondéré par le montant de l'imposition.</p>
<p>
- Les conséquences :</p>
+ Les conséquences :</p>
<ul>
-<li>La communauté des utilisateurs soutient le développement des
-logiciels.</li>
-<li>Cette communauté décide du niveau du soutien
-nécessaire.</li>
+<li>La communauté des utilisateurs soutient le développement des
logiciels.</li>
+<li>Cette communauté décide du niveau du soutien nécessaire.</li>
<li>Pour les utilisateurs qui se soucient de quels projets profitent de leur
-participation, ils pourront les choisir eux-mêmes.</li>
+participation, ils pourront les choisir eux-mêmes.</li>
</ul>
<p>
- À terme, rendre les programmes libres est un pas vers le monde
-d'après pénurie, quand personne ne devra travailler
-très dur juste pour survivre. Les gens seront libres de se consacrer
-à des activités ludiques telles que la programmation,
-après avoir, bien entendu, passé les dix heures par semaine
-nécessaires pour des Åuvres telles que la législation, la
-thérapie de famille, la réparation de robots et l'exploration
-d'astéroïdes. Il n'y aura donc plus besoin de gagner sa vie en
-programmant.</p>
-
-<p>
- Nous avons déjà beaucoup réduit la quantité de
-travail que la société entière doit fournir pour sa
-productivité, mais seulement une petite part se traduit en temps de
-loisirs pour les travailleurs, car beaucoup d'activités non
-productives sont nécessaires pour accompagner l'activité
-productive. Les raisons principales sont la bureaucratie et la lutte
-isométrique contre la concurrence. Le logiciel libre va
-réduire grandement ces fuites du domaine du développement
-logiciel. Nous devons faire cela, pour que les gains de productivité
-se traduisent en moins d'heures de travail pour nous.</p>
+ In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the postscarcity
+world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to make a living.
+People will be free to devote themselves to activities that are fun, such as
+programming, after spending the necessary ten hours a week on required tasks
+such as legislation, family counseling, robot repair and asteroid
+prospecting. There will be no need to be able to make a living from
+programming.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Nous avons déjà beaucoup réduit la quantité de travail que la société
+entière doit fournir pour sa productivité, mais seulement une petite part se
+traduit en temps de loisirs pour les travailleurs, car beaucoup d'activités
+non productives sont nécessaires pour accompagner l'activité productive. Les
+raisons principales sont la bureaucratie et la lutte isométrique contre la
+concurrence. Le logiciel libre va réduire grandement ces fuites du domaine
+du développement logiciel. Nous devons faire cela, pour que les gains de
+productivité se traduisent en moins d'heures de travail pour nous.</p>
<h4>Notes</h4>
+<!-- The anchors do not match the actual footnote numbers because of
+ revisions over time. And if a new footnote is added, the references
+ to existing footnotes that follow the new one must be changed. -->
<ol>
-<li><a name="f1"></a> Le choix des mots ici était
-irréfléchi. L'idée était que personne n'aurait
-à payer l'autorisation d'utiliser le système GNU. Mais cela
-n'était pas clair, et les gens ont souvent compris que les copies de
-GNU devaient toujours être distribuées peu chères ou
-gratuitement. Cela n'a jamais été l'intention; plus tard, le
-manifeste mentionne pour les sociétés la possibilité de
-fournir un service de distribution rentable. Par la suite, j'ai appris
-à bien faire la distinction entre « free » dans
-le sens de libre, et « free » dans le sens de
-gratuit. Le logiciel libre est un programme que les utilisateurs ont la
-liberté de distribuer et de modifier. Certains utilisateurs peuvent
-obtenir des copies gratuitement, tandis que d'autres les paieront et si cela
-peut rapporter de quoi financer l'amélioration de programmes, tant
-mieux. L'important est que toute personne détenant une copie a le
-droit de l'utiliser en collaboration avec d'autres.</li>
-
-<li><a name="f2"></a> Voilà un autre endroit où je n'ai pas fait
-la distinction entre les deux définitions de
-« libre ». La phrase telle quelle n'est pas fausse,
-vous pouvez obtenir des copies de logiciels GNU gratuitement, par vos amis
-ou par l'Internet. Mais elle suggère effectivement la mauvaise
-idée. [NdT : En français, la distinction entre
-« libre » et « gratuit » est
-évidente.]</li>
-
-<li><a name="f2a"></a>L'expression « give away » est une autre
-indication qui n'avait pas encore clairement séparé le problème du prix de
-celui de la liberté. Nous recommandons maintenant d'éviter cette expression
-lorsque l'on parle du logiciel. Consulter <a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html#GiveAwaySoftware"> <q>Mots et
-expressions à éviter</q></a> pour d'autres explications.</li>
+<li><a name="f1"></a> Le choix des mots ici était irréfléchi. L'idée
était que
+personne n'aurait à payer l'autorisation d'utiliser le système GNU. Mais
+cela n'était pas clair, et les gens ont souvent compris que les copies de
+GNU devaient toujours être distribuées peu chères ou gratuitement. Cela n'a
+jamais été l'intention; plus tard, le manifeste mentionne pour les sociétés
+la possibilité de fournir un service de distribution rentable. Par la suite,
+j'ai appris à bien faire la distinction entre « free » dans le
+sens de libre, et « free » dans le sens de gratuit. Le logiciel
+libre est un programme que les utilisateurs ont la liberté de distribuer et
+de modifier. Certains utilisateurs peuvent obtenir des copies gratuitement,
+tandis que d'autres les paieront et si cela peut rapporter de quoi financer
+l'amélioration de programmes, tant mieux. L'important est que toute personne
+détenant une copie a le droit de l'utiliser en collaboration avec
d'autres.</li>
+
+<li><a name="f2a"></a>The expression “give away” is another
+indication that I had not yet clearly separated the issue of price from that
+of freedom. We now recommend avoiding this expression when talking about
+free software. See <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware"> <q>Confusing Words
+and Phrases</q></a> for more explanation.</li>
+
+<li><a name="f2"></a> Voilà un autre endroit où je n'ai pas fait la
distinction
+entre les deux définitions de « libre ». La phrase telle quelle
+n'est pas fausse, vous pouvez obtenir des copies de logiciels GNU
+gratuitement, par vos amis ou par l'Internet. Mais elle suggère
+effectivement la mauvaise idée. [NdT : En français, la distinction
+entre « libre » et « gratuit » est évidente.]</li>
-<li><a name="f3"></a> De telles sociétés existent
actuellement.</li>
+<li><a name="f3"></a> De telles sociétés existent actuellement.</li>
<li><a name="f4"></a>Bien qu'il s'agisse d'une organisation à but non
lucratif,
-la Free Software Foundation a levé depuis 10 ans la plupart de ses
-fonds à travers un service de distribution. Vous pouvez <a
-href="/order/order.html">commander des logiciels, des livres, …
-à la FSF</a> pour soutenir son travail.
+la Free Software Foundation a levé depuis 10 ans la plupart de ses fonds Ã
+travers un service de distribution. Vous pouvez <a
+href="/order/order.html">commander des logiciels, des livres, … Ã la
+FSF</a> pour soutenir son travail.
</li>
-<li><a name="f5"></a> Un groupe de sociétés a réuni des
-fonds vers 1991 pour financer la maintenance du compilateur C de GNU.</li>
-
-<li><a name="f6"></a> Dans les années 80, je n'avais pas encore
-réalisé à quel point il était déroutant
-de parler du « problème » de la
-« propriété intellectuelle ». Ce terme
-est évidemment partial; plus subtil dans le fait qu'il mélange
-diverses lois disparates qui traitent de problàmes tràs
-différents. De nos jours, je presse les gens à rejeter
-totalement le terme « propriété
-intellectuelle », de peur qu'il ne conduise d'autres personnes
-à supposer que ces lois forment une solution cohérente. La
-façon d'être clair est de parler de brevets, de droits
-d'auteur, et de marques déposées
-séparément. Voir <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">des
-explications plus détaillées</a> sur la manière dont ce
-terme sème la confusion et le parti-pris.</li>
-
-<li><a name="f7"></a> Par la suite, nous avons appris la distinction entre
-« logiciel libre » et
-« graticiel » (« freeware »). Le
-terme « graticiel » signifie logiciel que vous
-êtes libre de redistribuer, mais généralement, vous
-n'êtes pas libre de l'étudier ou de changer le code source;
-donc la plupart d'entre eux ne sont pas des logiciels libres. Voir la page
-<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html#Freeware">Termes prêtant
-à confusion, que vous devriez éviter</a> pour plus
-d'explications.</li>
+<li><a name="f5"></a> Un groupe de sociétés a réuni des fonds vers 1991 pour
+financer la maintenance du compilateur C de GNU.</li>
<li><a name="f8"></a>Je pense que je me fourvoyait en disant que le logiciel
propriétaire était le moyen le plus courant pour faire de l'argent dans le
@@ -773,6 +659,28 @@
mesure devrait continuer d'exister, plus ou moins inchangé, dans un monde de
logiciels libres. Par conséquent, je ne m'attends plus à ce que les
programmeurs payés gagnent moins dans un monde de logiciels libres.</li>
+
+<li><a name="f6"></a> Dans les années 80, je n'avais pas encore réalisé Ã
quel
+point il était déroutant de parler du « problème » de la
+« propriété intellectuelle ». Ce terme est évidemment partial;
+plus subtil dans le fait qu'il mélange diverses lois disparates qui traitent
+de problà mes tràs différents. De nos jours, je presse les gens à rejeter
+totalement le terme « propriété intellectuelle », de peur qu'il
ne
+conduise d'autres personnes à supposer que ces lois forment une solution
+cohérente. La façon d'être clair est de parler de brevets, de droits
+d'auteur, et de marques déposées séparément. Voir <a
+href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">des explications plus détaillées</a> sur
+la manière dont ce terme sème la confusion et le parti-pris.</li>
+
+<li><a name="f7"></a> Par la suite, nous avons appris la distinction entre
+« logiciel libre » et « graticiel »
+(« freeware »). Le terme « graticiel » signifie
+logiciel que vous êtes libre de redistribuer, mais généralement, vous
n'êtes
+pas libre de l'étudier ou de changer le code source; donc la plupart d'entre
+eux ne sont pas des logiciels libres. Voir la page <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html#Freeware">Termes prêtant Ã
+confusion, que vous devriez éviter</a> pour plus d'explications.</li>
+
</ol>
@@ -786,11 +694,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web Ã
-<address@hidden>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -800,15 +709,16 @@
de traductions de cet article.
</p>
-<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software
-Foundation, Inc.,
+<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
<p>
-La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée et que le distributeur donne au destinataire la permission pour
-d'autre redistribution ainsi que permis par cette notice. <br />Il n'est pas
-permis de faire de versions modifiées de ce document.
+Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies of
+this document, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and
+permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor grants the
+recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
+<br />
+Modified versions may not be made.
</p>
@@ -821,7 +731,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/06/23 14:12:20 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -830,20 +740,20 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traductions de cette page</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/manifesto.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
@@ -877,6 +787,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/manifesto.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/manifesto.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Swedish -->
Index: gnu/manifesto.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/manifesto.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- gnu/manifesto.sr.html 22 Apr 2010 08:26:04 -0000 1.19
+++ gnu/manifesto.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:01 -0000 1.20
@@ -33,19 +33,18 @@
equipment are greatly needed.</p>
<p>
- Ðа Ñада имамо ÑÑеÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑекÑÑа ÐÐ¼Ð°ÐºÑ Ñа
ÐиÑпом за пиÑаÑе наÑедби ÑÑеÑиваÑа,
-попÑавÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ñног кода, генеÑаÑоÑ
ÑаÑÑлаÑиваÑа ÑаглаÑан Ñа Ðаком, повезиваÑ
-и око 35 помоÑниÑ
пÑогÑама. ÐÑÑка
(инÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñедби) Ñе ÑкоÑо
-довÑÑена. Ðови пÑеноÑиви опÑимизÑÑÑÑи
пÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð»Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð° Це Ñе пÑевео Ñам Ñебе и
-можда Ñе биÑи обÑавÑен ове године. ÐоÑеÑно
ÑезгÑо поÑÑоÑи, али Ñе поÑÑебно
-ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑа одлика да би Ñе имиÑиÑао УникÑ.
Чим ÑезгÑо и пÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð»Ð°Ñ Ð±ÑдÑ
-довÑÑени, биÑе могÑÑе ÑаÑподеÑиваÑи
ÑиÑÑем ÐÐУ погодан за ÑазвоÑ
-пÑогÑама. ÐоÑиÑÑиÑемо TeX за ÑоÑмаÑиÑаÑе
ÑекÑÑа, али Ñе Ñади и на
-енÑоÑÑ. ÐоÑиÑÑиÑемо и Ñлободни, пÑеноÑиви
пÑозоÑÑки ÑиÑÑем ÐкÑ. ÐоÑле овога
-додаÑемо пÑеноÑиви ÐпÑÑи ÐиÑп, игÑÑ
ЦаÑÑÑво, ÑнакÑÑÐ½Ñ ÑÐ°Ð±ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑоÑине
-дÑÑгиÑ
ÑÑваÑи, заÑедно Ñа докÑменÑаÑиÑом.
Ðадамо Ñе да Ñемо на кÑаÑÑ
-обезбедиÑи Ñве оне коÑиÑне ÑÑваÑи коÑе Ñе
обиÑно иÑпоÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ñа ÑиÑÑемом
-Ð£Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¸ виÑе од Ñога.</p>
+ So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor commands, a
+source level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator, a linker, and
+around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is nearly completed. A
+new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled itself and may be released
+this year. An initial kernel exists but many more features are needed to
+emulate Unix. When the kernel and compiler are finished, it will be
+possible to distribute a GNU system suitable for program development. We
+will use TeX as our text formatter, but an nroff is being worked on. We
+will use the free, portable X Window System as well. After this we will add
+a portable Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other
+things, plus online documentation. We hope to supply, eventually,
+everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more.</p>
<p>
ÐÐУ Ñе моÑи да покÑеÑе пÑогÑаме за УникÑ,
али неÑе биÑи иÑÑовеÑан
@@ -64,28 +63,27 @@
пÑилагоди маÑим маÑинама Ñе оÑÑавÑен
неком ко жели да га коÑиÑÑи на Ñима.</p>
<p>
- Ðако биÑмо избегли ÑÑÑаÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±ÑнÑ, молим
Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° Ñлово âÐâ Ñ ÑеÑи âÐÐУâ
-изговаÑаÑе као âÐâ, када Ñе Ñа ÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ñи
на Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑекаÑ.<sup><a
-href="#TransNote1">[1]</a></sup></p>
+ To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the <em>g</em> in the word
+“GNU” when it is the name of this project.</p>
<h3>ÐаÑÑо моÑам да напÑавим ÐÐУ</h3>
<p>
- СмаÑÑам да Ñе злаÑно пÑавило да, Ñколико
ми Ñе пÑогÑам ÑвиÑа, моÑам да га
-поделим и Ñа дÑÑгима коÑима Ñе ÑвиÑа.
ÐÑодавÑи ÑоÑÑвеÑа желе да поделе
-коÑиÑнике и онда да им владаÑÑ,
пÑимоÑаваÑем Ñваког коÑиÑника да Ñе Ñложи
да
-не дели Ñа дÑÑгима. Ðа одбиÑам да овако
ÑазбиÑем ÑолидаÑноÑÑ Ñа дÑÑгим
-коÑиÑниÑима. Ðе Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÑиÑÑе ÑвеÑÑи да
поÑпиÑем ÑÐ³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾ необÑавÑиваÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
-ÑÐ³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾ ÑоÑÑвеÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑенÑи. Ðодинама Ñам
Ñадио Ñ ÐабоÑаÑоÑиÑи за веÑÑаÑкÑ
-инÑелигенÑиÑÑ (ÐÐÐ) како биÑ
Ñе одÑпÑо
Ñаквим ÑенденÑиÑама и дÑÑгим
-негоÑÑоÑÑбивоÑÑима, али на кÑаÑÑ ÑÑ
пÑеÑеÑали: ниÑам могао да оÑÑанем Ñ
-инÑÑиÑÑÑиÑи где ми Ñе Ñако неÑÑо намеÑе
пÑоÑив моÑе воÑе.</p>
+ I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I must
+share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to divide the
+users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share with others. I
+refuse to break solidarity with other users in this way. I cannot in good
+conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement.
+For years I worked within the Artificial Intelligence Lab to resist such
+tendencies and other inhospitalities, but eventually they had gone too far:
+I could not remain in an institution where such things are done for me
+against my will.</p>
<p>
So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to
put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to
get along without any software that is not free. I have resigned from the
-AI lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away.<a
+AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away.<a
href="#f2a">(2)</a></p>
<h3>ÐаÑÑо Ñе ÐÐУ биÑи ÑаглаÑан Ñа УникÑом</h3>
@@ -136,10 +134,12 @@
<blockquote>
<p>
-(У данаÑÑе вÑеме, да биÑÑе видели ÑпиÑак
задаÑака на коÑима можеÑе ÑадиÑи,
-погледаÑÑе <a
href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tasklist";>ÐÐУ-ов ÑпиÑак
-задаÑака</a>. Ðа дÑÑге наÑине на коÑе можеÑе
помоÑи, погледаÑÑе <a
-href="/help/">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.)
+(Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the <a
+href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects";>High Priority Projects
+list</a> and the <a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1";>GNU
+Help Wanted list</a>, the general task list for GNU software packages. For
+other ways to help, see <a href="http://gnu.org/help/help.html";>the guide to
+helping the GNU operating system</a>.)
</p>
</blockquote>
@@ -154,18 +154,18 @@
за компликованим Ñ
лаÑеÑем или напаÑаÑем.</p>
<p>
- ÐаÑао Ñам веома много пÑогÑамеÑа воÑниÑ
да пÑиложе повÑемени Ñад ÐÐУ-Ñ. Ðа
-веÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑекаÑа Ñакав повÑемени
ÑаздеÑени Ñад би био веома Ñежак за
-ÑпÑавÑаÑе; незавиÑно напиÑани делови не би
могли да меÑÑÑобно
-ÑÑнкÑиониÑÑ. Ðли код конкÑеÑног поÑла
замене УникÑа, Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñоблем не
-поÑÑоÑи. ÐоÑпÑн ÑиÑÑем УникÑа ÑадÑжи
ÑÑоÑине помоÑниÑ
пÑогÑама, од коÑиÑ
Ñе
-Ñваки опиÑан одвоÑено. ÐеÑина пÑопиÑа о
ÑпÑези Ñе заÑÑÑана ÑаглаÑноÑÑÑ Ñа
-УникÑом. Ðко Ñваки донаÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñе ÑаглаÑнÑ
Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñедан УникÑов помоÑни
-пÑогÑам и ÑÑини да она на пÑави наÑин
замеÑÑÑе оÑигинал на ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð£Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑа,
-онда Ñе ови помоÑни пÑогÑами
ÑÑнкÑиониÑаÑи на пÑави наÑин када Ñе
-ÑаÑÑаве. Чак и ако ÐаÑÑи ÑÑвоÑи неколико
неоÑекиваниÑ
пÑоблема, ÑпаÑаÑе овиÑ
-делова Ñе биÑи изводÑив задаÑак. (ÐезгÑо Ñе
заÑ
ÑеваÑи Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¶Ñ ÑаÑадÑÑ Ð¸ Ñега
-Ñе ÑазвиÑаÑи маÑа, компакÑниÑа гÑÑпа.)</p>
+ I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time work for
+GNU. For most projects, such part-time distributed work would be very hard
+to coordinate; the independently written parts would not work together. But
+for the particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. A
+complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility programs, each of which is
+documented separately. Most interface specifications are fixed by Unix
+compatibility. If each contributor can write a compatible replacement for a
+single Unix utility, and make it work properly in place of the original on a
+Unix system, then these utilities will work right when put together. Even
+allowing for Murphy to create a few unexpected problems, assembling these
+components will be a feasible task. (The kernel will require closer
+communication and will be worked on by a small, tight group.)</p>
<p>
Уколико добиÑем пÑилоге Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ, моÑи ÑÑ
да бÑдем Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑноÑÑи да запоÑлим
@@ -261,13 +261,13 @@
како.</p>
<p>
- Такве ÑÑлÑге би могле да обезбеде ÑиÑме
коÑе пÑодаÑÑ Ñамо ÑÑлÑге одÑжаваÑа и
-попÑавке. Уколико Ñе ÑаÑно да Ñе коÑиÑниÑи
ÑадиÑе ÑÑÑоÑиÑи Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð° пÑоизвод
-Ñа подÑÑком, онда Ñе они иÑÑо Ñолико биÑи
воÑни да кÑпе подÑÑÐºÑ Ð° да
-пÑоизвод добиÑÑ Ð±ÐµÑплаÑно. ФиÑме за
подÑÑÐºÑ Ñе Ñе надмеÑаÑи Ñ ÐºÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑеÑÑ Ð¸
-Ñени; коÑиÑниÑи неÑе биÑи везани ни за
ÑÐµÐ´Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð´ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑиÑмÑ. Ðа Ñо вÑеме,
-они од Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ñима подÑÑка ниÑе поÑÑебна Ñе
моÑи да коÑиÑÑе пÑогÑам без
-поÑÑебе да плаÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÑкÑ.</p>
+ Such services could be provided by companies that sell just handholding and
+repair service. If it is true that users would rather spend money and get a
+product with service, they will also be willing to buy the service having
+got the product free. The service companies will compete in quality and
+price; users will not be tied to any particular one. Meanwhile, those of us
+who don't need the service should be able to use the program without paying
+for the service.</p>
<p>
<strong>âÐе можеÑе да доÑегнеÑе много ÑÑди
без Ñекламе, а да биÑÑе Ñо
@@ -400,13 +400,14 @@
не ÑмеÑаÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑини поÑединаÑа коÑи коÑиÑÑе
паÑенÑиÑане пÑоизводе.</p>
<p>
- ÐдеÑа о аÑÑоÑÑким пÑавима ниÑе поÑÑоÑала
Ñ ÑÑаÑа вÑемена, када ÑÑ ÑвоÑÑи
-ÑеÑÑо копиÑали дÑÑге Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¸Ð½ÑелекÑÑалним
делима. Ðва пÑакÑа Ñе била коÑиÑна,
-и била Ñе Ñедини наÑин да ÑиÑ
ова дела
пÑеживе, па Ð¼Ð°ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¸ делимиÑно. СиÑÑем
-аÑÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑава Ñе ÑÑвоÑен иÑкÑÑÑиво за
ÑвÑÑ
Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÑиÑаÑа ÑÑваÑаÑа. У доменÑ
-за коÑи Ñе замиÑÑен â кÑиге, коÑе ÑÑ
економиÑно могле да Ñе копиÑаÑÑ Ñамо
-пÑеко ÑÑампаÑÑке пÑеÑе â он Ñе Ñинио мало
ÑÑеÑе, и ниÑе пÑедÑÑавÑао пÑепÑекÑ
-веÑини поÑединаÑа коÑи ÑиÑаÑÑ ÐºÑиге.</p>
+ The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times, when authors
+frequently copied other authors at length in works of nonfiction. This
+practice was useful, and is the only way many authors' works have survived
+even in part. The copyright system was created expressly for the purpose of
+encouraging authorship. In the domain for which it was
+invented—books, which could be copied economically only on a printing
+press—it did little harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals
+who read the books.</p>
<p>
Сва пÑава инÑелекÑÑалне ÑвоÑине ÑÑ Ñамо
лиÑенÑе коÑе даÑÑÑе дÑÑÑÑво, ÑÐµÑ Ñе
@@ -457,11 +458,10 @@
ÐоÑе иÑкÑÑÑво показÑÑе да Ñ
оÑе.</p>
<p>
- ÐÑеко деÑÐµÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð° многи од наÑбоÑиÑ
пÑогÑамеÑа Ñ ÑвеÑÑ ÑÑ Ñадили Ñ
-ÐабоÑаÑоÑиÑи за веÑÑаÑÐºÑ Ð¸Ð½ÑелигенÑиÑÑ,
за много маÑе новÑа него ÑÑо ÑÑ
-могли да заÑаде било где дÑÑгде. Ðли ÑÑ
заÑадили много вÑÑÑа неновÑаниÑ
-нагÑада: на пÑимеÑ, ÑÐ»Ð°Ð²Ñ Ð¸ заÑ
валноÑÑ.
ÐÑим Ñога, кÑеаÑивноÑÑ Ñе и забавна,
-ÑÑо Ñе Ñамо по Ñеби нагÑада.</p>
+ For more than ten years, many of the world's best programmers worked at the
+Artificial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could have had
+anywhere else. They got many kinds of nonmonetary rewards: fame and
+appreciation, for example. And creativity is also fun, a reward in itself.</p>
<p>
Ðли, када им Ñе понÑÑена пÑилика да
обавÑаÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑи инÑеÑеÑанÑан поÑао за
@@ -498,12 +498,13 @@
опеÑаÑивног ÑиÑÑема новом Ñ
аÑдвеÑÑ.</p>
<p>
- ÐÑодаÑа ÑÑлÑга обÑке и одÑжаваÑа може
ÑакоÑе да ÑпоÑли пÑогÑамеÑе.</p>
+ The sale of teaching, handholding and maintenance services could also employ
+programmers.</p>
<p>
People with new ideas could distribute programs as freeware<a
href="#f7">(9)</a>, asking for donations from satisfied users, or selling
-hand-holding services. I have met people who are already working this way
+handholding services. I have met people who are already working this way
successfully.</p>
<p>
@@ -541,13 +542,13 @@
ÑиÑ
ов део Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ Ñами да изабеÑÑ.</li>
</ul>
<p>
- ÐÑгоÑоÑно гледано, оÑлобаÑаÑе пÑогÑама
Ñе коÑак напÑед пÑема поÑлеоÑкÑдиÑном
-ÑвеÑÑ, Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ðµ нико неÑе моÑаÑи да напоÑно
Ñади Ñамо да би заÑадио за
-живоÑ. ÐÑди Ñе моÑи да Ñе поÑвеÑе
акÑивноÑÑима коÑе ÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð±Ð°Ð²Ð½Ðµ, као ÑÑо Ñе
-пÑогÑамиÑаÑе, поÑле пÑовоÑеÑа неопÑ
одниÑ
деÑÐµÑ ÑаÑи недеÑно на неопÑ
одним
-поÑловима као ÑÑо ÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð²ÑÑво,
поÑодиÑно ÑавеÑоваÑе, опÑавка ÑобоÑа и
-иÑÑÑаживаÑе аÑÑеÑоида. ÐеÑе биÑи поÑÑебе
да Ñе заÑаÑÑÑе за Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´
-пÑогÑамиÑаÑа.</p>
+ In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the postscarcity
+world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to make a living.
+People will be free to devote themselves to activities that are fun, such as
+programming, after spending the necessary ten hours a week on required tasks
+such as legislation, family counseling, robot repair and asteroid
+prospecting. There will be no need to be able to make a living from
+programming.</p>
<p>
Ðи Ñмо Ð²ÐµÑ Ñада веома ÑмаÑили обим поÑла
коÑи Ñело дÑÑÑÑво моÑа да обави за
@@ -647,8 +648,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -662,11 +664,12 @@
Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
<p>
-Свима Ñе пÑÑжа дозвола да пÑаве или
ÑаÑподеÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ñловне пÑимеÑке овог
-докÑменÑа, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз ÑÑлов
да ÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑвана обавеÑÑеÑа о
-аÑÑоÑÑким пÑавима и дозволама, и да
ÑаÑподеÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑÑжи пÑимаоÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð°
-даÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ñ ÑаÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¿Ñема овом
обавеÑÑеÑÑ.<br />ÐзмеÑене веÑзиÑе Ñе не
-Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð¿ÑавиÑи
+Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies of
+this document, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and
+permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor grants the
+recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
+<br />
+Modified versions may not be made.
</p>
@@ -692,7 +695,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2010/04/22 08:26:04 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -701,20 +704,20 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>ÐÑеводи ове ÑÑÑаниÑе</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/manifesto.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
@@ -748,6 +751,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/manifesto.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/manifesto.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Swedish -->
Index: gnu/manifesto.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/manifesto.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- gnu/manifesto.tr.html 22 Apr 2010 08:26:04 -0000 1.2
+++ gnu/manifesto.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:01 -0000 1.3
@@ -34,21 +34,18 @@
equipment are greatly needed.</p>
<p>
- Åu anda, editör komutlarını yazmak için Lispâli bir Emacs metin
-düzenleyicimiz, kaynak-seviyesi hata ayıklayıcımız, yacc-uyumlu derleyici
-[:parser] üretecimiz, baÄlayıcımız ve 35 civarında özelliÄimiz
-mevcuttur. Bir kabuk (komut yorumlayıcı [:interpreter]) hemen hemen
-tamamlanmıÅtır. Yeni bir taÅınabilir eniyileÅtirici C derleyicisi kendi
-kendini derlemiÅtir ve bu yıl piyasaya sürülebilir. Bir baÅlangıç
çekirdeÄi
-mevcuttur ancak Unixâe benzer biçimde çalıÅmak için daha fazla birçok
-özellik gereklidir. Ãekirdek ve derleyici tamamlandıÄında, program
geliÅimi
-için uygun bir GNU sisteminin daÄıtılması mümkün olacaktır. Metin
-biçimlendirici olarak TEXâi kullanacaÄız ancak üzerinde nroff
-çalıÅacak. Bunun yanı sıra, özgür ve taÅınabilir X Window sistemini de
-kullanacaÄız. Bundan sonra, taÅınabilir Common Lispâi, Empire oyununu,
bir
-hesap çizelgesini ve yüzlerce baÅka Åeyi ve çevrim içi belgeyi
-ekleyeceÄiz. Sonunda, bir Unix sisteminin sahip olduÄu her Åeyi ve daha da
-fazlasını saÄlamayı umuyoruz. </p>
+ So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor commands, a
+source level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator, a linker, and
+around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is nearly completed. A
+new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled itself and may be released
+this year. An initial kernel exists but many more features are needed to
+emulate Unix. When the kernel and compiler are finished, it will be
+possible to distribute a GNU system suitable for program development. We
+will use TeX as our text formatter, but an nroff is being worked on. We
+will use the free, portable X Window System as well. After this we will add
+a portable Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other
+things, plus online documentation. We hope to supply, eventually,
+everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more.</p>
<p>
GNU, Unix programlarını çalıÅtırabilecektir ancak Unixâe özdeÅ
@@ -69,27 +66,27 @@
kullanmak isteyen kimselere kalmıÅtır. </p>
<p>
- Ciddi bir karıÅıklıÄı önlemek için, bu projenin adı olan âGNUâ
sözcüÄündeki
-âGâ harfini dikkatli telaffuz edin.</p>
+ To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the <em>g</em> in the word
+“GNU” when it is the name of this project.</p>
<h3>GNUâyu niçin yazmalıydım?</h3>
<p>
- Benim altın kuralım Åudur: Bir programı sevdiysem, bu programı seven
-kimselerle onu paylaÅmalıyım. Yazılım satıcıları kullanıcıları
bölmek ve alt
-etmek istemektedir, kullanıcıların birbiriyle yazılım paylaÅmama
konusunda
-fikir birliÄi içinde olmasını isterler. DiÄer kullanıcılarla bu Åekilde
-dayanıÅmayı kırmayı reddediyorum. Aklım baÅımda iken bu gibi bir
yazılım
-lisans anlaÅmasını imzalamam. Yıllarca bu gibi eÄilimlere ve diÄer
-soÄukluklara karÅı koymak için Yapay Zeka Laboratuarında çaba harcadım
ancak
-sonunda çok ileri gittiler: benim irademe karÅı bazı Åeylerin
yapıldıÄı bir
-kurumda kalamazdım.</p>
+ I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I must
+share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to divide the
+users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share with others. I
+refuse to break solidarity with other users in this way. I cannot in good
+conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement.
+For years I worked within the Artificial Intelligence Lab to resist such
+tendencies and other inhospitalities, but eventually they had gone too far:
+I could not remain in an institution where such things are done for me
+against my will.</p>
<p>
So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to
put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to
get along without any software that is not free. I have resigned from the
-AI lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away.<a
+AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away.<a
href="#f2a">(2)</a></p>
<h3>GNU niçin Unix ile Uyumlu Olacaktır?</h3>
@@ -142,10 +139,12 @@
<blockquote>
<p>
-(Bu günlerdeki, çalıÅılabilecek yazılım görevleri için, <a
-href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tasklist";>GNU görev listesi</a>ni
-ziyaret edin. Katkı saÄlamanın diÄer yolları için,<a
-href="/help/">http://www.gnu.org/help</a> adresini inceleyin.)
+(Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the <a
+href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects";>High Priority Projects
+list</a> and the <a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1";>GNU
+Help Wanted list</a>, the general task list for GNU software packages. For
+other ways to help, see <a href="http://gnu.org/help/help.html";>the guide to
+helping the GNU operating system</a>.)
</p>
</blockquote>
@@ -162,21 +161,18 @@
olmamalıdır. </p>
<p>
- GNU için yarı zamanlı çalıÅma gerçekleÅtirmek için hevesli çok
sayıda
-programcının olduÄunu gördüm. Birçok proje için, bu gibi yarı zamanlı
olarak
-daÄıtılmıŠçalıÅmanın eÅgüdümlenmesi çok zor olacaktır,
baÄımsız-olarak
-yazılan parçalar birlikte çalıÅmayacaktır. Ancak Unixâin yerini alan
belirli
-bir iŠiçin, böyle bir problem yoktur. Bütün bir Unix sistemi, yüzlerce
-programı içermektedir, bunların her biri ayrı ayrı
-belgelendirilmektedir. Birçok ara yüz belirtimi Unix uyumluluÄu ile
-saÄlanmaktadır. Katkıda bulunan her birey tek bir Unix özelliÄi için
uyumlu
-bir parça yazabilir ve bir Unix sistemindeki orijinal parçanın yerine uygun
-Åekilde çalıÅtırabilirse, o zaman bu özellikler bir araya getirildiÄinde
-düzgün Åekilde çalıÅacaktır. Murphyânin1 beklenmedik birkaç problem
-oluÅturmasına izin verilse bile, bu bileÅenlerin birleÅtirilmesi
-uygulanabilir bir iÅ olacaktır. (Ãekirdek daha yakın bir haberleÅme
-gerektirecektir ve küçük ve sıkı bir grup tarafından üzerinde
-çalıÅılacaktır.)</p>
+ I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time work for
+GNU. For most projects, such part-time distributed work would be very hard
+to coordinate; the independently written parts would not work together. But
+for the particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. A
+complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility programs, each of which is
+documented separately. Most interface specifications are fixed by Unix
+compatibility. If each contributor can write a compatible replacement for a
+single Unix utility, and make it work properly in place of the original on a
+Unix system, then these utilities will work right when put together. Even
+allowing for Murphy to create a few unexpected problems, assembling these
+components will be a feasible task. (The kernel will require closer
+communication and will be worked on by a small, tight group.)</p>
<p>
Para baÄıÅı alırsam, tam zamanlı ya da yarı zamanlı olarak birkaç
kiÅiyi iÅe
@@ -276,13 +272,13 @@
yapılması gibi. </p>
<p>
- Yalnızca ellerinden tutma ve tamir hizmetini satan firmalar tarafından bu
-gibi hizmetler saÄlanabilir. Ä°nsanlar para harcayıp hizmeti olan bir
ürünü
-almayı tercih ederlerse, ürünü ücretsiz bile alsalar, hizmete para vermeye
-istekli olacaklardır. Hizmet firmaları kalite ve ücret konusunda rekabet
-edecektir; kullanıcılar, herhangi birine baÄlı olmayacaktır. Bu arada,
-hizmete ihtiyaç duymayanlar, hizmete para ödemeden programı
-kullanabilmelidir.</p>
+ Such services could be provided by companies that sell just handholding and
+repair service. If it is true that users would rather spend money and get a
+product with service, they will also be willing to buy the service having
+got the product free. The service companies will compete in quality and
+price; users will not be tied to any particular one. Meanwhile, those of us
+who don't need the service should be able to use the program without paying
+for the service.</p>
<p>
<strong>"Reklam vermeden çok sayıda insana ulaÅamazsınız ve programı
@@ -424,13 +420,14 @@
kullanan birçok bireyi engellemezler.</p>
<p>
- Eski zamanlarda telif hakkı fikri yoktu, o zamanlar, yazarlar, kurgusal
-olmayan yazınlarda diÄer yazarları sıklıkla kopyalamaktaydı. Bu uygulama
-yararlı idi ve birçok yazarın çalıÅmasının kısmen olsa bile ayakta
kalması
-için tek yoldu. Telif hakkı sistemi, açık ve net bir Åekilde yazarlıÄı
-cesaretlendirmek amacıyla oluÅturuldu. Ä°cat edildiÄi bölge için ekonomik
-olarak yalnızca bir baskıda kopyalanabilen kitaplar az zarar vericiydi ve
-kitapları okuyan bireylerin çoÄunu engellemedi.</p>
+ The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times, when authors
+frequently copied other authors at length in works of nonfiction. This
+practice was useful, and is the only way many authors' works have survived
+even in part. The copyright system was created expressly for the purpose of
+encouraging authorship. In the domain for which it was
+invented—books, which could be copied economically only on a printing
+press—it did little harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals
+who read the books.</p>
<p>
Tüm fikri mülkiyet hakları yalnızca toplum tarafından verilen
lisanslardır
@@ -489,11 +486,10 @@
göstermektedir.</p>
<p>
- On yıldan daha uzun bir süre boyunca, dünyanın en iyi
programcılarının
-birçoÄu, baÅka herhangi bir yerde kazanabileceklerinden çok daha az parayla
-Yapay Zeka Laboratuarında çalıÅtı. ÃeÅitli parasal-olmayan ödüller
-kazandılar: örneÄin, ün ve saygınlık gibi. Ve yaratıcılık da ayrıca
bir
-eÄlence, kendi içinde bir ödüldü. </p>
+ For more than ten years, many of the world's best programmers worked at the
+Artificial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could have had
+anywhere else. They got many kinds of nonmonetary rewards: fame and
+appreciation, for example. And creativity is also fun, a reward in itself.</p>
<p>
Daha sonra birçoÄu, aynı ilginç iÅi çok daha fazla para kazanarak
yapmak
@@ -533,13 +529,13 @@
donanıma taÅınması için bir ücret ödeyecektir.</p>
<p>
- ÃÄretme, destek ve bakım hizmetleri için de programcıların
kullanılması
-gerekli olabilir.</p>
+ The sale of teaching, handholding and maintenance services could also employ
+programmers.</p>
<p>
People with new ideas could distribute programs as freeware<a
href="#f7">(9)</a>, asking for donations from satisfied users, or selling
-hand-holding services. I have met people who are already working this way
+handholding services. I have met people who are already working this way
successfully.</p>
<p>
@@ -576,14 +572,13 @@
için bunu seçebilir. </li>
</ul>
<p>
- Uzun vadede, programların özgür hale getirilmesi, insanların yalnızca
-yaÅamlarını idame ettirmek için çok sıkı çalıÅmasının gerekli
olmadıÄı
-kıtlık-sonrası dünyaya doÄru bir adımdır. Ä°nsanlar, yasa yapma, aile
-danıÅmanlıÄı, robot tamiri ve asteroit araÅtırması gibi gerekli iÅler
-konusunda haftada on saat ayırdıktan sonra, kendilerini programlama gibi
-eÄlenceli olan etkinliklere adama konusunda özgür olacaktır. Programlama
-sayesinde geçimini saÄlamak için gerekli kazancı saÄlayabilme ihtiyacı
-olmayacaktır.</p>
+ In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the postscarcity
+world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to make a living.
+People will be free to devote themselves to activities that are fun, such as
+programming, after spending the necessary ten hours a week on required tasks
+such as legislation, family counseling, robot repair and asteroid
+prospecting. There will be no need to be able to make a living from
+programming.</p>
<p>
Gerçek üretkenliÄi saÄlamak için tüm toplumun gerçekleÅtirmesi
gereken iÅ
@@ -681,12 +676,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır. Lütfen
-çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -699,10 +694,12 @@
Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
<p>
-Bu belgenin aynı kopyalarının yapılmasına veya herhangi bir ortamda
-daÄıtılmasına bu telif hakkı ve izin açıklamalarının aynen yer alması
-koÅuluyla ve daÄıtıcının alıcıya aynı izni daha fazla daÄıtım
için vermesi
-Åartıyla izin verilmektedir. <br /> DeÄiÅtirilmiÅ sürümler yapılamaz.
+Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies of
+this document, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and
+permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor grants the
+recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
+<br />
+Modified versions may not be made.
</p>
@@ -755,7 +752,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/04/22 08:26:04 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -765,20 +762,20 @@
<h4>Bu sayfanın diÄer dillere <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">çevirileri</a>:</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/manifesto.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
@@ -812,6 +809,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/manifesto.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/manifesto.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Swedish -->
Index: gnu/thegnuproject.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/thegnuproject.ca.html,v
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@@ -21,24 +21,25 @@
<p>
per <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
<p>
-publicat originalment al llibre "Open Sources"</p>
+the original version was published in the book “Open Sources”</p>
<h3>La primera comunitat per a compartir programari</h3>
<p>
-Quan vaig començar a treballar al Laboratori d'Intel·ligència Artificial
-(LIA) del MIT l'any 1971 vaig entrar a formar part de la comunitat per a
-compartir programari que havia existit durant molts anys. L'ús compartit de
-programari no estava únicament limitat per la nostra comunitat particular:
-era tan antic com els ordinadors, de la mateixa manera que compartir
-receptes és tan antic com la cuina.Però ho fèiem més intensament que la
-majoria.</p>
-<p>
-El LIA utilitzava un sistema operatiu de compartiment de temps anomenat ITS
-(Incompatible Timesharing System) que els hackers (1) del laboratori havien
-dissenyat i escrit en assemblador per al Digital PDP-10, ún dels ordinadors
-més potents de l'època. Com a membre d'aquesta comunitat, un hacker del LIA,
-la meva feina era millorar el sistema.</p>
+When I started working at the <acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of
+Technology">MIT</acronym> Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971, I became part
+of a software-sharing community that had existed for many years. Sharing of
+software was not limited to our particular community; it is as old as
+computers, just as sharing of recipes is as old as cooking. But we did it
+more than most.</p>
+<p>
+The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called <acronym
+title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</acronym> (the Incompatible
+Timesharing System) that the lab's staff hackers (1) had designed and
+written in assembler language for the Digital <acronym title="Programmed
+Data Processor">PDP</acronym>-10, one of the large computers of the era. As
+a member of this community, an AI Lab staff system hacker, my job was to
+improve this system.</p>
<p>
No anomenà vem el nostre programari "programari lliure", perquè el mot encara
no existia, però això era el que realment era. Sempre que la gent d'altres
@@ -47,27 +48,28 @@
desconegut, sempre podeu preguntar-li si disposa del codi font per tal de
llegir-lo, o reutilitzar-ne algunes parts per a fer un nou programa. </p>
<p>
-(1) L'ús de "hacker" com a "aquell qui trenca barreres de seguretat" és una
-confusió per part dela premsa i els medis de comunicació. Nosaltres els
-hackers refusem aquesta accepció del terme, i continuem emprant el mot per a
-significar, "aquell qui està enamorat de la programació i que gaudeix
-emprant-la de manera intel·ligent." </p>
+(1) The use of “hacker” to mean “security breaker”
+is a confusion on the part of the mass media. We hackers refuse to
+recognize that meaning, and continue using the word to mean someone who
+loves to program, someone who enjoys playful cleverness, or the combination
+of the two. See my article, <a
+href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>On Hacking</a>.</p>
<h3>El col·lapse de la comunitat</h3>
<p>
-La situació canvià drà sticament als inicis dels 80 quan Digital suprimà la
-producció de la sèrie PDP-10 . La seva arquitectura, elegant i potent als
-60, no podia estendre's de manera natural als majors espais d'adreces que
-als 80 esdevenien ja factibles. Això va significar que gairebé tots els
-programes escrits per a ITS esdevingueren obsolets. </p>
-<p>
-La comunitat hacker del LIA ja havia desaparegut. In 1981, una empresa jove,
-Symbolics, va contractar gairebé a tots els hackers del LIA, i la comunitat
-restant fou incapaç de mantenir-se pel seu compte. (El llibre Hackers, de
-Steve Levy, descriu aquests esdeveniments i alhora ofereix un panorama
-detallat d'aquesta comunitat.) Quan el LIA va comprar un nou PDP-10 l'any
-1982, els administradors van decidir d'utilitzar el sistema de compartició
-de temps no lliure de Digital en comptes del ITS.</p>
+The situation changed drastically in the early 1980s when Digital
+discontinued the PDP-10 series. Its architecture, elegant and powerful in
+the 60s, could not extend naturally to the larger address spaces that were
+becoming feasible in the 80s. This meant that nearly all of the programs
+composing ITS were obsolete.</p>
+<p>
+The AI Lab hacker community had already collapsed, not long before. In
+1981, the spin-off company Symbolics had hired away nearly all of the
+hackers from the AI Lab, and the depopulated community was unable to
+maintain itself. (The book Hackers, by Steve Levy, describes these events,
+as well as giving a clear picture of this community in its prime.) When the
+AI Lab bought a new PDP-10 in 1982, its administrators decided to use
+Digital's nonfree timesharing system instead of ITS.</p>
<p>
Els ordinadors moderns de l'època, com el VAX o el 68020, disposaven dels
seus propis sistemes operatius, però cap d'ells era programari lliure: hom
@@ -79,22 +81,22 @@
programari propietari era, "si ho compartiu amb els vostres companys, sou
uns pirates. Si feu voleu cap canvi, demaneu-nos que el fem".</p>
<p>
-La idea que el sistema social implantat pel programari propietari ( el
-sistema que prohibeix compartir o modificar el programari) és antisocial, no
-ètica i simplement dolenta, pot sorprendre a alguns lectors. Però què més
-podrÃem dir sobre un sistema basat en dividir al públic i deixar sense ajut
-als usuaris? Els lectors que trobin la idea sorprenent pot ser que
-considerin el sistema social de programari propietari com a donat, o el
-jutgin en els termes aconsellats per les empreses de programari
-propietari. Els productors de programari han treballat intensament i durant
-molt temps per tal de convèncer a la gent que és l'única manera de veure el
-tema. </p>
-<p>
-Quan els productors de programari parlen de "fer valdre" els seus "drets" o
-"aturar la pirateria", el que volen realment *dir* és secundari. El missatge
-real d'aquestes afirmacions és en els supòsits que ells prenen com a donats
-i que el públic ha d'acceptar sense cap mena de discussió. Anem doncs a
-examinar-los.</p>
+The idea that the proprietary software social system—the system that
+says you are not allowed to share or change software—is antisocial,
+that it is unethical, that it is simply wrong, may come as a surprise to
+some readers. But what else could we say about a system based on dividing
+the public and keeping users helpless? Readers who find the idea surprising
+may have taken the proprietary software social system as a given, or judged
+it on the terms suggested by proprietary software businesses. Software
+publishers have worked long and hard to convince people that there is only
+one way to look at the issue.</p>
+<p>
+When software publishers talk about “enforcing” their
+“rights” or “stopping <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">piracy</a>”, what they
+actually <em>say</em> is secondary. The real message of these statements is
+in the unstated assumptions they take for granted, which the public is asked
+to accept without examination. Let's therefore examine them.</p>
<p>
Un supòsit és que les empreses de programari tenen un dret natural
inqüestionable sobre el seu propi programari i per tant tenen poder sobre
@@ -116,12 +118,11 @@
plausible abans que el moviment per al programari lliure demostrés que es
pot tenir qualsevol programari sense haver d'imposar restriccions.</p>
<p>
-Si declinem d'acceptar aquests supòsits i jutgem aquest tema basant-nos en
-el sentit comú i posant els usuaris al capdamunt, arribem a unes conclusions
-ben diferents. Els usuaris dels sistemes informà tics haurien de ser lliures
-de modificar programes per tal que s'adaptessin a les seves necessitats, a
-més de poder compartir-lo, pel senzill fet de què ajudar a la resta de gent
-és la base de la societat.</p>
+If we decline to accept these assumptions, and judge these issues based on
+ordinary commonsense morality while placing the users first, we arrive at
+very different conclusions. Computer users should be free to modify
+programs to fit their needs, and free to share software, because helping
+other people is the basis of society.</p>
<p>
No disposem aquà de lloc per a un tractament més extens del raonament que hi
ha darrera d'aquesta conclusió, per la qual cosa us adreço a la següent
@@ -144,12 +145,13 @@
anys on es van construir barreres per dividir a la gent, i pensaria que
m'hauria passat la vida fent el món una mica pitjor del que és.</p>
<p>
-Ja havia experimentat el què era un acord de no revelació quan un cop es van
-negar a facilitar-me (a mi i al LIA del MIT) el codi font d'un programa de
-control de la nostra impressora (la manca de diverses funcions en el
-programa utilitzat feia molt difÃcil l'ús de la impressora). No podria dir
-doncs que els acords d'exclusivitat eren innocus. Em vaig emprenyar molt
-quan van rebutjar de compartir el codi; no podria fer jo el mateix a algú.
</p>
+I had already experienced being on the receiving end of a nondisclosure
+agreement, when someone refused to give me and the MIT AI Lab the source
+code for the control program for our printer. (The lack of certain features
+in this program made use of the printer extremely frustrating.) So I could
+not tell myself that nondisclosure agreements were innocent. I was very
+angry when he refused to share with us; I could not turn around and do the
+same thing to everyone else.</p>
<p>
Una altra tria, fà cil però poc motivadora, era la de deixar el món de la
informà tica. D'aquesta manera els meus coneixements no s'utilitzarien
@@ -168,42 +170,43 @@
servir un ordinador sense que el seu ús provoqués una pèrdua de drets dels
seus companys.</p>
<p>
-Com a desenvolupador de sistemes operatius, tenia els coneixements i
-habilitats adequades per a la feina. Tot i que no n'estava segur dels
-resultats em vaig adonar que era la persona indicada per a fer-ho. Vaig
-decidir de fer el sistema compatible amb Unix per tal de que podés ser
-portable i perquè els usuaris de Unix poguessin fà cilment canviar-se de
-bà ndol. El nom GNU fou escollit seguint una tradició hacker: GNU és un
-acrònim recursiu que significa "GNU's Not Unix".</p>
-<p>
-Un sistema operatiu no és només un nucli, amb prou feines suficient per a
-executar altres programes. Als anys 70 tots els sistemes operatius dignes de
-dur aquest nom duien assembladors, processadors de comandes, compiladors,
-intèrprets, depuradors, editors de text, programari de correu i molt
-més. ITS els duia, Multics també els duia, VMS també els duia i Unix també
-els duia. El sistema operatiu GNU també els havia de dur.</p>
+As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job. So
+even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I was
+elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so
+that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily switch to
+it. The name GNU was chosen, following a hacker tradition, as a recursive
+acronym for “GNU's Not Unix.”</p>
+<p>
+An operating system does not mean just a kernel, barely enough to run other
+programs. In the 1970s, every operating system worthy of the name included
+command processors, assemblers, compilers, interpreters, debuggers, text
+editors, mailers, and much more. ITS had them, Multics had them, VMS had
+them, and Unix had them. The GNU operating system would include them too.</p>
<p>
Més tard vaig escoltar aquests versos, atribuïts a Hillel (1):</p>
<blockquote><p>
- If I am not for myself, who will be for me?<br /> If I am only for myself,
-what am I?<br /> If not now, when?
+ If I am not for myself, who will be for me?<br />
+ If I am only for myself, what am I?<br />
+ If not now, when?
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-La decisió de començar el projecte GNU estava basada en un esperit
similar.</p>
+The decision to start the GNU Project was based on a similar spirit.</p>
<p>
(1) Com a ateu, no estic sota les ordres de cap lÃder religiós, però a
vegades admiro algunes coses del que diuen.</p>
<h3>Lliure com a llibertat</h3>
<p>
-El terme "programari lliure" és sovint entès malament: no té res a veure amb
-el preu. Té a veure amb la llibertat. La definició de programari lliure és,
-per tant, aquesta: un programa és programari lliure, per a vosaltres,
-usuaris particulars, si:</p>
+The term “free software” is sometimes misunderstood—it has
+nothing to do with price. It is about freedom. Here, therefore, is the
+definition of free software.</p>
+
+<p>A program is free software, for you, a particular user, if:</p>
<ul>
- <li>Teniu el dret a executar el programa, sigui el motiu que sigui.</li>
+ <li>You have the freedom to run the program as you wish, for any
purpose.</li>
+
<li>Teniu dret a modificar el programa per adaptar-lo a les vostres
necessitats
(per fer aquest dret efectiu, heu de disposar d'accés al codi font, ja que
fer canvis a un programa sense disposar d'ell pot ser una tasca
@@ -224,12 +227,14 @@
tant, un programa on la gent no té dret a incloure'l en col·leccions de
programes no és un programa lliure.</p>
<p>
-Degut a la ambigüitat del terme "lliure", molta gent ha cercat des de fa
-temps per paraules alternatives. L'anglès té més paraules i matisos que cap
-d'altra (1) però li manca una paraula simple, sense ambigüitats, on "lliure"
-sigui idèntic a "llibertat". "Unfettered" és el mot que està més proper en
-significat. Alternatives com "liberated", "freedom" o "open" tenen o bé un
-significat dubtós o algun altre desavantatge.</p>
+Because of the ambiguity of “free”, people have long looked for
+alternatives, but no one has found a better term. The English language has
+more words and nuances than any other, but it lacks a simple, unambiguous,
+word that means “free”, as in
+freedom—“unfettered” being the word that comes closest in
+meaning. Such alternatives as “liberated”,
+“freedom”, and “open” have either the wrong meaning
+or some other disadvantage.</p>
<h3>El programari GNU i el sistema GNU</h3>
<p>
@@ -247,41 +252,38 @@
<h3>Arrencada del projecte</h3>
<p>
-El gener de 1984 vaig deixar la meva feina al MIT i vaig començar a escriure
-programari GNU. Deixar el MIT era necessari amb l'objectiu que el MIT no
-pogués interferir amb la distribució del GNU com a programari lliure. En cas
-d'haver continuat formant part del personal, el MIT podria haver reclamat el
-seus drets sobre el treball, imposar els seus termes de distribució, o fins
-i tot fer que el programa esdevingués un programa propietari. No tenia ganes
-de què una tasca d'aquestes magnituds es veiés desvirtuada del seu propòsit
-original: crear una nova comunitat de compartició del programari.</p>
-<p>
-Tot i això, el catedrà tic Winston, en aquells moments el cap del LIA del
-MIT, em va convidar cordialment a fer servir els equips del laboratori
-sempre que ho volgués.</p>
+In January 1984 I quit my job at MIT and began writing GNU software.
+Leaving MIT was necessary so that MIT would not be able to interfere with
+distributing GNU as free software. If I had remained on the staff, MIT
+could have claimed to own the work, and could have imposed their own
+distribution terms, or even turned the work into a proprietary software
+package. I had no intention of doing a large amount of work only to see it
+become useless for its intended purpose: creating a new software-sharing
+community.</p>
+<p>
+However, Professor Winston, then the head of the MIT AI Lab, kindly invited
+me to keep using the lab's facilities.</p>
<h3>Les primeres passes</h3>
<p>
-Una mica abans dels inicis del projecte GNU havia tingut notÃcies del Free
-University Compiler Kit, també conegut com a VUCK. (El terme holandès
-referit a "lliure" s'escriu amb una V). Era un compilador dissenyat per a
-utilitzar diversos llenguatges, entre ells C i Pascal, i per suportar
-múltiples mà quines. Vaig escriure al seu autor demanant-li si la GNU podia
-fer-lo servir.</p>
-<p>
-La resposta fou irònica, indicant-me que si bé la universitat era gratuïta,
-el compilador no ho era. Em vaig decidir, per tant, a què el primer programa
-del projecte GNU fos un compilador multillenguatge i multiplataforma.</p>
-<p>
-Esperant haver d'estalviar-me la feina d'escriure completament el compilador
-pel mou compte, vaig obtenir el codi font del compilador Pastel, que era un
-compilador multiplataforma desenvolupat al Lawrence Livermore
-Lab. Suportava, i de fet estava escrit en ell, una versió estesa de Pascal,
-dissenyada per a ser un llenguatge de programació del sistema. Hi vaig
-afegir suport per a C i vaig començar a portar-lo a un ordinador Motorola
-68000. Però vaig haver-ho d'abandonar quan em vaig donar compte de què el
-compilador necessitava molts megaoctets d'espai de pila i que la pila
-disponible al Unix 68000 només permetia 64k. </p>
+Shortly before beginning the GNU Project, I heard about the Free University
+Compiler Kit, also known as VUCK. (The Dutch word for “free” is
+written with a <em>v</em>.) This was a compiler designed to handle multiple
+languages, including C and Pascal, and to support multiple target machines.
+I wrote to its author asking if GNU could use it.</p>
+<p>
+He responded derisively, stating that the university was free but the
+compiler was not. I therefore decided that my first program for the GNU
+Project would be a multilanguage, multiplatform compiler.</p>
+<p>
+Hoping to avoid the need to write the whole compiler myself, I obtained the
+source code for the Pastel compiler, which was a multiplatform compiler
+developed at Lawrence Livermore Lab. It supported, and was written in, an
+extended version of Pascal, designed to be a system-programming language. I
+added a C front end, and began porting it to the Motorola 68000 computer.
+But I had to give that up when I discovered that the compiler needed many
+megabytes of stack space, and the available 68000 Unix system would only
+allow 64k.</p>
<p>
Llavors em vaig adonar que el compilador Pastel funcionava analitzant el
fitxer d'entrada complet en un arbre de sintaxi, convertint el fitxer de
@@ -308,15 +310,15 @@
usuaris no tenien accés a Internet i no podien aconseguir la còpia via
ftp. Per tant el dubte era: com fer-los saber de la seva existència?</p>
<p>
-Podria haver dit, "Troba un amic que estigui a la xarxa i que et faci una
-còpia". O podria haver fet el que vaig fer amb l'Emacs PDP-10 original:
-dir-los:"Envieu-me una cinta i un SASE, i us ho retornaré amb l'Emacs". Però
-jo no tenia feina remunerada i estava cercant vies per obtenir diners del
-programari lliure. Vaig decidir-me per tant a anunciar que enviaria una
-cinta a tothom que ho volgués, però previ pagament de 150 $. D'aquesta
-manera vaig començar el negoci de la distribució de programari lliure, el
-precursor de les empreses que avui distribueixen sistemes complets GNU
-basats en Linux.</p>
+I could have said, “Find a friend who is on the net and who will make
+a copy for you.” Or I could have done what I did with the original
+PDP-10 Emacs: tell them, “Mail me a tape and a <acronym
+title="Self-addressed Stamped Envelope">SASE</acronym>, and I will mail it
+back with Emacs on it.” But I had no job, and I was looking for ways
+to make money from free software. So I announced that I would mail a tape
+to whoever wanted one, for a fee of $150. In this way, I started a free
+software distribution business, the precursor of the companies that today
+distribute entire Linux-based GNU systems.</p>
<h3>Ãs un programa lliure per a tots els usuaris?</h3>
<p>
@@ -330,26 +332,25 @@
amb llicències simples molt permissives que permeten versions modificades
propietà ries.</p>
<p>
-L'exemple paradigmà tic d'aquest problema és el sistema X
-Window. Desenvolupat al MIT, i llençat com a programari lliure amb una
-llicència permissiva, fou adoptat rà pidament per diverses empreses
-d'ordinadors. Aquestes afegiren X als seus sistemes Unix propietaris, només
-en mode binari, i la van incloure en el seu mateix contracte. Aquestes
-còpies de X van deixar de ser programari lliure, de la mateixa manera que ho
-va deixar de ser el Unix.</p>
-<p>
-Els desenvolupadors del sistema X Window no van considerar això un problema:
-ho preveien. El seu objectiu final no era la llibertat sinó l'"èxit",
-definit com a "captar el mà xim nombre d'usuaris". No van tenir en compte si
-aquests usuaris disposarien de drets; només de què fossin nombrosos.</p>
-<p>
-Això va dur a la situació paradoxal on dues maneres diferents de mesurar els
-drets donaren diferents respostes a la pregunta, "Ãs aquest programa
-lliure?" Si jutgeu basant-vos en els drets donats pels termes de distribució
-de la versió del MIT, X és programari lliure. Però si mesureu la llibertat
-de l'usuari tÃpic de X, la resposta és que és programari propietari. La
-majoria d'usuaris de X executen les versions propietà ries que venen amb els
-sistemes Unix, no la versió lliure.</p>
+The paradigmatic example of this problem is the X Window System. Developed
+at MIT, and released as free software with a permissive license, it was soon
+adopted by various computer companies. They added X to their proprietary
+Unix systems, in binary form only, and covered by the same nondisclosure
+agreement. These copies of X were no more free software than Unix was.</p>
+<p>
+The developers of the X Window System did not consider this a
+problem—they expected and intended this to happen. Their goal was not
+freedom, just “success”, defined as “having many
+users.” They did not care whether these users had freedom, only that
+they should be numerous.</p>
+<p>
+This led to a paradoxical situation where two different ways of counting the
+amount of freedom gave different answers to the question, “Is this
+program free?” If you judged based on the freedom provided by the
+distribution terms of the MIT release, you would say that X was free
+software. But if you measured the freedom of the average user of X, you
+would have to say it was proprietary software. Most X users were running
+the proprietary versions that came with Unix systems, not the free version.</p>
<h3>Copyleft i la GPL del GNU</h3>
<p>
@@ -358,10 +359,9 @@
possibilitat de què el programari GNU esdevinguin programari
propietari. Aquest mètode que utilitzem és anomenat "copyleft".(1) </p>
<p>
-El copyleft utilitza la llei del copyright, però amb l'objectiu de què
-serveixi per al contrari del seu propòsit habitual: en comptes de
-privatitzar el programari, esdevé un medi per a mantenir el programari
-lliure.</p>
+Copyleft uses copyright law, but flips it over to serve the opposite of its
+usual purpose: instead of a means for restricting a program, it becomes a
+means for keeping the program free.</p>
<p>
La idea central del copyleft és donar a tothom permÃs per a executar el
programa, copiar-lo, modificar-lo i distribuir-lo modificat o sense
@@ -385,13 +385,13 @@
per a denegar drets als usuaris hauria de ser fà cil per a qualsevol de
prendre avantatge d'aquesta excusa.</p>
<p>
-Un aspecte relacionat és la combinació d'un programa lliure amb codi no
-lliure. Tal combinació esdevindrà necessà riament no lliure: aquells drets
-eliminats de la part no lliure seran drets eliminats al programa
-final. Permetre aquests combinacions pot obrir un forat prou gran per
-enfonsar un vaixell. Per tant, un requisit indispensable per al copyleft és
-omplir aquest forat: qualsevol cosa afegida o combinada amb un programa amb
-copyleft ha de donar lloc a una versió lliure i amb copyleft.</p>
+A related issue concerns combining a free program with nonfree code. Such a
+combination would inevitably be nonfree; whichever freedoms are lacking for
+the nonfree part would be lacking for the whole as well. To permit such
+combinations would open a hole big enough to sink a ship. Therefore, a
+crucial requirement for copyleft is to plug this hole: anything added to or
+combined with a copylefted program must be such that the larger combined
+version is also free and copylefted.</p>
<p>
La implementació especÃfica del copyleft que utilitzem per a la majoria del
programari GNU és la Llicència Pública General GNU (GNU GPL abreujadament).
@@ -411,177 +411,180 @@
Lliure de GNU</a> per a la documentació.</p>
<h3>La Free Software Foundation</h3>
-<p>
-Com l'interès en utilitzar l'Emacs estava creixent, més gent s'estava
-involucrant en el projecte GNU, i vam decidir que era hora de cercar
-fons. Per tant, el 1985 vam crear la Free Software Foundation (FSF), una
-entitat no lucrativa dedicada al programari lliure. La FSF va assumir el
-negoci de distribució de les cintes amb l'Emacs (més tard s'hi va afegir
-altre programari lliure (bé GNU o no GNU) ) i la venda de manuals lliures.
</p>
-<p>
-La FSF accepta donatius, però la majoria dels seus ingressos han provingut
-sempre de les vendes (de còpies de programari lliure i d'altres serveis
-relacionats). Actualment ven CD-ROMs amb codi font, CD-ROM amb fitxers
-binaris, manuals acuradament impresos (tots amb el dret a modificar-los i
-redistribuir-los) i Distribucions de luxe (on incloem la totalitat del
-programari)</p>
-<p>
-Els treballadors de la FSF han escrit i mantingut un nombre de paquets de
-programari GNU. Dos exemples notables són la biblioteca C i la shell. La
-biblioteca C GNU és el medi amb que qualsevol programa treballant amb
-GNU/Linux utilitza per a comunicar-se amb Linux. Fou desenvolupada per un
-membre del nucli de la FSF, Roland McGrath. La shell utilitzada en la
-majoria dels sistemes GNU/Linux és la BASH, la Bourne Again Shell(1),
-desenvolupada per Brian Fox, treballador de la FSF.</p>
-<p>
-Vam subvencionar el desenvolupament d'aquests programes perquè el projecte
-GNU no es limitava a crear eines de desenvolupament. El nostre objectiu era
-un sistema operatiu complet, i tots aquests programes eren necessaris per a
-assolir aquest objectiu.</p>
-<p>
-(1) "Bourne again Shell" és un acudit del nom "Bourne Shell", que era la
+
+<p>As interest in using Emacs was growing, other people became involved in the
+GNU project, and we decided that it was time to seek funding once again. So
+in 1985 we created the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software
+Foundation</a> (FSF), a tax-exempt charity for free software development.
+The <acronym title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</acronym> also took over
+the Emacs tape distribution business; later it extended this by adding other
+free software (both GNU and non-GNU) to the tape, and by selling free
+manuals as well.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the FSF's income used to come from sales of copies of free software
+and of other related services (CD-ROMs of source code, CD-ROMs with
+binaries, nicely printed manuals, all with the freedom to redistribute and
+modify), and Deluxe Distributions (distributions for which we built the
+whole collection of software for the customer's choice of platform). Today
+the FSF still <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/";> sells manuals and other
+gear</a>, but it gets the bulk of its funding from members' dues. You can
+join the FSF at <a href="http://fsf.org/join";>fsf.org</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Free Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a number of
+GNU software packages. Two notable ones are the C library and the shell.
+The GNU C library is what every program running on a GNU/Linux system uses
+to communicate with Linux. It was developed by a member of the Free
+Software Foundation staff, Roland McGrath. The shell used on most GNU/Linux
+systems is <acronym title="Bourne Again Shell">BASH</acronym>, the Bourne
+Again Shell(1), which was developed by FSF employee Brian Fox.</p>
+
+<p>We funded development of these programs because the GNU Project was not just
+about tools or a development environment. Our goal was a complete operating
+system, and these programs were needed for that goal.</p>
+
+<p>(1) "Bourne again Shell" és un acudit del nom "Bourne Shell", que era la
shell usual a Unix.</p>
<h3>Suport al programari lliure</h3>
-<p>
-La filosofia del programari lliure rebutja una prà ctica empresarial
+
+<p>La filosofia del programari lliure rebutja una prà ctica empresarial
à mpliament estesa, però en cap cas està en contra de les empreses. Quan les
empreses respecten els drets dels usuaris els desitgem sort.</p>
-<p>
-La venda de còpies de l'Emacs és un dels exemples dels negocis relacionats
-amb el programari lliure. Quan la FSF va assumir el negoci, necessitava un
-altre medi de subsistència. El vaig trobar venent serveis relacionats amb el
-programari lliure que havia desenvolupat. Això incloïa la formació: com
-programar el GNU Emacs, com personalitzar el GCC, desenvolupament de
-programari (portar GCC a noves plataformes).</p>
-<p>
-Actualment cadascun d'aquests tipus de prà ctiques empresarials relacionades
+
+<p>Selling copies of Emacs demonstrates one kind of free software business.
+When the FSF took over that business, I needed another way to make a
+living. I found it in selling services relating to the free software I had
+developed. This included teaching, for subjects such as how to program GNU
+Emacs and how to customize GCC, and software development, mostly porting GCC
+to new platforms.</p>
+
+<p>Actualment cadascun d'aquests tipus de prà ctiques empresarials relacionades
amb el programari lliure són realitzades per un gran nombre
d'empreses. Algunes distribueixen col·leccions de programari lliure en
CD-ROM; d'altres venen suport a nivells que van des de respondre dubtes dels
usuaris a afegir noves funcionalitats importants. Estem començant a veure
empreses de programari lliure basades en llençar nous productes de
programari.</p>
-<p>
-Tot i això, un nombre d'empreses que s'associen amb el terme "programari
-lliure" realment basen els seus negocis en el programari no lliure que
-utilitza el programari lliure. Aquestes no són empreses de programari
-lliure, són empreses de programari propietari amb productes que tempten als
-usuaris a prescindir dels seus drets. Els anomenen "valor afegit", que
-reflecteix els valors que volen fer-nos adoptar: conveniència per sobre dels
-drets. Si valorem més els drets, haurÃem d'anomenar-los productes
-"limitadors de drets".</p>
+
+<p>Watch out, though—a number of companies that associate themselves with
+the term “open source” actually base their business on nonfree
+software that works with free software. These are not free software
+companies, they are proprietary software companies whose products tempt
+users away from freedom. They call these programs “value-added
+packages”, which shows the values they would like us to adopt:
+convenience above freedom. If we value freedom more, we should call them
+“freedom-subtracted” packages.</p>
<h3>Objectius tècnics</h3>
-<p>
-El principal objectiu de la GNU és el d'oferir programari lliure. Fins i tot
-en el cas de què el sistema GNU no tingués avantatges tècnics respecte a
-Unix, tindria avantatges socials al permetre la cooperació entre usuaris, i
-avantatges de tipus ètic al respectar els drets dels usuaris.</p>
-<p>
-Però era natural aplicar les bones prà ctiques conegudes al treball, per
+
+<p>The principal goal of GNU is to be free software. Even if GNU had no
+technical advantage over Unix, it would have a social advantage, allowing
+users to cooperate, and an ethical advantage, respecting the user's
freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Però era natural aplicar les bones prà ctiques conegudes al treball, per
exemple, les estructures de dades d'assignació dinà mica per evitar mides
lÃmit arbitrà riament fixades i utilitzar tots els codis de 8 bits possibles
on això tingués sentit.</p>
-<p>
-A més, vam rebutjar l'obsessió de Unix en mides de memòria petites, i no vam
+
+<p>A més, vam rebutjar l'obsessió de Unix en mides de memòria petites, i no
vam
voler donar suport a les mà quines de 16 bits (ja era clar que les mà quines
de 32 bits serien les habituals quan el projecte GNU estigués acabat) ni
insistir en reduir l'ús de la memòria llevat que excedÃs d'un megaoctet. En
programes en els que el tractament de fitxers molt grans no era crucial, vam
animar als programadors a que es llegÃs el fitxer dins el nucli, i llavors
escanejar els seus components sense haver-se de preocupar de l'E/S. </p>
-<p>
-Aquestes decisions permeteren a molts programes GNU de millorar els seus
+
+<p>Aquestes decisions permeteren a molts programes GNU de millorar els seus
homònims Unix en fiabilitat i velocitat.</p>
<h3>Ordinadors donats</h3>
-<p>
-A mesura que la reputació del projecte GNU creixia, van començar les
-donacions de mà quines amb Unix. Aquestes eren molt útils, perquè la manera
-més útil de desenvolupar components per al GNU era fer-ho amb Unix i canviar
-els components d'aquell sistema un a un. Però fou llavors quan aparegué una
-qüestió ètica: si era lÃcit utilitzar el Unix.</p>
-<p>
-El Unix era (i és) programari propietari, i la filosofia del projecte GNU
-diu que no haurÃem de fer servir programari propietari. Però, aplicant el
-mateix raonament que du a la conclusió de què la violència és justifica si
-és en defensa pròpia, vaig concloure que era legÃtim utilitzar un paquet
-propietari quan era crÃtic per al desenvolupament d'aplicacions que el
-substituïen i que ajudarien a la resta a deixar d'utilitzar el paquet
-propietari.</p>
-<p>
-Però, tot i que sigui un pecat justificable, no deixa de ser un
+
+<p>As the GNU Project's reputation grew, people began offering to donate
+machines running Unix to the project. These were very useful, because the
+easiest way to develop components of GNU was to do it on a Unix system, and
+replace the components of that system one by one. But they raised an
+ethical issue: whether it was right for us to have a copy of Unix at all.</p>
+
+<p>Unix was (and is) proprietary software, and the GNU Project's philosophy
+said that we should not use proprietary software. But, applying the same
+reasoning that leads to the conclusion that violence in self defense is
+justified, I concluded that it was legitimate to use a proprietary package
+when that was crucial for developing a free replacement that would help
+others stop using the proprietary package.</p>
+
+<p>Però, tot i que sigui un pecat justificable, no deixa de ser un
pecat. Actualment no tenim cap còpia de Unix, perquè l'hem substituït per
sistemes operatius lliures. Si no podem canviar el sistema operatiu de la
mà quina, canviem la mà quina.</p>
<h3>La llista de tasques del GNU</h3>
-<p>
-A mesura que el projecte GNU s'anava desenvolupant i que s'anaven trobant o
-desenvolupant un nombre creixent de components del sistema fou hora de fer
-una llista de buits per omplir. La vam fer servir per cercar
-desenvolupadors per escriure les peces per fer. Aquesta llista es va
-conèixer com la llista de tasques del GNU. A més dels components de Unix que
-faltaven vam fer una llista d'altre programari útil i documentació que,
-creiem, un sistema operatiu complet havia de tenir.</p>
-<p>
-Actualment, gairebé tots els components Unix han deixat d'estar a la llista
-de tasques del GNU: ja han estat fets, llevat d'alguns que no eren
-essencials. Però la llista continua plena de projectes que alguns anomenen
-"aplicacions" Qualsevol programa que sigui atractiu per a un segment
-d'usuaris prou important és un programa potencial d'afegir al sistema
-operatiu.</p>
-<p>
-Fins i tot s'inclouen els jocs en la llista de tasques (i han estat des dels
+
+<p>As the GNU Project proceeded, and increasing numbers of system components
+were found or developed, eventually it became useful to make a list of the
+remaining gaps. We used it to recruit developers to write the missing
+pieces. This list became known as the GNU Task List. In addition to
+missing Unix components, we listed various other useful software and
+documentation projects that, we thought, a truly complete system ought to
+have.</p>
+
+<p>Today (1), hardly any Unix components are left in the GNU Task
+List—those jobs had been done, aside from a few inessential ones. But
+the list is full of projects that some might call
+“applications”. Any program that appeals to more than a narrow
+class of users would be a useful thing to add to an operating system.</p>
+
+<p>Fins i tot s'inclouen els jocs en la llista de tasques (i han estat des dels
inicis). El Unix incloïa jocs; el GNU per tant els havia d'incloure. Però la
compatibilitat no és el punt fort del jocs. Per tant, no vam seguir la
llista de jocs que Unix tenia. En comptes d'això vam fer una llista de
diferents tipus de jocs als que els usuaris els agradaria.</p>
+<p>(1) That was written in 1998. In 2009 we no longer maintain a long task
+list. The community develops free software so fast that we can't even keep
+track of it all. Instead, we have a list of High Priority Projects, a much
+shorter list of projects we really want to encourage people to write.</p>
+
<h3>La GPL per a Biblioteques de GNU</h3>
-<p>
-La Biblioteca C GNU fa servir un tipus especial de copyleft anomenat
+
+<p>La Biblioteca C GNU fa servir un tipus especial de copyleft anomenat
Llicència Pública General per a Biblioteques GNU (1), que dóna dret a
enllaçar programari propietari amb la biblioteca. Per què vam fer aquesta
excepció?</p>
-<p>
-No és una qüestió de principis: no hi ha cap principi que digui que els
+
+<p>No és una qüestió de principis: no hi ha cap principi que digui que els
productes de programari propietari tinguin el dret a incloure el nostre codi
(Per què contribuir a un projecte que té l'objectiu no cooperar amb
nosaltres?). L'ús de la LGPL per a la Biblioteca C, o per a qualsevol altra
biblioteca, és una qüestió d'estratègia.</p>
-<p>
-La Biblioteca C fa una feina genèrica: cada sistema propietari o compilador
+
+<p>La Biblioteca C fa una feina genèrica: cada sistema propietari o compilador
ve amb una biblioteca C. Per tant, fer que la nostra Biblioteca C estigui
disponible només per al programari lliure no hauria donat al programari
lliure cap avantatge (només n'hauria desincentivat l'ús)</p>
-<p>
-Un sistema és fer una excepció: al sistema GNU (i això inclou GNU/Linux), la
-Biblioteca C GNU és l'única biblioteca C. Per tant els termes de la
-distribució de la Biblioteca C GNU determinen si és possible compilar un
-programa propietari per al sistema GNU. No hi ha cap raó ètica per permetre
-aplicacions propietà ries al sistema GNU, però estratègicament sembla que no
-permetre-ho no faria res més que desincentivar l'ús del sistema GNU en
-comptes d'incentivar el desenvolupament d'aplicacions lliures.</p>
-<p>
-Aquesta és la raó perquè l'ús de la GPL per a Biblioteques sigui una bona
-estratègia per a la Biblioteca C. Per altres biblioteques, la decisió
-estratègica ha de ser considerada sota la base d'analitzar cas per cas. Quan
-una biblioteca fa una tasca especial que pot ajudar a escriure certs tipus
-de programes fa que llençar-la sota la GPL, limitant-la només al programari
-lliure, sigui una manera d'ajudar altres desenvolupadors de programari
-lliure, donant-los un avantatge respecte el programari propietari.</p>
-<p>
-Considereu el GNU Readline, una biblioteca que fou desenvolupada per a
-combinar l'edició de linies de comandes per al BASH. Readline fou llençat
-sota la llicència GPL GNU, no la GPL per a Biblioteques. Això probablement
-reduirà la difusió de Readline, però no significa cap pèrdua per a
-nosaltres. Mentrestant, com a mÃnim una aplicació útil ha estat concebuda
-especÃficament programari lliure i pot fer servir Readline,i això és un
-guany real per a la comunitat.</p>
-<p>
-Els desenvolupadors de programari propietari tenen els avantatges que donen
+
+<p>One system is an exception to this: on the GNU system (and this includes
+GNU/Linux), the GNU C library is the only C library. So the distribution
+terms of the GNU C library determine whether it is possible to compile a
+proprietary program for the GNU system. There is no ethical reason to allow
+proprietary applications on the GNU system, but strategically it seems that
+disallowing them would do more to discourage use of the GNU system than to
+encourage development of free applications. That is why using the Library
+GPL is a good strategy for the C library.</p>
+
+<p>For other libraries, the strategic decision needs to be considered on a
+case-by-case basis. When a library does a special job that can help write
+certain kinds of programs, then releasing it under the GPL, limiting it to
+free programs only, is a way of helping other free software developers,
+giving them an advantage against proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>Consider GNU Readline, a library that was developed to provide command-line
+editing for BASH. Readline is released under the ordinary GNU GPL, not the
+Library GPL. This probably does reduce the amount Readline is used, but
+that is no loss for us. Meanwhile, at least one useful application has been
+made free software specifically so it could use Readline, and that is a real
+gain for the community.</p>
+
+<p>Els desenvolupadors de programari propietari tenen els avantatges que donen
els diners: els desenvolupadors de programari lliure han de prendre
avantatge cooperant. Espero que algun dia disposem d'una bona col·lecció de
biblioteques sota el paraigües de la GPL sense versió paral·lela
@@ -589,10 +592,10 @@
programari lliure, i afegint majors avantatges per al posterior
desenvolupament de més programari lliure.</p>
-<p>
-(1) Aquesta llicència s'anomena ara Llicència Pública General Reduïda de
-GNU, per no donar la idea que totes les biblioteques hagin
-d'utilitzar-la. <a href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html"></a>.</p>
+<p>(1) This license is now called the GNU Lesser General Public License, to
+avoid giving the idea that all libraries ought to use it. See <a
+href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL
+for your next library</a> for more information.</p>
<h3>Una tasca improvisada?</h3>
<p>
@@ -603,21 +606,20 @@
lliure complet. Van ser el fruit d'una planificació prèvia i no d'un impuls
espontani.</p>
<p>
-Per exemple, vam desenvolupar la biblioteca GNU C perquè un sistema a
-l'estil de Unix necessitava una biblioteca C, la Bourne-Again Shell (bash)
-perquè un sistema a la Unix necessita una shell, i GNU tar perquè un sistema
-de tipus Unix necessita un programa com el tar. El mateix és cert per els
-meus propis programes, el compilador GNU C, el GNU Emacs, GDB i el GNU
Make.</p>
-<p>
-Alguns programes GNU van ser desenvolupats per solucionar algunes amenaces a
-la nostra llibertat que es van presentar. Aixà vam desenvolupar gzip per a
-substituir el programa Compress, que havia estat perdut per a la comunitat a
-causa de les patents LZW. Vam trobar gent que desenvolupés LessTif i més
-recentment GNOME i Harmony, per solucionar els problemes causats per certes
-biblioteques de carà cter propietari (vegeu més avall). Estem desenvolupant
-del GNU Privacy Guard (GNUPG) per a substituir un programa popular de
-xifratge no lliure de manera que els usuaris no hagin de triar entre
-privacitat i llibertat.</p>
+For example, we developed the GNU C library because a Unix-like system needs
+a C library, BASH because a Unix-like system needs a shell, and GNU tar
+because a Unix-like system needs a tar program. The same is true for my own
+programs—the GNU C compiler, GNU Emacs, GDB and GNU Make.</p>
+<p>
+Some GNU programs were developed to cope with specific threats to our
+freedom. Thus, we developed gzip to replace the Compress program, which had
+been lost to the community because of the <acronym
+title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</acronym> patents. We found people to develop
+LessTif, and more recently started <acronym title="GNU Network Object Model
+Environment">GNOME</acronym> and Harmony, to address the problems caused by
+certain proprietary libraries (see below). We are developing the GNU
+Privacy Guard to replace popular nonfree encryption software, because users
+should not have to choose between privacy and freedom.</p>
<p>
Per descomptat, els desenvolupadors d'aquests programes es van interessar
per la feina i moltes funcionalitats van ser afegides per més gent d'acord
@@ -626,75 +628,76 @@
<h3>Successos inesperats</h3>
<p>
-Als inicis del projecte GNU havia pensat que desenvoluparÃem el sistema GNU
-complet i llavors el llençarÃem com a conjunt. Aquesta no ha estat la
-realitat.</p>
-<p>
-Com cada component del sistema GNU fou implementat en un sistema Unix, cada
-component podia executar-se en sistemes Unix molt abans de què existÃs un
-sistema GNU complet. Alguns d'aquests programes es van fer populars i els
-usuaris van començar a fer extensions i a portar-los a les diferents
-versions de Unix incompatibles entre elles i a d'altres sistemes.</p>
-<p>
-Aquest procés va fer aquests programes més potents i van aconseguir atraure
-fons i col·laboradors al projecte GNU. Però probablement també van fer que
-la finalització d'un sistema operatiu mÃnim funcional es retardés uns anys:
-part del temps dels desenvolupadors GNU es gastava mantenint aquests ports i
-afegint funcionalitats als components existents, disminuint el temps
-disponible per a escriure components que faltaven. </p>
+At the beginning of the GNU Project, I imagined that we would develop the
+whole GNU system, then release it as a whole. That is not how it happened.</p>
+<p>
+Since each component of the GNU system was implemented on a Unix system,
+each component could run on Unix systems long before a complete GNU system
+existed. Some of these programs became popular, and users began extending
+them and porting them—to the various incompatible versions of Unix,
+and sometimes to other systems as well.</p>
+<p>
+The process made these programs much more powerful, and attracted both funds
+and contributors to the GNU Project. But it probably also delayed
+completion of a minimal working system by several years, as GNU developers'
+time was put into maintaining these ports and adding features to the
+existing components, rather than moving on to write one missing component
+after another.</p>
<h3>El GNU Hurd</h3>
<p>
-Pels volts de 1990, el sistema GNU estava gairebé enllestit; l'únic
-component que faltava era el nucli. Vam decidir d'implementar el nostre
-nucli com una conjunt de processos del servidor executant-se al capdamunt
-del Mach. El Mach és un micronucli desenvolupat a la Universitat Carnegie
-Mellon i posteriorment a la Universitat de Utah. El GNU Hurd és un conjunt
-de servidors (o "grup de nyus") que s'executen al capdamunt del Mach, i fan
-les diferents tasques del nucli Unix. L'inici del desenvolupament es va
-posposar fins que el Mach fos llençat com a programari lliure, tal com ens
-havien promès.</p>
-<p>
-Una raó per la que vam escollir aquest disseny era que evità vem el que
-semblava ser la part més dura del treball: depurar un programa de nucli
-sense un depurador a nivell de codi. Aquesta part de la feina ja s'havia
-fet, al Mach, i esperà vem depurar els servidors Hurd com a programes
-d'usuari, amb GDB. Però això va trigar molt de temps a ser possible, i els
-servidors multienllaçats que s'enviaven missatges uns amb els altres van
-resultar ser molt complicats de depurar. Fer que el Hurd treballés
-fiablement fou una tasca de força anys. </p>
+By 1990, the GNU system was almost complete; the only major missing
+component was the kernel. We had decided to implement our kernel as a
+collection of server processes running on top of Mach. Mach is a
+microkernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University and then at the
+University of Utah; the GNU Hurd is a collection of servers (i.e., a herd of
+GNUs) that run on top of Mach, and do the various jobs of the Unix kernel.
+The start of development was delayed as we waited for Mach to be released as
+free software, as had been promised.</p>
+<p>
+One reason for choosing this design was to avoid what seemed to be the
+hardest part of the job: debugging a kernel program without a source-level
+debugger to do it with. This part of the job had been done already, in
+Mach, and we expected to debug the Hurd servers as user programs, with GDB.
+But it took a long time to make that possible, and the multithreaded servers
+that send messages to each other have turned out to be very hard to debug.
+Making the Hurd work solidly has stretched on for many years.</p>
<h3>Alix</h3>
<p>
-El nucli GNU no s'havia d'anomenar originalment Hurd. El seu nom original
-era Alix-- un nom idea de la que llavors era la meva dona. Ella, una
-administradora de sistemes Unix, havia fet notar que algunes versions del
-sistema Unix prendrien el seu nom. Un cop va fer el següent acudit als seus
-amics: "algú hauria de posar el meu nom a un nucli". Jo no vaig dir res,
-però vaig decidir donar-li una sorpresa anomenant Alix el nucli en el que
-treballava.</p>
-<p>
-Però això fou efÃmer. Michael Bushnell (ara Thomas), el principal
-desenvolupador del nucli, va estimar-se més el nom Hurd, i va redefinir Alix
-com la part del nucli que atrapava les crides al sistema i les canalitzava
-enviant missatges als servidors Hurd.</p>
-<p>
-A més a més, Alix i jo vam trencar i ella es va canviar el seu
-nom. Independentment de tot això el disseny de Hurd va canviar de tal manera
-que la biblioteca C enviaria els missatges directament del servidor, cosa
-que provocà que el component Alix desaparegués.</p>
-<p>
-Però abans que aquestes coses passaren, un amic d'ella va veure el nom
-d'Alix al codi font de Hurd i li va esmentar. El nom va fer la seva tasca.</p>
+The GNU kernel was not originally supposed to be called the Hurd. Its
+original name was Alix—named after the woman who was my sweetheart at
+the time. She, a Unix system administrator, had pointed out how her name
+would fit a common naming pattern for Unix system versions; as a joke, she
+told her friends, “Someone should name a kernel after me.” I
+said nothing, but decided to surprise her with a kernel named Alix.</p>
+<p>
+It did not stay that way. Michael (now Thomas) Bushnell, the main developer
+of the kernel, preferred the name Hurd, and redefined Alix to refer to a
+certain part of the kernel—the part that would trap system calls and
+handle them by sending messages to Hurd servers.</p>
+<p>
+Later, Alix and I broke up, and she changed her name; independently, the
+Hurd design was changed so that the C library would send messages directly
+to servers, and this made the Alix component disappear from the design.</p>
+<p>
+But before these things happened, a friend of hers came across the name Alix
+in the Hurd source code, and mentioned it to her. So she did have the
+chance to find a kernel named after her.</p>
<h3>Linux i GNU/Linux</h3>
<p>
-El GNU Hurd no està encara llest per a la seva distribució. Afortunadament,
-un altre nucli ja és disponible. L'any 1991, Linus Torvalds desenvolupà un
-nucli compatible amb Unix i l'anomenà Linux. El 1992, la combinació de Linux
-amb el sistema no-del-tot-complet GNU resultà en un sistema operatiu complet
-i lliure. Combinar-los fou ja una feina substancial. Ãs grà cies a Linux que
-realment podem executar una versió del sistema GNU actualment.</p>
+The GNU Hurd is not suitable for production use, and we don't know if it
+ever will be. The capability-based design has problems that result directly
+from the flexibility of the design, and it is not clear solutions exist.</p>
+
+<p>
+Fortunately, another kernel is available. In 1991, Linus Torvalds developed
+a Unix-compatible kernel and called it Linux. In 1992, he made Linux free
+software; combining Linux with the not-quite-complete GNU system resulted in
+a complete free operating system. (Combining them was a substantial job in
+itself, of course.) It is due to Linux that we can actually run a version
+of the GNU system today.</p>
<p>
Anomenem aquesta versió del sistema GNU/Linux, per tal d'expressar la seva
composició com a combinació del sistema GNU amb el nucli Linux.</p>
@@ -724,92 +727,86 @@
anem creixent, el secretisme de les especificacions és una estratègia
ruïnosa.</p>
<p>
-L'enginyeria inversa és una feinada: tindrem programadors amb prou
-determinació per a dur-la a terme? SÃ, si hem creat l'opinió de què el
-programari lliure és qüestió de principis, i de què els drivers no lliures
-no es poden tolerar. I podem gastar diners extra, o fins i tot temps extra,
-utilitzant drivers lliures? SÃ, si la determinació de donar drets i
-llibertats és estesa. </p>
+Reverse engineering is a big job; will we have programmers with sufficient
+determination to undertake it? Yes—if we have built up a strong
+feeling that free software is a matter of principle, and nonfree drivers are
+intolerable. And will large numbers of us spend extra money, or even a
+little extra time, so we can use free drivers? Yes, if the determination to
+have freedom is widespread.</p>
<p>
(Nota de 2008: aquest problema s'aplica també a la BIOS. Existeix una BIOS
lliure, coreboot; el problema és aconseguir especificacions de mà quines, de
manera que pugui fer-les funcionar)</p>
-<h3>Biblioteques no lliures</h3>
+<h3>Nonfree libraries</h3>
<p>
-Una biblioteca no lliure que opera en un sistema operatiu lliure actua com a
-trampa per als desenvolupadors de programari lliure. Les funcionalitats
-atractives de la biblioteca són l'esquer: si utilitzeu la biblioteca, caieu
-a la trampa, pel fet de què el vostre programa no pot ser part útil d'un
-sistema operatiu lliure (estrictament parlant, podeu incloure-hi el vostre
-programa, però no podrà ser executat amb la biblioteca que falta). Encara
-pitjor, si un programa que utilitza una biblioteca de carà cter propietari
-esdevé popular, pot fer que altres programes caiguin a la mateixa trampa.</p>
-<p>
-El primer cas que es va produir fou el conjunt d'eines Motif als anys
-80. Tot i que llavors encara no hi havia sistemes operatius lliures,
-esdevingueren clars els problemes que Motif podia causar-hi més endavant. El
-Projecte GNU va respondre-hi de dues maneres: demanant als projectes de
-programari individuals que donessin suport als conjunts d'eines X alhora que
-el donaven al Motif, i demanant que algú escrivÃs un substitut de carà cter
-lliure del Motif. La feina va trigar força anys. Lesstif, desenvolupat per
-Hungry Programmers, va esdevenir prou potent per suportar la majoria
-d'aplicacions Motif l'any 1997.</p>
-<p>
-Entre el 1996 i el 1998, una altra biblioteca capsa d'eines de la GUI no
-lliure, anomenada Qt, fou utilitzada en un conjunt substancial de programari
-lliure: l'escriptori KDE.</p>
-<p>
-Els sistemes lliures GNU/Linux no podien utilitzar KDE pel fet de què no
-podien utilitzar la biblioteca. Tot i això, alguns distribuïdors comercials
-de sistemes GNU/Linux no massa estrictes amb el concepte de programari
-lliure afegiren el KDE als seus sistemes, oferint un sistema amb
-funcionalitats més grans, però també amb la llibertat minvada. El grup KDE
-encoratjava de manera activa cada cop més programadors a emprar Qt, i
-milions de nous "usuaris de Linux" mai van tenir en ment que hi havia un
-problema darrera d'això. Aquesta situació semblava complicada. </p>
-<p>
-La comunitat de programari lliure va respondre al problema amb dues
-alternatives: GNOME i Harmony.</p>
-<p>
-GNOME, acrònim de GNU Network Object Model Environment, és el projecte
-d'escriptori GNU. Iniciat l'any 1997 per Miguel de Icaza, i desenvolupat amb
-el suport de Red Hat Sotware, el GNOME fou concebut per a proveir
-funcionalitats d'escriptori similar però utilitzant exclusivament programari
-lliure. També conté avantatges tècnics, tals com suportar una varietat de
-llenguatges de programació a més del C++. Però la seva primera finalitat fou
-la de donar llibertat i no haver de requerir l'ús de cap tipus de programari
-no lliure.</p>
-<p>
-Harmony és una biblioteca de substitució, dissenyada per fer possible
-l'execució del programari KDE sense fer ús de Qt.</p>
-<p>
-El novembre de 1998 els desenvolupadors de Qt van anunciar un canvi a la
-polÃtica de llicències, que un cop dut a terme, faria que Qt fos programari
-lliure. Tot i que no en tinc la certesa absoluta, em sembla que això fou el
-resultat de la ferma resposta de la comunitat al problema que Qt va
-plantejar quan no era lliure. Tot i això, la nova llicència no és ni
-equitativa ni prou bona, per la qual cosa continua sent desitjable evitar
-l'ús de Qt.</p>
+A nonfree library that runs on free operating systems acts as a trap for
+free software developers. The library's attractive features are the bait;
+if you use the library, you fall into the trap, because your program cannot
+usefully be part of a free operating system. (Strictly speaking, we could
+include your program, but it won't <em>run</em> with the library missing.)
+Even worse, if a program that uses the proprietary library becomes popular,
+it can lure other unsuspecting programmers into the trap.</p>
+<p>
+The first instance of this problem was the Motif toolkit, back in the 80s.
+Although there were as yet no free operating systems, it was clear what
+problem Motif would cause for them later on. The GNU Project responded in
+two ways: by asking individual free software projects to support the free X
+Toolkit widgets as well as Motif, and by asking for someone to write a free
+replacement for Motif. The job took many years; LessTif, developed by the
+Hungry Programmers, became powerful enough to support most Motif
+applications only in 1997.</p>
+<p>
+Between 1996 and 1998, another nonfree <acronym title="Graphical User
+Interface">GUI</acronym> toolkit library, called Qt, was used in a
+substantial collection of free software, the desktop <acronym title="K
+Desktop Environment">KDE</acronym>.</p>
+<p>
+Free GNU/Linux systems were unable to use KDE, because we could not use the
+library. However, some commercial distributors of GNU/Linux systems who
+were not strict about sticking with free software added KDE to their
+systems—producing a system with more capabilities, but less freedom.
+The KDE group was actively encouraging more programmers to use Qt, and
+millions of new “Linux users” had never been exposed to the idea
+that there was a problem in this. The situation appeared grim.</p>
+<p>
+The free software community responded to the problem in two ways: GNOME and
+Harmony.</p>
+<p>
+GNOME, the GNU Network Object Model Environment, is GNU's desktop project.
+Started in 1997 by Miguel de Icaza, and developed with the support of Red
+Hat Software, GNOME set out to provide similar desktop facilities, but using
+free software exclusively. It has technical advantages as well, such as
+supporting a variety of languages, not just C++. But its main purpose was
+freedom: not to require the use of any nonfree software.</p>
+<p>
+Harmony is a compatible replacement library, designed to make it possible to
+run KDE software without using Qt.</p>
+<p>
+In November 1998, the developers of Qt announced a change of license which,
+when carried out, should make Qt free software. There is no way to be sure,
+but I think that this was partly due to the community's firm response to the
+problem that Qt posed when it was nonfree. (The new license is inconvenient
+and inequitable, so it remains desirable to avoid using Qt.)</p>
<p>
[Nota posterior: al setembre de 2000, es va publicar Qt sota la GNU GPL, fet
que essencialment va resoldre aquest problema.]</p>
<p>
-Com respondrem a la nova biblioteca no lliure que ens tempti? Entendrà la
-majoria de membres de la comunitat la necessitat d'estar fora d'aquest tipus
-de trampes? O molts de nosaltres abandonarem la llibertat per pura
-conveniència i provocarem aixà un greu problema? El nostre futur depèn de la
-filosofia que apliquem.</p>
+How will we respond to the next tempting nonfree library? Will the whole
+community understand the need to stay out of the trap? Or will many of us
+give up freedom for convenience, and produce a major problem? Our future
+depends on our philosophy.</p>
<h3>Patents de programari</h3>
<p>
-La pitjor amenaça que tenim prové de les patents de programari, que posen
-fora de l'abast del programari lliure durant vint anys algorismes i
-funcionalitats. Les patents de l'algorisme de compressió LZW es van
-sol·licitar l'any 1983: per tant no podem distribuir programari lliure per a
-produir fitxers GIF comprimits. L'any 1998, un programa lliure per a produir
-fitxers de sons comprimits en format MP3 va haver de ser eliminat de la
-distribució per l'amenaça d'un procés judicial.</p>
+The worst threat we face comes from software patents, which can put
+algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to twenty years.
+The LZW compression algorithm patents were applied for in 1983, and we still
+cannot release free software to produce proper compressed <acronym
+title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</acronym>s. [As of 2009 they have
+expired.] In 1998, a free program to produce <acronym title="MPEG-1 Audio
+Layer 3">MP3</acronym> compressed audio was removed from distribution under
+threat of a patent suit.</p>
<p>
Hi ha vies per lluitar amb les patents: podem cercar evidències de què la
patent és invà lida, o podem cercar vies alternatives de fer la feina. Però
@@ -817,19 +814,14 @@
una patent pot forçar que tot el programari lliure no disposi d'una
funcionalitat que els usuaris volen. Què fem doncs si això passa?</p>
<p>
-Aquells qui valorem el programari lliure per qüestió de concepte continuarem
-amb el programari lliure. Haurem d'acostumar-nos a treballar sense les
-caracterÃstiques patentades. Però aquells qui valoren el programari lliure
-perquè esperen sigui superior en qüestions tècniques trobaran un
-inconvenient quan una patent no els permeti fer servir una
-caracterÃstica. Per tant, tot i que és útil parlar de l'efectivitat prÃ
ctica
-del model de desenvolupament a l'estil de les catedrals (1), i de la
-fiabilitat i potència d'alguns programes lliures, no ens podem aturar
-aquÃ. Hem de parlar de drets i llibertats.</p>
-
-<p>
-(1) Hagués sigut més clar escriure "del basar", ja que aquest era el model
-alternatiu que era nou i al principi controvertit. </p>
+Those of us who value free software for freedom's sake will stay with free
+software anyway. We will manage to get work done without the patented
+features. But those who value free software because they expect it to be
+technically superior are likely to call it a failure when a patent holds it
+back. Thus, while it is useful to talk about the practical effectiveness of
+the “bazaar” model of development, and the reliability and power
+of some free software, we must not stop there. We must talk about freedom
+and principle.</p>
<h3>Documentació lliure</h3>
<p>
@@ -840,12 +832,11 @@
bon manual lliure, aquest paquet té una mancança greu. Tenim moltes
mancances d'aquest tipus actualment.</p>
<p>
-La documentació lliure, com el programari lliure, és un aspecte de llibertat
-i no de preu. El criteri per als manuals lliures és més o menys el mateix
-que per al programari lliure: és el tema de donar a tots els usuaris certs
-drets. La redistribució (incloent-hi la venda comercial) és permesa, bé de
-manera electrònica o en format paper, per tal que el programa pugui
-acompanyar cada còpia del programa.</p>
+Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not price.
+The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for free
+software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms.
+Redistribution (including commercial sale) must be permitted, online and on
+paper, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the program.</p>
<p>
El permÃs de modificació és un aspecte crucial. Com a regla general no crec
que sigui essencial que tothom doni permÃs per a modificar qualsevol tipus
@@ -853,26 +844,24 @@
permÃs per modificar articles com aquest, que descriu les nostres accions o
els nostres punts de vista.</p>
<p>
-Però hi ha una raó particular perquè la llibertat de modificar sigui crucial
-per a la documentació del programari lliure. Quan hom exercita el seu
-legÃtim dret a modificar el programari, i li afegeix noves funcionalitats o
-en canvia les existents, hauria de ser conscient de que hauria de canviar el
-manual també, per tal de donar documentació acurada i utilitzable sobre la
-versió modificada. Un manual que no permeti als programadors de ser curosos
-i els impedeixi acabar la seva tasca no és bo pels interessos de la
-comunitat.</p>
-<p>
-Alguns tipus de lÃmits en com s'han de fer les modificacions no són cap
-problema. Per exemple, el requeriment a preservar la nota original de
-copyright de l'autor original, els termes de distribució o la llista
-d'autors són limitacions correctes. Tampoc és cap problema obligar a les
-versions modificades d'incloure una nota indicant que són versions
-modificades, fins i tot si hi ha capÃtols sencers que no han estat eliminats
-o canviats, sempre i quan aquests capÃtols no tractin de temes
-tècnics. Aquests tipus de restriccions no són cap problema perquè no aturen
-al programador curós d'adaptar el manual per tal d'encabir-hi el programa
-modificat. En altres paraules, no bloquegen a la comunitat de programari
-lliure de fer un ús complet del manual. </p>
+But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial for
+documentation for free software. When people exercise their right to modify
+the software, and add or change its features, if they are conscientious they
+will change the manual, too—so they can provide accurate and usable
+documentation with the modified program. A nonfree manual, which does not
+allow programmers to be conscientious and finish the job, does not fill our
+community's needs.</p>
+<p>
+Some kinds of limits on how modifications are done pose no problem. For
+example, requirements to preserve the original author's copyright notice,
+the distribution terms, or the list of authors, are OK. It is also no
+problem to require modified versions to include notice that they were
+modified, even to have entire sections that may not be deleted or changed,
+as long as these sections deal with nontechnical topics. These kinds of
+restrictions are not a problem because they don't stop the conscientious
+programmer from adapting the manual to fit the modified program. In other
+words, they don't block the free software community from making full use of
+the manual.</p>
<p>
Malgrat tot hauria de ser possible poder modificar tots els continguts
*tècnics* del manual, i distribuir posteriorment el resultant en tots els
@@ -915,15 +904,14 @@
partir de 1998 quan una part de la comunitat va decidir deixar de fer servir
el terme "programari lliure" i utilitzar el terme "codi obert".</p>
<p>
-Alguns dels qui afavoriren aquesta expressió volien evitar la confusió del
-mot "lliure" amb "gratuït", un objectiu lÃcit. Alguns però volien amb això
-desmarcar-se de l'esperit que havia creat el moviment del programari lliure
-i el projecte GNU, i volien dirigir-se a usuaris de tipus comercial, molts
-dels quals tenien una ideologia on els seus beneficis monetaris estaven per
-sobre la llibertat, el civisme i qualsevol altre principi. Per tant, la
-retòrica del "codi obert" gira entorn el potencial de crear programari de
-gran qualitat i prestacions, però sense entrar en idees com la llibertat, el
-civisme i altres principis bà sics.</p>
+Some who favored this term aimed to avoid the confusion of
+“free” with “gratis”—a valid goal. Others,
+however, aimed to set aside the spirit of principle that had motivated the
+free software movement and the GNU Project, and to appeal instead to
+executives and business users, many of whom hold an ideology that places
+profit above freedom, above community, above principle. Thus, the rhetoric
+of “open source” focuses on the potential to make high-quality,
+powerful software, but shuns the ideas of freedom, community, and
principle.</p>
<p>
Les revistes sobre "Linux" en són un bon exemple. Estan plenes d'anuncis
d'empreses fabricants de programari de carà cter propietari que treballa amb
@@ -944,12 +932,12 @@
<h3>Intenta-ho!</h3>
<p>
-La filosofia de Yoda ("No hi ha 'intents' que valguin") sona bé, però no la
-comparteixo. He fet la majoria de la meva feina mentre em preguntava si
-podria fer-la i no estant segur que faria prou per aconseguir els objectius
-que m'havia marcat. Però ho vaig intentar perquè no hi ha ningú a més de jo
-mateix entre els enemics i els meus objectius. I sorprenentment alguns cops
-he tingut èxit.</p>
+Yoda's aphorism (“There is no ‘try’”) sounds neat,
+but it doesn't work for me. I have done most of my work while anxious about
+whether I could do the job, and unsure that it would be enough to achieve
+the goal if I did. But I tried anyway, because there was no one but me
+between the enemy and my city. Surprising myself, I have sometimes
+succeeded.</p>
<p>
Alguns cops he fallat i alguns dels meus objectius han esdevingut
inassolibles. Però llavors he trobat un altre objectiu amenaçat i m'he posat
@@ -980,12 +968,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Envieu les vostres preguntes sobre la FSF i GNU a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. També hi ha <a
-href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la
-FSF. <br />Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o
-suggeriments a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -997,9 +985,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007 Richard Stallman <br
-/>Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en
-qualsevol medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que es conservi aquesta nota.
+Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 Richard
+Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -1012,7 +1003,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:35:12 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -1021,23 +1012,25 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traduccions d'aquesta pà gina</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is Deutsch.-->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
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-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Bosnian -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.bs.html">Bosanski</a> [bs]</li>
+<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.bs.html">bosanski</a> [bs]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- German -->
@@ -1047,15 +1040,15 @@
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- Finnish -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.fi.html">Suomi</a> [fi]</li>
+<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.fi.html">suomi</a> [fi]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Indonesian -->
<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
<!-- Korean -->
@@ -1065,7 +1058,7 @@
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
Index: gnu/thegnuproject.el.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/thegnuproject.el.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- gnu/thegnuproject.el.html 27 Mar 2011 00:28:05 -0000 1.14
+++ gnu/thegnuproject.el.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:01 -0000 1.15
@@ -666,10 +666,10 @@
θεμÎλιοι λίθοι Ïε νÎο ελεÏθεÏο λογιÏμικÏ
και θα ÏÏ
νειÏÏÎÏοÏ
ν ÏÏη δημιοÏ
Ïγία
ενÏÏ ÏημανÏÎ¹ÎºÎ¿Ï ÏλεονεκÏήμαÏÎ¿Ï Î³Î¹Î±
ÏεÏαιÏÎÏÏ Î±Î½Î¬ÏÏÏ
ξη ελεÏθεÏοÏ
λογιÏμικοÏ.</p>
-<p>(1) ÎÏ
Ïá½µ η άδεια Ïλέον ονομάζεÏαι
ÎλάÏÏÏν Îενική Îδεια ÎημÏÏÎ¹Î±Ï Î§ÏήÏÎ·Ï GNU
-(GNU Lesser General Public License), á½½ÏÏε να μη δημιοÏ
Ïγεί
Ïην ενÏá½»ÏÏÏη á½¹Ïι
-á½¹Î»ÎµÏ Î¿Î¹ ελεύθεÏÎµÏ Î²Î¹Î²Î»Î¹Î¿Î¸á½µÎºÎµÏ Î¿ÏείλοÏ
ν
να Ïη ÏÏηÏιμοÏοιούν. <a
-href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html"></a>.</p>
+<p>(1) This license is now called the GNU Lesser General Public License, to
+avoid giving the idea that all libraries ought to use it. See <a
+href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL
+for your next library</a> for more information.</p>
<h3>ΨαÏοÏ
λεÏονÏÎ±Ï Î¼Î¹Î± ÏαγοÏÏα;</h3>
<p>
@@ -1132,8 +1132,9 @@
Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 Richard
Stallman
<br />
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any
-medium without royalty provided this notice is preserved.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -1149,7 +1150,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÎνημεÏÏθηκε:
-$Date: 2011/03/27 00:28:05 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/thegnuproject.sq.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/thegnuproject.sq.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- gnu/thegnuproject.sq.html 8 Jul 2010 08:26:43 -0000 1.1
+++ gnu/thegnuproject.sq.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:01 -0000 1.2
@@ -19,25 +19,26 @@
<p>
nga <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
<p>
-the original version was published in the book “Open Sources”</p>
+botuar fillimisht në librin “Burime të Hapura”</p>
<h3>Bashkësia e parë e ndarjes së <em>software</em>-eve</h3>
<p>
-When I started working at the <acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of
-Technology">MIT</acronym> Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971, I became part
-of a software-sharing community that had existed for many years. Sharing of
-software was not limited to our particular community; it is as old as
-computers, just as sharing of recipes is as old as cooking. But we did it
-more than most.</p>
-<p>
-The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called <acronym
-title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</acronym> (the Incompatible
-Timesharing System) that the lab's staff hackers (1) had designed and
-written in assembler language for the Digital <acronym title="Programmed
-Data Processor">PDP</acronym>-10, one of the large computers of the era. As
-a member of this community, an AI Lab staff system hacker, my job was to
-improve this system.</p>
+Kur fillova punën në Laboratorin e Inteligjencës Artificiale në <abbr
+title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> më 1971, u bëra
+pjesë e një bashkësie ku <em>software</em>-i ndahej mes nesh dhe që
+ekzistonte prej shumë vitesh. Shkëmbimi i <em>software</em>-eve nuk
+kufizohej vetëm brenda bashkësisë sonë; kjo punë është aq e vjetër sa
+kompjuterat, njësoj si shkëmbimi i recetave është po aq i vjetër sa
+gatimit. Por ne e përdornim më shumë se kushdo tjetër.</p>
+<p>
+Laboratori i IA-së përdorte një sistem operativ me ndarje kohe, të quajtur
+<abbr title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</abbr> (the Incompatible
+Timesharing System) që hacker-at (1) e ekipit të laboratorit e patën hartuar
+dhe shkruar në gjuhën asembler për <abbr title="Programmed Data
+Processor">PDP</abbr>-10 Numerik, një prej kompjuterat e mëdhenj të epokës.
+Si anëtar i bashkësisë, hacker sistemi në ekipin e laboratorit IA, puna ime
+kish të bënte me përmirësimin e sistemit.</p>
<p>
Nuk e quanim <em>software</em>-in tonë “<em>software</em> i
lirë”, sepse termi ende nuk ekzistonte; po kështu qe. Kurdo që
njerëz
@@ -47,28 +48,29 @@
të shihnit kodin burim, që të mund ta lexonit, ndryshonit, ose kanibalizonit
copa prej tij për të bërë një program të ri.</p>
<p>
-(1) The use of “hacker” to mean “security breaker”
-is a confusion on the part of the mass media. We hackers refuse to
-recognize that meaning, and continue using the word to mean someone who
-loves to program, someone who enjoys playful cleverness, or the combination
-of the two. See my article, <a
+(1) Përdorimi i “hacker” për të nënkuptuar kështu një
+“shkelës të sigurisë” është ngatërresë nga ana e masmedias.
Ne
+hackers-at nuk pranojmë ta njohim këtë nënkuptim, dhe vazhdojmë të
përdorim
+fjalën për të nënkuptuar dikë që i pëlqen të programojë dhe kënaqet
që ia di
+yçklat, ose një ndërthurje të të dyjave. Shihni artikullin tim, <a
href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>On Hacking</a>.</p>
<h3>Vithisja e bashkësisë</h3>
<p>
-The situation changed drastically in the early 1980s when Digital
-discontinued the PDP-10 series. Its architecture, elegant and powerful in
-the 60s, could not extend naturally to the larger address spaces that were
-becoming feasible in the 80s. This meant that nearly all of the programs
-composing ITS were obsolete.</p>
-<p>
-The AI Lab hacker community had already collapsed, not long before. In
-1981, the spin-off company Symbolics had hired away nearly all of the
-hackers from the AI Lab, and the depopulated community was unable to
-maintain itself. (The book Hackers, by Steve Levy, describes these events,
-as well as giving a clear picture of this community in its prime.) When the
-AI Lab bought a new PDP-10 in 1982, its administrators decided to use
-Digital's nonfree timesharing system instead of ITS.</p>
+Gjendja ndryshoi papritmas në fillimet e viteve '80 kur Digital ndërpreu
+prodhimin e serisë PDP-10. Arkitektura e tij, elegante dhe fuqishme në
+vitet '60, nuk mund të zgjerohej në vazhdim drejt hapësirash më të mëdha
+adresimi që po bëheshin të mundshme në vitet '80. Kjo do të thoshte që
+thuajse krejt programet që përbënin ITS-në qenë të vjetruar.</p>
+<p>
+Bashkësia e hacker-ave e laboratorit IA ish rrënuar tashmë, jo shumë kohë
më
+parë. Më 1981, shoqëria Symbolics, e sapolindur, pat punësuar thuajse
krejt
+hacker-at e laboratorit IA, dhe bashkësia e shpopulluar nuk qe në gjendje të
+mbante veten në këmbë. (Libri Hackers, nga Steve Levy, përshkruan këto
+ngjarje, si edhe jep një pamje të qartë të bashkësisë në lulëzimin e
vet.)
+Kur laboratori IA bleu një PDP-10 më 1982, administratorët e tij vendosën
të
+përdorin sistemin me ndarje kohe të vet Digital-it, jo të lirë, në vend
të
+ITS-së.</p>
<p>
Kompjuterat modernë të epokës, si VAX apo 68020, kishin sistemin e tyre
operativ, por asnjë prej tyre nuk qe <em>software</em> - lirë: duhej të
@@ -82,22 +84,26 @@
tuaj, jeni pirat. Po deshët ndonjë ndryshim, na u lusni që t'i
bëjmë.”</p>
<p>
-The idea that the proprietary software social system—the system that
-says you are not allowed to share or change software—is antisocial,
-that it is unethical, that it is simply wrong, may come as a surprise to
-some readers. But what else could we say about a system based on dividing
-the public and keeping users helpless? Readers who find the idea surprising
-may have taken proprietary software social system as given, or judged it on
-the terms suggested by proprietary software businesses. Software publishers
-have worked long and hard to convince people that there is only one way to
-look at the issue.</p>
-<p>
-When software publishers talk about “enforcing” their
-“rights” or “stopping <a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">piracy</a>”, what they
-actually <em>say</em> is secondary. The real message of these statements is
-in the unstated assumptions they take for granted, which the public is asked
-to accept without examination. Let's therefore examine them.</p>
+Ideja se sistemi shoqëror i <em>software</em>-eve pronësorë—sistem që
+thotë se <em>software</em>-in nuk ju lejohet ta ndani me të tjerët ose ta
+ndryshoni—është antisocial, ngaqë është joetik, ngaqë thjesht
është
+gabim, mund të jetë e beftë për disa lexues. Por çfarë tjetër mund të
themi
+për një sistem të bazuar në përçarjen e publikut dhe mbajtjen e
përdoruesve
+në gjendje të pashpresë? Lexuesve që u duket e beftë ideja mundet ta kenë
+marrë sistemin social të <em>software</em>-eve pronësorë si të
mirëqenë, ose
+ta kenë gjykuar sipas kushteve të këshilluara nga biznesi i
+<em>software</em>-it pronësor. Botuesit e <em>software</em>-eve kanë punuar
+shumë e për një kohë të gjatë që t'i bindin njerëzit se ka vetëm një
mënyrë
+se si mund të shihet çështja.</p>
+<p>
+Kur botuesit e <em>software</em>-eve flasin për “zbatimin me
+detyrim” të “të drejtave” të tyre, ose për
+“ndalimin e <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">piraterisë</a>”, çfarë
+faktikisht <em>thonë</em> është e dorës së dytë. Mesazhi real i këtyre
+deklaratave janë aksiomat e padeklaruara që ata i marrin të mirëqena;
+publiku është menduar t'i pranojë ato pa kritika. Ndaj le t'i marrim në
+shqyrtim.</p>
<p>
Njëri hamendësim është shoqëritë e <em>software</em>-eve kanë të
drejtën
natyrore të pakundërshtueshme ta zotërojnë <em>software</em>-in e kështu
@@ -121,11 +127,13 @@
se mund të krijojmë mjaft <em>software</em>-e të dobishëm pa vënë
zinxhirë
në ta.</p>
<p>
-If we decline to accept these assumptions, and judge these issues based on
-ordinary commonsense morality while placing the users first, we arrive at
-very different conclusions. Computer users should be free to modify
-programs to fit their needs, and free to share software, because helping
-other people is the basis of society.</p>
+Po qe se hedhim poshtë pranimin e këtyre pikëpamjeve, dhe i gjykojmë
+çështjet bazuar në moralin e zakonshëm të gjykimit të shëndoshë e duke
vënë
+përdoruesin të parin, mbërrijmë në përfundime shumë të ndryshme.
+Përdoruesit e kompjuterave duhet të jenë të lirë të modifikojnë
programet që
+këta t'u përshtaten nevojave të tyre, dhe të jenë të lirë ta ndajnë
+<em>software</em>-in me të tjerët, ngaqë të ndihmosh njerëz të tjerë
është
+themeli i shoqërisë.</p>
<p>
Këtu nuk ka vend të mjaftueshëm për shtjellim të zgjeruar të arsyeve që
qëndrojnë prapa këtij përfundimi, ndaj po i tregoj përdoruesit faqen web,
<a
@@ -149,13 +157,14 @@
pas tek vitet kur ndërtoja mure për të përçarë njerëzit, dhe të ndieja
që e
kisha harxhuar jetën time për ta bërë botën një vend më të shpifur.</p>
<p>
-I had already experienced being on the receiving end of a nondisclosure
-agreement, when someone refused to give me and the MIT AI Lab the source
-code for the control program for our printer. (The lack of certain features
-in this program made use of the printer extremely frustrating.) So I could
-not tell myself that nondisclosure agreements were innocent. I was very
-angry when he refused to share with us; I could not turn around and do the
-same thing to everyone else.</p>
+E pata provuar tashmë të qenët përballë një marrëveshjeje
"nondisclosure",
+kur dikush nuk pranoi të më jepte mua dhe laboratorit AI tek MIT-i kodin
+burim për programin e kontrollit të shtypësit tonë. (Mungesa e disa
+karakteristikave në këtë program na e bënte përdorimin e shtypësit tejet
të
+bezdisshëm.) Ndaj nuk mund t'i thoshja vetes që marrëveshjet
+"nondisclosure" qenë të pafajshme. U zemërova shumë kur na u mohua
+shkëmbimi i tij; Nuk mund të ktheja shpinën dhe t'u bëja të njëjtën
gjë të
+tjerëve.</p>
<p>
Një zgjedhje tjetër, e thjeshtë por e papëlqyeshme, qe ta lija fushën e
kompjuterave. Pas kësaj zgjedhjeje, aftësitë e mia nuk do të
keqpërdoreshin,
@@ -174,41 +183,45 @@
Dhe cilido do të ishte në gjendje të përdorte një kompjuter, pa iu dashur
t'ia fillojë duke bërë plane fshehtas se si t'u heqë lirinë miqve të
tij.</p>
<p>
-As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job. So
-even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I was
-elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so
-that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily switch to
-it. The name GNU was chosen, following a hacker tradition, as a recursive
-acronym for “GNU's Not Unix.”</p>
-<p>
-An operating system does not mean just a kernel, barely enough to run other
-programs. In the 1970s, every operating system worthy of the name included
-command processors, assemblers, compilers, interpreters, debuggers, text
-editors, mailers, and much more. ITS had them, Multics had them, VMS had
-them, and Unix had them. The GNU operating system would include them too.</p>
+Si zhvillues sistemesh operativë, kisha aftësitë e duhura për këtë punë.
+Ndaj, edhe pse nuk mendoja se e kisha suksesin në xhep, e kuptova se isha
+zgjedhur për ta mbaruar këtë punë. Vendosa ta bëj sistemin të
përputhshëm
+me Unix-in, që kështu të mund të ishte i kalueshëm dhe që, në këtë
mënyrë,
+përdoruesit e Unix-it të mund të hidheshin lehtë në të. Emri GNU u zgjodh
+sipas një tradite <i>hacker</i>-ash, si shkurtim ripërsëritës për
+“GNU's Not Unix.”</p>
+<p>
+Me sistem operativ nuk nënkuptohet thjesht kerneli, i mjaftueshëm mezi sa të
+xhirojë programe të tjerë. Në vitet '70, çdo sistem operativ që ia
vlente
+të quhej kështu, përfshinte përpunues komandash, asemblera, përpiluesa,
+interpretuesa, diagnostikuesa, përpunuesa teksti, postuesa, e mjaft të
+tjera. ITS-ja i kishte, Multics-i i kishte, VMS-ja i kishte, edhe Unix-i i
+kishte. Do të duhej t'i përfshinte edhe sistemi operativ GNU.</p>
<p>
Më vonë dëgjova këto fjalë, që ia veshin Hillel-it (1):</p>
<blockquote><p>
- If I am not for myself, who will be for me?<br /> If I am only for myself,
-what am I?<br /> If not now, when?
+ Po s'bëra për veten, kush do të bëjë për mua?<br />
+ Po qe se jam vetëm për veten time, ç'jam?<br />
+ Nëse jo tani, kur?
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-The decision to start the GNU Project was based on a similar spirit.</p>
+Vendimi për të filluar Projektin GNU e pati bazën në një frymë të
ngjashme.</p>
<p>
(1) Si ateist që jam, nuk ndjek ndonjë lider fetar, por ndonjëherë shoh se
admiroj ndonjë gjë mund të ketë thënë ndonjëri prej tyre.</p>
<h3>I lirë si te liria</h3>
<p>
-The term “free software” is sometimes misunderstood—it has
-nothing to do with price. It is about freedom. Here, therefore, is the
-definition of free software.</p>
+Termi “software i lirë” ndonjëherë keqkuptohet—nuk ka të
+bëjë fare me çmimin. Bëhet fjalë për lirinë. Ja, pra, ku është
përkufizimi
+i software-it të lirë.</p>
-<p>A program is free software, for you, a particular user, if:</p>
+<p>Për ju, një përdorues i dhënë, programi është <em>software</em> i
lirë,
+nëse:</p>
<ul>
- <li>You have the freedom to run the program as you wish, for any
purpose.</li>
+ <li>Jeni i lirë ta xhironi programin si të doni, për çfarëdo
qëllimi.</li>
<li>Jeni i lirë ta ndryshoni programin për t'ia përshtatur nevojave
tuaja. (Që
kjo liri të jetë e efektshme në praktikë, duhet të keni hyrje në kodin
@@ -230,14 +243,14 @@
Prandaj, një program, të cilin njerëzia nuk është e lirë ta përfshijë
në
këto koleksione nuk është <em>software</em> i lirë.</p>
<p>
-Because of the ambiguity of “free”, people have long looked for
-alternatives, but no one has found a better term. The English Language has
-more words and nuances than any other, but it lacks a simple, unambiguous,
-word that means “free”, as in
-freedom—“unfettered” being the word that comes closest in
-meaning. Such alternatives as “liberated”,
-“freedom”, and “open” have either the wrong meaning
-or some other disadvantage.</p>
+Për shkak të dykuptimësisë së “i lirë”, njerëzit kanë
kërkuar
+prej kohësh për alternativa, por askush nuk ka gjetur një të përshtatshme.
+Gjuha angleze ka më shumë fjalë dhe nuanca se cilado tjetër, por asaj i
+mungon një fjalë e thjeshtë, jo e dykuptimtë, që të thotë “i
+lirë”, si tek liria—“i çprangosur” është më e
afërta
+që vjen në mendje. Alternativa të tilla si “i çliruar”,
+“liri”, dhe “i hapur” ose kanë kuptim të gabuar, ose
+kanë ndonjë mangësi tjetër.</p>
<h3><em>Software</em>-i GNU dhe sistemi GNU</h3>
<p>
@@ -255,38 +268,39 @@
<h3>Fillimi i projektit</h3>
<p>
-In January 1984 I quit my job at MIT and began writing GNU software.
-Leaving MIT was necessary so that MIT would not be able to interfere with
-distributing GNU as free software. If I had remained on the staff, MIT
-could have claimed to own the work, and could have imposed their own
-distribution terms, or even turned the work into a proprietary software
-package. I had no intention of doing a large amount of work only to see it
-become useless for its intended purpose: creating a new software-sharing
-community.</p>
+Në Janar të 1984-s e lashë punën time te MIT dhe fillova të shkruaj
software
+GNU. Braktisja e MIT-it qe e domosdoshme, që MIT-i të mos ish në gjendje
të
+fuste hundët te shpërndarja e GNU-së si software i lirë. Po të kisha
+ndjetur si i punësuar, MIT-i mund të pretendonte se ishte pronari i veprës,
+dhe mund të bënte të detyrueshme kushtet e veta për rishpërndarjen, ose
edhe
+ta shndërronte veprën në një paketë software-i pronësor. Nuk kisha
ndërmend
+të bëja gjithë atë punë e mandej ta shihja të shndërrohej në diçka të
+padobishme për qëllimin e menduar: krijimin e një bashkësie të re
shkëmbimi
+software-sh.</p>
<p>
-However, Professor Winston, then the head of the MIT AI Lab, kindly invited
-me to keep using the lab's facilities.</p>
+Megjithëkëtë, prof. Winston, atëbotë kreu i laboratorit AI në MIT, më
ftoi
+me dashamirësi të vazhdoja të përdorja mjetet e laboratorit.</p>
<h3>Hapat e parë</h3>
<p>
-Shortly before beginning the GNU Project, I heard about the Free University
-Compiler Kit, also known as VUCK. (The Dutch word for “free” is
-written with a <em>v</em>.) This was a compiler designed to handle multiple
-languages, including C and Pascal, and to support multiple target machines.
-I wrote to its author asking if GNU could use it.</p>
-<p>
-He responded derisively, stating that the university was free but the
-compiler was not. I therefore decided that my first program for the GNU
-Project would be a multilanguage, multiplatform compiler.</p>
-<p>
-Hoping to avoid the need to write the whole compiler myself, I obtained the
-source code for the Pastel compiler, which was a multiplatform compiler
-developed at Lawrence Livermore Lab. It supported, and was written in, an
-extended version of Pascal, designed to be a system-programming language. I
-added a C front end, and began porting it to the Motorola 68000 computer.
-But I had to give that up when I discovered that the compiler needed many
-megabytes of stack space, and the available 68000 Unix system would only
-allow 64k.</p>
+Pak para se të filloja projektin GNU, dëgjova të flitej mbi Free University
+Compiler Kit, i njohur edhe si VUCK. (Fjala hollandeze për “i
+lirë” shkruhet me V.) Ky qe një përpilues i hartuar të mbante gjuhë
+të ndryshme, përfshi C dhe Pascal, dhe të mbulonte një shumicë llojesh
+makinash. I shkruajta autorit dhe e pyeta nëse mund të përdorej nga
GNU-ja.</p>
+<p>
+M'u përgjegj me tallje, duke pohuar se universiteti qe i lirë, por
+përpiluesi jo. Kështu që vendosa që programi im i parë për projektin
GNU do
+duhejt të ishte një përpilues shumëgjuhësh, shumëplatformësh.</p>
+<p>
+Me shpresën për të shmangur nevojën e shkrimit nga unë vetë të një
+përpiluesi të tërë, mora kodin burim të përpiluesit Pastel, i cili qe
një
+përpilues shumëplatformësh i hartuar nga Lawrence Livermore Lab. Mbulonte
+dhe qe shkruajtur në një version të zgjeruar të Pascal-it, i konceptuar
për
+të qenë gjuhë programimi systemi. Shtova një "front end" C, dhe zura ta
+kaloj në një kompjuter Motorola 68000. Por m'u desh të hiqja dorë, kur
+pashë që përpiluesi kish nevojë për shumë megabajt kujtesë, dhe që
sistemi
+Unix 68000 do të mund të lejonte vetëm 64k.</p>
<p>
Mandej pashë që përpiluesi Pastel funksiononte duke përtypur një kartelë
të
tërë <i>input</i>-i në një pemë sintakse, duke shndërruar krejt pemën e
@@ -314,15 +328,15 @@
persona të interesuar nuk kishin Internet dhe nuk mund të merrnin një kopje
përmes ftp-së. Kështu që pyetja bëhej: çfarë duhej t'u thosha?</p>
<p>
-I could have said, “Find a friend who is on the net and who will make
-a copy for you.” Or I could have done what I did with the original
-PDP-10 Emacs: tell them, “Mail me a tape and a <acronym
-title="Self-addressed Stamped Envelope">SASE</acronym>, and I will mail it
-back with Emacs on it.” But I had no job, and I was looking for ways
-to make money from free software. So I announced that I would mail a tape
-to whoever wanted one, for a fee of $150. In this way, I started a free
-software distribution business, the precursor of the companies that today
-distribute entire Linux-based GNU systems.</p>
+Mund të thosha, “Gjeni një shok që ka Internet e le t'ju bëjë një
+kopje.” Ose mund të bëja si pata bërë me PDP-10 Emacs-in origjinal:
+t'u thoja, “Më dërgoni një kasetë dhe një zarf <acronym
+title="Self-addressed Stamped Envelope">SASE</acronym>, dhe jua nis mbrapsht
+me Emacs-in brenda.” Por isha i papunë, dhe po kërkoja mënyra për të
+bërë ca para nga software-i i lirë. Ndaj lajmërova që do t'i postoja një
+kasetë cilitdo që dëshironte një të tillë, kundrejt pagesës $150. Në
këtë
+mënyrë, nisa një biznes shpërndarjeje software-i të lirë, pararendësi i
+shoqërive që sot shpërndajnë krejt sistemet GNU me bazë Linux.</p>
<h3>A është një program i lirë për secilin përdorues?</h3>
<p>
@@ -337,25 +351,27 @@
lejesh të thjeshta dorëlëshuara të cilat lejojnë versione të ndryshuara
pronësore.</p>
<p>
-The paradigmatic example of this problem is the X Window System. Developed
-at MIT, and released as free software with a permissive license, it was soon
-adopted by various computer companies. They added X to their proprietary
-Unix systems, in binary form only, and covered by the same nondisclosure
-agreement. These copies of X were no more free software than Unix was.</p>
-<p>
-The developers of the X Window System did not consider this a
-problem—they expected and intended this to happen. Their goal was not
-freedom, just “success”, defined as “having many
-users.” They did not care whether these users had freedom, only that
-they should be numerous.</p>
-<p>
-This led to a paradoxical situation where two different ways of counting the
-amount of freedom gave different answers to the question, “Is this
-program free?” If you judged based on the freedom provided by the
-distribution terms of the MIT release, you would say that X was free
-software. But if you measured the freedom of the average user of X, you
-would have to say it was proprietary software. Most X users were running
-the proprietary versions that came with Unix systems, not the free version.</p>
+Shembulli përfaqësues i këtij problemi është X Window System. I hartuar
në
+MIT, dhe i hedhur në qarkullim si software i lirë, me një leje
dorëlëshuar,
+u birësua shpejt nga shoqëri të ndryshme kompjuterash. Këto ua shtuan X-in
+sistemeve të tyre pronësore Unix, vetëm në formë dyore, dhe nën të
njëjtën
+marrëveshje "nondisclosure". Këto kopje të X-it nuk qenë më tepër
software
+i lirë se sa ç'qe Unix-i vetë.</p>
+<p>
+Hartuesit e X Window System nuk e quajtën problem këtë—e prisnin dhe e
+kishin si synim që kjo të ndodhte. Synimi i tyre nuk qe liria, por thjesht
+“suksesi”, i përkufizuar në trajtën “pasje e shumë
+përdoruesve.” Nuk shqetësoheshin në kishin a jo liri këta përdorues,
+por vetëm që këta të ishin shumë.</p>
+<p>
+Kjo shpuri në gjendjen paradoksale, në të cilën dy mënyra të ndryshme
për
+llogaritjen se sa liri kish, shpunë në përgjigje të ndryshme ndaj kësaj
+pyetjeje, “Ãshtë i lirë ky program?” Nëse gjykonit mbi bazën e
+lirisë së lejuar nga kushtet e shpërndarjes të hedhjes në qarkullim nga
+<abbr>MIT</abbr>-i, mund të thoshit se X qe <em>software</em> i lirë. Por
+nëse e matnit lirinë e një përdoruesi mesatar të X-it, mund të thoshit
që qe
+<em>software</em> pronësor. Shumica e përdoruesve të X-it xhironin
+versionet pronësore që vinin bashkë me sistemet Unix, jo versionin e
lirë.</p>
<h3>Copyleft-i dhe GNU GPL</h3>
<p>
@@ -364,9 +380,11 @@
parandalonin shndërrimin e <em>software</em>-eve GNU në <em>software</em>
pronësor. Metoda që përdorim quhet “copyleft”.(1)</p>
<p>
-Copyleft uses copyright law, but flips it over to serve the opposite of its
-usual purpose: instead of a means for restricting a program, it becomes a
-means for keeping the program free.</p>
+<i>Copyleft</i>-i përdor ligjin e të drejtave të kopjimit
+(<i>copyright</i>), por të kthyer përmbys, që të shërbejë për të
kundërtën e
+qëllimit të tij të zakonshëm: në vend se një mjet për kufizimin e
+<em>software</em>-it, bëhet mjet për mbajtjen e <em>software</em>-eve të
+lirë.</p>
<p>
Ideja qendrore e <i>copyleft</i>-it është që ne i japim cilitdo lejen të
xhirojë programin, ta kopjojë programin, ta ndryshojë programin, dhe të
@@ -392,13 +410,15 @@
përdoruesve lirinë, do të ishte e lehtë për këdo të përfitonte prej
këtij
shfajësimi.</p>
<p>
-A related issue concerns combining a free program with nonfree code. Such a
-combination would inevitably be nonfree; whichever freedoms are lacking for
-the nonfree part would be lacking for the whole as well. To permit such
-combinations would open a hole big enough to sink a ship. Therefore, a
-crucial requirement for copyleft is to plug this hole: anything added to or
-combined with a copylefted program must be such that the larger combined
-version is also free and copylefted.</p>
+Një çështje e afërt prek ndërthurjen e një programi të lirë me kod jo
të
+lirë. Një ndërthurje e tillë pashmangshmërisht do të jetë jo e lirë;
cilado
+liri që do të ishte e mangët te pjesët jo të lira, po ashtu do të ishte
e
+mangët te e tëra. Lejimi i ndërthurjeve të tilla do të hapte një të
çarë sa
+të nxinte e fundoste një anije. Prandaj, një domosdoshmëri kyçe për
+<i>copyleft</i>-in është ta mbyllë këtë të çarë: çfarëdo gjëje e
shtuar ose
+e ndërthurur me një program nën <i>copyleft</i> duhet të jetë e tillë
që një
+version më i madh, i dalë si ndërthurje, të jetë po ashtu i lirë dhe nën
+<i>copyleft</i>.</p>
<p>
Sendërtimi specifik i <i>copyleft</i>-it që përdorim për shumicën e
<em>software</em>-it GNU është GNU General Public License (Leja e
@@ -420,35 +440,38 @@
<h3>The Free Software Foundation</h3>
-<p>As interest in using Emacs was growing, other people became involved in the
-GNU project, and we decided that it was time to seek funding once again. So
-in 1985 we created the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software
-Foundation</a> (FSF), a tax-exempt charity for free software development.
-The <acronym title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</acronym> also took over
-the Emacs tape distribution business; later it extended this by adding other
-free software (both GNU and non-GNU) to the tape, and by selling free
-manuals as well.</p>
-
-<p>Most of the FSF's income used to come from sales of copies of free software
-and of other related services (CD-ROMs of source code, CD-ROMs with
-binaries, nicely printed manuals, all with the freedom to redistribute and
-modify), and Deluxe Distributions (distributions for which we built the
-whole collection of software for the customer's choice of platform). Today
-the FSF still <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/";> sells manuals and other
-gear</a>, but it gets the bulk of its funding from members' dues. You can
-join the FSF at <a href="http://fsf.org/join";>fsf.org</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Free Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a number of
-GNU software packages. Two notable ones are the C library and the shell.
-The GNU C library is what every program running on a GNU/Linux system uses
-to communicate with Linux. It was developed by a member of the Free
-Software Foundation staff, Roland McGrath. The shell used on most GNU/Linux
-systems is <acronym title="Bourne Again Shell">BASH</acronym>, the Bourne
-Again Shell(1), which was developed by FSF employee Brian Fox.</p>
-
-<p>We funded development of these programs because the GNU Project was not just
-about tools or a development environment. Our goal was a complete operating
-system, and these programs were needed for that goal.</p>
+<p>Meqë interesi për përdorimin e Emacs-i po shtohej, te projekti GNU u
+përfshin të tjerë njerëz, dhe vendosëm që pat ardhur koha të shihnim
sërish
+për financim. Kështu, më 1985 krijuam Free Software Foundation, një
shoqatë
+bamirëse, e përjashtuar nga tatimet, për zhvillim <em>software</em>-i të
+lirë. <acronym title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</acronym> mori përsipër
+edhe biznesin e shpërndarjes me kaseta të Emacs-it; më pas këtë e zgjeroi
+duke shtuar të tjera <em>software</em>-e të lira (GNU dhe jo-GNU) te kaseta,
+dhe duke shitur gjithashtu doracakë të lirë.</p>
+
+<p>Shumica e të ardhurave të FSF-së vinin prej shitjes së kopjeve të
+software-it të lirë dhe të shërbimeve të tjera të ngjashme (CD-ROM-e kodi
+burim, CD-ROM-e me dyorë, doracakë të shtypur bukur, gjithçka me lirinë
për
+ta rishpërndarë dhe ndryshuar), dhe Shpërndarje Deluxe (shpërndarje për
të
+cilat krijojmë krejt koleksionin e software-eve për platformën e zgjedhur
+nga porositësi). Ende sot, FSF-ja <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/";> shet
+doracakë dhe sende të tjera</a>, por pjesa dërrmuese e financimit vjen nga
+kuotat e anëtarëve. Mund të anëtarësoheni te FSF-ja përmes <a
+href="http://fsf.org/join";>fsf.org</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Punonjësit e <i>Free Software Foundation</i>-it kanë shkruajtur dhe
+administruar një numër paketash <em>software</em>-i GNU. Dy prej më të
+shquarat janë libraria dhe shelli C. Libraria GNU C është ajo çka
përdoret
+për të komunikuar me Linux-in nga çdo program që xhiron në një sistem
+GNU/Linux. Qe hartuar nga një anëtar i stafit të Free Software
+Foundation-it, Roland McGrath. Shelli i përdorur në shumicën e sistemeve
+GNU/Linux është <acronym title="Bourne Again Shell">BASH</acronym>, <i>the
+Bourne Again Shell</i>(1), i cili qe hartuar prej punonjësit të FSF-së Brian
+Fox.</p>
+
+<p>Zhvillimin e këtyre programeve e financuam sepse projekti GNU nuk qe
thjesht
+për ca mjete apo mjedisi zhvillimesh. Synimi ynë qe një sistem operativ i
+plotë, dhe këto programe duheshin për këtë qëllim.</p>
<p>(1) “Bourne Again Shell” është një lojë me emrin
“Bourne
Shell”, i cili qe shelli i zakonshëm në Unix.</p>
@@ -459,12 +482,13 @@
biznesi shumë të përhapur, por nuk është kundër biznesit. Kur bizneset
respektojnë lirinë e përdoruesit, u urojmë sukses.</p>
-<p>Selling copies of Emacs demonstrates one kind of free software business.
-When the FSF took over that business, I needed another way to make a
-living. I found it in selling services relating to the free software I had
-developed. This included teaching, for subjects such as how to program GNU
-Emacs and how to customize GCC, and software development, mostly porting GCC
-to new platforms.</p>
+<p>Shitja e kopjeve të Emacs-it tregon qartë një lloj biznesi me
+<em>software</em>-in e lirë. Kur me të filloi të merej FSF-ja, m'u desh
një
+tjetër mënyrë për të siguruar jetesën. E gjeta te shitja e shërbimeve
të
+lidhura me <em>software</em>-in e lirë që pata hartuar. Kjo përfshiu
+mësimdhënien, për tema të tilla se si të programohet me GNU Emacs-in dhe
si
+të personalizohet GCC-ja, dhe zhvillimi i <em>software</em>-eve, kryesisht
+rreth kalimit të GCC-së në platforma të reja.</p>
<p>Sot secili nga këta lloje biznesesh të <em>software</em>-it të lirë
praktikohet nga një numër korporatash. Disa shpërndajnë koleksione
@@ -474,20 +498,22 @@
<em>software</em>-i të lirë të bazuara në hedhjen në qarkullim të
produkteve
të reja <em>software</em>-i të lirë.</p>
-<p>Watch out, though—a number of companies that associate themselves with
-the term “open source” actually base their business on nonfree
-software that works with free software. These are not free software
-companies, they are proprietary software companies whose products tempt
-users away from freedom. They call these programs “value-added
-packages”, which shows the values they would like us to adopt:
-convenience above freedom. If we value freedom more, we should call them
-“freedom-subtracted” packages.</p>
+<p>Kujdes, ama—një numër shoqërish që përshoqërojnë vetveten me
termin
+“burim i hapur” biznesin e tyre në fakt e bazojnë në
+<em>software</em> jo të lirë që punon me <em>software</em>-in e lirë.
Këto
+nuk janë shoqëri <em>software</em>-i të lirë, janë shoqëri
+<em>software</em>-i pronësor, produktet e të cilave i ndjellin përdoruesit
+larg lirisë. Këto programe i quajnë “paketa të vlerës së
+shtuar”, çka pasqyron vlerat që ata do të donin t'i shihnin të
+përqafuara prej nesh: leverdinë mbi lirinë. Nëse ne vlerësojmë më
tepër
+lirinë, do të duhej t'i quanim paketa “me liri të hequr”.</p>
<h3>Synimet teknike</h3>
-<p>The principal goal of GNU is to be free software. Even if GNU had no
-technical advantage over Unix, it would have a social advantage, allowing
-users to cooperate, and an ethical advantage, respecting the user's
freedom.</p>
+<p>Synimi themelor i GNU-së qe <em>software</em>-i i lirë. Edhe nëse GNU-j
nuk
+do të kish përparësi teknike karshi Unix-it, do të kish përparësi në
planin
+shoqëror, përmes lejimit të bashkëpunimit mes përdoruesve, dhe një
përparësi
+etike, respektin ndaj lirisë së përdoruesit.</p>
<p>Por qe e natyrshme të zbatoheshin te vepra standarde praktike të
vyera—për shembull, shpërndarja dinamike e strukturave të të dhënave
@@ -508,18 +534,20 @@
<h3>Kompjutera të dhuruar</h3>
-<p>As the GNU Project's reputation grew, people began offering to donate
-machines running Unix to the project. These were very useful, because the
-easiest way to develop components of GNU was to do it on a Unix system, and
-replace the components of that system one by one. But they raised an
-ethical issue: whether it was right for us to have a copy of Unix at all.</p>
-
-<p>Unix was (and is) proprietary software, and the GNU Project's philosophy
-said that we should not use proprietary software. But, applying the same
-reasoning that leads to the conclusion that violence in self defense is
-justified, I concluded that it was legitimate to use a proprietary package
-when that was crucial for developing a free replacement that would help
-others stop using the proprietary package.</p>
+<p>Dora dorës që rritej fama e projektit GNU, njerëzit filluan të ofronin
për
+projektin dhurim makinash që xhironin Unix. Këto qenë shumë të dobishme,
+ngaqë rruga më e kollajtë për zhvillimin e përbërësve të GNU-së qe
kryerja e
+kësaj në një sistem Unix, dhe zëvendësimi i njëpasnjëshëm i
përbërësve të
+atij sistemi. Por kjo pruri një çështje etike: qe apo nuk qe e drejtë që
ne
+të kishim një kopje të Unix-it.</p>
+
+<p>Unix-i qe (dhe është) <em>software</em> pronësor, dhe filozofia e
projektit
+GNU thosh që nuk duhej të përdornim <em>software</em> pronësor. Por, duke
+zbatuar të njëjtin arsyetim që shpie te përfundimi se dhuna për
vetëmbrojte
+është e përligjur, dola në përfundimin se qe e ligjshme të përdorej një
+paketë pronësore kur kjo qe thelbësore për hartimin e një zëvendësuesi
të
+lirë që do të ndihmonte të tjerat të reshtnin së përdoruri paketën
+pronësore.</p>
<p>Por, edhe pse kjo qe një e keqe që mund të përligjej, prapë qe një e
keqe.
Sot nuk kemi më ndonjë kopje të Unix-it, sepse i kemi zëvendësuar me
sisteme
@@ -528,19 +556,20 @@
<h3>Lista e Hapave GNU</h3>
-<p>As the GNU Project proceeded, and increasing numbers of system components
-were found or developed, eventually it became useful to make a list of the
-remaining gaps. We used it to recruit developers to write the missing
-pieces. This list became known as the GNU Task List. In addition to
-missing Unix components, we listed various other useful software and
-documentation projects that, we thought, a truly complete system ought to
-have.</p>
-
-<p>Today (1), hardly any Unix components are left in the GNU Task
-List—those jobs had been done, aside from a few inessential ones. But
-the list is full of projects that some might call
-“applications”. Any program that appeals to more than a narrow
-class of users would be a useful thing to add to an operating system.</p>
+<p>Ndërkohë që projekti GNU ecte përpara, dhe një numër gjithnjë e më
i madh
+përbërësish sistemi u gjetën ose u hartuan, erdhi koha që qe e dobishme
+hartimi i një liste me zbrazëtitë e mbetura. Të cilën e përdorëm për
+rekrutim programuesash që do të shkruanin pjesët që mungonin. Kjo listë u
+bë e njohur si Lista e Punëve GNU. Veç përbërësve Unix që mungonin,
shtuam
+në listë një larmi projektesh <em>software</em> dhe dokumentimi të
dobishëm
+që, mendonim, do të duhej të përmbante një sistem vërtet i plotë.</p>
+
+<p>Sot (1), zor të ketë ndonjë përbërës të Unix-it te Lista e Punëve
+GNU—ato punë janë mbaruar, bashkë me ca të tjera jothelbësore. Por
+lista është plot me projekte të cilat ca i quajnë “zbatime”.
+Ãfarëdo programi që është në interes të më shumë se një klase të
ngushtë
+përdoruesish, do të ishte diçka e dobishme të shtohej te një sistem
+operativ.</p>
<p>Te lista e hapave GNU përfshihen madje dhe lojëra—e kanë qenë aty
që
në fillim. Unix-i përfshinte lojëra, ndaj kuptohet që ëkshtu do të
duhej të
@@ -549,10 +578,12 @@
në listë një gamë lojërash llojesh të ndryshme që përdoruesit mund t'i
pëlqenin.</p>
-<p>(1) That was written in 1998. In 2009 we no longer maintain a long task
-list. The community develops free software so fast that we can't even keep
-track of it all. Instead, we have a list of High Priority Projects, a much
-shorter list of projects we really want to encourage people to write.</p>
+<p>(1) Qe shkruar më 1998. Nga 2009 e tëhu nuk mirëmbajmë një listë të
gjatë
+punësh. Bashkësia harton <em>software</em> të lirë me kaq shpejtësi sa nuk
+arrijmë as t'i mbajmë në vëzhgim të tërë. Në vend të kësaj,
kemi një
+listë Projektesh të Përparësisë së lartë, një listë shumë më e
shkurtër
+projektesh për të cilat vërtet duam t'i nxisim njerëzit t'i
+shkruajnë.</p>
<h3>GNU Library GPL</h3>
@@ -572,27 +603,28 @@
ndonjë përparësi—vetëm sa do të shkurajonte përdorimin e librarisë
sonë.</p>
-<p>One system is an exception to this: on the GNU system (and this includes
-GNU/Linux), the GNU C library is the only C library. So the distribution
-terms of the GNU C library determine whether it is possible to compile a
-proprietary program for the GNU system. There is no ethical reason to allow
-proprietary applications on the GNU system, but strategically it seems that
-disallowing them would do more to discourage use of the GNU system than to
-encourage development of free applications. That is why using the Library
-GPL is a good strategy for the C library.</p>
-
-<p>For other libraries, the strategic decision needs to be considered on a
-case-by-case basis. When a library does a special job that can help write
-certain kinds of programs, then releasing it under the GPL, limiting it to
-free programs only, is a way of helping other free software developers,
-giving them an advantage against proprietary software.</p>
-
-<p>Consider GNU Readline, a library that was developed to provide command-line
-editing for BASH. Readline is released under the ordinary GNU GPL, not the
-Library GPL. This probably does reduce the amount Readline is used, but
-that is no loss for us. Meanwhile, at least one useful application has been
-made free software specifically so it could use Readline, and that is a real
-gain for the community.</p>
+<p>Përjashtim këtu bën vetëm një sistem: te sistemi GNU (dhe ky përfshin
+GNU/Linux), libraria GNU C është e vetmja librari C. Kështu që kushtet e
+shpërndarjes së librarisë GNU C përcaktojnë nëse është e mundur të
+përpilohet një program pronësor për sistemi GNU apo jo. Nuk ka arsye etike
+të lejohen zbatime pronësore në sistemin GNU, por, në pikëpamje
strategjike,
+duket se moslejimi i tyre më shumë do të shkurajonte përdorimin e sistemit
+GNU se sa të nxiste zhvillimin e zbatimeve të lira. Ja pse përdorimi i
+GPL-së për Librari është strategji e mirë për librarinë C.</p>
+
+<p>Për libraritë e tjera, rruga strategjike lypset të shihet rast pas rasti.
+Kur një librari kryen një detyrë të posaçme që mund të ndihmojë në
shkrimin
+e një lloji programesh, atëherë hedhja në qarkullim nën GPL, duke e
kufizuar
+vetëm për programe të lirë, është një mënyrë për të ndihmuar
zhvilluesa të
+tjerë të <em>software</em>-i të lirë, duke u dhënë atyre një përparësi
+kundrejt <em>software</em>-it pronësor.</p>
+
+<p>Kujtoni rastin e GNU Readline-it, një librari që qe hartuar për të pasur
+përpunim nga rresht urdhrash për BASH-in. Readline qarkullon nën GNU GPL
të
+zakonshme, jo nën Library GPL. Kjo ndoshta e ul përdorimin e Readline-it,
+por ne nga kjo nuk humbim gjë. Ndërkohë, e pakta një zbatim i dobishëm
+është kaluar si <em>software</em> i lirë posaçërisht që të përdorë
+Readline-in, dhe ky është përfitim i njëmendtë për bashkësinë.</p>
<p>Zhvilluesit e <em>software</em>-eve pronësorë kanë përparësitë që
sjell
paraja; zhvilluesit e <em>software</em>-it të lirë lypset të krijojnë
@@ -603,9 +635,10 @@
rrisin këtë përparësi të rëndësishme, në dobi të zhvillimit të
mëtejshëm të
<em>software</em>-it të lirë.</p>
-<p>(1) Kjo leje tani quhet <i>GNU Lesser General Public License</i>, për të
-shmangur idenë se krejt libraritë janë të detyruara ta përdorin. <a
-href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html"></a>.</p>
+<p>(1) Kjo leje tani <i>quhet GNU Lesser General Public License</i>, për të
+shmangur idenë se krejt libraritë janë të detyruara ta përdorin. Për më
+tepër të dhëna, shihni <a href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">Pse nuk do
të
+duhej të përdornit lejen Lesser GPL për librarinë tuaj të ardhshme</a>.
</p>
<h3>Punë sikleti?</h3>
<p>
@@ -615,20 +648,22 @@
me qëllim që të kihej një sistem i plotë operativ i lirë. Rrjedhin ngas
një
përfytyrim dhe një plan, jo nga një impuls.</p>
<p>
-For example, we developed the GNU C library because a Unix-like system needs
-a C library, BASH because a Unix-like system needs a shell, and GNU tar
-because a Unix-like system needs a tar program. The same is true for my own
-programs—the GNU C compiler, GNU Emacs, GDB and GNU Make.</p>
-<p>
-Some GNU programs were developed to cope with specific threats to our
-freedom. Thus, we developed gzip to replace the Compress program, which had
-been lost to the community because of the <acronym
-title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</acronym> patents. We found people to develop
-LessTif, and more recently started <acronym title="GNU Network Object Model
-Environment">GNOME</acronym> and Harmony, to address the problems caused by
-certain proprietary libraries (see below). We are developing the GNU
-Privacy Guard to replace popular nonfree encryption software, because users
-should not have to choose between privacy and freedom.</p>
+Për shembull, hartuam librarinë GNU C ngaqë një sistem i ngjashëm me
Unix-in
+ka nevojë për një librari C, BASH-in ngaqë një sistem i ngjashëm me
Unix-in
+ka nevojë për një shell, dhe GNU tar-in ngaqë ngaqë një sistem i
ngjashëm me
+Unix-in ka nevojë për një program tar. E njëjta gjë është e vërtetë
për
+programet e mij—përpiluesi GNU C, GNU Emacs, GDB dhe GNU Make.</p>
+<p>
+Disa programe GNU qenë hartuar për t'u përballur me kërcënime të posaçme
+ndaj lirisë sonë. Kështu, hartuam gzip-in për të zëvendësuar programin
+Compress, i cili humbi karshi bashkësisë për shkak të patentave <acronym
+title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</acronym>. Gjetëm njerëz për hartimin e
+LessTif-it, dhe më vonë filluam <acronym title="GNU Network Object Model
+Environment">GNOME</acronym>-n dhe Harmony-në, për të trajtuar problemet e
+shkaktuar nga disa librari pronësore (shihni më poshtë). Po zhvillojmë GNU
+Privacy Guard për të zëvendësuar <em>software</em>-in popullor jo të lirë
+për kodime, ngaqë përdoruesit nuk do të duhej të viheshin përballë
+zgjedhjes: liri apo vetësi.</p>
<p>
Sigurisht, njerëzit që shkruajtën këto programe shfaqën interesim për
këtë
punë, dhe mjaft veçori janë shtuar prej presonash të ndryshëm drejt e për
@@ -637,76 +672,82 @@
<h3>Zhvillime të papritura</h3>
<p>
-At the beginning of the GNU Project, I imagined that we would develop the
-whole GNU system, then release it as a whole. That is not how it happened.</p>
+Në fillimet e projektit GNU, përfytyroja që do ta zhvillonim sistemin GNU
të
+plotë, mandej ta hidhnim në qarkullim. Nuk ndodhi kështu.</p>
<p>
-Since each component of the GNU system was implemented on a Unix system,
-each component could run on Unix systems long before a complete GNU system
-existed. Some of these programs became popular, and users began extending
-them and porting them—to the various incompatible versions of Unix,
-and sometimes to other systems as well.</p>
-<p>
-The process made these programs much more powerful, and attracted both funds
-and contributors to the GNU Project. But it probably also delayed
-completion of a minimal working system by several years, as GNU developers'
-time was put into maintaining these ports and adding features to the
-existing components, rather than moving on to write one missing component
-after another.</p>
+Ngaqë çdo përbërës i sistemit GNU u sendërtua në një sistem Unix, çdo
+përbërës mund të xhironte në sisteme Unix, shumë më përpara se sa të
kishte
+një sistem të plotë GNU. Disa nga këto programe u bënë popullore, dhe
+përdoruesit zunë t'i zgjeronin e t'i kalonin në sisteme të tjera—te
+versionet e ndryshme e jo të përputhshme të Unix-it, dhe ngandonjëherë
edhe
+te sisteme të tjera.</p>
+<p>
+Kjo punë i bëri këto programe më të fuqishëm, dhe tërhoqi te projekti
GNU si
+financime, ashtu edhe kontributorë. Por ka gjasa që vonoi me disa vjetë
+plotësimin e një sistemi funksional minimal, meqë koha e zhvilluesve GNU
+harxhohej me mirëmbajtjen e këtyre versioneve dhe shtimin e veçorive të
reja
+te përbërëset ekzistuese, në vend që të ecej më tej me shkrimin njëri
pas
+tjetrit të përbërësve që mungonin.</p>
<h3>The GNU Hurd</h3>
<p>
-By 1990, the GNU system was almost complete; the only major missing
-component was the kernel. We had decided to implement our kernel as a
-collection of server processes running on top of Mach. Mach is a
-microkernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University and then at the
-University of Utah; the GNU Hurd is a collection of servers (i.e., a herd of
-GNUs) that run on top of Mach, and do the various jobs of the Unix kernel.
-The start of development was delayed as we waited for Mach to be released as
-free software, as had been promised.</p>
-<p>
-One reason for choosing this design was to avoid what seemed to be the
-hardest part of the job: debugging a kernel program without a source-level
-debugger to do it with. This part of the job had been done already, in
-Mach, and we expected to debug the Hurd servers as user programs, with GDB.
-But it took a long time to make that possible, and the multithreaded servers
-that send messages to each other have turned out to be very hard to debug.
-Making the Hurd work solidly has stretched on for many years.</p>
+Aty nga 1990, sistemi GNU qe thuajse i plotë; i vetmi përbërës i
rëndësishëm
+që mungonte qe kerneli. Kishim vendosur që kernelin tonë ta sendërtonim si
+koleksion procesesh shërbyesi që kryheshin përsipër Mach-ut. Mach qe një
+mikrokernel i përgatitur nga Carnegie Mellon University e mandej nga
+University of Utah; GNU HURD është një koleksion shërbyesish (ose
+“herd of GNUs” - kope gnushë) që xhirojnë përsipër Mach-ut,
dhe
+që kryejnë detyra të ndryshme të kernelit Unix. Fillimi i përgatitjes u
+vonua ngaqë prisnim që Mach-u të hidhej në qarkullim si <em>software</em> i
+lirë, siç qe premtuar.</p>
+<p>
+Një arsye pse u zgjodh ky koncept qe për shmangien e asaj çka dukej se ishte
+pjesa më e vështirë e punës: diganostikimi i një programi kerneli pa një
+diagnostikues në shkallë burimi për ta kryer këtë. Kjo pjesë e punës qe
+kryer tashmë, te Mach-u, dhe prisnim të diagnostikonim shërbyesit HURD si
+programe përdoruesi, me GDB-në. Por u desh shumë kohë që kjo të bëhej e
+mundur, dhe shërbyesit shumërrjedhësh që dërgojnë mesazhe te
njëri-tjetri
+doli se qenë shumë të vështirë për t'i diagnostikuar. Shndërrimi i
HURD-it
+në diçka që funksionon qëndrueshëm po zgjat këtu e shumë vite.</p>
<h3>Alix</h3>
<p>
-The GNU kernel was not originally supposed to be called the Hurd. Its
-original name was Alix—named after the woman who was my sweetheart at
-the time. She, a Unix system administrator, had pointed out how her name
-would fit a common naming pattern for Unix system versions; as a joke, she
-told her friends, “Someone should name a kernel after me.” I
-said nothing, but decided to surprise her with a kernel named Alix.</p>
-<p>
-It did not stay that way. Michael (now Thomas) Bushnell, the main developer
-of the kernel, preferred the name Hurd, and redefined Alix to refer to a
-certain part of the kernel—the part that would trap system calls and
-handle them by sending messages to Hurd servers.</p>
-<p>
-Later, Alix and I broke up, and she changed her name; independently, the
-Hurd design was changed so that the C library would send messages directly
-to servers, and this made the Alix component disappear from the design.</p>
-<p>
-But before these things happened, a friend of hers came across the name Alix
-in the Hurd source code, and mentioned it to her. So she did have the
-chance to find a kernel named after her.</p>
+Kerneli GNU fillimisht nuk qe menduar të quhej HURD. Emri i tij fillestar
+qe Alix—emërtuar sipas emrit të femrës që kisha për zemër në ato
+kohë. Ajo, një administratore sistemesh Unix, kish hedhur idenë se emri i
+saj i përshtatej një rregullsie të rëndomtë në emërtimet e versioneve
të
+sistemeve Unix; gjysmë me tallje, u tha miqve, “Dikush le t'i vërë
+emrin tim një kerneli.” Nuk thashë gjë, por vendosa t'i bëja
surprizë
+një kernel me emrin Alix.</p>
+<p>
+Por nuk vazhdoi kështu. Michael Bushnell (tani Thomas), zhvilluesi kryesor
+i kernelit, parapëlqeu emrin HURD, dhe e ripërkufizoi Alix-in që t'i
+referohej një pjese të kernel-it—pjesës që do të kapte thirrjet e
+sistemit dhe që do t'i trajtonte ato duke dërguar mesazhe te shërbyesat
+HURD.</p>
+<p>
+Më pas, Alix-i dhe unë u ndamë, dhe ajo ndërroi emrin; në mënyrë të
pavarur,
+konceptimi i HURD-it u ndryshua që libraria C të mund të dërgonte mesazhe
+drejt e te shërbyesit, dhe kjo bëri që përbërësja Alix të zhduket nga
+koncepti.</p>
+<p>
+Por para se të ndodhnin këto gjëra, një shok i saj e pa emrin Alix te kodi
+burim i HURD-it, dhe ia përmendi asaj. Kështu që e pati rastin të gjente
+një kernel të quajtur me emrin e saj.</p>
<h3>Linux dhe GNU/Linux</h3>
<p>
-The GNU Hurd is not suitable for production use, and we don't know if it
-ever will be. The capability-based design has problems that result directly
-from the flexibility of the design, and it is not clear solutions exist.</p>
+GNU Hurd nuk është i këshillueshëm për përdorim në "prodhim", dhe nuk e
dimë
+nëse do të jetë ndonjëherë. Skicimi me bazë aftësitë ka probleme që
vijnë
+drejt e nga lakueshmëria e skicimit, dhe nuk ka zgjidhe të qarta.</p>
<p>
-Fortunately, another kernel is available. In 1991, Linus Torvalds developed
-a Unix-compatible kernel and called it Linux. In 1992, he made Linux free
-software; combining Linux with the not-quite-complete GNU system resulted in
-a complete free operating system. (Combining them was a substantial job in
-itself, of course.) It is due to Linux that we can actually run a version
-of the GNU system today.</p>
+Për fat, një kernel tjetër është gati. Më 1991, Linus Torvalds hartoi
një
+kernel të përputhshëm me Unix-in dhe e quajti Linux. Diku aty nga 1992, e
+bëri Linux-in software të lirë; ndërthurja e Linux-it me sistemin GNU
+ende-jo-të-plotë solli një sistem operativ të plotë të lirë.
(Sigurisht,
+vetë ndërthurja e tyre qe punë me rëndësi.) Falë Linux-it, ne sot mund
të
+xhirojnë faktikisht një version të sistemit GNU.</p>
<p>
Këtë version të sistemit e quajmë GNU/Linux, për të shprehur përbërjen
e tij
si një ndërthurje të sistemit GNU me Linux-in për kernel.</p>
@@ -736,67 +777,74 @@
<em>software</em>-i i lirë; me rritjen e numrit tonë, mbajtja fshehur e
specifikimeve do të shndërrohet në një taktikë që sjell humbjen.</p>
<p>
-Reverse engineering is a big job; will we have programmers with sufficient
-determination to undertake it? Yes—if we have built up a strong
-feeling that free software is a matter of principle, and nonfree drivers are
-intolerable. And will large numbers of us spend extra money, or even a
-little extra time, so we can use free drivers? Yes, if the determination to
-have freedom is widespread.</p>
+<i>Reverse engineering</i> është punë e madhe; a do të kemi programuesa aq
+të vendosur sa t'i hyjnë atij? Po—nëse kemi krijuar ndjesinë e fortë
+se <em>software</em>-i i lirë është çështje parimesh, dhe se përudhësat
jo
+të lirë janë të patolerueshëm. Dhe a do të shpenzojnë një numër i
madh prej
+nesh para të tepërta, ose edhe pak kohë të tepërt, që ne të mund të
përdorim
+përudhësa të lirë? Po, nëse vendosmëria për të pasur liri përhapet
+gjerësisht.</p>
<p>
(Shënim i 2008-s: kjo çështje prek po ashtu edhe BIOS-in. Ka një BIOS të
lirë, coreboot-i; problemi mbetet te pasja e specifikimeve për makinat, që
kështu coreboot-i t'i mbulojë ato.)</p>
-<h3>Nonfree libraries</h3>
+<h3>Librari jo të lira</h3>
<p>
-A nonfree library that runs on free operating systems acts as a trap for
-free software developers. The library's attractive features are the bait;
-if you use the library, you fall into the trap, because your program cannot
-usefully be part of a free operating system. (Strictly speaking, we could
-include your program, but it won't <em>run</em> with the library missing.)
-Even worse, if a program that uses the proprietary library becomes popular,
-it can lure other unsuspecting programmers into the trap.</p>
-<p>
-The first instance of this problem was the Motif toolkit, back in the 80s.
-Although there were as yet no free operating systems, it was clear what
-problem Motif would cause for them later on. The GNU Project responded in
-two ways: by asking individual free software projects to support the free X
-Toolkit widgets as well as Motif, and by asking for someone to write a free
-replacement for Motif. The job took many years; LessTif, developed by the
-Hungry Programmers, became powerful enough to support most Motif
-applications only in 1997.</p>
-<p>
-Between 1996 and 1998, another nonfree <acronym title="Graphical User
-Interface">GUI</acronym> toolkit library, called Qt, was used in a
-substantial collection of free software, the desktop <acronym title="K
-Desktop Environment">KDE</acronym>.</p>
-<p>
-Free GNU/Linux systems were unable to use KDE, because we could not use the
-library. However, some commercial distributors of GNU/Linux systems who
-were not strict about sticking with free software added KDE to their
-systems—producing a system with more capabilities, but less freedom.
-The KDE group was actively encouraging more programmers to use Qt, and
-millions of new “Linux users” had never been exposed to the idea
-that there was a problem in this. The situation appeared grim.</p>
-<p>
-The free software community responded to the problem in two ways: GNOME and
-Harmony.</p>
-<p>
-GNOME, the GNU Network Object Model Environment, is GNU's desktop project.
-Started in 1997 by Miguel de Icaza, and developed with the support of Red
-Hat Software, GNOME set out to provide similar desktop facilities, but using
-free software exclusively. It has technical advantages as well, such as
-supporting a variety of languages, not just C++. But its main purpose was
-freedom: not to require the use of any nonfree software.</p>
-<p>
-Harmony is a compatible replacement library, designed to make it possible to
-run KDE software without using Qt.</p>
-<p>
-In November 1998, the developers of Qt announced a change of license which,
-when carried out, should make Qt free software. There is no way to be sure,
-but I think that this was partly due to the community's firm response to the
-problem that Qt posed when it was nonfree. (The new license is inconvenient
-and inequitable, so it remains desirable to avoid using Qt.)</p>
+Një librari jo e lirë që xhiron në sisteme operative të lira vepron si
një
+kurth për zhvilluesit e <em>software</em>-it të lirë. Veçoritë
tërheqëse të
+librarisë janë karrem; po qe se e përdorni librarinë, do të bini në
grackë,
+ngaqë programi juaj nuk mund të jetë pjesë e sistemit operativ të lirë
në
+mënyrë të dobishme. (Më troç, mund ta përfshijmë programin tuaj, por
nuk do
+të <strong>xhironte</strong> pa librarinë që mungon.) Madje edhe më keq,
+nëse një program që përdor librari pronësore bëhet popullor, mund të
ndjellë
+në grackë të tjerë programuesa mosdyshues.</p>
+<p>
+Rasti i parë i këtij problemi qe grupmjeti Motif, këtu e më '80-n. Edhe
pse
+ende nuk kishte sisteme operativë të lirë, qe e qartë se çfarë problemi
do
+të shkaktonte për ta Motif-i më vonë. Projekti GNU u kundërpërgjigj me
dy
+mënyra: duke u kërkuar projekteve individuale të <em>software</em>-it të
+lirë të mbulonin si <i>widgets</i>-et e grupmjetit të lirë X, ashtu edhe
ato
+të Motif-it, dhe duke i kërkuar dikujt të shkruante një zëvendësim të
lirë
+për Motif-in. Puna deshi mjaft vite; LessTif, i hartuar nga Hungry
+Programmers, vetëm më 1997-n u bë aq i fuqishëm, sa duhej për të mbuluar
+shumicën e zbatimeve Motif.</p>
+<p>
+Nga 1996-a e deri më 1998, një tjetër librari jo e lirë grupmjetesh
<acronym
+title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</acronym> përdorej në një koleksion jo
+të pakët <em>software</em>-esh të lirë, desktopin <acronym title="K Desktop
+Environment">KDE</acronym>.</p>
+<p>
+Sistemet e lira GNU/Linux nuk qenë në gjendje të përdornin KDE-në, ngaqë
nuk
+mund të përdornim dot librarinë. Prapëseprapë, disa shpërndarësa
komercialë
+sistemesh GNU/Linux që nuk qenë strikt lidhur me ndjejtjen brenda
+<em>software</em>-it të lirë, e shtuan KDE-në te sistemet e tyre—duke
+prodhuar sisteme me më tepër aftësi, por më pak liri. Grupi KDE nxiste
+aktivisht sa më tepër programuesa të përdornin Qt-në, dhe miliona
+“përdoruesve të rinj të Linux-it” nuk iu është treguar
+ndonjëherë ideja se këtu kish një problem. Gjendja dukej e zymtë.</p>
+<p>
+Bashkësia e <em>software</em>-it të lirë iu kundërpërgjigj problemit në
dy
+mënyra: GNOME dhe Harmony.</p>
+<p>
+GNOME, GNU Network Object Model Environment, është projekti i desktopit
+GNU. I nisur më 1997 nga Miguel de Icaza, dhe zhvilluar me asistencën e Red
+Hat Software-it, GNOME synoi të ofrojë mundësi të ngjashme desktopi, por
+duke përdorur përjashtimisht <em>software</em> të lirë. Ka edhe
përparësi
+teknike po ashtu, të tilla si mbulim për një larmi gjuhësh, jo thjesht për
+C++. Por synimi kryesor qe liria: të mos ia kishim nevojën asnjë
+<em>software</em>-i jo të lirë.</p>
+<p>
+Harmony është një librari zëvendësimesh të përputhshme, hartuar për
të bërë
+të mundur xhirimin e <em>software</em>-eve KDE pa përdorur Qt-në.</p>
+<p>
+Në Nëntor 1998, zhvilluesit e Qt-së bënë të ditur një ndryshim lejeje, e
+cila, kur të zbatohej, do ta shndërronte Qt-në në <em>software</em> të
+lirë. Nuk ka mënyrë për ta vërtetuar, por mendoj se pjesërisht kjo i
+detyrohet përgjigjes së palëkundur nga bashkësia kundrejt problemit që Qt
+nxirrte përpara se të qe e lirë. (Leja e re është e paleverdishme dhe jo
e
+paanshme, kështu që mbetet ende e dëshirueshme të shmanget përdorimi i
+Qt-së.)</p>
<p>
[Shënim i mëpasshëm: në Shtator 2000, Qt u hodh në qarkullim nën GNU GPL,
çka në thelb e zgjidhi këtë problem.]</p>
@@ -826,14 +874,15 @@
shtrëngon krejt <em>software</em>-in e lirë të mos ofrojë dot ca veçori
që
përdoruesit i pëlqejnë. Ãfarë do të bëjmë ne kur kjo të ndodhë?</p>
<p>
-Those of us who value free software for freedom's sake will stay with free
-software anyway. We will manage to get work done without the patented
-features. But those who value free software because they expect it to be
-technically superior are likely to call it a failure when a patent holds it
-back. Thus, while it is useful to talk about the practical effectiveness of
-the “bazaar” model of development, and the reliability and power
-of some free software, we must not stop there. We must talk about freedom
-and principle.</p>
+Ata prej nesh që çmojnë <em>software</em>-in e lirë për hir të lirisë
nuk do
+t'i largohen <em>software</em>-it të lirë, sido qoftë. Do t'ia dalim ta
+bëjmë punën edhe pa veçoritë e patentuara. Por, ata që
<em>software</em>-in
+e lirë e vlerësojnë ngaqë presin të jetë teknikisht më sipëran, ka
gjasa ta
+shohin si të dështuar, kur një patentë e mban të prapambetur. Ndaj,
+ndërkohë që është e dobishme të flitet mbi efektshmërinë praktike të
modelit
+“katedrale” të zhvillimit, dhe mbi besueshmërine dhe fuqinë e ca
+<em>software</em>-eve të lirë, nuk duhet të ndalemi me kaq. Duhet të
flasim
+për lirinë dhe parimet.</p>
<h3>Dokumentim i lirë</h3>
<p>
@@ -986,9 +1035,10 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ju lutem, pyetjet për FSF & GNU-në dërgojini te <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Ka gjithashtu edhe <a
-href="/contact/">rrugë të tjera për t'u lidhu r me</a> FSF-në. <br />
+Ju lutem, pyetjet për FSF-në & GNU-në dërgojini te <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Ka edhe <a
+href="/contact/">rrugë të tjera për t'u lidhur me</a> FSF-në.
+<br />
Ju lutem, për lidhje të dëmtuara dhe ndreqje të tjera apo këshilla
shkruajuni te <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
@@ -1001,10 +1051,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Të drejta kopjimi © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010 Richard
-M. Stallman <br /> Lejohet kopjimi fjalë për fjalë dhe shpërndarja e krejt
-këtij artikulli, me çfarëdo mjeti, pa pagesë, me kusht që ky shënim të
-ruhet.
+Të drejta Kopjimi © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010
+Richard Stallman
+<br />
+Kjo faqe mund të përdoret sipas një <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Lejeje Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -1014,9 +1066,9 @@
</div>
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
-Përditësuar:
+U përditësua:
-$Date: 2010/07/08 08:26:43 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/thegnuproject.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/thegnuproject.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- gnu/thegnuproject.tr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:35:12 -0000 1.2
+++ gnu/thegnuproject.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:01 -0000 1.3
@@ -20,24 +20,25 @@
Yazan: <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
<p>
-"Açık Kaynaklar" kitabında yayınlanmıÅtır</p>
+the original version was published in the book “Open Sources”</p>
<h3>Ä°lk yazılım paylaÅma topluluÄu</h3>
<p>
-1971 yılında <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr>
-Yapay Zekâ Laboratuvarında çalıÅmaya baÅladıÄımda, yıllarca
varlıÄını
-sürdürmüŠbir yazılım paylaÅım topluluÄunun bir parçası haline
-geldim. Yazılımların paylaÅılması özel topluluÄumuzla sınırlı
deÄildi; bu,
-bilgisayar tarihi kadar eskiydi, tariflerin paylaÅılmasının aÅçılık
kadar
-eski olması gibi. Ancak bunu çok iyi bir Åekilde baÅardık. </p>
-<p>
-YZ Laboratuvarı, zamanın en büyük bilgisayarlarından biri olan Digital
-PDP-10 için laboratuvar ekibi hackerâlarının tasarladıÄı ve assembler
-dilinde yazdıÄı ITS (UyuÅmaz Zaman PaylaÅımlı Sistem) olarak
adlandırılan
-bir zaman paylaÅımlı iÅletim sistemini kullanmaktaydı. Bu topluluÄun bir
-üyesi, YZ laboratuvar sistem hackerâı olarak, benim görevim bu sistemi
daha
-da geliÅtirmekti.</p>
+When I started working at the <acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of
+Technology">MIT</acronym> Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971, I became part
+of a software-sharing community that had existed for many years. Sharing of
+software was not limited to our particular community; it is as old as
+computers, just as sharing of recipes is as old as cooking. But we did it
+more than most.</p>
+<p>
+The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called <acronym
+title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</acronym> (the Incompatible
+Timesharing System) that the lab's staff hackers (1) had designed and
+written in assembler language for the Digital <acronym title="Programmed
+Data Processor">PDP</acronym>-10, one of the large computers of the era. As
+a member of this community, an AI Lab staff system hacker, my job was to
+improve this system.</p>
<p>
Yazılımımızı âözgür yazılımâ olarak adlandırmadık çünkü o
zamanlar bu terim
yoktu ancak gerçekte bu özgür yazılımdı. BaÅka bir üniversiteden ya da
@@ -47,26 +48,28 @@
kaynak kodunu okur, deÄiÅtirir ya da yeni bir program oluÅturmak için,
parçalayıp baÅka Åekilde birleÅtirirsiniz.</p>
<p>
-(1) Yaygın medyada âgüvenlik kırıcısıânı ifade etmek için
âhackerâın
-kullanılması kafa karıÅıklıÄı yaratır. Biz hackerâlar bu ifadeyi
kabul
-etmeyiz ve hackerâın kelime anlamı olarak âProgramlamayı ve bu konuda
akıllı
-olmayı seven kimseâ tanımını kullanmayı tercih ederiz</p>
+(1) The use of “hacker” to mean “security breaker”
+is a confusion on the part of the mass media. We hackers refuse to
+recognize that meaning, and continue using the word to mean someone who
+loves to program, someone who enjoys playful cleverness, or the combination
+of the two. See my article, <a
+href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>On Hacking</a>.</p>
<h3>TopluluÄun ÃöküÅü</h3>
<p>
-1980âlerin baÅlarında Digital'in <abbr>PDP</abbr>-10 bilgisayarı
üretiminin
-sona ermesiyle durum büyük ölçüde deÄiÅti. 60larda Åık ve güçlü
olan
-mimarisi, 80lerde uygun hale gelen daha geniÅ adres uzaylarına doÄal olarak
-geniÅleyemedi. Bunun anlamı <abbr>ITS</abbr>'ye yönelik olarak yazılmıÅ
olan
-bütün programların geçersiz hale gelmesiydi.</p>
-<p>
-YZ laboratuvarı zaten çökmüÅtü. 1981 yılında, Symbolics firması YZ
-Laboratuvarındaki hackerâların hemen hemen hepsini iÅten çıkardı ve bu
-topluluk daÄıldı. (Steven Levy tarafından yazılan Hackers kitabı bu
olayları
-anlatmaktadır ve ayrıca bu topluluÄa iliÅkin açık bir tablo
sunmaktadır.) YZ
-Laboratuvarı 1982 yılında yeni bir PDP-10 satın aldıÄında,
yöneticileri,
-yeni makine üzerinde ITS yerine özgür olmayan bir zaman paylaÅımlı
sistemi
-kullanmaya karar verdi. </p>
+The situation changed drastically in the early 1980s when Digital
+discontinued the PDP-10 series. Its architecture, elegant and powerful in
+the 60s, could not extend naturally to the larger address spaces that were
+becoming feasible in the 80s. This meant that nearly all of the programs
+composing ITS were obsolete.</p>
+<p>
+The AI Lab hacker community had already collapsed, not long before. In
+1981, the spin-off company Symbolics had hired away nearly all of the
+hackers from the AI Lab, and the depopulated community was unable to
+maintain itself. (The book Hackers, by Steve Levy, describes these events,
+as well as giving a clear picture of this community in its prime.) When the
+AI Lab bought a new PDP-10 in 1982, its administrators decided to use
+Digital's nonfree timesharing system instead of ITS.</p>
<p>
VAX ya da 68020 gibi zamanın modern bilgisayarları kendi iÅletim
sistemlerine sahipti ancak bu iÅletim sistemlerinin hiçbiri özgür yazılım
@@ -80,22 +83,22 @@
korsansınız. Herhangi bir deÄiÅiklik isterseniz, bu deÄiÅikliÄin
yapılmasını
bizden rica edin.â</p>
<p>
-Ãzel mülk yazılım sosyal sistemi, yazılımı paylaÅmanıza ya da
deÄiÅtirmenize
-izin vermeyen sistem, anti-sosyaldir, etik deÄildir, basitçe ifade edilirse
-yanlıÅtır, bu durum bazı okuyucular için ÅaÅırtıcı olabilir. Ama
toplumu
-bölen ve kullanıcıları çaresiz bırakan bir sistem hakkında baÅka ne
-söyleyebiliriz? Bu fikri ÅaÅırtıcı bulan okuyucular bu özel mülk
yazılım
-sosyal sistemini verildiÄi gibi almıŠolabilir ya da özel mülk yazılım
-iÅlerinin önerdiÄi Åekilde deÄerlendirebilir. Yazılım yayıncıları,
-insanları, bu konuya yönelik tek bir bakıŠaçısı olduÄuna inandırmak
için
-uzun ve zorlu bir çalıÅma yürütmüÅlerdir. </p>
-<p>
-Yazılım yayıncıları âhaklarınıâ âalmakâ ya da â<a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">korsanlıÄı</a> durdurmakâ
-hakkında konuÅtukları zaman, gerçekte âsöyledikleriâ Åey ikincil
öneme
-sahiptir. Bu ifadelerin gerçek mesajı, ifade edilmeyen varsayımlardadır;
-insanların üzerine kafa yormadan bunları kabul etmesi beklenmektedir. Åimdi
-bunları inceleyelim. </p>
+The idea that the proprietary software social system—the system that
+says you are not allowed to share or change software—is antisocial,
+that it is unethical, that it is simply wrong, may come as a surprise to
+some readers. But what else could we say about a system based on dividing
+the public and keeping users helpless? Readers who find the idea surprising
+may have taken the proprietary software social system as a given, or judged
+it on the terms suggested by proprietary software businesses. Software
+publishers have worked long and hard to convince people that there is only
+one way to look at the issue.</p>
+<p>
+When software publishers talk about “enforcing” their
+“rights” or “stopping <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">piracy</a>”, what they
+actually <em>say</em> is secondary. The real message of these statements is
+in the unstated assumptions they take for granted, which the public is asked
+to accept without examination. Let's therefore examine them.</p>
<p>
Yapılan varsayımlardan biri Åudur: Yazılım firmaları yazılımı
sahiplenme ve
tüm kullanıcıları üzerinde güce sahip olma gibi sorgulanamayan doÄal bir
@@ -116,11 +119,11 @@
çok sayıda yararlı yazılım üretebileceÄini göstermesinden önce bu
varsayım
uygunmuŠgibi görünmüŠolabilir.</p>
<p>
-EÄer bu yaklaÅımları kabul etmeyi reddedersek ve bu konuları basit bir
-saÄduyu ile, kullanıcıları öncelleyerek irdelersek, çok farklı bir
sonuca
-varırız. Bilgisayar kullanıcıları, ihtiyaçlarına uygun olması için
-programlarını deÄiÅtirme ve yazılımlarını paylaÅma konusunda özgür
olmalıdır
-çünkü diÄer insanlara yardımcı olmak toplumun temelidir.</p>
+If we decline to accept these assumptions, and judge these issues based on
+ordinary commonsense morality while placing the users first, we arrive at
+very different conclusions. Computer users should be free to modify
+programs to fit their needs, and free to share software, because helping
+other people is the basis of society.</p>
<p>
Burada bu sonuca varmayı açıklamaya yetecek yer kalmadı, bu yüzden
okuyuculara <a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">
@@ -142,12 +145,13 @@
ettiÄim yılları görecek ve yıllarımı dünyayı daha kötü bir yer
haline
getirmekle geçirmiÅ olduÄumu fark edecektim. </p>
<p>
-Birileri yazıcımıza ait kontrol programı için kaynak kodunu bana ve MIT YZ
-laboratuvarına vermek istemediÄinde, bir gizlilik anlaÅmasının alıcı
ucunda
-olduÄumu anladım. (Bu programdaki belirli özelliklerin olmaması
yazıcının
-kullanımını bozmaktaydı.) Bu nedenle, bu gibi anlaÅmaların masum
olduÄunu
-kendime söyleyemem. Yazıcı programı benimle paylaÅılmayınca çok
sinirlendim;
-vazgeçip, arkamı dönüp ben de aynı Åeyi bir baÅkasına yapamazdım.</p>
+I had already experienced being on the receiving end of a nondisclosure
+agreement, when someone refused to give me and the MIT AI Lab the source
+code for the control program for our printer. (The lack of certain features
+in this program made use of the printer extremely frustrating.) So I could
+not tell myself that nondisclosure agreements were innocent. I was very
+angry when he refused to share with us; I could not turn around and do the
+same thing to everyone else.</p>
<p>
Kolay olan ancak hoÅ olmayan baÅka bir seçenek bilgisayar alanını tamamen
bırakmaktı. Böylece yeteneklerim kötüye kullanılmamıŠolacaktı ama
boÅa
@@ -166,43 +170,43 @@
katılmaya davet edebiliriz. Ve herkes, arkadaÅlarını mahrum etmeden bir
bilgisayarı kullanabilir. </p>
<p>
-Bir iÅletim sistemi geliÅtiricisi olarak, bu iÅ için doÄru yeteneklere
-sahiptim. Bu nedenle, hak ettiÄim baÅarıyı elde edebileceÄimi
düÅünmesem de,
-bu iÅ için seçilmiÅ kiÅi olduÄumu düÅünüyordum. Sistemi Unix ile
uyumlu
-olacak Åekilde seçtim, böylece sistem taÅınabilir bir sistem haline geldi
ve
-böylece Unix kullanıcıları kolayca bu sisteme dönebildi. Hacker
geleneÄini
-takiben özyineli bir isim olan GNU ismi - GNU's Not Unix - seçilmiÅti.</p>
-<p>
-Bir iÅletim sistemi, yalnızca diÄer programları çalıÅtırmak için
yeterli
-olan bir öz anlamına gelmemektedir. 1970âlerde, her iÅletim sistemi, komut
-iÅlemcilerini, assemblerâları, derleyicileri, yorumlayıcıları, hata
ayıklama
-birimlerini (debugger), metin düzenleyicilerini ve çok daha fazlasını
-içermekteydi . <abbr>ITS</abbr>âte, Multicsâte, VMSâte ve Unixâte
bunlar
-vardı. GNU iÅletim sistemi de bunları içerecekti.</p>
+As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job. So
+even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I was
+elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so
+that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily switch to
+it. The name GNU was chosen, following a hacker tradition, as a recursive
+acronym for “GNU's Not Unix.”</p>
+<p>
+An operating system does not mean just a kernel, barely enough to run other
+programs. In the 1970s, every operating system worthy of the name included
+command processors, assemblers, compilers, interpreters, debuggers, text
+editors, mailers, and much more. ITS had them, Multics had them, VMS had
+them, and Unix had them. The GNU operating system would include them too.</p>
<p>
Daha sonra Hillelâe atfedilen (1) Åu sözleri duydum:</p>
<blockquote><p>
- Ben kendim için deÄilsem, benim için olacak kimdir?<br /> Ben yalnızca
-kendim içinsem, ben neyim?<br /> Åimdi deÄilse, ne zaman?
+ If I am not for myself, who will be for me?<br />
+ If I am only for myself, what am I?<br />
+ If not now, when?
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-GNU projesini baÅlatma kararı benzer bir ruhu esas almaktadır.</p>
+The decision to start the GNU Project was based on a similar spirit.</p>
<p>
Bir ateist olarak, dini liderleri izlemiyorum ama bazen dini liderlerden
birinin söylediÄi bir sözü beÄendiÄimi fark ediyorum.</p>
<h3>"Free Software"'deki âFreeâ Ãzgürlük Anlamındadır</h3>
<p>
-âFree Software" (Ä°ngilizce'de "Free" hem özgür hem de ücretsiz
anlamlarına
-gelmektedir) ifadesi bazen yanlıŠanlaÅılmaktadır, buradaki "free"
-ifadesinin ücretle bir ilgisi yoktur. Burada "free" ifadesi özgürlükle
-ilgilidir. Bu nedenle, burada özgür yazılımın tanımı: aÅaÄıdaki
Åartlar
-yerine getirildiÄinde, sizin gibi belirli bir kullanıcı için, bir program
-özgür bir yazılımdır:</p>
+The term “free software” is sometimes misunderstood—it has
+nothing to do with price. It is about freedom. Here, therefore, is the
+definition of free software.</p>
+
+<p>A program is free software, for you, a particular user, if:</p>
<ul>
- <li>Herhangi bir amaçla programı çalıÅtırma özgürlüÄüne
sahipseniz.</li>
+ <li>You have the freedom to run the program as you wish, for any
purpose.</li>
+
<li>Ä°htiyaçlarınıza uygun olacak Åekilde programı deÄiÅtirme
özgürlüÄüne
sahipseniz. (Bu özgürlüÄü, uygulamada etkin hale getirmek için, kaynak
koduna eriÅebilmelisiniz, çünkü kaynak kodu olmaksızın bir programda
@@ -223,13 +227,14 @@
önemlidir. Bu nedenle, insanların bu kolleksiyonlara ekleyemediÄi bir
program özgür yazılım deÄildir. </p>
<p>
-âÃzgürâün (Free kelimesinin Ä°ngilizce'deki) anlam belirsizliÄinden
dolayı,
-insanlar uzun süre alternatif bir ifade arayıÅına girmiÅtir ancak hiç
kimse
-uygun bir alternatif bulamamıÅtır. Ä°ngiliz Dili, baÅka herhangi bir dilden
-daha fazla sözcüÄe ve nüansa sahiptir ancak özgürlükteki gibi
âözgürâ
-anlamına gelen basit, belirsizlikten uzak bir sözcüÄü içermemektedir ,
-âzincirsizâ anlamca en yakın gelen sözcüktür. âÃzgür
bırakılmıÅâ, âözgürlükâ
-ve âaçıkâ yanlıŠbir anlama ya da baÅka bazı dezavantajlara
sahiptir.</p>
+Because of the ambiguity of “free”, people have long looked for
+alternatives, but no one has found a better term. The English language has
+more words and nuances than any other, but it lacks a simple, unambiguous,
+word that means “free”, as in
+freedom—“unfettered” being the word that comes closest in
+meaning. Such alternatives as “liberated”,
+“freedom”, and “open” have either the wrong meaning
+or some other disadvantage.</p>
<h3>GNU Yazılımı ve GNU Sistemi</h3>
<p>
@@ -246,41 +251,38 @@
<h3>Projenin BaÅlatılması</h3>
<p>
-1984 yılının Ocak ayında <abbr>MIT</abbr>âdeki görevimden ayrıldım ve
GNU
-yazılımını geliÅtirmeye baÅladım. <abbr>MIT</abbr>âden ayrılmam
gerekliydi,
-çünkü <abbr>MIT</abbr>ânin GNUânun özgür yazılım olarak
daÄıtımını
-kısıtlamasını istemiyordum. Ekipte kalsaydım, <abbr>MIT</abbr> bu
çalıÅmayı
-sahiplenebilirdi ve kendi daÄıtım kurallarını dayatabilirdi ve hatta bu
-çalıÅmayı özel mülk yazılım paketine dönüÅtürebilirdi.
ÃalıÅmaların sonuçsuz
-kalmasını ve baÅarısız olmasını istemiyordum, amacım yeni bir yazılım
-paylaÅım topluluÄu oluÅturmaktı.</p>
-<p>
-Bununla birlikte, o zamanlarda <abbr>MIT</abbr> YZ Laboratuvarının baÅında
-bulunan Profesör Winston, beni, kibarca laboratuvarın olanaklarını
-kullanmaya devam etmem yönünde teÅvik etti. </p>
+In January 1984 I quit my job at MIT and began writing GNU software.
+Leaving MIT was necessary so that MIT would not be able to interfere with
+distributing GNU as free software. If I had remained on the staff, MIT
+could have claimed to own the work, and could have imposed their own
+distribution terms, or even turned the work into a proprietary software
+package. I had no intention of doing a large amount of work only to see it
+become useless for its intended purpose: creating a new software-sharing
+community.</p>
+<p>
+However, Professor Winston, then the head of the MIT AI Lab, kindly invited
+me to keep using the lab's facilities.</p>
<h3>İlk Adımlar</h3>
<p>
-GNU projesine baÅlamadan kısa süre önce, VUCK olarak da bilinen Ãzgür
-Ãniversite Derleyici Kitini duymuÅtum. (Hollanda dilinde âözgürâe
iliÅkin
-kelime V harfi ile yazılmaktadır) Bu, C ve Pascal dahil olmak üzere çok
-sayıda dili kontrol etmek ve çok sayıdaki hedef makineyi desteklemek için
-tasarlanmıŠbir derleyiciydi. GNUânun bunu kullanıp kullanamayacaÄını
sormak
-için yazarına yazdım. </p>
-<p>
-Alaycı bir yanıt yazdı, üniversitenin özgür olduÄunu ancak derleyicinin
-özgür olmadıÄını söyledi. Bu nedenle, GNU projesi için ilk
programımın
-çok-dilli çok platformlu bir derleyici olmasına karar verdim.</p>
-<p>
-Tüm derleyiciyi kendi kendime yazma ihtiyacımı önleme umuduyla, Pastel
-derleyicisine iliÅkin kaynak kodu edindim, Pastel derleyicisi, Lawrence
-Livermore Laboratuarında geliÅtirilmiŠçok-platformlu bir
-derleyiciydi. Kendisinin de yazılmıŠolduÄu, Pascal'ın sistem programlama
-dili olarak tasarlanmıŠgeniÅletilmiÅ bir sürümünü destekliyordu. Bir
C ön
-ucu [:front-end] ekledim ve Motorola 68000 bilgisayarına yüklemeye
-baÅladım. Derleyicinin megabaytlarca yıÄıt [:stack] alanına ihtiyaç
-duyduÄunu ve mevcut 68000 Unix sisteminin yalnızca 64kâya izin verdiÄini
-fark ettiÄimde bundan vazgeçtim.</p>
+Shortly before beginning the GNU Project, I heard about the Free University
+Compiler Kit, also known as VUCK. (The Dutch word for “free” is
+written with a <em>v</em>.) This was a compiler designed to handle multiple
+languages, including C and Pascal, and to support multiple target machines.
+I wrote to its author asking if GNU could use it.</p>
+<p>
+He responded derisively, stating that the university was free but the
+compiler was not. I therefore decided that my first program for the GNU
+Project would be a multilanguage, multiplatform compiler.</p>
+<p>
+Hoping to avoid the need to write the whole compiler myself, I obtained the
+source code for the Pastel compiler, which was a multiplatform compiler
+developed at Lawrence Livermore Lab. It supported, and was written in, an
+extended version of Pascal, designed to be a system-programming language. I
+added a C front end, and began porting it to the Motorola 68000 computer.
+But I had to give that up when I discovered that the compiler needed many
+megabytes of stack space, and the available 68000 Unix system would only
+allow 64k.</p>
<p>
Daha sonra, Pastel derleyicisinin tüm giriŠdosyasını bir sözdizim
aÄacına
ayrıÅtırarak çalıÅtıÄını, tüm sözdizim aÄacını bir
âyönergeâ zincirine
@@ -309,14 +311,15 @@
deÄildi ve ftp ile bir kopyasını alamadı. Bu nedenle, Åu soru ortaya
çıktı:
onlara ne diyecektim?</p>
<p>
-Åöyle diyebilirdim: âAÄ Ã¼zerinde olan ve sizin için bir kopya alacak
olan
-bir arkadaÅınızı bulunâ. Ya da orijinal PDP-10 Emacsâta yaptıÄımı
-yapacaktım: âBana bir bant ve SASE gönderin ve ben de size üzerinde Emacs
-olacak Åekilde bunu size geri göndereyim.â Ama iÅsizdim ve özgür
yazılımdan
-para kazanmanın yollarını arıyordum. Bu nedenle, $150 karÅılıÄında
isteyen
-herkese bir bant gönderebileceÄimi anons ettim. Bu Åekilde, özgür
yazılım
-daÄıtım iÅine baÅladım, böylece, günümüzde Linux-tabanlı GNU
sistemlerini
-daÄıtan firmalar için öncü oldum. </p>
+I could have said, “Find a friend who is on the net and who will make
+a copy for you.” Or I could have done what I did with the original
+PDP-10 Emacs: tell them, “Mail me a tape and a <acronym
+title="Self-addressed Stamped Envelope">SASE</acronym>, and I will mail it
+back with Emacs on it.” But I had no job, and I was looking for ways
+to make money from free software. So I announced that I would mail a tape
+to whoever wanted one, for a fee of $150. In this way, I started a free
+software distribution business, the precursor of the companies that today
+distribute entire Linux-based GNU systems.</p>
<h3>Bir program her kullanıcı için özgür müdür?</h3>
<p>
@@ -328,28 +331,25 @@
ancak deÄiÅtirilmiŠözel mülk sürümlere izin veren basit izin
lisansları
altında daÄıtılmıÅtır.</p>
<p>
-Bu problemin faydacı örneÄi, X Window Sistemidir. Bu sistem,
-<abbr>MIT</abbr> tarafından geliÅtirilmiÅ ve bir izin lisansıyla özgür
-yazılım olarak yayınlanmıŠolup, çeÅitli bilgisayar firmaları
tarafından
-benimsenmiÅtir. Bu firmalar, yalnızca ikili [:binary] biçimde özel mülk
Unix
-sistemlerine Xâi eklemiÅ ve aynı anlaÅma ile kapsanmıÅtır. Xâin bu
-kopyaları, bundan böyle Unixâin olduÄundan daha fazla özgür yazılım
-deÄildir.</p>
-<p>
-X Window Sisteminin geliÅtiricileri bunu bir problem olarak görmemiÅler , bu
-durumun meydana gelmesini beklemiÅlerdir. Hedefleri özgürlük deÄildi,
-yalnızca âbaÅarıydıâ ve baÅarı âfazla sayıda kullanıcıya sahip
olmakâ olarak
-tanımlanmaktaydı. Kullanıcıların özgürlüÄe sahip olup olmamaları
umurlarında
-deÄildi, tek istedikleri çok sayıda kullanıcıya sahip olmaktı. </p>
-<p>
-Bu durum, âBu program özgür mü?â sorusuna farklı yanıtlar veren iki
farklı
-özgürlük derecesi hesaplama yönteminin olduÄu bir paradoks durumuna neden
-olmaktadır. MIT sürümünün daÄıtım terimleri cinsinden saÄlanan
özgürlük
-derecesini esas alarak deÄerlendirme yaptıysanız, Xâin özgür yazılım
-olduÄunu söyleyebilirsiniz. Ancak, Xâin ortalama kullanıcısının
özgürlüÄünü
-ölçerseniz, o zaman Ãzel mülk yazılım olduÄunu söylemeniz gereklidir.
Birçok
-X kullanıcısı, Unix sistemleriyle birlikte verilen özel mülk sürümleri
-kullanmaktadır, özgür sürümü kullanmamaktadır.</p>
+The paradigmatic example of this problem is the X Window System. Developed
+at MIT, and released as free software with a permissive license, it was soon
+adopted by various computer companies. They added X to their proprietary
+Unix systems, in binary form only, and covered by the same nondisclosure
+agreement. These copies of X were no more free software than Unix was.</p>
+<p>
+The developers of the X Window System did not consider this a
+problem—they expected and intended this to happen. Their goal was not
+freedom, just “success”, defined as “having many
+users.” They did not care whether these users had freedom, only that
+they should be numerous.</p>
+<p>
+This led to a paradoxical situation where two different ways of counting the
+amount of freedom gave different answers to the question, “Is this
+program free?” If you judged based on the freedom provided by the
+distribution terms of the MIT release, you would say that X was free
+software. But if you measured the freedom of the average user of X, you
+would have to say it was proprietary software. Most X users were running
+the proprietary versions that came with Unix systems, not the free version.</p>
<h3>Copyleft ve GNU GPL</h3>
<p>
@@ -358,9 +358,9 @@
önleyen daÄıtım terimlerini kullanmamız gereklidir. KullandıÄımız
yöntem
copyleft yöntemidir. (1)</p>
<p>
-Copyleft, telif hakkı kanununu kullanır ancak genel amacının tersine hizmet
-etmesi için tersine çevirir: yazılımı özel hale getirmek yerine,
yazılımı
-özgür tutmanın bir yolu haline gelir. </p>
+Copyleft uses copyright law, but flips it over to serve the opposite of its
+usual purpose: instead of a means for restricting a program, it becomes a
+means for keeping the program free.</p>
<p>
Copyleftâin temel fikri, herkese, programı çalıÅtırma, deÄiÅtirme,
deÄiÅtirilmiÅ sürümleri daÄıtma hakkını vermek, ancak özel
kısıtlamalar
@@ -383,14 +383,13 @@
deÄildi. DeÄiÅikliklerin yapılması kullanıcıların özgürlüklerinin
inkâr
edilmesine iliÅkin bir özürse, herkesin bu bahaneden yararlanması
kolaydır. </p>
<p>
-İlgili bir konu da özgür bir programın özgür olmayan kodla
-birleÅtirilmesidir. Bu gibi bir birleÅim özgürlükten uzak olacaktır;
özgür
-olmayan kısım için eksik olan özgürlükler bütün için de eksik
olacaktır. Bu
-gibi birleÅimlere izin verilmesi, bir gemiyi batırmaya yetecek büyüklükte
-deliklerin açılmasına neden olur. Bu nedenle, copyleft için önemli bir
Åart
-bu deliÄi tıkamaktır: copyleft edilmiÅ bir programla birleÅtirilmiÅ ya
da bu
-gibi bir programa eklenmiÅ herhangi bir Åey, birleÅtirilmiÅ daha büyük
-sürümün de özgür ve copyleft olmasını gerektirecektir. </p>
+A related issue concerns combining a free program with nonfree code. Such a
+combination would inevitably be nonfree; whichever freedoms are lacking for
+the nonfree part would be lacking for the whole as well. To permit such
+combinations would open a hole big enough to sink a ship. Therefore, a
+crucial requirement for copyleft is to plug this hole: anything added to or
+combined with a copylefted program must be such that the larger combined
+version is also free and copylefted.</p>
<p>
Birçok GNU yazılımı için kullandıÄımız copyleftâin özel
gerçekleÅtirimi, GNU
Genel Kamu Lisansı ya da kısaca GNU GPLâdir. Bazı özel durumlarda ve
@@ -409,177 +408,179 @@
Lisansı</a>nı kullanıyoruz.</p>
<h3>Ãzgür Yazılım Vakfı</h3>
-<p>
-Emacsâın kullanımına iliÅkin ilgi arttıkça, baÅka insanlar GNU
projesine
-dahil oldular ve o zaman yeniden destek almamızın zamanının geldiÄine
karar
-verdik. Böylece 1985 yılınca özgür yazılım geliiÅimi için vergiden
muaf bir
-hayır kurumu olan Ãzgür Yazılım Vakfını kurduk. FSF ayrıca Emacs bant
-daÄıtım iÅini de ele aldı; daha sonra, banda diÄer özgür
yazılımları (hem
-GNU hem de GNU-olmayan) ekleyerek ve özgür kılavuzları satarak bu iÅi
-geniÅletti.</p>
-<p>
-<abbr>FSF</abbr>, baÄıÅları kabul eder ancak gelirinin çoÄu özgür
yazılımın
-ve ilgili diÄer hizmetlerin satıÅından gelmektedir. Günümüzde, kaynak
kodunu
-içeren CD-ROMâları, ikili kodları içeren CD-ROMâları, güzel baskılı
-kılavuzları (hepsinin yeniden daÄıtım ve deÄiÅtirme özgürlüÄü
vardır) ve
-Deluxe DaÄıtımlarını (burada sizin seçeceÄiniz daÄıtım için tüm
özgür
-yazılım koleksiyonu yer alıyor) satmaktadır. </p>
-<p>
-Ãzgür Yazılım Vakfı çalıÅanları bazı GNU yazılım paketlerini
yazmıŠve
-ellerinde tutmuÅtur. Bunlardan tanınmıŠiki tanesi C kütüphanesi ve
kabuktur
-(shell). GNU C kütüphanesi, GNU/Linux sisteminde çalıÅan her programın
Linux
-ile haberleÅmek için kullandıÄı Åeydir. Ãzgür Yazılım Vakfında
çalıÅan
-Roland McGrath tarafından geliÅtirilmiÅtir. Birçok GNU/Linux sisteminde
-kullanılan kabuk <acronym title="Bourne Again Shell">BASH</acronym>âtır,
-Bourne Again Shell (1), bu kabuk, <abbr>FSF</abbr> çalıÅanı olan Brian Fox
-tarafından geliÅtirilmiÅtir.</p>
-<p>
-Bu programların geliÅtirilmesini destekledik çünkü GNU projesi yalnızca
-araçlar ya da bir geliÅtirme ortamı hakkında deÄildi. Hedefimiz tam bir
-iÅletim sistemiydi ve bu programlar söz konusu hedef için gerekliydi.</p>
-<p>
-(1) âBourne again Shellâ âBourne Shellâ adı üzerinde bir Åakadır,
bu,
+
+<p>As interest in using Emacs was growing, other people became involved in the
+GNU project, and we decided that it was time to seek funding once again. So
+in 1985 we created the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software
+Foundation</a> (FSF), a tax-exempt charity for free software development.
+The <acronym title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</acronym> also took over
+the Emacs tape distribution business; later it extended this by adding other
+free software (both GNU and non-GNU) to the tape, and by selling free
+manuals as well.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the FSF's income used to come from sales of copies of free software
+and of other related services (CD-ROMs of source code, CD-ROMs with
+binaries, nicely printed manuals, all with the freedom to redistribute and
+modify), and Deluxe Distributions (distributions for which we built the
+whole collection of software for the customer's choice of platform). Today
+the FSF still <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/";> sells manuals and other
+gear</a>, but it gets the bulk of its funding from members' dues. You can
+join the FSF at <a href="http://fsf.org/join";>fsf.org</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Free Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a number of
+GNU software packages. Two notable ones are the C library and the shell.
+The GNU C library is what every program running on a GNU/Linux system uses
+to communicate with Linux. It was developed by a member of the Free
+Software Foundation staff, Roland McGrath. The shell used on most GNU/Linux
+systems is <acronym title="Bourne Again Shell">BASH</acronym>, the Bourne
+Again Shell(1), which was developed by FSF employee Brian Fox.</p>
+
+<p>We funded development of these programs because the GNU Project was not just
+about tools or a development environment. Our goal was a complete operating
+system, and these programs were needed for that goal.</p>
+
+<p>(1) âBourne again Shellâ âBourne Shellâ adı üzerinde bir
Åakadır, bu,
Unixâteki genel kabuktur.</p>
<h3>Ãzgür Yazılım DesteÄi</h3>
-<p>
-Ãzgür yazılım felsefesi, bazı yaygın ticari uygulamayı reddeder ancak
+
+<p>Ãzgür yazılım felsefesi, bazı yaygın ticari uygulamayı reddeder ancak
ticarete karÅı deÄildir. Ä°Åyerleri kullanıcıların özgürlüÄüne
saygı
duyduÄunda, onlara baÅarı dileriz.</p>
-<p>
-Emacsâın kopyalarının satılması, bir çeÅit özgür yazılım
ticaretini
-gösterir. <abbr>FSF</abbr> bu iÅi devraldıÄında, geçimimi saÄlamak için
-baÅka bir yol gerekti. Geçimimi, geliÅtirmiÅ olduÄum özgür yazılıma
iliÅkin
-hizmetlerin satılmasıyla saÄladım. Bu, GNU Emacsâın nasıl
programlanacaÄı ve
-<acronym>GCC</acronym>ânin ve yazılım geliÅiminin nasıl uyarlanacaÄı
-(çoÄunlukla <acronym>GCC</acronym>âyi yeni platformlara taÅıyan) gibi
-konular için eÄitim vermeyi de içermektedir. </p>
-<p>
-Günümüzde özgür yazılım ticaretinin bu tiplerinin her biri belirli
sayıda
+
+<p>Selling copies of Emacs demonstrates one kind of free software business.
+When the FSF took over that business, I needed another way to make a
+living. I found it in selling services relating to the free software I had
+developed. This included teaching, for subjects such as how to program GNU
+Emacs and how to customize GCC, and software development, mostly porting GCC
+to new platforms.</p>
+
+<p>Günümüzde özgür yazılım ticaretinin bu tiplerinin her biri belirli
sayıda
kurum tarafından uygulanmaktadır. Bazıları, CD-ROM üzerinde özgür
yazılım
koleksiyonları daÄıtmaktadır; diÄerleri, çeÅitli seviyelerde destek
satmaktadır, bu destek: kullanıcı sorularının yanıtlanması, sorunların
giderilmesi ve büyük ve yeni özelliklerin eklenmesini içerir. Yeni özgür
yazılım ürünlerinin baÅlatılmasını esas alan özgür yazılım
firmalarını
görmeye baÅladık bile.</p>
-<p>
-Yine de dikkatli olun, kendilerini âaçık kaynakâ terimiyle
iliÅkilendiren
-bazı firmalar, özgür yazılımla çalıÅan özgür olmayan yazılımı esas
-almaktadır. Bunlar özgür yazılım firmaları deÄildir, bunlar, özel mülk
-yazılım firmalarıdır, ürünleri ve kullanıcıları özgürlükten
-uzaklaÅtırmaktadır. Onlar bunu katma deÄerli olarak adlandırırlar, bu
terim
-benimsememizi istedikleri deÄerleri yansıtır: özgürlüÄün üstünde
-kazanç. ÃzgürlüÄe daha çok deÄer vererek, bunları âözgürlüÄü
çıkarılmıÅâ
-ürünler olarak adlandırmalıyız. </p>
+
+<p>Watch out, though—a number of companies that associate themselves with
+the term “open source” actually base their business on nonfree
+software that works with free software. These are not free software
+companies, they are proprietary software companies whose products tempt
+users away from freedom. They call these programs “value-added
+packages”, which shows the values they would like us to adopt:
+convenience above freedom. If we value freedom more, we should call them
+“freedom-subtracted” packages.</p>
<h3>Teknik hedefler</h3>
-<p>
-GNUânun temel hedefi, özgür yazılımı saÄlamaktır. GNUânun UNIXâe
göre teknik
-bir avantajı olmasa da, sosyal bir avantajı vardır, kullanıcıların birlik
-olmasına imkân verir ve etik bir avantajı vardır, kullanıcıların
özgürlüÄüne
-saygı duyar.</p>
-<p>
-Ancak iyi uygulamaların bilinen standartlarının çalıÅmaya uygulanması
+
+<p>The principal goal of GNU is to be free software. Even if GNU had no
+technical advantage over Unix, it would have a social advantage, allowing
+users to cooperate, and an ethical advantage, respecting the user's
freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Ancak iyi uygulamaların bilinen standartlarının çalıÅmaya uygulanması
doÄaldı, örneÄin rastgele sabit büyüklükteki sınırları önlemek
için veri
yapılarının dinamik olarak tahsis edilmesi ve anlamlı olan her yerde
mümkün
olan tüm 8-bitli kodların kontrol edilmesi gibi.</p>
-<p>
-Ek olarak, 16-bit makineleri (GNU sistemi tamamlandıÄında, 32-bit makineler
+
+<p>Ek olarak, 16-bit makineleri (GNU sistemi tamamlandıÄında, 32-bit
makineler
geçerli olacaktır) desteklememeye ve megabaytı geçmedikçe bellek
kullanımını
azaltmak için çaba göstermemeye karar vererek Unixâin küçük bellek
büyüklüÄü
üzerine odaklanmasını reddettik. Ãok büyük dosyalarla iÅlem
yapılmasının çok
önemli olmadıÄı programlarda, programcıların, tüm giriÅ dosyasını
çekirdekte
okumasını, daha sonra içeriÄini I/O konusunda tedirginliÄe
kapılmaksızın
taramasını saÄladık.</p>
-<p>
-Bu kararlar, birçok GNU programının Unix benzerlerini, güvenilirlik ve hız
+
+<p>Bu kararlar, birçok GNU programının Unix benzerlerini, güvenilirlik ve
hız
açısından geçmesini mümkün kılmıÅtır.</p>
<h3>BaÄıÅlanan Bilgisayarlar</h3>
-<p>
-GNU projesinin ünü arttıkça, insanlar, üzerlerinde Unix çalıÅan
makinelerini
-projeye baÄıÅlamaya baÅladı. Bunlar çok yararlıydı çünkü GNUânun
-bileÅenlerini geliÅtirmenin en kolay yolu, bunu bir Unix sistemi üzerinde
-gerçekleÅtirmek ve söz konusu sistemin bileÅenlerini birer birer
-deÄiÅtirmekti. Ancak bu durum etik bir sorunu ortaya çıkardı: Unixâin
bir
-kopyasına sahip olmamız doÄru mudur?</p>
-<p>
-Unix, özel mülk bir yazılımdı (hâlâ da öyledir) ve GNU projesinin
felsefesi,
-özel mülk yazılım kullanmamamız gerektiÄini söyler. Ancak, aynı mantık
-uygulandıÄında Åu sonuca varılır: kendini korurken Åiddet uygulanabilir,
-insanların özel mülk paketi kullanmalarını durdurmasına yardımcı olan
özgür
-programı kullanabilmek için özel mülk paketin kullanılması
mantıklıdır. </p>
-<p>
-Savunulabilir bir durum olmasına raÄmen, bu durum yine de kötü bir
+
+<p>As the GNU Project's reputation grew, people began offering to donate
+machines running Unix to the project. These were very useful, because the
+easiest way to develop components of GNU was to do it on a Unix system, and
+replace the components of that system one by one. But they raised an
+ethical issue: whether it was right for us to have a copy of Unix at all.</p>
+
+<p>Unix was (and is) proprietary software, and the GNU Project's philosophy
+said that we should not use proprietary software. But, applying the same
+reasoning that leads to the conclusion that violence in self defense is
+justified, I concluded that it was legitimate to use a proprietary package
+when that was crucial for developing a free replacement that would help
+others stop using the proprietary package.</p>
+
+<p>Savunulabilir bir durum olmasına raÄmen, bu durum yine de kötü bir
durumdur. Günümüzde, Unixâin hiçbir kopyasına sahip deÄiliz çünkü bu
kopyaların yerine özgür iÅletim sistemlerini yerleÅtirdik. Bir makinenin
iÅletim sistemini özgür bir iÅletim sistemiyle deÄiÅtiremediysek, bunun
yerine makineyi deÄiÅtirirdik.</p>
<h3>GNU Görev Listesi</h3>
-<p>
-GNU projesi ilerledikçe ve artan sayıda sistem bileÅeni bulundukça ya da
-geliÅtirildikçe, artık kalan eksiklerin bir listesinin yapılması yararlı
bir
-hale geldi. Eksik parçaları yazmak için geliÅtiricileri iÅe almaktaydık.
Bu
-liste, GNU görev listesi olarak bilinmeye baÅladı. Eksik Unix bileÅenlerine
-ek olarak, gerçekten tam bir sistemin sahip olmasının gerekli olduÄunu
-düÅündüÄümüz diÄer yararlı yazılım ve belgeleme projelerini
listeledik. </p>
-<p>
-Günümüzde, GNU görev listesinde ancak birkaç tane Unix bileÅeni
kalmıÅtır,
-bu iÅler (birkaç tane önemsiz iÅ hariç olmak üzere)
-gerçekleÅtirilmiÅtir. Ancak, liste, bazılarının âuygulamalarâ olarak
-adlandırabildiÄi projelerle doludur. Dar bir kullanıcı grubundan daha
-fazlasını gerektiren herhangi bir program, iÅletim sistemine eklenecek
-yararlı bir birimdir.</p>
-<p>
-Oyunlar bile görev listesine dahildir ve baÅlangıçtan beri durum
+
+<p>As the GNU Project proceeded, and increasing numbers of system components
+were found or developed, eventually it became useful to make a list of the
+remaining gaps. We used it to recruit developers to write the missing
+pieces. This list became known as the GNU Task List. In addition to
+missing Unix components, we listed various other useful software and
+documentation projects that, we thought, a truly complete system ought to
+have.</p>
+
+<p>Today (1), hardly any Unix components are left in the GNU Task
+List—those jobs had been done, aside from a few inessential ones. But
+the list is full of projects that some might call
+“applications”. Any program that appeals to more than a narrow
+class of users would be a useful thing to add to an operating system.</p>
+
+<p>Oyunlar bile görev listesine dahildir ve baÅlangıçtan beri durum
böyledir. Unixâte oyunlar vardı, bu nedenle doÄal olarak GNUâda da
olmalıydı. Ancak oyunlar için uyumluluk söz konusu deÄildi, bu nedenle,
Unixâin sahip olduÄu oyun listesini izlemedik. Bunun yerine,
kullanıcıların
sevebildiÄi farklı oyun tipi çeÅitlerini listeledik. </p>
+<p>(1) That was written in 1998. In 2009 we no longer maintain a long task
+list. The community develops free software so fast that we can't even keep
+track of it all. Instead, we have a list of High Priority Projects, a much
+shorter list of projects we really want to encourage people to write.</p>
+
<h3>GNU Kütüphane GPL</h3>
-<p>
-GNU C kütüphanesi, GNU Kütüphane Genel Kamu Lisansı (1) olarak
adlandırılan
+
+<p>GNU C kütüphanesi, GNU Kütüphane Genel Kamu Lisansı (1) olarak
adlandırılan
ve özel mülk yazılımla kütüphane arasında baÄlantı kurma iznini
saÄlayan
özel bir copyleft tipini kullanmaktadır. Bu istisnai durumun nedeni
nedir?</p>
-<p>
-Bu bir ilke sorunu deÄildir; özel mülk yazılım ürünlerinin kodumuzu
içermesi
+
+<p>Bu bir ilke sorunu deÄildir; özel mülk yazılım ürünlerinin kodumuzu
içermesi
konusunda yetkilendirilmesini söyleyen bir ilke yoktur. (Bizimle paylaÅmayı
reddeden bir projeye niye katılalım?) C kütüphanesi ya da herhangi bir
kütüphane için LGPL kullanılması bir strateji hususudur. </p>
-<p>
-C kütüphanesi genel bir iÅi baÅarmıÅtır; özel mülk her sistem ya da
+
+<p>C kütüphanesi genel bir iÅi baÅarmıÅtır; özel mülk her sistem ya da
derleyici bir C kütüphanesine sahiptir. Bu nedenle, C kütüphanemizi
yalnızca
özgür yazılıma açık kılmak özgür yazılıma hiçbir avantaj
saÄlamayacaktır, bu
yalnızca kütüphanemizin kullanımını engelleyecektir.</p>
-<p>
-Bir sistem bu kurala uymayan bir durumdur: GNU sisteminde (ve bu,
-GNU/Linuxâı içerir) GNU C kütüphanesi, tek C kütüphanesidir. Böylece,
GNU C
-kütüphanesinin daÄıtım terimleri, GNU sistemi için özel mülk bir
programın
-derlenmesinin mümkün olup olmadıÄını belirler. GNU sistemi üzerinde
özel
-mülk uygulamalara izin vermek için etik bir neden yoktur ancak stratejik
-açıdan, onlara imkân vermemek, özgür uygulamaların geliÅtirilmesini
-cesaretlendirmekten ziyade GNU sisteminin kullanımına yönelik cesareti
-kıracaktır. </p>
-<p>
-Bu, GPL Kütüphane kullanımının C kütüphanesi için iyi bir strateji
olmasının
-nedenidir. DiÄer kütüphaneler için, stratejik karar her duruma özgü bir
-Åekilde oluÅturulmalıdır. Bir kütüphane belirli program tiplerinin
-yazılmasına yardımcı olan özel bir iÅi gerçekleÅtirdiÄinde, o zaman
bunu GPL
-altında yayarak sadece özgür programlarda kullanımını sınırlandırmak
diÄer
-özgür yazılım geliÅtiricilerine yardımcı olmanın bir yolu olacaktır,
bu da
-özel mülk yazılıma karÅı onlara bir avantaj saÄlayacaktır.</p>
-<p>
-GNU Readlineâı deÄerlendirelim, bu, <acronym>BASH</acronym> için komut
-satırının düzenlenmesini saÄlayan bir kütüphanedir. Readline, sıradan
GNU
-GPL altında yayılır, GPL kütüphane altında daÄıtılmaz. Bu muhtemelen
-Readlineâın kullanım miktarını azaltır ancak bizim için bir kayıp
yoktur. Bu
-arada, özgür yazılım için en azından bir tane yararlı uygulama belirli
-olarak gerçekleÅtirilmiÅtir böylece Readline kullanılabilir ve bu, toplum
-için gerçek bir kazançtır. </p>
-<p>
-Ãzel mülk yazılım geliÅtiricileri, paranın saÄladıÄı avantajlara
sahiptir;
+
+<p>One system is an exception to this: on the GNU system (and this includes
+GNU/Linux), the GNU C library is the only C library. So the distribution
+terms of the GNU C library determine whether it is possible to compile a
+proprietary program for the GNU system. There is no ethical reason to allow
+proprietary applications on the GNU system, but strategically it seems that
+disallowing them would do more to discourage use of the GNU system than to
+encourage development of free applications. That is why using the Library
+GPL is a good strategy for the C library.</p>
+
+<p>For other libraries, the strategic decision needs to be considered on a
+case-by-case basis. When a library does a special job that can help write
+certain kinds of programs, then releasing it under the GPL, limiting it to
+free programs only, is a way of helping other free software developers,
+giving them an advantage against proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>Consider GNU Readline, a library that was developed to provide command-line
+editing for BASH. Readline is released under the ordinary GNU GPL, not the
+Library GPL. This probably does reduce the amount Readline is used, but
+that is no loss for us. Meanwhile, at least one useful application has been
+made free software specifically so it could use Readline, and that is a real
+gain for the community.</p>
+
+<p>Ãzel mülk yazılım geliÅtiricileri, paranın saÄladıÄı avantajlara
sahiptir;
özgür yazılım geliÅtiricilerinin, birbirleri için avantajlı durumlar
oluÅturması gerekir. Umarım, günün birinde özel mülk yazılımlar için
eÅleri
olmayan GPL ile lisanslanmıŠgeniŠkütüphane kolleksiyonlarına sahip
@@ -587,10 +588,10 @@
oluÅturacak ve daha fazla özgür yazılım geliÅtirmesi için önemli bir
avantaj
saÄlayacaklar.</p>
-<p>
-(1) Bu lisans Åimdi GNU Kısıtlı Genel Kamu Lisansı adını almıÅtır,
-kütüphanelerin onu kullanması gerektiÄi fikrini vermemek için.<a
-href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">Ayrıntılı Bilgi İçin</a>.</p>
+<p>(1) This license is now called the GNU Lesser General Public License, to
+avoid giving the idea that all libraries ought to use it. See <a
+href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL
+for your next library</a> for more information.</p>
<h3>Arzuyu kaÅımak?</h3>
<p>
@@ -600,23 +601,20 @@
sahip olmak için geliÅtirilmiÅtir. Bunlar, bir bakıŠaçısından ve bir
plandan gelmektedir, bir dürtüden deÄil. </p>
<p>
-ÃrneÄin, GNU C kütüphanesini geliÅtirdik çünkü Unix-benzeri bir sistem
bir C
-kütüphanesine, ihtiyaç duyar, Bourne Again Shellâi
(<acronym>bash</acronym>)
-geliÅtirdik çünkü Unix-benzeri bir sistem bir kabuÄa ihtiyaç duyar ve
-Unix-benzeri bir sistem bir tar programına ihtiyaç duyduÄu için GNU
tarâı
-geliÅtirdik. Kendi programlarım için de aynısı geçerlidir, GNU C
-derleyicisi, GNU Emacs, GDB ve GNU Make. </p>
-<p>
-Bazı GNU programları özgürlüÄümüze iliÅkin bazı tehditlerle baÅa
çıkmak için
-geliÅtirilmiÅtir. Bu nedenle, Compress programının yerine geçmesi için
-gzipâi geliÅtirdik, bu program, <abbr title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</abbr>
-patentlerinden dolayı kayıptır. LessTifâi geliÅtirdik ve yakın zamanda
-belirli özel mülk kütüphaneler nedeniyle oluÅan problemleri halletmek
için
-<acronym title="GNU Network Object Model Environment">GNOME</acronym> ve
-Harmonyâi baÅlattık (aÅaÄıdaki âözgür olmayan kütüphanelerâ
bölümüne
-bakınız). Ãzgür olmayan gözde Åifreleme yazılımının yerine geçmesi
için GNU
-Gizlilik Kılavuzunu geliÅtirmekteyiz çünkü kullanıcılar gizlilik ve
özgürlük
-arasında bir tercih yapmak zorunda kalmamalıdır.</p>
+For example, we developed the GNU C library because a Unix-like system needs
+a C library, BASH because a Unix-like system needs a shell, and GNU tar
+because a Unix-like system needs a tar program. The same is true for my own
+programs—the GNU C compiler, GNU Emacs, GDB and GNU Make.</p>
+<p>
+Some GNU programs were developed to cope with specific threats to our
+freedom. Thus, we developed gzip to replace the Compress program, which had
+been lost to the community because of the <acronym
+title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</acronym> patents. We found people to develop
+LessTif, and more recently started <acronym title="GNU Network Object Model
+Environment">GNOME</acronym> and Harmony, to address the problems caused by
+certain proprietary libraries (see below). We are developing the GNU
+Privacy Guard to replace popular nonfree encryption software, because users
+should not have to choose between privacy and freedom.</p>
<p>
Tabi ki, bu programları yazan insanlar çalıÅmayla ilgilenmeye
baÅlamıÅtır ve
kendi ihtiyaçları ve çıkarları için, çeÅitli insanlar tarafından
bunlara
@@ -624,76 +622,76 @@
<h3>Beklenmedik geliÅmeler</h3>
<p>
-GNU projesinin baÅlangıcında, tüm GNU sistemini geliÅtirebileceÄimizi ve
-daha sonra bir bütün olarak yayınlayabileceÄimizi hayal etmiÅtim. Ancak
-durum böyle olmadı.</p>
-<p>
-GNU sisteminin her bir bileÅeni bir Unix sisteminde gerçekleÅtirildiÄi
için,
-bütün bir GNU sisteminin var olmasından çok önce her bir bileÅen Unix
-sistemlerinde çalıÅabilmeliydi. Bu programların bazıları gözde hale
geldi ve
-kullanıcılar, bunları, çeÅitli uyumsuz Unix sürümlerine ve bazen de
diÄer
-sistemlere geniÅletmeye ve taÅımaya baÅladı.</p>
-<p>
-Süreç, bu programların çok daha güçlü olmasını saÄladı ve hem maddi
destek
-saÄladı, hem de destekçileri GNU projesine çekti. Ancak bu en az
özellikli,
-çalıÅır bir sistemin tamamlanmasını da yıllarca geciktirdi çünkü GNU
-geliÅtiricilerinin zamanı, birbiri ardına eksik bir bileÅenin
yazılmasından
-çok, bu bileÅenlerin devamlılıÄının saÄlanmasına ve mevcut
bileÅenlere yeni
-özelliklerin eklenmesine harcandı.</p>
+At the beginning of the GNU Project, I imagined that we would develop the
+whole GNU system, then release it as a whole. That is not how it happened.</p>
+<p>
+Since each component of the GNU system was implemented on a Unix system,
+each component could run on Unix systems long before a complete GNU system
+existed. Some of these programs became popular, and users began extending
+them and porting them—to the various incompatible versions of Unix,
+and sometimes to other systems as well.</p>
+<p>
+The process made these programs much more powerful, and attracted both funds
+and contributors to the GNU Project. But it probably also delayed
+completion of a minimal working system by several years, as GNU developers'
+time was put into maintaining these ports and adding features to the
+existing components, rather than moving on to write one missing component
+after another.</p>
<h3>GNU Hurd</h3>
<p>
-1990 yılı itibariyle, GNU sistemi hemen hemen tamamlanmıÅtı; tek temel
eksik
-bileÅen, çekirdekti [:kernel]. ÃekirdeÄimizi, Machâın en üstünde
çalıÅan
-sunucu süreçleri kümesi olarak gerçekleÅtirmeye karar verdik. Mach,
Carnegie
-Mellon Ãniversitesinde ve daha sonra Utah Ãniversitesinde geliÅtirilen bir
-mikro-çekirdektir; GNU Hurd, Machâın üstünde çalıÅan sunucu
topluluÄudur ve
-Unix çekirdeÄinin çeÅitli iÅlemlerini gerçekleÅtirir. Söz verilmiÅ
olduÄu
-gibi, Machâın özgür yazılım olarak daÄıtılmasını beklerken,
geliÅtirmenin
-baÅlaması gecikti.</p>
-<p>
-Bu tasarımın seçilmesinin bir nedeni, iÅin en zor kısmı olarak görülen
-aÅamadan kaçınılmasıydı: kaynak-seviyesinde bir hata ayıklayıcı
[:debugger]
-olmaksızın çekirdek programındaki hataların ayıklanması. Ä°Åin bu
kısmı
-hâlihazırda Machâda gerçekleÅtirilmiÅti ve GDB ile kullanıcı
programları
-olarak Hurd sunucularının hatalarının ayıklanmasını ummuÅtuk. Ancak
bunun
-mümkün kılınması uzun zaman aldı ve birbirine mesaj gönderen
çok-kullanımlı
-sunucuların hatalarının ayıklanmasının çok zor olduÄu fark edildi. Hurd
-çalıÅmasının gerçekleÅtirilmesi yıllara yayıldı.</p>
+By 1990, the GNU system was almost complete; the only major missing
+component was the kernel. We had decided to implement our kernel as a
+collection of server processes running on top of Mach. Mach is a
+microkernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University and then at the
+University of Utah; the GNU Hurd is a collection of servers (i.e., a herd of
+GNUs) that run on top of Mach, and do the various jobs of the Unix kernel.
+The start of development was delayed as we waited for Mach to be released as
+free software, as had been promised.</p>
+<p>
+One reason for choosing this design was to avoid what seemed to be the
+hardest part of the job: debugging a kernel program without a source-level
+debugger to do it with. This part of the job had been done already, in
+Mach, and we expected to debug the Hurd servers as user programs, with GDB.
+But it took a long time to make that possible, and the multithreaded servers
+that send messages to each other have turned out to be very hard to debug.
+Making the Hurd work solidly has stretched on for many years.</p>
<h3>Alix</h3>
<p>
-GNU çekirdeÄinin baÅlangıçta Hurd olarak adlandırılacaÄı
-düÅünülmemekteydi. Orijinal adı Alixâti, o zamanlar sevgilim olan
kadının
-adıydı. Bir Unix sistem yöneticisi olan Alix, Unix sistem sürümleri için
-isminin bir birime verilmesi gerektiÄini Åaka yollu olarak söylerdi:
-arkadaÅlarına, âBenim adımın bir çekirdeÄe verilmesi lazımâ derdi.
Hiçbir
-Åey söylemezdim ancak çekirdeÄe Alix adını vererek ona sürpriz yapmaya
karar
-verdim.</p>
-<p>
-Ancak daha sonra durum deÄiÅti. Michael Bushnell (Åimdi Thomas),
çekirdeÄin
-ana geliÅtiricisi, Hurd adını tercih etti ve Alixâin yalnızca
çekirdeÄin
-belirli bir kısmının adı olmasına karar verdi, bu kısım sistem
çaÄrılarını
-alan ve Hurd sunucularına mesaj göndererek kontrol eden kısımdır. </p>
-<p>
-Sonunda Alix ve ben ayrıldık ve Alix, adını deÄiÅtirdi; bundan
baÄımsız
-olarak, Hurd tasarımı deÄiÅtirildi, böylece C kütüphanesi sunuculara
-doÄrudan mesajlar göndermeye baÅladı ve bu durum Alix bileÅeninin
tasarımdan
-çıkarılmasına neden oldu. </p>
-<p>
-Ancak bu olaylar meydana gelmeden önce, Alixâin bir arkadaÅı, Hurd kaynak
-kodunda Alix ismine rastladı ve Alixâe bunu söyledi. Böylece isim
amacını
-gerçekleÅtirmiÅ oldu.</p>
+The GNU kernel was not originally supposed to be called the Hurd. Its
+original name was Alix—named after the woman who was my sweetheart at
+the time. She, a Unix system administrator, had pointed out how her name
+would fit a common naming pattern for Unix system versions; as a joke, she
+told her friends, “Someone should name a kernel after me.” I
+said nothing, but decided to surprise her with a kernel named Alix.</p>
+<p>
+It did not stay that way. Michael (now Thomas) Bushnell, the main developer
+of the kernel, preferred the name Hurd, and redefined Alix to refer to a
+certain part of the kernel—the part that would trap system calls and
+handle them by sending messages to Hurd servers.</p>
+<p>
+Later, Alix and I broke up, and she changed her name; independently, the
+Hurd design was changed so that the C library would send messages directly
+to servers, and this made the Alix component disappear from the design.</p>
+<p>
+But before these things happened, a friend of hers came across the name Alix
+in the Hurd source code, and mentioned it to her. So she did have the
+chance to find a kernel named after her.</p>
<h3>Linux ve GNU/Linux</h3>
<p>
-GNU Hurd, normal kullanım [:production use] için hazır deÄildi. Neyse ki,
-baÅka bir çekirdek ortaya çıktı. 1991 yılında, Linus Torvalds Unixâe
uyumlu
-bir çekirdek geliÅtirdi ve bunu Linux olarak adlandırdı. 1992 yılı
-civarında, daha tamamlanmamıŠGNU sistemiyle Linuxâun birleÅmesi bütün
bir
-özgür iÅletim sistemine neden oldu. (Bunların birleÅtirilmesi de tabi ki
-kendi içinde önemli bir iÅti). Günümüzde GNU sisteminin bir sürümünün
-çalıÅtırılması Linux sayesindedir. </p>
+The GNU Hurd is not suitable for production use, and we don't know if it
+ever will be. The capability-based design has problems that result directly
+from the flexibility of the design, and it is not clear solutions exist.</p>
+
+<p>
+Fortunately, another kernel is available. In 1991, Linus Torvalds developed
+a Unix-compatible kernel and called it Linux. In 1992, he made Linux free
+software; combining Linux with the not-quite-complete GNU system resulted in
+a complete free operating system. (Combining them was a substantial job in
+itself, of course.) It is due to Linux that we can actually run a version
+of the GNU system today.</p>
<p>
Ãekirdek olarak GNU sisteminin Linuxâla birleÅiminin oluÅumunu ifade etmek
için bu sistemi GNU/Linux olarak adlandırırız. </p>
@@ -724,91 +722,86 @@
desteklenen donanımı seçebilir; sayımız arttıkça, belirtimlerin
gizliliÄi
kendi kendine terk edilen bir politika haline gelecektir.</p>
<p>
-Tersine mühendislik önemli bir iÅtir; bunu üstlenebilecek yeterli
-kararlılıÄa sahip programcılarımız var mı? Evet, özgür yazılımın
bir ilke
-konusu olduÄuna ve özgür olmayan sürücülerin dayanılmaz olduÄuna dair
güçlü
-bir duygu oluÅturursak olabilir. Ve çoÄumuz özgür sürücüleri kullanmak
için
-fazladan para harcarsak ya da hatta biraz fazladan zaman harcarsak? Evet,
-özgürlüÄe sahip olma kararlılıÄı yaygınsa bu olabilir.</p>
+Reverse engineering is a big job; will we have programmers with sufficient
+determination to undertake it? Yes—if we have built up a strong
+feeling that free software is a matter of principle, and nonfree drivers are
+intolerable. And will large numbers of us spend extra money, or even a
+little extra time, so we can use free drivers? Yes, if the determination to
+have freedom is widespread.</p>
<p>
(2008 notu: bu konu BIOS'a da geniÅletilebilir. Ãzgür bir BIOS vardır,
coreboot; problem coreboot'un destekleyebilmesini saÄlamak üzere makine
belirtimlerini elde etmektir.)</p>
-<h3>Ãzgür olmayan Kütüphaneler</h3>
+<h3>Nonfree libraries</h3>
<p>
-Ãzgür iÅletim sistemleri üzerinde çalıÅan özgür olmayan bir
kütüphane, özgür
-yazılım geliÅtiricileri için bir tuzaktır. Kütüphanenin çekici
özellikleri
-yemdir; kütüphaneyi kullanırsanız, tuzaÄa düÅersiniz çünkü
programınız özgür
-bir iÅletim sisteminin bir parçası olamaz. (Daha doÄrusu, programı dahil
-edebiliriz ancak eksik kütüphane ile çalıÅmayacaktır). Daha da
kötüsü, özel
-mülk kütüphaneyi kullanan bir program gözde hale gelirse, Åüpheci olmayan
-diÄer programcıları da tuzaÄa düÅürebilir. </p>
-<p>
-Bu probleme iliÅkin ilk örnek, 80âlerdeki Motif araç-kitiydi. O zamanlar,
-özgür yazılımların mevcut olmamasına raÄmen, daha sonra onlar için
Motif
-probleminin oluÅacaÄı açıktı. GNU Projesi buna iki Åekilde yanıt
verdi: ayrı
-özgür yazılım projelerinin özgür X araç-kiti bilgisayar ekranındaki
tuÅ,
-buton, çubuk gibi unsurlardan her birinin desteklemesini isteyerek ve
-birilerinin Motif için özgür bir yedek hazırlamasını isteyerek. Bu iÅ
yıllar
-aldı; Hungry Programcıları tarafından geliÅtirilen LessTif, yalnızca
1997âde
-birçok Motif uygulamasını desteklemek için yeterince güçlü hale
geldi.</p>
-<p>
-1996 ilâ 1998 yılları arasında, Qt olarak adlandırılan özgür olmayan
baÅka
-bir Grafiksel Kullanıcı Ara Yüzü (<abbr title="Graphical User
-Interface">GUI</abbr>) araç-kiti kütüphanesi özgür yazılım
koleksiyonunda
-(masaüstü <acronym title="K Desktop Environment">KDE</acronym>)
kullanıldı. </p>
-<p>
-Ãzgür GNU/Linux sistemleri <acronym>KDE</acronym>âyi kullanmadı çünkü
bu
-kütüphaneyi kullanamazdık. Ancak, sistemlerine özgür yazılımın
eklenmesi
-konusunda duyarlı olmayan bazı ticari GNU/Linux sistem daÄıtıcıları,
-sistemlerine <acronym>KDE</acronym>âyi ekledi, daha fazla özelliÄe ancak
-daha az özgürlüÄe sahip bir sistem ürettiler. <acronym>KDE</acronym>
grubu,
-daha fazla sayıda programcının Qtâyi kullanmasını destekledi ve
milyonlarca
-yeni âLinux kullanıcısıâ bununla ilgili bir problemin var olduÄu
fikrine
-inanmadılar. Bu durum korkutucu görünüyordu.</p>
-<p>
-Ãzgür yazılım topluluÄu probleme iki Åekilde yanıt verdi:
-<acronym>GNOME</acronym> ve Harmony.</p>
-<p>
-<acronym>GNOME</acronym>, açık adıyla, GNU Network Object Model Environment
-(GNU AÄ Nesne Model Ortamı), GNUânun masaüstü projesidir. 1997 yılında
-Miguel de Icaza tarafından baÅlatılmıÅtır ve Red Hat Softwareâin
desteÄiyle
-geliÅtirilmiÅtir, <acronym>GNOME</acronym>, benzer masaüstü özellikleri
-saÄlamak için oluÅturulmuÅtur ancak özgür yazılımları kullanır.
Teknik
-avantajları da vardır, yalnızca C++âı deÄil, çeÅitli dilleri de
-destekler. Ancak temel amacı özgürlüktür: özgür olmayan hiçbir
yazılıma
-ihtiyaç duymaz. </p>
-<p>
-Harmony, uyumlu bir deÄiÅtirme kütüphanesidir, Qtâyi kullanmaksızın
-<acronym>KDE</acronym> yazılımının çalıÅtırılmasını mümkün
kılmak için
-tasarlanmıÅtır.</p>
-<p>
-1998 yılının Kasım ayında, Qtânin geliÅtiricileri, bir lisans
deÄiÅikliÄini
-anons etti, bu lisans deÄiÅikliÄinin gerçekleÅmesiyle, Qt özgür
yazılım
-haline gelmekteydi. Bundan emin olmanın bir yolu yoktur ancak bana kalırsa
-bu, QT'nin özgür olmamasından kaynaklanan soruna topluluÄun verdiÄi
yanıttan
-kaynaklanmaktadır. (Yeni lisans elveriÅsiz ve eÅitlikten uzaktır, bu
-nedenle, Qtânin kullanımının önlenmesi istenmektedir.)</p>
+A nonfree library that runs on free operating systems acts as a trap for
+free software developers. The library's attractive features are the bait;
+if you use the library, you fall into the trap, because your program cannot
+usefully be part of a free operating system. (Strictly speaking, we could
+include your program, but it won't <em>run</em> with the library missing.)
+Even worse, if a program that uses the proprietary library becomes popular,
+it can lure other unsuspecting programmers into the trap.</p>
+<p>
+The first instance of this problem was the Motif toolkit, back in the 80s.
+Although there were as yet no free operating systems, it was clear what
+problem Motif would cause for them later on. The GNU Project responded in
+two ways: by asking individual free software projects to support the free X
+Toolkit widgets as well as Motif, and by asking for someone to write a free
+replacement for Motif. The job took many years; LessTif, developed by the
+Hungry Programmers, became powerful enough to support most Motif
+applications only in 1997.</p>
+<p>
+Between 1996 and 1998, another nonfree <acronym title="Graphical User
+Interface">GUI</acronym> toolkit library, called Qt, was used in a
+substantial collection of free software, the desktop <acronym title="K
+Desktop Environment">KDE</acronym>.</p>
+<p>
+Free GNU/Linux systems were unable to use KDE, because we could not use the
+library. However, some commercial distributors of GNU/Linux systems who
+were not strict about sticking with free software added KDE to their
+systems—producing a system with more capabilities, but less freedom.
+The KDE group was actively encouraging more programmers to use Qt, and
+millions of new “Linux users” had never been exposed to the idea
+that there was a problem in this. The situation appeared grim.</p>
+<p>
+The free software community responded to the problem in two ways: GNOME and
+Harmony.</p>
+<p>
+GNOME, the GNU Network Object Model Environment, is GNU's desktop project.
+Started in 1997 by Miguel de Icaza, and developed with the support of Red
+Hat Software, GNOME set out to provide similar desktop facilities, but using
+free software exclusively. It has technical advantages as well, such as
+supporting a variety of languages, not just C++. But its main purpose was
+freedom: not to require the use of any nonfree software.</p>
+<p>
+Harmony is a compatible replacement library, designed to make it possible to
+run KDE software without using Qt.</p>
+<p>
+In November 1998, the developers of Qt announced a change of license which,
+when carried out, should make Qt free software. There is no way to be sure,
+but I think that this was partly due to the community's firm response to the
+problem that Qt posed when it was nonfree. (The new license is inconvenient
+and inequitable, so it remains desirable to avoid using Qt.)</p>
<p>
[not: Eylül 2000'de Qt GNU GPL olarak yayınlanmıÅtır, bu problem
çözülmüÅtür.]</p>
<p>
-Sonraki özgür olmayan kütüphaneye karÅı nasıl bir tepki vereceÄiz? Tüm
-topluluk tuzaktan uzak kalmanın gerekliliÄini anlayacak mı? Ya da
birçoÄumuz
-kullanıÅlılık için özgürlükten vazgeçecek mi ya da büyük bir
problem mi
-ortaya çıkacak? GeleceÄimiz felsefemize baÄlıdır.</p>
+How will we respond to the next tempting nonfree library? Will the whole
+community understand the need to stay out of the trap? Or will many of us
+give up freedom for convenience, and produce a major problem? Our future
+depends on our philosophy.</p>
<h3>Yazılım Patentleri</h3>
<p>
-KarÅılaÅtıÄımız en büyük tehdit yazılım patentlerinden gelmektedir,
bu
-patentler, özgür yazılıma yirmi yıla kadar varabilen algoritma ve özellik
-sınırları koyabilir. <abbr>LZW</abbr> sıkıÅtırma algoritma patentleri
-1983âte uygulanmıÅtı ve hâlâ uygun Åekilde sıkıÅtırılmıŠ<abbr
-title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>âler üretmek için özgür
-yazılımı yayınlayamamaktayız. 1998 yılında, bir patent grubunun tehdidi
-altında, <abbr title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3">MP3</abbr> sıkıÅtırma ses
-programı üreten özgür bir program daÄıtımdan kaldırılmıÅtı.</p>
+The worst threat we face comes from software patents, which can put
+algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to twenty years.
+The LZW compression algorithm patents were applied for in 1983, and we still
+cannot release free software to produce proper compressed <acronym
+title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</acronym>s. [As of 2009 they have
+expired.] In 1998, a free program to produce <acronym title="MPEG-1 Audio
+Layer 3">MP3</acronym> compressed audio was removed from distribution under
+threat of a patent suit.</p>
<p>
Patentlerle baÅa çıkmanın yolları vardır: bir patentin geçersiz
olduÄuna
dair kanıt için araÅtırma yapabiliriz ve bir iÅi yapmanın alternatif
@@ -817,18 +810,14 @@
kullanıcıların istediÄi birtakım özelliklerden mahrum bırakmaya
zorlayabilir. Bu durum meydana geldiÄinde ne yapacaÄız?</p>
<p>
-Ãzgürlük adına özgür yazılıma deÄer veren bizim gibi insanlar her
durumda
-özgür yazılımla kalacaktır. Ä°Ålerimizi hallederken patentli özellikleri
-kullanmayacaÄız. Ancak teknik açıdan daha üstün olmasını bekledikleri
için
-özgür yazılıma deÄer verenler, patent onu geri tuttuÄunda, bunu bir
-baÅarısızlık olarak adlandırma eÄilimindedir. Bu nedenle, yazılım
-geliÅtirmenin âkatedralâ modelinin (1) ve özgür yazılımın
güvenilirliÄi ve
-gücünün pratik etkililiÄi hakkında konuÅmak yararlı iken, burada
-durmamalıyız. Ãzgürlük ve ilke hakkında konuÅmalıyız.</p>
-
-<p>
-(1) Burada â'pazarâ modeliniâ ifade etmek istedim çünkü bu, yeni olan
ve
-baÅlangıç olarak tartıÅmaya yol açan bir modeldir. </p>
+Those of us who value free software for freedom's sake will stay with free
+software anyway. We will manage to get work done without the patented
+features. But those who value free software because they expect it to be
+technically superior are likely to call it a failure when a patent holds it
+back. Thus, while it is useful to talk about the practical effectiveness of
+the “bazaar” model of development, and the reliability and power
+of some free software, we must not stop there. We must talk about freedom
+and principle.</p>
<h3>Ãzgür Belgeleme</h3>
<p>
@@ -839,40 +828,35 @@
verilmediÄinde, bu büyük bir eksiktir. Günümüzde bu gibi eksiklerimiz
vardır.</p>
<p>
-Ãzgür belgeleme, tıpkı özgür yazılım gibi, bir özgürlük konusudur,
ücretle
-ilgili deÄildir. Ãzgür bir kılavuza iliÅkin ölçütler özgür
yazılıma iliÅkin
-ölçütlere oldukça benzerdir: bu, tüm kullanıcılara belirli
özgürlükler
-verilmesi hususudur. Yeniden daÄıtıma (ticari satıŠdahil olmak üzere)
izin
-verilmelidir, bu, çevrim-içi olarak ya da kaÄıt biçiminde olabilir,
böylece
-kılavuz, programın her kopyasıyla birlikte verilebilir.</p>
+Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not price.
+The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for free
+software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms.
+Redistribution (including commercial sale) must be permitted, online and on
+paper, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the program.</p>
<p>
DeÄiÅtirmeye iliÅkin izin de önemlidir. Genel kural olarak, insanların
tüm
makale ve kitap tiplerini deÄiÅtirme iznine sahip olmasının gerekli
olduÄuna
inanmıyorum. ÃrneÄin, iÅlemlerimizi ve görüÅlerimizi tanımlayan bu gibi
makaleleri deÄiÅtirmek için izin vermek zorunda olduÄumuzu sanmıyorum.</p>
<p>
-Ancak, özgür yazılımın belgelerinin deÄiÅtirilme özgürlüÄünün
önemli
-olmasının belirli bir nedeni vardır. Ä°nsanlar, yazılımı deÄiÅtirme
hakkını
-kullandıklarında ve özelliklerine ekleme yaptıklarında ya da
özelliklerini
-deÄiÅtirdiklerinde, vicdanlı davranır ve özenlilerse kılavuzları da
-deÄiÅtireceklerdir, böylece deÄiÅtirilmiÅ programla birlikte doÄru ve
-kullanılabilir belgeleri de saÄlayacaklardır. Programcıların özenli
-olmalarına izin vermeyen ve iÅi tanımlamayan bir kılavuz
ihtiyaçlarımızı
-karÅılamaz.</p>
-<p>
-DeÄiÅikliklerin nasıl gerçekleÅtirildiÄine iliÅkin bazı sınırlamalar
hiçbir
-problem oluÅturmaz. ÃrneÄin, asıl yazarın telif hakkı uyarısının
-korunmasına iliÅkin Åartlar, daÄıtım ifadeleri ve yazar listesi
-uygundur. Ayrıca deÄiÅtirilmiÅ sürümlerde uyarı bulunmasının gerekli
olması
-ve bu kısımların teknik-olmayan baÅlıkları ele almaları durumunda,
-silinemeyen ya da deÄiÅtirilemeyen kısımlara sahip olma konusunda bir
-problem yoktur. DeÄiÅikliklerin nasıl gerçekleÅtirildiÄine iliÅkin bazı
-sınırlamalar hiçbir problem oluÅturmaz. ÃrneÄin, asıl yazarın telif
hakkı
-uyarısının korunmasına iliÅkin Åartlar, daÄıtım ifadeleri ve yazar
listesi
-uygundur. Ayrıca deÄiÅtirilmiÅ sürümlerde uyarı bulunmasının gerekli
olması
-ve bu kısımların teknik-olmayan baÅlıkları ele almaları durumunda,
-silinemeyen ya da deÄiÅtirilemeyen kısımlara sahip olma konusunda bir
-problem yoktur. </p>
+But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial for
+documentation for free software. When people exercise their right to modify
+the software, and add or change its features, if they are conscientious they
+will change the manual, too—so they can provide accurate and usable
+documentation with the modified program. A nonfree manual, which does not
+allow programmers to be conscientious and finish the job, does not fill our
+community's needs.</p>
+<p>
+Some kinds of limits on how modifications are done pose no problem. For
+example, requirements to preserve the original author's copyright notice,
+the distribution terms, or the list of authors, are OK. It is also no
+problem to require modified versions to include notice that they were
+modified, even to have entire sections that may not be deleted or changed,
+as long as these sections deal with nontechnical topics. These kinds of
+restrictions are not a problem because they don't stop the conscientious
+programmer from adapting the manual to fit the modified program. In other
+words, they don't block the free software community from making full use of
+the manual.</p>
<p>
Ancak, kılavuzun tüm âteknikâ içeriÄinin deÄiÅtirilmesi ve daha
sonra tüm
genel kanallar üzerinden tüm genel ortamlarda sonucun daÄıtılması
mümkün
@@ -913,14 +897,14 @@
topluluÄun bir kısmı âözgür yazılımâ terimi yerine âaçık kaynak
yazılımıâ
terimini kullanmaya karar verdi.</p>
<p>
-Bu terimi destekleyen bazıları, âözgürâ teriminin âbedavaâ
terimiyle
-karıÅtırılmasını önlemeyi hedefledi, bu geçerli bir hedefti. Ancak
-diÄerleri, özgür yazılım hareketini ve GNU projesini güdüleyen ilkenin
-ruhunu bir kenara koydu ve bunun yerine yöneticilere ve iÅyeri
-kullanıcılarına yöneldi, bunların çoÄu kârı özgürlüÄün, toplumun
ve ilkenin
-üstünde tuttu. Bu nedenle, âaçık kaynakâ konusu, yüksek-kaliteli ve
güçlü
-yazılımın gerçekleÅtirilmesi potansiyeline odaklanmaktadır ancak
özgürlük,
-toplum ve ilke fikirlerinden uzak durmaktadır.</p>
+Some who favored this term aimed to avoid the confusion of
+“free” with “gratis”—a valid goal. Others,
+however, aimed to set aside the spirit of principle that had motivated the
+free software movement and the GNU Project, and to appeal instead to
+executives and business users, many of whom hold an ideology that places
+profit above freedom, above community, above principle. Thus, the rhetoric
+of “open source” focuses on the potential to make high-quality,
+powerful software, but shuns the ideas of freedom, community, and
principle.</p>
<p>
âLinuxâ dergileri bunun açık bir örneÄidir, GNU/Linuxâla çalıÅan
özel mülk
yazılım için ilanlarla doludurlar. Sıradaki Motif ya da Qt ortaya
@@ -940,12 +924,12 @@
<h3>Deneyin!</h3>
<p>
-Yodaânın felsefesi (ââDenemeâ yokturâ) iyi ve zekice
görünmektedir ancak bu,
-benim için geçerli deÄildir. Ä°Åi yapıp yapamayacaÄım konusunda
tedirginken
-aslında iÅin çoÄunu yaparım ve hedefi gerçekleÅtirsem bile, hedefi
yakalamak
-için yeterli olup olmadıÄım konusunda emin deÄilimdir. Ama en azından
-denedim çünkü düÅmanım ile Åehrim arasında hiç kimse yoktu, ben
-vardım. ÅaÅırtıcı bir Åekilde, bazen baÅarılı oldum.</p>
+Yoda's aphorism (“There is no ‘try’”) sounds neat,
+but it doesn't work for me. I have done most of my work while anxious about
+whether I could do the job, and unsure that it would be enough to achieve
+the goal if I did. But I tried anyway, because there was no one but me
+between the enemy and my city. Surprising myself, I have sometimes
+succeeded.</p>
<p>
Bazen baÅarısız oldum; bazı Åehirlerim düÅtü. O zaman tehdit altında
olan
baÅka bir Åehir buldum ve baÅka bir savaÅ için hazırlandım. Zaman
içinde,
@@ -975,12 +959,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır. Lütfen
-çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -990,10 +974,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007 Richard Stallman <br />
-Bu notun korunması koÅuluyla, makalenin birebir kopyasının, herhangi bir
-telifücreti ödeme zorunluluÄu olmaksızın her türlü ortamda
yayınlanması veya
-daÄıtımının yapılması serbesttir.
+Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 Richard
+Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -1046,7 +1032,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:35:12 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -1056,23 +1042,25 @@
<h4>Bu sayfanın diÄer dillere <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">çevirileri</a>:</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is Deutsch.-->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Bosnian -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.bs.html">Bosanski</a> [bs]</li>
+<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.bs.html">bosanski</a> [bs]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- German -->
@@ -1082,15 +1070,15 @@
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- Finnish -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.fi.html">Suomi</a> [fi]</li>
+<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.fi.html">suomi</a> [fi]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Indonesian -->
<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
<!-- Korean -->
@@ -1100,7 +1088,7 @@
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
Index: gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.20
retrieving revision 1.21
diff -u -b -r1.20 -r1.21
--- gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html 30 Oct 2009 20:25:35 -0000 1.20
+++ gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:01 -0000 1.21
@@ -11,11 +11,14 @@
<p><strong>Ð¾Ñ <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>РиÑаÑд
СÑолман</a></strong></p>
<div class="announcement">
- <blockquote><p>Ðко иÑкаÑе да наÑÑиÑе повеÑе по
Ñози вÑпÑоÑ, може да пÑоÑеÑеÑе наÑиÑе <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">ЧÐРза GNU/ÐинÑкÑ</a>, ÑÑÑо
ÑÑаÑииÑе <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html">ÐинÑÐºÑ Ð¸ пÑоекÑÑÑ GNU</a> и
<a
-href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">ÐоÑÑебиÑели на GNU,
коиÑо
-никога не Ñа ÑÑвали за GNU</a>.</p></blockquote>
+ <blockquote><p>To learn more about this issue, you can read our <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU Project</a>, which gives a
+history of the GNU/Linux system as it relates to this issue of naming, and
+our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who
+Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.
+
+</p></blockquote>
</div>
<p>
@@ -89,6 +92,7 @@
<!--Link is dead
<a
href="http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/0,6061,2552025-2,00.html";>
+
(http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/0,6061,2552025-2,00.html.)</a>
-->
<p>
@@ -101,16 +105,15 @@
Ñвобода. Ðе е добÑе да каÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾-бÑÑзо, ако
не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð´Ð° Ñе задÑÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° пÑÑÑ.</p>
<p>
-ÐогаÑо неÑвободнаÑа âдобавкаâ е
библиоÑека или инÑÑÑÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð° пÑогÑамиÑане,
-ÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ðµ да Ñе пÑевÑÑне в капан за
ÑазÑабоÑÑиÑиÑе на Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ.
-ÐогаÑо Ñе пиÑÐ°Ñ Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, койÑо
завиÑи Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободен пакеÑ, ÑеÑ
ниÑ
-ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ може да бÑде ÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ñлно
Ñвободна ÑиÑÑема. Ðо Ñози наÑин
-âÐоÑиÑâ и âÐÑ Ñиâ Ñ
ванаÑ
а в капан
огÑомна ÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑ,
-ÑÑздавайки пÑоблеми, ÑеÑаванеÑо на коиÑо
оÑне години. ÐÑоблемÑÑ Ñ âÐоÑиÑâ
-не е напÑлно ÑазÑеÑен, понеже âÐеÑÑиÑâ
има нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¸Ð·Ð³Ð»Ð°Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ð½Ðµ (молÑ,
-оÑзовеÑе Ñе!). Ðо-кÑÑно, неÑвободнаÑа
ÑеализаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° Ðжава на âСÑнâ имаÑе
-подобен еÑÐµÐºÑ â <a
href="/philosophy/java-trap.bg.html">âклопкаÑа на
-Ðжаваâ</a>, за ÑаÑÑие веÑе извÑн дейÑÑвие.</p>
+When the nonfree “add-on” is a library or programming tool, it
+can become a trap for free software developers. When they write free
+software that depends on the nonfree package, their software cannot be part
+of a completely free system. Motif and Qt trapped large amounts of free
+software in this way in the past, creating problems whose solutions took
+years. Motif remained somewhat of a problem until it became obsolete and
+was no longer used. Later, Sun's nonfree Java implementation had a similar
+effect: the <a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">Java Trap</a>, fortunately
+now mostly corrected.</p>
<p>
Ðко обÑноÑÑÑа ни пÑодÑлжава да Ñе движи в
Ñази поÑока, може да пÑенаÑоÑи
@@ -122,18 +125,15 @@
пÑовалена.</p>
<p>
-Ðко издаванеÑо на Ñвободни алÑеÑнаÑиви
беÑе пÑоÑÑо вÑпÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑамиÑане,
-ÑазÑеÑаванеÑо на бÑдеÑи пÑоблеми би могло
да ÑÑава по-леÑно, когаÑо
-ÑеÑÑÑÑиÑе за ÑазÑабоÑка на обÑноÑÑÑа Ñе
ÑвелиÑаÑ. Ðо ние Ñе изпÑавÑме пÑед
-пÑепÑÑÑÑвиÑ, коиÑо заплаÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ñова да ÑÑане
по-ÑÑÑдно: закони, коиÑо
-забÑанÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑ. ÐÑи
положение, Ñе ÑоÑÑÑеÑниÑе паÑенÑи взимаÑ
-вÑÑÑ
, и закони каÑо <abbr title="Ðакон за
авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво в ÑиÑÑовоÑо
-Ñ
илÑдолеÑие">ÐÐÐЦХ</abbr> (<abbr title="Digital Millennium
Copyright
-Act">DMCA</abbr>) Ñе използваÑ, за да забÑанÑваÑ
ÑазÑабоÑкаÑа на Ñвободен
-ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð·Ð° важни задаÑи каÑо гледане на DVD
или ÑлÑÑане на поÑок
-âРиÑлÐÑдиоâ, Ñе Ñе окажем в безизÑ
одиÑа.
ÐÑма да имаме ÑÑен пÑÑ Ð·Ð° боÑба
-пÑоÑив паÑенÑованиÑе и ÑекÑеÑни ÑоÑмаÑи
за данни, оÑвен <strong>да оÑÑ
вÑÑлим
-неÑвободниÑе пÑогÑами, коиÑо ги
използваÑ</strong>.</p>
+If releasing free alternatives were simply a matter of programming, solving
+future problems might become easier as our community's development resources
+increase. But we face obstacles that threaten to make this harder: laws
+that prohibit free software. As software patents mount up, and as laws like
+the <acronym title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym> are
+used to prohibit the development of free software for important jobs such as
+viewing a DVD or listening to a RealAudio stream, we will find ourselves
+with no clear way to fight the patented and secret data formats except to
+<strong>reject the nonfree programs that use them</strong>.</p>
<p>
ÐоÑÑеÑанеÑо на Ñези пÑедизвикаÑелÑÑва Ñе
изиÑква най-ÑазлиÑни видове
@@ -146,16 +146,17 @@
не Ñе оÑказваме.</p>
<p>
-РнаÑаÑа обÑноÑÑ, Ñази Ñел и Ñази
непоколебимоÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñновно оÑ
-пÑоекÑа GNU. Ðие Ñме Ñези, коиÑо говоÑим за
ÑвободаÑа и обÑноÑÑÑа каÑо
-неÑо, коеÑо ÑÑÑбва да Ñе оÑÑÑоÑва;
оÑганизаÑииÑе, коиÑо говоÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° âÐинÑкÑâ,
-обикновено не ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñова. СпиÑаниÑÑа за
âÐинÑкÑâ Ñа пÑлни Ñ Ñеклами на
-неÑвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ; компанииÑе, коиÑо
пакеÑиÑÐ°Ñ âÐинÑкÑâ, добавÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободен
-ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ ÐºÑм ÑиÑÑемаÑа; дÑÑги компании
âподдÑÑÐ¶Ð°Ñ ÐинÑкÑâ каÑо ÑазÑабоÑваÑ
-неÑвободни пÑогÑами за GNU/ÐинÑкÑ; гÑÑпиÑе
поÑÑебиÑели на âÐинÑкÑâ
-обикновено канÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° пÑедÑÑавÑ
Ñези пÑиложениÑ. ÐÑновноÑо мÑÑÑо,
-кÑдеÑо Ñ
оÑа Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑаÑа обÑноÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° идеÑÑа за Ñвобода и
-непоколебимоÑÑ Ðµ в пÑоекÑа GNU.</p>
+In our community, this goal and this determination emanate mainly from the
+GNU Project. We're the ones who talk about freedom and community as
+something to stand firm for; the organizations that speak of
+“Linux” normally don't say this. The magazines about
+“Linux” are typically full of ads for nonfree software; the
+companies that package “Linux” add nonfree software to the
+system; other companies “support Linux” by developing nonfree
+applications to run on GNU/Linux; the user groups for “Linux”
+typically invite salesman to present those applications. The main place
+people in our community are likely to come across the idea of freedom and
+determination is in the GNU Project.</p>
<p>
Ðо когаÑо Ñ
оÑаÑа Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° него, Ñе
поÑÑвÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸, Ñе Ñе оÑнаÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑÑÑ
?</p>
@@ -187,13 +188,6 @@
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html">GNU/ÐинÑкÑ</a>.</p>
-<p>
-Ð.Ð. Ðа обÑÑнение за иÑÑоÑиÑÑа на ÑиÑÑемаÑа
GNU/ÐинÑкÑ, Ñо Ñе оÑнаÑÑ Ð´Ð¾
-пÑоблема Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÐµÑо, вижÑе <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html</a>.
-Ðа оÑговоÑи на дÑÑги вÑпÑоÑи и аÑгÑменÑи
оÑноÑно Ñози пÑоблем, вижÑе <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">ЧеÑÑо задавани вÑпÑоÑи за
GNU/ÐинÑкÑ</a>.</p>
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -205,11 +199,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Ðма и дÑÑги
наÑини за <a
-href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -219,10 +214,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 2000, 2006, 2007 РиÑаÑд
СÑолман <br /> ÐоÑловноÑо
-копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение на ÑÑлаÑа
ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки Ñип
-ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на ÑакÑи,
ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+Copyright © 2000, 2006, 2007 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -242,7 +238,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2009/10/30 20:25:35 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -251,20 +247,20 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>ÐÑÑги пÑеводи на Ñази ÑÑÑаниÑа</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
@@ -298,6 +294,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: gnu/why-gnu-linux.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- gnu/why-gnu-linux.ca.html 17 Nov 2009 09:27:11 -0000 1.12
+++ gnu/why-gnu-linux.ca.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:01 -0000 1.13
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
<title>Per què GNU/Linux? - Projecte GNU - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
-<h2>What's in a Name?</h2>
+<h2>Què hi ha en un nom?</h2>
<p><strong>per <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></strong></p>
@@ -14,32 +14,37 @@
<blockquote><p>Per saber més sobre aquesta qüestió podeu llegir les
nostres <a
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ca.html"> preguntes freqüents sobre GNU/Linux</a>,
la nostra pà gina sobre <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html"> Linux i el
-Projecte GNU</a> i la pà gina sobre <a
+Projecte GNU</a>, que explica la història del sistema GNU/Linux en relació
+amb el seu nom, i la pà gina sobre <a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ca.html"> Usuaris de GNU que mai no
-han sentit parlar de GNU</a>.</p></blockquote>
+han sentit parlar de GNU</a>.
+
+</p></blockquote>
</div>
<p>
-Names convey meanings; our choice of names determines the meaning of what we
-say. An inappropriate name gives people the wrong idea. A rose by any
-other name would smell as sweet—but if you call it a pen, people will
-be rather disappointed when they try to write with it. And if you call pens
-“roses”, people may not realize what they are good for. If you
-call our operating system Linux, that conveys a mistaken idea of the
-system's origin, history, and purpose. If you call it <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>, that conveys (though not in
-detail) an accurate idea.</p>
-<p>
-Does this really matter for our community? Is it important whether people
-know the system's origin, history, and purpose? Yes—because people who
-forget history are often condemned to repeat it. The Free World that has
-developed around <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> is not
-guaranteed to survive; the problems that led us to develop GNU are not
-completely eradicated, and they threaten to come back.</p>
+Els noms transmeten significats; l'elecció de les nostres paraules determina
+el significat del que diem. Un terme inadequat comunica a la gent una idea
+equivocada. Una rosa, amb qualsevol altre nom, faria la mateixa bona
+olor. Però si se l'anomena «llapis», la gent quedarà bastant decebuda quan
+intenti utilitzar-la per escriure. I si anomenem «roses» als llapis, la gent
+no podrà entendre per a què serveixen els llapis. Si anomeneu «Linux» al
+nostre sistema operatiu, es transmet una idea equivocada sobre l'origen, la
+història i el propòsit del sistema. Si l'anomeneu <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html">GNU/Linux</a>, transmetreu (encara que no
+sigui en detall) una idea més precisa.</p>
+<p>
+Però té això alguna importà ncia per a la nostra comunitat? Ãs important
que
+la gent conegui l'origen, la història i el propòsit del sistema? SÃ, perquè
+les persones que obliden la història sovint estan condemnades a
+repetir-la. El Món Lliure que s'ha format al voltant de <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html">GNU/Linux</a> no es troba en una situació
+segura; els problemes que ens van portar a desenvolupar GNU no estan
+completament eradicats i amenacen amb tornar.</p>
<p>
-When I explain why it's appropriate to call the operating system GNU/Linux
-rather than Linux, people sometimes respond this way:</p>
+Quan explico per què és més apropiat anomenar al sistema operatiu GNU/Linux
+en comptes de Linux, la gent de vegades em respon d'aquesta forma:</p>
<blockquote><p>
<em>D'acord, el projecte GNU mereix un reconeixement per la seva feina,
@@ -58,99 +63,106 @@
i d'informar els altres sobre aquests objectius.</p>
<p>
-It is possible to write good free software without thinking of GNU; much
-good work has been done in the name of Linux also. But the term
-“Linux” has been associated ever since it was first coined with
-a philosophy that does not make a commitment to the freedom to cooperate.
-As the name is increasingly used by business, we will have even more trouble
-making it connect with community spirit.</p>
-
-<p>
-A great challenge to the future of free software comes from the tendency of
-the “Linux” distribution companies to add nonfree software to <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> in the name of convenience and
-power. All the major commercial distribution developers do this; none
-limits itself to free software. Most of them do not clearly identify the
-nonfree packages in their distributions. Many even develop nonfree software
-and add it to the system. Some outrageously advertise “Linux”
-systems that are “licensed per seat”, which give the user as
-much freedom as Microsoft Windows.</p>
-
-<p>
-People try to justify adding nonfree software in the name of the
-“popularity of Linux”—in effect, valuing popularity above
-freedom. Sometimes this is openly admitted. For instance, Wired Magazine
-said that Robert McMillan, editor of Linux Magazine, “feels that the
-move toward open source software should be fueled by technical, rather than
-political, decisions.” And Caldera's <acronym title="Chief Executive
-Officer">CEO</acronym> openly urged users to drop the goal of freedom and
-work instead for the “popularity of Linux”.</p>
+Ãs possible escriure un bon programa lliure sense pensar en GNU; també s'ha
+fet molta i bona feina en nom de Linux. Però el terme «Linux», des que es va
+crear, s'ha associat amb una filosofia que no es compromet amb la llibertat
+de cooperar. Com que el terme s'utilitza cada vegada més en els negocis, a
+la llarga ens serà fins i tot més difÃcil fer que connecti amb l'esperit de
+la comunitat.</p>
+
+<p>
+Un gran repte per al futur del programari lliure prové de la tendència de
+les companyies distribuïdores de «Linux» a incloure programari no lliure a
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html">GNU/Linux</a> en nom de la conveniència
+i el poder. Tots els desenvolupadors de les principals distribucions
+comercials ho fan; ningú no publica una distribució que sigui totalment
+lliure. La majoria d'ells no identifiquen de forma clara els paquets no
+lliures a les seves distribucions. Molts fins i tot desenvolupen programari
+no lliure i l'agreguen al sistema. Alguns tenen la poca vergonya d'anunciar
+sistemes «Linux» amb «llicència per a ordinador individual», cosa que
dóna a
+l'usuari tanta llibertat com utilitzar Microsoft Windows.</p>
+
+<p>
+Hi ha qui justifica que s'inclogui programari no lliure amb l'excusa de la
+«popularitat de Linux» (donant més valor, en conseqüència, a la
popularitat
+que a la llibertat). De vegades això s'admet obertament. Per exemple, al
+Wired Magazine, Robert McMillan, editor del Linux Magazine, opina que «la
+migració cap al programari de codi obert hauria d'estar alimentada més per
+decisions tècniques que polÃtiques». I el director general de Caldera va
+urgir obertament als usuaris a abandonar l'objectiu de la llibertat i a
+treballar en canvi per la «popularitat de Linux».</p>
<!--Link is dead
<a
href="http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/0,6061,2552025-2,00.html";>
+
(http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/0,6061,2552025-2,00.html.)</a>
-->
<p>
-Adding nonfree software to the <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> system may increase the
-popularity, if by popularity we mean the number of people using some of <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> in combination with nonfree
-software. But at the same time, it implicitly encourages the community to
-accept nonfree software as a good thing, and forget the goal of freedom. It
-is not good to drive faster if you can't stay on the road.</p>
-
-<p>
-When the nonfree “add-on” is a library or programming tool, it
-can become a trap for free software developers. When they write free
-software that depends on the nonfree package, their software cannot be part
-of a completely free system. Motif and Qt trapped large amounts of free
-software in this way in the past, creating problems whose solutions took
-years. The Motif problem is still not entirely solved, since LessTif needs
-some polishing (please volunteer!). Later, Sun's nonfree Java
-implementation had a similar effect: the <a
-href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">Java Trap</a>, fortunately no longer
-active.</p>
-
-<p>
-If our community keeps moving in this direction, it could redirect the
-future of <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> into a mosaic of
-free and nonfree components. Five years from now, we will surely still have
-plenty of free software; but if we are not careful, it will hardly be usable
-without the nonfree software that users expect to find with it. If this
-happens, our campaign for freedom will have failed.</p>
-
-<p>
-If releasing free alternatives were simply a matter of programming, solving
-future problems might become easier as our community's development resources
-increase. But we face obstacles that threaten to make this harder: laws
-that prohibit free software. As software patents mount up, and as laws like
-the <abbr title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">DMCA</abbr> are used to
-prohibit the development of free software for important jobs such as viewing
-a DVD or listening to a RealAudio stream, we will find ourselves with no
-clear way to fight the patented and secret data formats except to
-<strong>reject the nonfree programs that use them</strong>.</p>
-
-<p>
-Meeting these challenges will require many different kinds of effort. But
-what we need above all, to confront any kind of challenge, is to remember
-the goal of freedom to cooperate. We can't expect a mere desire for
-powerful, reliable software to motivate people to make great efforts. We
-need the kind of determination that people have when they fight for their
-freedom and their community—determination to keep on for years and not
-give up.</p>
-
-<p>
-In our community, this goal and this determination emanate mainly from the
-GNU Project. We're the ones who talk about freedom and community as
-something to stand firm for; the organizations that speak of
-“Linux” normally don't say this. The magazines about
-“Linux” are typically full of ads for non-free software; the
-companies that package “Linux” add non-free software to the
-system; other companies “support Linux” by developing nonfree
-applications to run on GNU/Linux; the user groups for “Linux”
-typically invite salesman to present those applications. The main place
-people in our community are likely to come across the idea of freedom and
-determination is in the GNU Project.</p>
+Afegir programari no lliure al sistema <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html">GNU/Linux</a> pot incrementar la seva
+popularitat, si per popularitat entenem el número de persones que utilitzen
+una part de <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html">GNU/Linux</a> en combinació
+amb programari no lliure. Però alhora, indueix implÃcitament a la comunitat
+a acceptar el programari no lliure com una cosa bona, i a oblidar l'objectiu
+de la llibertat. No serveix de res conduir més de pressa si no pots
+mantenir-te a la carretera.</p>
+
+<p>
+Quan el que s'afegeix és una biblioteca o una eina de programació no lliure,
+la situació es pot convertir en una trampa per als desenvolupadors de
+programari lliure. Si escriuen programari lliure que depengui d'un paquet
+que no ho és, els seus programes no podran formar part d'un sistema
+totalment lliure. En el passat, Motif i Qt van mantenir atrapada una gran
+quantitat de programari per aquest motiu, creant problemes que han trigat
+anys a solucionar-se. Motif va continuar sent un problema fins que va quedar
+obsolet i va deixar d'utilitzar-se. Posteriorment, la implementació de Java
+de Sun, que tampoc no és lliure, va tenir un efecte similar: la <a
+href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">trampa de Java</a>, situació que
+afortunadament es troba ara redreçada.</p>
+
+<p>
+Si la nostra comunitat continués avançant en aquesta direcció, <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html">GNU/Linux</a> podria acabar convertit en
+un mosaic de components lliures i no lliures. D'aquà a cinc anys tindrem
+segurament un munt de programari lliure; però, si no vigilem, difÃcilment
+podrà utilitzar-se sense el programari no lliure que els usuaris esperen
+trobar amb ell. Si això passa, la nostra campanya per la llibertat haurÃ
+fracassat.</p>
+
+<p>
+Si publicar alternatives lliures fos simplement una qüestió de programar,
+resoldre els problemes futurs seria més senzill a mesura que els recursos de
+desenvolupament de la nostra comunitat augmentessin. Però ens enfrontem a
+obstacles que amenacen amb fer-ho fins i tot més difÃcil: les lleis que
+prohibeixen el programari lliure. Mentre s'amunteguin les patents de
+programari i mentre lleis com la <acronym title="Digital Millennium
+Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym> s'utilitzin per prohibir el desenvolupament
+d'eines importants de programari lliure com les que permeten veure un DVD o
+escoltar una emissió de RealAudio, ens trobarem sense cap forma clara de
+lluitar contra els formats de dades secrets i patentats que no sigui
+<strong>rebutjar els programes no lliures que els utilitzen</strong>.</p>
+
+<p>
+Afrontar aquests reptes requerirà tot tipus d'esforços. Però el que
+necessitem per sobre de tot, per afrontar qualsevol repte, és recordar la
+meta de la llibertat per cooperar. No podem confiar que el simple desig
+d'aconseguir un programari potent i robust motivi les persones a fer grans
+esforços. Necessitem la mena de determinació que té la gent quan lluita per
+la seva llibertat i per la seva comunitat, la determinació de continuar
+lluitant any rere any sense rendir-se.</p>
+
+<p>
+A la nostra comunitat, aquest objectiu i aquesta determinació emanen
+principalment del Projecte GNU. Som nosaltres els que parlem de llibertat i
+comunitat com a principis a defensar fermament; les organitzacions que
+parlen de «Linux» normalment no ho fan. Les revistes sobre «Linux»
+generalment són plenes d'anuncis de programari no lliure; les companyies que
+empaqueten «Linux» inclouen programari no lliure en el sistema; altres
+companyies diuen «recolzar Linux» amb aplicacions no lliures; els grups
+d'usuaris de «Linux» conviden comercials a presentar aquestes aplicacions
+com a cosa habitual. El principal lloc on és probable que els membres de la
+nostra comunitat trobin aquesta idea de llibertat i determinació és el
+Projecte GNU.</p>
<p>
Però quan la trobin, s'hi sentiran identificats?</p>
@@ -183,13 +195,6 @@
operatiu.</p>
-<p>
-PS: For an explanation of the history of the GNU/Linux system as it relates
-to this issue of naming, see <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html</a>.
-For answers to other questions and arguments about this issue, see the <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>.</p>
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -201,11 +206,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Envieu les vostres preguntes sobre la FSF i GNU a <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. També hi ha <a
+href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la FSF.
+<br />
+Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o suggeriments a <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -217,9 +223,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2000, 2006, 2007 Richard Stallman <br /> Es permet
-realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en qualsevol medi
-sense pagament de drets, sempre que es conservi aquesta nota.
+Copyright © 2000, 2006, 2007 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+Aquesta pà gina es troba sota la <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ca";>Llicència
+Creative Commons Reconeixement-SenseObraDerivada 3.0 Estats Units
+d'Amèrica</a>.
</p>
@@ -232,7 +241,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2009/11/17 09:27:11 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -241,20 +250,20 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traduccions d'aquesta pà gina</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
@@ -288,6 +297,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: gnu/why-gnu-linux.el.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.el.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- gnu/why-gnu-linux.el.html 27 Mar 2011 00:28:05 -0000 1.5
+++ gnu/why-gnu-linux.el.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:01 -0000 1.6
@@ -243,8 +243,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2000, 2006, 2007 Richard Stallman
<br />
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any
-medium without royalty provided this notice is preserved.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -258,7 +259,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÎνημεÏÏθηκε:
-$Date: 2011/03/27 00:28:05 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/why-gnu-linux.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- gnu/why-gnu-linux.fa.html 17 Nov 2009 09:27:11 -0000 1.5
+++ gnu/why-gnu-linux.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:01 -0000 1.6
@@ -12,11 +12,14 @@
استاÙÙ
Ù</a></strong></p>
<div class="announcement">
- <blockquote><p>Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø§Ø·Ùاعات بÛشتر دربار٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙضÙع Ù
ÛâتÙاÙÛد <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">سÙاÙات Ù
تدÙا٠دربارÙ
Ú¯ÙÙ/ÙÛÙÙکس</a>Ø <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fa.html">ÙÛÙÙکس ٠پرÙÚÙ Ú¯ÙÙ</a> Ù <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fa.html">کاربرا٠گÙÙ Ú©Ù
ÚÛØ²Û Ø¯Ø±Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ù
-Ú¯ÙÙ ÙØ´ÙÛدÙâاÙد</a> را ÙÛز Ù
طاÙعÙ
Ú©ÙÛد.</p></blockquote>
+ <blockquote><p>To learn more about this issue, you can read our <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU Project</a>, which gives a
+history of the GNU/Linux system as it relates to this issue of naming, and
+our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who
+Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.
+
+</p></blockquote>
</div>
<p>
@@ -87,6 +90,7 @@
<!--Link is dead
<a
href="http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/0,6061,2552025-2,00.html";>
+
(http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/0,6061,2552025-2,00.html.)</a>
-->
<p>
@@ -104,11 +108,10 @@
software that depends on the nonfree package, their software cannot be part
of a completely free system. Motif and Qt trapped large amounts of free
software in this way in the past, creating problems whose solutions took
-years. The Motif problem is still not entirely solved, since LessTif needs
-some polishing (please volunteer!). Later, Sun's nonfree Java
-implementation had a similar effect: the <a
-href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">Java Trap</a>, fortunately no longer
-active.</p>
+years. Motif remained somewhat of a problem until it became obsolete and
+was no longer used. Later, Sun's nonfree Java implementation had a similar
+effect: the <a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">Java Trap</a>, fortunately
+now mostly corrected.</p>
<p>
If our community keeps moving in this direction, it could redirect the
@@ -123,10 +126,10 @@
future problems might become easier as our community's development resources
increase. But we face obstacles that threaten to make this harder: laws
that prohibit free software. As software patents mount up, and as laws like
-the <abbr title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">DMCA</abbr> are used to
-prohibit the development of free software for important jobs such as viewing
-a DVD or listening to a RealAudio stream, we will find ourselves with no
-clear way to fight the patented and secret data formats except to
+the <acronym title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym> are
+used to prohibit the development of free software for important jobs such as
+viewing a DVD or listening to a RealAudio stream, we will find ourselves
+with no clear way to fight the patented and secret data formats except to
<strong>reject the nonfree programs that use them</strong>.</p>
<p>
@@ -143,8 +146,8 @@
GNU Project. We're the ones who talk about freedom and community as
something to stand firm for; the organizations that speak of
“Linux” normally don't say this. The magazines about
-“Linux” are typically full of ads for non-free software; the
-companies that package “Linux” add non-free software to the
+“Linux” are typically full of ads for nonfree software; the
+companies that package “Linux” add nonfree software to the
system; other companies “support Linux” by developing nonfree
applications to run on GNU/Linux; the user groups for “Linux”
typically invite salesman to present those applications. The main place
@@ -182,13 +185,6 @@
ÛØ§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÛد.</p>
-<p>
-PS: For an explanation of the history of the GNU/Linux system as it relates
-to this issue of naming, see <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html</a>.
-For answers to other questions and arguments about this issue, see the <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>.</p>
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -202,8 +198,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -214,9 +211,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2000, 2006, 2007 Richard Stallman <br
/>ÙسخÙâØ¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÙ
٠بÙ
-Ú©ÙÙ
٠٠تÙزÛع ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در سراسر جÙا٠٠در
Ùر رساÙÙâاÛØ Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠پرداخت ØÙ
-اÙ
تÛاز Ù
جاز Ù
ÛâØ¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø§ اÛ٠شرط ک٠اÛÙ
اعÙاÙ/Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز ØÙظ Ø´Ùد.
+Copyright © 2000, 2006, 2007 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -228,7 +227,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2009/11/17 09:27:11 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -237,20 +236,20 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>ترجÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û Ø¯Ûگر اÛ٠صÙØÙ</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
@@ -284,6 +283,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: gnu/why-gnu-linux.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- gnu/why-gnu-linux.sr.html 17 Nov 2009 09:27:11 -0000 1.6
+++ gnu/why-gnu-linux.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:02 -0000 1.7
@@ -12,11 +12,14 @@
СÑалман</a></strong></p>
<div class="announcement">
- <blockquote><p>Ðа наÑÑиÑе виÑе о Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ñеми,
можеÑе ÑакоÑе пÑоÑиÑаÑи наÑа <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html">ÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑом ЧÐÐ-а</a>,
наÑÑ ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð¾
-<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sr.html">ÐинÑкÑÑ Ð¸ ÐÑоÑекÑÑ
ÐÐУ</a> и наÑÑ
-ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð¾ <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.sr.html">ÐÐУ
коÑиÑниÑима
-коÑи никада ниÑÑ ÑÑли о ÐÐУ</a>.</p></blockquote>
+ <blockquote><p>To learn more about this issue, you can read our <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU Project</a>, which gives a
+history of the GNU/Linux system as it relates to this issue of naming, and
+our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who
+Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.
+
+</p></blockquote>
</div>
<p>
@@ -86,6 +89,7 @@
<!--Link is dead
<a
href="http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/0,6061,2552025-2,00.html";>
+
(http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/0,6061,2552025-2,00.html.)</a>
-->
<p>
@@ -103,11 +107,10 @@
software that depends on the nonfree package, their software cannot be part
of a completely free system. Motif and Qt trapped large amounts of free
software in this way in the past, creating problems whose solutions took
-years. The Motif problem is still not entirely solved, since LessTif needs
-some polishing (please volunteer!). Later, Sun's nonfree Java
-implementation had a similar effect: the <a
-href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">Java Trap</a>, fortunately no longer
-active.</p>
+years. Motif remained somewhat of a problem until it became obsolete and
+was no longer used. Later, Sun's nonfree Java implementation had a similar
+effect: the <a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">Java Trap</a>, fortunately
+now mostly corrected.</p>
<p>
If our community keeps moving in this direction, it could redirect the
@@ -122,10 +125,10 @@
future problems might become easier as our community's development resources
increase. But we face obstacles that threaten to make this harder: laws
that prohibit free software. As software patents mount up, and as laws like
-the <abbr title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">DMCA</abbr> are used to
-prohibit the development of free software for important jobs such as viewing
-a DVD or listening to a RealAudio stream, we will find ourselves with no
-clear way to fight the patented and secret data formats except to
+the <acronym title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym> are
+used to prohibit the development of free software for important jobs such as
+viewing a DVD or listening to a RealAudio stream, we will find ourselves
+with no clear way to fight the patented and secret data formats except to
<strong>reject the nonfree programs that use them</strong>.</p>
<p>
@@ -142,8 +145,8 @@
GNU Project. We're the ones who talk about freedom and community as
something to stand firm for; the organizations that speak of
“Linux” normally don't say this. The magazines about
-“Linux” are typically full of ads for non-free software; the
-companies that package “Linux” add non-free software to the
+“Linux” are typically full of ads for nonfree software; the
+companies that package “Linux” add nonfree software to the
system; other companies “support Linux” by developing nonfree
applications to run on GNU/Linux; the user groups for “Linux”
typically invite salesman to present those applications. The main place
@@ -180,13 +183,6 @@
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sr.html">ÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑом</a>.</p>
-<p>
-PS: For an explanation of the history of the GNU/Linux system as it relates
-to this issue of naming, see <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html</a>.
-For answers to other questions and arguments about this issue, see the <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>.</p>
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -200,8 +196,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -212,9 +209,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-<b>ÐÑÑоÑÑка пÑава:</b><br />2000, 2006, 2007 РиÑаÑд
СÑалман <br /> ÐозвоÑено
-Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и ÑаÑподела овог
Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа, без
-надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз ÑÑлов
да Ñе оÑÑвано ово обавеÑÑеÑе.
+Copyright © 2000, 2006, 2007 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -240,7 +239,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2009/11/17 09:27:11 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:02 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -249,20 +248,20 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>ÐÑеводи ове ÑÑÑаниÑе</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
@@ -296,6 +295,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: gnu/why-gnu-linux.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- gnu/why-gnu-linux.tr.html 17 Nov 2009 09:27:11 -0000 1.10
+++ gnu/why-gnu-linux.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:03 -0000 1.11
@@ -12,11 +12,14 @@
Stallman</a></strong></p>
<div class="announcement">
- <blockquote><p>Bu konu hakkında daha fazla bilgi edinmek istiyorsanız, <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux SSS</a>, <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux ve GNU Projesi</a>ve <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU'yu Hiç DuymamıŠGNU
-Kullanıcıları</a> baÅlıklı yazılarımızı da
okuyabilirsiniz.</p></blockquote>
+ <blockquote><p>To learn more about this issue, you can read our <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU Project</a>, which gives a
+history of the GNU/Linux system as it relates to this issue of naming, and
+our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who
+Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.
+
+</p></blockquote>
</div>
<p>
@@ -88,6 +91,7 @@
<!--Link is dead
<a
href="http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/0,6061,2552025-2,00.html";>
+
(http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/0,6061,2552025-2,00.html.)</a>
-->
<p>
@@ -105,11 +109,10 @@
software that depends on the nonfree package, their software cannot be part
of a completely free system. Motif and Qt trapped large amounts of free
software in this way in the past, creating problems whose solutions took
-years. The Motif problem is still not entirely solved, since LessTif needs
-some polishing (please volunteer!). Later, Sun's nonfree Java
-implementation had a similar effect: the <a
-href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">Java Trap</a>, fortunately no longer
-active.</p>
+years. Motif remained somewhat of a problem until it became obsolete and
+was no longer used. Later, Sun's nonfree Java implementation had a similar
+effect: the <a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">Java Trap</a>, fortunately
+now mostly corrected.</p>
<p>
If our community keeps moving in this direction, it could redirect the
@@ -124,10 +127,10 @@
future problems might become easier as our community's development resources
increase. But we face obstacles that threaten to make this harder: laws
that prohibit free software. As software patents mount up, and as laws like
-the <abbr title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">DMCA</abbr> are used to
-prohibit the development of free software for important jobs such as viewing
-a DVD or listening to a RealAudio stream, we will find ourselves with no
-clear way to fight the patented and secret data formats except to
+the <acronym title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym> are
+used to prohibit the development of free software for important jobs such as
+viewing a DVD or listening to a RealAudio stream, we will find ourselves
+with no clear way to fight the patented and secret data formats except to
<strong>reject the nonfree programs that use them</strong>.</p>
<p>
@@ -144,8 +147,8 @@
GNU Project. We're the ones who talk about freedom and community as
something to stand firm for; the organizations that speak of
“Linux” normally don't say this. The magazines about
-“Linux” are typically full of ads for non-free software; the
-companies that package “Linux” add non-free software to the
+“Linux” are typically full of ads for nonfree software; the
+companies that package “Linux” add nonfree software to the
system; other companies “support Linux” by developing nonfree
applications to run on GNU/Linux; the user groups for “Linux”
typically invite salesman to present those applications. The main place
@@ -185,13 +188,6 @@
yardımcı olun.</p>
-<p>
-PS: For an explanation of the history of the GNU/Linux system as it relates
-to this issue of naming, see <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html</a>.
-For answers to other questions and arguments about this issue, see the <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>.</p>
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -203,12 +199,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır.<br
-/>Lütfen çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya
önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -218,10 +214,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2000, 2006, 2007 Richard Stallman <br /> Bu notun korunması
-koÅuluyla, makalenin birebir kopyasının, herhangi bir telif ücreti ödeme
-zorunluluÄu olmaksızın her türlü ortamda yayınlanması veya
daÄıtımının
-yapılması serbesttir.
+Copyright © 2000, 2006, 2007 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -265,7 +262,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2009/11/17 09:27:11 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:03 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -275,20 +272,20 @@
<h4>Bu sayfanın diÄer dillere <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">çevirileri</a>:</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
@@ -322,6 +319,8 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: graphics/license-logos.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/graphics/license-logos.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- graphics/license-logos.ar.html 20 Feb 2011 09:27:14 -0000 1.1
+++ graphics/license-logos.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:08 -0000 1.2
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>شعارات رخصة غÙÙ -- Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ -- Ù
ؤسسة
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة (إ٠إس Ø¥Ù)</title>
-
<style type="text/css" media="all">
table#license-logos { border: none; text-align: center; margin: 0 auto;
width: 90%; clear: both; } table#license-logos td, table#license-logos th {
@@ -15,31 +13,34 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
<h2>شعارات رخصة غÙÙ </h2>
-<p>إذا ÙÙت تصدر عÙ
ÙÙ Ù٠إطار اÙإصدار 3 Ù
Ù
رخصة غÙÙ <a
-href="/licenses/gpl.html">اÙعÙ
ÙÙ
ÙØ©</a>, <a
href="/licenses/lgpl.html">رخصة
-غÙ٠اÙصغرÙ</a>, Ø£Ù <a href="/licenses/agpl.html"> إ٠ج٠بÙ
Ø¥Ù</a>, Ùا تتردد
-Ù٠استخداÙ
Ùذ٠اÙرسÙ
ات عÙÙ Ù
ÙÙع اÙÙÙب
اÙخاص ب٠أ٠Ù٠اÙتطبÙ٠اÙخاص بÙ
-ÙÙإعÙا٠ع٠اÙرخصة.Ùجر٠اÙتعر٠عÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
اÙشعارات عÙ٠اÙÙÙر Ø ÙسÙ٠تؤÙد
-ÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙÙ
Ø£Ù ØرÙتÙÙ
Ù
ØÙ
ÙÙ .</p>
-
-<p>ÙÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙ٠بعض إصدارات Ù
٠اÙÙÙÙتÙر: <a
href="gpl-v3-logo.svg">GPLv3 SVG</a>,
-<a href="lgpl-agpl-v3-logos.svg">LGPLv3 and AGPLv3 SVG</a>.
-</p>
+<p>If you are releasing work under the <a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GFDL</a>,
+or version 3 of the GNU <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GPL</a>, <a
+href="/licenses/lgpl.html">LGPL</a>, or <a
+href="/licenses/agpl.html">AGPL</a>, feel free to use these buttons on your
+site or in your application to advertise the license. These logos are
+immediately recognizable, and will assure your users that their freedom is
+being protected.</p>
+
+<p>Here are some vector versions: <a href="gpl-v3-logo.svg">GPLv3 SVG</a>, <a
+href="lgpl-agpl-v3-logos.svg">LGPLv3 and AGPLv3 SVG</a>, <a
+href="gfdl-logo.svg">GFDL SVG</a>.</p>
<table id="license-logos">
<tr>
-<th>Ø·ÙÙ 51 بÙÙسÙ</th>
+<th><a href="gfdl-logo-small.png"><img src="gfdl-logo-small.png" alt="[Large
GFDL logo]" /></a></th>
<td><a href="gplv3-127x51.png"><img src="gplv3-127x51.png" alt="[شعار
GPLv3 ÙبÙر]" /></a></td>
<td><a href="lgplv3-147x51.png"><img src="lgplv3-147x51.png" alt="[شعار
LGPLv3 ÙبÙر]" /></a></td>
<td><a href="agplv3-155x51.png"><img src="agplv3-155x51.png" alt="[شعار
GNU AGPLv3 ÙبÙر]" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
-<th>88x31 pixels</th>
+<th><a href="gfdl-logo-tiny.png"><img src="gfdl-logo-tiny.png" alt="[شعار
GPLv3 صغÙر]" /></a></th>
<td><a href="gplv3-88x31.png"><img src="gplv3-88x31.png" alt="[شعار GPLv3
صغÙر]" /></a></td>
<td><a href="lgplv3-88x31.png"><img src="lgplv3-88x31.png" alt="[شعار
LGPLv3 صغÙر]" /></a></td>
<td><a href="agplv3-88x31.png"><img src="agplv3-88x31.png" alt="[شعار GNU
AGPLv3 صغÙر]" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
+<p>GFDL logo in other sizes: <a href="gfdl-logo-med.png">Bigger</a>, <a
+href="gfdl-logo-large.png">Even bigger</a></p>
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
@@ -66,10 +67,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 2007, 2008 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ</p>
+Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙ
دخÙØ© اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù
Ùجازة ÙÙ Ù٠أÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠أرباØØ
-Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ù
ع Ùضع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاØظة ÙÙ
ÙاØظة
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙØ´Ø±Ø Ù٠عÙ٠اÙاعتبار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -83,7 +85,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2011/02/20 09:27:14 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:08 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -110,8 +112,12 @@
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!--Arabic-->
+<li><a
href="/graphics/license-logos.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/graphics/license-logos.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/graphics/license-logos.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/graphics/license-logos.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: graphics/license-logos.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/graphics/license-logos.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- graphics/license-logos.fr.html 19 Jul 2011 08:42:09 -0000 1.14
+++ graphics/license-logos.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:09 -0000 1.15
@@ -13,31 +13,34 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
<h2>Logos des licences GNU</h2>
-<p>Si vous publiez un travail sous la version 3 de la <a
-href="/licenses/gpl.html">GPL</a>, <a href="/licenses/lgpl.html">LGPL</a> ou
-<a href="/licenses/agpl.html">AGPL</a>, vous pouvez utiliser ces boutons sur
-votre site ou dans votre application pour signaler la licence. Ces logos
-sont tout de suite reconnaissables et assureront à vos utilisateurs que leur
-liberté est protégée.</p>
-
-<p>Voici quelques versions vectorielles : <a href="gpl-v3-logo.svg">SVG
-GPLv3</a>, <a href="lgpl-agpl-v3-logos.svg">SVG LGPLv3 et AGPLv3</a>.
-</p>
+<p>If you are releasing work under the <a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GFDL</a>,
+or version 3 of the GNU <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GPL</a>, <a
+href="/licenses/lgpl.html">LGPL</a>, or <a
+href="/licenses/agpl.html">AGPL</a>, feel free to use these buttons on your
+site or in your application to advertise the license. These logos are
+immediately recognizable, and will assure your users that their freedom is
+being protected.</p>
+
+<p>Here are some vector versions: <a href="gpl-v3-logo.svg">GPLv3 SVG</a>, <a
+href="lgpl-agpl-v3-logos.svg">LGPLv3 and AGPLv3 SVG</a>, <a
+href="gfdl-logo.svg">GFDL SVG</a>.</p>
<table id="license-logos">
<tr>
-<th>51 pixels en hauteur</th>
+<th><a href="gfdl-logo-small.png"><img src="gfdl-logo-small.png" alt="[Large
GFDL logo]" /></a></th>
<td><a href="gplv3-127x51.png"><img src="gplv3-127x51.png" alt="[Grand logo
GPLv3]" /></a></td>
<td><a href="lgplv3-147x51.png"><img src="lgplv3-147x51.png" alt="[Grand logo
LGPLv3]" /></a></td>
<td><a href="agplv3-155x51.png"><img src="agplv3-155x51.png" alt="[Grand logo
AGPLv3 GNU]" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
-<th>88x31 pixels</th>
+<th><a href="gfdl-logo-tiny.png"><img src="gfdl-logo-tiny.png" alt="[Petit
logo GPLv3]" /></a></th>
<td><a href="gplv3-88x31.png"><img src="gplv3-88x31.png" alt="[Petit logo
GPLv3]" /></a></td>
<td><a href="lgplv3-88x31.png"><img src="lgplv3-88x31.png" alt="[Petit logo
LGPLv3]" /></a></td>
<td><a href="agplv3-88x31.png"><img src="agplv3-88x31.png" alt="[Petit logo
AGPLv3 GNU]" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
+<p>GFDL logo in other sizes: <a href="gfdl-logo-med.png">Bigger</a>, <a
+href="gfdl-logo-large.png">Even bigger</a></p>
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
@@ -65,7 +68,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
+Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</address>
<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
rel="license"
@@ -83,7 +86,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/19 08:42:09 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:09 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: help/directory.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/help/directory.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- help/directory.ar.html 17 Sep 2009 20:26:00 -0000 1.3
+++ help/directory.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:13 -0000 1.4
@@ -87,10 +87,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
جÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
باÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù
-ÙضÙ٠أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -104,8 +105,9 @@
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 1996Ø 1997Ø 1998Ø 1999Ø 2000Ø 2001Ø 2002Ø
2003Ø 2004
Ø2008Ø 2009 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ
</p>
-<p>ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù
ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ· ÙبدÙÙ ÙÙØ§Ø¦Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø·
-إبÙاء Ùذا اÙإخطار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -119,7 +121,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2009/09/17 20:26:00 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:13 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -145,6 +147,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/help/directory.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/help/directory.de.html">Deutch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/help/directory.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- French -->
Index: help/evaluation.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/help/evaluation.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- help/evaluation.de.html 23 Jul 2011 08:41:32 -0000 1.3
+++ help/evaluation.de.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:13 -0000 1.4
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@
** Author Full Name <Email>:
-** URL to home page (if any):
+** URL to package home page (if any):
** URL to source tarball:
Please make a release tarball for purposes of evaluation, whether
@@ -206,14 +206,13 @@
* Licensing:
- This is crucial. Both the software itself *and all dependencies*
- (third-party libraries, etc.) must be free software in order to be
- included in GNU. In general, GNU software should be released
- under the GNU GPL version 3 or any later version, and
- GNU documentation should be released under the
- GNU FDL version 1.3 or any later version.
+ Both the software itself *and all dependencies* (third-party
+ libraries, etc.) must be free software in order to be included in
+ GNU. In general, official GNU software should be released under the
+ GNU GPL version 3 or any later version, and GNU documentation should
+ be released under the GNU FDL version 1.3 or any later version.
- Please see http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/license-list.de.html for a
+ Please see http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/license-list.html for a
practical guide to which licenses are free (for GNU's purposes) and
which are not. Please give specific url's to any licenses involved
that are not listed on that page.
@@ -313,7 +312,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualisierung:
-$Date: 2011/07/23 08:41:32 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:13 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: help/help.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/help/help.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- help/help.ar.html 13 Jul 2011 17:35:30 -0000 1.12
+++ help/help.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:13 -0000 1.13
@@ -44,13 +44,6 @@
href="http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/savannah-hackers-public";>ÙائÙ
Ø©
برÙد اÙساÙاÙا - اÙÙ
تسÙÙÙÙ - اÙعاÙ
ÙÙ</a>.</li>
- <li>اÙتطÙع ÙتØسÙÙ <a id="FreeSoftwareDirectory"
-href="http://directory.fsf.org/";> دÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة </a>.
Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø©
-تستÙزÙ
تÙزÙÙ ØزÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§Ø³ØªØ®Ø±Ø§Ø¬
اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات ع٠Ùذ٠اÙØزÙ
Ø Ù Ù
راجعة Ù
-اÙتأÙد Ù
٠رخص Ùذ٠اÙبراÙ
ج. <a
href="/help/directory.html">ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠ا٠تÙرأ عÙ
-ÙÙÙÙØ© Ù
ساعدة اÙÙ
شرÙع</a>. Ù٠اÙت Ù
ÙتÙ
باÙتطÙع ÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø©Ø Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠اتص٠ب
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</li>
-
<li>ÙظÙ
<a href="/gnu/gnu-user-groups.html">Ù
جÙ
Ùعة Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù
جÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس</a> جدÙدة.</li>
<li>ÙظÙ
Ù
جÙ
Ùعة جدÙدة ÙعاÙØ© ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة ÙتشجÙع استخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙ
@@ -66,6 +59,9 @@
<li>ساÙÙ
ÙÙ <a
href="http://www.fsf.org/campaigns/priority.html";> Ù
شارÙع
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ذات اÙØ£ÙÙÙÙØ© عاÙÙØ©.</a>.</li>
+ <li>Write <a href="/server/takeaction.html#python_configure">GNU
configure for
+Python packages</a>.</li>
+
<li>ا٠ÙائÙ
ة ا٠<a
href="http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1";>Ù
ساعدة
اÙÙ
Ø·ÙÙبة ÙÙجÙÙ</a> ÙÙ ÙائÙ
Ø© Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© عاÙ
Ø© ÙØزÙ
برÙ
جÙات اÙجÙÙ. ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙضا٠اÙ
تÙÙر باÙاستÙÙاء عÙÙ ÙاØدة Ù
Ù <a
href="/server/takeaction.html#unmaint">ØزÙ
@@ -99,6 +95,10 @@
href="/links/links.html#FreeGNULinuxDistributions">ÙائÙ
Ø©
اÙتÙزÙعات
اÙØرة</a>.</li>
+ <li>Volunteer as a GNU Webmaster by completing the <a
+href="http://www.gnu.org/server/standards/webmaster-quiz.html";> webmaster
+quiz</a>.</li>
+
<li id="helptranslations">ترجÙ
Ù
ÙÙع اÙجÙÙ
اÙاÙÙترÙÙÙ ÙÙغات اخرÙ. ÙÙ
Ù٠ا٠تجد Ù
زÙد Ù
Ù
اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات ØÙÙ
Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙضÙع ÙÙ <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html"> اÙدÙÙÙ
ÙترجÙ
Ø© صÙØات www.gnu.org</a>. راس٠<a
@@ -131,7 +131,9 @@
<li>ساعد عÙ٠زÙادة تÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙ.اس.ا٠ع٠طرÙÙ:
<ul>
<li>
- عÙ
Ù <a href="http://donate.fsf.org/";>تبرع</a> ٠اÙ.اس.اÙ
+ making a donation, either <a href="http://donate.fsf.org/";>directly
to the
+FSF</a> or <a href="http://flattr.com/thing/313733/gnuproject-on-Flattr";>via
+Flattr</a>.
</li>
<li>
ا٠تصبØ<a href="http://member.fsf.org";>عضÙÙØ© Ù
شارÙØ©</a>Ù٠ا٠اÙ.اس.اÙ.
@@ -204,17 +206,21 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠ارس٠اÙ.س.ا٠& استÙسارات ع٠جÙÙ Ù <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ٠اÙضا٠<a
-href="/contact/"> طر٠اخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a> ا٠أÙ.اس.Ø£Ù. <br
/> Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠ارسÙ
-اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة ٠ا٠تصØÙØات ا٠اÙتراØات
Ù <a
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
-ØÙÙ٠اÙطبع © ١٩٩٦ Ø Ù¡Ù©Ù©Ù§ Ø Ù¡Ù©Ù©Ù¨ Ø Ù¡Ù©Ù©Ù© Ø Ù¢Ù Ù Ù
Ø Ù¢Ù Ù Ù¡ Ø Ù¢Ù Ù Ù¢ Ø Ù¢Ù Ù Ù£ Ø Ù¢Ù Ù Ù¤ Ø
-Ù¢Ù Ù Ù¥ Ø Ù¢Ù Ù Ù¦ Ø Ù¢Ù Ù Ù§ Ø Ù¢Ù Ù Ù¨ ÙÙ
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة. <br /> اÙطبع ٠اÙتÙزÙغ
-اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© Ù
سÙ
ÙØØ© Ù٠أ٠ÙØ³Ø·Ø Ø§Ø°Ø§
ÙاÙت Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاØظة Ù
ÙجÙدة.
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
+2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -228,7 +234,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
تØدÙØ«:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:35:30 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:13 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -248,7 +254,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right, cf. -->
-<!-- <http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php> -->
+<!-- <http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php>
+ -->
<!-- If ISO 639-1 code is not available, use the 3 letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
@@ -260,6 +267,8 @@
<li><a href="/help/help.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/help/help.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/help/help.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
<li><a
href="/help/help.el.html">Ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
@@ -279,7 +288,7 @@
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/help/help.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/help/help.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/help/help.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
<li><a
href="/help/help.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
Index: licenses/NYC_Seminars_Jan2004.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/NYC_Seminars_Jan2004.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- licenses/NYC_Seminars_Jan2004.fr.html 26 Jun 2011 00:31:10 -0000
1.7
+++ licenses/NYC_Seminars_Jan2004.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:19 -0000
1.8
@@ -220,12 +220,13 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -238,9 +239,10 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -253,7 +255,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/06/26 00:31:10 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: licenses/fdl-1.3-faq.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/fdl-1.3-faq.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- licenses/fdl-1.3-faq.bg.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:15 -0000 1.5
+++ licenses/fdl-1.3-faq.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:19 -0000 1.6
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.bg.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>ЧÐРза веÑÑÐ¸Ñ 1.3 на ÐиÑенза за Ñвободна
докÑменÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° GNU - ÐÑоекÑÑÑ GNU
-- ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (ФСС)</title>
+<title>GFDL v1.3 FAQ - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
-<h2>ЧÐРза веÑÑÐ¸Ñ 1.3 на FDL</h2>
+<h2>GFDL v1.3 FAQ</h2>
<p>ФондаÑиÑÑа за Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ
пÑбликÑва веÑÑÐ¸Ñ 1.3 на ÐиÑенза за Ñвободна
докÑменÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° GNU на 3 ноемвÑи 2008 г. Тази
ÑÑÑаниÑа оÑговаÑÑ Ð½Ð° нÑкои
@@ -17,35 +15,32 @@
лиÑенза</a></strong>.</p>
<dl>
-<dt>ÐÑпÑоÑ. ÐаÑо издадоÑ
Ñе нова подвеÑÑиÑ
на ÐиÑенза за Ñвободна докÑменÑаÑиÑ?</dt>
+<dt>Why did you release a new minor version of the FDL?</dt>
-<dd><p>ÐÑговоÑ. РкÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð° миналаÑа година
ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð£Ð¸ÐºÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ, коÑÑо ÑÑководи
-пÑоекÑа <a href="http://bg.wikipedia.org";>УикипедиÑ</a>,
излезе Ñ ÑезолÑÑиÑ,
-Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑÑо ни моли да акÑÑализиÑаме ÐиÑенза
за Ñвободна докÑменÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñака, Ñе
-да позволи на Ð£Ð¸ÐºÐ¸Ð¿ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ подобни ÑикиÑа,
коиÑо Ð¸Ð·Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñенза, да могаÑ
-да Ð¸Ð·Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¸ лиÑенза <a
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0";>ÐÑиейÑив
ÐомÑнÑ
-ÐÑизнание â СподелÑне на ÑподеленоÑо
(CC-BY-SA) 3.0</a>.</p>
+<dd><p>Late last year, the Wikimedia Foundation, which oversees the <a
+href="http://www.wikipedia.org/";>Wikipedia</a> project, passed a resolution
+asking us to update the FDL so as to allow Wikipedia and similar Wikis using
+the FDL to also use the <a
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-ShareAlike (CC-BY-SA) 3.0 license</a>.</p>
<p>ТÑй каÑо ние нÑмаÑ
ме гоÑовноÑÑ Ð´Ð°
издадем нова оÑновна веÑÑÐ¸Ñ 2.0 на
лиÑенза, заÑова ÑÑздадоÑ
ме Ñази междинна
веÑÑиÑ, коÑÑо има за Ñел да Ñважи
молбаÑа на ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð£Ð¸ÐºÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ.</p></dd>
-<dt>Ð. Ðак веÑÑÐ¸Ñ 1.3 е ÑвÑÑзана Ñ ÑабоÑаÑа,
извÑÑÑена до Ñози Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ веÑÑиÑ
-2.0 на FDL?</dt>
+<dt>How is FDL 1.3 related to the work that's been done so far on FDL 2.0?</dt>
-<dd><p>Ð. ÐеÑÑÐ¸Ñ 1.3 вклÑÑва нÑколко Ñ
аÑакÑеÑиÑÑики, коиÑо бÑÑ
а пÑедложени за
-вклÑÑване вÑв веÑÑÐ¸Ñ 2.0, но Ñ Ñова вÑÑзкиÑе
Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ ÑÑÑ
Ñе изÑеÑпваÑ. ÐаÑиÑе
-намеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° веÑÑÐ¸Ñ 2.0 не Ñа Ñе повлиÑли оÑ
Ñова издание на лиÑенза.</p></dd>
-
-<dt>Ð. Ркакво Ñе ÑÑÑÑоÑÑ Ð¿ÑомениÑе вÑв FDL
1.3?</dt>
-
-<dd><p>Ð. ÐÑновнаÑа Ñазлика Ñе ÑÑÑÑои в
добавÑнеÑо на Ñаздел 11. Тази нова клаÑза
-позволÑва опÑеделени маÑеÑиали,
пÑбликÑвани под Ñози лиÑенз, да Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° Ñе
-Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¸ под ÑÑловиÑÑа на лиÑенза CC-BY-SA 3.0.
Ðа повеÑе инÑоÑмаÑÐ¸Ñ ÑоÑно
-какви маÑеÑиали Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° Ñе лиÑензиÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
Ñози наÑин, вижÑе ÑÑоÑвеÑниÑе
-вÑпÑоÑи по-долÑ. ÐаÑо ÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑомениÑе,
обновиÑ
ме и деÑиниÑиÑÑа в Ñаздел
-1.</p>
+<dd><p>FDL 1.3 incorporates a couple of features that have been proposed for
FDL
+2.0, but that's the extent of their relationship. Our goals for FDL 2.0 are
+not affected by this release.</p></dd>
+
+<dt>What are the changes in FDL 1.3?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>The primary change is the addition of section 11. This new provision
allows
+certain materials released under this license to also be used under the
+terms of CC-BY-SA 3.0. For more information about exactly what materials
+can be licensed this way, see the related questions below. As part of this
+change, we also introduced a new definition in section 1.</p>
<p>СÑÑо Ñака за две Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑомениÑе взеÑ
ме
назаем идеи Ð¾Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñенза GPLv3. ÐÑÑваÑа
пÑомÑна е в Ñаздел 9, койÑо обÑÑнÑва как
може да бÑде пÑекÑаÑен лиÑенза,
@@ -59,13 +54,12 @@
href="/licenses/fdl-1.3-pdiff.ps">обознаÑениÑе пÑомени
Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ FDL 1.2 и FDL
1.3</a>.</p></dd>
-<dt>Ð. Ðаква е обоÑновкаÑа за Ñези
пÑомени?</dt>
+<dt>What is the rationale behind these changes?</dt>
-<dd><p>Ð. Раздел 11 беÑе добавен, за да позволи
на ÑикиÑа каÑо Ð£Ð¸ÐºÐ¸Ð¿ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð°
-Ð¸Ð·Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑвоÑби, заÑиÑени Ñ ÐиÑенза за
Ñвободна докÑменÑаÑиÑ, под ÑÑловиÑÑа
-на CC-BY-SA 3.0, в ÑлÑÑай, Ñе Ð²Ð·ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ñакова
ÑеÑение. Те ÑподелиÑ
а Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ, Ñе
-биÑ
а иÑкали да Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° Ñе вÑÐ·Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ
Ñакава опÑиÑ, и добавенаÑа клаÑза
-им дава законен наÑин да го напÑавÑÑ.</p>
+<dd><p>Section 11 has been added to allow wikis like Wikipedia to use
FDL-covered
+works under the terms of CC-BY-SA 3.0 if they choose to do so. They have
+told us that they would like to explore this option, and adding this
+provision gives them a clear path to do so.</p>
<p>Ðбикновено, ÑакÑв Ñип ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
лиÑензиÑанеÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑÑбва да Ñе вземаÑ
Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð¾ÑиÑелиÑе на авÑоÑÑкиÑе пÑава вÑÑÑ
Ñ
вÑÑка оÑделна ÑвоÑба. ÐÑпÑеки Ñова
@@ -78,11 +72,10 @@
Ñ ÑиÑоко одобÑение в GPLv3 и по никакÑв наÑин
не пÑоменÑÑ Ð¾ÑновополагаÑиÑе
ÑазÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ изиÑÐºÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° лиÑенза.</p></dd>
-<dt>Ð. ÐакÑв ÑоÑно маÑеÑиал може да бÑде
лиÑензиÑан под лиÑенз CC-BY-SA 3.0?</dt>
+<dt>Exactly what material can be licensed under CC-BY-SA 3.0?</dt>
-<dd><p>Ð. СледниÑе нÑколко ÑÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ ÑÑÑбва да
бÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¿Ñлнени, за да може ÑвоÑба,
-заÑиÑена Ñ ÐиÑенза за Ñвободна
докÑменÑаÑиÑ, да бÑде лиÑензиÑана под
-CC-BY-SA 3.0:</p>
+<dd><p>In order to license an FDL-covered work under CC-BY-SA 3.0, a few
conditions
+must be met:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>ТвоÑбаÑа ÑÑÑбва да бÑде доÑÑÑпна под
ÑÑловиÑÑа на веÑÑÐ¸Ñ 1.3 на ÐиÑенза,
@@ -100,18 +93,16 @@
<p>ÐÑиÑки заÑиÑени Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñенза маÑеÑиали,
добавени кÑм Ð£Ð¸ÐºÐ¸Ð¿ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ñеди 1 ноемвÑи
2008 г., ÑдовлеÑвоÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ñези ÑÑловиÑ.</p></dd>
-<dt>Ð. ÐакÑв е ÑмиÑÑлÑÑ Ð½Ð° двеÑе ÑазлиÑни
даÑи в Ñаздел 11? ÐаÑо избÑаÑ
Ñе
-ÑоÑно ÑÑÑ
?</dt>
+<dt>What is the purpose of the two different dates in section 11? Why did you
+choose those specific dates?</dt>
-<dd><p>ÐÑговоÑ. Раздел 11 налага на
лиÑензополÑÑаÑелиÑе два кÑайни ÑÑока.
ÐÑÑвиÑÑ
-е, ако дадена ÑвоÑба е била оÑигинално
пÑбликÑвана нÑкÑде извÑн пÑблиÑно
-Ñики, Ñо можеÑе да Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñе под CC-BY-SA 3.0
Ñамо ако е била добавена в
-ÑикиÑо пÑеди даÑаÑа 1 ноемвÑи 2008. Ðе иÑкаме
да даваме на Ñ
оÑаÑа Ñова
-ÑазÑеÑение за вÑÑка вÑзможна ÑвоÑба,
пÑбликÑвана под лиÑенза. СÑÑо Ñака не
-иÑкаме Ñ
оÑаÑа да âнадлÑÐ³Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑемаÑаâ,
каÑо добавÑÑ Ð² нÑкое Ñики маÑеÑиали
-под ÐиÑенза за Ñвободна докÑменÑаÑиÑ, за
да ги пÑелиÑензиÑÐ°Ñ Ñлед Ñова каÑо
-CC-BY-SA. ÐзбоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° кÑаен ÑÑок, койÑо веÑе е
оÑминал кÑм моменÑа на
-издаване на Ñази веÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð²ÑÑмиÑлено
пÑедоÑвÑаÑÑва ÑакÑв ваÑианÑ.</p>
+<dd><p>Section 11 imposes two deadlines on licensees. First, if a work was
+originally published somewhere other than a public wiki, you can only use it
+under CC-BY-SA 3.0 if it was added to a wiki before November 1, 2008. We do
+not want to grant people this permission for any and all works released
+under the FDL. We also do not want people gaming the system by adding FDLed
+materials to a wiki, and then using them under CC-BY-SA afterwards.
+Choosing a deadline that has already passed unambiguously prevents this.</p>
<p>ÐÑоÑо, Ñова ÑазÑеÑение нÑма да е валидно
Ñлед 1 авгÑÑÑ 2009 г. Ðе желаем
наÑÑоÑÑоÑо да Ñе пÑевÑÑÑа в генеÑално
ÑазÑеÑение за лавиÑане Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑе
@@ -120,16 +111,14 @@
ÐоÑоÑениÑÑ ÐºÑаен ÑÑок оÑигÑÑÑва ÑакÑв
Ñазвой на ÑÑбиÑиÑÑа, каÑо вÑе пак дава
доÑÑаÑÑÑно вÑеме на вÑиÑки
Ñики-поддÑÑжниÑи да Ð²Ð·ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ ÑвоеÑо
ÑеÑение.</p></dd>
-<dt>Ð. Ðакви Ñа наÑÑоÑÑиÑе ви планове за
новаÑа оÑновна веÑÑÐ¸Ñ 2.0 на ÐиÑенза
-за Ñвободна докÑменÑаÑиÑ?</dt>
+<dt>What are your current plans for FDL 2.0?</dt>
-<dd><p>Ð. ÐÑодÑлжаваме да пÑиемаме забележки
по Ñази нова, ÑÑлоÑÑна ÑÐµÐ²Ð¸Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
-лиÑенза. Ð ÑекÑÑаÑа ÑеÑнова на веÑÑÐ¸Ñ 2.0,
Ñаздел 8(b) позволÑва
-пÑелиÑензиÑанеÑо на маÑеÑиали в едно Ñики.
ТÑй каÑо Ñази клаÑза Ñега е
-пÑедвидена Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ñаздел 11 на веÑÑÐ¸Ñ 1.3, ÑÑ
Ñе оÑпадне каÑо ненÑжна в
-оÑновнаÑа веÑÑиÑ. ÐÑпÑеки Ñова, вÑиÑки
дÑÑги пÑомени, пÑедложени в
-ÑеÑноваÑа, пÑодÑÐ»Ð¶Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° Ñа ÑмеÑÑни в
бÑдеÑаÑа веÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° лиÑенза, и
-пÑодÑÐ»Ð¶Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑÑоÑÑ Ð½Ð° маÑаÑа за
обÑÑжданиÑ.</p></dd>
+<dd><p>We are still accepting comments on this major new revision of the
license.
+In the current FDL 2.0 draft, section 8(b) allows for relicensing of
+materials in a wiki. Since FDL 1.3 now provides this in section 11, it's no
+longer necessary in FDL 2.0. However, all the other changes proposed in the
+draft would still be appropriate for the next version of the license, so
+they're still on the table for discussion.</p></dd>
</dl>
@@ -143,11 +132,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги наÑини за
-<a href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -161,9 +151,9 @@
<address>Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston,
MA
02110, USA</address>
<p>
-ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение на
ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -183,7 +173,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:15 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -211,6 +201,8 @@
<li><a
href="/licenses/fdl-1.3-faq.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/licenses/fdl-1.3-faq.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/fdl-1.3-faq.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/licenses/fdl-1.3-faq.html">English</a> [en]</li>
</ul>
Index: licenses/fdl-howto-opt.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/fdl-howto-opt.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- licenses/fdl-howto-opt.fr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:35:39 -0000 1.8
+++ licenses/fdl-howto-opt.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:19 -0000 1.9
@@ -146,12 +146,13 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -165,9 +166,10 @@
Copyright © 2000, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
<p>
-La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage sans contrepartie financière,
-pourvu que cette notice soit préservée.
+Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -180,7 +182,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:35:39 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -206,6 +208,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/licenses/fdl-howto-opt.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/fdl-howto-opt.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/licenses/fdl-howto-opt.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- French -->
Index: licenses/gpl-3.0.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/gpl-3.0.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- licenses/gpl-3.0.ar.html 3 Sep 2009 20:25:33 -0000 1.7
+++ licenses/gpl-3.0.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:19 -0000 1.8
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>رخصة غÙ٠اÙعÙ
ÙÙ
ÙØ© - Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ - Ù
ؤسسة
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة (Ø¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù)</title>
-<link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" href="gpl-3.0.rdf" />
+<title>The GNU General Public License v3.0 - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation
+(FSF)</title>
+<link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml"
+ href="/licenses/gpl-3.0.rdf" />
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
<h2>رخصة غÙ٠اÙعÙ
ÙÙ
ÙØ©</h2>
@@ -54,13 +55,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
باÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù
-ÙضÙ٠أرسÙاÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -73,8 +74,8 @@
<address>51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
<p>
-ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù ØرÙÙÙا
Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ· ÙبدÙÙ ÙÙØ§Ø¦Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø·
-إبÙاء Ùذا اÙإخطار.
+Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license
+document, but changing it is not allowed.
</p>
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2009/09/03 20:25:33 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -112,6 +113,8 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/gpl-3.0.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/licenses/gpl-3.0.html">English</a> [en]</li>
</ul>
Index: licenses/gpl-faq.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/gpl-faq.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.50
retrieving revision 1.51
diff -u -b -r1.50 -r1.51
--- licenses/gpl-faq.fr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:35:39 -0000 1.50
+++ licenses/gpl-faq.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:19 -0000 1.51
@@ -10,24 +10,23 @@
<h2>Foire aux questions sur les licences GNU</h2>
<p>
-Cette page contient les réponses aux questions les plus courantes sur
-<a href="/licenses/licenses.fr.html">les licences GNU</a>.
+Cette page contient les réponses aux questions les plus courantes sur <a
+href="/licenses/licenses.fr.html">les licences GNU</a>.
</p>
-<h3>Table des matières</h3>
+<h3>Table des matières</h3>
<h4>Questions de base sur le projet GNU, la Fondation pour le logiciel libre
et
ses licences</h4>
<ul>
- <li><a href="#WhatDoesGPLStandFor">Que veut dire
-« GPL » ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#WhatDoesGPLStandFor">Que veut dire
« GPL » ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#DoesFreeSoftwareMeanUsingTheGPL">Est-ce que logiciel libre
signifie utiliser la GPL ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#WhyUseGPL">Pourquoi devrais-je utiliser la GNU GPL
plutôt
-que d'autres licences de logiciel libre ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#WhyUseGPL">Pourquoi devrais-je utiliser la GNU GPL plutôt
que
+d'autres licences de logiciel libre ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#DoesAllGNUSoftwareUseTheGNUGPLAsItsLicense">Est-ce que tous
les
logiciels GNU utilisent la GNU GPL comme licence ?</a></li>
@@ -44,202 +43,189 @@
<li><a href="#GPLTranslations">Existe-t-il des traductions de la GPL dans
d'autres langues ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#WhySomeGPLAndNotLGPL">Pourquoi certaines
bibliothèques GNU
-sont-elles distribuées sous GPL normale, plutôt que sous GPL
-amoindrie (<i>Lesser GPL</i>) ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#WhySomeGPLAndNotLGPL">Pourquoi certaines bibliothèques GNU
+sont-elles distribuées sous GPL normale, plutôt que sous GPL amoindrie
+(<i>Lesser GPL</i>) ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#WhoHasThePower">Qui a la capacité de faire respecter
la
+ <li><a href="#WhoHasThePower">Qui a la capacité de faire respecter la
GPL ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#AssignCopyright">Pourquoi la FSF requiert-elle que les
-contributeurs de programmes sous copyright de la FSF transfèrent le
-copyright à la FSF ? Si je détiens le copyright d'un
-programme sous GPL, devrais-je faire la même chose ? Si oui,
-comment ?</a></li>
+contributeurs de programmes sous copyright de la FSF transfèrent le
+copyright à la FSF ? Si je détiens le copyright d'un programme sous
+GPL, devrais-je faire la même chose ? Si oui, comment ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#ModifyGPL">Puis-je modifier la GPL et faire une licence
-modifiée ?</a></li>
+modifiée ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#SeparateAffero">Pourquoi avez-vous décider
d'écrire
-la GNU Affero GPLv3 comme une licence distincte ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#SeparateAffero">Pourquoi avez-vous décider d'écrire la GNU
Affero
+GPLv3 comme une licence distincte ?</a></li>
</ul>
- <h4>Compréhension générale des licences GNU</h4>
+ <h4>Compréhension générale des licences GNU</h4>
<ul>
<li><a
href="#WhyDoesTheGPLPermitUsersToPublishTheirModifiedVersions">Pourquoi
la GPL permet-elle aux utilisateurs de publier leur versions
-modifiées ?</a></li>
+modifiées ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#GPLRequireSourcePostedPublic">Est-ce que la GPL requiert que
le
-code source des versions modifiées soit porté à la
-connaissance du public ?</a></li>
+code source des versions modifiées soit porté à la connaissance du
+public ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#GPLAndNonfreeOnSameMachine">Puis-je avoir un programme
couvert par
-la GPL et un programme non-libre indépendant sur le même
+la GPL et un programme non-libre indépendant sur le même
ordinateur ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#CanIDemandACopy">Si je connais quelqu'un qui a une copie d'un
programme couvert par la GPL, puis-je lui demander de me donner une
copie ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#WhatDoesWrittenOfferValid">Que veut dire « offre
-écrite valide pour n'importe quel tiers » (<i>written
-offer valid for any third party</i>) ? Cela signifie-t-il que n'importe
-qui peut obtenir les sources de n'importe quel programme sous GPL dans tous
-les cas ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#TheGPLSaysModifiedVersions">La GPL dit que les versions
-modifiées, si elles sont diffusées, doivent être
-« donner une licence … pour tout tiers »
-(<i>« licensed … to all third
-parties. »</i>). Qui sont ces tiers ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#WhatDoesWrittenOfferValid">Que veut dire « offre
écrite
+valide pour n'importe quel tiers » (<i>written offer valid for any
+third party</i>) ? Cela signifie-t-il que n'importe qui peut obtenir
+les sources de n'importe quel programme sous GPL dans tous les
+cas ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#TheGPLSaysModifiedVersions">La GPL dit que les versions
modifiées,
+si elles sont diffusées, doivent être « donner une licence …
+pour tout tiers » (<i>« licensed … to all third
+parties. »</i>). Qui sont ces tiers ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#DoesTheGPLAllowMoney">Est-ce que la GPL m'autorise à
vendre
-des copies payantes de mon programme ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#DoesTheGPLAllowMoney">Est-ce que la GPL m'autorise à vendre
des
+copies payantes de mon programme ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#DoesTheGPLAllowDownloadFee">La GPL me permet-elle de
demander de
-l'argent pour le téléchargement d'un programme sur mon
-site ?</a></li>
+l'argent pour le téléchargement d'un programme sur mon site ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#DoesTheGPLAllowRequireFee">Est-ce que la GPL m'autorise
à
-exiger que quiconque reçoit le logiciel doive me payer un montant
-et/ou me le signaler ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#DoesTheGPLAllowRequireFee">Est-ce que la GPL m'autorise Ã
exiger
+que quiconque reçoit le logiciel doive me payer un montant et/ou me le
+signaler ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#DoesTheGPLRequireAvailabilityToPublic">Si je distribue un
-programme couvert par la GPL contre rémunération, suis-je
-obligé de le rendre également disponible au public
-gratuitement ?</a></li>
+programme couvert par la GPL contre rémunération, suis-je obligé de le
+rendre également disponible au public gratuitement ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#DoesTheGPLAllowNDA">La GPL me permet-elle de distribuer une
copie
sous accord de non divulgation ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#DoesTheGPLAllowModNDA">La GPL me permet-elle de distribuer
une
-version modifiée ou beta sous accord de non divulgation ?</a></li>
+version modifiée ou beta sous accord de non divulgation ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#DevelopChangesUnderNDA">La GPL me permet-elle de
développer
-une version modifiée sous accord de non divulgation ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#DevelopChangesUnderNDA">La GPL me permet-elle de développer
une
+version modifiée sous accord de non divulgation ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#WhyMustIInclude">Pourquoi la GPL exige-t-elle d'inclure une
copie
de la GPL avec chaque copie du programme ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#WhatIfWorkIsShort">Et si le programme n'est guère
plus long
-que la licence elle-même ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#WhatIfWorkIsShort">Et si le programme n'est guère plus long
que la
+licence elle-même ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#RequiredToClaimCopyright">Dois-je revendiquer un copyright
pour
mes modifications sur un programme couvert par la GPL ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#CombinePublicDomainWithGPL">Si un programme combine du code
du
domaine public et du code couvert sous GPL, Puis-je prendre la partie
-dépendant du domaine public et l'utiliser comme tel ?</a></li>
+dépendant du domaine public et l'utiliser comme tel ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IWantCredit">Je veux que mon travail soit reconnu. Je veux
que les
-gens sachent ce que j'ai écrit. Puis-je encore être reconnu si
-j'utilise la GPL ?</a></li>
+gens sachent ce que j'ai écrit. Puis-je encore être reconnu si j'utilise la
+GPL ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#GPLOmitPreamble">Puis-je ôter le préambule de
la GPL,
-ou les instructions sur la façon de l'utiliser dans vos propres
-programmes, pour économiser de l'espace ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#GPLOmitPreamble">Puis-je ôter le préambule de la GPL, ou
les
+instructions sur la façon de l'utiliser dans vos propres programmes, pour
+économiser de l'espace ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#WhatIsCompatible">Que signifie le fait que deux licences sont
-« compatibles » ?</a></li>
+« compatibles » ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#WhatDoesCompatMean">Que veut dire le fait qu'une licence soit
-« compatible avec la GPL » (<i>« compatible
-with the GPL »</i>) ?</a></li>
+« compatible avec la GPL » (<i>« compatible with the
+GPL »</i>) ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#OrigBSD">Pourquoi la licence BSD originale est-elle
incompatible
avec la GPL ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#MereAggregation">Quelle est la différence entre
-<i>« aggregation »</i> et d'autres types de
-<i>« versions modifiées »</i> ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#MereAggregation">Quelle est la différence entre
+<i>« aggregation »</i> et d'autres types de <i>« versions
+modifiées »</i> ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#AssignCopyright">Pourquoi la FSF requiert-elle que les
-contributeurs de programmes sous copyright de la FSF transfèrent le
-copyright à la FSF ? Si je détiens le copyright d'un
-programme sous GPL, devrais-je faire la même chose ? Si oui,
-comment ?</a></li>
+contributeurs de programmes sous copyright de la FSF transfèrent le
+copyright à la FSF ? Si je détiens le copyright d'un programme sous
+GPL, devrais-je faire la même chose ? Si oui, comment ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#GPLCommercially">Si j'utilise un morceau de logiciel que j'ai
-obtenu sous GNU GPL, ai-je le droit de modifier le code original pour
-créer un nouveau programme, puis de commercialiser ce
-programme ?</a></li>
+obtenu sous GNU GPL, ai-je le droit de modifier le code original pour créer
+un nouveau programme, puis de commercialiser ce programme ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#GPLOtherThanSoftware">Puis-je utiliser la GPL pour autre
chose que
des logiciels ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#NoMilitary">Je voudrais mettre mon code sous licence GPL,
mais je
-voudrais aussi qu'il soit clair qu'il ne peut pas être utilisé
-pour des usages militaires ou commerciaux. Puis-je faire cela ?</a></li>
+voudrais aussi qu'il soit clair qu'il ne peut pas être utilisé pour des
+usages militaires ou commerciaux. Puis-je faire cela ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#GPLHardware">Puis-je utiliser la GPL pour mettre sous
licence du
-matériel ?</a></li>
+matériel ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#Prelinking">Est-ce que la pré-liaison de binaires
sous GPL
-à diverses biblithèques du système, pour optimiser les
-performances, compte comme une modification ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#Prelinking">Est-ce que la pré-liaison de binaires sous GPL
Ã
+diverses biblithèques du système, pour optimiser les performances, compte
+comme une modification ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#LGPLJava">Comment la LGPL fonctionne avec
Java ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#WhyPropagateAndConvey">Pourquoi avoir inventé les
nouveaux
-mots « propagate »(propager) et
-« convey » (transmettre) dans la GPLv3 ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#ConveyVsDistribute">Est-ce que
« convey »
-(transmettre) dans la GPLv3 est la même chose que
-« distribute » (distribuer) dans la GPLv2 ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#WhyPropagateAndConvey">Pourquoi avoir inventé les nouveaux
mots
+« propagate »(propager) et « convey » (transmettre)
dans
+la GPLv3 ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#ConveyVsDistribute">Est-ce que « convey »
(transmettre)
+dans la GPLv3 est la même chose que « distribute » (distribuer)
+dans la GPLv2 ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#NoDistributionRequirements">Si je fais seulement des copies
d'un
programme couvert par la GPL et que je les exécute, sans les distribuer ou
les transmettre à d'autres, que m'impose de faire la licence ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#v3MakingAvailable">La GPLv3 donne comme exemple de
propagation
-« la mise à disposition du public ». Que cela
-signifie-t-il ? La mise à disposition est-elle une forme de
-transmission ?</a></li>
+« la mise à disposition du public ». Que cela signifie-t-il ?
+La mise à disposition est-elle une forme de transmission ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#PropagationNotConveying">Puisque la distribution et la mise
-à disposition du public sont des formes de propagation qui
-transmettent aussi la GPLv3, quels sont les exemples de propagation qui ne
-constituent pas une transmission ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#PropagationNotConveying">Puisque la distribution et la mise
Ã
+disposition du public sont des formes de propagation qui transmettent aussi
+la GPLv3, quels sont les exemples de propagation qui ne constituent pas une
+transmission ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#BitTorrent">Comment la GPLv3 rend la distribution par
BitTorrent
plus facile ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#Tivoization">Qu'est-ce que la
-« tivoisation » ? Comment la GPLv3
-l'empêche ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#Tivoization">Qu'est-ce que la
« tivoisation » ?
+Comment la GPLv3 l'empêche ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#DRMProhibited">La GPLv3 interdit-elle les <acronym
title="Digital
-Rights Management">DRM</acronym> (gestion des droits
-numériques) ?</a></li>
+Rights Management">DRM</acronym> (gestion des droits
numériques) ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#v3VotingMachine">La GPLv3 nécessite-t-elle que les votants
+puissent modifier le logiciel utilisé dans une machine Ã
voter ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#v3VotingMachine">La GPLv3 nécessite-t-elle que les
votants
-puissent modifier le logiciel utilisé dans une machine à
-voter ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#v3PatentRetaliation">La GPLv3 a-t-elle une
« patent
-retaliation clause » (clause de rétorsion de
-brevets) ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#v3PatentRetaliation">La GPLv3 a-t-elle une « patent
+retaliation clause » (clause de rétorsion de brevets) ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#v3Notwithstanding">Dans la GPLv3 et l'AGPLv3, que signifie
-« notwithstanding any other provision of this
-License » (nonobstant toute autre clause de la
-Licence) ?</a></li>
+« notwithstanding any other provision of this License »
+(nonobstant toute autre clause de la Licence) ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#AGPLv3InteractingRemotely">Dans l'AGPLv3, qu'est-ce qui
compte
-pour « interacting with [the software] remotely through a
-computer network » (interagissant avec [le logiciel] à
-distance par l'intermédiaire d'une réseau) ?</a></li>
+pour « interacting with [the software] remotely through a computer
+network » (interagissant avec [le logiciel] à distance par
+l'intermédiaire d'une réseau) ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#ApacheLegalEntity">Comment se situe le concept de
-« you » de la GPLv3 apr rapport à la
-définition de « Legal Entity » de la licence
-Apache 2.0 ?</a></li>
+« you » de la GPLv3 apr rapport à la définition de « Legal
+Entity » de la licence Apache 2.0 ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#v3TheProgram">Dans la In GPLv3, à quoi se réfère
« le
-Programme » ? Est-ce chaque programme publié sous la
+ <li><a href="#v3TheProgram">Dans la In GPLv3, à quoi se réfère
« le
+Programme » ? Est-ce chaque programme publié sous la
GPLv3 ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#AGPLv3ServerAsUser">Si des logiciels clients réseau sont
publiés
@@ -256,52 +242,54 @@
la (L)GPLv3 ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#CouldYouHelpApplyGPL">Pourriez-vous me donner des
instructions
-détaillées sur la façon d'appliquer la GPL à mon
-programme ?</a></li>
+détaillées sur la façon d'appliquer la GPL à mon programme ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#WhyUseGPL">Pourquoi devrais-je utiliser la GNU GPL
plutôt
-que d'autres licences de logiciel libre ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#WhyUseGPL">Pourquoi devrais-je utiliser la GNU GPL plutôt
que
+d'autres licences de logiciel libre ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#WhyMustIInclude">Pourquoi la GPL exige-t-elle d'inclure une
copie
de la GPL avec chaque copie du programme ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#WhatIfWorkIsShort">Et si le programme n'est guère
plus long
-que la licence elle-même ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#WhatIfWorkIsShort">Et si le programme n'est guère plus long
que la
+licence elle-même ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#GPLOmitPreamble">Puis-je ôter le préambule de
la GPL,
-ou les instructions sur la façon de l'utiliser dans vos propres
-programmes, pour économiser de l'espace ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#GPLOmitPreamble">Puis-je ôter le préambule de la GPL, ou
les
+instructions sur la façon de l'utiliser dans vos propres programmes, pour
+économiser de l'espace ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#HowIGetCopyright">Comment obtenir un copyright sur mon
programme
-de façon à le distribuer sous la GPL ?</a></li>
+de façon à le distribuer sous la GPL ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#WhatIfSchool">Et si mon école décidait de
mettre mon
-programme dans son propre logiciel propriétaire ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#WhatIfSchool">Et si mon école décidait de mettre mon
programme
+dans son propre logiciel propriétaire ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#ReleaseUnderGPLAndNF">Je voudrais diffuser sous GNU GPL un
-programme que j'ai écrit, mais j'aimerais utiliser le même code
-dans un programme non-libre.</a></li>
+programme que j'ai écrit, mais j'aimerais utiliser le même code dans un
+programme non-libre.</a></li>
- <li><a href="#CanDeveloperThirdParty">Le développeur d'un programme
qui
-l'a distribué sous GPL peut-il ensuite établir avec un tiers
-une licence pour son usage exclusif ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#GPLUSGov">Le gouvernement américain peut-il publier un
-programme couvert par la GNU GPL ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#GPLUSGovAdd">Le gouvernement américain peut-il
publier des
-améliorations d'un programme couvert par la GPL ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#VersionTwoOrLater">Pourquoi les programmes doivent-ils se
-référer à « la version 3 de la GPL ou toute
-version ultérieure » (<i>«Version 3 of the GPL or
-any later version »</i>) ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#GPLOutput">Y a-t-il un moyen de mettre sous GPL le
résultat
-que les utilisateurs obtiennent en se servant de mon programme ? Par
-exemple, si mon programme sert à produire des éléments
-de conception de composants matériels, puis-je exiger que ces
-éléments de conception soient libres ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#CanDeveloperThirdParty">Le développeur d'un programme qui
l'a
+distribué sous GPL peut-il ensuite établir avec un tiers une licence pour
+son usage exclusif ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#GPLUSGov">Le gouvernement américain peut-il publier un
programme
+couvert par la GNU GPL ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#GPLUSGovAdd">Le gouvernement américain peut-il publier des
+améliorations d'un programme couvert par la GPL ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#VersionTwoOrLater">Pourquoi les programmes doivent-ils se
référer
+à « la version 3 de la GPL ou toute version ultérieure »
+(<i>«Version 3 of the GPL or any later version »</i>) ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#OnlyLatestVersion">Est-ce une bonne idée d'utiliser une
licence
+disant qu'un certain programme ne peut être utilisé que sous la dernière
+version de la GNU GPL?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#GPLOutput">Y a-t-il un moyen de mettre sous GPL le résultat
que
+les utilisateurs obtiennent en se servant de mon programme ? Par
+exemple, si mon programme sert à produire des éléments de conception de
+composants matériels, puis-je exiger que ces éléments de conception soient
+libres ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#WhyNotGPLForManuals">Pourquoi n'utilisez-vous pas la GPL
pour les
manuels ?</a></li>
@@ -309,131 +297,123 @@
<li><a href="#FontException">Comment la GPL s'applique t-elle aux
polices ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#WMS">Quelle licence dois-je utiliser pour des modèles
de
-système de maintenance de sites Web ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#WMS">Quelle licence dois-je utiliser pour des modèles de
système
+de maintenance de sites Web ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#NonFreeTools">Puis-je publier un programme sous licence GPL
que
-j'ai développé en utilisant des outils non-libres ?</a></li>
+j'ai développé en utilisant des outils non-libres ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#GiveUpKeys">J'utilise une clé de chiffrement publique
pour
-signer mon code pour assurer son authenticité. Est-il vrai que la
-GPLv3 m'oblige à publier mes clés de signature
-privées ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#v3VotingMachine">La GPLv3 nécessite-t-elle que les
votants
-puissent modifier le logiciel utilisé dans une machine à
-voter ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#GiveUpKeys">J'utilise une clé de chiffrement publique pour
signer
+mon code pour assurer son authenticité. Est-il vrai que la GPLv3 m'oblige Ã
+publier mes clés de signature privées ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#v3VotingMachine">La GPLv3 nécessite-t-elle que les votants
+puissent modifier le logiciel utilisé dans une machine Ã
voter ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#v3InternationalDisclaimers">Les clauses de garantie et de
-responsabilité dans la GPLv3 semblent spécifiques à la
-loi américaine. Puis-je ajouter mes propres clauses à mon
-code ?</a></li>
+responsabilité dans la GPLv3 semblent spécifiques à la loi
+américaine. Puis-je ajouter mes propres clauses à mon code ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#NonvisualLegalNotices">Mon programme a des interfaces
utilisateur
interactives qui ne sont pas de nature visuelles. Comment puis-je me
-conformer aux notices légales appropriées de la
-GPLv3 ?</a></li>
+conformer aux notices légales appropriées de la GPLv3 ?</a></li>
</ul>
<h4>Distribution de programmes couverts par les licences GNU</h4>
<ul>
- <li><a href="#ModifiedJustBinary">Puis-je publier une version
modifiée
-d'un programme sous GPL sous forme binaire uniquement ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#ModifiedJustBinary">Puis-je publier une version modifiée
d'un
+programme sous GPL sous forme binaire uniquement ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#UnchangedJustBinary">J'ai téléchargé
-seulement le programme binaire à partir d'Internet. Si je distribue
-des copies, dois-je obtenir le code source et le redistribuer
-aussi ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#UnchangedJustBinary">J'ai téléchargé seulement le
programme
+binaire à partir d'Internet. Si je distribue des copies, dois-je obtenir le
+code source et le redistribuer aussi ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#DistributeWithSourceOnInternet">Je veux distribuer les
fichiers
binaires d'un programme sous GPL sur support physique sans les sources
-associées. Au lieu d'envoyer ultérieurement le code source aux
-utilisateurs qui en font la demande, puis-je me contenter de mettre les
-sources sur un serveur Internet ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#RedistributedBinariesGetSource">Mon ami a un
exécutable
-d'un programme sous GPL avec une offre de fourniture des sources, et a fait
-une copie pour moi. Puis-je utiliser l'offre pour obtenir les
-sources ?</a></li>
+associées. Au lieu d'envoyer ultérieurement le code source aux utilisateurs
+qui en font la demande, puis-je me contenter de mettre les sources sur un
+serveur Internet ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#RedistributedBinariesGetSource">Mon ami a un exécutable d'un
+programme sous GPL avec une offre de fourniture des sources, et a fait une
+copie pour moi. Puis-je utiliser l'offre pour obtenir les
sources ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#SourceAndBinaryOnDifferentSites">Puis-je mettre les fichiers
binaires sur mon serveur Internet et les sources sur un site Internet
-différent ?</a></li>
+différent ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#DistributeExtendedBinary">Je veux distribuer une version
-étendue d'un programme sous GPL sous forme de fichiers binaires. Me
-suffit-il de distribuer le code source de la version originale ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#DistributeExtendedBinary">Je veux distribuer une version
étendue
+d'un programme sous GPL sous forme de fichiers binaires. Me suffit-il de
+distribuer le code source de la version originale ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#DistributingSourceIsInconvenient">Je souhaite distribuer des
fichiers binaires, mais il est difficile de distribuer l'ensemble du code
-source. Et si je donnais aux utilisateurs les différences par rapport
-à la version « standard » en même temps
-que les binaires ?</a></li>
+source. Et si je donnais aux utilisateurs les différences par rapport à la
+version « standard » en même temps que les
binaires ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#AnonFTPAndSendSources">Puis-je rendre disponible sur un
serveur
-réseau les fichiers binaires, mais envoyer les sources seulement
-à ceux qui en font la demande ?</a></li>
+réseau les fichiers binaires, mais envoyer les sources seulement à ceux qui
+en font la demande ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#HowCanIMakeSureEachDownloadGetsSource">Comment puis-je
m'assurer
-que tout utilisateur qui télécharge les fichiers binaires
-obtient également le code source ?</a></li>
+que tout utilisateur qui télécharge les fichiers binaires obtient également
+le code source ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#ReleaseNotOriginal">Puis-je publier un programme avec une
licence
-stipulant que vous pouvez redistribuer des versions modifiées de
-celui-ci sous la GPL mais pas l'original lui-même sous
GPL ?</a></li>
+stipulant que vous pouvez redistribuer des versions modifiées de celui-ci
+sous la GPL mais pas l'original lui-même sous GPL ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#CompanyGPLCostsMoney">Je viens de découvrir qu'une
-compagnie a une copie d'un programme sous GPL, et qu'il faut payer pour
-l'obtenir. Ne violent-ils pas la GPL en ne la rendant pas disponible sur
+ <li><a href="#CompanyGPLCostsMoney">Je viens de découvrir qu'une
compagnie a une
+copie d'un programme sous GPL, et qu'il faut payer pour l'obtenir. Ne
+violent-ils pas la GPL en ne la rendant pas disponible sur
Internet ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#UnreleasedMods">Une société utilise une version
-modifiée d'un programme sous GPL sur son site Web. La GPL dit-elle
-qu'elle doit publier les sources modifiées ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#InternalDistribution">Est-ce que l'utilisation à
-l'intérieur d'une organisation ou d'une société est une
-« distribution »?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#UnreleasedMods">Une société utilise une version modifiée
d'un
+programme sous GPL sur son site Web. La GPL dit-elle qu'elle doit publier
+les sources modifiées ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#InternalDistribution">Est-ce que l'utilisation Ã
l'intérieur d'une
+organisation ou d'une société est une « distribution »?</a></li>
<li><a href="#StolenCopy">Si quelqu'un vole un CD contenant une version
d'un
programme sous GPL, La GPL lui donne t-elle le droit de redistribuer cette
version ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#TradeSecretRelease">Et si une société
distribuait
-une copie sous couvert du secret commercial ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#TradeSecretRelease">Et si une société distribuait une
copie sous
+couvert du secret commercial ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#GPLFairUse">Ai-je des droits de <i>« fair
use »</i> pour
+l'utilisation du code source d'un programme couvert par la GPL ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#GPLFairUse">Ai-je des droits de <i>« fair
-use »</i> pour l'utilisation du code source d'un programme
-couvert par la GPL ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#DistributeSubsidiary">Est-ce que déplacer une copie
vers
-une filiale contrôlée majoritairement constitue une
-distribution ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#DistributeSubsidiary">Est-ce que déplacer une copie vers une
+filiale contrôlée majoritairement constitue une distribution ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#ClickThrough">Est-ce que des installeurs de logiciels peuvent
demander aux gens de cliquer pour accepter la GPL ? Si j'obtiens un
logiciel sous GPL, dois-je tout accepter quoi ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#GPLCompatInstaller">Je voudrais fournir un logiciel sous GPL
avec
-un installeur. Cet installeur doit-il être compatible avec la licence
+un installeur. Cet installeur doit-il être compatible avec la licence
GPL ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#v3Under4and5">Le début de la section 6 de la GPLv3
dit que
-je peux transmettre un travail couvert sous forme d'objet de code
-« selon les termes des sections 4 et 5 » pourvu que je
-respecte aussi les conditions de la section 6. Que cela
-signifie-t-il ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#v2OrLaterPatentLicense">Ma société
détient
-beaucoup de brevets. Au fil des années, nous avons contribué
-au code de projets sous « GPL version 2 ou versions
-ultérieures », et le projet lui-même a
-été distribué sous les mêmes termes. Si un
-utilisateur décide de mettre le code du projet (incorporant mes
-contributions) sous GPLv3, cela signifie-t-il que j'ai automatiquement
-autorisé une licence de brevet GPLv3 explicite à cet
+ <li><a href="#ExportWarranties">Does a distributor violate the GPL if they
+require me to “represent and warrant” that I am located in the
+US, or that I intend to distribute the software in compliance with relevant
+export control laws?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#v3Under4and5">Le début de la section 6 de la GPLv3 dit que
je peux
+transmettre un travail couvert sous forme d'objet de code « selon les
+termes des sections 4 et 5 » pourvu que je respecte aussi les
+conditions de la section 6. Que cela signifie-t-il ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#v2OrLaterPatentLicense">Ma société détient beaucoup de
brevets. Au
+fil des années, nous avons contribué au code de projets sous « GPL
+version 2 ou versions ultérieures », et le projet lui-même a été
+distribué sous les mêmes termes. Si un utilisateur décide de mettre le code
+du projet (incorporant mes contributions) sous GPLv3, cela signifie-t-il que
+j'ai automatiquement autorisé une licence de brevet GPLv3 explicite à cet
utilisateur ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#v3ConditionalWarranty">Si je distribue une programme couvert
par
@@ -441,66 +421,63 @@
programme ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#v3CoworkerConveying">Si je donne une copie d'un programme
couvert
-par la GPLv3 à un collègue dans ma société, lui
-ai-je « transmis » la copie ?</a></li>
+par la GPLv3 à un collègue dans ma société, lui ai-je
« transmis »
+la copie ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#SourceInCVS">Suis-je en accord avec la GPLv3 si je propose
des
binaires sur un serveur FTP et les sources par le biais d'un lien vers un
-référentiel de code source dans un système de
-contrôle de versions, tels que CVS ou Subversion ?</a></li>
+référentiel de code source dans un système de contrôle de versions, tels
que
+CVS ou Subversion ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#RemoteAttestation">Quelqu'un qui transmet un logiciel
couvert par
-la GPLv3 dans un produit utilisateur peut-il utiliser une attestation
-à distance pour empêcher un utilisateur de modifier ce
-logiciel ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#RulesProtocols">Que signifie « rules and
protocols for
-communication across the network » (règles et protocoles
-pour la communication sur le réseau) dans la GPLv3 ?</a></li>
+la GPLv3 dans un produit utilisateur peut-il utiliser une attestation Ã
+distance pour empêcher un utilisateur de modifier ce logiciel ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#RulesProtocols">Que signifie « rules and protocols for
+communication across the network » (règles et protocoles pour la
+communication sur le réseau) dans la GPLv3 ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#SupportService">Les distributeurs qui fournissent une
information
-d'installation sous GPLv3 ne sont pas tenus de fournir un
-« service de support » pour le produit. Quelle sorte
-de « service de support » entendez-vous ?</a></li>
+d'installation sous GPLv3 ne sont pas tenus de fournir un « service de
+support » pour le produit. Quelle sorte de « service de
+support » entendez-vous ?</a></li>
</ul>
- <h4>Utiliser des programmes sous licences GNU pour écrire d'autres
-programmes</h4>
+ <h4>Utiliser des programmes sous licences GNU pour écrire d'autres
programmes</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="#GPLAndNonfreeOnSameMachine">Puis-je avoir un programme
couvert par
-la GPL et un programme non-libre indépendant sur le même
+la GPL et un programme non-libre indépendant sur le même
ordinateur ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#CanIUseGPLToolsForNF">Puis-je utiliser des éditeurs
sous
-GPL pour développer des programmes non-libres ? Puis-je utiliser
-des outils sous GPL pour les compiler ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#GPLOutput">Y a-t-il un moyen de mettre sous GPL le
résultat
-que les utilisateurs obtiennent en se servant de mon programme ? Par
-exemple, si mon programme sert à produire des éléments
-de conception de composants matériels, puis-je exiger que ces
-éléments de conception soient libres ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#CanIUseGPLToolsForNF">Puis-je utiliser des éditeurs sous
GPL pour
+développer des programmes non-libres ? Puis-je utiliser des outils sous
+GPL pour les compiler ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#GPLOutput">Y a-t-il un moyen de mettre sous GPL le résultat
que
+les utilisateurs obtiennent en se servant de mon programme ? Par
+exemple, si mon programme sert à produire des éléments de conception de
+composants matériels, puis-je exiger que ces éléments de conception soient
+libres ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#WhatCaseIsOutputGPL">Dans quels cas le résultat
produit par
-un programme sous GPL est-il également couvert par la
GPL ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#WhatCaseIsOutputGPL">Dans quels cas le résultat produit par
un
+programme sous GPL est-il également couvert par la GPL ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#PortProgramToGL">Si je fais un portage de mon programme vers
GNU/Linux, est-ce que cela signifie que je doive le diffuser en tant que
-Logiciel Libre placé sous la GPL ou une autre licence de Logiciel
+Logiciel Libre placé sous la GPL ou une autre licence de Logiciel
Libre ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#GPLInProprietarySystem">J'aimerais incorporer un logiciel
sous GPL
-dans mon système propriétaire. Est-ce possible ?</a></li>
+dans mon système propriétaire. Est-ce possible ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#LGPLv3ContributorVersion">Si je distribue un programme
-propriétaire qui est lié à une bibliothèque
-couverte par la LGPLv3 que j'ai modifiée, quelle est la
-« version du contributeur » pour déterminer
-l'étendue de l'autorisation de licence de brevet explicite que je
-donne ; s'agit-il seulement de la bibliothèque ou de la
-combinaison complète ?</a></li>
+propriétaire qui est lié à une bibliothèque couverte par la LGPLv3 que j'ai
+modifiée, quelle est la « version du contributeur » pour
+déterminer l'étendue de l'autorisation de licence de brevet explicite que je
+donne ; s'agit-il seulement de la bibliothèque ou de la combinaison
+complète ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#AGPLv3CorrespondingSource">Sous l'AGPLv3, quand je modifie le
programme sous la section 13, quelle source correspondante doit-il
@@ -521,114 +498,107 @@
<li><a href="#AllCompatibility">Quelles sont les compatibilités des
différentes
licences GNU entre elles ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#MereAggregation">Quelle est la différence entre
-<i>« aggregation »</i> et d'autres types de
-<i>« versions modifiées »</i> ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#GPLFairUse">Ai-je des droits de <i>« fair
-use »</i> pour l'utilisation du code source d'un programme
-couvert par la GPL ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#GPLUSGovAdd">Le gouvernement américain peut-il
publier des
-améliorations d'un programme couvert par la GPL ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#IfLibraryIsGPL">Si une bibliothèque est
distribuée
-sous GPL (et non sous LGPL), cela signifie-t-il que n'importe quel programme
-qui l'utilise doit être sous GPL ou sous une licence compatible avec
-la GPL ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#MereAggregation">Quelle est la différence entre
+<i>« aggregation »</i> et d'autres types de <i>« versions
+modifiées »</i> ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#GPLFairUse">Ai-je des droits de <i>« fair
use »</i> pour
+l'utilisation du code source d'un programme couvert par la GPL ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#GPLUSGovAdd">Le gouvernement américain peut-il publier des
+améliorations d'un programme couvert par la GPL ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#IfLibraryIsGPL">If a library is released under the GPL (not
the
+LGPL), does that mean that any software which uses it has to be under the
+GPL or a GPL-compatible license?</a></li>
<li><a href="#LinkingWithGPL">Vous avez mis sous GPL un programme que
j'aimerais
-lier à mon code pour fabriquer un programme propriétaire. Le
-fait que je fasse une édition de liens avec votre programme
-implique-t-il que je doive mettre mon programme sous GPL ?</a></li>
+lier à mon code pour fabriquer un programme propriétaire. Le fait que je
+fasse une édition de liens avec votre programme implique-t-il que je doive
+mettre mon programme sous GPL ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#SwitchToLGPL">Si oui, ai-je une chance d'obtenir une licence
de
votre programme sous la GPL amoindrie (<i>Lesser GPL</i>) ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#WillYouMakeAnException">L'utilisation d'un certain programme
GNU
-placé sous GPL ne cadre pas avec notre projet de réalisation
-d'un logiciel propriétaire. Pourriez-vous faire une exception pour
-nous? Cela augmenterait le nombre d'utilisateurs de ce programme.</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#IfInterpreterIsGPL">Si un interpréteur d'un langage de
-programmation est diffusé sous GPL, est-ce que cela signifie que les
-programmes écrits pour être interprétés par
-celui-ci doivent être placés sous des licences compatibles avec
-la GPL ?</a></li>
+placé sous GPL ne cadre pas avec notre projet de réalisation d'un logiciel
+propriétaire. Pourriez-vous faire une exception pour nous? Cela augmenterait
+le nombre d'utilisateurs de ce programme.</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#IfInterpreterIsGPL">Si un interpréteur d'un langage de
+programmation est diffusé sous GPL, est-ce que cela signifie que les
+programmes écrits pour être interprétés par celui-ci doivent être placés
+sous des licences compatibles avec la GPL ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#InterpreterIncompat">Si un interpréteur de langage de
+ <li><a href="#InterpreterIncompat">Si un interpréteur de langage de
programmation a une licence qui est incompatible avec la GPL, puis-je
-l'utiliser pour faire tourner des programmes placés sous
-GPL ?</a></li>
+l'utiliser pour faire tourner des programmes placés sous GPL ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#GPLModuleLicense">Si j'ajoute un module à un module
couvert
-par la GPL, dois-je utiliser la GPL comme licence pour mon
module ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#GPLModuleLicense">Si j'ajoute un module à un module couvert
par la
+GPL, dois-je utiliser la GPL comme licence pour mon module ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#GPLAndPlugins">Si un programme distribué sous GPL
utilise
-des plug-ins, quelles sont les contraintes portant sur les licences d'un
+ <li><a href="#GPLAndPlugins">Si un programme distribué sous GPL utilise
des
+plug-ins, quelles sont les contraintes portant sur les licences d'un
plug-in ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#GPLPluginsInNF">Puis-je utiliser la GPL pour un plug-in dans
un
programme non-libre ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#NFUseGPLPlugins">Puis-je faire un programme non-libre
conçu
-pour charger un plugin couvert par la GPL ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#NFUseGPLPlugins">Puis-je faire un programme non-libre conçu
pour
+charger un plugin couvert par la GPL ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#GPLInProprietarySystem">J'aimerais incorporer un logiciel
sous GPL
-dans mon système propriétaire. Est-ce possible ?</a></li>
+dans mon système propriétaire. Est-ce possible ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#GPLWrapper">J'aimerais incorporer un logiciel couvert par la
GPL
-dans mon système propriétaire. Puis-je le faire en ajoutant un
-module « enveloppant », sous une licence permissive
-compatible avec la GPL (de type licence X 11) entre la partie couverte par
-la GPL et la partie propriétaire ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#FSWithNFLibs">Puis-je écrire un logiciel libre qui
utilise
-des bibliothèques non-libres ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#GPLIncompatibleLibs">J'écris du logiciel libre qui
utilise
-des bibliothèques non-libres. Quels problèmes légaux
-surviennent si j'utilise la GPL ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#WindowsRuntimeAndGPL">J'écris une application Windows
avec
-Microsoft Visual C++ et je prévois de la diffuser sous GPL. Est-il
-permis par ma GPL de lier mon programme dynamiquement avec la
-bibliothèque de run-time de Visual C++ ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#MoneyGuzzlerInc">J'aimerais modifier des programmes
placés
-sous GPL et les lier avec les bibliothèques de portage de Pompe A
-Fric, S.A. Je ne peux pas distribuer le code source de ces
-bibliothèques, aussi tout utilisateur voulant modifier ces versions
-devrait acheter ces bibliothèques. Pourquoi la GPL ne le permet-elle
-pas ?</a></li>
+dans mon système propriétaire. Puis-je le faire en ajoutant un module
+« enveloppant », sous une licence permissive compatible avec la
+GPL (de type licence X 11) entre la partie couverte par la GPL et la partie
+propriétaire ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#FSWithNFLibs">Puis-je écrire un logiciel libre qui utilise
des
+bibliothèques non-libres ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#GPLIncompatibleLibs">J'écris du logiciel libre qui utilise
des
+bibliothèques non-libres. Quels problèmes légaux surviennent si j'utilise la
+GPL ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#WindowsRuntimeAndGPL">J'écris une application Windows avec
+Microsoft Visual C++ et je prévois de la diffuser sous GPL. Est-il permis
+par ma GPL de lier mon programme dynamiquement avec la bibliothèque de
+run-time de Visual C++ ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#MoneyGuzzlerInc">J'aimerais modifier des programmes placés
sous
+GPL et les lier avec les bibliothèques de portage de Pompe A Fric, S.A. Je
+ne peux pas distribuer le code source de ces bibliothèques, aussi tout
+utilisateur voulant modifier ces versions devrait acheter ces
+bibliothèques. Pourquoi la GPL ne le permet-elle pas ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#GPLIncompatibleAlone">Si la licence pour un module Q
requiert une
condition incompatible avec la GPL, mais que cette condition ne s'applique
-seulement lorsque Q est distribué seul, et non lorsqu'il est
-distribué dans un plus grand programme, est-ce compatible avec la
-licence GPL ? Puis-je combiner ou lier Q avec un programme couvert par
-la GPL ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#OOPLang">Dans un langage orienté-objet comme Java, si
-j'utilise une classe qui est sous GPL sans la modifier et que j'en
-hérite, dans quelle mesure la GPL affecte-t-elle le programme
-résultant ?</a></li>
+seulement lorsque Q est distribué seul, et non lorsqu'il est distribué dans
+un plus grand programme, est-ce compatible avec la licence GPL ?
+Puis-je combiner ou lier Q avec un programme couvert par la GPL ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#OOPLang">Dans un langage orienté-objet comme Java, si
j'utilise
+une classe qui est sous GPL sans la modifier et que j'en hérite, dans quelle
+mesure la GPL affecte-t-elle le programme résultant ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#LinkingOverControlledInterface">Comment puis-je autoriser de
lier
-des modules propriétaires avec ma bibliothèque sous GPL
-uniquement dans une interface contrôlée ?</a></li>
+des modules propriétaires avec ma bibliothèque sous GPL uniquement dans une
+interface contrôlée ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#Consider">Considérez la situation suivante : 1) X
-distribue la version V1 d'un projet sous GPL. 2) Y contribue au
-développement de la version V2 avec des modifications et des ajouts
-au code basés sur V1. 3) X veut convertir la version V2 vers une
-licence autre que GPL. X a-t-il besoin de la permission de Y ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#ManyDifferentLicenses">J'ai écrit une application qui
se
-lie avec de nombreux composants différents, qui sont couverts par
-différentes licences. Je ne comprends vraiment pas bien quelles
-clauses des licences s'appliquent à mon programme. Pourriez-vous
-m'expliquer quelle licences je peux utiliser ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#Consider">Considérez la situation suivante : 1) X
distribue
+la version V1 d'un projet sous GPL. 2) Y contribue au développement de la
+version V2 avec des modifications et des ajouts au code basés sur V1. 3) X
+veut convertir la version V2 vers une licence autre que GPL. X a-t-il besoin
+de la permission de Y ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#ManyDifferentLicenses">J'ai écrit une application qui se
lie avec
+de nombreux composants différents, qui sont couverts par différentes
+licences. Je ne comprends vraiment pas bien quelles clauses des licences
+s'appliquent à mon programme. Pourriez-vous m'expliquer quelle licences je
+peux utiliser ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#SourceCodeInDocumentation">Puis-je utiliser des snippets de
code
source couvert par la GPL dans de la documentation qui est sous une licence
@@ -639,312 +609,270 @@
<ul>
- <li><a href="#ReportingViolation">Que devrais-je faire si je
découvre une
+ <li><a href="#ReportingViolation">Que devrais-je faire si je découvre une
violation potentielle de la GPL ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#WhoHasThePower">Qui a la capacité de faire respecter
la
+ <li><a href="#WhoHasThePower">Qui a la capacité de faire respecter la
GPL ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#HeardOtherLicense">J'ai entendu parler de quelqu'un qui a
obtenu
une copie d'un programme en GPL sous une autre licence. Cela est-il
possible ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#DeveloperViolate">Est-ce que le développeur d'un
programme
-couvert par la GPL est lié par cette GPL ? Est-ce que le
-développeur pourrait se retrouver un jour en violation de la
-GPL ?</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="#CompanyGPLCostsMoney">Je viens de découvrir qu'une
-compagnie a une copie d'un programme sous GPL, et qu'il faut payer pour
-l'obtenir. Ne violent-ils pas la GPL en ne la rendant pas disponible sur
+ <li><a href="#DeveloperViolate">Est-ce que le développeur d'un programme
couvert
+par la GPL est lié par cette GPL ? Est-ce que le développeur pourrait
+se retrouver un jour en violation de la GPL ?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="#CompanyGPLCostsMoney">Je viens de découvrir qu'une
compagnie a une
+copie d'un programme sous GPL, et qu'il faut payer pour l'obtenir. Ne
+violent-ils pas la GPL en ne la rendant pas disponible sur
Internet ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#SubscriptionFee">Puis-je utiliser du logiciel sous GPL dans
un
-appareil qui arrêterait de fonctionner si les clients ne continuent
-pas à payer un abonnement ?</a></li>
+appareil qui arrêterait de fonctionner si les clients ne continuent pas Ã
+payer un abonnement ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#Cure">Que signifie « soigner » une
violation
-de la GPLv3 ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#Cure">Que signifie « soigner » une violation de
la
+GPLv3 ?</a></li>
<li><a href="#LaptopLoan">Si quelqu'un installe un logiciel sous GPL sur un
-portable et qu'il prête ce portable à un ami sans fournir le
-code source du logiciel, a-t-il enfreint la GPL ?</a></li>
+portable et qu'il prête ce portable à un ami sans fournir le code source du
+logiciel, a-t-il enfreint la GPL ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#TwoPartyTivoization">Supposons que deux
sociétés
-essaient de contourner l'obligation de fournir des informations
-d'installation en faisant publier des logiciels signés par l'une et
-la seconde publierait un produit utilisateur qui n'exécuterait que
-les logiciels signés de la première. Est-ce une violation de
-la GPLv3 ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#TwoPartyTivoization">Supposons que deux sociétés essaient
de
+contourner l'obligation de fournir des informations d'installation en
+faisant publier des logiciels signés par l'une et la seconde publierait un
+produit utilisateur qui n'exécuterait que les logiciels signés de la
+première. Est-ce une violation de la GPLv3 ?</a></li>
</ul>
<hr />
<dl>
-<dt><b><a name="WhatDoesGPLStandFor">Que veut dire
-« GPL » ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhatDoesGPLStandFor">What does “GPL” stand for?</dt>
-<dd><p>« GPL » est l'acronyme de <i>« General
-Public License »</i> (Licence Publique
-Générale). La plus répandue des licences de ce type est
-la Licence Publique Générale GNU (<i>GNU General Public
-License</i>), ou GNU GPL pour faire court. On peut réduire encore
-plus en « GPL », s'il est entendu qu'il s'agit de la
-GNU GPL.
+<dd><p>« GPL » est l'acronyme de <i>« General Public
+License »</i> (Licence Publique Générale). La plus répandue des
+licences de ce type est la Licence Publique Générale GNU (<i>GNU General
+Public License</i>), ou GNU GPL pour faire court. On peut réduire encore
+plus en « GPL », s'il est entendu qu'il s'agit de la GNU GPL.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DoesFreeSoftwareMeanUsingTheGPL">Est-ce que logiciel libre
-signifie utiliser la GPL ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DoesFreeSoftwareMeanUsingTheGPL">Does free software mean using the
GPL?</dt>
<dd><p>Absolument pas—il y a beaucoup d'autres licences de logiciels
libres. En voici une <a href="/licenses/license-list.fr.html">liste
-incomplète</a>. Toute licence qui offre à l'utilisateur <a
-href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">certaines libertés
-spécifiques</a> est une licence de logiciel libre.</p></dd>
+incomplète</a>. Toute licence qui offre à l'utilisateur <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">certaines libertés spécifiques</a> est
+une licence de logiciel libre.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhyUseGPL">Pourquoi devrais-je utiliser la GNU GPL plutôt
-que d'autres licences de logiciel libre ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhyUseGPL">Why should I use the GNU GPL rather than other free
software licenses?</dt>
<dd><p>En utilisant la GNU GPL vous exigerez que toutes les <a
-href="/philosophy/pragmatic.fr.html">versions améliorées
-diffusées soient du logiciel libre</a>. Ceci signifie que vous pouvez
-éviter le risque d'avoir à entrer en compétition avec
-une version modifiée propriétaire de votre propre
-travail. Cependant, dans certaines situations il peut être
-préférable d'utiliser une <a
-href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.fr.html">licence plus permissive</a>.
+href="/philosophy/pragmatic.fr.html">versions améliorées diffusées soient du
+logiciel libre</a>. Ceci signifie que vous pouvez éviter le risque d'avoir Ã
+entrer en compétition avec une version modifiée propriétaire de votre propre
+travail. Cependant, dans certaines situations il peut être préférable
+d'utiliser une <a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.fr.html">licence plus
+permissive</a>.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DoesAllGNUSoftwareUseTheGNUGPLAsItsLicense">Est-ce que tous les
-logiciels GNU utilisent la GNU GPL comme licence ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DoesAllGNUSoftwareUseTheGNUGPLAsItsLicense">Does all GNU software use
the GNU GPL as its license?</dt>
<dd><p>
La plupart des paquets logiciels GNU utilisent la GNU GPL, mais il existe un
petit nombre de programmes (et portions de programmes) GNU qui utilisent des
licences moins restrictives, telles que la GPL amoindrie (Lesser GPL). Quand
nous l'utilisons, c'est pour des raisons <a
-href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.fr.html">stratégiques</a>.
+href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.fr.html">stratégiques</a>.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DoesUsingTheGPLForAProgramMakeItGNUSoftware">Est-ce que le fait
-d'utiliser la GPL pour un programme en fait un logiciel GNU ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DoesUsingTheGPLForAProgramMakeItGNUSoftware">Does using the GPL for a
program make it GNU software?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>N'importe qui peut publier un programme sous licence GNU GPL mais ça
-n'en fait pas un paquet logiciel GNU.</p>
+<p>N'importe qui peut publier un programme sous licence GNU GPL mais ça n'en
+fait pas un paquet logiciel GNU.</p>
<p>Faire d'un programme un paquet logiciel GNU signifie contribuer
-explicitement au projet GNU. Ceci se produit quand les développeurs
-du programme et le projet GNU se mettent d'accord pour le faire. Si vous
-souhaitez contribuer au projet GNU par un programme, veuillez écrire
-à <a
+explicitement au projet GNU. Ceci se produit quand les développeurs du
+programme et le projet GNU se mettent d'accord pour le faire. Si vous
+souhaitez contribuer au projet GNU par un programme, veuillez écrire à <a
href="mailto:maintainers@gnu.org";><maintainers@gnu.org></a>.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="ReportingViolation">Que devrais-je faire si je découvre
-une violation potentielle de la GPL ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="ReportingViolation">What should I do if I discover a possible
violation of the GPL?</dt>
<dd><p>Vous devriez <a href="/licences/gpl-violation.fr.html">la signaler</a>.
Tout
-d'abord, vérifiez les faits du mieux que vous pouvez. Puis
-signalez-le à l'éditeur ou au détenteur du copyright du
-programme en question couvert par la GPL. Si c'est la Free Software
-Foundation, écrivez à <a
+d'abord, vérifiez les faits du mieux que vous pouvez. Puis signalez-le Ã
+l'éditeur ou au détenteur du copyright du programme en question couvert par
+la GPL. Si c'est la Free Software Foundation, écrivez à <a
href="mailto:license-violation@gnu.org";><license-violation@gnu.org></a>.
-Sinon, le mainteneur du programme pourrait être le détenteur du
-copyright, ou pourrait sinon vous dire comment contacter le détenteur
-du copyright, donc signalez- le au mainteneur.
+Sinon, le mainteneur du programme pourrait être le détenteur du copyright,
+ou pourrait sinon vous dire comment contacter le détenteur du copyright,
+donc signalez- le au mainteneur.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a
name="WhyDoesTheGPLPermitUsersToPublishTheirModifiedVersions">Pourquoi
-la GPL permet-elle aux utilisateurs de publier leur versions
-modifiées ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhyDoesTheGPLPermitUsersToPublishTheirModifiedVersions">Why does the
GPL permit users to publish their modified versions?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Un aspect crucial du logiciel libre est que les utilisateurs sont libres de
-coopérer. Il est absolument essentiel de permettre aux utilisateurs
-qui désirent s'entraider de partager leurs patches et
-améliorations avec d'autres.</p>
-
-<p>Certains ont proposé des alternatives à la GPL qui
-requièrent que la version modifiée passe par l'auteur
-original. Tant que l'auteur original assure la maintenance
-nécessaire, ceci peut fonctionner en pratique, mais si l'auteur cesse
-(plus ou moins) et passe à autre chose, ou ne répond pas aux
-besoins de tous les utilisateurs, cette manière de procéder
-s'effondre. En plus des problèmes pratiques, cette façon de
-faire ne permet pas aux utilisateurs de s'entraider.</p>
-
-<p>Quelquefois, le contrôle sur les versions modifiées est
-proposé comme un moyen d'éviter des confusions entre les
-différentes versions faites par les utilisateurs. Notre
-expérience nous a montré qu'il ne s'agit pas d'un
-problème majeur. De nombreuses versions d'Emacs ont été
-faites en dehors du cadre du Projet GNU, mais les utilisateurs peuvent les
-différencier. La GPL requiert que l'auteur d'une version mette son
-nom dessus, pour la distinguer des autres versions et protéger la
-réputation des autres mainteneurs.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="GPLRequireSourcePostedPublic">Est-ce que la GPL requiert que le
-code source des versions modifiées soit porté à la
-connaissance du public ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>La GPL n'exige pas que vous publiiez votre version modifiée. Vous
-êtes libre de faire des modifications et de les utiliser à
-titre privé, sans jamais les publier. Ceci s'applique aussi aux
-organisations (y compris les sociétés); une organisation peut
-réaliser une version modifiée et l'utiliser en interne sans
-jamais la diffuser en dehors de l'organisation.</p>
-
-<p>Mais <em>si</em> vous distribuez la version modifiée au public de
-quelque manière que soit, la GPL vous oblige à rendre la
-version du code source modifiée disponible pour les utilisateurs,
-sous GPL.</p>
-
-<p>Ainsi, la GPL autorise à distribuer des programmes modifiés
-sous certaines conditions, et pas sous d'autres; mais la décision de
-le distribuer vous regarde.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="GPLAndNonfreeOnSameMachine">Puis-je avoir un programme couvert
-par la GPL et programme non-libre indépendant sur le même
-ordinateur ?</a></b></dt>
+coopérer. Il est absolument essentiel de permettre aux utilisateurs qui
+désirent s'entraider de partager leurs patches et améliorations avec
+d'autres.</p>
+
+<p>Certains ont proposé des alternatives à la GPL qui requièrent que la
version
+modifiée passe par l'auteur original. Tant que l'auteur original assure la
+maintenance nécessaire, ceci peut fonctionner en pratique, mais si l'auteur
+cesse (plus ou moins) et passe à autre chose, ou ne répond pas aux besoins
+de tous les utilisateurs, cette manière de procéder s'effondre. En plus des
+problèmes pratiques, cette façon de faire ne permet pas aux utilisateurs de
+s'entraider.</p>
+
+<p>Quelquefois, le contrôle sur les versions modifiées est proposé comme un
+moyen d'éviter des confusions entre les différentes versions faites par les
+utilisateurs. Notre expérience nous a montré qu'il ne s'agit pas d'un
+problème majeur. De nombreuses versions d'Emacs ont été faites en dehors du
+cadre du Projet GNU, mais les utilisateurs peuvent les différencier. La GPL
+requiert que l'auteur d'une version mette son nom dessus, pour la distinguer
+des autres versions et protéger la réputation des autres mainteneurs.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="GPLRequireSourcePostedPublic">Does the GPL require that source code of
modified versions be posted to the
+public?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>La GPL n'exige pas que vous publiiez votre version modifiée. Vous êtes
libre
+de faire des modifications et de les utiliser à titre privé, sans jamais les
+publier. Ceci s'applique aussi aux organisations (y compris les sociétés);
+une organisation peut réaliser une version modifiée et l'utiliser en interne
+sans jamais la diffuser en dehors de l'organisation.</p>
+
+<p>Mais <em>si</em> vous distribuez la version modifiée au public de quelque
+manière que soit, la GPL vous oblige à rendre la version du code source
+modifiée disponible pour les utilisateurs, sous GPL.</p>
+
+<p>Ainsi, la GPL autorise à distribuer des programmes modifiés sous certaines
+conditions, et pas sous d'autres; mais la décision de le distribuer vous
+regarde.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="GPLAndNonfreeOnSameMachine">Can I have a GPL-covered program and an
unrelated non-free program on the
+same computer?</dt>
<dd><p>Oui.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="CanIDemandACopy">Si je connais quelqu'un qui a une copie d'un
-programme couvert par la GPL, puis-je lui demander de me donner une
-copie ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="CanIDemandACopy">If I know someone has a copy of a GPL-covered
program, can I demand he give
+me a copy?</dt>
<dd><p>Non. La GPL lui donne la permission de faire de redistribuer des copies
du
-programme <em>S'il choisit de la faire</em>. Il a également le droit
-de ne pas redistribuer le programme, si c'est son choix.</p></dd>
+programme <em>S'il choisit de la faire</em>. Il a également le droit de ne
+pas redistribuer le programme, si c'est son choix.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhatDoesWrittenOfferValid">Que veut dire « offre
-écrite valide pour n'importe quel tiers » (<i>written
-offer valid for any third party</i>) ? Cela signifie-t-il que n'importe
-qui peut obtenir les sources de n'importe quel programme sous GPL dans tous
-les cas ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhatDoesWrittenOfferValid">What does “written offer valid for
any third party” mean in
+GPLv2? Does that mean everyone in the world can get the source to any GPL'ed
+program no matter what?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Si vous choisissez de fournir les sources via une offre écrite, alors,
quiconque vous demande les sources doit les recevoir.</p>
<p>
-Si vous distribuez commercialement des fichiers binaires non
-accompagnés du code source, la GPL dit que vous devez fournir une
-offre écrite de distribuer le code source
-ultérieurement. Quand les utilisateurs redistribuent non
-commercialement les fichiers binaires qu'ils ont obtenu auprès de
-vous, ils doivent transmettre en même temps une copie de cette offre
-écrite. Ce qui veut dire que les personnes n'ayant pas
-récupéré les fichiers binaires directement
-auprès de vous peuvent quand même recevoir une copie du code
-source, selon l'offre écrite.</p>
+Si vous distribuez commercialement des fichiers binaires non accompagnés du
+code source, la GPL dit que vous devez fournir une offre écrite de
+distribuer le code source ultérieurement. Quand les utilisateurs
+redistribuent non commercialement les fichiers binaires qu'ils ont obtenu
+auprès de vous, ils doivent transmettre en même temps une copie de cette
+offre écrite. Ce qui veut dire que les personnes n'ayant pas récupéré les
+fichiers binaires directement auprès de vous peuvent quand même recevoir une
+copie du code source, selon l'offre écrite.</p>
<p>
La raison pour laquelle nous exigeons que l'offre soit valide pour n'importe
-quel tiers est qu'ainsi les personnes qui reçoivent les fichiers
-binaires indirectement de cette façon peuvent ainsi commander le code
-source auprès de vous.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="TheGPLSaysModifiedVersions">La GPLv2 dit que les versions
-modifiées, si elles sont diffusées, doivent être
-« donner une licence … pour tout tiers »
-(<i>« licensed … to all third
-parties. »</i>). Qui sont ces tiers ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>La section 2 dit que vous devez donner à tous les tiers une
licence
-sous GPL sur les versions modifiées que vous
-distribuez. « À tous les tiers »
-(<i>« all third parties »</i>) signifie absolument
-tout le monde—mais ça ne vous oblige pas à *faire*
-quelque chose physiquement pour eux. Cela veut seulement dire qu'ils ont une
-obtenu une licence de votre part, sous la GPL, pour votre version.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="RequiredToClaimCopyright">Dois-je revendiquer un copyright pour
-mes modifications sur un programme couvert par la GPL ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-Vous n'êtes obligé de revendiquer un copyright sur vos
-modifications. Dans la plupart des pays, cependant, ceci arrive
-automatiquement par défaut, aussi vous devrez mettre de façon
-explicite les modifications dans le domaine public si vous ne voulez pas
-qu'elles soient sous copyright.
+quel tiers est qu'ainsi les personnes qui reçoivent les fichiers binaires
+indirectement de cette façon peuvent ainsi commander le code source auprès
+de vous.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="TheGPLSaysModifiedVersions">GPLv2 says that modified versions, if
released, must be “licensed
+… to all third parties.” Who are these third parties?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>La section 2 dit que vous devez donner à tous les tiers une licence
sous GPL
+sur les versions modifiées que vous distribuez. « à tous les
+tiers » (<i>« all third parties »</i>) signifie absolument
+tout le monde—mais ça ne vous oblige pas à *faire* quelque chose
+physiquement pour eux. Cela veut seulement dire qu'ils ont une obtenu une
+licence de votre part, sous la GPL, pour votre version.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="RequiredToClaimCopyright">Am I required to claim a copyright on my
modifications to a GPL-covered
+program?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+Vous n'êtes obligé de revendiquer un copyright sur vos modifications. Dans
+la plupart des pays, cependant, ceci arrive automatiquement par défaut,
+aussi vous devrez mettre de façon explicite les modifications dans le
+domaine public si vous ne voulez pas qu'elles soient sous copyright.
<p>
Que vous revendiquiez ou non un copyright sur vos modifications, vous devrez
-publier la version modifiée, dans son entier, sous la GPL (<a
+publier la version modifiée, dans son entier, sous la GPL (<a
href="#GPLRequireSourcePostedPublic">si vous la publiez</a>).
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="CombinePublicDomainWithGPL">Si un programme combine du code du
-domaine public et du code couvert sous GPL, Puis-je prendre la partie
-dépendant du domaine public et l'utiliser comme tel ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="CombinePublicDomainWithGPL">If a program combines public-domain code
with GPL-covered code, can I take
+the public-domain part and use it as public domain code?</dt>
-<dd><p>Vous pouvez le faire, si vous pouvez déterminer quelle part fait
-partie du domaine public et la séparer du reste. Si du code a
-été mis dans le domaine public par son développeur, il
-est dans le domaine public peu importe ou il était auparavant.
+<dd><p>Vous pouvez le faire, si vous pouvez déterminer quelle part fait
partie du
+domaine public et la séparer du reste. Si du code a été mis dans le domaine
+public par son développeur, il est dans le domaine public peu importe ou il
+était auparavant.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DoesTheGPLAllowMoney">Est-ce que la GPL m'autorise à
-vendre des copies payantes de mon programme ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DoesTheGPLAllowMoney">Does the GPL allow me to sell copies of the
program for money?</dt>
<dd><p>Oui, la GPL autorise cela pour tout le monde. Le <a
href="/philosophy/selling.fr.html">droit de vendre des copies</a> est une
-partie de la définition du logiciel libre.
+partie de la définition du logiciel libre.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DoesTheGPLAllowDownloadFee">La GPL me permet-elle de demander
de
-l'argent pour le téléchargement d'un programme sur mon
-site ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DoesTheGPLAllowDownloadFee">Does the GPL allow me to charge a fee for
downloading the program from my
+site?</dt>
<dd><p>Oui. Vous pouvez demander le montant que vous souhaitez pour distribuer
une
-copie du programme. Si vous distribuez des exécutables en
-téléchargement, vous devez fournir un
-« accès équivalent » pour le
-téléchargement de sources — cependant, le montant du
-téléchargement des sources ne doit pas être plus
-important que celui du téléchargement des exécutables.
+copie du programme. Si vous distribuez des exécutables en téléchargement,
+vous devez fournir un « accès équivalent » pour le
téléchargement
+de sources — cependant, le montant du téléchargement des sources ne
+doit pas être plus important que celui du téléchargement des exécutables.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DoesTheGPLAllowRequireFee">Est-ce que la GPL m'autorise
à
-exiger que quiconque reçoit le logiciel doive me payer un montant
-et/ou me le signaler ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DoesTheGPLAllowRequireFee">Does the GPL allow me to require that
anyone who receives the software must
+pay me a fee and/or notify me?</dt>
<dd><p>Non. D'ailleurs, une telle exigence rendrait le programme non-libre. Si
l'on
doit payer pour recevoir une copie d'un programme, ou si l'on doit le
-signaler à quelqu'un en particulier, alors le programme n'est pas
-libre. Voir la <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">définition du
-logiciel libre</a>.</p>
-
-<p>La GPL est une licence de logiciel libre, et par conséquent elle
-permet l'utilisation et même la redistribution du logiciel sans que
-l'on ait à payer de droit à quiconque pour cela.
+signaler à quelqu'un en particulier, alors le programme n'est pas
+libre. Voir la <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">définition du logiciel
+libre</a>.</p>
+
+<p>La GPL est une licence de logiciel libre, et par conséquent elle permet
+l'utilisation et même la redistribution du logiciel sans que l'on ait Ã
+payer de droit à quiconque pour cela.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DoesTheGPLRequireAvailabilityToPublic">Si je distribue un
-programme couvert par la GPL contre rémunération, suis-je
-obligé de le rendre également disponible au public
-gratuitement ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DoesTheGPLRequireAvailabilityToPublic">If I distribute GPL'd software
for a fee, am I required to also make it
+available to the public without a charge?</dt>
<dd><p>Non. Cependant, si quelqu'un paie pour obtenir une copie, la GPL lui
donne
-la liberté de la rendre disponible au public, avec ou sans
-rétribution. Par exemple, quelqu'un pourrait payer un montant, puis
-mettre sa copie sur un site Web à disposition du public.
+la liberté de la rendre disponible au public, avec ou sans rétribution. Par
+exemple, quelqu'un pourrait payer un montant, puis mettre sa copie sur un
+site Web à disposition du public.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DoesTheGPLAllowNDA">La GPL me permet-elle de distribuer une
-version modifiée ou beta sous accord de non
-divulgation ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>Non. La GPL dit que quiconque reçoit une copie de votre version
de
-votre part a le droit de redistribuer des copies (modifiées ou non)
-de cette version. Elle ne vous donne pas le droit de distribuer votre
-travail avec plus de restrictions.</p>
+<dt id="DoesTheGPLAllowNDA">Does the GPL allow me to distribute copies under a
nondisclosure agreement?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Non. La GPL dit que quiconque reçoit une copie de votre version de
votre
+part a le droit de redistribuer des copies (modifiées ou non) de cette
+version. Elle ne vous donne pas le droit de distribuer votre travail avec
+plus de restrictions.</p>
<p>Si quelqu'un vous demande de signer un accord de non divulgation pour
recevoir un logiciel sous copyright de la FSF, veuillez nous en informer
@@ -957,8 +885,8 @@
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DoesTheGPLAllowModNDA">La GPL me permet-elle de distribuer une
-version modifiée ou beta sous accord de non divulgation ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DoesTheGPLAllowModNDA">Does the GPL allow me to distribute a modified
or beta version under a
+nondisclosure agreement?</dt>
<dd><p>Non. La GPL dit que vos versions modifiées doivent porter toutes les
libertés déclarées dans la GPL. Par conséquent, quiconque reçoit une copie
@@ -967,83 +895,73 @@
version de l'Åuvre sur une base plus restrictive.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DevelopChangesUnderNDA">La GPL me permet-elle de
-développer une version modifiée sous accord de non
-divulgation ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DevelopChangesUnderNDA">Does the GPL allow me to develop a modified
version under a nondisclosure
+agreement?</dt>
-<dd><p>Oui. Par exemple, vous pouvez accepter un contrat pour
développer des
+<dd><p>Oui. Par exemple, vous pouvez accepter un contrat pour développer des
modifications et accepter de ne pas publier <em>vos modifications</em>
-jusqu'à ce que le client soit d'accord. Ceci est permis car dans ce
-cas aucun code couvert par la GPL n'est distribué sous accord de non
-divulgation</p>
-
-<p>Vous pouvez également publier vos modifications pour le client sous
-GPL, mais accepter de ne pas les diffuser à d'autres personnes
-à moins que le client ne soit d'accord. Dans ce cas aussi, aucun code
-couvert par la GPL n'est distribué sous accord de non divulgation, ou
-toute autre restriction supplémentaire.</p>
+jusqu'Ã ce que le client soit d'accord. Ceci est permis car dans ce cas
+aucun code couvert par la GPL n'est distribué sous accord de non
divulgation</p>
+
+<p>Vous pouvez également publier vos modifications pour le client sous GPL,
+mais accepter de ne pas les diffuser à d'autres personnes à moins que le
+client ne soit d'accord. Dans ce cas aussi, aucun code couvert par la GPL
+n'est distribué sous accord de non divulgation, ou toute autre restriction
+supplémentaire.</p>
<p>La GPL donne le droit au client de redistributer votre version. Dans ce
-scénario, le client choisira probablement de ne pas exercer ce droit,
-mais il <em>a</em> le droit de le faire
+scénario, le client choisira probablement de ne pas exercer ce droit, mais
+il <em>a</em> le droit de le faire
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="IWantCredit">Je veux que mon travail soit reconnu. Je veux que
-les gens sachent ce que j'ai écrit. Puis-je encore être reconnu
-si j'utilise la GPL ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="IWantCredit">I want to get credit for my work. I want people to know
what I wrote. Can
+I still get credit if I use the GPL?</dt>
-<dd><p>Votre travail doit certainement être reconnu. La distribution d'un
-programme sous licence GPL doit aussi se traduire par la mention d'un
-copyright à votre propre nom (à supposer que vous
-déteniez ce copyright). La GPL requiert que chaque copie porte une
-mention de copyright appropriée.
+<dd><p>Votre travail doit certainement être reconnu. La distribution d'un
programme
+sous licence GPL doit aussi se traduire par la mention d'un copyright Ã
+votre propre nom (à supposer que vous déteniez ce copyright). La GPL
+requiert que chaque copie porte une mention de copyright appropriée.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhyMustIInclude">Pourquoi la GPL exige-t-elle d'inclure une
-copie de la GPL avec chaque copie du programme ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhyMustIInclude">Why does the GPL require including a copy of the GPL
with every copy of the
+program?</dt>
<dd><p>Le fait d'inclure une copie de la licence avec le programme est vital,
ainsi
-tous ceux qui reçoivent une copie du programme peuvent
-connaître leurs droits</p>
+tous ceux qui reçoivent une copie du programme peuvent connaître leurs
+droits</p>
+
+<p>Il peut paraître tentant d'inclure une URL qui réfère à cette licence,
au
+lieu de la licence elle-même. Mais vous ne pouvez pas être sûr que cette URL
+sera toujours valable dans cinq ou dix ans. Dans vingt ans, les URL que nous
+connaissons aujourd'hui n'existeront peut-être plus.</p>
-<p>Il peut paraître tentant d'inclure une URL qui réfère
-à cette licence, au lieu de la licence elle-même. Mais vous ne
-pouvez pas être sûr que cette URL sera toujours valable dans
-cinq ou dix ans. Dans vingt ans, les URL que nous connaissons aujourd'hui
-n'existeront peut-être plus.</p>
-
-<p>La seule façon de s'assurer que les détenteurs de copies du
-programme pourront continuer à voir les licences, malgré les
-changements qui apparaîtront dans le réseau, est d'inclure une
-copie de la licence dans le programme.
+<p>La seule façon de s'assurer que les détenteurs de copies du programme
+pourront continuer à voir les licences, malgré les changements qui
+apparaîtront dans le réseau, est d'inclure une copie de la licence dans le
+programme.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhatIfWorkIsShort">Et si le programme n'est guère plus
-long que la licence elle-même ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhatIfWorkIsShort">What if the work is not much longer than the
license itself?</dt>
<dd><p>Si un programme est aussi court, vous pouvez aussi bien utiliser une
licence
-sans restriction, plutôt que la GNU GPL.</p></dd>
+sans restriction, plutôt que la GNU GPL.</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="GPLOmitPreamble">Can I omit the preamble of the GPL, or the
instructions for how to use it on
+your own programs, to save space?</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Le préambule et les instructions sont des portions intégrales de la GNU
GPL
+et ne peuvent être supprimées. Lisez s'il vous plaît l'ensemble de la
+GPL. En fait, la GPL est sous copyright, et sa licence permet seulement de
+la recopier telle-quelle dans son intégralité.</p>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLOmitPreamble">Puis-je ôter le préambule de la
-GPL, ou les instructions sur la façon de l'utiliser dans vos propres
-programmes, pour économiser de l'espace ?</a></b></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Le préambule et les instructions sont des portions intégrales
-de la GNU GPL et ne peuvent être supprimées. Lisez s'il vous
-plaît l'ensemble de la GPL. En fait, la GPL est sous copyright, et sa
-licence permet seulement de la recopier telle-quelle dans son
-intégralité.</p>
-
-<p>Le préambule et les instructions ajoutent environ 5000
-caractères, moins d'1/3 de la taille totale de la GPL. Ils ne
-constitueraient pas un changement substantiel de la taille d'un paquetage
-logiciel à moins que ce paquetage lui-même soit vraiment
-petit. Dans ce cas, vous pourriez aussi bien utiliser une licence totalement
-permissive au lieu de la GNU GPL.
+<p>Le préambule et les instructions ajoutent environ 5000 caractères, moins
+d'1/3 de la taille totale de la GPL. Ils ne constitueraient pas un
+changement substantiel de la taille d'un paquetage logiciel à moins que ce
+paquetage lui-même soit vraiment petit. Dans ce cas, vous pourriez aussi
+bien utiliser une licence totalement permissive au lieu de la GNU GPL.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhatIsCompatible">Que signifie de dire que deux licences sont
-« compatibles » ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhatIsCompatible">What does it mean to say that two licenses are
“compatible”?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Pour combiner deux programmes (ou des parties substantielles de ceux-ci)
@@ -1062,20 +980,18 @@
cela ne les combine pas dans une Åuvre plus grande.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhatDoesCompatMean">Que veut dire le fait qu'une licence soit
-« compatible avec la GPL » (<i>« compatible
-with the GPL »</i>) ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhatDoesCompatMean">What does it mean to say a license is
“compatible with the GPL?”</dt>
<dd>
<p>Cela signifie que l'autre licence et la GNU GPL sont compatibles; vous
-pouvez combiner du code publié sous l'autre licence avec du code
-publié sous la GNU GPL dans un programme plus large.</p>
+pouvez combiner du code publié sous l'autre licence avec du code publié sous
+la GNU GPL dans un programme plus large.</p>
-<p>Toutes les versions de la licence GNU GPL autorise de telles combinaisons
-à tire personnel ; elles autorisent la distribution de telles
-combinaisons à condition que la combinaison soit publiée sous
-la même version de GNU GPL. L'autre licence est compatible avec la GPL
-si elle permet cela aussi.</p>
+<p>Toutes les versions de la licence GNU GPL autorise de telles combinaisons Ã
+tire personnel ; elles autorisent la distribution de telles
+combinaisons à condition que la combinaison soit publiée sous la même
+version de GNU GPL. L'autre licence est compatible avec la GPL si elle
+permet cela aussi.</p>
<p>La GPLv3 est compatible avec plus de licences que la GPLv2 : elle
permet de faire des combinaisons avec du code ayant des conditions
@@ -1085,45 +1001,40 @@
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="FSWithNFLibs">Puis-je écrire un logiciel libre qui
-utilise des bibliothèques non-libres ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="FSWithNFLibs">Can I write free software that uses non-free
libraries?</dt>
<dd>
Si vous faites cela, votre programme ne sera pas totalement utilisable dans
-un environnement libre. Si votre programme dépend d'une
-bibliothèque non-libre pour faire certaines actions, il ne pourra pas
-le faire dans le Monde libre. S'il dépend d'une bibliothèque
-non-libre pour fonctionner, il ne pourra pas faire partie d'un
-système d'exploitation libre tel que GNU; c'est totalement hors des
-limites du Monde libre.
-<p>
-Aussi, veuillez considérer ceci : pouvez-vous trouver un moyen
-de réaliser cette action sans utiliser cette
-bibliothèque ? Pouvez-vous écrire une bibliothèque
-libre pour la remplacer ?</p>
-<p>
-Si le programme est déjà écrit en utilisant la
-bibliothèque non-libre, il est peut-être déjà
-trop tard pour changer de décision. Vous pouvez aussi publier le
-programme tel qu'il est plutôt que de ne pas le publier. Mais veuillez
-mentionner dans le fichier README que la nécessité de la
-bibliothèqe non-libre est un inconvénient, et suggérez
-de changer de programme pour qu'il puisse faire la même chose sans la
-bibliothèque non-libre. Veuillez suggérez que quiconque pense
-faire un gros travail sur le programme, le libère d'abord de sa
-dépendance à la bibliothèque non-libre.</p>
-<p>
-Notez également qu'il peut y avoir des problèmes juridiques en
-combinant certaines bibliothèques non-libres avec un logiciel libre
-couvert par la GPL. Veuillez consulter <a href="#GPLIncompatibleLibs">la
-question sur les logiciels sous GPL avec les bibliothèques
-incompatibles avec la GPL</a> pour plus de renseignements.
+un environnement libre. Si votre programme dépend d'une bibliothèque
+non-libre pour faire certaines actions, il ne pourra pas le faire dans le
+Monde libre. S'il dépend d'une bibliothèque non-libre pour fonctionner, il
+ne pourra pas faire partie d'un système d'exploitation libre tel que GNU;
+c'est totalement hors des limites du Monde libre.
+<p>
+Aussi, veuillez considérer ceci : pouvez-vous trouver un moyen de
+réaliser cette action sans utiliser cette bibliothèque ? Pouvez-vous
+écrire une bibliothèque libre pour la remplacer ?</p>
+<p>
+Si le programme est déjà écrit en utilisant la bibliothèque non-libre, il
+est peut-être déjà trop tard pour changer de décision. Vous pouvez aussi
+publier le programme tel qu'il est plutôt que de ne pas le publier. Mais
+veuillez mentionner dans le fichier README que la nécessité de la
+bibliothèqe non-libre est un inconvénient, et suggérez de changer de
+programme pour qu'il puisse faire la même chose sans la bibliothèque
+non-libre. Veuillez suggérez que quiconque pense faire un gros travail sur
+le programme, le libère d'abord de sa dépendance à la bibliothèque
+non-libre.</p>
+<p>
+Notez également qu'il peut y avoir des problèmes juridiques en combinant
+certaines bibliothèques non-libres avec un logiciel libre couvert par la
+GPL. Veuillez consulter <a href="#GPLIncompatibleLibs">la question sur les
+logiciels sous GPL avec les bibliothèques incompatibles avec la GPL</a> pour
+plus de renseignements.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLIncompatibleLibs">J'écris du logiciel libre qui
-utilise des bibliothèques non-libres. Quels problèmes
-légaux surviennent si j'utilise la GPL ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLIncompatibleLibs">What legal issues come up if I use
GPL-incompatible libraries with GPL
+software?</dt>
<dd>
@@ -1135,12 +1046,11 @@
programme n'inclut pas ces bibliothèques, même si vous distribuez un
exécutable lié les contenant.</p>
-<p>Les critères qui qualifient une « bibliothèque
-système » varient selon les différentes version de la GPL. La
-GPLv3 définit explicitement les « Bibliothèques
-système » dans la section 1, pour les exclure de la définition du
-« code source ». La GPLv2 dit la chose suivante, près
-de la fin de la section 3 :</p>
+<p>Les critères qui qualifient une « bibliothèque système »
varient
+selon les différentes version de la GPL. La GPLv3 définit explicitement les
+« Bibliothèques système » dans la section 1, pour les exclure de
+la définition du « code source ». La GPLv2 dit la chose suivante,
+près de la fin de la section 3 :</p>
<blockquote><p>
However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not
@@ -1196,25 +1106,24 @@
any later version.
Traduction : Ce programme est un logiciel libre; vous pouvez le
redistribuer et/ou le modifier selon les termes de la GNU General Public
-License (Licence Publique Générale GNU) telle qu'elle a
-été publiée par la Free Software Foundation; soit la
-version 3 de la licence, soit (comme vous le souhaitez) toute version
-ultérieure.</p>
+License (Licence Publique Générale GNU) telle qu'elle a été publiée par la
+Free Software Foundation; soit la version 3 de la licence, soit (comme vous
+le souhaitez) toute version ultérieure.</p>
<p>This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
more details.
-Traduction : Ce programme est distribué dans l'espoir qu'il sera
-utile, mais SANS LA MOINDRE GARANTIE; pas même la garantie implicite
-de COMMERCIABILITé ou d'ADéQUATION à UN BUT
-PARTICULIER. Voir la GNU General Public License pour plus de
détails.</p>
+Traduction : Ce programme est distribué dans l'espoir qu'il sera utile,
+mais SANS LA MOINDRE GARANTIE; pas même la garantie implicite de
+COMMERCIABILITé ou d'ADéQUATION à UN BUT PARTICULIER. Voir la GNU General
+Public License pour plus de détails.</p>
<p>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.
-Traduction : Vous devriez avoir reçu une copie de la GNU General
-Public License en même temps que ce programme; si ce n'est pas le cas,
-consultez <http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
+Traduction : Vous devriez avoir reçu une copie de la GNU General Public
+License en même temps que ce programme; si ce n'est pas le cas, consultez
+<http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
<p>Permission supplémentaire de la GNU GPL version 3 section 7</p>
@@ -1257,35 +1166,34 @@
any later version.
Traduction :Ce programme est un logiciel libre; vous pouvez le
redistribuer et/ou le modifier selon les termes de la GNU General Public
-License (Licence Publique Générale GNU) telle qu'elle a
-été publiée par la Free Software Foundation; soit la
-version 2 de la licence, soit (comme vous le souhaitez) toute version
-ultérieure.</p>
+License (Licence Publique Générale GNU) telle qu'elle a été publiée par la
+Free Software Foundation; soit la version 2 de la licence, soit (comme vous
+le souhaitez) toute version ultérieure.</p>
<p>This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
more details.
-Traduction : Ce programme est distribué dans l'espoir qu'il sera
-utile, mais SANS LA MOINDRE GARANTIE; pas même la garantie implicite
-de COMMERCIABILITé ou d'ADéQUATION à UN BUT
-PARTICULIER. Voir la GNU General Public License pour plus de
détails.</p>
+Traduction : Ce programme est distribué dans l'espoir qu'il sera utile,
+mais SANS LA MOINDRE GARANTIE; pas même la garantie implicite de
+COMMERCIABILITé ou d'ADéQUATION à UN BUT PARTICULIER. Voir la GNU General
+Public License pour plus de détails.</p>
<p>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.
-Traduction : Vous devriez avoir reçu une copie de la GNU General
-Public License en même temps que ce programme; si ce n'est pas le cas,
-consultez <http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
+Traduction : Vous devriez avoir reçu une copie de la GNU General Public
+License en même temps que ce programme; si ce n'est pas le cas, consultez
+<http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
<p>Linking <var>[name of your program]</var> statically or dynamically with
other modules is making a combined work based on <var>[name of your
program]</var>. Thus, the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public
License cover the whole combination.
Traduction : Lier <var>[nom de votre programme]</var> statiquement ou
-dynamiquement avec d'autres modules en fait une œuvre combinée
-basée sur <var>[nom de votre programme]</var>. Par conséquent, les
-termes et conditions de la Licence publique générale GNU
-couvrent la totalité de la combinaison.</p>
+dynamiquement avec d'autres modules en fait une œuvre combinée basée
+sur <var>[nom de votre programme]</var>. Par conséquent, les termes et
+conditions de la Licence publique générale GNU couvrent la totalité de la
+combinaison.</p>
<p>In addition, as a special exception, the copyright holders of <var>[name of
your program]</var> give you permission to combine <var>[name of your
@@ -1297,18 +1205,17 @@
for <var>[name of your program]</var> and the licenses of the other code
concerned{, provided that you include the source code of that other code
when and as the GNU GPL requires distribution of source code}.
-Traduction : De plus, à titre exceptionnel, les
-détenteurs du copyright> de <var>[nom de votre programme]</var>
-vous donne l'autorisation de combiner <var>[nom de votre programme]</var>
-avec des logiciels libres ou des bibliothèques couvertes par la LGPL
-GNU et avec du code inclus dans la version standard de <var>[nom de la
-bibliothèque]</var> sous la licence <var>[nom de la licence de la
-bibliothèque]</var> (ou des versions modifiées de ce code, sans
-changement de licence). Vous pouvez copier et distribuer un tel
-système en suivant les termes de la GPL GNU pour <var>[nom de votre
-programme]</var> et les licences de l'autre code concerné{, pourvu
-d'y inclure le code source de l'autre code car la GPL GNU nécessite
-la distribution du code source}.</p>
+Traduction : De plus, à titre exceptionnel, les détenteurs du
+copyright> de <var>[nom de votre programme]</var> vous donne
+l'autorisation de combiner <var>[nom de votre programme]</var> avec des
+logiciels libres ou des bibliothèques couvertes par la LGPL GNU et avec du
+code inclus dans la version standard de <var>[nom de la bibliothèque]</var>
+sous la licence <var>[nom de la licence de la bibliothèque]</var> (ou des
+versions modifiées de ce code, sans changement de licence). Vous pouvez
+copier et distribuer un tel système en suivant les termes de la GPL GNU pour
+<var>[nom de votre programme]</var> et les licences de l'autre code
+concerné{, pourvu d'y inclure le code source de l'autre code car la GPL GNU
+nécessite la distribution du code source}.</p>
<p>Note that people who make modified versions of <var>[name of your
program]</var> are not obligated to grant this special exception for their
@@ -1317,357 +1224,299 @@
exception; this exception also makes it possible to release a modified
version which carries forward this exception.
Traduction : Veuillez remarquer que les personnes qui font des versions
-modifiées de <var>[nom de votre programme]</var> ne sont pas
-obligées d'accorder cette exception particulière pour leurs
-versions modifiées; ils leur appartient de le faire ou pas. La
-Licence publique générale GNU donne la permission de publier
-une version modifiée sans cette exception; cette exception rend
-également possible de publier une version modifiée
-quiperpétue cette exception.</p>
+modifiées de <var>[nom de votre programme]</var> ne sont pas obligées
+d'accorder cette exception particulière pour leurs versions modifiées; ils
+leur appartient de le faire ou pas. La Licence publique générale GNU donne
+la permission de publier une version modifiée sans cette exception; cette
+exception rend également possible de publier une version modifiée
+quiperpétue cette exception.</p>
</blockquote>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="HowIGetCopyright">Comment obtenir un copyright sur mon
programme
-de façon à le distribuer sous la GPL ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="HowIGetCopyright">How do I get a copyright on my program in order to
release it under the GPL?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>Selon la Convention de Berne, tout écrit est automatiquement sous
-copyright dès qu'il est placé sous une forme fixe. Donc vous
-n'avez rien à faire pour « obtenir » un
-copyright sur ce que vous écrivez—dès lors que personne
-d'autre ne peut prétendre posséder votre travail.</p>
-
-<p>C'est toutefois une excellente idée d'enregistrer votre copyright aux
-État-Unis. Cela vous donnera plus d'influence pour traiter avec une
-violation aux États-Unis.</p>
-
-<p>Il se peut que quelqu'un d'autre puisse réclamer le copyright si vous
-êtes un employé ou un étudiant; alors, l'employeur ou
-l'école peuvent prétendre que vous avez effectué le
-travail pour eux, et que le copyright leur appartient. La validité de
-leurs prétentions dépend des circonstances telles que les lois
-de votre lieu de résidence, votre contrat d'embauche et le genre de
-travail que vous faites. Le mieux est de consulter un avocat s'il y a le
-moindre doute.</p>
-
-<p>Si vous pensez que l'employeur ou l'école peuvent avoir des droits,
-vous pouvez résoudre le problème clairement en obtenant une
-renonciation au copyright signée par un officiel autorisé de
-l'entreprise ou de l'école. (Votre supérieur
-hiérarchique immédiat ou votre professeur ne sont
-généralement PAS autorisés à signer de telles
-renonciations).
+<p>Selon la Convention de Berne, tout écrit est automatiquement sous copyright
+dès qu'il est placé sous une forme fixe. Donc vous n'avez rien à faire pour
+« obtenir » un copyright sur ce que vous écrivez—dès lors
+que personne d'autre ne peut prétendre posséder votre travail.</p>
+
+<p>C'est toutefois une excellente idée d'enregistrer votre copyright aux
+Ãtat-Unis. Cela vous donnera plus d'influence pour traiter avec une
+violation aux Ãtats-Unis.</p>
+
+<p>Il se peut que quelqu'un d'autre puisse réclamer le copyright si vous êtes
+un employé ou un étudiant; alors, l'employeur ou l'école peuvent prétendre
+que vous avez effectué le travail pour eux, et que le copyright leur
+appartient. La validité de leurs prétentions dépend des circonstances telles
+que les lois de votre lieu de résidence, votre contrat d'embauche et le
+genre de travail que vous faites. Le mieux est de consulter un avocat s'il y
+a le moindre doute.</p>
+
+<p>Si vous pensez que l'employeur ou l'école peuvent avoir des droits, vous
+pouvez résoudre le problème clairement en obtenant une renonciation au
+copyright signée par un officiel autorisé de l'entreprise ou de
+l'école. (Votre supérieur hiérarchique immédiat ou votre professeur ne sont
+généralement PAS autorisés à signer de telles renonciations).
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhatIfSchool">Et si mon école décidait de mettre
-mon programme dans son propre logiciel propriétaire ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhatIfSchool">What if my school might want to make my program into its
own proprietary
+software product?</dt>
-<dd><p>De nombreuses universités essaient aujourd'hui d'attirer des
fonds en
+<dd><p>De nombreuses universités essaient aujourd'hui d'attirer des fonds en
restreignant l'utilisation des connaissances et informations qu'elles
-développent, se comportant en cela de manière peu
-différente des sociétés commerciales. (Voir
-« The Kept University », Atlantic Monthly, Mars 2000,
-pour une discussion générale de ce problème et de ses
-effets).</p>
-
-<p>Si vous pensez qu'il existe une probabilité que votre école
-refuse de vous autoriser à distribuer votre programme sous GPL, il
-vaut mieux soulever le problème le plus tôt possible. Plus le
-programme sera proche d'un fonctionnement utile, et plus la tentation sera
-grande pour l'administration de vous le prendre et de le finir sans vous. Ã
-un stade moins avancé, vous avez plus de marge de manœuvre.</p>
+développent, se comportant en cela de manière peu différente des sociétés
+commerciales. (Voir « The Kept University », Atlantic Monthly,
+Mars 2000, pour une discussion générale de ce problème et de ses
effets).</p>
+
+<p>Si vous pensez qu'il existe une probabilité que votre école refuse de vous
+autoriser à distribuer votre programme sous GPL, il vaut mieux soulever le
+problème le plus tôt possible. Plus le programme sera proche d'un
+fonctionnement utile, et plus la tentation sera grande pour l'administration
+de vous le prendre et de le finir sans vous. à un stade moins avancé, vous
+avez plus de marge de manœuvre.</p>
<p>Aussi nous vous recommandons de les aborder quand le programme est seulement
-à moitié réalisé, en disant :
-« Si vous me laissez le distribuer sous licence libre, je le
-termine ». N'y pensez pas comme à du bluff. Pour que votre
-opinion prévale, vous devez avoir le courage de dire :
-« Mon programme sera libre, ou ne sera pas ».
+à moitié réalisé, en disant : « Si vous me laissez le distribuer
+sous licence libre, je le termine ». N'y pensez pas comme à du
+bluff. Pour que votre opinion prévale, vous devez avoir le courage de
+dire : « Mon programme sera libre, ou ne sera pas ».
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="CouldYouHelpApplyGPL">Pourriez-vous me donner des instructions
-détaillées sur la façon d'appliquer la GPL à mon
-programme ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="CouldYouHelpApplyGPL">Could you give me step by step instructions on
how to apply the GPL to my
+program?</dt>
<dd><p>Voir la page des <a href="/licenses/gpl-howto.fr.html">instructions
pour la
GPL</a>.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="HeardOtherLicense">J'ai entendu parler de quelqu'un qui a
obtenu
-une copie d'un programme en GPL sous une autre licence. Cela est-il
-possible ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="HeardOtherLicense">I heard that someone got a copy of a GPL'ed program
under another license.
+Is this possible?</dt>
<dd><p>La GNU GPL ne donne pas le droit aux utilisateurs d'attacher d'autres
-licences au programme. Mais le détenteur du copyright sur un
-programme peut le publier sous différentes licences en
-parallèle. L'une d'entre-elles peut être la GNU GPL.</p>
-
-<p>La licence qui se trouve dans votre copie, en supposant qu'elle y ait
-été mise par le détenteur du copyright et que vous
-aillez acquis cette copie de façon légitime, est la licence
-qui s'applique à votre copie.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="ReleaseUnderGPLAndNF">Je voudrais diffuser sous GNU GPL un
-programme que j'ai écrit, mais j'aimerais utiliser le même code
-dans un programme non-libre.</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>Il est toujours éthiquement discutable de publier un logiciel
-non-libre, mais il n'y a pas d'obstacle légal à ce que vous
-agissiez ainsi. Si vous êtes le détenteur du copyright pour le
-code, vous pouvez le publier sous différentes licences non-exclusives
-à différents moments.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="DeveloperViolate">Est-ce que le développeur d'un
-programme couvert par la GPL est lié par cette GPL ? Est-ce que
-le développeur pourrait se retrouver un jour en violation de la
-GPL ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>Strictement parlant, la GPL est une licence de la part du
développeur
-à l'attention des tiers qui voudraient utiliser, distribuer et
-modifier le programme. Le développeur lui-même n'est pas
-contraint par elle, donc quelque soit ce que fait le développeur, ce
-n'est pas une « violation » de la GPL.</p>
-
-<p>Toutefois, si le développeur devait entreprendre une action qui
-violerait la GPL si quelqu'un d'autre faisait la même chose, alors il
-perdrait sûrement de son autorité morale dans la
-communauté.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="CanDeveloperThirdParty">Le développeur d'un programme
qui
-l'a distribué sous GPL peut-il ensuite établir avec un tiers
-une licence pour son usage exclusif ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>Non, parce que le public détient déjà le droit
-d'utiliser le programme sous la GPL, et ce droit ne peut être
-retiré.</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="CanIUseGPLToolsForNF">Puis-je utiliser des éditeurs sous
-GPL pour développer des programmes non-libres ? Puis-je utiliser
-des outils sous GPL pour les compiler ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>Oui, parce que le copyright sur l'éditeur de texte et les outils
ne
-couvre pas le code que vous écrivez.</p>
-
-<p>Certains programmes recopient des parties d'eux-mêmes dans leur
-résultat pour des raisons techniques—par exemple, Bison copie
-un programme standard d'analyse dans son fichier résultat. Dans de
-tels cas, le texte copié dans le résultat est couvert par la
-même licence qui le couvre dans le code source. Entre temps, la partie
-du résultat qui vient des données fournies au programme
-hérite du même copyright que ces données.</p>
-
-<p>Il se trouve que Bison peut aussi être utilisé pour
-développer des programmes non-libres. C'est parce que nous avons
-décidé d'autoriser explicitement l'utilisation sans
-restrictions du programme standard d'analyse dans les fichiers produits par
-Bison. Nous avons pris cette décision parce qu'il existait
-déjà d'autres outils comparables à Bison qui
-autorisaient déjà une utilisation pour des programmes
-non-libres.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="GPLFairUse">Ai-je des droits de « <i>fair
-use</i> » pour l'utilisation du code source d'un programme
-couvert par la GPL ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p><i>N.d.T. : La notion de « </i>fair use<i> »
-(lit. « utilisationcorrecte ») est
-déterminée précisément dans la
-législation desÉtats-Unis d'Amérique. Nous l'avons donc
-laissée telle-quelle dans latraduction. Il vous appartient de
-vérifier si une telle notion existeégalement dans votre
-système juridique.</i>
-Oui. Le <i>« fair use »</i> est une utilisation
-autorisée sans permission spéciale. Puisque vous n'avez pas
-besoin de la permission du développeur pour un tel usage, vous pouvez
-le faire, quoiqu'en ait dit le développeur—dans la licence ou
-ailleurs, que cette licence soit la GNU GPL ou tout autre licence de
-logiciel libre.</p>
+licences au programme. Mais le détenteur du copyright sur un programme peut
+le publier sous différentes licences en parallèle. L'une d'entre-elles peut
+être la GNU GPL.</p>
+
+<p>La licence qui se trouve dans votre copie, en supposant qu'elle y ait été
+mise par le détenteur du copyright et que vous ayez acquis cette copie de
+façon légitime, est la licence qui s'applique à votre copie.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="ReleaseUnderGPLAndNF">I would like to release a program I wrote under
the GNU GPL, but I would
+like to use the same code in non-free programs.</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Il est toujours éthiquement discutable de publier un logiciel
non-libre,
+mais il n'y a pas d'obstacle légal à ce que vous agissiez ainsi. Si vous
+êtes le détenteur du copyright pour le code, vous pouvez le publier sous
+différentes licences non-exclusives à différents moments.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="DeveloperViolate">Is the developer of a GPL-covered program bound by
the GPL? Could the
+developer's actions ever be a violation of the GPL?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Strictement parlant, la GPL est une licence de la part du développeur
Ã
+l'attention des tiers qui voudraient utiliser, distribuer et modifier le
+programme. Le développeur lui-même n'est pas contraint par elle, donc
+quelque soit ce que fait le développeur, ce n'est pas une
+« violation » de la GPL.</p>
+
+<p>Toutefois, si le développeur devait entreprendre une action qui violerait
la
+GPL si quelqu'un d'autre faisait la même chose, alors il perdrait sûrement
+de son autorité morale dans la communauté.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="CanDeveloperThirdParty">Can the developer of a program who distributed
it under the GPL later
+license it to another party for exclusive use?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Non, parce que le public détient déjà le droit d'utiliser le
programme sous
+la GPL, et ce droit ne peut être retiré.</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="CanIUseGPLToolsForNF">Can I use GPL-covered editors such as GNU Emacs
to develop non-free
+programs? Can I use GPL-covered tools such as GCC to compile them?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Oui, parce que le copyright sur l'éditeur de texte et les outils ne
couvre
+pas le code que vous écrivez.</p>
+
+<p>Certains programmes recopient des parties d'eux-mêmes dans leur résultat
+pour des raisons techniques—par exemple, Bison copie un programme
+standard d'analyse dans son fichier résultat. Dans de tels cas, le texte
+copié dans le résultat est couvert par la même licence qui le couvre dans le
+code source. Entre temps, la partie du résultat qui vient des données
+fournies au programme hérite du même copyright que ces données.</p>
+
+<p>Il se trouve que Bison peut aussi être utilisé pour développer des
+programmes non-libres. C'est parce que nous avons décidé d'autoriser
+explicitement l'utilisation sans restrictions du programme standard
+d'analyse dans les fichiers produits par Bison. Nous avons pris cette
+décision parce qu'il existait déjà d'autres outils comparables à Bison qui
+autorisaient déjà une utilisation pour des programmes non-libres.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="GPLFairUse">Do I have “fair use” rights in using the
source code of a
+GPL-covered program?</dt>
+
+<dd><p><i>N.d.T. : La notion de « </i>fair use<i> »
+(lit. « utilisationcorrecte ») est déterminée précisément dans
la
+législation desÃtats-Unis d'Amérique. Nous l'avons donc laissée
telle-quelle
+dans latraduction. Il vous appartient de vérifier si une telle notion
+existeégalement dans votre système juridique.</i>
+Oui. Le <i>« fair use »</i> est une utilisation autorisée sans
+permission spéciale. Puisque vous n'avez pas besoin de la permission du
+développeur pour un tel usage, vous pouvez le faire, quoiqu'en ait dit le
+développeur—dans la licence ou ailleurs, que cette licence soit la GNU
+GPL ou tout autre licence de logiciel libre.</p>
<p>Notez cependant qu'il n'existe pas de principe universel de <i>fair use</i>;
-les types d'utilisation relevant du <i>« fair
-use »</i> varientselon les pays.
+les types d'utilisation relevant du <i>« fair use »</i>
+varientselon les pays.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLUSGov">Le gouvernement américain peut-il publier un
-programme couvert par la GNU GPL ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLUSGov">Can the US Government release a program under the GNU
GPL?</dt>
<dd><p>
-Si le programme est écrit par des employés du gouvernement
-fédéral américain, dans le cadre de leur travail, il
-est dans le domaine public, ce qui veut dire qu'il n'y a pas de droit
-d'auteur. Puisque la GPL GNU est basée sur le copyright, un tel
-programme ne peut être publié en l'utilisant. (Il peut
-être un <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">logiciel libre</a>
-cependant; un programme du domaine public est libre).</p>
-
-<p>Cependant, quand une agence du gouvernement fédéral
-américain utilise des sous-traitants pour développer un
-logiciel, c'est une situation différente. Le contrat peut
-requérir que le sous-traitant le publie sous la GPL GNU. (GNU Ada a
-été développé de cette façon). Ou un
-contrat peut donner le droit d'auteur à l'agence gouvernementale, qui
-peut alors publier le logiciel sous la GPL GNU.</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="GPLUSGovAdd">Le gouvernement américain peut-il publier
-des améliorations d'un programme couvert par la GPL ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>Oui. Si les améliorations sont écrites par les
employés
-du gouvernement, alors les améliorations sont dans le domaine
-public. Cependant, la version améliorée, en son entier, est
-toujours couverte par la GPL GNU. Il n'y a pas de problème dans ce
-cas.</p>
+Si le programme est écrit par des employés du gouvernement fédéral
+américain, dans le cadre de leur travail, il est dans le domaine public, ce
+qui veut dire qu'il n'y a pas de droit d'auteur. Puisque la GPL GNU est
+basée sur le copyright, un tel programme ne peut être publié en
+l'utilisant. (Il peut être un <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">logiciel
+libre</a> cependant; un programme du domaine public est libre).</p>
+
+<p>Cependant, quand une agence du gouvernement fédéral américain utilise des
+sous-traitants pour développer un logiciel, c'est une situation
+différente. Le contrat peut requérir que le sous-traitant le publie sous la
+GPL GNU. (GNU Ada a été développé de cette façon). Ou un contrat peut
donner
+le droit d'auteur à l'agence gouvernementale, qui peut alors publier le
+logiciel sous la GPL GNU.</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="GPLUSGovAdd">Can the US Government release improvements to a
GPL-covered program?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Oui. Si les améliorations sont écrites par les employés du
gouvernement,
+alors les améliorations sont dans le domaine public. Cependant, la version
+améliorée, en son entier, est toujours couverte par la GPL GNU. Il n'y a pas
+de problème dans ce cas.</p>
<p>Si le gouvernement utilise des sous-traitants pour faire le travail, alors
-les améliorations elles-mêmes peuvent être couvertes par
-la GPL.
+les améliorations elles-mêmes peuvent être couvertes par la GPL.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLOutput">Y a-t-il un moyen de mettre sous GPL le
-résultat que les utilisateurs obtiennent en se servant de mon
-programme ? Par exemple, si mon programme sert à produire des
-éléments de conception de composants matériels, puis-je
-exiger que ces éléments de conception soient
-libres ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>En général, ceci est juridiquement impossible; les lois du
-<i>copyright</i> ne vous donnent aucun droit sur l'utilisation qui est faite
-du résultat du programme par les gens qui lui ont fourni leurs
-données. Si l'utilisateur se sert de votre programme pour saisir ou
-convertir ses propres données, c'est à lui et non à
-vous qu'appartient le copyright du produit obtenu. Plus
-généralement, quand un programme transforme les données
-qu'il reçoit sous une forme différente, le statut du copyright
-du résultat hérite de celui qui couvrait les données
-ayant servi à le générer.</p>
-
-<p>Par conséquent, le seul moyen pour que vous ayez des droits sur le
-résultat est que des parties substantielles de ce résultat
-soient copiées (plus ou moins) à partir du texte
-présent dans votre programme. Par exemple, une partie du
-résultat produit par Bison (voir ci-dessus) serait couverte par la
-GNU GPL si nous n'avions créé une exception pour ce cas
-particulier.</p>
+<dt id="GPLOutput">Is there some way that I can GPL the output people get from
use of my
+program? For example, if my program is used to develop hardware designs, can
+I require that these designs must be free?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>En général, ceci est juridiquement impossible; les lois du
<i>copyright</i>
+ne vous donnent aucun droit sur l'utilisation qui est faite du résultat du
+programme par les gens qui lui ont fourni leurs données. Si l'utilisateur se
+sert de votre programme pour saisir ou convertir ses propres données, c'est
+à lui et non à vous qu'appartient le copyright du produit obtenu. Plus
+généralement, quand un programme transforme les données qu'il reçoit sous
+une forme différente, le statut du copyright du résultat hérite de celui qui
+couvrait les données ayant servi à le générer.</p>
+
+<p>Par conséquent, le seul moyen pour que vous ayez des droits sur le
résultat
+est que des parties substantielles de ce résultat soient copiées (plus ou
+moins) à partir du texte présent dans votre programme. Par exemple, une
+partie du résultat produit par Bison (voir ci-dessus) serait couverte par la
+GNU GPL si nous n'avions créé une exception pour ce cas particulier.</p>
+
+<p>Vous pourriez artificiellement forcer un programme à copier un certain
texte
+dans son résultat, même s'il n'y a pas de raison technique de le faire. Mais
+si ce texte ne sert à rien en pratique, l'utilisateur pourrait simplement le
+supprimer du résultat et n'utiliser que le reste. Il n'aurait plus alors Ã
+respecter les conditions de redistribution du texte copié.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="WhatCaseIsOutputGPL">In what cases is the output of a GPL program
covered by the GPL too?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Seulement quand le programme copie des portions de lui-même dans le
+résultat.</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="GPLModuleLicense">If I add a module to a GPL-covered program, do I
have to use the GPL as the
+license for my module?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>La GPL dit que l'ensemble du programme combiné doit être publié sous
la
+GPL. Votre module doit donc être disponible pour utilisation sous GPL.</p>
-<p>Vous pourriez artificiellement forcer un programme à copier un
-certain texte dans son résultat, même s'il n'y a pas de raison
-technique de le faire. Mais si ce texte ne sert à rien en pratique,
-l'utilisateur pourrait simplement le supprimer du résultat et
-n'utiliser que le reste. Il n'aurait plus alors à respecter les
-conditions de redistribution du texte copié.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="WhatCaseIsOutputGPL">Dans quels cas le résultat produit
-par un programme sous GPL est-il également couvert par la
-GPL ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>Seulement quand le programme copie des portions de lui-même dans
le
-résultat.</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="GPLModuleLicense">Si j'ajoute un module à un module
-couvert par la GPL, dois-je utiliser la GPL comme licence pour mon
-module ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>La GPL dit que l'ensemble du programme combiné doit être
-publié sous la GPL. Votre module doit donc être disponible pour
-utilisation sous GPL.</p>
-
-<p>Mais vous pouvez donner des permissions supplémentaires pour
-l'utilisation de votre code. Vous pouvez, si vous le voulez, distribuer
-votre programme sous une licence plus lâche que la GPL, mais qui est
-compatible avec elle. La <a href="/philosophy/license-list.fr.html">page de
-liste des licences</a> donne une liste partielle des licencescompatibles
-avec la GPL.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="IfLibraryIsGPL">Si une bibliothèque est
distribuée
-sous GPL (et non sous LGPL), cela signifie-t-il que n'importe quel programme
-qui l'utilise doit être sous GPL ou sous une licence compatible avec
-la GPL ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>Oui, parce que le programme tel qu'il est effectivement
-exécuté inclus la bibliothèque.</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="IfInterpreterIsGPL">Si un interpréteur d'un langage de
-programmation est diffusé sous GPL, est-ce que cela signifie que les
-programmes écrits pour être interprétés par
-celui-ci doivent être placés sous des licences compatibles avec
-la GPL ?</a></b></dt>
+<p>Mais vous pouvez donner des permissions supplémentaires pour l'utilisation
+de votre code. Vous pouvez, si vous le voulez, distribuer votre programme
+sous une licence plus lâche que la GPL, mais qui est compatible avec
+elle. La <a href="/philosophy/license-list.fr.html">page de liste des
+licences</a> donne une liste partielle des licencescompatibles avec la GPL.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="IfLibraryIsGPL">If a library is released under the GPL (not the LGPL),
does that mean that
+any software which uses it has to be under the GPL or a GPL-compatible
+license?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Yes, because the software as it is actually run includes the
library.</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="IfInterpreterIsGPL">If a programming language interpreter is released
under the GPL, does that
+mean programs written to be interpreted by it must be under GPL-compatible
+licenses?</dt>
<dd><p>
-Quand l'interpréteur interprète juste un langage, la
-réponse est non. Le programme interprété est juste des
-données, pour l'interpréteur; une licence de logiciel libre
-comme la GPL, basée sur la législation du copyright, ne peut
-mettre de limites à quelles données vous pouvez prendre pour
-utiliser l'interpréteur. Vous pouvez l'exécuter sur n'importe
-quelle donnée (programme interprété), de la
-façon dont vous le souhaitez, et il n'y a aucune exigence sur le fait
-d'appliquer licence à des tiers sur ces données.</p>
-
-<p>Cependant, lorsque l'interpréteur est étendu pour fournir des
-« bindings » (interfaces) vers d'autres dispositifs
-(souvent, mais pas nécessairement, des bibliothèques), le
-programme interprété est effectivement lié aux
-dispositifs qu'il utilise à travers ces interfaces. Donc si ces
-dispositifs sont diffusés sous GPL, le programme
-interprété qui les utilise doit être diffusé
-d'une manièrecompatible avec la GPL. La JNI ou Java Native Interface
-est un exemple d'un tel dispositif; les bibliothèques auxquelles on
-accède de cette façon sont liées dynamiquement avec les
-programmes Java qui les appellent. Ces bibliothèques sont aussi
-liées à l'interpréteur. Si l'interpréteur est
-lié statiquement à ces bibliothèques, ou s'il est
-conçu pour <a href="#GPLPluginsInNF"> se lier dynamiquement à
-ces bibliothèques spécifiques</a>, alors il doit être
-aussi publié de manière compatible avec la GPL.</p>
-<p>
-Un autre cas similaire et très courant est la fourniture de
-bibliothèques avec l'interpréteur qui sont elles-mêmes
-interprétées. Par exemple, Perl est fourni avec de nombreux
-modules Perl, t une implémentation de Java est fournie avec de
-nombreuses classes Java. Ces bibliothèques et les programmes qui les
-appellent sont toujours liés ensemble dynamiquement.</p>
-<p>
-Une conséquence est que si vous choisissez d'utiliser des modules
-Perl ou des classes Java sous GPL dans votre programme, vous devez diffuser
-le programme d'une façon compatible avec la GPL,
-indépendamment de la licence utilisée dans
-l'interpréteur Perl ou Java sur lequel va s'exécuter le
-programme combiné Perl ou Java.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="WindowsRuntimeAndGPL">J'écris une application Windows
-avec Microsoft Visual C++ et je prévois de la diffuser sous
-GPL. Est-il permis par ma GPL de lier mon programme dynamiquement avec la
-bibliothèque de run-time de Visual C++ ?</a></b></dt>
+Quand l'interpréteur interprète juste un langage, la réponse est non. Le
+programme interprété est juste des données, pour l'interpréteur; une
licence
+de logiciel libre comme la GPL, basée sur la législation du copyright, ne
+peut mettre de limites à quelles données vous pouvez prendre pour utiliser
+l'interpréteur. Vous pouvez l'exécuter sur n'importe quelle donnée
+(programme interprété), de la façon dont vous le souhaitez, et il n'y a
+aucune exigence sur le fait d'appliquer licence à des tiers sur ces
données.</p>
+
+<p>Cependant, lorsque l'interpréteur est étendu pour fournir des
+« bindings » (interfaces) vers d'autres dispositifs (souvent, mais
+pas nécessairement, des bibliothèques), le programme interprété est
+effectivement lié aux dispositifs qu'il utilise à travers ces
+interfaces. Donc si ces dispositifs sont diffusés sous GPL, le programme
+interprété qui les utilise doit être diffusé d'une manièrecompatible avec
la
+GPL. La JNI ou Java Native Interface est un exemple d'un tel dispositif; les
+bibliothèques auxquelles on accède de cette façon sont liées dynamiquement
+avec les programmes Java qui les appellent. Ces bibliothèques sont aussi
+liées à l'interpréteur. Si l'interpréteur est lié statiquement à ces
+bibliothèques, ou s'il est conçu pour <a href="#GPLPluginsInNF"> se lier
+dynamiquement à ces bibliothèques spécifiques</a>, alors il doit être aussi
+publié de manière compatible avec la GPL.</p>
+<p>
+Un autre cas similaire et très courant est la fourniture de bibliothèques
+avec l'interpréteur qui sont elles-mêmes interprétées. Par exemple, Perl
est
+fourni avec de nombreux modules Perl, t une implémentation de Java est
+fournie avec de nombreuses classes Java. Ces bibliothèques et les programmes
+qui les appellent sont toujours liés ensemble dynamiquement.</p>
+<p>
+Une conséquence est que si vous choisissez d'utiliser des modules Perl ou
+des classes Java sous GPL dans votre programme, vous devez diffuser le
+programme d'une façon compatible avec la GPL, indépendamment de la licence
+utilisée dans l'interpréteur Perl ou Java sur lequel va s'exécuter le
+programme combiné Perl ou Java.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="WindowsRuntimeAndGPL">I'm writing a Windows application with Microsoft
Visual C++ (or Visual
+Basic) and I will be releasing it under the GPL. Is dynamically linking my
+program with the Visual C++ (or Visual Basic) run-time library permitted
+under the GPL?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>La GPL permet cela car cette bibliothèque <i>run-time</i> accompagne
-normalement le compilateur ou l'interpréteur que vous utilisez. Les
+<p>La GPL permet cela car cette bibliothèque <i>run-time</i> accompagne
+normalement le compilateur ou l'interpréteur que vous utilisez. Les
bibliothèques run-time ici sont des « bibliothèques système »
comme le définit la GPLv3, et comme telles sont considérées comme faisant
partie des sources correspondant. La GPLv2 a une exception similaire dans la
section 3.</p>
<p>
-Cela ne signifie pas que c'est une bonne idée d'écrire un
-programme qui ne fonctionne que sur Windows. En faisant ceci, cela donne un
-logiciellibre mais<a href="/philosophy/java-trap.fr.html"> « pris
-au piège »</a> par Windows.
+Cela ne signifie pas que c'est une bonne idée d'écrire un programme qui ne
+fonctionne que sur Windows. En faisant ceci, cela donne un logiciellibre
+mais<a href="/philosophy/java-trap.fr.html"> « pris au piège »</a>
+par Windows.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="OrigBSD">Pourquoi la licence BSD originale est-elle
incompatible
-avec la GPL ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="OrigBSD">Why is the original BSD license incompatible with the
GPL?</dt>
<dd>
<p>
-Parce qu'elle impose une exigence spécifique qui n'est pas dans la
-GPL; à savoir la règle portant sur la publicité du
-programme. La section 6 de la GPLv2 dit :</p>
+Parce qu'elle impose une exigence spécifique qui n'est pas dans la GPL; Ã
+savoir la règle portant sur la publicité du programme. La section 6 de la
+GPLv2 dit :</p>
<blockquote><p>You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients'
exercise of
the rights granted herein.
@@ -1675,101 +1524,88 @@
destinataires aux droits autorisés ici.</p></blockquote>
<p>La GPLv3 dit quelque chose de similaire dans la section 10. La clause
-concernant la publicité est justement l'une de ces restrictions
-supplémentaires, et ceci la rend incompatible avec la GPL.</p>
+concernant la publicité est justement l'une de ces restrictions
+supplémentaires, et ceci la rend incompatible avec la GPL.</p>
-<p>La licence BSD révisée ne contient plus cette clause sur la
-publicité, ce qui élimine le problème.
+<p>La licence BSD révisée ne contient plus cette clause sur la publicité, ce
+qui élimine le problème.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLAndPlugins">Si un programme distribué sous GPL
utilise
-des plug-ins, quelles sont les contraintes portant sur les licences d'un
-plug-in ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLAndPlugins">If a program released under the GPL uses plug-ins, what
are the requirements
+for the licenses of a plug-in?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>Cela dépend de la façon dont le programme invoque ses
-plug-ins. S'il utilise 'fork' et 'exec' pour les invoquer, alors les
-plug-ins sont des programmes séparés, donc la licence du
-programme principal ne n'impose aucune exigence les concernant.</p>
+<p>Cela dépend de la façon dont le programme invoque ses plug-ins. S'il
utilise
+'fork' et 'exec' pour les invoquer, alors les plug-ins sont des programmes
+séparés, donc la licence du programme principal ne n'impose aucune exigence
+les concernant.</p>
-<p>Si le programme fait une édition de liens dynamique avec les
-plug-ins, et qu'ils font des appels de fonctions mutuels et partagent de
-structure de données, nous pensons qu'ils forment un seul et
-même programme, et les plug-ins doivent donc être traités
-comme des extensions du programme principal. Cela signifie qu'il doivent
-être distribués sous la GPL ou sous une licence de logiciel
-libre compatible avec la GPL.</p>
+<p>Si le programme fait une édition de liens dynamique avec les plug-ins, et
+qu'ils font des appels de fonctions mutuels et partagent de structure de
+données, nous pensons qu'ils forment un seul et même programme, et les
+plug-ins doivent donc être traités comme des extensions du programme
+principal. Cela signifie qu'il doivent être distribués sous la GPL ou sous
+une licence de logiciel libre compatible avec la GPL.</p>
-<p>Si le programme fait une édition de liens dynamique avec des
-plug-ins, mais que la communication entre eux est limitée à
-l'invocation de la fonction main du plug-in avec quelques options et
-l'attente du résultat de l'exécution du plug-in, nous nous
-trouvons dans un cas limite
+<p>Si le programme fait une édition de liens dynamique avec des plug-ins, mais
+que la communication entre eux est limitée à l'invocation de la fonction
+main du plug-in avec quelques options et l'attente du résultat de
+l'exécution du plug-in, nous nous trouvons dans un cas limite
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLPluginsInNF">Puis-je utiliser la GPL pour un plug-in dans un
-programme non-libre ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLPluginsInNF">Can I apply the GPL when writing a plug-in for a
non-free program?</dt>
<dd><p>Si le programme utilise 'fork' et 'exec' pour invoquer les plug-ins,
alors
-les plug-ins sont des programmes séparés, aussi la licence
-pour le programme principal n'impose aucune exigence les concernant. Vous
-pouvez donc utiliser la GPL pour un plug-in, il n'y a pas d'exigence
-spéciale.</p>
-
-<p>Si le programme fait une édition de liens dynamique avec les
-plug-ins, et qu'ils font des appels de fonctions mutuels et partagent de
-structure de données, nous pensons qu'ils forment un seul et
-même programme qui doit être traité comme une extension
-du programme principal et des plug-ins. Cela signifie que la combinaison du
-plug-in sous GPL avec le programme principal constituerait une violation de
-la GPL. Toutefois, vous pouvez résoudre ce problème
-légalen ajoutant une exception à la licence de votre plug-in,
-qui autorise à le lier avec le programme principal non-libre.</p>
-
-<p>Voir aussi la question <a href="#FSWithNFLibs">« Puis-je
-écrire un logiciel libre qui utilise des bibliothèques
-non-libres ? »</a>
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="NFUseGPLPlugins">Puis-je faire un programme non-libre
-conçu pour charger un plugin couvert par la GPL ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>Cela dépend de la façon dont le programme invoque ses
-plug-ins. Si le programme utilise fork et exec pour invoquer les plug-ins,
-alors les plug-ins sont des programmes séparés, alors, la
-licence du plug-in ne demande pas de prérequis pour le programme
-principal.</p>
+les plug-ins sont des programmes séparés, aussi la licence pour le programme
+principal n'impose aucune exigence les concernant. Vous pouvez donc utiliser
+la GPL pour un plug-in, il n'y a pas d'exigence spéciale.</p>
+
+<p>Si le programme fait une édition de liens dynamique avec les plug-ins, et
+qu'ils font des appels de fonctions mutuels et partagent de structure de
+données, nous pensons qu'ils forment un seul et même programme qui doit être
+traité comme une extension du programme principal et des plug-ins. Cela
+signifie que la combinaison du plug-in sous GPL avec le programme principal
+constituerait une violation de la GPL. Toutefois, vous pouvez résoudre ce
+problème légalen ajoutant une exception à la licence de votre plug-in, qui
+autorise à le lier avec le programme principal non-libre.</p>
+
+<p>Voir aussi la question <a href="#FSWithNFLibs">« Puis-je écrire un
+logiciel libre qui utilise des bibliothèques non-libres ? »</a>
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="NFUseGPLPlugins">Can I release a non-free program that's designed to
load a GPL-covered
+plug-in?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Cela dépend de la façon dont le programme invoque ses plug-ins. Si le
+programme utilise fork et exec pour invoquer les plug-ins, alors les
+plug-ins sont des programmes séparés, alors, la licence du plug-in ne
+demande pas de prérequis pour le programme principal.</p>
<p>
Si le programme lie dynamiquement les plug-ins, et qu'ils font mutuellement
-des appels de fonctions et partagent des structures de données, nous
-pensons qu'ils forment un seul programme, qui doit être traité
-comme une extension du programme principal et des plug-ins. Afin d'utiliser
-les plug-ins couverts par la GPL, le programme principal doit être
-publié sous la GPL ou une licence de logiciel libre compatible avec
-la GPL, et que les termes ne la GPL doivent être respectés
-quand le programme principal est distribué pour utiliser ces
-plug-ins.</p>
-<p>
-Si le programme fait une édition de liens dynamique avec des
-plug-ins, mais que la communication entre eux est limitée à
-l'invocation de la fonction main du plug-in avec quelques options et
-l'attente du résultat de l'exécution du plug-in, nous nous
-trouvons dans un cas limite</p>
+des appels de fonctions et partagent des structures de données, nous pensons
+qu'ils forment un seul programme, qui doit être traité comme une extension
+du programme principal et des plug-ins. Afin d'utiliser les plug-ins
+couverts par la GPL, le programme principal doit être publié sous la GPL ou
+une licence de logiciel libre compatible avec la GPL, et que les termes ne
+la GPL doivent être respectés quand le programme principal est distribué
+pour utiliser ces plug-ins.</p>
+<p>
+Si le programme fait une édition de liens dynamique avec des plug-ins, mais
+que la communication entre eux est limitée à l'invocation de la fonction
+main du plug-in avec quelques options et l'attente du résultat de
+l'exécution du plug-in, nous nous trouvons dans un cas limite</p>
<p>
L'utilisation de mémoire partagée pour communiquer avec des structures de
données complexes est pratiquement équivalent à une liaison dynamique.</p>
<p>
-Voir aussi la question <a href="#FSWithNFLibs">« Puis-je
-écrire un logiciel libre qui utilise des bibliothèques
-non-libres ? »</a>
+Voir aussi la question <a href="#FSWithNFLibs">« Puis-je écrire un
+logiciel libre qui utilise des bibliothèques non-libres ? »</a>
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="LinkingWithGPL">Vous avez mis sous GPL un programme que
-j'aimerais lier à mon code pour fabriquer un programme
-propriétaire. Le fait que je fasse une édition de liens avec
-votre programme implique-t-il que je doive mettre mon programme sous
-GPL ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="LinkingWithGPL">You have a GPL'ed program that I'd like to link with
my code to build a
+proprietary program. Does the fact that I link with your program mean I
+have to GPL my program?</dt>
<dd><p>Pas exactement. Cela signifie que vous devez publier votre programme
sous
une licence compatible avec la GPL (plus précisément, compatible avec une ou
@@ -1778,37 +1614,35 @@
sous ces versions de la GPL.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="SwitchToLGPL">Si oui, ai-je une chance d'obtenir une licence de
-votre programme sous la GPL amoindrie (<i>Lesser GPL</i>) ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="SwitchToLGPL">If so, is there any chance I could get a license of your
program under the
+Lesser GPL?</dt>
<dd><p>Vous pouvez toujours demander, mais la plupart des auteurs persisteront
et
-refuseront. L'idée même de la GPL est que, si vous voulez
-inclure notre code dans votre programme, votre programme doit aussi
-être un logiciel libre. Ceci est fait pour vous inciter à
-distribuer votre programme de telle sorte qu'il s'intègre à
-notre communauté.</p>
+refuseront. L'idée même de la GPL est que, si vous voulez inclure notre code
+dans votre programme, votre programme doit aussi être un logiciel
+libre. Ceci est fait pour vous inciter à distribuer votre programme de telle
+sorte qu'il s'intègre à notre communauté.</p>
-<p>Vous disposez toujours de l'alternative légale de ne pas utiliser
-notre code.
+<p>Vous disposez toujours de l'alternative légale de ne pas utiliser notre
+code.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="LinkingOverControlledInterface">Comment puis-je autoriser de
-lier des modules propriétaires avec ma bibliothèque sous GPL
-uniquement dans une interface contrôlée ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="LinkingOverControlledInterface">How can I allow linking of proprietary
modules with my GPL-covered library
+under a controlled interface only?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>Ajouter ce texte à la notice de licence de chaque fichier du
-paquetage, à la fin du texte qui dit que le fichier est
-distribué sous la licence GPL GNU :</p>
+<p>Ajouter ce texte à la notice de licence de chaque fichier du paquetage, Ã
la
+fin du texte qui dit que le fichier est distribué sous la licence GPL
+GNU :</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Linking ABC statically or dynamically with other modules is making a
combined work based on ABC. Thus, the terms and conditions of the GNU
General Public License cover the whole combination.
Traduction : Lier ABC statiquement ou dynamiquement avec d'autres
-modules en fait un travail combiné basé sur ABC. Par
-conséquent, les termes et conditions de la Licence publique
-générale GNU couvrent la totalité de programme.</p>
+modules en fait un travail combiné basé sur ABC. Par conséquent, les termes
+et conditions de la Licence publique générale GNU couvrent la totalité de
+programme.</p>
<p>In addition, as a special exception, the copyright holders of ABC give you
permission to combine ABC program with free software programs or libraries
@@ -1818,14 +1652,14 @@
licenses of the other code concerned, provided that you include the source
code of that other code when and as the GNU GPL requires distribution of
source code.
-Traduction : Exceptionnellement, les détenteurs du copyright de
-ABC vous donne la permission de combiner ABC avec des logiciels libres ou
-des bibliothèques couvertes par la LGPL GNU et avec des modules
-indépendants qui communiquent avec ABC seulement à partir de
-l'interface ABCDEF. Vous pouvez copier et distribuer un tel système
-en suivant les termes de la GPL GNU pour ABC et les licences de l'autre code
-concerné pourvu d'y inclure le code source de cet autre code car la
-GPL GNU nécessite de distribuer le code source.</p>
+Traduction : Exceptionnellement, les détenteurs du copyright de ABC
+vous donne la permission de combiner ABC avec des logiciels libres ou des
+bibliothèques couvertes par la LGPL GNU et avec des modules indépendants qui
+communiquent avec ABC seulement à partir de l'interface ABCDEF. Vous pouvez
+copier et distribuer un tel système en suivant les termes de la GPL GNU pour
+ABC et les licences de l'autre code concerné pourvu d'y inclure le code
+source de cet autre code car la GPL GNU nécessite de distribuer le code
+source.</p>
<p>Note that people who make modified versions of ABC are not obligated to
grant this special exception for their modified versions; it is their choice
@@ -1833,281 +1667,245 @@
release a modified version without this exception; this exception also makes
it possible to release a modified version which carries forward this
exception.
-Traduction : Notez que les personnes qui font des versions
-modifiées de ABC ne sont pas obligées d'accorder cette
-exception particulière pour leurs versions modifiées; il leur
-appartient de le faire ou pas. La Licence publique générale
-GNU donne la permission de publier une version modifiée sans cette
-exception; cette exception rend également possible de publier une
-version modifiée qui perpétue cette exception.</p>
+Traduction : Notez que les personnes qui font des versions modifiées de
+ABC ne sont pas obligées d'accorder cette exception particulière pour leurs
+versions modifiées; il leur appartient de le faire ou pas. La Licence
+publique générale GNU donne la permission de publier une version modifiée
+sans cette exception; cette exception rend également possible de publier une
+version modifiée qui perpétue cette exception.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>
-Seuls les détenteurs du droit d'auteur pour le programme peuvent
-légalement autoriser cette exception. Si vous avez écrit tout
-le programme vous-même, en vous assurant que votre employeur ou votre
-école ne revendique pas le droit d'auteur, vous êtes le
-dédenteur du droit d'auteur et vous pouvez alors autoriser cette
-exception. Mais si vous voulez utiliser des parties d'autres programmes
-couverts par la GPL par d'autres auteurs dans votre code, vous ne pouvez
-autoriser cette exception pour eux. Vous devez obtenir l'autorisation des
-détenteurs de droit d'auteur pour ces programmes.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="ManyDifferentLicenses">J'ai écrit une application qui se
-lie avec de nombreux composants différents, qui sont couverts par
-différentes licences. Je ne comprends vraiment pas bien quelles
-clauses des licences s'appliquent à mon programme. Pourriez-vous
-m'expliquer quelle licences je peux utiliser ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>Pour répondre à cette question, nous aurions besoin de voir
-une liste complète des composants utilisés par votre
-programme, des licences de chacun de ces composants, ainsi qu'une
-description brève (quelques phrases par composant devraient suffire)
-de la façon dont votre bibliothèque les utilise. Deux exemples
-potentiels :</p>
+Seuls les détenteurs du droit d'auteur pour le programme peuvent légalement
+autoriser cette exception. Si vous avez écrit tout le programme vous-même,
+en vous assurant que votre employeur ou votre école ne revendique pas le
+droit d'auteur, vous êtes le dédenteur du droit d'auteur et vous pouvez
+alors autoriser cette exception. Mais si vous voulez utiliser des parties
+d'autres programmes couverts par la GPL par d'autres auteurs dans votre
+code, vous ne pouvez autoriser cette exception pour eux. Vous devez obtenir
+l'autorisation des détenteurs de droit d'auteur pour ces programmes.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="ManyDifferentLicenses">I have written an application that links with
many different components,
+that have different licenses. I am very confused as to what licensing
+requirements are placed on my program. Can you please tell me what licenses
+I may use?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Pour répondre à cette question, nous aurions besoin de voir une liste
+complète des composants utilisés par votre programme, des licences de chacun
+de ces composants, ainsi qu'une description brève (quelques phrases par
+composant devraient suffire) de la façon dont votre bibliothèque les
+utilise. Deux exemples potentiels :</p>
<ul>
-<li>Pour que mon logiciel fonctionne, il doit subir une édition de liens
-avec la librairie FOO, qui est disponible sous Lesser GPL (GPL Amoindrie).</li>
-<li>Mon logiciel fait un appel système (avec une ligne de commande que
-j'ai écrite) pour lancer le programme BAR, qui est « sous
-GPL, avec une exception spéciale autorisant une édition de
-liens avec QUUX ».</li>
+<li>Pour que mon logiciel fonctionne, il doit subir une édition de liens avec
la
+librairie FOO, qui est disponible sous Lesser GPL (GPL Amoindrie).</li>
+<li>Mon logiciel fait un appel système (avec une ligne de commande que j'ai
+écrite) pour lancer le programme BAR, qui est « sous GPL, avec une
+exception spéciale autorisant une édition de liens avec QUUX ».</li>
</ul>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="MereAggregation">Quelle est la différence entre
-<i>« aggrégation »</i> et d'autres types de
-<i>« versions modifiées »</i> ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="MereAggregation">What is the difference between an
“aggregate” and other kinds of
+“modified versions”?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>Une <i>« aggrégation »</i> consiste en des programmes
-séparés distribués ensemble sur le même CD-ROM ou un autre média. La
-GPL vous permet de créer et distribuer une aggrégation, même si les licences
-des autres logiciels ne sont pas libres ou sont incompatibles avec la
-GPL. La seule condition est que vous ne pouvez pas publier une aggrégation
-sous une licence qui interdise aux utilisateurs d'exercer les droits que
-chaque licence individuelle des programmes leur autorise.</p>
+<p>Une <i>« aggrégation »</i> consiste en des programmes séparés
+distribués ensemble sur le même CD-ROM ou un autre média. La GPL vous permet
+de créer et distribuer une aggrégation, même si les licences des autres
+logiciels ne sont pas libres ou sont incompatibles avec la GPL. La seule
+condition est que vous ne pouvez pas publier une aggrégation sous une
+licence qui interdise aux utilisateurs d'exercer les droits que chaque
+licence individuelle des programmes leur autorise.</p>
<p>Où est la limite entre deux programmes séparés et un programme en deux
-parties ? Il s'agit d'un problème juridique, qui sera
-tranché en dernier recours par un juge. Nous pensons qu'un
-critère adapté tient compte à la fois des modes de
-communication (exec, pipes, rpc, appel de fonctions au sein d'un espace de
-mémoire commun, etc.) et de la sémantique de cette
-communication (quels genres d'informations sont échangés).</p>
-
-<p>Si les modules sont inclus dans un même fichier exécutable, ils
-sont indéniablement combinés dans un seul programme. Si les
-modules sontconçus pour être exécutés par
-édition de liens dans un même espace mémoire
-partagé, cela signifie presque à coup sûr une
-combinaison en un seul programme.</p>
+parties ? Il s'agit d'un problème juridique, qui sera tranché en
+dernier recours par un juge. Nous pensons qu'un critère adapté tient compte
+Ã la fois des modes de communication (exec, pipes, rpc, appel de fonctions
+au sein d'un espace de mémoire commun, etc.) et de la sémantique de cette
+communication (quels genres d'informations sont échangés).</p>
+
+<p>Si les modules sont inclus dans un même fichier exécutable, ils sont
+indéniablement combinés dans un seul programme. Si les modules sontconçus
+pour être exécutés par édition de liens dans un même espace mémoire
partagé,
+cela signifie presque à coup sûr une combinaison en un seul programme.</p>
<p>En revanche, les pipes, sockets et autres arguments de ligne de commande
-sont des mécanismes de communication utilisés normalement
-entre deux programmes séparés. Aussi, tant que ceux-ci servent
-à communiquer, les modules sont normalement des programmes
-séparés. Mais si la sémantique des échanges est
-assez 'intime', avec échange de structures de données internes
-complexes, cela pourrait également constituer une base suffisante
-pour considérer les deux éléments combinés comme
-un seul et même programme.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="AssignCopyright">Pourquoi la FSF requiert-elle que les
-contributeurs de programmes sous copyright de la FSF transfèrent le
-copyright à la FSF ? Si je détiens le copyright d'un
-programme sous GPL, devrais-je faire la même chose ? Si oui,
-comment ?</a></b></dt>
+sont des mécanismes de communication utilisés normalement entre deux
+programmes séparés. Aussi, tant que ceux-ci servent à communiquer, les
+modules sont normalement des programmes séparés. Mais si la sémantique des
+échanges est assez 'intime', avec échange de structures de données internes
+complexes, cela pourrait également constituer une base suffisante pour
+considérer les deux éléments combinés comme un seul et même programme.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="AssignCopyright">Why does the FSF require that contributors to
FSF-copyrighted programs
+assign copyright to the FSF? If I hold copyright on a GPL'ed program, should
+I do this, too? If so, how?</dt>
<dd>
-Nos avocats nous ont avisés que pour être dans la <a
+Nos avocats nous ont avisés que pour être dans la <a
href="/licenses/why-assign.fr.html">meilleure position pour faire appliquer
la GPL</a> au tribunal contre des contrevenants, il valait mieux conserver
un statut de copyright le plus simple possible. C'est ce que nous faisons en
-demandant à chaque contributeur, soit de transférer le
-copyright de sa contribution à la FSF, soit d'abandonner ce
-copyright, le plaçant ainsi dans le domaine public.
-<p>
-Nous demandons également aux contributeurs individuels d'obtenir une
-renonciation au copyright écrite par leur employeur (s'il existe), de
-façon à s'assurer que ce dernier ne puisse prétendre
-avoir des droits sur les éléments de contribution au projet.</p>
+demandant à chaque contributeur, soit de transférer le copyright de sa
+contribution à la FSF, soit d'abandonner ce copyright, le plaçant ainsi dans
+le domaine public.
+<p>
+Nous demandons également aux contributeurs individuels d'obtenir une
+renonciation au copyright écrite par leur employeur (s'il existe), de façon
+à s'assurer que ce dernier ne puisse prétendre avoir des droits sur les
+éléments de contribution au projet.</p>
<p>
Bien entendu, si tous les participants mettent leur code dans le domaine
public, il n'y a plus de copyright permettant de faire appliquer la
-GPL. Aussi nous encourageons à définir un copyright sur les
-des contributions importantes en matière de code, et à
-seulement mettre les modifications mineures dans le domaine public.</p>
-<p>
-Si êtes prêt à faire un effort pour défendre la
-GPL appliquée à votre programme, c'est probablement une bonne
-idée que d'adopter une politique similaire. Merci de contacter <a
+GPL. Aussi nous encourageons à définir un copyright sur les des
+contributions importantes en matière de code, et à seulement mettre les
+modifications mineures dans le domaine public.</p>
+<p>
+Si êtes prêt à faire un effort pour défendre la GPL appliquée à votre
+programme, c'est probablement une bonne idée que d'adopter une politique
+similaire. Merci de contacter <a
href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org";><licensing@gnu.org></a> si
-vous désirez plus de renseignements.
+vous désirez plus de renseignements.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="ModifyGPL">Puis-je modifier la GPL et faire une licence
-modifiée ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="ModifyGPL">Can I modify the GPL and make a modified license?</dt>
<dd>
-Vous pouvez utiliser les termes de la GPL (qui peuvent être
-modifiés) dans une autre licence pourvu que vous l'appeliez par un
-autre nom et que vous n'y incluiez pas le préambule de la GPL, et
-pourvu que vous modifiez les instructions d'usage à la fin
-suffisamment pour la rendre clairement différente dans la formulation
-et en ne mentionnant pas GNU (bien que la procédure que vous
-décrivez puisse être similaire).
+Vous pouvez utiliser les termes de la GPL (qui peuvent être modifiés) dans
+une autre licence pourvu que vous l'appeliez par un autre nom et que vous
+n'y incluiez pas le préambule de la GPL, et pourvu que vous modifiez les
+instructions d'usage à la fin suffisamment pour la rendre clairement
+différente dans la formulation et en ne mentionnant pas GNU (bien que la
+procédure que vous décrivez puisse être similaire).
<p>
-Si vous voulez utiliser notre préambule dans une licence
-modifiée, veuillez écrire à <a
+Si vous voulez utiliser notre préambule dans une licence modifiée, veuillez
+écrire à <a
href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org";><licensing@gnu.org></a> pour
-une autorisation. À cette fin, vous voudrons vérifier les
-conditions réelles de la licence pour voir si nous les approuvons.</p>
+une autorisation. à cette fin, vous voudrons vérifier les conditions
+réelles de la licence pour voir si nous les approuvons.</p>
<p>
Bien que nous n'objecterons pas de raisons juridiques pour modifier la
-licence de cette manière, nous espérons que vous y
-réfléchirez à deux fois et que vous ne le ferez
-pas. Une telle licence modifiée est presque sûrement <a
-href="#WhatIsCompatible"> incompatible avec la GPL GNU</a>, et cette
-incompatibilité bloque des combinaisons utiles de modules. La
-prolifération de différentes licences de logiciels libres est
-un fardeau en soi.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="GPLCommercially">Si j'utilise un morceau de logiciel que j'ai
-obtenu sous GNU GPL, ai-je le droit de modifier le code original pour
-créer un nouveau programme, puis de commercialiser ce
-programme?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-Vous êtes autorisé à vendre des copies du programme
-modifié, mais uniquement selon les termes de la GNU GPL. Ainsi, par
-exemple, vous devez rendre le code source disponible pour les utilisateurs
-du programme comme précisé par la GPL, et ils doivent
-être autorisés à le redistribuer et à le
-modifier, comme prévu également par la GPL.
+licence de cette manière, nous espérons que vous y réfléchirez à deux fois
+et que vous ne le ferez pas. Une telle licence modifiée est presque sûrement
+<a href="#WhatIsCompatible"> incompatible avec la GPL GNU</a>, et cette
+incompatibilité bloque des combinaisons utiles de modules. La prolifération
+de différentes licences de logiciels libres est un fardeau en soi.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="GPLCommercially">If I use a piece of software that has been obtained
under the GNU GPL, am I
+allowed to modify the original code into a new program, then distribute and
+sell that new program commercially?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+Vous êtes autorisé à vendre des copies du programme modifié, mais
uniquement
+selon les termes de la GNU GPL. Ainsi, par exemple, vous devez rendre le
+code source disponible pour les utilisateurs du programme comme précisé par
+la GPL, et ils doivent être autorisés à le redistribuer et à le modifier,
+comme prévu également par la GPL.
<p>
Ces conditions sont indispensables pour inclure dans votre programme le code
-sous GPL que vous avez reçu.
+sous GPL que vous avez reçu.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLOtherThanSoftware">Puis-je utiliser la GPL pour autre chose
-que des logiciels ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLOtherThanSoftware">Can I use the GPL for something other than
software?</dt>
-<dd><p>Vous pouvez appliquer la GPL à n'importe quel type
d'œuvre, du
-moment qu'il n'y a pas d'incertitude sur ce qui constitue le
-« code source » de l'œuvre. Ce que la GPL
-définit par la forme privilégiée de l'œuvre
-permettant d'y apporter des modifications.</p>
+<dd><p>Vous pouvez appliquer la GPL Ã n'importe quel type d'œuvre, du
moment
+qu'il n'y a pas d'incertitude sur ce qui constitue le « code
+source » de l'œuvre. Ce que la GPL définit par la forme
+privilégiée de l'œuvre permettant d'y apporter des modifications.</p>
-<p>Toutefois, pour les manuels et les ouvrages, et plus
-généralement toute œuvre ayant pour but d'enseigner un
-sujet, nous recommandons l'utilisation de la GFDL, plutôt que de la
-GPL.
+<p>Toutefois, pour les manuels et les ouvrages, et plus généralement toute
+œuvre ayant pour but d'enseigner un sujet, nous recommandons
+l'utilisation de la GFDL, plutôt que de la GPL.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="LGPLJava">Comment la LGPL fonctionne avec Java?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="LGPLJava">How does the LGPL work with Java?</dt>
<dd>
<p><a href="/licenses/lgpl-java.fr.html">Voir cet article pour les
-détails</a>. Cela fonctionne comme c'est conçu, voulu et
-attendu.
+détails</a>. Cela fonctionne comme c'est conçu, voulu et attendu.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="Consider">Considérez la situation suivante : 1) X
-distribue la version V1 d'un projet sous GPL. 2) Y contribue au
-développement de la version V2 avec des modifications et des ajouts
-au code basés sur V1. 3) X veut convertir la version V2 vers une
-licence autre que GPL. X a-t-il besoin de la permission de
Y ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="Consider">Consider this situation: 1) X releases V1 of a project under
the GPL. 2) Y
+contributes to the development of V2 with changes and new code based on V1.
+3) X wants to convert V2 to a non-GPL license. Does X need Y's permission?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Oui. Y avait l'obligation de distribuer sa version sous GNU GPL, du fait
-qu'elle est basée sur la version V1 de X. Rien n'oblige Y à
-être d'accord avec toute autre licence pour son code. Par
-conséquent, X doit obtenir la permission de Y avant de distribuer ce
-code sous une autre licence.
+qu'elle est basée sur la version V1 de X. Rien n'oblige Y à être d'accord
+avec toute autre licence pour son code. Par conséquent, X doit obtenir la
+permission de Y avant de distribuer ce code sous une autre licence.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLInProprietarySystem">J'aimerais incorporer un logiciel sous
-GPL dans mon système propriétaire. Est-ce
-possible ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-Vous ne pouvez pas incorporer un logiciel couvert par la GPL dans un
-système propriétaire. L'objectif de la GPL est d'accorder
-à tous la liberté de copier, redistribuer, comprendre, et
-modifier un programme. Si vous pouviez incorporer des logiciels sous GPL
-dans un système non-libre, cela aurait pour effet de rendre
-également non-libre les logiciels sous GPL.
-<p>
-Un système qui incorpore un programme placé sous GPL est une
-version étendue de ce programme. La GPL dit que toute version
-étendue du programme doit être distribuée sous GPL
-dès qu'elle est seulement diffusée. Il y a deux raisons
-à cela : s'assurer que les utilisateursqui obtiennent le
-programme disposent de la liberté à laquelle ils ont droit, et
-encourager les gens à donner en échange les
-améliorationsqu'ils ont pu apporter.</p>
+<dt id="GPLInProprietarySystem">I'd like to incorporate GPL-covered software
in my proprietary system. Can
+I do this?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+Vous ne pouvez pas incorporer un logiciel couvert par la GPL dans un système
+propriétaire. L'objectif de la GPL est d'accorder à tous la liberté de
+copier, redistribuer, comprendre, et modifier un programme. Si vous pouviez
+incorporer des logiciels sous GPL dans un système non-libre, cela aurait
+pour effet de rendre également non-libre les logiciels sous GPL.
+<p>
+Un système qui incorpore un programme placé sous GPL est une version étendue
+de ce programme. La GPL dit que toute version étendue du programme doit être
+distribuée sous GPL dès qu'elle est seulement diffusée. Il y a deux raisons
+Ã cela : s'assurer que les utilisateursqui obtiennent le programme
+disposent de la liberté à laquelle ils ont droit, et encourager les gens Ã
+donner en échange les améliorationsqu'ils ont pu apporter.</p>
<p>
Toutefois, dans de nombreux cas, vous pouvez distribuer un logiciel sous GPL
-à côté de votre système propriétaire. Pour
-que cette opération soit légale, vous devez vous assurer que
-les programmes libres et non-libres communiquent de suffisamment loin, et
-qu'ils ne sont pas combinés de façon à créer de
-fait un seul et même programme.</p>
-<p>
-La différence entre ceci et « l'incorporation »
-du logiciel sous GPL est une question à la fois de fond et de
-forme. Essentiellement : si les deux programmes sont combinés de
-telle façon qu'ils forment les deux parties d'un même
-programme, alors vous ne pouvez les traiter comme des programmes
-séparés. La GPL doit alors couvrir l'ensemble.</p>
-<p>
-Si les deux programmes demeurent bien séparés, comme par
-exemple le compilateur et le noyau, ou comme un éditeur de texte et
-un shell, vous pouvez alors les traiter comme des programmes
-séparés—mais vous devez faire cela comme il faut. Se
-pose alors simplement la question de la forme : comment vous
-décrivez ce que vous faites. Pourquoi cela nous importe-t-il ?
-Parce que nous voulons être sûr que l'utilisateur comprenne bien
-le statut libre du logiciel de cet ensemble qui est sous GPL.</p>
-<p>
-Si quelqu'un distribue un logiciel sous GPL en l'identifiant comme
-étant « une partie » d'un système dont
-les utilisateurs savent qu'il estpartiellement propriétaire, ces
-derniers pourraient ne pas avoir une idée claire de leurs droits
-concernant le logiciel GNU. Mais s'ils savent que ce qu'ils ont reçu
-correspond à un programme libre plus un autre programme, côte
-à côte, leurs droits sont clairs.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="GPLWrapper">J'aimerais incorporer un logiciel couvert par la
GPL
-dans mon système propriétaire. Puis-je le faire en ajoutant un
-module « enveloppant », sous une licence permissive
-compatible avec la GPL (de type licence X 11) entre la partie couverte par
-la GPL et la partie propriétaire ?</a></b></dt>
+à côté de votre système propriétaire. Pour que cette opération soit
légale,
+vous devez vous assurer que les programmes libres et non-libres communiquent
+de suffisamment loin, et qu'ils ne sont pas combinés de façon à créer de
+fait un seul et même programme.</p>
+<p>
+La différence entre ceci et « l'incorporation » du logiciel sous
+GPL est une question à la fois de fond et de forme. Essentiellement :
+si les deux programmes sont combinés de telle façon qu'ils forment les deux
+parties d'un même programme, alors vous ne pouvez les traiter comme des
+programmes séparés. La GPL doit alors couvrir l'ensemble.</p>
+<p>
+Si les deux programmes demeurent bien séparés, comme par exemple le
+compilateur et le noyau, ou comme un éditeur de texte et un shell, vous
+pouvez alors les traiter comme des programmes séparés—mais vous devez
+faire cela comme il faut. Se pose alors simplement la question de la
+forme : comment vous décrivez ce que vous faites. Pourquoi cela nous
+importe-t-il ? Parce que nous voulons être sûr que l'utilisateur
+comprenne bien le statut libre du logiciel de cet ensemble qui est sous
GPL.</p>
+<p>
+Si quelqu'un distribue un logiciel sous GPL en l'identifiant comme étant
+« une partie » d'un système dont les utilisateurs savent qu'il
+estpartiellement propriétaire, ces derniers pourraient ne pas avoir une idée
+claire de leurs droits concernant le logiciel GNU. Mais s'ils savent que ce
+qu'ils ont reçu correspond à un programme libre plus un autre programme,
+côte à côte, leurs droits sont clairs.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="GPLWrapper">I'd like to incorporate GPL-covered software in my
proprietary system. Can
+I do this by putting a “wrapper” module, under a GPL-compatible
+lax permissive license (such as the X11 license) in between the GPL-covered
+part and the proprietary part?</dt>
<dd><p>Non. La licence X11 est compatible avec la GPL, donc vous pouvez
incorporer
un module au programme couvert par la GPL et le mettre sous licence X
11. Mais si vous les incorporez dans un programme plus gros, cet ensemble
incluerait la partie couverte par la GPL, donc <em>cet ensemble</em> devrait
-être sous licence GPL.</p>
+être sous licence GPL.</p>
-<p>Le fait qu'un module propriétaire A communique avec un module C
-couvert par la GPL par le seul biais d'un module B sous licence X 11 n'est
-pas légalement recevable ; ce qui importe, c'est que le module C
-est inclus dans l'ensemble.
+<p>Le fait qu'un module propriétaire A communique avec un module C couvert par
+la GPL par le seul biais d'un module B sous licence X 11 n'est pas
+légalement recevable ; ce qui importe, c'est que le module C est inclus
+dans l'ensemble.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="LibGCCException">Where can I learn more about the GCC Runtime
-Library Exception?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="LibGCCException">Where can I learn more about the GCC Runtime Library
Exception?</dt>
<dd><p>The GCC Runtime Library Exception covers libgcc, libstdc++, libfortran,
libgomp, libdecnumber, and other libraries distributed with GCC. The
@@ -2117,51 +1915,44 @@
read our <a href="/licenses/gcc-exception-faq.html">FAQ about the GCC
Runtime Library Exception</a>.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="MoneyGuzzlerInc">J'aimerais modifier des programmes
-placés sous GPL et les lier avec les bibliothèques de portage
-de Pompe A Fric, S.A. Je ne peux pas distribuer le code source de ces
-bibliothèques, aussi tout utilisateur voulant modifier ces versions
-devrait acheter ces bibliothèques. Pourquoi la GPL ne le permet-elle
-pas ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-Il y a deux raisons à cela.
-<p>
-D'abord une raison d'ordre général. Si nous autorisions la
-société A à créer un fichier
-propriétaire, et la société B à distribuer un
-logiciel sous GPL lié à ce fichier, cela aurait pour effet de
-créer une faille dans la GPL suffisante pour qu'un camion passe
-à travers. On aurait alors <i>carte blanche</i> pour faire de la
-rétention sur le code source pour toute sorte de modifications et
-d'extensions à des logiciels sous GPL.</p>
-<p>
-L'un de nos objectifs principaux étant de donner accès au code
-source à tous les utilisateurs, c'est là une
-conséquence que nous essayons à tout prix d'éviter.</p>
-<p>
-Plus spécifiquement, les versions du programme liées avec les
-bibliothèques de Pompe-A-Fric ne seraient pas vraiment des logiciels
-libres au sens où nous l'entendons—elles ne comprendraient pas
-l'intégralité du code source qui permet aux utilisateurs de
-modifier et de recompiler le programme.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="GPLIncompatibleAlone">Si la licence pour un module Q requiert
-une condition incompatible avec la GPL, mais que cette condition ne
-s'applique seulement lorsque Q est distribué seul, et non lorsqu'il
-est distribué dans un plus grand programme, est-ce compatible avec la
-licence GPL ? Puis-je combiner ou lier Q avec un programme couvert par
-la GPL ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-Si un programme P est publié sous la GPL cela signifie que *toute et
-chaque partie de celui-ci* peut être utilisée sous la GPL. Si
-vous intégrez le module Q, et publiez le programme combiné P+Q
-sous la GPL, cela signifie que chaque partie de P+Q peut être
-utilisée sous la GPL. Une partie de P+Q est Q. Aussi, publier P+Q
-sous la GPL signifie que Q, une partie de celui-ci, peut être
-utilisé sous la GPL. En le formulant autrement, un utilisateur qui
+<dt id="MoneyGuzzlerInc">I'd like to modify GPL-covered programs and link them
with the portability
+libraries from Money Guzzler Inc. I cannot distribute the source code for
+these libraries, so any user who wanted to change these versions would have
+to obtain those libraries separately. Why doesn't the GPL permit this?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+Il y a deux raisons à cela.
+<p>
+D'abord une raison d'ordre général. Si nous autorisions la société A Ã
créer
+un fichier propriétaire, et la société B à distribuer un logiciel sous GPL
+lié à ce fichier, cela aurait pour effet de créer une faille dans la GPL
+suffisante pour qu'un camion passe à travers. On aurait alors <i>carte
+blanche</i> pour faire de la rétention sur le code source pour toute sorte
+de modifications et d'extensions à des logiciels sous GPL.</p>
+<p>
+L'un de nos objectifs principaux étant de donner accès au code source à tous
+les utilisateurs, c'est là une conséquence que nous essayons à tout prix
+d'éviter.</p>
+<p>
+Plus spécifiquement, les versions du programme liées avec les bibliothèques
+de Pompe-A-Fric ne seraient pas vraiment des logiciels libres au sens où
+nous l'entendons—elles ne comprendraient pas l'intégralité du code
+source qui permet aux utilisateurs de modifier et de recompiler le
+programme.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="GPLIncompatibleAlone">If license for a module Q has a requirement
that's incompatible with the
+GPL, but the requirement applies only when Q is distributed by itself, not
+when Q is included in a larger program, does that make the license
+GPL-compatible? Can I combine or link Q with a GPL-covered program?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+Si un programme P est publié sous la GPL cela signifie que *toute et chaque
+partie de celui-ci* peut être utilisée sous la GPL. Si vous intégrez le
+module Q, et publiez le programme combiné P+Q sous la GPL, cela signifie que
+chaque partie de P+Q peut être utilisée sous la GPL. Une partie de P+Q est
+Q. Aussi, publier P+Q sous la GPL signifie que Q, une partie de celui-ci,
+peut être utilisé sous la GPL. En le formulant autrement, un utilisateur qui
obtient P+Q sous la GPL peut supprimer P, de sorte que seul Q demeure,
toujours sous la GPL.
<p>
@@ -2170,37 +1961,32 @@
<p>
Si la licence de Q dit en des termes incertains que vous devez faire
certaines choses (incompatibles avec la GPL) quand vous redistribuer Q
-lui-même, alors cela ne vous permet pas de distribuer Q sous la
-GPL. Il s'ensuit que vous ne pouvez pas publier P+Q sous la GPL non
-plus. Donc vous ne pouvez pas lier ou combiner P avec Q.
+lui-même, alors cela ne vous permet pas de distribuer Q sous la GPL. Il
+s'ensuit que vous ne pouvez pas publier P+Q sous la GPL non plus. Donc vous
+ne pouvez pas lier ou combiner P avec Q.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="ModifiedJustBinary">Puis-je publier une version modifiée
-d'un programme sous GPL sous forme binaire uniquement ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="ModifiedJustBinary">Can I release a modified version of a GPL-covered
program in binary form
+only?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>Non. Tout le propos de la GPL est que toutes les versions modifiées
-doivent être des <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">logiciels
-libres</a> — ce qui signifie, en particulier, que le code source de la
-version modifiée est disponible pour les utilisateurs.
+<p>Non. Tout le propos de la GPL est que toutes les versions modifiées doivent
+être des <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">logiciels libres</a> —
+ce qui signifie, en particulier, que le code source de la version modifiée
+est disponible pour les utilisateurs.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="TOCUnchangedJustBinary">J'ai téléchargé
-seulement le programme binaire à partir d'Internet. Si je distribue
-des copies, dois-je obtenir le code source et le redistribuer
-aussi ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="UnchangedJustBinary">I downloaded just the binary from the net. If I
distribute copies, do I
+have to get the source and distribute that too?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>Oui. La règle générale est que si vous distribuez des
-binaires, vous devez aussi distribuer le code source complet
-correspondant. L'exception pour le cas où vous recevez une offre
-écrite pour le code source est tout à fait limitée.
+<p>Oui. La règle générale est que si vous distribuez des binaires, vous
devez
+aussi distribuer le code source complet correspondant. L'exception pour le
+cas où vous recevez une offre écrite pour le code source est tout à fait
+limitée.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DistributeWithSourceOnInternet">Je veux distribuer les fichiers
-binaires d'un programme sous GPL sur support physique sans les sources
-associées. Au lieu d'envoyer ultérieurement le code source aux
-utilisateurs qui en font la demande, puis-je me contenter de mettre les
-sources sur un serveur Internet ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DistributeWithSourceOnInternet">I want to distribute binaries via
physical media without accompanying
+sources. Can I provide source code by FTP?</dt>
<dd>
@@ -2215,306 +2001,289 @@
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="RedistributedBinariesGetSource">Mon ami a un exécutable
-d'un programme sous GPL avec une offre de fourniture des sources, et a fait
-une copie pour moi. Puis-je utiliser l'offre pour obtenir les
-sources ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="RedistributedBinariesGetSource">My friend got a GPL-covered binary
with an offer to supply source, and made
+a copy for me. Can I use the offer myself to obtain the source?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>Oui. L'offre doit être ouverte à toute personne qui a une copie
-de l'exécutable qui l'accompagne. C'est pourquoi la GPL dit que
-votre ami doit vous donner une copie de l'offre avec la copie de
-l'exécutable — pour que vous puissiez en
-bénéficier.
+<p>Oui. L'offre doit être ouverte à toute personne qui a une copie de
+l'exécutable qui l'accompagne. C'est pourquoi la GPL dit que votre ami doit
+vous donner une copie de l'offre avec la copie de l'exécutable — pour
+que vous puissiez en bénéficier.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="SourceAndBinaryOnDifferentSites">Puis-je mettre les fichiers
-binaires sur mon serveur Internet et les sources sur un site Internet
-différent ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="SourceAndBinaryOnDifferentSites">Can I put the binaries on my Internet
server and put the source on a
+different Internet site?</dt>
<dd><p>Oui. La section 6(d) autorise cela. Cependant, vous devez fournir des
instructions claires que les utilisateurs peuvent suivre pour obtenir le
code source, et vous devez vous assurer que le code source demeure
disponible tant que vous distribuez le code objet.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DistributeExtendedBinary">Je veux distribuer une version
-étendue d'un programme sous GPL sous forme de fichiers binaires. Me
-suffit-il de distribuer le code source de la version
-originale ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DistributeExtendedBinary">I want to distribute an extended version of
a GPL-covered program in binary
+form. Is it enough to distribute the source for the original version?</dt>
<dd><p>Non, vous devez fournir le code source qui correspond au fichier
binaire. Le
-code source correspondant est celui à partir duquel l'utilisateur
-peut recompiler le même fichier binaire.</p>
+code source correspondant est celui à partir duquel l'utilisateur peut
+recompiler le même fichier binaire.</p>
-<p>Pour partie, l'idée du logiciel libre est que les utilisateurs aient
-accès au code source pour *les programmes qu'ils utilisent*. Ceux qui
-utilisent votre version devraient avoir accès au code source de votre
-version.</p>
+<p>Pour partie, l'idée du logiciel libre est que les utilisateurs aient accès
+au code source pour *les programmes qu'ils utilisent*. Ceux qui utilisent
+votre version devraient avoir accès au code source de votre version.</p>
<p>Un objectif majeur de la GPL est de construire le Monde Libre en s'assurant
-que les améliorations apportées à un programme libre
-sont elles-mêmes libres. Si vous distribuez une version
-améliorée d'un logiciel placé sous GPL, vous devez
-distribuer le code source amélioré sous GPL.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="DistributingSourceIsInconvenient">Je souhaite distribuer des
-fichiers binaires, mais il est difficile de distribuer l'ensemble du code
-source. Et si je donnais aux utilisateurs les différences par rapport
-à la version « standard »en même temps
-que les binaires ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>L'intention est louable, mais cette méthode pour fournir le code
-source ne convient pas vraiment.</p>
-
-<p>Un utilisateur qui souhaite récupérer le code source dans un
-an peut se trouver dans l'incapacité d'obtenir la bonne version
-auprès de la FSF à ce moment là. Nous pourrions avoir
-une version plus récente, mais les différences en question ne
-correspondraient probablement plus avec cette version.</p>
+que les améliorations apportées à un programme libre sont elles-mêmes
+libres. Si vous distribuez une version améliorée d'un logiciel placé sous
+GPL, vous devez distribuer le code source amélioré sous GPL.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="DistributingSourceIsInconvenient">I want to distribute binaries, but
distributing complete source is
+inconvenient. Is it ok if I give users the diffs from the
+“standard” version along with the binaries?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>L'intention est louable, mais cette méthode pour fournir le code
source ne
+convient pas vraiment.</p>
+
+<p>Un utilisateur qui souhaite récupérer le code source dans un an peut se
+trouver dans l'incapacité d'obtenir la bonne version auprès de la FSF à ce
+moment là . Nous pourrions avoir une version plus récente, mais les
+différences en question ne correspondraient probablement plus avec cette
+version.</p>
<p>Vous devez donc fournir le code source complet, pas seulement les
-différences, avec les fichiers binaires.
+différences, avec les fichiers binaires.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="AnonFTPAndSendSources">Puis-je rendre disponible sur un serveur
-réseau les fichiers binaires, mais envoyer les sources seulement
-à ceux qui en font la demande ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>Si vous rendez le code objet disponible sur un serveur réseau,
vous
-devrez fournir le code source correspondant sur un serveur réseau
-également. Le moyen le plus simple de le faire est de les publier sur
-le même serveur, mais vous pourriez aussi donner des instructions pour
-obtenir le code source à partir d'un autre serveur, ou même
-à partir d'un <a href="#SourceInCVS">système de contrôle
-de version</a>. Peu importe ce que vous faites, le code source doit
-être aussi facile d'accès que le code objet cependant. Tout
-ceci est spécifié dans la section 6(d) de la GPLv3.</p>
+<dt id="AnonFTPAndSendSources">Can I make binaries available on a network
server, but send sources only to
+people who order them?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Si vous rendez le code objet disponible sur un serveur réseau, vous
devrez
+fournir le code source correspondant sur un serveur réseau également. Le
+moyen le plus simple de le faire est de les publier sur le même serveur,
+mais vous pourriez aussi donner des instructions pour obtenir le code source
+à partir d'un autre serveur, ou même à partir d'un <a
+href="#SourceInCVS">système de contrôle de version</a>. Peu importe ce que
+vous faites, le code source doit être aussi facile d'accès que le code objet
+cependant. Tout ceci est spécifié dans la section 6(d) de la GPLv3.</p>
<p>Les sources que vous fournirez doivent correspondre exactement aux fichiers
-binaires. Vous devez tout particulièrement vous assurer qu'elles sont
-celles de la même version du programme—pas une version plus
-ancienne ou plus récente.</p>
+binaires. Vous devez tout particulièrement vous assurer qu'elles sont celles
+de la même version du programme—pas une version plus ancienne ou plus
+récente.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="HowCanIMakeSureEachDownloadGetsSource">Comment puis-je
m'assurer
-que tout utilisateur qui télécharge les fichiers binaires
-obtient également le code source ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>Vous n'avez pas à vous en assurer. Du moment que vous mettez
à
-disposition des utilisateurs à la fois les sources et les binaires,
-afin qu'ils puissent voir ce qui est disponible et prendre ce qui les
-intéresse, vous avez fait ce que l'on attend de vous. C'est à
-l'utilisateur de décider s'il veut télécharger les
-sources.</p>
-
-<p>Nos exigences vis-à-vis des redistributeurs ont pour but de s'assurer
-que les utilisateurs peuvent obtenir le code source, pas de forcer les
-utilisateurs à le télécharger même s'ils ne le
-désirent pas.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="UnreleasedMods">Une société utilise une version
-modifiée d'un programme sous GPL sur son site Web. La GPL dit-elle
-qu'elle doit publier les sources modifiées ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>La GPL permet à quiconque de faire une version modifiée sans
-avoir à la redistribuer à d'autres. Ce que fait cette
-société en est un cas particulier. Par conséquent, la
-société n'est pas obligée de publier les sources
-modifiées.</p>
-
-<p>Il est essentiel pour les gens d'avoir la liberté defaire des
-modifications et de les utiliser de façon privée, sans avoir
-à publier les modifications.Cependant, mettre le programme sur un
-serveur accessible au public peut être difficilement qualifié
-d'utilisation « privée », c'est pourquoi il
-serait légitime de réclamer la publication du code source dans
-ce cas particulier. Les développeurs qui souhaitent corriger cela,
+<dt id="HowCanIMakeSureEachDownloadGetsSource">How can I make sure each user
who downloads the binaries also gets the
+source?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Vous n'avez pas à vous en assurer. Du moment que vous mettez Ã
disposition
+des utilisateurs à la fois les sources et les binaires, afin qu'ils puissent
+voir ce qui est disponible et prendre ce qui les intéresse, vous avez fait
+ce que l'on attend de vous. C'est à l'utilisateur de décider s'il veut
+télécharger les sources.</p>
+
+<p>Nos exigences vis-Ã -vis des redistributeurs ont pour but de s'assurer que
+les utilisateurs peuvent obtenir le code source, pas de forcer les
+utilisateurs à le télécharger même s'ils ne le désirent pas.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="UnreleasedMods">A company is running a modified version of a GPL'ed
program on a web site.
+Does the GPL say they must release their modified sources?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>La GPL permet à quiconque de faire une version modifiée sans avoir à la
+redistribuer à d'autres. Ce que fait cette société en est un cas
+particulier. Par conséquent, la société n'est pas obligée de publier les
+sources modifiées.</p>
+
+<p>Il est essentiel pour les gens d'avoir la liberté defaire des modifications
+et de les utiliser de façon privée, sans avoir à publier les
+modifications.Cependant, mettre le programme sur un serveur accessible au
+public peut être difficilement qualifié d'utilisation
« privée »,
+c'est pourquoi il serait légitime de réclamer la publication du code source
+dans ce cas particulier. Les développeurs qui souhaitent corriger cela,
pourraient vouloir utiliser la <a href="/licenses/agpl.html">GPL GNU
-Affero</a> pour des programmes conçus pour une utilisation sur des
-serveurs en réseau.
+Affero</a> pour des programmes conçus pour une utilisation sur des serveurs
+en réseau.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="InternalDistribution">Est-ce que l'utilisation à
-l'intérieur d'une organisation ou d'une société est une
-« distribution » ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="InternalDistribution">Is making and using multiple copies within one
organization or company
+“distribution”?</dt>
-<dd><p>Non, dans ce cas la société fait juste des copies pour
-elle-même. Par conséquent, une société ou une
-organisation peut développer une version modifiée et
-l'installer dans ces locaux, sans donner la permission au personnel de
-publier la version modifiée à l'extérieur.</p>
+<dd><p>Non, dans ce cas la société fait juste des copies pour elle-même. Par
+conséquent, une société ou une organisation peut développer une version
+modifiée et l'installer dans ces locaux, sans donner la permission au
+personnel de publier la version modifiée à l'extérieur.</p>
-<p>Cependant, quand une organisation transfère des copies à
-d'autres organisations ou à des particuliers, c'est une
-distribution. En particulier, fournir des copies à des sous-traitants
-pour une utilisation hors site est une distribution.
+<p>Cependant, quand une organisation transfère des copies à d'autres
+organisations ou à des particuliers, c'est une distribution. En particulier,
+fournir des copies à des sous-traitants pour une utilisation hors site est
+une distribution.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="StolenCopy">Si quelqu'un vole un CD contenant une version d'un
-programme sous GPL, La GPL lui donne t-elle le droit de redistribuer cette
-version ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="StolenCopy">If someone steals a CD containing a version of a
GPL-covered program, does
+the GPL give him the right to redistribute that version?</dt>
-<dd><p>Si la version a été publiée ailleurs, alors le
voleur a
-probablement le droit de faire des copies et de les redistribuer sous la
-GPL, mais s'il est emprisonné pour avoir volé le CD, il se
-peut qu'il doivent attendre sa libération avant de le faire.</p>
-
-<p>Si la version en question n'est pas publiée ou
-considérée par une société comme un secret
-commercial, alors la publier peut être une violation du secret
-commercial, selon d'autres circonstances. La GPL ne change pas cela. Si la
-société a essayé de publier sa version en la
-considérant encore comme un secret commercial, cela violerait la GPL,
-mais si la société n'a pas publié cette version, ce
-n'est pas une violation.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="TradeSecretRelease">Et si une société distribuait
-une copie sous couvert du secret commercial ?</a></b></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>Si la société vous a distribué une copie et revendique
-le secret commercial, la société a violé la GPL et doit
-cesser la distribution. Notez comme cela diffère du cas du vol
-ci-dessus; la société ne distribue pas intentionnellement une
-copie quand une copie est volée, aussi dans ce cas, la
-société n'a pas violé la GPL.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="WhySomeGPLAndNotLGPL">Pourquoi certaines bibliothèques
-GNU sont-elles distribuées sous GPL normale, plutôt que sous
-GPL amoindrie (<i>Lesser GPL</i>) ?</a></b></dt>
+<dd><p>Si la version a été publiée ailleurs, alors le voleur a probablement
le
+droit de faire des copies et de les redistribuer sous la GPL, mais s'il est
+emprisonné pour avoir volé le CD, il se peut qu'il doivent attendre sa
+libération avant de le faire.</p>
+
+<p>Si la version en question n'est pas publiée ou considérée par une
société
+comme un secret commercial, alors la publier peut être une violation du
+secret commercial, selon d'autres circonstances. La GPL ne change pas
+cela. Si la société a essayé de publier sa version en la considérant encore
+comme un secret commercial, cela violerait la GPL, mais si la société n'a
+pas publié cette version, ce n'est pas une violation.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="TradeSecretRelease">What if a company distributes a copy as a trade
secret?</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Si la société vous a distribué une copie et revendique le secret
commercial,
+la société a violé la GPL et doit cesser la distribution. Notez comme cela
+diffère du cas du vol ci-dessus; la société ne distribue pas
+intentionnellement une copie quand une copie est volée, aussi dans ce cas,
+la société n'a pas violé la GPL.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="WhySomeGPLAndNotLGPL">Why are some GNU libraries released under the
ordinary GPL rather than the
+Lesser GPL?</dt>
<dd>
L'utilisation de la <i>Lesser GPL</i> (GPL Amoindrie) pour toute
-bibliothèque particulière représente une défaite
-pour le logiciel libre. Cela signifie que nous abandonnons partiellement nos
-tentatives de défendre la liberté de l'utilisateur, et
-certaines des exigences sur le partage de ce qui est construit sur un
-logiciel sous GPL. Il s'agit en l'état d'évolutions
-négatives.
-<p>
-Une défaite partielle peut parfois se révéler
-être une bonne stratégie. Quelquefois, l'utilisation de la LGPL
-pour une bibliothèque peut amener à une utilisation plus large
-de cette bibliothèque, et par voie de conséquence à son
-amélioration, un plus grand soutien au logiciel libre, ainsi de
-suite. Cela pourrait être bon pour le logiciel libre, si cela se passe
-à grande échelle. Mais nous pouvons seulement spéculer
-sur l'étendue d'un tel succès.</p>
+bibliothèque particulière représente une défaite pour le logiciel
+libre. Cela signifie que nous abandonnons partiellement nos tentatives de
+défendre la liberté de l'utilisateur, et certaines des exigences sur le
+partage de ce qui est construit sur un logiciel sous GPL. Il s'agit en
+l'état d'évolutions négatives.
+<p>
+Une défaite partielle peut parfois se révéler être une bonne
+stratégie. Quelquefois, l'utilisation de la LGPL pour une bibliothèque peut
+amener à une utilisation plus large de cette bibliothèque, et par voie de
+conséquence à son amélioration, un plus grand soutien au logiciel libre,
+ainsi de suite. Cela pourrait être bon pour le logiciel libre, si cela se
+passe à grande échelle. Mais nous pouvons seulement spéculer sur l'étendue
+d'un tel succès.</p>
<p>
Il serait sympathique d'essayer pendant un temps la LGPL pour chaque
-bibliothèque, pour voir si cela améliore les choses, puis de
-se remettre sous GPL si la LGPL n'apporte rien de plus. Mais cela n'est pas
-envisageable. Une fois qu'une bibliothèque particulière est
-placée sous LGPL, il est difficile de changer à nouveau.</p>
+bibliothèque, pour voir si cela améliore les choses, puis de se remettre
+sous GPL si la LGPL n'apporte rien de plus. Mais cela n'est pas
+envisageable. Une fois qu'une bibliothèque particulière est placée sous
+LGPL, il est difficile de changer à nouveau.</p>
<p>
-Nous décidons donc de quelle licence utiliser pour chaque
-bibliothèque au cas par cas. Il existe une <a
-href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.fr.html">longue explication</a> sur la
-façon dont nous procédons pour nous décider.
+Nous décidons donc de quelle licence utiliser pour chaque bibliothèque au
+cas par cas. Il existe une <a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.fr.html">longue
+explication</a> sur la façon dont nous procédons pour nous décider.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WillYouMakeAnException">L'utilisation d'un certain programme
GNU
-placé sous GPL ne cadre pas avec notre projet de réalisation
-d'un logiciel propriétaire. Pourriez-vous faire une exception pour
-nous? Cela augmenterait le nombre d'utilisateurs de ce programme.</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WillYouMakeAnException">Using a certain GNU program under the GPL does
not fit our project to make
+proprietary software. Will you make an exception for us? It would mean more
+users of that program.</dt>
<dd>
-Désolé, nous ne faisons pas d'exception de ce genre, cela ne
-serait pas bien.
+Désolé, nous ne faisons pas d'exception de ce genre, cela ne serait pas
+bien.
<p>
Notre objectif n'est pas de maximiser le nombre d'utilisateurs. Nous
-essayons plutôt de donner les libertés fondamentales au plus
-grand nombre possible d'utilisateurs. D'une manière
-générale, les logiciels propriétaires freinent les
-libertés plus qu'ils ne les favorisent.</p>
-<p>
-Il nous arrive de créer des exceptions de licence pour aider un
-projet de logiciel libre sous une autre licence que la GPL. Toutefois, il
-nous faut pour cela une bonne justification du fait que cela fera avancer la
-cause du logiciel libre.</p>
+essayons plutôt de donner les libertés fondamentales au plus grand nombre
+possible d'utilisateurs. D'une manière générale, les logiciels
propriétaires
+freinent les libertés plus qu'ils ne les favorisent.</p>
+<p>
+Il nous arrive de créer des exceptions de licence pour aider un projet de
+logiciel libre sous une autre licence que la GPL. Toutefois, il nous faut
+pour cela une bonne justification du fait que cela fera avancer la cause du
+logiciel libre.</p>
<p>
Il nous arrive aussi quelquefois de modifier les clauses de distribution
-d'un paquetage, quand cela nous apparaît clairement comme un moyen de
-promouvoir la cause du logiciel libre, mais nous sommes très prudent
-à ce sujet et il vous faudra nous donner des raisons très
-convaincantes.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="VersionThreeOrLater">Pourquoi les programmes doivent-ils se
-référer à « la version 3 de la GPL ou toute
-version ultérieure » (<i>« Version 3 of the GPL
-or any later version »</i>) ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>De temps en temps, après quelques années, il nous arrive
de
-modifier la GPL—quelquefois simplement pour éclaircir un point,
-quelquefois pour autoriser certaines utilisations alors qu'elles ne
-l'étaient pas auparavant, et quelquefois pour renforcer une
-exigence. (Les deux derniers changements datent de 2007 et
-1991). L'utilisation de ce « pointeur indirect » dans
-chaque programme nous permet de changer les conditions de distribution de
-l'ensemble des logiciels GNU, lorsque nous modifions la GPL.</p>
-
-<p>Si aucun programme ne contenait ce pointeur indirect, nous serions
-forcés de longuement discuter du changement avec de très
-nombreux détenteurs de copyright, ce qui serait virtuellement
-impossible. En pratique, la probabilité d'aboutir à un mode de
-distribution unifié pour les logiciels GNU serait nulle.</p>
-
-<p>Supposez qu'un programme dise « Version 3 de la GPL ou toute
-version ultérieure » et qu'une nouvelle version de la GPL
-soit publiée. Si la nouvelle version de la GPL donne une permission
-supplémentaire, cette permission est immédiatement disponible
-pour tous les utilisateurs du programme. Mais, si la nouvelle version de la
-GPL comporte une exigence plus restrictive, cela ne limitera pas
-l'utilisation de la version courante du programme, car ce dernier peut
-toujours être utilisé sous GPL Version 3. Lorsqu'un programme
-dit « Version 3 de la GPL ou toute version
-ultérieure », les utilisateurs seront toujours
-autorisés à l'utiliser, et même à le modifier,
-selon les termes de la GPL Version 3—même après que
-d'autres versions de la GPL auront été rendues disponibles.</p>
+d'un paquetage, quand cela nous apparaît clairement comme un moyen de
+promouvoir la cause du logiciel libre, mais nous sommes très prudent à ce
+sujet et il vous faudra nous donner des raisons très convaincantes.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="VersionThreeOrLater">Why should programs say “Version 3 of the
GPL or any later
+version”?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>De temps en temps, après quelques années, il nous arrive de modifier
la
+GPL—quelquefois simplement pour éclaircir un point, quelquefois pour
+autoriser certaines utilisations alors qu'elles ne l'étaient pas auparavant,
+et quelquefois pour renforcer une exigence. (Les deux derniers changements
+datent de 2007 et 1991). L'utilisation de ce « pointeur indirect »
+dans chaque programme nous permet de changer les conditions de distribution
+de l'ensemble des logiciels GNU, lorsque nous modifions la GPL.</p>
+
+<p>Si aucun programme ne contenait ce pointeur indirect, nous serions forcés
de
+longuement discuter du changement avec de très nombreux détenteurs de
+copyright, ce qui serait virtuellement impossible. En pratique, la
+probabilité d'aboutir à un mode de distribution unifié pour les logiciels
+GNU serait nulle.</p>
+
+<p>Supposez qu'un programme dise « Version 3 de la GPL ou toute version
+ultérieure » et qu'une nouvelle version de la GPL soit publiée. Si la
+nouvelle version de la GPL donne une permission supplémentaire, cette
+permission est immédiatement disponible pour tous les utilisateurs du
+programme. Mais, si la nouvelle version de la GPL comporte une exigence plus
+restrictive, cela ne limitera pas l'utilisation de la version courante du
+programme, car ce dernier peut toujours être utilisé sous GPL Version
+3. Lorsqu'un programme dit « Version 3 de la GPL ou toute version
+ultérieure », les utilisateurs seront toujours autorisés à l'utiliser,
+et même à le modifier, selon les termes de la GPL Version 3—même
après
+que d'autres versions de la GPL auront été rendues disponibles.</p>
<p>Si une exigence plus forte dans une nouvelle version de la GPL n'est pas
-obligatoire pour les logiciels existants, à quoi sert-elle ?
-Lorsque la version 4 de la GPL est disponible, les développeurs de la
-plupart des programmes sous GPL distribueront les versions suivantes de leur
-programme en spécifiant « Version 4 de la GPL ou toute
-version ultérieure ». Les utilisateurs devront se
-conformer aux clauses plus restrictives de la GPL Version 4, pour les
-versions suivantes de ce programme.</p>
-
-<p>Les développeurs ne sont toutefois pas dans l'obligation d'agir
-ainsi ; ils peuvent continuer à autoriser l'utilisation de la
-version précédente de la GPL, si c'est leur souhait.
-</p></dd>
+obligatoire pour les logiciels existants, Ã quoi sert-elle ? Lorsque la
+version 4 de la GPL est disponible, les développeurs de la plupart des
+programmes sous GPL distribueront les versions suivantes de leur programme
+en spécifiant « Version 4 de la GPL ou toute version
+ultérieure ». Les utilisateurs devront se conformer aux clauses plus
+restrictives de la GPL Version 4, pour les versions suivantes de ce
+programme.</p>
+
+<p>Les développeurs ne sont toutefois pas dans l'obligation d'agir
ainsi ;
+ils peuvent continuer à autoriser l'utilisation de la version précédente de
+la GPL, si c'est leur souhait.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="OnlyLatestVersion">Is it a good idea to use a license saying that a
certain program can be used
+only under the latest version of the GNU GPL?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>The reason you shouldn't do that is that it could result some day in
+withdrawing automatically some permissions that the users previously had.</p>
+
+<p>Suppose a program was released in 2000 under “the latest GPL
+version”. At that time, people could have used it under GPLv2. The
+day we published GPLv3 in 2007, everyone would have been suddenly compelled
+to use it under GPLv3 instead.</p>
+
+<p>Some users may not even have known about GPL version 3—but they would
+have been required to use it. They could have violated the program's
+license unintentionally just because they did not get the news. That's a
+bad way to treat people.</p>
+
+<p>We think it is wrong to take back permissions already granted, except due to
+a violation. If your freedom could be revoked, then it isn't really
+freedom. Thus, if you get a copy of a program version under one version of
+a license, you should <em>always</em> have the rights granted by that
+version of the license. Releasing under “GPL version N or any later
+version” upholds that principle.</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="WhyNotGPLForManuals">Pourquoi n'utilisez-vous pas la GPL pour
-les manuels ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhyNotGPLForManuals">Why don't you use the GPL for manuals?</dt>
<dd><p>Il est possible d'utiliser la GPL pour les manuels, mais pour ceux-ci il
vaut beaucoup mieux utiliser la GNU Free Documentation Licence (GFDL,
Licence de Documentation Libre GNU).</p>
-<p>La GPL a été conçue pour les programmes; elle contient
-de nombreuses clauses complexes qui sont très importantes pour les
-programmes, mais constituent un poids mort pour un livre ou un manuel. En
-revanche, la GFDL contient des clauses qui permettent aux éditeurs de
-manuels libres d'en tirer des revenus.</p>
+<p>La GPL a été conçue pour les programmes; elle contient de nombreuses
clauses
+complexes qui sont très importantes pour les programmes, mais constituent un
+poids mort pour un livre ou un manuel. En revanche, la GFDL contient des
+clauses qui permettent aux éditeurs de manuels libres d'en tirer des
+revenus.</p>
<p>Nous autorisons les modifications du texte qui concerne les sujets
techniques, mais nous n'autorisons pas de modifications dans les sections
-qui exposent notre position légale, politique, ou
-éthique. Nous faisons cela en signalant explicitement les sections
-qui ne peuvent être modifiées. La GFDL prévoit ces
-« sections invariantes »—alors que la GPL ne les
-autoriserait pas.</p>
+qui exposent notre position légale, politique, ou éthique. Nous faisons cela
+en signalant explicitement les sections qui ne peuvent être modifiées. La
+GFDL prévoit ces « sections invariantes »—alors que la GPL
+ne les autoriserait pas.</p>
<p>En utilisant la GFDL, nous permettons des changements dans le texte d'un
manuel qui couvre un sujet technique. Il est important d'autoriser les
@@ -2530,24 +2299,21 @@
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="FontException">Comment la GPL s'applique t-elle aux
-polices ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="FontException">How does the GPL apply to fonts?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>La licence de police est un problème complexe qui a besoin de
-sérieuses considérations. L'exception de licence suivante est
-expérimentale maisapprouvée pour une utilisation
-générale. Les suggestions sont les bienvenues sur ce sujet
-— veuillez consulter ce <a
+<p>La licence de police est un problème complexe qui a besoin de sérieuses
+considérations. L'exception de licence suivante est expérimentale
+maisapprouvée pour une utilisation générale. Les suggestions sont les
+bienvenues sur ce sujet — veuillez consulter ce <a
href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/20050425novalis";>billet
-explicatif</a> et écrire à <a
+explicatif</a> et écrire à <a
href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org";>licensing@gnu.org</a>.</p>
-<p>Pour utiliser cette exception, ajouter ce texte à votre notice de
-licence pour chaque fichier du paquetage (dans la mesure du possible),
-après le texte qui dit que le fichier est distribué sous la
-GPL GNU :</p>
+<p>Pour utiliser cette exception, ajouter ce texte à votre notice de licence
+pour chaque fichier du paquetage (dans la mesure du possible), après le
+texte qui dit que le fichier est distribué sous la GPL GNU :</p>
<blockquote><p>
As a special exception, if you create a document which uses this font, and
@@ -2558,47 +2324,42 @@
License. If you modify this font, you may extend this exception to your
version of the font, but you are not obligated to do so. If you do not wish
to do so, delete this exception statement from your version.
-Traduction : Comme exception spéciale, si vous créez un
-document qui utilise cette police, ou intégrez cette police ou des
-parties inaltérées de cette police dans le document, cette
-police n'implique pas en soi que le document résultant soit couvert
-par la Licence publique générale GNU. Cette exception
-n'empêche pas cependant que le document soit, pour d'autres raisons,
-couvert par la Licence publique générale GNU. Si vous modifiez
-cette police, vous pouvez étendre ce droit à votre version de
-la police, mais vous n'y êtes pas obligé. Si vous ne le
-souhaitez pas, supprimez cette clause de votre version.
+Traduction : Comme exception spéciale, si vous créez un document qui
+utilise cette police, ou intégrez cette police ou des parties inaltérées de
+cette police dans le document, cette police n'implique pas en soi que le
+document résultant soit couvert par la Licence publique générale GNU. Cette
+exception n'empêche pas cependant que le document soit, pour d'autres
+raisons, couvert par la Licence publique générale GNU. Si vous modifiez
+cette police, vous pouvez étendre ce droit à votre version de la police,
+mais vous n'y êtes pas obligé. Si vous ne le souhaitez pas, supprimez cette
+clause de votre version.
</p></blockquote></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WMS">J'écris un système de mainternance de site
-Web</a> (aussi appelé « <a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html">content management
-system</a> » <systéme de gestion de contenu>) ou une
-application qui génère des pages Web à partir de
-modèles. Quelle licence dois-je utiliser pour ces
-modèles ?</b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>Les modèles sont assez mineurs et ça ne vaut pas la peine
-d'utiliser le copyleft (la gauche d'auteur) pour les protéger. Il
-n'est normalement pas dangereux d'utiliser le copyleft pour des œuvres
-mineures, mais les modèles sont un cas particulier car ils combinent
-des données fournies par les utilisateurs de l'application et cette
-combinaison est distribuée. C'est pourquoi nous recommandons
-d'utiliser une licence permissive simple pour vos modèles. </p>
-
-<p>Certains modèles font des appels à des fonctions
-Javascript. Puisque le Javascript n'est pas souvent trivial, cela vaut la
-peine de mettre les scripts sous copyleft. Parce que les modèles sont
-combinés avec des données utilisateur, il est possible que
-l'ensemble modèle+données utilisateur+Javascript soit
-considéré comme une seule œuvre selon la loi sur les
-droits d'auteur. Il est nécessaire de tracer une ligne antre le code
-Javascript (sous copyleft) et le code utilisateur (habituellement en des
-termes incompatibles). </p>
+<dt id="WMS">I am writing a website maintenance system (called a “<a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">content management system</a>”
+by some), or some other application which generates web pages from
+templates. What license should I use for those templates?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Les modèles sont assez mineurs et ça ne vaut pas la peine d'utiliser le
+copyleft (la gauche d'auteur) pour les protéger. Il n'est normalement pas
+dangereux d'utiliser le copyleft pour des œuvres mineures, mais les
+modèles sont un cas particulier car ils combinent des données fournies par
+les utilisateurs de l'application et cette combinaison est distribuée. C'est
+pourquoi nous recommandons d'utiliser une licence permissive simple pour vos
+modèles. </p>
+
+<p>Certains modèles font des appels à des fonctions Javascript. Puisque le
+Javascript n'est pas souvent trivial, cela vaut la peine de mettre les
+scripts sous copyleft. Parce que les modèles sont combinés avec des données
+utilisateur, il est possible que l'ensemble modèle+données
+utilisateur+Javascript soit considéré comme une seule œuvre selon la
+loi sur les droits d'auteur. Il est nécessaire de tracer une ligne antre le
+code Javascript (sous copyleft) et le code utilisateur (habituellement en
+des termes incompatibles). </p>
-<p><a href="template-diagram.png"><img src="template-diagram.png" alt="Un
diagramme du contenu ci-dessus" /></a></p>
+<p><a href="/licenses/template-diagram.png"><img
src="/licenses/template-diagram.png" alt="Un diagramme du contenu ci-dessus"
/></a></p>
<p>Il y a une exception pour le code Javascript qui dit ceci :</p>
@@ -2612,262 +2373,232 @@
extend this exception to your version of the code, but you are not obligated
to do so. If you do not wish to do so, delete this exception statement from
your version.
-Traduction : En tant qu'exception spéciale à la GPL, tout
-fichier HTML faisant essentiellement des appels de fonction à ce code
-et qui pour ce faire l'inclut par référence, devra être
-considéré comme une œuvre séparée pour la
-loi sur le droit d'auteur. De plus, les détenteurs du droit d'auteur
-de ce code vous donne l'autorisation de combiner ce code avec des
-bibliothèques de logiciels libres publiées sous la GNU
-LGPL. Vous pouvez copier et distribuer un tel système suivant les
-termes de la GNU GPL pour ce code et ceux de la LGPL pour les
-bibliothèques. Si vous modifiez ce code, vous pouvez étendre
-cette exception à votre version du code, mais vous n'y êtes pas
-obligé. Si vous ne souhaitez pas le faire, supprimez cette
-déclaration d'exception de votre version.
+Traduction : En tant qu'exception spéciale à la GPL, tout fichier HTML
+faisant essentiellement des appels de fonction à ce code et qui pour ce
+faire l'inclut par référence, devra être considéré comme une œuvre
+séparée pour la loi sur le droit d'auteur. De plus, les détenteurs du droit
+d'auteur de ce code vous donne l'autorisation de combiner ce code avec des
+bibliothèques de logiciels libres publiées sous la GNU LGPL. Vous pouvez
+copier et distribuer un tel système suivant les termes de la GNU GPL pour ce
+code et ceux de la LGPL pour les bibliothèques. Si vous modifiez ce code,
+vous pouvez étendre cette exception à votre version du code, mais vous n'y
+êtes pas obligé. Si vous ne souhaitez pas le faire, supprimez cette
+déclaration d'exception de votre version.
</p></blockquote>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="TOCNonFreeTools">Puis-je publier un programme sous licence GPL
-que j'ai développé en utilisant des outils
-non-libres ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>Les programmes que vous utilisez pour éditer le code source, le
-compiler, l'étudier ou l'enregistrer ne font
-généralement pas de différencepour les problèmes
-relatifs à la licence de ce code source.</p>
-
-<p>Toutefois, si vous liez des bibliothèques non-libres à ce code
-source, ce serait un problème que vous devez prendre en compte. Cela
-n'empêche pas de publier le code source sous licence GPL, mais si les
-bibliothèques ne correspondent pas à l'exception
-« bibliothèque système », vous devrez
-ajouter une notice explicite donnant la permission de lier votre programme
-avec elles. <a href="#GPLIncompatibleLibs">Notre FAQ sur l'utilisation des
-bibliothèques incompatibles avec la GPL</a> fournit plus d'informations sur
-la manière de faire cela.</p>
+<dt id="NonFreeTools">Can I release a program under the GPL which I developed
using non-free
+tools?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Les programmes que vous utilisez pour éditer le code source, le
compiler,
+l'étudier ou l'enregistrer ne font généralement pas de différencepour les
+problèmes relatifs à la licence de ce code source.</p>
+
+<p>Toutefois, si vous liez des bibliothèques non-libres à ce code source, ce
+serait un problème que vous devez prendre en compte. Cela n'empêche pas de
+publier le code source sous licence GPL, mais si les bibliothèques ne
+correspondent pas à l'exception « bibliothèque système », vous
+devrez ajouter une notice explicite donnant la permission de lier votre
+programme avec elles. <a href="#GPLIncompatibleLibs">Notre FAQ sur
+l'utilisation des bibliothèques incompatibles avec la GPL</a> fournit plus
+d'informations sur la manière de faire cela.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLTranslations">Existe-t-il des traductions de la GPL dans
-d'autres langues ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLTranslations">Are there translations of the GPL into other
languages?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Il serait utile d'avoir des traductions de la GPL dans d'autres langues que
-l'anglais. Certains ont même écrit des traductions et nous les
-ont faites parvenir. Mais nous ne nous sommes pas risqués à
-les annoncer comme officiellement valides. Cela comporte un trop grand
-risque, que nous ne sommes pas prêt à prendre.</p>
-
-<p>Un document légal ressemble parfois à un programme. Le
-traduire est comme de porter un logiciel d'un langage et d'un
-système d'exploitation vers un autre. Seul un juriste
-compétent dans les deux langues peut le faire—et même
-alors subsiste le risque d'introduire un bug.</p>
+l'anglais. Certains ont même écrit des traductions et nous les ont faites
+parvenir. Mais nous ne nous sommes pas risqués à les annoncer comme
+officiellement valides. Cela comporte un trop grand risque, que nous ne
+sommes pas prêt à prendre.</p>
+
+<p>Un document légal ressemble parfois à un programme. Le traduire est comme
+de porter un logiciel d'un langage et d'un système d'exploitation vers un
+autre. Seul un juriste compétent dans les deux langues peut le
+faire—et même alors subsiste le risque d'introduire un bug.</p>
<p>Si nous devions approuver, officiellement, une traduction de la GPL, nous
-donnerions à quiconque l'autorisation de faire tout ce que la
-traduction dit que l'on peut faire. Si la traduction est parfaitement
-exacte, tout va bien. Mais s'il existe une erreur dans la traduction, le
-résultat pourrait en être un désastre que nous ne
-pourrions réparer.</p>
+donnerions à quiconque l'autorisation de faire tout ce que la traduction dit
+que l'on peut faire. Si la traduction est parfaitement exacte, tout va
+bien. Mais s'il existe une erreur dans la traduction, le résultat pourrait
+en être un désastre que nous ne pourrions réparer.</p>
<p>Lorsqu'un programme contient un bug, l'on peut distribuer une nouvelle
-version, et éventuellement, l'ancienne version disparaîtra plus
-ou moins. Mais une fois que l'on a donné à tout le monde la
-permission d'agir selon les termes d'une certaine traduction, il n'y a plus
-aucun moyen de reprendre cette permission, si l'on découvre,
-ultérieurement, qu'elle avait un bug.</p>
+version, et éventuellement, l'ancienne version disparaîtra plus ou
+moins. Mais une fois que l'on a donné à tout le monde la permission d'agir
+selon les termes d'une certaine traduction, il n'y a plus aucun moyen de
+reprendre cette permission, si l'on découvre, ultérieurement, qu'elle avait
+un bug.</p>
<p>Des gens qui souhaitent nous aider nous proposent parfois de faire pour nous
-le travail de traduction. Si le problème était de trouver
-quelqu'un pour accomplir la tâche, cela le résoudrait. Mais en
-fait le vrai problème est le risque d'erreur, et le fait d'offrir de
-faire le travail ne l'évite pas. Nous ne pourrions en aucun cas
-autoriser une traduction non écrite par un juriste.</p>
+le travail de traduction. Si le problème était de trouver quelqu'un pour
+accomplir la tâche, cela le résoudrait. Mais en fait le vrai problème est le
+risque d'erreur, et le fait d'offrir de faire le travail ne l'évite
+pas. Nous ne pourrions en aucun cas autoriser une traduction non écrite par
+un juriste.</p>
-<p>Par conséquent, pour le moment, nous n'approuvons pas les traductions
-de la GPL comme globalement valides ni contractuelles. Au lieu de cela, nous
+<p>Par conséquent, pour le moment, nous n'approuvons pas les traductions de la
+GPL comme globalement valides ni contractuelles. Au lieu de cela, nous
faisons deux choses :</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Nous dirigeons les gens vers des traductions non-officielles. Cela
signifie
-que nous autorisons les gens à écrire des traductions de la
-GPL, mais que nous les approuvons pas comme légalement valides et
-contractuelles.</p>
-
-<p>Une traduction non-approuvée n'a pas de valeur légale, et
-devrait le déclarer explicitement. Cela devrait être
-écrit comme suit :</p>
+que nous autorisons les gens à écrire des traductions de la GPL, mais que
+nous les approuvons pas comme légalement valides et contractuelles.</p>
+
+<p>Une traduction non-approuvée n'a pas de valeur légale, et devrait le
+déclarer explicitement. Cela devrait être écrit comme suit :</p>
<blockquote><p>
This translation of the GPL is informal, and not officially approved by the
Free Software Foundation as valid. To be completely sure of what is
permitted, refer to the original GPL (in English).
Traduction : Cette traduction de la GPL est informelle, et n'est pas
-approuvée officiellement comme valide par la Free Software
-Foundation. Pour être tout-à-fait sûr de ce qui est
-autorisé, se reférer à la GPL originale (en anglais).
+approuvée officiellement comme valide par la Free Software Foundation. Pour
+être tout-à -fait sûr de ce qui est autorisé, se reférer à la GPL
originale
+(en anglais).
</p></blockquote>
-<p>Mais la traduction non-officielle peut très bien servir d'aide
-à la compréhension de la GPL en anglais. Pour beaucoup
-d'utilisateurs, c'est suffisant.</p>
+<p>Mais la traduction non-officielle peut très bien servir d'aide à la
+compréhension de la GPL en anglais. Pour beaucoup d'utilisateurs, c'est
+suffisant.</p>
<p>Toutefois, les entreprises qui utilisent des logiciels GNU dans leurs
-activités commerciales, et les gens faisant une distribution publique
-par ftp, devraient vérifier la véritable GPL en anglais pour
-s'assurer de ce qu'elle autorise.</p>
+activités commerciales, et les gens faisant une distribution publique par
+ftp, devraient vérifier la véritable GPL en anglais pour s'assurer de ce
+qu'elle autorise.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Nous publions des traductions valides pour seulement un pays.</p>
-<p>Nous considérons l'idée de publier des traductions qui soient
-officiellement valides pour un pays seulement. De cette façon, si une
-erreur est faite, l'effet sera limité à ce pays, et le dommage
-pas trop important.</p>
-
-<p>Il faudra quand même pour faire une traduction une dose
-considérable d'expertise et d'efforts de la part d'un juriste
-à la fois acquis à la cause et compétent, aussi ne
-pouvons-nous promettre de telles traductions dans un futur proche.</p>
+<p>Nous considérons l'idée de publier des traductions qui soient
officiellement
+valides pour un pays seulement. De cette façon, si une erreur est faite,
+l'effet sera limité à ce pays, et le dommage pas trop important.</p>
+
+<p>Il faudra quand même pour faire une traduction une dose considérable
+d'expertise et d'efforts de la part d'un juriste à la fois acquis à la cause
+et compétent, aussi ne pouvons-nous promettre de telles traductions dans un
+futur proche.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="InterpreterIncompat">Si un interpréteur de langage de
-programmation a une licence qui est incompatible avec la GPL, puis-je
-l'utiliser pour faire tourner des programmes placés sous
-GPL ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="InterpreterIncompat">If a programming language interpreter has a
license that is incompatible
+with the GPL, can I run GPL-covered programs on it?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>Quand un interpréteur interprète seulement un langage, la
-réponse est oui. Le programme interprété est juste des
-données, pourl'interpréteur; la GPL ne restreint pas les
-outils avec lesquels vous traitez le programme.</p>
-
-<p>Cependant, lorsque l'interpréteur est étendu pour fournir des
-« bindings » (interfaces) vers d'autres dispositifs
-(souvent, mais pas nécessairement, des bibliothèques), le
-programme interprété est effectivement lié aux
-dispositifs qu'il utilise à travers ces interfaces. Donc si ces
-dispositifs sont diffusés sous GPL, le programme
-interprété qui les utilise doit être diffusé
-d'une manièrecompatible avec la GPL. La JNI ou Java Native Interface
-est un exemple d'un tel dispositif; les bibliothèques auxquelles on
-accède de cette façon sont liées dynamiquement avec les
-programmes Java qui les appellent.</p>
-
-<p>Ainsi si ces dispositifs sont diffusés sous une licence incompatible
-avec la GPL, la situation est similaire dans tout autre aspect à
-l'édition de liens avec une bibliothèque non compatible avec
-la GPL. Ce qui implique que :</p>
+<p>Quand un interpréteur interprète seulement un langage, la réponse est
+oui. Le programme interprété est juste des données, pourl'interpréteur; la
+GPL ne restreint pas les outils avec lesquels vous traitez le programme.</p>
+
+<p>Cependant, lorsque l'interpréteur est étendu pour fournir des
+« bindings » (interfaces) vers d'autres dispositifs (souvent, mais
+pas nécessairement, des bibliothèques), le programme interprété est
+effectivement lié aux dispositifs qu'il utilise à travers ces
+interfaces. Donc si ces dispositifs sont diffusés sous GPL, le programme
+interprété qui les utilise doit être diffusé d'une manièrecompatible avec
la
+GPL. La JNI ou Java Native Interface est un exemple d'un tel dispositif; les
+bibliothèques auxquelles on accède de cette façon sont liées dynamiquement
+avec les programmes Java qui les appellent.</p>
+
+<p>Ainsi si ces dispositifs sont diffusés sous une licence incompatible avec
la
+GPL, la situation est similaire dans tout autre aspect à l'édition de liens
+avec une bibliothèque non compatible avec la GPL. Ce qui implique
que :</p>
<ol>
- <li>Si vous écrivez du code et le diffusez sous GPL, vous pouvez
-définir une exception explicite donnant l'autorisation d'en faire une
-édition de liens avec ces dispositifs incompatibles avec la GPL.</li>
-
- <li>Si vous avez écrit et diffusé le programme sous GPL, et que
-vous l'avez conçu spécifiquement pour fonctionner avec ces
-dispositifs, on peut considérer qu'il y a une exception implicite
-autorisant une édition de lien avec ces dispositifs. Mais si c'est ce
-que vous souhaitez, il est référable de le déclarer de
-façon explicite.</li>
+ <li>Si vous écrivez du code et le diffusez sous GPL, vous pouvez définir
une
+exception explicite donnant l'autorisation d'en faire une édition de liens
+avec ces dispositifs incompatibles avec la GPL.</li>
+
+ <li>Si vous avez écrit et diffusé le programme sous GPL, et que vous l'avez
+conçu spécifiquement pour fonctionner avec ces dispositifs, on peut
+considérer qu'il y a une exception implicite autorisant une édition de lien
+avec ces dispositifs. Mais si c'est ce que vous souhaitez, il est référable
+de le déclarer de façon explicite.</li>
<li>Vous ne pouvez pas prendre le code de quelqu'un d'autre couvert par la
GPL
-et l'utiliser de de cette façon, ou y ajouter de telles
-exceptions. Seul le détenteur du copyright pour ce code peut ajouter
-l'exception.</li>
+et l'utiliser de de cette façon, ou y ajouter de telles exceptions. Seul le
+détenteur du copyright pour ce code peut ajouter l'exception.</li>
</ol>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhoHasThePower">Qui a la capacité de faire respecter la
-GPL ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhoHasThePower">Who has the power to enforce the GPL?</dt>
-<dd><p>Puisque la GPL est une licence de copyright, les détenteurs du
-copyright du logiciel sont ceux qui ont la capacité de faire
-respecter la GPL. Si vous constatez une violation de la GPL, vous devriez en
-informer les développeurs du logiciel couvert par la GPL
-concerné. Ils sont soit les détenteurs du copyright, ou bien
-sont liés au détenteur du copyright. <a
-href="#ReportingViolation">En savoir plus sur la façon de rapporter
-des violations de la GPL.</a>
+<dd><p>Puisque la GPL est une licence de copyright, les détenteurs du
copyright du
+logiciel sont ceux qui ont la capacité de faire respecter la GPL. Si vous
+constatez une violation de la GPL, vous devriez en informer les développeurs
+du logiciel couvert par la GPL concerné. Ils sont soit les détenteurs du
+copyright, ou bien sont liés au détenteur du copyright. <a
+href="#ReportingViolation">En savoir plus sur la façon de rapporter des
+violations de la GPL.</a>
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="OOPLang">Dans un langage orienté-objet comme Java, si
-j'utilise une classe qui est sous GPL sans la modifier et que j'en
-hérite, dans quelle mesure la GPL affecte-t-elle le programme
-résultant ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="OOPLang">In an object-oriented language such as Java, if I use a class
that is GPL'ed
+without modifying, and subclass it, in what way does the GPL affect the
+larger program?</dt>
-<dd><p>Une sous-classe créée par héritage est un travail
-dérivé. Ainsi, les termes de la GPL s'appliquent à
-l'ensemble du programme dans lequel vous créez une sous-classe d'une
-classe sous GPL.
+<dd><p>Une sous-classe créée par héritage est un travail dérivé. Ainsi,
les termes
+de la GPL s'appliquent à l'ensemble du programme dans lequel vous créez une
+sous-classe d'une classe sous GPL.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="PortProgramToGL">Si je fais un portage de mon programme vers
-GNU/Linux, est-ce que cela signifie que je doive le diffuser en tant que
-Logiciel Libre placé sous la GPL ou une autre licence de Logiciel
-Libre ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="PortProgramToGL">If I port my program to GNU/Linux, does that mean I
have to release it as
+Free Software under the GPL or some other Free Software license?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>De façon générale, la réponse est non—ce
-n'est pas une exigence légale. De façon plus
-spécifique, la réponse dépend des bibliothèques
-que vous désirez utiliser et de leurs licences. La plupart des
-bibliothèques système utilisent soit la <a
-href="/licenses/lgpl.html">GNU Lesser GPL</a> (GNU GPL Amoindrie), ou
-utilisent la GNU GPL plus une exception permettant l'édition de liens
-de la bibliothèque avec quoique ce soit. Ces bibliothèques
-peuvent être utilisées dans des programmes non-libres; mais
+<p>De façon générale, la réponse est non—ce n'est pas une exigence
+légale. De façon plus spécifique, la réponse dépend des bibliothèques que
+vous désirez utiliser et de leurs licences. La plupart des bibliothèques
+système utilisent soit la <a href="/licenses/lgpl.html">GNU Lesser GPL</a>
+(GNU GPL Amoindrie), ou utilisent la GNU GPL plus une exception permettant
+l'édition de liens de la bibliothèque avec quoique ce soit. Ces
+bibliothèques peuvent être utilisées dans des programmes non-libres; mais
dans le cas de la GPL Amoindrie, elle comporte des exigences que vous devez
suivre.</p>
-<p>Certaines bibliothèques sont diffusées sous la GNU GPL
-seule ; vous devez utiliser une licence compatible GPL pour utiliser
-ces bibliothèques. Mais c'est normalement les bibliothèques
-les plus spécialisées, et vous n'auriez pas eu quelque chose
-de similaire sur une autre plateforme, donc vous n'aurez probablement pas
-besoin de ces bibliothèques pour un simple portage.</p>
-
-<p>Bien-sûr, votre logiciel n'est pas une contribution à notre
-communauté s'il n'est pas libre, et ceux qui accordent de la valeur
-à leur liberté refuseront de l'utiliser. Le résultat
-sera qu'il constituera une incitation à l'abandon de cette
-liberté, et sera seulement utile à ceux qui auront fait cela.</p>
-
-<p>Si vous espérez un jour jeter un regard en arrière sur votre
-carrière et sentir que votre travail a été plus qu'une
-façon de gagner de l'argent, cela devrait vous inciter à
-rendre votre programme libre.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="CompanyGPLCostsMoney">Je viens de découvrir qu'une
-compagnie a une copie d'un programme sous GPL, et qu'il faut payer pour
-l'obtenir. Ne violent-ils pas la GPL en ne la rendant pas disponible sur
-Internet ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>Non. La GPL n'oblige personne à utiliser Internet pour la
-distribution. Elle ne requiert pas non plus que quelqu'un en particulier
-redistribue le programme. Et (en dehors d'un cas particulier), même si
-quelqu'un décide parfois de redistribuer le programme, la GPL ne dit
-pas qu'il doit vous distribuer une copie à vous en particulier, ou
-tout autre personne en particulier.</p>
-
-<p>Ce que la GPL exige, c'est qu'il ait la liberté de vous en distribuer
-une copie <em>s'il le souhaite</em>. Une fois que le détenteur du
-copyright distribue une copie du programme à quelqu'un, ce quelqu'un
-peut alors vous redistribuer le programme, ou à n'importe qui
-d'autre, comme ça lui convient.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="ReleaseNotOriginal">Puis-je publier un programme avec une
-licence stipulant que vous pouvez redistribuer des versions modifiées
-de celui-ci sous la GPL mais pas l'original lui-même sous
-GPL ?</a></b></dt>
+<p>Certaines bibliothèques sont diffusées sous la GNU GPL seule ; vous
+devez utiliser une licence compatible GPL pour utiliser ces
+bibliothèques. Mais c'est normalement les bibliothèques les plus
+spécialisées, et vous n'auriez pas eu quelque chose de similaire sur une
+autre plateforme, donc vous n'aurez probablement pas besoin de ces
+bibliothèques pour un simple portage.</p>
+
+<p>Bien-sûr, votre logiciel n'est pas une contribution à notre communauté
s'il
+n'est pas libre, et ceux qui accordent de la valeur à leur liberté
+refuseront de l'utiliser. Le résultat sera qu'il constituera une incitation
+à l'abandon de cette liberté, et sera seulement utile à ceux qui auront fait
+cela.</p>
+
+<p>Si vous espérez un jour jeter un regard en arrière sur votre carrière et
+sentir que votre travail a été plus qu'une façon de gagner de l'argent, cela
+devrait vous inciter à rendre votre programme libre.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="CompanyGPLCostsMoney">I just found out that a company has a copy of a
GPL'ed program, and it costs
+money to get it. Aren't they violating the GPL by not making it available
+on the Internet?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Non. La GPL n'oblige personne à utiliser Internet pour la distribution.
Elle
+ne requiert pas non plus que quelqu'un en particulier redistribue le
+programme. Et (en dehors d'un cas particulier), même si quelqu'un décide
+parfois de redistribuer le programme, la GPL ne dit pas qu'il doit vous
+distribuer une copie à vous en particulier, ou tout autre personne en
+particulier.</p>
+
+<p>Ce que la GPL exige, c'est qu'il ait la liberté de vous en distribuer une
+copie <em>s'il le souhaite</em>. Une fois que le détenteur du copyright
+distribue une copie du programme à quelqu'un, ce quelqu'un peut alors vous
+redistribuer le programme, ou à n'importe qui d'autre, comme ça lui
+convient.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="ReleaseNotOriginal">Can I release a program with a license which says
that you can distribute
+modified versions of it under the GPL but you can't distribute the original
+itself under the GPL?</dt>
<dd><p>Non. Une telle licence serait contradictoire. Regardons ses implications
pour moi l'utilisateur.</p>
@@ -2875,83 +2606,112 @@
<p>Supposons que je commence avec la version originale (appelons-la version A),
que j'ajoute du code (disons 1000 lignes), et que je publie cette version
(appelons-la B) sous la GPL. La GPL dit que quiconque peut changer la
-version B à nouveau et publier le résultat sous la GPL. Aussi
-je peux (ou quelqu'un d'autre) supprimer ces 1000 lignes, en produisant la
-version C qui a le même code que la version A mais sous la GPL.</p>
+version B à nouveau et publier le résultat sous la GPL. Aussi je peux (ou
+quelqu'un d'autre) supprimer ces 1000 lignes, en produisant la version C qui
+a le même code que la version A mais sous la GPL.</p>
<p>Si vous essayez de bloquer ceci, en disant explicitement dans la licence que
-je ne suis pas autorisé à reproduire quelque chose identique
-à la version A sous la GPL en supprimant ces lignes de la version B,
-en fait la licence dit maintenant que je ne peux pas utiliser
-entièrement la version B des toutes les manières que
-l'autorise la GPL. En d'autres mots, la licence n'autorise pas en fait un
-utilisateur à publier une version telle que la version B sous la GPL.
+je ne suis pas autorisé à reproduire quelque chose identique à la version A
+sous la GPL en supprimant ces lignes de la version B, en fait la licence dit
+maintenant que je ne peux pas utiliser entièrement la version B des toutes
+les manières que l'autorise la GPL. En d'autres mots, la licence n'autorise
+pas en fait un utilisateur à publier une version telle que la version B sous
+la GPL.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DistributeSubsidiary">Est-ce que déplacer une copie vers
-une filiale contrôlée majoritairement constitue une
-distribution ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DistributeSubsidiary">Does moving a copy to a majority-owned, and
controlled, subsidiary
+constitute distribution?</dt>
<dd>
<p>
-Que le déplacement vers ou à partir de cette filiale constitue
-une « distribution » ou pas est une question qui doit
-être décidée en fonction de la loi sur le droit d'auteur
-et de la juridiction appropriés. La GPL ne surpasse pas les lois
-locales. La loi sur le droit d'auteur américain n'est pas totalement
-claire sur ce point, mais ne semble pas traiter de ce cas de distribution.
+Que le déplacement vers ou à partir de cette filiale constitue une
+« distribution » ou pas est une question qui doit être décidée
en
+fonction de la loi sur le droit d'auteur et de la juridiction appropriés. La
+GPL ne surpasse pas les lois locales. La loi sur le droit d'auteur américain
+n'est pas totalement claire sur ce point, mais ne semble pas traiter de ce
+cas de distribution.
</p><p>
-Si, dans certains pays, c'est considéré comme une
-distribution, et que la filiale doit recevoir le droit de redistribuer le
-programme, cela ne fera pas de grande différence. La filiale est
-contrôlée par la société mère; droits ou
-pas droits, elle ne redistribuera pas le programme à moins que la
-société mère ne le décide.
+Si, dans certains pays, c'est considéré comme une distribution, et que la
+filiale doit recevoir le droit de redistribuer le programme, cela ne fera
+pas de grande différence. La filiale est contrôlée par la société mère;
+droits ou pas droits, elle ne redistribuera pas le programme à moins que la
+société mère ne le décide.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="ClickThrough">Est-ce que des installeurs de logiciels peuvent
-demander aux gens de cliquer pour accepter la GPL ? Si j'obtiens un
-logiciel sous GPL, dois-je tout accepter quoi ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="ClickThrough">Can software installers ask people to click to agree to
the GPL? If I get
+some software under the GPL, do I have to agree to anything?</dt>
<dd>
<p>
-Certains systèmes d'empaquetage de logiciel ont une partie qui
-nécessite de cliquer ou d'indiquer votre accord des termes de la
-GPL. Ce n'est ni requis, ni interdit. Avec ou sans clic, les règles
-de la GPL demeurent les mêmes.</p>
+Certains systèmes d'empaquetage de logiciel ont une partie qui nécessite de
+cliquer ou d'indiquer votre accord des termes de la GPL. Ce n'est ni requis,
+ni interdit. Avec ou sans clic, les règles de la GPL demeurent les mêmes.</p>
<p>
-Le fait d'accepter les termes de la GPL ne vous obligent à rien. Vous
-n'êtes pas obligé d'accepter quoi que ce soit pour seulement
-utiliser le logiciel sous licence GPL. Vous avez des obligations seulement
-si vous modifier ou distribuer le logiciel. Si cela vous ennuie vraiment de
-cliquer pour accepter l'accord de licence de la GPL,rien ne vous
-empêche de modifier le logiciel pour passer outre.
+Le fait d'accepter les termes de la GPL ne vous obligent à rien. Vous n'êtes
+pas obligé d'accepter quoi que ce soit pour seulement utiliser le logiciel
+sous licence GPL. Vous avez des obligations seulement si vous modifier ou
+distribuer le logiciel. Si cela vous ennuie vraiment de cliquer pour
+accepter l'accord de licence de la GPL,rien ne vous empêche de modifier le
+logiciel pour passer outre.
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLCompatInstaller">Je voudrais fournir un logiciel sous GPL
-avec un installeur. Cet installeur doit-il être compatible avec la
-licence GPL ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLCompatInstaller">I would like to bundle GPLed software with some
sort of installation
+software. Does that installer need to have a GPL-compatible license?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Non. L'installeur et les fichiers qu'il installe sont des travaux
-séparés. Par conséquent, les termes de la GPL ne
-s'appliquent pas au logiciel d'installation.</p>
+séparés. Par conséquent, les termes de la GPL ne s'appliquent pas au
+logiciel d'installation.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="SubscriptionFee">Puis-je utiliser du logiciel sous GPL dans un
-appareil qui arrêterait de fonctionner si les clients ne continuent
-pas à payer un abonnement ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>Non. Dans ce scénario, la nécessité de continuer
-à payer des frais limite la possibilité de l'utilisateur
-d'exécuter le programme. C'est une condition supplémentaire
-au-dessus de la GPL et la licence interdit cela.</p>
+<dt id="ExportWarranties">Some distributors of GPL'd software require me in
their umbrella EULAs or as
+part of their downloading process to “represent and warrant”
+that I am located in the US or that I intend to distribute the software in
+compliance with relevant export control laws. Why are they doing this and
+is it a violation of those distributors' obligations under GPL?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>This is not a violation of the GPL. Those distributors (almost all of
whom
+are commercial businesses selling free software distributions and related
+services) are trying to reduce their own legal risks, not to control your
+behavior. Export control law in the United States <em>might</em> make them
+liable if they knowingly export software into certain countries, or if they
+give software to parties they know will make such exports. By asking for
+these statements from their customers and others to whom they distribute
+software, they protect themselves in the event they are later asked by
+regulatory authorities what they knew about where software they distributed
+was going to wind up. They are not restricting what you can do with the
+software, only preventing themselves from being blamed with respect to
+anything you do. Because they are not placing additional restrictions on
+the software, they do not violate section 10 of GPLv3 or section 6 of
GPLv2.</p>
+
+<p>The FSF opposes the application of US export control laws to free software.
+Not only are such laws incompatible with the general objective of software
+freedom, they achieve no reasonable governmental purpose, because free
+software is currently and should always be available from parties in almost
+every country, including countries that have no export control laws and
+which do not participate in US-led trade embargoes. Therefore, no country's
+government is actually deprived of free software by US export control laws,
+while no country's citizens <em>should</em> be deprived of free software,
+regardless of their governments' policies, as far as we are concerned.
+Copies of all GPL-licensed software published by the FSF can be obtained
+from us without making any representation about where you live or what you
+intend to do. At the same time, the FSF understands the desire of
+commercial distributors located in the US to comply with US laws. They have
+a right to choose to whom they distribute particular copies of free
+software; exercise of that right does not violate GPL unless they add
+contractual restrictions beyond those permitted by GPL.</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="SubscriptionFee">Can I use GPLed software on a device that will stop
operating if customers
+do not continue paying a subscription fee?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Non. Dans ce scénario, la nécessité de continuer à payer des frais
limite la
+possibilité de l'utilisateur d'exécuter le programme. C'est une condition
+supplémentaire au-dessus de la GPL et la licence interdit cela.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v3HowToUpgrade">Comment mettre à jour à partir de la (L)GPLv2
-vers la (L)GPLv3 ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v3HowToUpgrade">How do I upgrade from (L)GPLv2 to (L)GPLv3?</dt>
<dd><p>Tout d'abord, incorporez la nouvelle version de la licence dans votre
paquetage. Si vous utilisez la LGPLv3 pour votre projet, assurez-vous
@@ -2969,159 +2729,132 @@
la licence du paquetage doit être aussi mis à jour de façon appropriée.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="BitTorrent">Comment la GPLv3 rend la distribution par
BitTorrent
-plus facile ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="BitTorrent">How does GPLv3 make BitTorrent distribution easier?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>Parce que la GPLv2 a été écrite avant que la
-distribution pair-à-pair de logiciels ne soit courante, il est
-difficile de respecter ses conditions quand on partage du code de cette
-façon. La meilleure manière pour s'assurer que vous êtes
-en conformité en distribuant du code sous GPLv2 avec BitTorrent
-serait d'inclure toutes les sources correspondantes dans le même
-torrent, ce qui serait beaucoup trop coûteux.</p>
-<p>La GPLv3 corrige ce problème de deux manières. D'abord, les
-personnes qui téléchargent ce torrent et envoient les
-données à d'autres pendant le processus ne sont pas requis de
-faire quoi que ce soit. C'est parce que la section 9 dit :
-« Ancillary propagation of a covered work occurring solely as a
-consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission to receive a copy likewise
-does not require acceptance [of the license]. » (« La
-propagation domestique d'un travail couvert n'intervenant que comme une
-conséquence de l'utilisation de la transmission pair-à-pair
-pour recevoir une copie ne nécessite pareillement aucune acceptation
-[de la licence]. »).</p>
-<p>Ensuite, la section 6(e) de la GPLv3 est conçue pour donner aux
+<p>Parce que la GPLv2 a été écrite avant que la distribution pair-à -pair de
+logiciels ne soit courante, il est difficile de respecter ses conditions
+quand on partage du code de cette façon. La meilleure manière pour s'assurer
+que vous êtes en conformité en distribuant du code sous GPLv2 avec
+BitTorrent serait d'inclure toutes les sources correspondantes dans le même
+torrent, ce qui serait beaucoup trop coûteux.</p>
+<p>La GPLv3 corrige ce problème de deux manières. D'abord, les personnes qui
+téléchargent ce torrent et envoient les données à d'autres pendant le
+processus ne sont pas requis de faire quoi que ce soit. C'est parce que la
+section 9 dit : « Ancillary propagation of a covered work
+occurring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission to
+receive a copy likewise does not require acceptance [of the license]. »
+(« La propagation domestique d'un travail couvert n'intervenant que
+comme une conséquence de l'utilisation de la transmission pair-à -pair pour
+recevoir une copie ne nécessite pareillement aucune acceptation [de la
+licence]. »).</p>
+<p>Ensuite, la section 6(e) de la GPLv3 est conçue pour donner aux
distributeurs — les personnes qui initient les torrents — un
-moyen clair et simple de fournir les sources, en disant au destinataires
-où elles sont disponibles sur un serveur public. Ceci assure que
-quiconque veut obtenir les sources peut le faire et ce n'est pratiquement
-pas dérangeant pour le distributeur.</p>
-</dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="Tivoization">Qu'est-ce que la
-« tivoisation » ? Comment la GPLv3
-l'empêche ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>Certains appareils utilisent les logiciels libres qui peuvent être mis
-à jour, mais sont conçus pour que les utilisateurs ne soient
-pas autorisés à modifier ces logiciels. Il y a beaucoup de
-façons différentes de faire ceci ; par exemple, parfois
-le matériel lance des contrôles sur les logiciels
-installés et s'éteint s'il ne trouve pas les sugnatures
-attendues. Les fabricants se conforment à la GPLv2 en vous donnant
-les sources, mais vous n'avez toujours pas la liberté de modifier les
-logiciels que vous utilisez. Nous appelons cette pratique
-« tivoisation ».</p>
-<p>Quand des personnes distribuent des « produits
-utilisateur » qui incluent des logiciels sous GPLv3, la section 6
-nécessite qu'ils fournissent les informations nécessaires pour
-modifier les logiciels. Les « produits utilisateur »
-est un terme spécialement défini dans la licence ; des
-exemples de « produits utilisateur » incluent les
-lecteurs musicaux portables, les enregistreurs vidéo
-numériques et les systèmes de sécurité
-domestiques.</p>
-</dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="DRMProhibited">La GPLv3 interdit-elle les <acronym
-title="Digital Rights Management">DRM</acronym> (gestion des droits
-numériques) ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>Non ; vous pouvez utiliser du code publié sous GPLv3 pour
-développer toutes sortes de technologies DRM que vous
-voulez. Cependant, si vous faites cela, la section 3 dit que ce
-système ne comptera pas comme une mesure de
-« protection » technologique réelle, ce qui
-signifie que si quelqu'un casse les DRM, il sera libre de distribuer son
-logiciel aussi, sans les entraves de la <acronym title="Digital Millenium
-Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym> et lois similaires.</p>
+moyen clair et simple de fournir les sources, en disant au destinataires où
+elles sont disponibles sur un serveur public. Ceci assure que quiconque veut
+obtenir les sources peut le faire et ce n'est pratiquement pas dérangeant
+pour le distributeur.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="Tivoization">What is tivoization? How does GPLv3 prevent it?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Certains appareils utilisent les logiciels libres qui peuvent être mis Ã
+jour, mais sont conçus pour que les utilisateurs ne soient pas autorisés Ã
+modifier ces logiciels. Il y a beaucoup de façons différentes de faire
+ceci ; par exemple, parfois le matériel lance des contrôles sur les
+logiciels installés et s'éteint s'il ne trouve pas les sugnatures
+attendues. Les fabricants se conforment à la GPLv2 en vous donnant les
+sources, mais vous n'avez toujours pas la liberté de modifier les logiciels
+que vous utilisez. Nous appelons cette pratique
« tivoisation ».</p>
+<p>Quand des personnes distribuent des « produits utilisateur » qui
+incluent des logiciels sous GPLv3, la section 6 nécessite qu'ils fournissent
+les informations nécessaires pour modifier les logiciels. Les
+« produits utilisateur » est un terme spécialement défini dans la
+licence ; des exemples de « produits utilisateur » incluent
+les lecteurs musicaux portables, les enregistreurs vidéo numériques et les
+systèmes de sécurité domestiques.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="DRMProhibited">Does GPLv3 prohibit DRM?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Non ; vous pouvez utiliser du code publié sous GPLv3 pour développer
+toutes sortes de technologies DRM que vous voulez. Cependant, si vous faites
+cela, la section 3 dit que ce système ne comptera pas comme une mesure de
+« protection » technologique réelle, ce qui signifie que si
+quelqu'un casse les DRM, il sera libre de distribuer son logiciel aussi,
+sans les entraves de la <acronym title="Digital Millenium Copyright
+Act">DMCA</acronym> et lois similaires.</p>
<p>Comme d'habitude, la GNU GPL ne restreint pas ce que les gens font dans les
-logiciels, elle les empêche juste de restreindre les autres.</p>
+logiciels, elle les empêche juste de restreindre les autres.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="GPLHardware">Can I use the GPL to license hardware?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Tout matériel qui peut être mis sous copyright peut être mis sous licence
+GPL. La GPLv3 peut aussi être utilisée pour licencier du matériel couvert
+par d'autres lois similaires à la loi sur le copyright, comme les masques de
+semi-conducteur. Par exemple, vous pouvez publier les schémas d'une
+conception matérielle sous la GPL. Cependant, si quelqu'un utilise cette
+information pour créer un appareil, il n'aura aucune obligation de licence
+pour la distribution ou la vente de cet appareil : cela tombe en dehors
+de la portée du copyright at par conséquent, de la GPL elle-même.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="GiveUpKeys">I use public key cryptography to sign my code to assure
its authenticity. Is
+it true that GPLv3 forces me to release my private signing keys?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Non. La seule fois où vous seriez obligé de publier les clés de signature
+est si vous transmettez du logiciel sous GPL à l'intérieur d'un
+« produit utilisateur » et que le matériel fasse une vérification
+du logiciel pour y chercher une signature de chiffrement valide avant de
+fonctionner. Dans ce cas spécifique, vous seriez obligé de fournir à tout
+détenteur de l'appareil, à la demande, la clé pour signer et installer le
+logiciel modifié sur son appareil pour qu'il puisse fonctionner. Si chaque
+appareil utilise une clé différente, alors vous devrez donner à chaque
+acheteur la clé pour son appareil.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLHardware">Puis-je utiliser la GPL pour mettre sous licence
du
-matériel ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v3VotingMachine">Does GPLv3 require that voters be able to modify the
software running in a
+voting machine?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>Tout matériel qui peut être mis sous copyright peut être
-mis sous licence GPL. La GPLv3 peut aussi être utilisée pour
-licencier du matériel couvert par d'autres lois similaires à
-la loi sur le copyright, comme les masques de semi-conducteur. Par exemple,
-vous pouvez publier les schémas d'une conception matérielle
-sous la GPL. Cependant, si quelqu'un utilise cette information pour
-créer un appareil, il n'aura aucune obligation de licence pour la
-distribution ou la vente de cet appareil : cela tombe en dehors de la
-portée du copyright at par conséquent, de la GPL
-elle-même.</p>
-</dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="GiveUpKeys">J'utilise une clé de chiffrement publique
-pour signer mon code pour assurer son authenticité. Est-il vrai que
-la GPLv3 m'oblige à publier mes clés de signature
-privées ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>Non. La seule fois où vous seriez obligé de publier les
-clés de signature est si vous transmettez du logiciel sous GPL
-à l'intérieur d'un « produit
-utilisateur » et que le matériel fasse une
-vérification du logiciel pour y chercher une signature de chiffrement
-valide avant de fonctionner. Dans ce cas spécifique, vous seriez
-obligé de fournir à tout détenteur de l'appareil,
-à la demande, la clé pour signer et installer le logiciel
-modifié sur son appareil pour qu'il puisse fonctionner. Si chaque
-appareil utilise une clé différente, alors vous devrez donner
-à chaque acheteur la clé pour son appareil.</p>
-</dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="v3VotingMachine">La GPLv3 nécessite-t-elle que les
-votants puissent modifier le logiciel utilisé dans une machine
-à voter ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>Non. Les sociétés distribuant des appareils contenant du
-logiciel sous GPLv3 sont au moins obligées de fournir les sources et
-les informations d'installation pour le logiciel aux personnes qui
-possèdent une copie du code objet. Le votant qui utilise une machine
-à voter (comme tout autre kiosque) ne la possède pas, pas
-même temporairement, donc le votant ne possède pas non le
-logiciel à l'intérieur.</p>
-<p>Notez cependant que voter est un cas très spécial. Parce que
-le logiciel dans un ordinateur est libre ne signifie pas que vous pouvez
-faire confiance aux ordinateurs pour voter. Nous croyons que l'on ne peut
-pas faire confiance aux ordinateurs pour voter. Voter doit être fait
-avec du papier.</p>
-</dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="v3PatentRetaliation">La GPLv3 a-t-elle une « patent
-retaliation clause » (clause de rétorsion de
-brevets) ?</a></b></dt>
+<p>Non. Les sociétés distribuant des appareils contenant du logiciel sous
GPLv3
+sont au moins obligées de fournir les sources et les informations
+d'installation pour le logiciel aux personnes qui possèdent une copie du
+code objet. Le votant qui utilise une machine à voter (comme tout autre
+kiosque) ne la possède pas, pas même temporairement, donc le votant ne
+possède pas non le logiciel à l'intérieur.</p>
+<p>Notez cependant que voter est un cas très spécial. Parce que le logiciel
+dans un ordinateur est libre ne signifie pas que vous pouvez faire confiance
+aux ordinateurs pour voter. Nous croyons que l'on ne peut pas faire
+confiance aux ordinateurs pour voter. Voter doit être fait avec du papier.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="v3PatentRetaliation">Does GPLv3 have a “patent retaliation
clause”?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Oui, en effet. La section 10 interdit aux gens qui transmettent le logiciel
-de déposer des suites de brevets sous d'autres licences. Si quelqu'un
-le faisait cependant, la section 8 explique comment il perdrait leur licence
-et toutes autres licences de brevets l'accompagnant.</p>
+de déposer des suites de brevets sous d'autres licences. Si quelqu'un le
+faisait cependant, la section 8 explique comment il perdrait leur licence et
+toutes autres licences de brevets l'accompagnant.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="SourceCodeInDocumentation">Puis-je utiliser des snippets de
code
-source couvert par la GPL dans de la documentation qui est sous une licence
-incompatible avec la GPL ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="SourceCodeInDocumentation">Can I use snippets of GPL-covered source
code within documentation that is
+licensed under some license that is incompatible with the GPL?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Si les snippets sont suffisamment petits pour que vous les incorporiez en
-accord avec la loi du « fair use » (usage raisonnable)
-ou de lois similaires, alors oui. Autrement, non.</p>
+accord avec la loi du « fair use » (usage raisonnable) ou de lois
+similaires, alors oui. Autrement, non.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v3Under4and5">Le début de la section 6 de la GPLv3 dit
-que je peux transmettre un travail couvert sous forme d'objet de code
-« selon les termes des sections 4 et 5 » pourvu que je
-respecte aussi les conditions de la section 6. Que cela
-signifie-t-il ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v3Under4and5">The beginning of GPLv3 section 6 says that I can convey
a covered work in
+object code form “under the terms of sections 4 and 5” provided
+I also meet the conditions of section 6. What does that mean?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Ceci signifie que toutes les permissions et conditions que vous avez pour
@@ -3130,343 +2863,286 @@
copyright intactes, etc.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v2OrLaterPatentLicense">Ma société détient
-beaucoup de brevets. Au fil des années, nous avons contribué
-au code de projets sous « GPL version 2 ou versions
-ultérieures », et le projet lui-même a
-été distribué sous les mêmes termes. Si un
-utilisateur décide de mettre le code du projet (incorporant mes
-contributions) sous GPLv3, cela signifie-t-il que j'ai automatiquement
-autorisé une licence de brevet GPLv3 explicite à cet
-utilisateur ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v2OrLaterPatentLicense">My company owns a lot of patents. Over the
years we've contributed code to
+projects under “GPL version 2 or any later version”, and the
+project itself has been distributed under the same terms. If a user decides
+to take the project's code (incorporating my contributions) under GPLv3,
+does that mean I've automatically granted GPLv3's explicit patent license to
+that user?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Non. Quand vous transmettez du logiciel sous GPL, vous devez suivre les
termes et condition d'une version en particulier de la licence. En faisant
cela, cette version definit les obligations que vous avez. Si les
-utilisateurs peuvent aussi choisir d'utiliser les versions
-ultérieures de la GPL, c'est juste une permission
-supplémentaire qu'ils ont (cela ne nécessite pas que vous
-satisfaisiez les termes de la version ultérieure de la GPL.</p>
-<p>N'allez pas imaginer que vous pouvez menacer la communauté avec vos
+utilisateurs peuvent aussi choisir d'utiliser les versions ultérieures de la
+GPL, c'est juste une permission supplémentaire qu'ils ont (cela ne nécessite
+pas que vous satisfaisiez les termes de la version ultérieure de la GPL.</p>
+<p>N'allez pas imaginer que vous pouvez menacer la communauté avec vos
brevets. Dans beaucoup de pays, la distribution de logiciel sous GPLv2
donnent aux destinataires une licence de brevet implicite pour exercer leurs
-droits sous la GPL. Même si ce n'était pas le cas, quiconque
-considérant de faire appliquer ses brevets agressivement est un
-ennemi de la communauté, et nous nous défendrons
-nous-mêmes contre une telle attaque.</p>
+droits sous la GPL. Même si ce n'était pas le cas, quiconque considérant de
+faire appliquer ses brevets agressivement est un ennemi de la communauté, et
+nous nous défendrons nous-mêmes contre une telle attaque.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="LGPLv3ContributorVersion">Si je distribue un programme
-propriétaire qui est lié à une bibliothèque
-couverte par la LGPLv3 que j'ai modifiée, quelle est la
-« version du contributeur » pour déterminer
-l'étendue de l'autorisation de licence de brevet explicite que je
-donne ; s'agit-il seulement de la bibliothèque ou de la
-combinaison complète ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="LGPLv3ContributorVersion">If I distribute a proprietary program that
links against an LGPLv3-covered
+library that I've modified, what is the “contributor version”
+for purposes of determining the scope of the explicit patent license grant
+I'm making—is it just the library, or is it the whole combination?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>La « version contributeur » est seulement votre
-version de la bibliothèque.</p>
+<p>La « version contributeur » est seulement votre version de la
+bibliothèque.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v2v3Compatibility">La GPLv3 est-elle compatible avec la
-GPLv2 ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v2v3Compatibility">Is GPLv3 compatible with GPLv2?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Non. Certaines conditions de la GPLv3, comme la fourniture d'informations
-d'installation, n'existe pas dans la GPLv2. Par conséquent, les
-licences ne sont pas compatibles : Si vous essayez de combiner du code
-publié à la fois sous ces deux licences, vous violeriez la
-section 6 de la GPLv2.</p>
-<p>Cependant, si le code est publié sous GPL « version 2 or
-later, » (version 2 ou suivantes), c'est compatible avec la GPLv3
-car la GPLv3 est une des options qu'elle permet.</p>
+d'installation, n'existe pas dans la GPLv2. Par conséquent, les licences ne
+sont pas compatibles : Si vous essayez de combiner du code publié à la
+fois sous ces deux licences, vous violeriez la section 6 de la GPLv2.</p>
+<p>Cependant, si le code est publié sous GPL « version 2 or
later, »
+(version 2 ou suivantes), c'est compatible avec la GPLv3 car la GPLv3 est
+une des options qu'elle permet.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="Cure">Que signifie « soigner » une
-violation de la GPLv3 ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="Cure">What does it mean to “cure” a violation of
GPLv3?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Soigner une violation signifie d'ajuster vos pratiques pour se conformer aux
conditions de la licence.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v3InternationalDisclaimers">Les clauses de garantie et de
-responsabilité dans la GPLv3 semblent spécifiques à la
-loi américaine. Puis-je ajouter mes propres clauses à mon
-code ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v3InternationalDisclaimers">The warranty and liability disclaimers in
GPLv3 seem specific to
+U.S. law. Can I add my own disclaimers to my own code?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Oui. La section 7 vous donne la permission d'ajouter vos propres clauses,
-spécifiquement 7(a).</p>
+spécifiquement 7(a).</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="NonvisualLegalNotices">Mon programme a des interfaces
-utilisateur interactives qui ne sont pas de nature visuelles. Comment
-puis-je me conformer aux notices légales appropriées de la
-GPLv3 ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="NonvisualLegalNotices">My program has interactive user interfaces that
are non-visual in
+nature. How can I comply with the Appropriate Legal Notices requirement in
+GPLv3?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>Tout ce que vous avez à faire est de vous assurer que les notices
-légales appropriées soient immédiatement disopnibles
-dans votre interface utilisateur. Par exemple, si vous avez écrit une
-interface audio, vous pourriez inclure une commande qui lisent les notices
-pour l'utilisateur.</p>
+<p>Tout ce que vous avez à faire est de vous assurer que les notices légales
+appropriées soient immédiatement disopnibles dans votre interface
+utilisateur. Par exemple, si vous avez écrit une interface audio, vous
+pourriez inclure une commande qui lisent les notices pour l'utilisateur.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v3CoworkerConveying">Si je donne une copie d'un programme
-couvert par la GPLv3 à un collègue dans ma
-société, lui ai-je « transmis » la
-copie ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v3CoworkerConveying">If I give a copy of a GPLv3-covered program to a
coworker at my company,
+have I “conveyed” the copy to him?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>Tant que vous utilisez tous les deux le logiciel dans votre
-société plutôt que personnellement, la réponse
-est non. Les copies appartiennent à la société, pas
-à vous ou à votre collègue. Cette copie est une
-propagation, pas une transmission, car la société ne fait pas
-de copies disponibles pour les autres.</p>
+<p>Tant que vous utilisez tous les deux le logiciel dans votre société
plutôt
+que personnellement, la réponse est non. Les copies appartiennent à la
+société, pas à vous ou à votre collègue. Cette copie est une propagation,
+pas une transmission, car la société ne fait pas de copies disponibles pour
+les autres.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v3ConditionalWarranty">Si je distribue une programme couvert
par
-la GPLv3, puis-je fournir une garantie nulle si l'utilisateur modifie le
-programme ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v3ConditionalWarranty">If I distribute a GPLv3-covered program, can I
provide a warranty that is
+voided if the user modifies the program?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Oui. Tout comme les appareils n'ont pas besoin d'être garantis si les
+utilisateurs modifient le logiciel à l'intérieur, vous n'avez pas obligation
+à fournir une garantie qui couvre toutes les activités possibles que
+quelqu'un pourrait faire avec un logiciel couvert par la GPLv3.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="SeparateAffero">Why did you decide to write the GNU Affero GPLv3 as a
separate license?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>Oui. Tout comme les appareils n'ont pas besoin d'être garantis si les
-utilisateurs modifient le logiciel à l'intérieur, vous n'avez
-pas obligation à fournir une garantie qui couvre toutes les
-activités possibles que quelqu'un pourrait faire avec un logiciel
-couvert par la GPLv3.</p>
-</dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="SeparateAffero">Pourquoi avez-vous décider
-d'écrire la GNU Affero GPLv3 comme une licence
-distincte ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>Les premiers jets de la GPLv3 autorisaient les détenteurs de licence
-à ajouter une condition similaire à la licence Affero pour
-publier les sources dans la section 7. Cependant, certaines
-sociétés qui développent et reposent sur les logiciels
-libres considérent cette condition comme trop contraignante. Ils
-veulent éviter du code avec cette condition et ont exprimé
-leur inquiétude sur les coûts administratifs pour
-vérifier le code pour cette condition supplémentaire. En
-publiant la GNU Affero GPLv3 séparément, avec des clauses dans
-celle-ci et la GPLv3 autorisant le code sous ces licences d'être
-lié entre eux, nous avons accompli tous nos buts originaux tout en
-rendant plus facile la détermination du code ayant obligation de
-publication des sources.</p>
-</dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="WhyPropagateAndConvey">Pourquoi avoir inventé les
-nouveaux mots « propagate »(propager) et
-« convey » (transmettre) dans la
GPLv3 ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>Le terme « distribute » utilisé dans la GPLv2
-était emprunté de la loi sur le copyright des
-États-Unis. Au fil des années, nous avons appris que certaines
-juridictions utilisaient ce même mot dans leurs propres lois sur le
-droit d'auteur, mais lui donnaient des significations
-différentes. Nous avons inventé ces nouveaux termes pour
-rendre nos intentions aussi claires que possible quelque soit la
-façon dont la licence est interprétée. Ils ne sont
-utilisés dans aucune loi sur les droits d'auteur dans le monde et
-nous avons fourni leurs définitions directement dans la licence.</p>
-</dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="NoMilitary">Je voudrais mettre mon code sous licence GPL, mais
-je voudrais aussi qu'il soit clair qu'il ne peut pas être
-utilisé pour des usages militaires ou commerciaux. Puis-je faire
-cela ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>Non, car ces deux buts se contredisent entre eux. La GNU GPL est
-conçue spécifiquement pour empêcher l'addition d'autres
-restrictions. La GPLv3 autorise un ensemble très limité
-d'entre-elles, dans la section 7, mais toute autre restriction
-ajoutée peut-être retirée par l'utilisateur.</p>
-</dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="ConveyVsDistribute">Est-ce que « convey »
-(transmettre) dans la GPLv3 est la mˆme chose que
-« distribute » (distribuer) dans la
-GPLv2 ?</a></b></dt>
+<p>Les premiers jets de la GPLv3 autorisaient les détenteurs de licence Ã
+ajouter une condition similaire à la licence Affero pour publier les sources
+dans la section 7. Cependant, certaines sociétés qui développent et reposent
+sur les logiciels libres considérent cette condition comme trop
+contraignante. Ils veulent éviter du code avec cette condition et ont
+exprimé leur inquiétude sur les coûts administratifs pour vérifier le code
+pour cette condition supplémentaire. En publiant la GNU Affero GPLv3
+séparément, avec des clauses dans celle-ci et la GPLv3 autorisant le code
+sous ces licences d'être lié entre eux, nous avons accompli tous nos buts
+originaux tout en rendant plus facile la détermination du code ayant
+obligation de publication des sources.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="WhyPropagateAndConvey">Why did you invent the new terms
“propagate” and
+“convey” in GPLv3?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Le terme « distribute » utilisé dans la GPLv2 était emprunté
de la
+loi sur le copyright des Ãtats-Unis. Au fil des années, nous avons appris
+que certaines juridictions utilisaient ce même mot dans leurs propres lois
+sur le droit d'auteur, mais lui donnaient des significations
+différentes. Nous avons inventé ces nouveaux termes pour rendre nos
+intentions aussi claires que possible quelque soit la façon dont la licence
+est interprétée. Ils ne sont utilisés dans aucune loi sur les droits
+d'auteur dans le monde et nous avons fourni leurs définitions directement
+dans la licence.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="NoMilitary">I'd like to license my code under the GPL, but I'd also
like to make it
+clear that it can't be used for military and/or commercial uses. Can I do
+this?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Non, car ces deux buts se contredisent entre eux. La GNU GPL est conçue
+spécifiquement pour empêcher l'addition d'autres restrictions. La GPLv3
+autorise un ensemble très limité d'entre-elles, dans la section 7, mais
+toute autre restriction ajoutée peut-être retirée par l'utilisateur.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="ConveyVsDistribute">Is “convey” in GPLv3 the same thing as
what GPLv2 means by
+“distribute”?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Oui, plus ou moins. En faisant respecter la GPLv2, nous avons appris que
-certaines juridictions utilisaient le mot
-« distribuer » dans leurs propres lois sur les droits
-d'auteur, mais lui donnaient des significations différentes. Nous
-avons inventé un nouveau terme pour rendre nos intentions claires et
-éviter tout problème pouvant être causé par ces
-différences.</p>
+certaines juridictions utilisaient le mot « distribuer » dans
+leurs propres lois sur les droits d'auteur, mais lui donnaient des
+significations différentes. Nous avons inventé un nouveau terme pour rendre
+nos intentions claires et éviter tout problème pouvant être causé par ces
+différences.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v3MakingAvailable">La GPLv3 donne comme exemple de propagation
-« la mise à disposition du public ». Que cela
-signifie-t-il ? La mise à disposition est-elle une forme de
-transmission ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v3MakingAvailable">GPLv3 gives “making available to the
public” as an example of
+propagation. What does this mean? Is making available a form of
conveying?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>Un exemple de « mise à disposition du public »
-est de mettre le logiciel sur un serveur Web ou FTP. Après avoir fait
-cela, un certain temps peut se passer avant que quelqu'un n'obtienne en fait
-le logiciel de votre part — mais parce que cela peut arriver, vous
-devez remplir les obligations de la GPL. Par conséquent, nous avons
-défini la transmission pour y inclure cette activité.</p>
+<p>Un exemple de « mise à disposition du public » est de mettre le
+logiciel sur un serveur Web ou FTP. Après avoir fait cela, un certain temps
+peut se passer avant que quelqu'un n'obtienne en fait le logiciel de votre
+part — mais parce que cela peut arriver, vous devez remplir les
+obligations de la GPL. Par conséquent, nous avons défini la transmission
+pour y inclure cette activité.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="PropagationNotConveying">Puisque la distribution et la mise
-à disposition du public sont des formes de propagation qui
-transmettent aussi la GPLv3, quels sont les exemples de propagation qui ne
-constituent pas une transmission ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="PropagationNotConveying">Since distribution and making available to
the public are forms of
+propagation that are also conveying in GPLv3, what are some examples of
+propagation that do not constitute conveying?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>Faire des copies de logiciels pour vous-même est la forme principale
-de propagation qui n'est pas une transmission. Vous pourriez faire ceci pour
+<p>Faire des copies de logiciels pour vous-même est la forme principale de
+propagation qui n'est pas une transmission. Vous pourriez faire ceci pour
installer des logiciels sur plusieurs ordinateurs ou pour faire des
sauvegardes.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="Prelinking">Est-ce que la pré-liaison de binaires sous
-GPL à diverses biblithèques du système, pour optimiser
-les performances, compte comme une modification ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="Prelinking">Does prelinking a GPLed binary to various libraries on the
system, to
+optimize its performance, count as modification?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>Non. La pré-liaison fait partie d'un processus de compilation ;
-cela n'introduit aucune condition de licence supplémentaire que ne le
-ferait la compilation. Si vous êtes autorisé à lier le
-programme aux bibliothèques, alors vous pouvez le pré-lier
-à celles-ci aussi. Si vous distribuez du code objet
-pré-lié, vous devez suivre les termes de la section 6.</p>
+<p>Non. La pré-liaison fait partie d'un processus de compilation ; cela
+n'introduit aucune condition de licence supplémentaire que ne le ferait la
+compilation. Si vous êtes autorisé à lier le programme aux bibliothèques,
+alors vous pouvez le pré-lier à celles-ci aussi. Si vous distribuez du code
+objet pré-lié, vous devez suivre les termes de la section 6.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="LaptopLoan">Si quelqu'un installe un logiciel sous GPL sur un
-portable et qu'il prête ce portable à un ami sans fournir le
-code source du logiciel, a-t-il enfreint la GPL ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="LaptopLoan">If someone installs GPLed software on a laptop, and then
lends that laptop
+to a friend without providing source code for the software, have they
+violated the GPL?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>Non. Dans les juridictions où nous avons enquêté sur ce
-problème, cette sorte de prêt ne compterait pas pour une
-transmission. Le propriétaire du portable n'aurait aucune obligation
-sous la GPL.</p>
+<p>Non. Dans les juridictions où nous avons enquêté sur ce problème, cette
+sorte de prêt ne compterait pas pour une transmission. Le propriétaire du
+portable n'aurait aucune obligation sous la GPL.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="TwoPartyTivoization">Supposons que deux sociétés
-essaient de contourner l'obligation de fournir des informations
-d'installation en faisant publier des logiciels signés par l'une et
-la seconde publierait un produit utilisateur qui n'exécuterait que
-les logiciels signés de la première. Est-ce une violation de
-la GPLv3 ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="TwoPartyTivoization">Suppose that two companies try to circumvent the
requirement to provide
+Installation Information by having one company release signed software, and
+the other release a User Product that only runs signed software from the
+first company. Is this a violation of GPLv3?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Oui. Si deux parties essaient de travailler ensemble pour contourner les
-obligations de la GPL, elles peuvent toutes deux être poursuivies pour
-infraction sur le copyright. C'est particulièrement vrai puisque la
-définition de la transmission exclut explicitement les
-activités qui rendraient quelqu'un responsable en second
-lieud'infraction.</p>
+obligations de la GPL, elles peuvent toutes deux être poursuivies pour
+infraction sur le copyright. C'est particulièrement vrai puisque la
+définition de la transmission exclut explicitement les activités qui
+rendraient quelqu'un responsable en second lieud'infraction.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="SourceInCVS">Suis-je en accord avec la GPLv3 si je propose des
-binaires sur un serveur FTP et les sources par le biais d'un lien vers un
-référentiel de code source dans un système de
-contrôle de versions, tels que CVS ou Subversion ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="SourceInCVS">Am I complying with GPLv3 if I offer binaries on an FTP
server and sources
+by way of a link to a source code repository in a version control system,
+like CVS or Subversion?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Ceci est acceptable tant que la récupération des sources ne devient pas
+pénible ou restrictive. Quiconque peut télécharger votre code objet doit
+aussi être en mesure de récupérer les sources à partir de votre système de
+contrôle de version, en utilisant un logiciel client gratuit disponible
+publiquement. Les utilisateurs doivent obtenir des instructions claires et
+adéquates sur la façon d'obtenir les sources sur le code objet précis qu'ils
+ont téléchargé — ils peuvent ne pas vouloir nécessairement les
+derniers développement du code après tout.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="RemoteAttestation">Can someone who conveys GPLv3-covered software in a
User Product use remote
+attestation to prevent a user from modifying that software?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Non. La définition des informations d'installation, qui doivent être
+fournies avec les sources du logiciel qui est transmis dans un produit
+utilisateur dit explicitement : « Les informations doivent suffire
+à assurer que le fonctionnement continu du code objet modifié n'est en aucun
+cas empêché ou n'interfère seulement parce qu'une modification a été
+faite. » Si l'appareil utilise une quelconque attestation à distance,
+les informations d'installation doivent vous fournir des moyens pour que
+votre logiciel modifié soit authentifié comme légitime.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="RulesProtocols">What does “rules and protocols for communication
across the
+network” mean in GPLv3?</dt>
<dd>
-<p>Ceci est acceptable tant que la récupération des sources ne
-devient pas pénible ou restrictive. Quiconque peut
-télécharger votre code objet doit aussi être en mesure
-de récupérer les sources à partir de votre
-système de contrôle de version, en utilisant un logiciel client
-gratuit disponible publiquement. Les utilisateurs doivent obtenir des
-instructions claires et adéquates sur la façon d'obtenir les
-sources sur le code objet précis qu'ils ont
-téléchargé — ils peuvent ne pas vouloir
-nécessairement les derniers développement du code après
-tout.</p>
-</dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="RemoteAttestation">Quelqu'un qui transmet un logiciel couvert
-par la GPLv3 dans un produit utilisateur peut-il utiliser une attestation
-à distance pour empêcher un utilisateur de modifier ce
-logiciel ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>Non. La définition des informations d'installation, qui doivent
-être fournies avec les sources du logiciel qui est transmis dans un
-produit utilisateur dit explicitement : « Les informations
-doivent suffire à assurer que le fonctionnement continu du code objet
-modifié n'est en aucun cas empêché ou n'interfère
-seulement parce qu'une modification a été faite. »
-Si l'appareil utilise une quelconque attestation à distance, les
-informations d'installation doivent vous fournir des moyens pour que votre
-logiciel modifié soit authentifié comme légitime.</p>
-</dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="RulesProtocols">Que signifie « rules and protocols
-for communication across the network » (règles et
-protocoles pour la communication sur le réseau) dans la
-GPLv3 ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>Ceci se réfère au trafic que vous pouvez envoyer par le
-réseau. Par exemple, s'il y a une limite sur le nombre de
-requêtes que vous pouvez envoyer à un serveur par jour, ou la
-taille d'un fichier que vous pouvez télécharger vers une
-destination, votre accès à ces ressources peut être
-refusé si vous ne respectez pas ces limites.</p>
-<p>Ces règles n'incluent pas quoi que ce soit qui ne se rapportent pas
-directement aux données voyageant sur le réseau. Par exemple,
-si un serveur du réseau envoie des messages aux utilisateurs pour
-votre appareil, votre accès au réseau ne pourrait pas
-être refusé simplement parce que vous avez modifié le
-logiciel pour qu'il n'affiche pas les messages.</p>
-</dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="SupportService">Les distributeurs qui fournissent une
-information d'installation sous GPLv3 ne sont pas tenus de fournir un
-« service de support » pour le produit. Quelle sorte
-de « service de support »
entendez-vous ?</a></b></dt>
+<p>Ceci se réfère au trafic que vous pouvez envoyer par le réseau. Par
exemple,
+s'il y a une limite sur le nombre de requêtes que vous pouvez envoyer à un
+serveur par jour, ou la taille d'un fichier que vous pouvez télécharger vers
+une destination, votre accès à ces ressources peut être refusé si vous ne
+respectez pas ces limites.</p>
+<p>Ces règles n'incluent pas quoi que ce soit qui ne se rapportent pas
+directement aux données voyageant sur le réseau. Par exemple, si un serveur
+du réseau envoie des messages aux utilisateurs pour votre appareil, votre
+accès au réseau ne pourrait pas être refusé simplement parce que vous avez
+modifié le logiciel pour qu'il n'affiche pas les messages.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="SupportService">Distributors that provide Installation Information
under GPLv3 are not
+required to provide “support service” for the product. What kind
+of “support service”do you mean?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Ceci inclut le genre de service que beaucoup de fabricants fournissent pour
-vous aider à installer, utiliser ou dépanner le produit. Si un
-appareil repose sur l'accès aux services Web ou des technologies
-similaires pour fonctionner correctement, celles-ci doivent encore
-être disponibles pour les versions modifiées, en accord avec
-les termes de la section 6 concernant l'accès à un
-réseau.</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="v3Notwithstanding">Dans la GPLv3 et l'AGPLv3, que signifie
-« notwithstanding any other provision of this
-License » (nonobstant toute autre clause de la
-Licence) ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>Ceci signifie simplement que les termes suivants prévalent sur
toute
-autre chose dans la licence qui peut entre en conflit avec eux. Par exemple,
-sans ce texte, certaines personnes auraient pu revendiquer que vous ne
-pourriez pas combiner du code sous GPLv3 avec du code sous AGPLv3, car les
-conditions additionnelles de l'AGPL seraient considérées comme
-« further restrictions » (des restrictions
-supplémentaires) dans la section 7 de la GPLv3. Ce texte rend clair
-que l'interprétation voulue est correcte et que vous pouvez faire la
-combinaison.
+vous aider à installer, utiliser ou dépanner le produit. Si un appareil
+repose sur l'accès aux services Web ou des technologies similaires pour
+fonctionner correctement, celles-ci doivent encore être disponibles pour les
+versions modifiées, en accord avec les termes de la section 6 concernant
+l'accès à un réseau.</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="v3Notwithstanding">In GPLv3 and AGPLv3, what does it mean when it says
“notwithstanding
+any other provision of this License”?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Ceci signifie simplement que les termes suivants prévalent sur toute
autre
+chose dans la licence qui peut entre en conflit avec eux. Par exemple, sans
+ce texte, certaines personnes auraient pu revendiquer que vous ne pourriez
+pas combiner du code sous GPLv3 avec du code sous AGPLv3, car les conditions
+additionnelles de l'AGPL seraient considérées comme « further
+restrictions » (des restrictions supplémentaires) dans la section 7 de
+la GPLv3. Ce texte rend clair que l'interprétation voulue est correcte et
+que vous pouvez faire la combinaison.
</p><p>
-Ce texte résoud seulement des conflits entre les différents
-termes de la licence. Quand il n'y a pas de conflit entre deux conditions,
-vous devez alors satisfaire les deux. Ces paragraphes ne vous donne pas
-carte blanche pour ignorer le reste de la licence (ils précisent
-plutôt des exceptions très limitées).</p>
+Ce texte résoud seulement des conflits entre les différents termes de la
+licence. Quand il n'y a pas de conflit entre deux conditions, vous devez
+alors satisfaire les deux. Ces paragraphes ne vous donne pas carte blanche
+pour ignorer le reste de la licence (ils précisent plutôt des exceptions
+très limitées).</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="AGPLv3CorrespondingSource">Sous l'AGPLv3, quand je modifie le
-programme sous la section 13, quelle source correspondante doit-il
-offrir ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="AGPLv3CorrespondingSource">Under AGPLv3, when I modify the Program
under section 13, what Corresponding
+Source does it have to offer?</dt>
<dd><p> La « Source correspondante » est définie dans la section
1 de la
licence, et vous devez fournir ce qu'elle liste. Donc, si votre version
@@ -3484,70 +3160,57 @@
couverte par la GPLv3 mais plutôt qu'un tel code n'est <em>pas</em>
exclus de la définition de la Source correspondante.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="AGPLv3InteractingRemotely">Dans l'AGPLv3, qu'est-ce qui compte
-pour « interacting with [the software] remotely through a
-computer network » (interagissant avec [le logiciel] à
-distance par l'intermédiaire d'une réseau) ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>Si le programme est expressément conçu pour accepter les
-requêtes des utilisateurs et envoyer des réponse sur un
-réseau, alors il remplit les conditions. Des exemples communs de
-programmes qui tomberaient dans cette catégorie comprennent les
-serveur de messagerie et les serveurs Web, les applications interactives en
-ligne et les serveurs pour les jeux en ligne.
+<dt id="AGPLv3InteractingRemotely">In AGPLv3, what counts as
“interacting with [the software] remotely
+through a computer network?”</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Si le programme est expressément conçu pour accepter les requêtes des
+utilisateurs et envoyer des réponse sur un réseau, alors il remplit les
+conditions. Des exemples communs de programmes qui tomberaient dans cette
+catégorie comprennent les serveur de messagerie et les serveurs Web, les
+applications interactives en ligne et les serveurs pour les jeux en ligne.
</p><p>
-Si un programme n'est pas expressément conçu pour interagir
-avec un utilisateur sur un réseau, mais est exécuté
-dans un environnement où il lui arrive de le faire, alors il ne tombe
-pas dans cette catégorie. Par exemple, une application n'est pas
-forcée de fournir les sources simplement parce que l'utilisateur
-l'exécute via SSH ou une session X distante.
-</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="ApacheLegalEntity">Comment se situe le concept de
-« you » de la GPLv3 apr rapport à la
-définition de « Legal Entity » de la licence
-Apache 2.0 ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>Ils sont en fait identiques. La définition de « Legal
-Entity » (entité légale) de la licence Apache 2.0
-est très standard dans divers types d'accords légaux (à
-tel point qu'il serait surprenant qu'un tribunal n'interprète pas le
-terme de la même façon en l'absence de d'une définition
-explicite). Nous nous attendons totalement à la même chose
-quand ils regardent la GPLv3 et considèrent qui est qualifié
-de licencié.</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a href="#v3TheProgram">Dans la GPLv3, à quoi se réfère
« le
-Programme » ? Est-ce chaque programme publié sous la
-GPLv3 ?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd>
-<p>Le terme « le Programme » signifie un travail
-particulier qui est sous licence GPLv3 et qui a été reçu par un licencié
-particulier d'un licenceur ou d'undistributeur. Le Programme est
-l'œuvre logicielle particulière que vous avez reçu couverte par la
-GPLv3.</p>
-
-<p>« Le Programme » ne peut pas signifier
-« toutes les œuvres jamais licenciées sous la
-GPLv3 »; cette interprétation n'a pas de sens pour de nombreuses
-raisons. Nous avons publié une <a
-href="/licenses/gplv3-the-program.fr.html">analyse du terme « le
-Programme »</a> pour ceux qui voudraient en apprendre plus sur ce
+Si un programme n'est pas expressément conçu pour interagir avec un
+utilisateur sur un réseau, mais est exécuté dans un environnement où il lui
+arrive de le faire, alors il ne tombe pas dans cette catégorie. Par exemple,
+une application n'est pas forcée de fournir les sources simplement parce que
+l'utilisateur l'exécute via SSH ou une session X distante.
+</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="ApacheLegalEntity">How does GPLv3's concept of “you”
compare to the definition of
+“Legal Entity” in the Apache License 2.0?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Ils sont en fait identiques. La définition de « Legal
Entity »
+(entité légale) de la licence Apache 2.0 est très standard dans divers types
+d'accords légaux (à tel point qu'il serait surprenant qu'un tribunal
+n'interprète pas le terme de la même façon en l'absence de d'une définition
+explicite). Nous nous attendons totalement à la même chose quand ils
+regardent la GPLv3 et considèrent qui est qualifié de licencié.</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="v3TheProgram">In GPLv3, what does “the Program” refer to?
Is it every program
+ever released under GPLv3?</dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Le terme « le Programme » signifie un travail particulier qui
est
+sous licence GPLv3 et qui a été reçu par un licencié particulier d'un
+licenceur ou d'undistributeur. Le Programme est l'œuvre logicielle
+particulière que vous avez reçu couverte par la GPLv3.</p>
+
+<p>« Le Programme » ne peut pas signifier « toutes les
+œuvres jamais licenciées sous la GPLv3 »; cette interprétation
+n'a pas de sens pour de nombreuses raisons. Nous avons publié une <a
+href="/licenses/gplv3-the-program.fr.html">analyse du terme « le
+Programme »</a> pour ceux qui voudraient en apprendre plus sur ce
sujet.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a href="#NoDistributionRequirements">Si je fais seulement des copies
-d'un programme couvert par la GPL et que je les exécute, sans les distribuer
-ou les transmettre à d'autres, que m'impose de faire la
-licence ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="NoDistributionRequirements">If I only make copies of a GPL-covered
program and run them, without
+distributing or conveying them to others, what does the license require of
+me?</dt>
<dd><p>Rien. La GPL n'a pas de conditions pour cette activité.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="AGPLv3ServerAsUser">Si des logiciels clients réseau sont
publiés
-sous licence AGPLv3, doivent-ils être en mesure de fournir le source des
-serveurs avec lesquels ils inter-agissent ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="AGPLv3ServerAsUser">If some network client software is released under
AGPLv3, does it have to be
+able to provide source to the servers it interacts with?</dt>
<dd><p>Ceci ne doit pas être requis pour toute relation typique
client-serveur. L'AGPLv3 requiert qu'un programme offre le code source Ã
@@ -3568,38 +3231,34 @@
sensé pour que l'opérateur du serveur soit considéré comme un utilisateur
du
logiciel.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="AllCompatibility">Dans quelle mesure les diverses versions des
-licences GNU sont compatibles entre-elles ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="AllCompatibility">How are the various GNU licenses compatible with
each other?</dt>
<dd><p>Les diverses licences GNU sont pleinement compatibles entre-elles. La
seule
-fois où vous ne pourrez pas combiner de code sous deux de ces
-licences est quand vous voudrez utiliser du code étant couvert
-<em>seulement</em> par une plus ancienne version de licence avec du code
-couvert par une version plus récente.</p>
-
-<p>Vous trouverez ci-dessous une matrice de compatibilité
-détaillée des diverses combinaisons de licences GNU, pour
-avoir une référence facile à utiliser pour des cas
-spécifiques. Elle présume que quelqu'un d'autre a écrit
-du logiciel couvert par une de ces licences, et vous voulez incorporer du
-code de ce logiciel dans un projet que vous publiez (soit de votre
-création, soit une version modifiée d'un logiciel de quelqu'un
-d'autre couvert par la GPL). Trouvez la licence pour votre propre travail
-dans une colonne au sommet du tableau, et la licence pour l'autre code dans
-une ligne sur la gauche. La cellule d'intersection vous dira si cette
-combinaison est permise ou pas.</p>
-
-<p>Quand nous disons « Copier du code », nous voulons
-seulement dire que vous prenez une section du code, avec ou sans
-modification et que vous l'insérez dans votre propre programme,
-formant par conséquent un travail basé sur la première
-section du code. « Utiliser une bibliothèque »
-signifie que vous ne copiez pas du code directement, mais que vous
-inter-agissez avec par une liaison, un import ou d'autres mécanismes
-typiques qui lient les sources ensemble quand vous compilez ou
-exécutez le code.</p>
+fois où vous ne pourrez pas combiner de code sous deux de ces licences est
+quand vous voudrez utiliser du code étant couvert <em>seulement</em> par une
+plus ancienne version de licence avec du code couvert par une version plus
+récente.</p>
+
+<p>Below is a detailed compatibility matrix for various combinations of the GNU
+licenses, to provide an easy-to-use reference for specific cases. It
+assumes that someone else has written some software under one of these
+licenses, and you want to somehow incorporate code from that into a project
+that you're releasing (either your own original work, or a modified version
+of someone else's software). Find the license for your project in a column
+at the top of the table, and the license for the other code in a row on the
+left. The cell where they meet will tell you whether or not this combination
+is permitted.</p>
+
+<p>Quand nous disons « Copier du code », nous voulons seulement
dire
+que vous prenez une section du code, avec ou sans modification et que vous
+l'insérez dans votre propre programme, formant par conséquent un travail
+basé sur la première section du code. « Utiliser une
+bibliothèque » signifie que vous ne copiez pas du code directement,
+mais que vous inter-agissez avec par une liaison, un import ou d'autres
+mécanismes typiques qui lient les sources ensemble quand vous compilez ou
+exécutez le code.</p>
-<p><a href="#matrix-skip-target">Passez la matrice de
compatibilité</a></p>
+<p><a href="#matrix-skip-target">Passez la matrice de compatibilité</a></p>
<table id="gpl-compat-matrix">
<tbody><tr>
@@ -3609,11 +3268,11 @@
<tr>
<th class="gpl-matrix-border">GPLv2 seulement</th>
-<th class="gpl-matrix-border">GPLv2 ou supérieure</th>
-<th class="gpl-matrix-border">GPLv3 ou supérieure</th>
+<th class="gpl-matrix-border">GPLv2 ou supérieure</th>
+<th class="gpl-matrix-border">GPLv3 ou supérieure</th>
<th class="gpl-matrix-border">LGPLv2.1 seulement</th>
-<th class="gpl-matrix-border">LGPLv2.1 ou supérieure</th>
-<th class="gpl-matrix-border">LGPLv3 ou supérieure</th>
+<th class="gpl-matrix-border">LGPLv2.1 ou supérieure</th>
+<th class="gpl-matrix-border">LGPLv3 ou supérieure</th>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -3622,68 +3281,63 @@
<td class="ok">OK</td>
<td class="ok">OK <a href="#compat-matrix-footnote-2">[2]</a></td>
<td class="nok">NON</td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv2 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv2 only <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv2 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv2 only <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a><a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-2">[2]</a></td>
<td class="nok">NON</td>
</tr>
<tr>
-<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">GPLv2 ou
supérieure</th>
+<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">GPLv2 ou supérieure</th>
<td class="ok">OK <a href="#compat-matrix-footnote-1">[1]</a></td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPL <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv2 or later <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPL <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv2 or later <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv3 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">GPLv3</th>
<td class="nok">NON</td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous mettez à jour vers la GPLv3 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-3">[3]</a></td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv3 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv3 <a
-href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a><a
-href="#compat-matrix-footnote-3">[3]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv3 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">LGPLv2.1 seulement</th>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv2 <a
-href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPL <a
-href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a><a
-href="#compat-matrix-footnote-2">[2]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv3 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey code under GPLv2 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey code under GPLv2 or later <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey code under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
-<td class="ok">OK <a href="#comat-matrix-footnote-6">[6]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv3 <a
+<td class="ok">OK <a href="#compat-matrix-footnote-6">[6]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey code under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a><a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
-<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">LGPLv2.1 ou
supérieure</th>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv2 <a
+<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">LGPLv2.1 ou supérieure</th>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey code under GPLv2 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a><a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-1">[1]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPL <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey code under GPLv2 or later <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv3 <a
-href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="ok">OK <a href="#comat-matrix-footnote-5">[5]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey code under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="ok">OK <a href="#compat-matrix-footnote-5">[5]</a></td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
</tr>
@@ -3691,58 +3345,56 @@
<tr>
<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">LGPLv3</th>
<td class="nok">NON</td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous mettez à jour et convertissez vers la
GPLv3 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project and code under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a><a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-3">[3]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv3 <a
-href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv3 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey code under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project and code under GPLv3 <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a><a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous mettez à jour vers la LGPLv3 <a
-href="#comat-matrix-footnote-4">[4]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under LGPLv3 <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-4">[4]</a></td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
</tr>
<tr class="gpl-matrix-use-type">
-<th rowspan="6">Je veux utiliser une bibliothèque sous :</th>
+<th rowspan="6">Je veux utiliser une bibliothèque sous :</th>
<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">GPLv2 seulement</th>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
<td class="ok">OK <a href="#compat-matrix-footnote-2">[2]</a></td>
<td class="nok">NON</td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv2 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv2 only <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv2 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv2 only <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a><a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-2">[2]</a></td>
<td class="nok">NON</td>
</tr>
<tr>
-<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">GPLv2 ou
supérieure</th>
+<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">GPLv2 ou supérieure</th>
<td class="ok">OK <a href="#compat-matrix-footnote-1">[1]</a></td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPL <a
-href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a><a
-href="#compat-matrix-footnote-1">[1]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPL <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv2 or later <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv3 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv2 or later <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">GPLv3</th>
<td class="nok">NON</td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous mettez à jour vers la GPLv3 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-3">[3]</a></td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv3 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv3 <a
-href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a><a
-href="#compat-matrix-footnote-3">[3]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK si vous convertissez vers la GPLv3 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
</tr>
@@ -3757,7 +3409,7 @@
</tr>
<tr>
-<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">LGPLv2.1 ou
supérieure</th>
+<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">LGPLv2.1 ou supérieure</th>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
@@ -3769,7 +3421,8 @@
<tr>
<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">LGPLv3</th>
<td class="nok">NON</td>
-<td class="ok">OK</td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-9">[9]</a></td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
@@ -3780,48 +3433,47 @@
<p><a href="#matrix-skip-target">Passez les notes</a></p>
-<p><a name="compat-matrix-footnote-1">1</a> : Vous devez suivre les termes
-de la GPLv2 en incorporant du code dans ce cas. Vous ne pouvez pas tirer
-avantage des termes des versions ultérieures de la GPL.</p>
-
-<p><a name="compat-matrix-footnote-2">2</a> : Si vous faites cela, tant
-que le projet contient du code publié sous GPLv2 seulement, vous ne
-pourrez pas mettre à jour la licence du projet en GPLv3 ou
-supérieure.</p>
-
-<p><a name="compat-matrix-footnote-3">3</a> : Si vous avez la
-possibilité de publier le projet sous GPLv2 ou toute version plus
-récente, vous pouvez choisir de publier sous GPLv3 ou toute version
-plus récente — et dès que vous avez fait cela, vous
-pourrez incorporer du code publié sous GPLv3.</p>
-
-<p><a name="compat-matrix-footnote-4">4</a> : Si vous avez la
-possibilité de publier le projet sous LGPLv2.1 ou toute version plus
-récente, vous pouvez choisir de publier sous LGPLv3 ou toute version
-plus récente — et dès que vous avez fait cela, vous
-pourrez incorporer du code publié sous LGPLv3.</p>
-
-<p><a name="compat-matrix-footnote-5">5</a> : Vous devez suivre les termes
-de la LGPLv2.1 en incorporant du code dans ce cas-là. Vous ne pouvez
-pas tirer avantage des termes des versions plus récentes de la LGPL.</p>
-
-<p><a name="compat-matrix-footnote-6">6</a> : Si vous faites cela, tant
-que le projet contient du code sous LGPLv2.1 seulement, vous ne pourrez pas
-mettre à jour la licence du projet vers la LGPLv3 ou
-supérieure.</p>
-
-<p><a name="compat-matrix-footnote-7">7</a> : La LGPLv2.1 vous donne la
-permission de changer la licence du code vers toute version de la GPL depuis
-la GPLv2. Si vous pouvez basculer le code sous LGPL dans ce cas pour
-utiliser une version appropriée de la GPL à la place (comme
-noté dans le tableau), vous pouvez faire cette combinaison.</p>
-
-<p><a name="compat-matrix-footnote-8">8</a> : La LGPLv3 vous donne la
-permission de changer la licence du code vers la GPLv3. Dans ces cas, vous
-pouvez combiner le code si vous convertissez le code sous LGPL vers la
-GPLv3.</p>
+<p id="compat-matrix-footnote-1">1: You must follow the terms of GPLv2 when
incorporating the code in this
+case. You cannot take advantage of terms in later versions of the GPL.</p>
+
+<p id="compat-matrix-footnote-2">2: While you may release your project (either
your original work and/or work
+that you received and modified) under GPLv2-or-later in this case, note
+that the other code you're using must remain under GPLv2 only. As long as
+your project depends on that code, you won't be able to upgrade the license
+of your project to GPLv3-or-later, and the work as a whole (any combination
+of both your project and the other code) can only be conveyed under the
+terms of GPLv2.</p>
+
+<p id="compat-matrix-footnote-3">3: If you have the ability to release the
project under GPLv2 or any later
+version, you can choose to release it under GPLv3 or any later
+version—and once you do that, you'll be able to incorporate the code
+released under GPLv3.</p>
+
+<p id="compat-matrix-footnote-4">4: If you have the ability to release the
project under LGPLv2.1 or any
+later version, you can choose to release it under LGPLv3 or any later
+version—and once you do that, you'll be able to incorporate the code
+released under LGPLv3.</p>
+
+<p id="compat-matrix-footnote-5">5: You must follow the terms of LGPLv2.1 when
incorporating the code in this
+case. You cannot take advantage of terms in later versions of the LGPL.</p>
+
+<p id="compat-matrix-footnote-6">6: If you do this, as long as the project
contains the code released under
+LGPLv2.1 only, you will not be able to upgrade the project's license to
+LGPLv3 or later.</p>
+
+<p id="compat-matrix-footnote-7">7: LGPLv2.1 gives you permission to relicense
the code under any version of
+the GPL since GPLv2. If you can switch the LGPLed code in this case to
+using an appropriate version of the GPL instead (as noted in the table), you
+can make this combination.</p>
+
+<p id="compat-matrix-footnote-8">8: LGPLv3 gives you permission to relicense
the code under GPLv3. In these
+cases, you can combine the code if you convert the LGPLed code to GPLv3.</p>
+
+<p id="compat-matrix-footnote-9">9: Because GPLv2 does not permit combinations
with LGPLv3, you must convey
+the project under GPLv3's terms in this case, since it will allow that
+combination.</p>
-<a name="matrix-skip-target"></a>
+<div id="matrix-skip-target"></div>
</dd>
@@ -3838,11 +3490,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -3853,12 +3506,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
-<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
+Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
<p>
-La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -3871,7 +3524,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:35:39 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: licenses/gpl-faq.ta.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/gpl-faq.ta.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- licenses/gpl-faq.ta.html 13 Jul 2011 17:35:39 -0000 1.6
+++ licenses/gpl-faq.ta.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:19 -0000 1.7
@@ -253,6 +253,10 @@
<li><a href="#VersionThreeOrLater">Why should programs say
“Version 3
of the GPL or any later version”?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#OnlyLatestVersion">Is it a good idea to use a license saying
that
+a certain program can be used only under the latest version of the GNU
+GPL?</a></li>
+
<li><a href="#GPLOutput">Is there some way that I can GPL the output
people get
from use of my program? For example, if my program is used to develop
hardware designs, can I require these these designs must be free?</a></li>
@@ -457,8 +461,8 @@
GPL-covered program?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IfLibraryIsGPL">If a library is released under the GPL (not
the
-LGPL), does that mean that any program which uses it has to be under the GPL
-or a GPL-compatible license?</a></li>
+LGPL), does that mean that any software which uses it has to be under the
+GPL or a GPL-compatible license?</a></li>
<li><a href="#LinkingWithGPL">You have a GPL'ed program that I'd like to
link
with my code to build a proprietary program. Does the fact that I link with
@@ -586,8 +590,7 @@
<dl>
-<dt><b><a name="WhatDoesGPLStandFor">What does “GPL” stand
-for?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhatDoesGPLStandFor">What does “GPL” stand for?</dt>
<dd><p>“GPL” stands for “General Public License”. The
most
widespread such license is the GNU General Public License, or GNU GPL for
@@ -595,16 +598,14 @@
understood that the GNU GPL is the one intended.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DoesFreeSoftwareMeanUsingTheGPL"> Does free software mean using
-the GPL?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DoesFreeSoftwareMeanUsingTheGPL">Does free software mean using the
GPL?</dt>
<dd><p>Not at all—there are many other free software licenses. We have
an <a
href="/licenses/license-list.html">incomplete list</a>. Any license that
provides the user <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">certain specific
freedoms</a> is a free software license.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhyUseGPL"> Why should I use the GNU GPL rather than other free
-software licenses?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhyUseGPL">Why should I use the GNU GPL rather than other free
software licenses?</dt>
<dd><p>Using the GNU GPL will require that all the <a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">released improved versions be free
@@ -614,8 +615,7 @@
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">more permissive license</a>.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DoesAllGNUSoftwareUseTheGNUGPLAsItsLicense"> Does all GNU
-software use the GNU GPL as its license?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DoesAllGNUSoftwareUseTheGNUGPLAsItsLicense">Does all GNU software use
the GNU GPL as its license?</dt>
<dd><p>
Most GNU software packages use the GNU GPL, but there are a few GNU programs
@@ -624,8 +624,7 @@
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">strategy</a>.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DoesUsingTheGPLForAProgramMakeItGNUSoftware"> Does using the
GPL
-for a program make it GNU software?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DoesUsingTheGPLForAProgramMakeItGNUSoftware">Does using the GPL for a
program make it GNU software?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Anyone can release a program under the GNU GPL but that does not make it a
@@ -638,8 +637,7 @@
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="ReportingViolation"> What should I do if I discover a possible
-violation of the GPL?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="ReportingViolation">What should I do if I discover a possible
violation of the GPL?</dt>
<dd><p>You should <a href="/licenses/gpl-violation.html">report it</a>. First,
check the facts as best you can. Then tell the publisher or copyright
@@ -651,8 +649,7 @@
maintainer.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhyDoesTheGPLPermitUsersToPublishTheirModifiedVersions"> Why
-does the GPL permit users to publish their modified versions?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhyDoesTheGPLPermitUsersToPublishTheirModifiedVersions">Why does the
GPL permit users to publish their modified versions?</dt>
<dd>
<p>A crucial aspect of free software is that users are free to cooperate. It
@@ -675,8 +672,8 @@
maintainers.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLRequireSourcePostedPublic">Does the GPL require that source
-code of modified versions be posted to the public?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLRequireSourcePostedPublic">Does the GPL require that source code of
modified versions be posted to the
+public?</dt>
<dd>
<p>The GPL does not require you to release your modified version, or any part
@@ -694,21 +691,21 @@
to you.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLAndNonfreeOnSameMachine">Can I have a GPL-covered program
and
-an unrelated non-free program on the same computer?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLAndNonfreeOnSameMachine">Can I have a GPL-covered program and an
unrelated non-free program on the
+same computer?</dt>
<dd><p>Yes.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="CanIDemandACopy">If I know someone has a copy of a GPL-covered
-program, can I demand he give me a copy?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="CanIDemandACopy">If I know someone has a copy of a GPL-covered
program, can I demand he give
+me a copy?</dt>
<dd><p>No. The GPL gives him permission to make and redistribute copies of the
program <em>if he chooses to do so</em>. He also has the right not to
redistribute the program, if that is what he chooses.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhatDoesWrittenOfferValid"> What does “written offer
valid
-for any third party” mean in GPLv2? Does that mean everyone in the
-world can get the source to any GPL'ed program no matter what?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhatDoesWrittenOfferValid">What does “written offer valid for
any third party” mean in
+GPLv2? Does that mean everyone in the world can get the source to any GPL'ed
+program no matter what?</dt>
<dd>
<p>If you choose to provide source through a written offer, then anybody who
@@ -726,9 +723,8 @@
code from you.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="TheGPLSaysModifiedVersions">GPLv2 says that modified versions,
-if released, must be “licensed … to all third parties.”
-Who are these third parties?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="TheGPLSaysModifiedVersions">GPLv2 says that modified versions, if
released, must be “licensed
+… to all third parties.” Who are these third parties?</dt>
<dd><p>Section 2 says that modified versions you distribute must be licensed
to all
third parties under the GPL. “All third parties” means
@@ -737,8 +733,8 @@
GPL, for your version.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="RequiredToClaimCopyright">Am I required to claim a copyright on
-my modifications to a GPL-covered program?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="RequiredToClaimCopyright">Am I required to claim a copyright on my
modifications to a GPL-covered
+program?</dt>
<dd>
You are not required to claim a copyright on your changes. In most
@@ -753,17 +749,15 @@
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="CombinePublicDomainWithGPL">If a program combines public-domain
-code with GPL-covered code, can I take the public-domain part and use it as
-public domain code?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="CombinePublicDomainWithGPL">If a program combines public-domain code
with GPL-covered code, can I take
+the public-domain part and use it as public domain code?</dt>
<dd><p>You can do that, if you can figure out which part is the public domain
part
and separate it from the rest. If code was put in the public domain by its
developer, it is in the public domain no matter where it has been.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DoesTheGPLAllowMoney"> Does the GPL allow me to sell copies of
-the program for money?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DoesTheGPLAllowMoney">Does the GPL allow me to sell copies of the
program for money?</dt>
<dd><p>Yes, the GPL allows everyone to do this. The <a
href="/philosophy/selling.html">right to sell copies</a> is part of the
@@ -773,8 +767,8 @@
release.)
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DoesTheGPLAllowDownloadFee"> Does the GPL allow me to charge a
-fee for downloading the program from my site?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DoesTheGPLAllowDownloadFee">Does the GPL allow me to charge a fee for
downloading the program from my
+site?</dt>
<dd><p>Yes. You can charge any fee you wish for distributing a copy of the
program. If you distribute binaries by download, you must provide
@@ -783,9 +777,8 @@
binary.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DoesTheGPLAllowRequireFee"> Does the GPL allow me to require
-that anyone who receives the software must pay me a fee and/or notify
-me?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DoesTheGPLAllowRequireFee">Does the GPL allow me to require that
anyone who receives the software must
+pay me a fee and/or notify me?</dt>
<dd><p>No. In fact, a requirement like that would make the program non-free.
If
people have to pay when they get a copy of a program, or if they have to
@@ -797,9 +790,8 @@
fee for doing so.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DoesTheGPLRequireAvailabilityToPublic">If I distribute GPL'd
-software for a fee, am I required to also make it available to the public
-without a charge?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DoesTheGPLRequireAvailabilityToPublic">If I distribute GPL'd software
for a fee, am I required to also make it
+available to the public without a charge?</dt>
<dd><p>No. However, if someone pays your fee and gets a copy, the GPL gives
them
the freedom to release it to the public, with or without a fee. For
@@ -807,8 +799,7 @@
the general public.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DoesTheGPLAllowNDA"> Does the GPL allow me to distribute copies
-under a nondisclosure agreement?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DoesTheGPLAllowNDA">Does the GPL allow me to distribute copies under a
nondisclosure agreement?</dt>
<dd><p>No. The GPL says that anyone who receives a copy from you has the
right to
redistribute copies, modified or not. You are not allowed to distribute the
@@ -824,8 +815,8 @@
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DoesTheGPLAllowModNDA"> Does the GPL allow me to distribute a
-modified or beta version under a nondisclosure agreement?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DoesTheGPLAllowModNDA">Does the GPL allow me to distribute a modified
or beta version under a
+nondisclosure agreement?</dt>
<dd><p>No. The GPL says that your modified versions must carry all the
freedoms
stated in the GPL. Thus, anyone who receives a copy of your version from
@@ -833,8 +824,8 @@
You may not distribute any version of the work on a more restrictive basis.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DevelopChangesUnderNDA"> Does the GPL allow me to develop a
-modified version under a nondisclosure agreement?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DevelopChangesUnderNDA">Does the GPL allow me to develop a modified
version under a nondisclosure
+agreement?</dt>
<dd><p>Yes. For instance, you can accept a contract to develop changes and
agree
not to release <em>your changes</em> until the client says ok. This is
@@ -851,8 +842,8 @@
but does <em>have</em> the right.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="IWantCredit">I want to get credit for my work. I want people
to
-know what I wrote. Can I still get credit if I use the GPL?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="IWantCredit">I want to get credit for my work. I want people to know
what I wrote. Can
+I still get credit if I use the GPL?</dt>
<dd><p>You can certainly get credit for the work. Part of releasing a program
under the GPL is writing a copyright notice in your own name (assuming you
@@ -860,8 +851,8 @@
appropriate copyright notice.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhyMustIInclude">Why does the GPL require including a copy of
-the GPL with every copy of the program?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhyMustIInclude">Why does the GPL require including a copy of the GPL
with every copy of the
+program?</dt>
<dd><p>Including a copy of the license with the work is vital so that everyone
who
gets a copy of the program can know what his rights are.</p>
@@ -876,14 +867,13 @@
happen in the network, is to include a copy of the license in the program.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhatIfWorkIsShort">What if the work is not much longer than the
-license itself?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhatIfWorkIsShort">What if the work is not much longer than the
license itself?</dt>
<dd><p>If a single program is that short, you may as well use a simple
all-permissive license for it, rather than the GNU GPL.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLOmitPreamble"> Can I omit the preamble of the GPL, or the
-instructions for how to use it on your own programs, to save
space?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLOmitPreamble">Can I omit the preamble of the GPL, or the
instructions for how to use it on
+your own programs, to save space?</dt>
<dd>
<p>The preamble and instructions are integral parts of the GNU GPL and may not
be omitted. In fact, the GPL is copyrighted, and its license permits only
@@ -897,8 +887,7 @@
the GNU GPL.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhatIsCompatible">What does it mean to say that two licenses
are
-“compatible”?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhatIsCompatible">What does it mean to say that two licenses are
“compatible”?</dt>
<dd>
<p>In order to combine two programs (or substantial parts of them) into a
@@ -915,8 +904,7 @@
combine them into a larger work.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhatDoesCompatMean">What does it mean to say a license is
-“compatible with the GPL?”</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhatDoesCompatMean">What does it mean to say a license is
“compatible with the GPL?”</dt>
<dd>
<p>It means that the other license and the GNU GPL are compatible; you can
@@ -935,8 +923,7 @@
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="FSWithNFLibs">Can I write free software that uses non-free
-libraries?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="FSWithNFLibs">Can I write free software that uses non-free
libraries?</dt>
<dd>
If you do this, your program won't be fully usable in a free environment. If
@@ -963,8 +950,8 @@
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLIncompatibleLibs">What legal issues come up if I use
-GPL-incompatible libraries with GPL software?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLIncompatibleLibs">What legal issues come up if I use
GPL-incompatible libraries with GPL
+software?</dt>
<dd>
@@ -1098,8 +1085,7 @@
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="HowIGetCopyright">How do I get a copyright on my program in
-order to release it under the GPL?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="HowIGetCopyright">How do I get a copyright on my program in order to
release it under the GPL?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Under the Berne Convention, everything written is automatically copyrighted
@@ -1123,8 +1109,8 @@
professor is usually NOT authorized to sign such a disclaimer.)
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhatIfSchool">What if my school might want to make my program
-into its own proprietary software product?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhatIfSchool">What if my school might want to make my program into its
own proprietary
+software product?</dt>
<dd><p>Many universities nowadays try to raise funds by restricting the use of
the
knowledge and information they develop, in effect behaving little different
@@ -1145,13 +1131,13 @@
born.”
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="CouldYouHelpApplyGPL">Could you give me step by step
-instructions on how to apply the GPL to my program?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="CouldYouHelpApplyGPL">Could you give me step by step instructions on
how to apply the GPL to my
+program?</dt>
<dd><p>See the page of <a href="/licenses/gpl-howto.html">GPL
instructions</a>.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="HeardOtherLicense">I heard that someone got a copy of a GPL'ed
-program under another license. Is this possible?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="HeardOtherLicense">I heard that someone got a copy of a GPL'ed program
under another license.
+Is this possible?</dt>
<dd><p>The GNU GPL does not give users permission to attach other licenses to
the
program. But the copyright holder for a program can release it under
@@ -1162,9 +1148,8 @@
to your copy.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="ReleaseUnderGPLAndNF">I would like to release a program I wrote
-under the GNU GPL, but I would like to use the same code in non-free
-programs.</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="ReleaseUnderGPLAndNF">I would like to release a program I wrote under
the GNU GPL, but I would
+like to use the same code in non-free programs.</dt>
<dd><p>To release a non-free program is always ethically tainted, but legally
there
is no obstacle to your doing this. If you are the copyright holder for the
@@ -1172,9 +1157,8 @@
various times.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DeveloperViolate">Is the developer of a GPL-covered program
-bound by the GPL? Could the developer's actions ever be a violation of the
-GPL?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DeveloperViolate">Is the developer of a GPL-covered program bound by
the GPL? Could the
+developer's actions ever be a violation of the GPL?</dt>
<dd><p>Strictly speaking, the GPL is a license from the developer for others to
use, distribute and change the program. The developer itself is not bound
@@ -1186,16 +1170,14 @@
community.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="CanDeveloperThirdParty">Can the developer of a program who
-distributed it under the GPL later license it to another party for exclusive
-use?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="CanDeveloperThirdParty">Can the developer of a program who distributed
it under the GPL later
+license it to another party for exclusive use?</dt>
<dd><p>No, because the public already has the right to use the program under
the
GPL, and this right cannot be withdrawn.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="CanIUseGPLToolsForNF">Can I use GPL-covered editors such as GNU
-Emacs to develop non-free programs? Can I use GPL-covered tools such as GCC
-to compile them?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="CanIUseGPLToolsForNF">Can I use GPL-covered editors such as GNU Emacs
to develop non-free
+programs? Can I use GPL-covered tools such as GCC to compile them?</dt>
<dd><p>Yes, because the copyright on the editors and tools does not cover the
code
you write. Using them does not place any restrictions, legally, on the
@@ -1215,8 +1197,8 @@
use for non-free programs.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLFairUse">Do I have “fair use” rights in using
the
-source code of a GPL-covered program?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLFairUse">Do I have “fair use” rights in using the
source code of a
+GPL-covered program?</dt>
<dd><p>Yes, you do. “Fair use” is use that is allowed without any
special permission. Since you don't need the developers' permission for
@@ -1228,8 +1210,7 @@
of use are considered “fair” varies from country to country.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLUSGov">Can the US Government release a program under the GNU
-GPL?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLUSGov">Can the US Government release a program under the GNU
GPL?</dt>
<dd><p>
If the program is written by US federal government employees in the course
of their employment, it is in the public domain, which means it is not
@@ -1244,8 +1225,7 @@
way.) Or the contract can assign the copyright to the government agency,
which can then release the software under the GNU GPL.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLUSGovAdd">Can the US Government release improvements to a
-GPL-covered program?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLUSGovAdd">Can the US Government release improvements to a
GPL-covered program?</dt>
<dd><p>Yes. If the improvements are written by US government employees in the
course of their employment, then the improvements are in the public domain.
@@ -1256,9 +1236,9 @@
themselves can be GPL-covered.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLOutput">Is there some way that I can GPL the output people
-get from use of my program? For example, if my program is used to develop
-hardware designs, can I require that these designs must be free?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLOutput">Is there some way that I can GPL the output people get from
use of my
+program? For example, if my program is used to develop hardware designs, can
+I require that these designs must be free?</dt>
<dd><p>In general this is legally impossible; copyright law does not give you
any
say in the use of the output people make from their data using your
@@ -1279,13 +1259,12 @@
redistribution of the copied text.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhatCaseIsOutputGPL">In what cases is the output of a GPL
-program covered by the GPL too?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhatCaseIsOutputGPL">In what cases is the output of a GPL program
covered by the GPL too?</dt>
<dd><p>Only when the program copies part of itself into the output.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLModuleLicense">If I add a module to a GPL-covered program,
do
-I have to use the GPL as the license for my module?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLModuleLicense">If I add a module to a GPL-covered program, do I
have to use the GPL as the
+license for my module?</dt>
<dd><p>The GPL says that the whole combined program has to be released under
the
GPL. So your module has to be available for use under the GPL.</p>
@@ -1297,15 +1276,15 @@
list of GPL-compatible licenses.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="IfLibraryIsGPL">If a library is released under the GPL (not the
-LGPL), does that mean that any program which uses it has to be under the GPL
-or a GPL-compatible license?</a></b></dt>
-
-<dd><p>Yes, because the program as it is actually run includes the
library.</p></dd>
-
-<dt><b><a name="IfInterpreterIsGPL">If a programming language interpreter is
-released under the GPL, does that mean programs written to be interpreted by
-it must be under GPL-compatible licenses?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="IfLibraryIsGPL">If a library is released under the GPL (not the LGPL),
does that mean that
+any software which uses it has to be under the GPL or a GPL-compatible
+license?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>Yes, because the software as it is actually run includes the
library.</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="IfInterpreterIsGPL">If a programming language interpreter is released
under the GPL, does that
+mean programs written to be interpreted by it must be under GPL-compatible
+licenses?</dt>
<dd><p>
When the interpreter just interprets a language, the answer is no. The
@@ -1339,10 +1318,10 @@
combined Perl or Java program will run on.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WindowsRuntimeAndGPL">I'm writing a Windows application with
-Microsoft Visual C++ (or Visual Basic) and I will be releasing it under the
-GPL. Is dynamically linking my program with the Visual C++ (or Visual
-Basic) run-time library permitted under the GPL?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WindowsRuntimeAndGPL">I'm writing a Windows application with Microsoft
Visual C++ (or Visual
+Basic) and I will be releasing it under the GPL. Is dynamically linking my
+program with the Visual C++ (or Visual Basic) run-time library permitted
+under the GPL?</dt>
<dd>
<p>The GPL permits this because that run-time library normally accompanies the
@@ -1357,8 +1336,7 @@
“<a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html">trapped</a>” by Windows.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="OrigBSD">Why is the original BSD license incompatible with the
-GPL?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="OrigBSD">Why is the original BSD license incompatible with the
GPL?</dt>
<dd>
<p>
@@ -1376,8 +1354,8 @@
eliminates the problem.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLAndPlugins">If a program released under the GPL uses
-plug-ins, what are the requirements for the licenses of a plug-in?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLAndPlugins">If a program released under the GPL uses plug-ins, what
are the requirements
+for the licenses of a plug-in?</dt>
<dd>
<p>It depends on how the program invokes its plug-ins. If the program uses
@@ -1396,8 +1374,7 @@
with some options and waiting for it to return, that is a borderline case.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLPluginsInNF">Can I apply the GPL when writing a plug-in for
a
-non-free program?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLPluginsInNF">Can I apply the GPL when writing a plug-in for a
non-free program?</dt>
<dd><p>If the program uses fork and exec to invoke plug-ins, then the plug-ins
are
separate programs, so the license for the main program makes no requirements
@@ -1416,8 +1393,8 @@
that uses a non-free library.</a>
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="NFUseGPLPlugins">Can I release a non-free program that's
-designed to load a GPL-covered plug-in?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="NFUseGPLPlugins">Can I release a non-free program that's designed to
load a GPL-covered
+plug-in?</dt>
<dd>
<p>It depends on how the program invokes its plug-ins. For instance, if the
@@ -1444,9 +1421,9 @@
that uses a non-free library.</a>
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="LinkingWithGPL">You have a GPL'ed program that I'd like to link
-with my code to build a proprietary program. Does the fact that I link with
-your program mean I have to GPL my program?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="LinkingWithGPL">You have a GPL'ed program that I'd like to link with
my code to build a
+proprietary program. Does the fact that I link with your program mean I
+have to GPL my program?</dt>
<dd><p>Not exactly. It means you must release your program under a license
compatible with the GPL (more precisely, compatible with one or more GPL
@@ -1454,8 +1431,8 @@
link). The combination itself is then available under those GPL versions.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="SwitchToLGPL">If so, is there any chance I could get a license
-of your program under the Lesser GPL?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="SwitchToLGPL">If so, is there any chance I could get a license of your
program under the
+Lesser GPL?</dt>
<dd><p>You can ask, but most authors will stand firm and say no. The idea of
the
GPL is that if you want to include our code in your program, your program
@@ -1465,9 +1442,8 @@
<p>You always have the legal alternative of not using our code.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="LinkingOverControlledInterface">How can I allow linking of
-proprietary modules with my GPL-covered library under a controlled interface
-only?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="LinkingOverControlledInterface">How can I allow linking of proprietary
modules with my GPL-covered library
+under a controlled interface only?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Add this text to the license notice of each file in the package, at the end
@@ -1505,10 +1481,10 @@
copyright holders of those programs.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="ManyDifferentLicenses">I have written an application that links
-with many different components, that have different licenses. I am very
-confused as to what licensing requirements are placed on my program. Can
-you please tell me what licenses I may use?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="ManyDifferentLicenses">I have written an application that links with
many different components,
+that have different licenses. I am very confused as to what licensing
+requirements are placed on my program. Can you please tell me what licenses
+I may use?</dt>
<dd>
<p>To answer this question, we would need to see a list of each component that
@@ -1524,9 +1500,8 @@
</ul>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="MereAggregation">What is the difference between an
-“aggregate” and other kinds of “modified
-versions”?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="MereAggregation">What is the difference between an
“aggregate” and other kinds of
+“modified versions”?</dt>
<dd>
<p>An “aggregate” consists of a number of separate programs,
@@ -1556,9 +1531,9 @@
parts as combined into a larger program.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="AssignCopyright">Why does the FSF require that contributors to
-FSF-copyrighted programs assign copyright to the FSF? If I hold copyright on
-a GPL'ed program, should I do this, too? If so, how?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="AssignCopyright">Why does the FSF require that contributors to
FSF-copyrighted programs
+assign copyright to the FSF? If I hold copyright on a GPL'ed program, should
+I do this, too? If so, how?</dt>
<dd>
Our lawyers have told us that to be in the <a
@@ -1583,8 +1558,7 @@
more information.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="ModifyGPL">Can I modify the GPL and make a modified
-license?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="ModifyGPL">Can I modify the GPL and make a modified license?</dt>
<dd>
You can use the GPL terms (possibly modified) in another license provided
@@ -1606,9 +1580,9 @@
licenses is a burden in and of itself.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLCommercially">If I use a piece of software that has been
-obtained under the GNU GPL, am I allowed to modify the original code into a
-new program, then distribute and sell that new program
commercially?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLCommercially">If I use a piece of software that has been obtained
under the GNU GPL, am I
+allowed to modify the original code into a new program, then distribute and
+sell that new program commercially?</dt>
<dd>
You are allowed to sell copies of the modified program commercially, but
@@ -1622,8 +1596,7 @@
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLOtherThanSoftware">Can I use the GPL for something other
than
-software?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLOtherThanSoftware">Can I use the GPL for something other than
software?</dt>
<dd><p>You can apply the GPL to any kind of work, as long as it is clear what
constitutes the “source code” for the work. The GPL defines
@@ -1635,7 +1608,7 @@
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="LGPLJava">How does the LGPL work with Java?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="LGPLJava">How does the LGPL work with Java?</dt>
<dd>
@@ -1643,10 +1616,9 @@
works as designed, intended, and expected.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="Consider">Consider this situation: 1) X releases V1 of a
project
-under the GPL. 2) Y contributes to the development of V2 with changes and
-new code based on V1. 3) X wants to convert V2 to a non-GPL license. Does X
-need Y's permission?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="Consider">Consider this situation: 1) X releases V1 of a project under
the GPL. 2) Y
+contributes to the development of V2 with changes and new code based on V1.
+3) X wants to convert V2 to a non-GPL license. Does X need Y's permission?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Yes. Y was required to release its version under the GNU GPL, as a
@@ -1656,8 +1628,8 @@
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLInProprietarySystem">I'd like to incorporate GPL-covered
-software in my proprietary system. Can I do this?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLInProprietarySystem">I'd like to incorporate GPL-covered software
in my proprietary system. Can
+I do this?</dt>
<dd>
You cannot incorporate GPL-covered software in a proprietary system. The
@@ -1697,10 +1669,10 @@
side by side, their rights will be clear.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLWrapper">I'd like to incorporate GPL-covered software in my
-proprietary system. Can I do this by putting a “wrapper”
-module, under a GPL-compatible lax permissive license (such as the X11
-license) in between the GPL-covered part and the proprietary part?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLWrapper">I'd like to incorporate GPL-covered software in my
proprietary system. Can
+I do this by putting a “wrapper” module, under a GPL-compatible
+lax permissive license (such as the X11 license) in between the GPL-covered
+part and the proprietary part?</dt>
<dd><p>No. The X11 license is compatible with the GPL, so you can add a
module to
the GPL-covered program and put it under the X11 license. But if you were
@@ -1713,8 +1685,7 @@
the fact that module C is included in the whole.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="LibGCCException">Where can I learn more about the GCC Runtime
-Library Exception?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="LibGCCException">Where can I learn more about the GCC Runtime Library
Exception?</dt>
<dd><p>The GCC Runtime Library Exception covers libgcc, libstdc++, libfortran,
libgomp, libdecnumber, and other libraries distributed with GCC. The
@@ -1724,11 +1695,10 @@
read our <a href="/licenses/gcc-exception-faq.html">FAQ about the GCC
Runtime Library Exception</a>.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="MoneyGuzzlerInc">I'd like to modify GPL-covered programs and
-link them with the portability libraries from Money Guzzler Inc. I cannot
-distribute the source code for these libraries, so any user who wanted to
-change these versions would have to obtained those libraries separately.
-Why doesn't the GPL permit this?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="MoneyGuzzlerInc">I'd like to modify GPL-covered programs and link them
with the portability
+libraries from Money Guzzler Inc. I cannot distribute the source code for
+these libraries, so any user who wanted to change these versions would have
+to obtain those libraries separately. Why doesn't the GPL permit this?</dt>
<dd>
There are two reasons for this.
@@ -1748,11 +1718,10 @@
change and recompile the program.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLIncompatibleAlone">If license for a module Q has a
-requirement that's incompatible with the GPL, but the requirement applies
-only when Q is distributed by itself, not when Q is included in a larger
-program, does that make the license GPL-compatible? Can I combine or link Q
-with a GPL-covered program?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLIncompatibleAlone">If license for a module Q has a requirement
that's incompatible with the
+GPL, but the requirement applies only when Q is distributed by itself, not
+when Q is included in a larger program, does that make the license
+GPL-compatible? Can I combine or link Q with a GPL-covered program?</dt>
<dd>
If a program P is released under the GPL that means *any and every part of
@@ -1773,8 +1742,8 @@
with Q.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="ModifiedJustBinary">Can I release a modified version of a
-GPL-covered program in binary form only?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="ModifiedJustBinary">Can I release a modified version of a GPL-covered
program in binary form
+only?</dt>
<dd>
<p>No. The whole point of the GPL is that all modified versions must be <a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.html"> free software</a>—which means, in
@@ -1783,18 +1752,16 @@
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="UnchangedJustBinary">I downloaded just the binary from the net.
-If I distribute copies, do I have to get the source and distribute that
-too?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="UnchangedJustBinary">I downloaded just the binary from the net. If I
distribute copies, do I
+have to get the source and distribute that too?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Yes. The general rule is, if you distribute binaries, you must distribute
the complete corresponding source code too. The exception for the case
where you received a written offer for source code is quite limited.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DistributeWithSourceOnInternet">I want to distribute binaries
-via physical media without accompanying sources. Can I provide source code
-by FTP?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DistributeWithSourceOnInternet">I want to distribute binaries via
physical media without accompanying
+sources. Can I provide source code by FTP?</dt>
<dd>
@@ -1808,9 +1775,8 @@
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="RedistributedBinariesGetSource">My friend got a GPL-covered
-binary with an offer to supply source, and made a copy for me. Can I use
-the offer myself to obtain the source?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="RedistributedBinariesGetSource">My friend got a GPL-covered binary
with an offer to supply source, and made
+a copy for me. Can I use the offer myself to obtain the source?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Yes, you can. The offer must be open to everyone who has a copy of the
@@ -1819,17 +1785,16 @@
take advantage of it.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="SourceAndBinaryOnDifferentSites">Can I put the binaries on my
-Internet server and put the source on a different Internet site?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="SourceAndBinaryOnDifferentSites">Can I put the binaries on my Internet
server and put the source on a
+different Internet site?</dt>
<dd><p>Yes. Section 6(d) allows this. However, you must provide clear
instructions people can follow to obtain the source, and you must take care
to make sure that the source remains available for as long as you distribute
the object code.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DistributeExtendedBinary">I want to distribute an extended
-version of a GPL-covered program in binary form. Is it enough to distribute
-the source for the original version?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DistributeExtendedBinary">I want to distribute an extended version of
a GPL-covered program in binary
+form. Is it enough to distribute the source for the original version?</dt>
<dd><p>No, you must supply the source code that corresponds to the binary.
Corresponding source means the source from which users can rebuild the same
@@ -1845,10 +1810,9 @@
source code under the GPL.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DistributingSourceIsInconvenient">I want to distribute
binaries,
-but distributing complete source is inconvenient. Is it ok if I give users
-the diffs from the “standard” version along with the
-binaries?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DistributingSourceIsInconvenient">I want to distribute binaries, but
distributing complete source is
+inconvenient. Is it ok if I give users the diffs from the
+“standard” version along with the binaries?</dt>
<dd><p>This is a well-meaning request, but this method of providing the source
doesn't really do the job.</p>
@@ -1861,8 +1825,8 @@
<p>So you need to provide complete sources, not just diffs, with the binaries.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="AnonFTPAndSendSources">Can I make binaries available on a
-network server, but send sources only to people who order them?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="AnonFTPAndSendSources">Can I make binaries available on a network
server, but send sources only to
+people who order them?</dt>
<dd><p>If you make object code available on a network server, you have to
provide
the Corresponding Source on a network server as well. The easiest way to do
@@ -1878,8 +1842,8 @@
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="HowCanIMakeSureEachDownloadGetsSource">How can I make sure each
-user who downloads the binaries also gets the source?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="HowCanIMakeSureEachDownloadGetsSource">How can I make sure each user
who downloads the binaries also gets the
+source?</dt>
<dd><p>You don't have to make sure of this. As long as you make the source and
binaries available so that the users can see what's available and take what
@@ -1891,9 +1855,8 @@
they don't want it.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="UnreleasedMods">A company is running a modified version of a
-GPL'ed program on a web site. Does the GPL say they must release their
-modified sources?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="UnreleasedMods">A company is running a modified version of a GPL'ed
program on a web site.
+Does the GPL say they must release their modified sources?</dt>
<dd>
<p>The GPL permits anyone to make a modified version and use it without ever
@@ -1909,8 +1872,8 @@
programs designed for network server use.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="InternalDistribution">Is making and using multiple copies
within
-one organization or company “distribution”?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="InternalDistribution">Is making and using multiple copies within one
organization or company
+“distribution”?</dt>
<dd><p>No, in that case the organization is just making the copies for itself.
As
a consequence, a company or other organization can develop a modified
@@ -1923,9 +1886,8 @@
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="StolenCopy">If someone steals a CD containing a version of a
-GPL-covered program, does the GPL give him the right to redistribute that
-version?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="StolenCopy">If someone steals a CD containing a version of a
GPL-covered program, does
+the GPL give him the right to redistribute that version?</dt>
<dd><p>If the version has been released elsewhere, then the thief probably does
have the right to make copies and redistribute them under the GPL, but if he
@@ -1940,8 +1902,7 @@
no such violation has occurred.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="TradeSecretRelease">What if a company distributes a copy as a
-trade secret?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="TradeSecretRelease">What if a company distributes a copy as a trade
secret?</dt>
<dd>
<p>If a company distributes a copy to you and claims it is a trade secret, the
company has violated the GPL and will have to cease distribution. Note how
@@ -1950,8 +1911,8 @@
violated the GPL.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhySomeGPLAndNotLGPL">Why are some GNU libraries released under
-the ordinary GPL rather than the Lesser GPL?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhySomeGPLAndNotLGPL">Why are some GNU libraries released under the
ordinary GPL rather than the
+Lesser GPL?</dt>
<dd>
Using the Lesser GPL for any particular library constitutes a retreat for
@@ -1975,9 +1936,9 @@
we judge the question.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WillYouMakeAnException">Using a certain GNU program under the
-GPL does not fit our project to make proprietary software. Will you make an
-exception for us? It would mean more users of that program.</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WillYouMakeAnException">Using a certain GNU program under the GPL does
not fit our project to make
+proprietary software. Will you make an exception for us? It would mean more
+users of that program.</dt>
<dd>
Sorry, we don't make such exceptions. It would not be right.
@@ -1996,8 +1957,8 @@
reasons.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="VersionThreeOrLater">Why should programs say “Version 3
of
-the GPL or any later version”?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="VersionThreeOrLater">Why should programs say “Version 3 of the
GPL or any later
+version”?</dt>
<dd><p>From time to time, at intervals of years, we change the
GPL—sometimes
to clarify it, sometimes to permit certain kinds of use not previously
@@ -2034,9 +1995,30 @@
preference.
</p></dd>
+<dt id="OnlyLatestVersion">Is it a good idea to use a license saying that a
certain program can be used
+only under the latest version of the GNU GPL?</dt>
+
+<dd><p>The reason you shouldn't do that is that it could result some day in
+withdrawing automatically some permissions that the users previously had.</p>
-<dt><b><a name="WhyNotGPLForManuals">Why don't you use the GPL for
-manuals?</a></b></dt>
+<p>Suppose a program was released in 2000 under “the latest GPL
+version”. At that time, people could have used it under GPLv2. The
+day we published GPLv3 in 2007, everyone would have been suddenly compelled
+to use it under GPLv3 instead.</p>
+
+<p>Some users may not even have known about GPL version 3—but they would
+have been required to use it. They could have violated the program's
+license unintentionally just because they did not get the news. That's a
+bad way to treat people.</p>
+
+<p>We think it is wrong to take back permissions already granted, except due to
+a violation. If your freedom could be revoked, then it isn't really
+freedom. Thus, if you get a copy of a program version under one version of
+a license, you should <em>always</em> have the rights granted by that
+version of the license. Releasing under “GPL version N or any later
+version” upholds that principle.</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="WhyNotGPLForManuals">Why don't you use the GPL for manuals?</dt>
<dd><p>It is possible to use the GPL for a manual, but the GNU Free
Documentation
License (GFDL) is much better for manuals.</p>
@@ -2066,7 +2048,7 @@
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="FontException">How does the GPL apply to fonts?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="FontException">How does the GPL apply to fonts?</dt>
<dd>
@@ -2093,10 +2075,10 @@
</p></blockquote></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WMS">I am writing a website maintenance system</a> (called a
-“<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">content management
-system</a>” by some), or some other application which generates web
-pages from templates. What license should I use for those templates?</b></dt>
+<dt id="WMS">I am writing a website maintenance system (called a “<a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">content management system</a>”
+by some), or some other application which generates web pages from
+templates. What license should I use for those templates?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Templates are minor enough that it is not worth using copyleft to protect
@@ -2112,7 +2094,7 @@
between the Javascript (copylefted), and the user code (usually under
incompatible terms). </p>
-<p><a href="template-diagram.png"><img src="template-diagram.png" alt="A
diagram of the above content" /></a></p>
+<p><a href="/licenses/template-diagram.png"><img
src="/licenses/template-diagram.png" alt="A diagram of the above content"
/></a></p>
<p>Here's an exception for Javascript code that does this:</p>
@@ -2130,8 +2112,8 @@
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="NonFreeTools">Can I release a program under the GPL which I
-developed using non-free tools?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="NonFreeTools">Can I release a program under the GPL which I developed
using non-free
+tools?</dt>
<dd><p>Which programs you used to edit the source code, or to compile it, or
study
it, or record it, usually makes no difference for issues concerning the
@@ -2147,8 +2129,7 @@
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLTranslations">Are there translations of the GPL into other
-languages?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLTranslations">Are there translations of the GPL into other
languages?</dt>
<dd>
<p>It would be useful to have translations of the GPL into languages other than
@@ -2216,9 +2197,8 @@
</ul>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="InterpreterIncompat">If a programming language interpreter has
a
-license that is incompatible with the GPL, can I run GPL-covered programs on
-it?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="InterpreterIncompat">If a programming language interpreter has a
license that is incompatible
+with the GPL, can I run GPL-covered programs on it?</dt>
<dd>
<p>When the interpreter just interprets a language, the answer is yes. The
@@ -2251,7 +2231,7 @@
</ol>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhoHasThePower">Who has the power to enforce the
GPL?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhoHasThePower">Who has the power to enforce the GPL?</dt>
<dd><p>Since the GPL is a copyright license, the copyright holders of the
software
are the ones who have the power to enforce the GPL. If you see a violation
@@ -2262,17 +2242,16 @@
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="OOPLang">In an object-oriented language such as Java, if I use
a
-class that is GPL'ed without modifying, and subclass it, in what way does
-the GPL affect the larger program?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="OOPLang">In an object-oriented language such as Java, if I use a class
that is GPL'ed
+without modifying, and subclass it, in what way does the GPL affect the
+larger program?</dt>
<dd><p>Subclassing is creating a derivative work. Therefore, the terms of the
GPL
affect the whole program where you create a subclass of a GPL'ed class.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="PortProgramToGL">If I port my program to GNU/Linux, does that
-mean I have to release it as Free Software under the GPL or some other Free
-Software license?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="PortProgramToGL">If I port my program to GNU/Linux, does that mean I
have to release it as
+Free Software under the GPL or some other Free Software license?</dt>
<dd>
<p>In general, the answer is no—this is not a legal requirement. In
@@ -2299,9 +2278,9 @@
software free.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="CompanyGPLCostsMoney"> I just found out that a company has a
-copy of a GPL'ed program, and it costs money to get it. Aren't they
-violating the GPL by not making it available on the Internet?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="CompanyGPLCostsMoney">I just found out that a company has a copy of a
GPL'ed program, and it costs
+money to get it. Aren't they violating the GPL by not making it available
+on the Internet?</dt>
<dd>
<p>No. The GPL does not require anyone to use the Internet for distribution.
@@ -2316,9 +2295,9 @@
you, or to anyone else, as he sees fit.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="ReleaseNotOriginal">Can I release a program with a license
which
-says that you can distribute modified versions of it under the GPL but you
-can't distribute the original itself under the GPL?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="ReleaseNotOriginal">Can I release a program with a license which says
that you can distribute
+modified versions of it under the GPL but you can't distribute the original
+itself under the GPL?</dt>
<dd><p>No. Such a license would be self-contradictory. Let's look at its
implications for me as a user.</p>
@@ -2339,8 +2318,8 @@
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DistributeSubsidiary">Does moving a copy to a majority-owned,
-and controlled, subsidiary constitute distribution?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DistributeSubsidiary">Does moving a copy to a majority-owned, and
controlled, subsidiary
+constitute distribution?</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Whether moving a copy to or from this subsidiary constitutes
@@ -2357,9 +2336,8 @@
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="ClickThrough">Can software installers ask people to click to
-agree to the GPL? If I get some software under the GPL, do I have to agree
-to anything?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="ClickThrough">Can software installers ask people to click to agree to
the GPL? If I get
+some software under the GPL, do I have to agree to anything?</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Some software packaging systems have a place which requires you to click
@@ -2376,20 +2354,18 @@
</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLCompatInstaller">I would like to bundle GPLed software with
-some sort of installation software. Does that installer need to have a
-GPL-compatible license?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLCompatInstaller">I would like to bundle GPLed software with some
sort of installation
+software. Does that installer need to have a GPL-compatible license?</dt>
<dd>
<p>No. The installer and the files it installs are separate works. As a
result, the terms of the GPL do not apply to the installation software.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="ExportWarranties">Some distributors of GPL'd software require
me
-in their umbrella EULAs or as part of their downloading process to
-“represent and warrant” that I am located in the US or that I
-intend to distribute the software in compliance with relevant export control
-laws. Why are they doing this and is it a violation of those distributors'
-obligations under GPL?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="ExportWarranties">Some distributors of GPL'd software require me in
their umbrella EULAs or as
+part of their downloading process to “represent and warrant”
+that I am located in the US or that I intend to distribute the software in
+compliance with relevant export control laws. Why are they doing this and
+is it a violation of those distributors' obligations under GPL?</dt>
<dd><p>This is not a violation of the GPL. Those distributors (almost all of
whom
are commercial businesses selling free software distributions and related
@@ -2422,9 +2398,8 @@
software; exercise of that right does not violate GPL unless they add
contractual restrictions beyond those permitted by GPL.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="SubscriptionFee">Can I use GPLed software on a device that will
-stop operating if customers do not continue paying a subscription
-fee?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="SubscriptionFee">Can I use GPLed software on a device that will stop
operating if customers
+do not continue paying a subscription fee?</dt>
<dd>
<p>No. In this scenario, the requirement to keep paying a fee limits the
@@ -2432,8 +2407,7 @@
of the GPL, and the license prohibits it.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v3HowToUpgrade">How do I upgrade from (L)GPLv2 to
-(L)GPLv3?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v3HowToUpgrade">How do I upgrade from (L)GPLv2 to (L)GPLv3?</dt>
<dd><p>First, include the new version of the license in your package. If
you're
using LGPLv3 in your project, be sure to include copies of both GPLv3 and
@@ -2449,8 +2423,7 @@
package's license should also be updated appropriately.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="BitTorrent">How does GPLv3 make BitTorrent distribution
-easier?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="BitTorrent">How does GPLv3 make BitTorrent distribution easier?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Because GPLv2 was written before peer-to-peer distribution of software was
@@ -2471,8 +2444,7 @@
and it's almost no hassle for the distributor.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="Tivoization">What is tivoization? How does GPLv3 prevent
-it?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="Tivoization">What is tivoization? How does GPLv3 prevent it?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Some devices utilize free software that can be upgraded, but are designed so
@@ -2489,7 +2461,7 @@
video recorders, and home security systems.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="DRMProhibited">Does GPLv3 prohibit DRM?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="DRMProhibited">Does GPLv3 prohibit DRM?</dt>
<dd>
<p>It does not; you can use code released under GPLv3 to develop any kind of
@@ -2501,7 +2473,7 @@
stops them from restricting others.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GPLHardware">Can I use the GPL to license
hardware?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GPLHardware">Can I use the GPL to license hardware?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Any material that can be copyrighted can be licensed under the GPL. GPLv3
@@ -2513,9 +2485,8 @@
scope of copyright and thus the GPL itself.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="GiveUpKeys">I use public key cryptography to sign my code to
-assure its authenticity. Is it true that GPLv3 forces me to release my
-private signing keys?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="GiveUpKeys">I use public key cryptography to sign my code to assure
its authenticity. Is
+it true that GPLv3 forces me to release my private signing keys?</dt>
<dd>
<p>No. The only time you would be required to release signing keys is if you
@@ -2527,8 +2498,8 @@
key, then you need only give each purchaser the key for his instance.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v3VotingMachine">Does GPLv3 require that voters be able to
-modify the software running in a voting machine?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v3VotingMachine">Does GPLv3 require that voters be able to modify the
software running in a
+voting machine?</dt>
<dd>
<p>No. Companies distributing devices that include software under GPLv3 are at
@@ -2543,8 +2514,7 @@
should be done on paper.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v3PatentRetaliation">Does GPLv3 have a “patent
retaliation
-clause”?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v3PatentRetaliation">Does GPLv3 have a “patent retaliation
clause”?</dt>
<dd>
<p>In effect, yes. Section 10 prohibits people who convey the software from
@@ -2553,19 +2523,17 @@
that accompanied it.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="SourceCodeInDocumentation">Can I use snippets of GPL-covered
-source code within documentation that is licensed under some license that is
-incompatible with the GPL?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="SourceCodeInDocumentation">Can I use snippets of GPL-covered source
code within documentation that is
+licensed under some license that is incompatible with the GPL?</dt>
<dd>
<p>If the snippets are small enough that you can incorporate them under fair
use or similar laws, then yes. Otherwise, no.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v3Under4and5">The beginning of GPLv3 section 6 says that I can
-convey a covered work in object code form “under the terms of sections
-4 and 5” provided I also meet the conditions of section 6. What does
-that mean?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v3Under4and5">The beginning of GPLv3 section 6 says that I can convey
a covered work in
+object code form “under the terms of sections 4 and 5” provided
+I also meet the conditions of section 6. What does that mean?</dt>
<dd>
<p>This means that all the permissions and conditions you have to convey source
@@ -2573,12 +2541,12 @@
keep copyright notices intact, and so on.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v2OrLaterPatentLicense">My company owns a lot of patents. Over
-the years we've contributed code to projects under “GPL version 2 or
-any later version”, and the project itself has been distributed under
-the same terms. If a user decides to take the project's code (incorporating
-my contributions) under GPLv3, does that mean I've automatically granted
-GPLv3's explicit patent license to that user?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v2OrLaterPatentLicense">My company owns a lot of patents. Over the
years we've contributed code to
+projects under “GPL version 2 or any later version”, and the
+project itself has been distributed under the same terms. If a user decides
+to take the project's code (incorporating my contributions) under GPLv3,
+does that mean I've automatically granted GPLv3's explicit patent license to
+that user?</dt>
<dd>
<p>No. When you convey GPLed software, you must follow the terms and
@@ -2595,17 +2563,16 @@
against such an attack.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="LGPLv3ContributorVersion">If I distribute a proprietary program
-that links against an LGPLv3-covered library that I've modified, what is the
-“contributor version” for purposes of determining the scope of
-the explicit patent license grant I'm making—is it just the library,
-or is it the whole combination?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="LGPLv3ContributorVersion">If I distribute a proprietary program that
links against an LGPLv3-covered
+library that I've modified, what is the “contributor version”
+for purposes of determining the scope of the explicit patent license grant
+I'm making—is it just the library, or is it the whole combination?</dt>
<dd>
<p>The “contributor version” is only your version of the
library.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v2v3Compatibility">Is GPLv3 compatible with GPLv2?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v2v3Compatibility">Is GPLv3 compatible with GPLv2?</dt>
<dd>
<p>No. Some of the requirements in GPLv3, such as the requirement to provide
@@ -2617,26 +2584,24 @@
permits.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="Cure">What does it mean to “cure” a violation of
-GPLv3?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="Cure">What does it mean to “cure” a violation of
GPLv3?</dt>
<dd>
<p>To cure a violation means to adjust your practices to comply with the
requirements of the license.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v3InternationalDisclaimers">The warranty and liability
-disclaimers in GPLv3 seem specific to U.S. law. Can I add my own disclaimers
-to my own code?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v3InternationalDisclaimers">The warranty and liability disclaimers in
GPLv3 seem specific to
+U.S. law. Can I add my own disclaimers to my own code?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Yes. Section 7 gives you permission to add your own disclaimers,
specifically 7(a).</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="NonvisualLegalNotices">My program has interactive user
-interfaces that are non-visual in nature. How can I comply with the
-Appropriate Legal Notices requirement in GPLv3?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="NonvisualLegalNotices">My program has interactive user interfaces that
are non-visual in
+nature. How can I comply with the Appropriate Legal Notices requirement in
+GPLv3?</dt>
<dd>
<p>All you need to do is ensure that the Appropriate Legal Notices are readily
@@ -2645,9 +2610,8 @@
aloud.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v3CoworkerConveying">If I give a copy of a GPLv3-covered
program
-to a coworker at my company, have I “conveyed” the copy to
-him?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v3CoworkerConveying">If I give a copy of a GPLv3-covered program to a
coworker at my company,
+have I “conveyed” the copy to him?</dt>
<dd>
<p>As long as you're both using the software in your work at the company,
@@ -2656,9 +2620,8 @@
conveying, because the company is not making copies available to others.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v3ConditionalWarranty">If I distribute a GPLv3-covered program,
-can I provide a warranty that is voided if the user modifies the
-program?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v3ConditionalWarranty">If I distribute a GPLv3-covered program, can I
provide a warranty that is
+voided if the user modifies the program?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Yes. Just as devices do not need to be warranted if users modify the
@@ -2666,8 +2629,7 @@
all possible activities someone could undertake with GPLv3-covered
software.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="SeparateAffero">Why did you decide to write the GNU Affero
GPLv3
-as a separate license?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="SeparateAffero">Why did you decide to write the GNU Affero GPLv3 as a
separate license?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Early drafts of GPLv3 allowed licensors to add an Affero-like requirement to
@@ -2681,8 +2643,8 @@
which code has the source publication requirement.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="WhyPropagateAndConvey">Why did you invent the new terms
-“propagate” and “convey” in GPLv3?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="WhyPropagateAndConvey">Why did you invent the new terms
“propagate” and
+“convey” in GPLv3?</dt>
<dd>
<p>The term “distribute” used in GPLv2 was borrowed from United
@@ -2694,9 +2656,9 @@
the license.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="NoMilitary">I'd like to license my code under the GPL, but I'd
-also like to make it clear that it can't be used for military and/or
-commercial uses. Can I do this?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="NoMilitary">I'd like to license my code under the GPL, but I'd also
like to make it
+clear that it can't be used for military and/or commercial uses. Can I do
+this?</dt>
<dd>
<p>No, because those two goals contradict each other. The GNU GPL is designed
@@ -2705,8 +2667,8 @@
can be removed by the user.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="ConveyVsDistribute">Is “convey” in GPLv3 the same
-thing as what GPLv2 means by “distribute”?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="ConveyVsDistribute">Is “convey” in GPLv3 the same thing as
what GPLv2 means by
+“distribute”?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Yes, more or less. During the course of enforcing GPLv2, we learned that
@@ -2716,9 +2678,8 @@
differences.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v3MakingAvailable">GPLv3 gives “making available to the
-public” as an example of propagation. What does this mean? Is making
-available a form of conveying?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v3MakingAvailable">GPLv3 gives “making available to the
public” as an example of
+propagation. What does this mean? Is making available a form of
conveying?</dt>
<dd>
<p>One example of “making available to the public” is putting the
@@ -2728,10 +2689,9 @@
away as well. Hence, we defined conveying to include this activity.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="PropagationNotConveying">Since distribution and making
available
-to the public are forms of propagation that are also conveying in GPLv3,
-what are some examples of propagation that do not constitute
-conveying?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="PropagationNotConveying">Since distribution and making available to
the public are forms of
+propagation that are also conveying in GPLv3, what are some examples of
+propagation that do not constitute conveying?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Making copies of the software for yourself is the main form of propagation
@@ -2739,8 +2699,8 @@
multiple computers, or to make backups.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="Prelinking">Does prelinking a GPLed binary to various libraries
-on the system, to optimize its performance, count as modification?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="Prelinking">Does prelinking a GPLed binary to various libraries on the
system, to
+optimize its performance, count as modification?</dt>
<dd>
<p>No. Prelinking is part of a compilation process; it doesn't introduce any
@@ -2750,9 +2710,9 @@
code, you need to follow the terms of section 6.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="LaptopLoan">If someone installs GPLed software on a laptop, and
-then lends that laptop to a friend without providing source code for the
-software, have they violated the GPL?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="LaptopLoan">If someone installs GPLed software on a laptop, and then
lends that laptop
+to a friend without providing source code for the software, have they
+violated the GPL?</dt>
<dd>
<p>No. In the jurisdictions where we have investigated this issue, this sort
@@ -2760,11 +2720,10 @@
obligations under the GPL.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="TwoPartyTivoization">Suppose that two companies try to
-circumvent the requirement to provide Installation Information by having one
-company release signed software, and the other release a User Product that
-only runs signed software from the first company. Is this a violation of
-GPLv3?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="TwoPartyTivoization">Suppose that two companies try to circumvent the
requirement to provide
+Installation Information by having one company release signed software, and
+the other release a User Product that only runs signed software from the
+first company. Is this a violation of GPLv3?</dt>
<dd>
<p>Yes. If two parties try to work together to get around the requirements of
@@ -2773,9 +2732,9 @@
activities that would make someone responsible for secondary infringement.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="SourceInCVS">Am I complying with GPLv3 if I offer binaries on
an
-FTP server and sources by way of a link to a source code repository in a
-version control system, like CVS or Subversion?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="SourceInCVS">Am I complying with GPLv3 if I offer binaries on an FTP
server and sources
+by way of a link to a source code repository in a version control system,
+like CVS or Subversion?</dt>
<dd>
<p>This is acceptable as long as the source checkout process does not become
@@ -2787,9 +2746,8 @@
want the latest development code, after all.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="RemoteAttestation">Can someone who conveys GPLv3-covered
-software in a User Product use remote attestation to prevent a user from
-modifying that software?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="RemoteAttestation">Can someone who conveys GPLv3-covered software in a
User Product use remote
+attestation to prevent a user from modifying that software?</dt>
<dd>
<p>No. The definition of Installation Information, which must be provided with
@@ -2801,8 +2759,8 @@
means for your modified software to report itself as legitimate.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="RulesProtocols">What does “rules and protocols for
-communication across the network” mean in GPLv3?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="RulesProtocols">What does “rules and protocols for communication
across the
+network” mean in GPLv3?</dt>
<dd>
<p>This refers to rules about traffic you can send over the network. For
@@ -2816,10 +2774,9 @@
the messages.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="SupportService">Distributors that provide Installation
-Information under GPLv3 are not required to provide “support
-service” for the product. What kind of “support service”do
-you mean?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="SupportService">Distributors that provide Installation Information
under GPLv3 are not
+required to provide “support service” for the product. What kind
+of “support service”do you mean?</dt>
<dd>
<p>This includes the kind of service many device manufacturers provide to help
@@ -2828,9 +2785,8 @@
normally still be available to modified versions, subject to the terms in
section 6 regarding access to a network.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v3Notwithstanding">In GPLv3 and AGPLv3, what does it mean when
-it says “notwithstanding any other provision of this
-License”?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v3Notwithstanding">In GPLv3 and AGPLv3, what does it mean when it says
“notwithstanding
+any other provision of this License”?</dt>
<dd><p>This simply means that the following terms prevail over anything else
in the
license that may conflict with them. For example, without this text, some
@@ -2846,9 +2802,8 @@
the license—instead they're carving out very limited exceptions.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="AGPLv3CorrespondingSource">Under AGPLv3, when I modify the
-Program under section 13, what Corresponding Source does it have to
-offer?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="AGPLv3CorrespondingSource">Under AGPLv3, when I modify the Program
under section 13, what Corresponding
+Source does it have to offer?</dt>
<dd><p> “Corresponding Source” is defined in section 1 of the
license,
and you should provide what it lists. So, if your modified version depends
@@ -2866,9 +2821,8 @@
it means that such code is <em>not</em> excluded from the definition of
Corresponding Source.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="AGPLv3InteractingRemotely">In AGPLv3, what counts as
-“interacting with [the software] remotely through a computer
-network?”</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="AGPLv3InteractingRemotely">In AGPLv3, what counts as
“interacting with [the software] remotely
+through a computer network?”</dt>
<dd><p>If the program is expressly designed to accept user requests and send
responses over a network, then it meets these criteria. Common examples of
@@ -2883,9 +2837,8 @@
or a remote X session.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="ApacheLegalEntity">How does GPLv3's concept of
“you”
-compare to the definition of “Legal Entity” in the Apache
-License 2.0?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="ApacheLegalEntity">How does GPLv3's concept of “you”
compare to the definition of
+“Legal Entity” in the Apache License 2.0?</dt>
<dd><p>They're effectively identical. The definition of “Legal
Entity”
in the Apache License 2.0 is very standard in various kinds of legal
@@ -2894,8 +2847,8 @@
definition. We fully expect them to do the same when they look at GPLv3 and
consider who qualifies as a licensee.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="v3TheProgram">In GPLv3, what does “the Program”
-refer to? Is it every program ever released under GPLv3?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="v3TheProgram">In GPLv3, what does “the Program” refer to?
Is it every program
+ever released under GPLv3?</dt>
<dd>
<p>The term “the Program” means one particular work that is
@@ -2911,15 +2864,14 @@
Program”</a> for those who would like to learn more about this.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b><a name="NoDistributionRequirements">If I only make copies of a
-GPL-covered program and run them, without distributing or conveying them to
-others, what does the license require of me?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="NoDistributionRequirements">If I only make copies of a GPL-covered
program and run them, without
+distributing or conveying them to others, what does the license require of
+me?</dt>
<dd><p>Nothing. The GPL does not place any conditions on this
activity.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="AGPLv3ServerAsUser">If some network client software is released
-under AGPLv3, does it have to be able to provide source to the servers it
-interacts with?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="AGPLv3ServerAsUser">If some network client software is released under
AGPLv3, does it have to be
+able to provide source to the servers it interacts with?</dt>
<dd><p>This should not be required in any typical server-client relationship.
AGPLv3 requires a program to offer source code to “all users
@@ -2937,8 +2889,7 @@
about what the client will do—so there's no meaningful way for the
server operator to be considered a user of that software.</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a name="AllCompatibility">How are the various GNU licenses compatible
-with each other?</a></b></dt>
+<dt id="AllCompatibility">How are the various GNU licenses compatible with
each other?</dt>
<dd><p>The various GNU licenses enjoy broad compatibility between each other.
The
only time you may not be able to combine code under two of these licenses is
@@ -2950,10 +2901,10 @@
assumes that someone else has written some software under one of these
licenses, and you want to somehow incorporate code from that into a project
that you're releasing (either your own original work, or a modified version
-of someone else's GPLed software). Find the license for your own work in a
-column at the top of the table, and the license for the other code in a row
-on the left. The cell where they meet will tell you whether or not this
-combination is permitted.</p>
+of someone else's software). Find the license for your project in a column
+at the top of the table, and the license for the other code in a row on the
+left. The cell where they meet will tell you whether or not this combination
+is permitted.</p>
<p>When we say “copy code,” we mean just that: you're taking a
section of code from one source, with or without modification, and inserting
@@ -2986,8 +2937,9 @@
<td class="ok">OK</td>
<td class="ok">OK <a href="#compat-matrix-footnote-2">[2]</a></td>
<td class="nok">NO</td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv2 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv2 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv2 only <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv2 only <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a><a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-2">[2]</a></td>
<td class="nok">NO</td>
@@ -2998,44 +2950,50 @@
<td class="ok">OK <a href="#compat-matrix-footnote-1">[1]</a></td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPL <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPL <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv2 or later <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv2 or later <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">GPLv3</th>
<td class="nok">NO</td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you upgrade to GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-3">[3]</a></td>
-<td class="ok">OK</td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv3 <a
-href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a><a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-3">[3]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
+<td class="ok">OK</td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">LGPLv2.1 only</th>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv2 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPL <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a><a
-href="#compat-matrix-footnote-2">[2]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey code under GPLv2 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey code under GPLv2 or later <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey code under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
-<td class="ok">OK <a href="#comat-matrix-footnote-6">[6]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv3 <a
+<td class="ok">OK <a href="#compat-matrix-footnote-6">[6]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey code under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a><a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">LGPLv2.1 or later</th>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv2 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey code under GPLv2 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a><a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-1">[1]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPL <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="ok">OK <a href="#comat-matrix-footnote-5">[5]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey code under GPLv2 or later <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey code under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="ok">OK <a href="#compat-matrix-footnote-5">[5]</a></td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
</tr>
@@ -3043,12 +3001,15 @@
<tr>
<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">LGPLv3</th>
<td class="nok">NO</td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you upgrade and convert to GPLv3 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project and code under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a><a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-3">[3]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you upgrade to LGPLv3 <a
href="#comat-matrix-footnote-4">[4]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey code under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project and code under GPLv3 <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a><a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under LGPLv3 <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-4">[4]</a></td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
</tr>
@@ -3058,8 +3019,9 @@
<td class="ok">OK</td>
<td class="ok">OK <a href="#compat-matrix-footnote-2">[2]</a></td>
<td class="nok">NO</td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv2 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv2 <a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv2 only <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv2 only <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a><a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-2">[2]</a></td>
<td class="nok">NO</td>
@@ -3070,22 +3032,26 @@
<td class="ok">OK <a href="#compat-matrix-footnote-1">[1]</a></td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPL <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a><a
-href="#compat-matrix-footnote-1">[1]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPL <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv2 or later <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv2 or later <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">GPLv3</th>
<td class="nok">NO</td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you upgrade to GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-3">[3]</a></td>
-<td class="ok">OK</td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv3 <a
-href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a><a
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-3">[3]</a></td>
-<td class="mok">OK if you convert to GPLv3 <a
href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
+<td class="ok">OK</td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-7">[7]</a></td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-8">[8]</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -3111,7 +3077,8 @@
<tr>
<th class="gpl-matrix-license gpl-matrix-border">LGPLv3</th>
<td class="nok">NO</td>
-<td class="ok">OK</td>
+<td class="mok">OK: Convey project under GPLv3 <a
+href="#compat-matrix-footnote-9">[9]</a></td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
<td class="ok">OK</td>
@@ -3122,42 +3089,47 @@
<p><a href="#matrix-skip-target">Skip footnotes</a></p>
-<p><a name="compat-matrix-footnote-1">1</a>: You must follow the terms of GPLv2
-when incorporating the code in this case. You cannot take advantage of terms
-in later versions of the GPL.</p>
-
-<p><a name="compat-matrix-footnote-2">2</a>: If you do this, as long as the
-project contains the code released under GPLv2 only, you will not be able to
-upgrade the project's license to GPLv3 or later.</p>
-
-<p><a name="compat-matrix-footnote-3">3</a>: If you have the ability to release
-the project under GPLv2 or any later version, you can choose to release it
-under GPLv3 or any later version—and once you do that, you'll be able
-to incorporate the code released under GPLv3.</p>
-
-<p><a name="compat-matrix-footnote-4">4</a>: If you have the ability to release
-the project under LGPLv2.1 or any later version, you can choose to release
-it under LGPLv3 or any later version—and once you do that, you'll be
-able to incorporate the code released under LGPLv3.</p>
-
-<p><a name="compat-matrix-footnote-5">5</a>: You must follow the terms of
-LGPLv2.1 when incorporating the code in this case. You cannot take advantage
-of terms in later versions of the LGPL.</p>
-
-<p><a name="compat-matrix-footnote-6">6</a>: If you do this, as long as the
-project contains the code released under LGPLv2.1 only, you will not be able
-to upgrade the project's license to LGPLv3 or later.</p>
-
-<p><a name="compat-matrix-footnote-7">7</a>: LGPLv2.1 gives you permission to
-relicense the code under any version of the GPL since GPLv2. If you can
-switch the LGPLed code in this case to using an appropriate version of the
-GPL instead (as noted in the table), you can make this combination.</p>
-
-<p><a name="compat-matrix-footnote-8">8</a>: LGPLv3 gives you permission to
-relicense the code under GPLv3. In these cases, you can combine the code if
-you convert the LGPLed code to GPLv3.</p>
+<p id="compat-matrix-footnote-1">1: You must follow the terms of GPLv2 when
incorporating the code in this
+case. You cannot take advantage of terms in later versions of the GPL.</p>
+
+<p id="compat-matrix-footnote-2">2: While you may release your project (either
your original work and/or work
+that you received and modified) under GPLv2-or-later in this case, note
+that the other code you're using must remain under GPLv2 only. As long as
+your project depends on that code, you won't be able to upgrade the license
+of your project to GPLv3-or-later, and the work as a whole (any combination
+of both your project and the other code) can only be conveyed under the
+terms of GPLv2.</p>
+
+<p id="compat-matrix-footnote-3">3: If you have the ability to release the
project under GPLv2 or any later
+version, you can choose to release it under GPLv3 or any later
+version—and once you do that, you'll be able to incorporate the code
+released under GPLv3.</p>
+
+<p id="compat-matrix-footnote-4">4: If you have the ability to release the
project under LGPLv2.1 or any
+later version, you can choose to release it under LGPLv3 or any later
+version—and once you do that, you'll be able to incorporate the code
+released under LGPLv3.</p>
+
+<p id="compat-matrix-footnote-5">5: You must follow the terms of LGPLv2.1 when
incorporating the code in this
+case. You cannot take advantage of terms in later versions of the LGPL.</p>
+
+<p id="compat-matrix-footnote-6">6: If you do this, as long as the project
contains the code released under
+LGPLv2.1 only, you will not be able to upgrade the project's license to
+LGPLv3 or later.</p>
+
+<p id="compat-matrix-footnote-7">7: LGPLv2.1 gives you permission to relicense
the code under any version of
+the GPL since GPLv2. If you can switch the LGPLed code in this case to
+using an appropriate version of the GPL instead (as noted in the table), you
+can make this combination.</p>
+
+<p id="compat-matrix-footnote-8">8: LGPLv3 gives you permission to relicense
the code under GPLv3. In these
+cases, you can combine the code if you convert the LGPLed code to GPLv3.</p>
+
+<p id="compat-matrix-footnote-9">9: Because GPLv2 does not permit combinations
with LGPLv3, you must convey
+the project under GPLv3's terms in this case, since it will allow that
+combination.</p>
-<a name="matrix-skip-target"></a>
+<div id="matrix-skip-target"></div>
</dd>
@@ -3175,8 +3147,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
@@ -3189,8 +3162,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
<p>
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any
-medium, provided this notice is preserved.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -3202,7 +3176,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:35:39 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: licenses/gpl-howto.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/gpl-howto.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.32
retrieving revision 1.33
diff -u -b -r1.32 -r1.33
--- licenses/gpl-howto.fr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:35:40 -0000 1.32
+++ licenses/gpl-howto.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:19 -0000 1.33
@@ -8,96 +8,88 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
<h2>Comment utiliser les licences GNU pour vos logiciels ?</h2>
-<p>Voici une brève explication sur la manière de placer un
-programme sous la <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">Licence Publique
-Générale GNU</a> (GNU General Publique License), la <a
-href="/licenses/lgpl.html">Licence Publique Générale Amoindrie
-(Lesser General Publique License)</a> ou la <a
-href="/licenses/agpl.html">Licence Publique Générale Affero
-(Affero General Publique License)</a>. Pour la <a
-href="/licenses/fdl.html">Licence de documentation libre GNU (GNU Free
-Documentation License)</a>, nous avons une <a
-href="/licenses/fdl-howto.fr.html">page séparée</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Si vous recherchez une information détaillée, lisez
-attentivement notre liste <a href="/licenses/gpl-faq.fr.html">questions
-fréquentes concernant la Licence Publique Générale de
-GNU</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Si vous êtes sur le point d'utiliser la Licence Publique
-Générale Amoindrie, veuillez auparavant lire l'article <a
-href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.fr.html">«Pourquoi vous ne devriez pas
-utiliser la LGPL pour votre prochaine bibliothèque»</a>. Cet
-article explique pourquoi il serait peut-être mieux d'utiliser
-plutôt la GPL ordinaire et sur quoi repose cette décision.</p>
-
-<p>Qu'importe la licence que vous aurez choisie, la procédure comprend
-l'addition de deux éléments dans chaque fichier source :
-une notice de copyright (telle que «Copyright 1999 Marie
-Dupont») et une déclaration sur les droits de copie
-précisant que le programme est distribué sous les termes
-de la Licence Publique Générale GNU (ou la GPL amoindrie).</p>
-
-<p>La notice de copyright doit inclure l'année pendant laquelle vous
-avez terminé de préparer la version (donc, si vous l'avez
-terminé en 1998 mais que vous ne l'avez pas publié avant 1999,
-utilisez 1998). Vous devez ajouter la bonne année pour chaque
-version : par exemple, «Copyright 1998, 1999 Marie Dupont»
-si certaines versions ont été terminées en 1998 et
-d'autres en 1999. Si plusieurs personnes ont aidé à
-écrire le code, utilisez le nom de chacune d'elle.</p>
-
-<p>Pour les logiciels ayant plusieurs versions sur plusieurs années, il est
-préférable d'indiquer clairement chaque année, entièrement, sans utiliser
de
-périodes ou d'abréviations, comme dans l'exemple ci-dessous.</p>
-
-<p>Utilisez toujours le mot anglais «Copyright»; par convention
-internationale. Ce terme est utilisé partout dans le monde,
-même pour des travaux dans d'autres langues. Le symbole du copyright
-«©» peut être ajouté si vous le souhaitez (et
-que votre jeu de caractères le gère), mais il n'est pas
-nécessaire. Il n'y a aucune signification légale dans
-l'utilisation de la séquence de trois caractères
-«(C)», bien que cela ne gêne pas.</p>
+<p>Voici une brève explication sur la manière de placer un programme sous la
<a
+href="/licenses/gpl.html">Licence Publique Générale GNU</a> (GNU General
+Publique License), la <a href="/licenses/lgpl.html">Licence Publique
+Générale Amoindrie (Lesser General Publique License)</a> ou la <a
+href="/licenses/agpl.html">Licence Publique Générale Affero (Affero General
+Publique License)</a>. Pour la <a href="/licenses/fdl.html">Licence de
+documentation libre GNU (GNU Free Documentation License)</a>, nous avons une
+<a href="/licenses/fdl-howto.fr.html">page séparée</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Si vous recherchez une information détaillée, lisez attentivement notre
+liste <a href="/licenses/gpl-faq.fr.html">questions fréquentes concernant la
+Licence Publique Générale de GNU</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Si vous êtes sur le point d'utiliser la Licence Publique Générale
Amoindrie,
+veuillez auparavant lire l'article <a
+href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.fr.html">«Pourquoi vous ne devriez pas utiliser
+la LGPL pour votre prochaine bibliothèque»</a>. Cet article explique
+pourquoi il serait peut-être mieux d'utiliser plutôt la GPL ordinaire et sur
+quoi repose cette décision.</p>
+
+<p>Qu'importe la licence que vous aurez choisie, la procédure comprend
+l'addition de deux éléments dans chaque fichier source : une notice de
+copyright (telle que «Copyright 1999 Marie Dupont») et une déclaration sur
+les droits de copie précisant que le programme est distribué sous les
+termes de la Licence Publique Générale GNU (ou la GPL amoindrie).</p>
+
+<p>La notice de copyright doit inclure l'année pendant laquelle vous avez
+terminé de préparer la version (donc, si vous l'avez terminé en 1998 mais
+que vous ne l'avez pas publié avant 1999, utilisez 1998). Vous devez ajouter
+la bonne année pour chaque version : par exemple, «Copyright 1998, 1999
+Marie Dupont» si certaines versions ont été terminées en 1998 et d'autres
en
+1999. Si plusieurs personnes ont aidé à écrire le code, utilisez le nom de
+chacune d'elle.</p>
+
+<p>For software with several releases over multiple years, it's okay to use a
+range (“2008-2010”) instead of listing individual years
+(“2008, 2009, 2010”) if and only if every year in the range,
+inclusive, really is a “copyrightable” year that would be listed
+individually; <em>and</em> you make an explicit statement in your
+documentation about this usage.</p>
+
+<p>Utilisez toujours le mot anglais «Copyright»; par convention
+internationale. Ce terme est utilisé partout dans le monde, même pour des
+travaux dans d'autres langues. Le symbole du copyright «©Â» peut être
+ajouté si vous le souhaitez (et que votre jeu de caractères le gère), mais
+il n'est pas nécessaire. Il n'y a aucune signification légale dans
+l'utilisation de la séquence de trois caractères «(C)», bien que cela ne
+gêne pas.</p>
<p>Vous devriez aussi inclure une copie de la licence en question quelque part
dans la distribution de votre programme. Tous les programmes, qu'ils soient
-publiés sous GPL ou LGPL, doivent inclure <a
-href="/licenses/gpl.txt">la version texte de la GPL</a>. Dans les programmes
-GNU, la licence se trouve habituellement dans un fichier intitulé
-COPYING.</p>
+publiés sous GPL ou LGPL, doivent inclure <a href="/licenses/gpl.txt">la
+version texte de la GPL</a>. Dans les programmes GNU, la licence se trouve
+habituellement dans un fichier intitulé COPYING.</p>
<p>Si vous publiez un programme sous la LGPL, vous devez aussi inclure <a
href="/licenses/lgpl.txt">la version texte de la LGPL</a>, habituellement
-dans un fichier intitulé COPYING.LESSER. Veuillez noter que, puisque
-la LGPL est un ensemble de permissions additionnelles à la GPL, il
-est important d'inclure les deux licences de sorte que les utilisateurs
-aient toutes les informations nécessaires pour comprendre leurs
-droits.</p>
-
-<p>Si vous avez publié votre programme sous la GNU AGPL, vous devez
-seulement inclure <a href="/licenses/agpl.txt">la version texte de la GNU
-AGPL</a>.<br />NdT : À l'heure actuelle, les avocats de la
-Fondation pour le Logiciel Libre n'ont pas encore déclaré de
-version française officielle de cette licence. Les programmeurs
-francophones devraient donc toujours utiliser la version anglaise. Cela ne
-devrait pas poser de problème quant à sa validité. Dans
-le doute, consulter un avocat.</p>
-
-<p>Si vous avez copié du code d'autres programmes couverts par la
-même licence, copiez aussi leur notice de copyright. Rassemblez toutes
-les notices de copyright au début de chaque fichier.</p>
-
-<p>Il est très important pour des raisons pratiques d'inclure des
-informations de contact pour indiquer le moyen de vous joindre. Le mieux
-étant probablement de les écrire dans le fichier README. Mais
-cela n'a rien à voir avec les questions légales entourant la
-mise sous licence.</p>
-
-<p>La déclaration de permission de copie devrait être
-indiquée juste après les notices de copyright. Pour un
-programme ne comprenant qu'un seul fichier la déclaration devrait
-ressembler (pour la GPL) à :</p>
+dans un fichier intitulé COPYING.LESSER. Veuillez noter que, puisque la LGPL
+est un ensemble de permissions additionnelles à la GPL, il est important
+d'inclure les deux licences de sorte que les utilisateurs aient toutes les
+informations nécessaires pour comprendre leurs droits.</p>
+
+<p>Si vous avez publié votre programme sous la GNU AGPL, vous devez seulement
+inclure <a href="/licenses/agpl.txt">la version texte de la GNU AGPL</a>.<br
+/>NdT : Ã l'heure actuelle, les avocats de la Fondation pour le
+Logiciel Libre n'ont pas encore déclaré de version française officielle de
+cette licence. Les programmeurs francophones devraient donc toujours
+utiliser la version anglaise. Cela ne devrait pas poser de problème quant Ã
+sa validité. Dans le doute, consulter un avocat.</p>
+
+<p>Si vous avez copié du code d'autres programmes couverts par la même
licence,
+copiez aussi leur notice de copyright. Rassemblez toutes les notices de
+copyright au début de chaque fichier.</p>
+
+<p>Il est très important pour des raisons pratiques d'inclure des informations
+de contact pour indiquer le moyen de vous joindre. Le mieux étant
+probablement de les écrire dans le fichier README. Mais cela n'a rien à voir
+avec les questions légales entourant la mise sous licence.</p>
+
+<p>La déclaration de permission de copie devrait être indiquée juste après
les
+notices de copyright. Pour un programme ne comprenant qu'un seul fichier la
+déclaration devrait ressembler (pour la GPL) à :</p>
<pre>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
@@ -115,9 +107,9 @@
</pre>
<p>Pour les programmes incluant plusieurs fichiers, il est mieux de remplacer
-« ce programme » par le nom réel du programme
-et de débuter la déclaration par une ligne indiquant
-« This file is part of NAME ». Par exemple :</p>
+« ce programme » par le nom réel du programme et de débuter la
+déclaration par une ligne indiquant « This file is part of
+NAME ». Par exemple :</p>
<pre>
This file is part of Foobar.
@@ -136,35 +128,32 @@
along with Foobar. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
</pre>
-<p>Cette déclaration devrait être placée au début de
-chaque fichier source, proche des notices de copyright. Pour utiliser la GPL
-amoindrie, insérez le mot « Lesser » avant
-« General » <em>aux trois</em> endroits. Pour utiliser
-la GNU AGPL, insérez le mot « Affero » avant
-« General » aux <em>trois</em> endroits.</p>
+<p>Cette déclaration devrait être placée au début de chaque fichier source,
+proche des notices de copyright. Pour utiliser la GPL amoindrie, insérez le
+mot « Lesser » avant « General » <em>aux trois</em>
+endroits. Pour utiliser la GNU AGPL, insérez le mot « Affero »
+avant « General » aux <em>trois</em> endroits.</p>
<p>Pour les programmes interactifs, il est de bon aloi que le programme affiche
-une brève notice à propos du copyright et des permissions de
-copie lorsqu'il démarre. Consulter <a
-href="/licenses/gpl-3.0.html#howto">la fin de la GPL</a> pour plus
-d'informations à ce sujet.</p>
+une brève notice à propos du copyright et des permissions de copie lorsqu'il
+démarre. Consulter <a href="/licenses/gpl-3.0.html#howto">la fin de la
+GPL</a> pour plus d'informations à ce sujet.</p>
<p>Si vous publiez votre programme sous la GNU AGPL, et qu'il peut interagir
-avec les utilisateurs sur un réseau, le programme doit leur offrir
-son code source d'une façon ou d'une autre. Par exemple, si votre
-programme est une application Web, son interface pourrait afficher un lien
-« Source » qui ménerait les utilisateurs vers
-une archive du code. La GNU AGPL est suffisamment flexible pour que vous
-choisissiez une méthode qui convienne à votre programme
-spécifique (consulter la section 13 pour des détails).</p>
-
-<p>Il n'est pas nécessaire au niveau légal d'enregistrer votre
-copyright où que ce soit; le fait-même de distribuer votre
-programme constitue une mise sous copyright. Toutefois, c'est une excellente
-idée que d'enregistrer le copyright avec le Registre des Copyrights
-des États-Unis car cela vous met en meilleure position pour vous
-défendre contre quiconque violerait la licence aux
-États-Unis. La plupart des autres pays n'ont pas de système
+avec les utilisateurs sur un réseau, le programme doit leur offrir son code
+source d'une façon ou d'une autre. Par exemple, si votre programme est une
+application Web, son interface pourrait afficher un lien
+« Source » qui ménerait les utilisateurs vers une archive du
+code. La GNU AGPL est suffisamment flexible pour que vous choisissiez une
+méthode qui convienne à votre programme spécifique (consulter la section 13
+pour des détails).</p>
+
+<p>Il n'est pas nécessaire au niveau légal d'enregistrer votre copyright où
que
+ce soit; le fait-même de distribuer votre programme constitue une mise sous
+copyright. Toutefois, c'est une excellente idée que d'enregistrer le
+copyright avec le Registre des Copyrights des Ãtats-Unis car cela vous met
+en meilleure position pour vous défendre contre quiconque violerait la
+licence aux Ãtats-Unis. La plupart des autres pays n'ont pas de système
d'enregistrement de copyright.</p>
<p>Il est sage de demander à votre employeur ou à votre école, le cas
échéant,
@@ -179,30 +168,27 @@
renoncer à tout droit d'auteur sur le programme « Gnomovision »
(qui fait des passages aux compilateurs) écrit par James Hacker.</p>
-<p><signature of Moe Ghoul>, 1 April 1989<br /> Moe Ghoul, President of
-Vice.<br />Traduction :<br /><signature de Moe Ghoul>, le 1er
-avril 1989<br /> Moe Ghoul, Vice-président</p></blockquote>
+<p><signature of Moe Ghoul>, 1 April 1989<br />
+ Moe Ghoul, President of Vice</p></blockquote>
<p>Nous aimerions lister tous les programmes logiciels libres dans le
-Répertoire des logiciels libres (Free Software Directory), y compris
-tous les programmes sous licence GPL (toute version). Veuillez consulter la
-<a href="http://directory.fsf.org/";>page Web du répertoire</a> pour
-des informations et un formulaire de soumission en ligne.</p>
+Répertoire des logiciels libres (Free Software Directory), y compris tous
+les programmes sous licence GPL (toute version). Veuillez consulter la <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/";>page Web du répertoire</a> pour des
+informations et un formulaire de soumission en ligne.</p>
<p>Il est aussi possible de faire de votre programme un paquetage GNU,
-c'est-à-dire lui faire une place au sein du projet GNU. (Nous devons
-jeter un œil à votre programme auparavant et décider par
-la suite.) Si vous étiez intéressé à vous
-impliquer dans le projet GNU de cette manière, veuillez consulter
-notre <a href="/help/evaluation.html">page d'évaluation des logiciels
-GNU</a> pour plus d'informations et un court questionnaire.</p>
-
-<p>Notez que vous pouvez utiliser n'importe laquelle de nos licences même
-si votre programme n'est pas un paquetage GNU elles sont disponibles
-pour tout le monde. Si vous voulez signaler l'utilisation d'une licence
-particulière, vous pouvez utiliser <a
-href="/graphics/license-logos.fr.html" title="Logos des licences">un de nos
-logos</a>.</p>
+c'est-Ã -dire lui faire une place au sein du projet GNU. (Nous devons jeter
+un œil à votre programme auparavant et décider par la suite.) Si vous
+étiez intéressé à vous impliquer dans le projet GNU de cette manière,
+veuillez consulter notre <a href="/help/evaluation.html">page d'évaluation
+des logiciels GNU</a> pour plus d'informations et un court questionnaire.</p>
+
+<p>Notez que vous pouvez utiliser n'importe laquelle de nos licences même si
+votre programme n'est pas un paquetage GNU elles sont disponibles pour
+tout le monde. Si vous voulez signaler l'utilisation d'une licence
+particulière, vous pouvez utiliser <a href="/graphics/license-logos.fr.html"
+title="Logos des licences">un de nos logos</a>.</p>
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
@@ -221,11 +207,12 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -239,9 +226,10 @@
Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
<p>
-La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -254,7 +242,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:35:40 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -279,6 +267,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/licenses/gpl-howto.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/gpl-howto.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/licenses/gpl-howto.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: licenses/gpl-howto.ta.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/gpl-howto.ta.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- licenses/gpl-howto.ta.html 13 Jul 2011 17:35:40 -0000 1.2
+++ licenses/gpl-howto.ta.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:19 -0000 1.3
@@ -42,9 +42,12 @@
பயனà¯à®ªà®à¯à®¤à¯à®¤à®µà¯à®®à¯. பலர௠நிரலà¯
à®à®´à¯à®¤ à®à®¤à®µà®¿à®¯à®¿à®°à¯à®¨à¯à®¤à®¾à®²à¯, à®
னà¯à®µà®°à®¤à¯
பà¯à®¯à®°à¯à®à®³à¯à®¯à¯à®®à¯
பயனà¯à®ªà®à¯à®¤à¯à®¤à®µà¯à®®à¯.</p>
-<p>பல à®à®£à¯à®à¯à®à®³à®¿à®²à¯ பல
வà¯à®³à®¿à®¯à¯à®à¯à®à®³à¯ à®à¯à®£à¯à®
à®®à¯à®©à¯à®ªà¯à®°à¯à®à¯à®à®³à¯à®à¯à®à¯,
à®à®à¯à®µà¯à®³à®¿à®¤à¯ தà¯à®à®°à¯à®¯à¯
-பà¯à®¯à®°à¯à®à¯à®à¯à®°à¯à®à¯à®à®à¯à®à®³à¯à®¯à¯
பயனà¯à®ªà®à¯à®¤à¯à®¤à®¾à®®à®²à¯, à®®à¯à®±à¯à®à®£à¯à®
à®à®¤à®¾à®°à®£à®¤à¯à®¤à¯à®ªà¯ பà¯à®² à®à®µà¯à®µà¯à®°à¯
-à®à®£à¯à®à¯à®¯à¯à®®à¯ à®®à¯à®´à¯à®®à¯à®¯à®¾à®à¯
à®à¯à®±à®¿à®ªà¯à®ªà®¿à®à®µà¯à®®à¯.</p>
+<p>For software with several releases over multiple years, it's okay to use a
+range (“2008-2010”) instead of listing individual years
+(“2008, 2009, 2010”) if and only if every year in the range,
+inclusive, really is a “copyrightable” year that would be listed
+individually; <em>and</em> you make an explicit statement in your
+documentation about this usage.</p>
<p>à®à®ªà¯à®ªà¯à®´à¯à®¤à¯à®®à¯ “Copyright”; à®à®©à¯à®±
à®à®à¯à®à®¿à®²à®à¯ à®à¯à®²à¯à®²à¯à®ªà¯
பயனà¯à®ªà®à¯à®¤à¯à®¤à®µà¯à®®à¯. à®à®°à¯à®µà®¤à¯à®
வழà®à¯à®à®ªà¯à®ªà®à®¿ à®à®©à¯à®¯ à®®à¯à®´à®¿à®à®³à®¿à®²à®¾à®©
à®à®°à¯à®µà®¾à®à¯à®à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®²à¯à®®à¯ à®à®¤à¯
@@ -85,17 +88,18 @@
பினà¯à®µà®°à¯à®®à®¾à®±à¯ à®à®°à¯à®à¯à®
வà¯à®£à¯à®à¯à®®à¯:</p>
<pre>
- à®à®¨à¯à®¤ à®®à¯à®©à¯à®ªà¯à®°à¯à®³à¯ à®à®à¯à®à®±à¯à®±
à®®à¯à®©à¯à®ªà¯à®°à¯à®³à®¾à®à¯à®®à¯: நà¯à®à¯à®à®³à¯ à®à®¤à¯
à®à®à¯à®à®±à¯à®± à®®à¯à®©à¯à®ªà¯à®°à¯à®³à¯ à®
à®±à®à¯à®à®à¯à®à®³à¯à®¯à®¿à®©à¯
- à®à¯à®©à¯ பà¯à®¤à¯à®®à®à¯à®à®³à¯ à®à®°à®¿à®®à®®à¯ 3 à®à®®à¯
பதிபà¯à®ªà¯ à®
லà¯à®²à®¤à¯ (à®à®à¯à®à®³à¯
விரà¯à®ªà¯à®ªà®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®©à¯à®ªà®à®¿) பிநà¯à®¤à¯à®¯
பதிபà¯à®ªà¯à®à¯à®à®³à®¿à®©à¯
- நிபநà¯à®¤à®©à¯à®à®³à®¿à®©à¯ à®à¯à®´à¯
விநியà¯à®à®¿à®à¯à® மறà¯à®±à¯à®®à¯/à®
லà¯à®²à®¤à¯
மாறà¯à®±à®®à¯ à®à¯à®¯à¯à®¯à®²à®¾à®®à¯.
-
- à®à®¨à¯à®¤ à®®à¯à®©à¯à®ªà¯à®°à¯à®³à¯ பயனà¯à®³à¯à®³à®¤à®¾à®
à®à®°à¯à®à¯à®à¯à®®à¯ à®à®©à¯à®± à®à®£à¯à®£à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®²à¯
விநியà¯à®à®¿à®à¯à®à®ªà¯à®ªà®à¯à®à®¿à®±à®¤à¯,
- à®à®©à®¾à®²à¯ à®à®¨à¯à®¤à®µà®¿à®¤ à®à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®°à®µà®¾à®¤à®®à¯à®®à¯
à®à®¿à®à¯à®¯à®¾à®¤à¯; à®à®à¯à®à®¿à®à¯à®¯à®¾à®©
வியாபாரத௠தரதà¯à®¤à¯à®à¯à®à®¾à®©
- à®à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®°à®µà®¾à®¤à®®à¯ à®à¯à®±à®¿à®ªà¯à®ªà®¿à®à¯à®
பயனà¯à®ªà®¾à®à¯à®à¯à®à¯à®à®¾à®©
à®à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®°à®µà®¾à®¤à®®à¯à®®à¯ à®à¯à® à®à®¿à®à¯à®¯à®¾à®¤à¯.
- à®®à¯à®²à¯à®®à¯ விவரà®à¯à®à®³à¯à®à¯à®à¯ à®à¯à®©à¯
பà¯à®¤à¯à®®à®à¯à®à®³à¯ à®à®°à®¿à®®à®¤à¯à®¤à¯à®ªà¯
பாரà¯à®µà¯à®¯à®¿à®à®µà¯à®®à¯.
+ This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
+
+ This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
- à®à®¨à¯à®¤ à®®à¯à®©à¯à®ªà¯à®°à¯à®³à¯à®à®©à¯ à®à¯à®©à¯
பà¯à®¤à¯à®®à®à¯à®à®³à¯ à®à®°à®¿à®®à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®©à¯ பிரதி
à®à®à¯à®à®³à¯à®à¯à®à¯ வழà®à¯à®à®ªà¯
பà®à¯à®à®¿à®°à¯à®à¯à® வà¯à®£à¯à®à¯à®®à¯.
- à®
வà¯à®µà®¾à®±à®¿à®²à¯à®²à¯à®¯à¯à®©à®¿à®²à¯,
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/> பà®à¯à®à®¤à¯à®¤à¯à®ªà¯
பாரà¯à®µà¯à®¯à®¿à®à®µà¯à®®à¯.
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
</pre>
<p>à®à®©à¯à®±à¯à®à¯à®à¯ à®®à¯à®±à¯à®ªà®à¯à®
à®à¯à®ªà¯à®ªà¯à®à®³à¯à®à¯ à®à¯à®£à¯à®
à®®à¯à®©à¯à®ªà¯à®°à¯à®à¯à®à®³à¯à®à¯à®à¯ “à®à®¨à¯à®¤
@@ -104,19 +108,20 @@
à®à®©à¯à®±à¯ à®à¯à®±à®¿à®ªà¯à®ªà®¿à®à®µà¯à®®à¯.
à®à®¤à®¾à®°à®£à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®±à¯à®à¯,</p>
<pre>
- à®à®¨à¯à®¤à®à¯ à®à¯à®ªà¯à®ªà¯ Foobar à®à®©à¯ à®à®°à¯
பà®à¯à®¤à®¿à®¯à®¾à®à¯à®®à¯.
+ This file is part of Foobar.
- Foobar à®à®°à¯ à®à®à¯à®à®±à¯à®±
à®®à¯à®©à¯à®ªà¯à®°à¯à®³à®¾à®à¯à®®à¯. நà¯à®à¯à®à®³à¯ à®à®¤à¯
à®à®à¯à®à®±à¯à®± à®®à¯à®©à¯à®ªà¯à®°à¯à®³à¯ à®
à®±à®à¯à®à®à¯à®à®³à¯à®¯à®¿à®©à¯
- à®à¯à®©à¯ பà¯à®¤à¯à®®à®à¯à®à®³à¯ à®à®°à®¿à®®à®®à¯ 3 à®à®®à¯
பதிபà¯à®ªà¯ à®
லà¯à®²à®¤à¯ (à®à®à¯à®à®³à¯
விரà¯à®ªà¯à®ªà®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®©à¯à®ªà®à®¿) பிநà¯à®¤à¯à®¯
பதிபà¯à®ªà¯à®à¯à®à®³à®¿à®©à¯
- நிபநà¯à®¤à®©à¯à®à®³à®¿à®©à¯ à®à¯à®´à¯
விநியà¯à®à®¿à®à¯à® மறà¯à®±à¯à®®à¯/à®
லà¯à®²à®¤à¯
மாறà¯à®±à®®à¯ à®à¯à®¯à¯à®¯à®²à®¾à®®à¯.
-
- à®à®¨à¯à®¤ à®®à¯à®©à¯à®ªà¯à®°à¯à®³à¯ பயனà¯à®³à¯à®³à®¤à®¾à®
à®à®°à¯à®à¯à®à¯à®®à¯ à®à®©à¯à®± à®à®£à¯à®£à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®²à¯
விநியà¯à®à®¿à®à¯à®à®ªà¯à®ªà®à¯à®à®¿à®±à®¤à¯,
- à®à®©à®¾à®²à¯ à®à®¨à¯à®¤à®µà®¿à®¤
à®à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®°à®µà®¾à®¤à®®à¯à®®à¯ à®à®¿à®à¯à®¯à®¾à®¤à¯;
à®à®à¯à®à®¿à®à¯à®¯à®¾à®© வியாபாரதà¯
தரதà¯à®¤à¯à®à¯à®à®¾à®©
- à®à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®°à®µà®¾à®¤à®®à¯ à®à¯à®±à®¿à®ªà¯à®ªà®¿à®à¯à®
பயனà¯à®ªà®¾à®à¯à®à¯à®à¯à®à®¾à®©
à®à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®°à®µà®¾à®¤à®®à¯à®®à¯ à®à¯à® à®à®¿à®à¯à®¯à®¾à®¤à¯.
- à®®à¯à®²à¯à®®à¯ விவரà®à¯à®à®³à¯à®à¯à®à¯ à®à¯à®©à¯
பà¯à®¤à¯à®®à®à¯à®à®³à¯ à®à®°à®¿à®®à®¤à¯à®¤à¯à®ªà¯
பாரà¯à®µà¯à®¯à®¿à®à®µà¯à®®à¯.
+ Foobar is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ (at your option) any later version.
+
+ Foobar is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
- à®à®¨à¯à®¤ à®®à¯à®©à¯à®ªà¯à®°à¯à®³à¯à®à®©à¯ à®à¯à®©à¯
பà¯à®¤à¯à®®à®à¯à®à®³à¯ à®à®°à®¿à®®à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®©à¯ பிரதி
à®à®à¯à®à®³à¯à®à¯à®à¯ வழà®à¯à®à®ªà¯
பà®à¯à®à®¿à®°à¯à®à¯à® வà¯à®£à¯à®à¯à®®à¯.
- à®
வà¯à®µà®¾à®±à®¿à®²à¯à®²à¯à®¯à¯à®©à®¿à®²à¯,
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/> பà®à¯à®à®¤à¯à®¤à¯à®ªà¯
பாரà¯à®µà¯à®¯à®¿à®à®µà¯à®®à¯.
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with Foobar. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
</pre>
<p>à®à®¨à¯à®¤ வாà®à®à®®à¯ à®à®µà¯à®µà¯à®°à¯
à®®à¯à®²à®à¯à®à¯à®±à®¿à®¯à¯à®à¯à®à¯à®à¯
à®à¯à®ªà¯à®ªà®¿à®²à¯à®®à¯, à®à¯à®ªà¯à®ªà®¿à®©à¯
தà¯à®à®à¯à®à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®²à¯,
@@ -159,8 +164,8 @@
“Gnomovision” (à®à®à¯à®à¯à®à®¿à®¯à®¿à®²à¯
பயனà¯à®ªà®à¯à®¤à¯à®¤à®ªà¯ பà®à¯à®µà®¤à¯)
à®®à¯à®©à¯à®ªà¯à®°à¯à®³à®¿à®©à¯à®ªà®¾à®²à¯
à®à®¾à®ªà¯à®ªà¯à®°à®¿à®®à¯ தà¯à®à®°à¯à®ªà®¾à®© à®
னà¯à®¤à¯à®¤à¯
à®à®à¯à®à¯à®à®³à¯à®¯à¯à®®à¯ தà¯à®±à®à¯à®à®¿à®±à®¤à¯.</p>
-<p><ம௠à®à¯à®²à¯ à®
வரà¯à®à®³à®¿à®©à¯
à®à¯à®¯à¯à®ªà¯à®ªà®®à¯>, 1 à®à®ªà¯à®°à®²à¯ 1989<br />à®®à¯
à®à¯à®²à¯,
-தà¯à®£à¯à®¤à¯à®¤à®²à¯à®µà®°à¯</p></blockquote>
+<p><signature of Moe Ghoul>, 1 April 1989<br />
+ Moe Ghoul, President of Vice</p></blockquote>
<p>நாà®à¯à®à®³à¯ à®à®à¯à®à®±à¯à®±
à®®à¯à®©à¯à®ªà¯à®°à¯à®³à¯à®à®³à¯, GPL (à®à®¨à¯à®¤
வà¯à®³à®¿à®¯à¯à®à®¾à®¯à®¿à®©à¯à®®à¯) à®à®°à®¿à®®à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®©à¯
à®à¯à®´à¯
வà¯à®³à®¿à®¯à®¿à®à®ªà¯à®ªà®à¯à®®à¯ à®
னà¯à®¤à¯à®¤à¯
à®®à¯à®©à¯à®ªà¯à®°à¯à®à¯à®à®³à¯à®¯à¯à®®à¯ à®à¯à®°à¯à®¤à¯à®¤à¯,
à®à®à¯à®à®±à¯à®± à®®à¯à®©à¯à®ªà¯à®°à¯à®³à¯
@@ -200,12 +205,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-FSF & GNU தà¯à®à®°à¯à®ªà®¾à®© வினவலà¯à®à®³à¯ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> à®
னà¯à®ªà¯à®ªà®µà¯à®®à¯. FSF à® <a
-href="/contact/">தà¯à®à®°à¯à®ªà¯ à®à¯à®³à¯à®³à¯à®®à¯ வà¯à®±à¯
வழிà®à®³à¯à®®à¯</a> à®à®£à¯à®à¯. <br />
-தà¯à®£à¯à®à®¿à®à¯à®à®ªà¯à®ªà®à¯à® à®à®£à¯à®ªà¯à®ªà¯à®à®³à¯,
திரà¯à®¤à¯à®¤à®à¯à®à®³à¯, பரிநà¯à®¤à¯à®°à¯à®à®³à¯
à®à®³à¯à®³à®¿à®à¯à®à®µà®±à¯à®±à¯ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> à®à®©à¯à®±
-à®®à¯à®à®µà®°à®¿à®à¯à®à¯ à®
னà¯à®ªà¯à®ªà®µà¯à®®à¯.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -220,9 +225,9 @@
நிறà¯à®µà®ªà¯à®ªà®à¯à®à®¤à¯.,</p>
<address>51 பிராà®à¯à®à¯à®³à®¿à®©à¯ தà¯à®°à¯,
à®à®¨à¯à®¤à®¾à®µà®¤à¯ தளமà¯, பாஸà¯à®à®©à¯, MA 02110,
USA</address>
<p>
-à®à®¨à¯à®¤ à®
றிவிபà¯à®ªà¯ நà¯à®à¯à®à®¾à®®à®²à¯,
à®à®¨à¯à®¤ à®à®à¯à®à¯à®°à¯ à®®à¯à®´à¯à®µà®¤à¯à®¯à¯à®®à¯
à®à®¨à¯à®¤à®µà®¿à®¤ பà®à¯à®à¯à®®à¯ à®à®©à¯à®±à®¿
-à®à®¨à¯à®¤ à®à®à®à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®©à¯ வாயிலாà®à®µà¯à®®à¯
பà®à®¿à®¯à¯à®à¯à®à¯à®à®µà¯à®®à¯
விநியà¯à®à®¿à®à¯à®à®µà¯à®®à¯ à®
னà¯à®®à®¤à®¿à®à¯à®à®ªà¯
-பà®à¯à®à®¿à®±à®¤à¯.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -234,7 +239,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:35:40 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -259,6 +264,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/licenses/gpl-howto.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/gpl-howto.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/licenses/gpl-howto.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: licenses/gpl-violation.ta.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/gpl-violation.ta.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- licenses/gpl-violation.ta.html 13 Jul 2011 17:35:40 -0000 1.2
+++ licenses/gpl-violation.ta.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:19 -0000 1.3
@@ -110,12 +110,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-FSF & GNU தà¯à®à®°à¯à®ªà®¾à®© வினவலà¯à®à®³à¯ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> à®
னà¯à®ªà¯à®ªà®µà¯à®®à¯. FSF à® <a
-href="/contact/">தà¯à®à®°à¯à®ªà¯ à®à¯à®³à¯à®³à¯à®®à¯ வà¯à®±à¯
வழிà®à®³à¯à®®à¯</a> à®à®£à¯à®à¯. <br />
-தà¯à®£à¯à®à®¿à®à¯à®à®ªà¯à®ªà®à¯à® à®à®£à¯à®ªà¯à®ªà¯à®à®³à¯,
திரà¯à®¤à¯à®¤à®à¯à®à®³à¯, பரிநà¯à®¤à¯à®°à¯à®à®³à¯
à®à®³à¯à®³à®¿à®à¯à®à®µà®±à¯à®±à¯ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> à®à®©à¯à®±
-à®®à¯à®à®µà®°à®¿à®à¯à®à¯ à®
னà¯à®ªà¯à®ªà®µà¯à®®à¯.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -130,9 +130,9 @@
நிறà¯à®µà®ªà¯à®ªà®à¯à®à®¤à¯.,
</p>
<address>51 பிராà®à¯à®à¯à®³à®¿à®©à¯ தà¯à®°à¯,
à®à®¨à¯à®¤à®¾à®µà®¤à¯ தளமà¯, பாஸà¯à®à®©à¯, MA 02110,
USA</address>
-<p>à®à®¨à¯à®¤ à®
றிவிபà¯à®ªà¯ நà¯à®à¯à®à®¾à®®à®²à¯,
à®à®¨à¯à®¤ à®à®à¯à®à¯à®°à¯ à®®à¯à®´à¯à®µà®¤à¯à®¯à¯à®®à¯
à®à®¨à¯à®¤à®µà®¿à®¤ பà®à¯à®à¯à®®à¯ à®à®©à¯à®±à®¿
-à®à®¨à¯à®¤ à®à®à®à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®©à¯ வாயிலாà®à®µà¯à®®à¯
பà®à®¿à®¯à¯à®à¯à®à¯à®à®µà¯à®®à¯
விநியà¯à®à®¿à®à¯à®à®µà¯à®®à¯ à®
னà¯à®®à®¤à®¿à®à¯à®à®ªà¯
-பà®à¯à®à®¿à®±à®¤à¯.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:35:40 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -170,6 +170,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/licenses/gpl-violation.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/gpl-violation.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/licenses/gpl-violation.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -184,6 +186,8 @@
<li><a
href="/licenses/gpl-violation.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/licenses/gpl-violation.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/licenses/gpl-violation.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/gpl-violation.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
Index: licenses/license-list.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/license-list.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.104
retrieving revision 1.105
diff -u -b -r1.104 -r1.105
--- licenses/license-list.fr.html 19 Jul 2011 08:42:19 -0000 1.104
+++ licenses/license-list.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:20 -0000 1.105
@@ -816,21 +816,28 @@
<dt><a href="http://www.osor.eu/eupl"; id="EUPL">European Union Public License
(EUPL) version 1.1</a></dt>
-<dd><p>C'est une licence de logiciel libre. En soi, elle a un copyleft
comparable Ã
-celui de la GPL. Cependant, elle permet aux destinataires de distribuer
-l'Åuvre sous les termes d'autres licences sélectionnées, et certaines
-d'entre-elles (l'<a href="#EPL">Eclipse Public License</a> et la <a
-href="#CommonPublicLicense10">Common Public License</a> en particulier)
-proposent seulement un gauche d'auteur plus faible. Par conséquent, les
-développeurs ne peuvents pas compter sur cette licence pour un gauche
-d'auteur fort.</p>
-
-<p>L'EUPL est compatible avec la GPLv2, car elle est citée comme une des
-licences alternatives que les destinataires peuvent utiliser. Cependant,
-elle est incompatible avec la GPLv3, car les destinataires n'ont pas la
-permission d'utiliser les termes de la GPLv3, et le copyleft de l'EUPL est
-en conflit avec celui de la GPLv3. à cause de cette incompatibilité, nous
-vous pressons de ne pas utiliser l'EUPL pour les logiciels que vous
écrivez.</p></dd>
+<dd><p>This is a free software license. By itself, it has a copyleft
comparable to
+the GPL's, and incompatible with it. However, it gives recipients ways to
+relicense the work under the terms of other selected licenses, and some of
+those—the <a href="#EPL">Eclipse Public License</a> and the <a
+href="#CommonPublicLicense10">Common Public License</a> in
+particular—only provide a weaker copyleft. Thus, developers can't
+rely on this license to provide a strong copyleft.</p>
+
+<p>The EUPL allows relicensing to GPLv2, because that is listed as one of the
+alternative licenses that users may convert to. It also, indirectly, allows
+relicensing to GPL version 3, because there is a way to relicense to the
+CeCILL v2, and the CeCILL v2 gives a way to relicense to any version of the
+GNU GPL.</p>
+
+<p>To do this two-step relicensing, you need to first write a piece of code
+which you can license under the CeCILL v2, or find a suitable module already
+available that way, and add it to the program. Adding that code to the
+EUPL-covered program provides grounds relicense it to the CeCILL v2. Then
+your need to write a piece of code which you can license under the GPLv3+,
+or find a suitable module already available that way, and add it to the
+program. Adding that code to the CeCILL-covered program provides grounds to
+relicense it to GPLv3+.</p></dd>
<dt><a id="IBMPL" href="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/ibmpl.php";>IBM
Public
License, Version 1.0</a></dt>
@@ -1685,14 +1692,14 @@
logiciels ou de la documentation, car elle est incompatible avec la GNU GPL
et la GNU FDL.</p>
-<p id="which-cc">Il n'y a littéralement pas de liberté spécifique que
toutes les licences
-Creative Commons n'autorisent. Cependant, dire qu'une œuvre
-« utilise une licence Creative Commons », c'est laisser sans
-réponse toutes les questions importantes sur la licence de
-l'œuvre. Quand vous voyez une telle déclaration, veuillez suggérer de
-la rendre plus claire. Et si quelqu'un propose d'utiliser une « licence
-Creative Commons » pour une certaine œuvre, il est essentiel de
-demander immédiatement « Laquelle ? ».</p>
+<p id="which-cc">Creative Commons publishes many licenses which are very
different.
+Therefore, to say that a work “uses a Creative Commons license”
+is to leave the principal questions about the work's licensing unanswered.
+When you see such a statement in a work, please ask the author to change the
+work to state clearly and visibly <em>which</em>of the Creative Commons
+license it uses. And if someone proposes to “use a Creative Commons
+license” for a certain work, it is vital to ask “Which Creative
+Commons license?” before proceeding any further.</p>
</dd>
<dt><a id="ccbysa"
@@ -1861,7 +1868,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
- $Date: 2011/07/19 08:42:19 $
+ $Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: licenses/licenses.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/licenses.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- licenses/licenses.ar.html 13 Jul 2011 17:35:41 -0000 1.13
+++ licenses/licenses.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:20 -0000 1.14
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Licenses - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<title>Licenses - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
<h2>تراخÙص</h2>
@@ -27,6 +27,14 @@
أخرÙ</a>.
</p>
+<p>If you've started a new project and you're not sure what license to use, <a
+href="/licenses/license-recommendations.html">“How to choose a license
+for your own work”</a> details our recommendations in an
+easy-to-follow guide. If you just want a quick list reference, we have a
+page that names our <a
+href="/licenses/recommended-copylefts.html">recommended copyleft
+licenses</a>.</p>
+
<p>
تتÙ
ØاÙÙا Ù
راجعة تراخÙصÙا ÙÙÙثائÙØ ÙÙØÙ
ÙرØب بتعÙÙÙات٠عÙ٠اÙÙصÙص
اÙÙ
ÙترØØ©. Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠زÙر <a href="http://gplv3.fsf.org";>Ù
ÙÙع
تØدÙØ« ترخÙصÙا</a>
@@ -115,7 +123,8 @@
href="/licenses/agpl.texi">تخÙÙÙ</a>Ø Ù<a
href="/licenses/agpl.tex">Ùاتخ</a>. Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ستÙدات ÙÙست Ù
ÙسÙØ© ÙتÙشر ÙØÙدةØ
ÙÙ
ÙÙئة ÙتضÙ
Ù ÙÙ Ù
ستÙد آخر.</li>
- <li><a href="/licenses/why-affero-gpl.html">Why the Affero GPL</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/licenses/why-gfdl.ar.html">ÙÙ
اذا Ùجب عÙÙ
اÙÙاشرÙ٠استخداÙ
غÙÙ
+Ø¥Ù​دÙ​Ø¥Ù</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="FDL">رخصة غÙÙ ÙÙÙثائ٠اÙØرة</h3>
@@ -145,13 +154,12 @@
Ø¥Ù‌دÙ‌Ø¥Ù</a></li>
</ul>
-<h3 id="Exceptions">Exceptions to GNU Licenses</h3>
+<h3 id="Exceptions">اÙاستثÙاءات عÙ٠تراخÙص غÙÙ</h3>
-<p>Some GNU programs have additional permissions or special exceptions to
-specific terms in one of the main licenses. Since some of those are
-commonly used or inspire a lot of questions on their own, we've started
-collecting them on our <a href="/licenses/exceptions.html">exceptions
-page</a>.</p>
+<p>Ùد٠بعض براÙ
ج غÙ٠أذÙÙات إضاÙÙØ© Ø£Ù
استثÙاءات خاصة ÙÙشرÙØ· اÙÙ
Øددة ÙÙ ÙاØدة Ù
Ù
+اÙرخص اÙرئÙسÙØ©. بÙ
ا أ٠بعض تÙÙ Ù
ستخدÙ
٠عاÙ
ة٠أ٠تÙÙÙ
اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙأسئÙØ© Ù
Ù
+تÙÙاء ÙÙسÙØ§Ø ÙÙد بدأÙا جÙ
عÙا عÙÙ <a
href="/licenses/exceptions.html"> Ù
ÙÙع
+اÙاستثÙاءات</a>.</p>
<h3 id="LicenseURLs">Ù
سارات اÙترخÙص</h3>
@@ -216,18 +224,21 @@
<h3 id="VerbatimCopying">اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ</h3>
-<p>
-Ù
ÙاØظة ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر اÙÙÙاسÙØ© Ù٠صÙØات Ùب غÙÙ:
<em><span
-class="highlight">اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙ
دخÙØ© اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù
Ùجازة ÙÙ Ù٠أÙØاء
-اÙعاÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠أرباØØ Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ù
ع Ùضع ÙØ°Ù
اÙÙ
ÙاØظة Ù٠عÙÙ
-اÙاعتبار</span>.</em> ÙاØظ رجاء٠اÙتÙسÙر اÙتاÙÙ
بÙÙÙ
إبÙÙ Ù
ÙجÙÙÙ:
-</p>
+<p>The standard copyright terms for GNU web pages is now the <a
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>. It used to be (and for
+a few pages still is): <em><span class="highlight">Verbatim copying and
+distribution of this entire article are permitted worldwide, without
+royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is preserved</span>.</em>
+Please note the following commentary about this “verbatim
+license” by Eben Moglen:</p>
<p>
-”ÙدÙÙا Ù
٠استخداÙ
عبارة ’اÙتÙزÙع
اÙØرÙÙ Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·‘ Ùا
-ÙتطÙب استبÙاء ترÙÙسات ÙÙÙاÙ
Ø´ اÙصÙØØ© Ø£Ù
غÙرÙا Ù
Ù Ù
زاÙا اÙتÙسÙÙ. استبÙاء ÙصÙات
-اÙÙب ÙÙ ÙسÙØ· اÙÙصÙØ© اÙÙائÙØ© ÙغÙر اÙÙائÙØ©
(ÙاÙÙ
ÙاØظات Ø£Ù ÙÙ
اذج أخر٠Ùطبع
-اÙÙ
سارات ÙÙ ÙسÙØ· غÙر-إتش​تÙ​Ø¥Ù
​Ø¥Ù)
Ù
Ø·ÙÙب.“
+“Our intention in using the phrase ‘verbatim copying in any
+medium’ is not to require retention of page headings and footers or
+other formatting features. Retention of weblinks in both hyperlinked and
+non-hyperlinked media (as notes or some other form of printed URL in
+non-HTML media) is required”.
</p>
<h3>ÙائÙ
Ø© تراخÙص اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</h3>
@@ -309,9 +320,9 @@
</p>
<p>
-Ù
Ø·ÙرÙا اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© ÙستخدÙ
ÙÙ ØÙÙÙ
اÙÙشر Ùإبعاد ØرÙØ© اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ ÙØÙ
-ÙستخدÙ
Ùا ÙضÙ
ات ØرÙتÙÙ
. ÙÙذا ÙØÙ ÙÙبÙا اÙاسÙ
Ø ØºÙÙرÙا ”ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر“
-Ø¥ÙÙ ”ØÙÙÙ Ù
ترÙÙØ©“.
+Proprietary software developers use copyright to take away the users'
+freedom; we use copyright to guarantee their freedom. That's why we reverse
+the name, changing “copyright” into “copyleft”.
</p>
<p>
@@ -373,13 +384,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
باÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù
-ÙضÙ٠أرسÙاÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -392,22 +403,24 @@
2005Ø 2006Ø 2007Ø 2008 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</address>
<p>
-اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙ
دخÙØ© اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù
Ùجازة ÙÙ Ù٠أÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
بدÙÙ Ø£Ø±Ø¨Ø§Ø ÙÙ
-Ø£Ù ÙسÙØ· Ù
ع Ùضع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاØظة Ù٠عÙ٠اÙاعتبار.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-ترجÙ
Ùا <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>أساÙ
Ø©
خاÙد</em></a><br
-/>.ÙرÙ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø© اÙعربÙØ© بإشرا٠<a
href="http://www.cruised.net/";><em>ØساÙ
-ØسÙÙ</em></a>.</div>
+ترجÙ
Ùا <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>أساÙ
Ø©
خاÙد</em></a><br />تÙ
+تØدÙØ« اÙترجÙ
Ø© Ù
Ù Ùب٠<a
href="http://www.motargem.com/";><em>Motargem.com
+Arabic translation</em></a>.ÙرÙ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø© اÙعربÙØ©
بإشرا٠<a
+href="http://www.cruised.net/";><em>ØساÙ
ØسÙÙ</em></a>.</div>
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدثÙت:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:35:41 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -434,6 +447,8 @@
<li><a
href="/licenses/licenses.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/licenses/licenses.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/licenses.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/licenses.el.html">Ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
Index: licenses/licenses.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/licenses.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- licenses/licenses.ca.html 13 Jul 2011 17:35:41 -0000 1.19
+++ licenses/licenses.ca.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:20 -0000 1.20
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ca.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Licenses - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<title>Llicències - Projecte GNU - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
<h2>Llicències</h2>
@@ -30,6 +30,15 @@
llicències de documentació lliure</a>.
</p>
+<p>Si heu començat un nou projecte i no esteu segurs de quina llicència
+utilitzar, el document <a
+href="/licenses/license-recommendations.html">“Com triar una llicència
+per al vostre treball”</a> detalla les nostres recomanacions en una
+guia fà cil de seguir. Si només voleu una referència rà pida, tenim una pÃ
gina
+que enumera les nostres <a
+href="/licenses/recommended-copylefts.html">llicències copyleft
+recomanades</a>.</p>
+
<p>
Actualment estem revisant totes les nostres llicències; els vostres
comentaris sobre els textos proposats són benvinguts. Visiteu si us plau <a
@@ -101,7 +110,7 @@
href="/licenses/lgpl.texi">Texinfo</a>. Aquests documents s'ofereixen sense
format perquè no són per a publicar-los aïlladament, sinó per a incloure'ls
en un altre document.</li>
- <li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">Per què no haurÃeu d'utilitzar la
+ <li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ca.html">Per què no haurÃeu
d'utilitzar la
Llicència Pública General Reduïda per a la vostra pròxima
biblioteca</a></li>
<li><a href="/licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.ca.html#GPL">Versions
anteriors
de la GNU LGPL</a></li>
@@ -126,7 +135,8 @@
href="/licenses/agpl.tex">LaTeX</a>. Aquests documents s'ofereixen sense
format perquè no són per a publicar-los aïlladament, sinó per a incloure'ls
en un altre document.</li>
- <li><a href="/licenses/why-affero-gpl.html">Why the Affero GPL</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/licenses/why-affero-gpl.html">Per què utilitzar la Llicència
+Pública General Affero</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="FDL">La Llicència de Documentació Lliure de GNU (GFDL)</h3>
@@ -232,15 +242,17 @@
<h3 id="VerbatimCopying">Còpies literals i distribució</h3>
-<p>
-La nota de copyright està ndard per a les pà gines web de GNU diu: <em><span
+<p>La nota de copyright està ndard per a les pà gines web de GNU és ara la <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ca";>Llicència
+Creative Commons Reconeixement-SenseObraDerivada 3.0 Estats Units
+d'Amèrica</a>. Abans era (i encara ho és en algunes pà gines): <em><span
class="highlight">Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article
are permitted worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this
notice is preserved</span></em> [Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies
literals Ãntegres d'aquest article en qualsevol medi sense pagament de
drets, sempre que es conservi aquesta nota]. Noteu el següent comentari
-d'Eben Moglen:
-</p>
+d'Eben Moglen:</p>
<p>
“La intenció de la frase ‘verbatim copying in any medium’
@@ -422,13 +434,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ca.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-
<p>
Envieu les vostres preguntes sobre la FSF i GNU a <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. També hi ha <a
-href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la
-FSF. <br />Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o
-suggeriments a <a
+href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la FSF.
+<br />
+Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o suggeriments a <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
@@ -445,21 +456,23 @@
2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</address>
<p>
-Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en
-qualsevol medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que es conservi aquesta nota.
+Aquesta pà gina es troba sota la <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ca";>Llicència
+Creative Commons Reconeixement-SenseObraDerivada 3.0 Estats Units
+d'Amèrica</a>.
</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-Darrera actualització: <a href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 23
-d'octubre de 2008.</div>
+Darrera actualització: <a href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 25 de
+juliol de 2011.</div>
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:35:41 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -486,6 +499,8 @@
<li><a
href="/licenses/licenses.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/licenses/licenses.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/licenses.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/licenses.el.html">Ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
Index: licenses/licenses.el.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/licenses.el.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- licenses/licenses.el.html 13 Jul 2011 17:35:41 -0000 1.5
+++ licenses/licenses.el.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:20 -0000 1.6
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.el.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>ÎÎ´ÎµÎ¹ÎµÏ - ÎÏγο GNU - ÎδÏÏ
μα ÎλεÏθεÏοÏ
ÎογιÏÎ¼Î¹ÎºÎ¿Ï (ÎÎÎ)</title>
+<title>Licenses - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.el.html" -->
<h2>ÎδειεÏ</h2>
@@ -32,6 +32,14 @@
Î¬Î´ÎµÎ¹ÎµÏ ÏεκμηÏίÏÏηÏ</a>.
</p>
+<p>If you've started a new project and you're not sure what license to use, <a
+href="/licenses/license-recommendations.html">“How to choose a license
+for your own work”</a> details our recommendations in an
+easy-to-follow guide. If you just want a quick list reference, we have a
+page that names our <a
+href="/licenses/recommended-copylefts.html">recommended copyleft
+licenses</a>.</p>
+
<p>
Îι άδειÎÏ Î¼Î±Ï ÏεκμηÏίÏÏÎ·Ï Î²ÏίÏκονÏαι Ï
ÏÏ
αναθεÏÏηÏη και καλοÏÏÏίζοÏ
με Ïα
ÏÏÏλιά ÏÎ±Ï ÏÏα ÏÏοÏεινÏμενα κείμενα. Î
αÏακαλοÏμε εÏιÏκεÏεÏείÏε <a
@@ -231,22 +239,21 @@
<h3 id="VerbatimCopying">ÎαÏά λÎξη ανÏιγÏαÏή και
διανομή</h3>
-<p>
-Î ÏÏ
ÏοÏοιημÎνη ειδοÏοίηÏη ÏνεÏ
μαÏικÏν
δικαιÏμάÏÏν για ÏÎ¹Ï Î¹ÏÏοÏÎµÎ»Î¯Î´ÎµÏ GNU
-γÏάÏει: <em><span class="highlight">ÎÏιÏÏÎÏεÏαι η καÏά
λÎξη ανÏιγÏαÏή και
-διανομή ÏλοÏ
αÏ
ÏÎ¿Ï ÏοÏ
άÏθÏοÏ
ÏαγκοÏμίÏÏ,
ÏÏÏÎ¯Ï ÎµÏίδομα ÏÏ
γγÏαÏÎÏÏ, Ïε
-οÏοιοδήÏοÏε μÎÏο, με Ïην ÏÏοÏÏÏθεÏη ÏÏι αÏ
Ïή η ειδοÏοίηÏη
-διαÏηÏείÏαι</span>.</em> ΠαÏακαλοÏμε ÏÏοÏÎξÏε
Ïο ÏαÏακάÏÏ ÏÏÏλιο αÏÏ Ïον
-Eben Moglen:
-</p>
+<p>The standard copyright terms for GNU web pages is now the <a
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>. It used to be (and for
+a few pages still is): <em><span class="highlight">Verbatim copying and
+distribution of this entire article are permitted worldwide, without
+royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is preserved</span>.</em>
+Please note the following commentary about this “verbatim
+license” by Eben Moglen:</p>
<p>
-“Î ÏÏÏθεÏή Î¼Î±Ï ÏÏηÏιμοÏοιÏνÏÎ±Ï Ïη ÏÏάÏη
‘καÏά λÎξη ανÏιγÏαÏή Ïε
-οÏοιοδήÏοÏε μÎÏο’ δεν είναι να
αÏαιÏήÏοÏ
με διαÏήÏηÏη ÏÏν κεÏαλίδÏν και
-Ï
ÏοÏÎλιδÏν ή άλλÏν ÏÏοιÏείÏν
μοÏÏοÏοίηÏηÏ. ΠδιαÏήÏηÏη ÏÏν web ÏÏ
νδÎÏμÏν
-ÏÏÏο Ïε Ï
ÏεÏ-ÏÏ
νδεδεμÎνα (hyperlinked) μÎÏα ÏÏο
και Ïε μη Ï
ÏεÏ-ÏÏ
νδεδεμÎνα
-μÎÏα (ÏÏÏÏ ÏημειÏÏÎµÎ¹Ï Î® κάÏοια άλλη μοÏÏή
εκÏÏ
ÏÏμÎνοÏ
URL Ïε μη-HTML μÎÏα)
-αÏαιÏείÏαι.”
+“Our intention in using the phrase ‘verbatim copying in any
+medium’ is not to require retention of page headings and footers or
+other formatting features. Retention of weblinks in both hyperlinked and
+non-hyperlinked media (as notes or some other form of printed URL in
+non-HTML media) is required”.
</p>
<h3>ÎίÏÏα ελεÏθεÏÏν αδειÏν λογιÏμικοÏ</h3>
@@ -344,11 +351,9 @@
</p>
<p>
-Îι ÏÏογÏαμμαÏιÏÏÎÏ Î¹Î´Î¹Î¿ÎºÏηÏιακοÏ
λογιÏÎ¼Î¹ÎºÎ¿Ï ÏÏηÏιμοÏοιοÏν Ïα ÏνεÏ
μαÏικά
-δικαιÏμαÏα για να αÏαιÏÎÏοÏ
ν Ïην ελεÏ
θεÏία ÏÏν ÏÏηÏÏÏν· ÎµÎ¼ÎµÎ¯Ï ÏÏηÏιμοÏοιοÏμε
-Ïα ÏνεÏ
μαÏικά δικαιÏμαÏα για να εγγÏ
ηθοÏμε Ïην ελεÏ
θεÏία ÏοÏ
Ï. Îι' αÏ
ÏÏ ÎºÎ±Î¹
-ανÏιÏÏÏÎÏοÏ
με Ïο Ïνομα, αλλάζονÏÎ±Ï Ïα ÏνεÏ
μαÏικά δικαιÏμαÏα
-(“copyright”) Ïε “copyleft.”
+Proprietary software developers use copyright to take away the users'
+freedom; we use copyright to guarantee their freedom. That's why we reverse
+the name, changing “copyright” into “copyleft”.
</p>
<p>
@@ -428,7 +433,6 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.el.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
@@ -450,9 +454,9 @@
2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 ÎδÏÏ
μα ÎλεÏθεÏοÏ
ÎογιÏμικοÏ,
Inc.,</p>
<address>ÎδÏÏ Î¦ÏαγκλίνοÏ
51, Î ÎμÏÏÎ¿Ï ÎÏοÏοÏ,
ÎοÏÏÏνη, MA 02110-1301, ÎÎ Î</address>
<p>
-ÎÏιÏÏÎÏεÏαι η καÏά λÎξη ανÏιγÏαÏή και
διανομή ÏλοÏ
αÏ
ÏÎ¿Ï ÏοÏ
άÏθÏοÏ
-ÏαγκοÏμίÏÏ, ÏÏÏÎ¯Ï ÎµÏίδομα ÏÏ
γγÏαÏÎÏÏ, Ïε
οÏοιοδήÏοÏε μÎÏο, με Ïην ÏÏοÏÏÏθεÏη
-ÏÏι αÏ
Ïή η ειδοÏοίηÏη διαÏηÏείÏαι.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -469,7 +473,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÎνημεÏÏθηκε:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:35:41 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -496,6 +500,8 @@
<li><a
href="/licenses/licenses.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/licenses/licenses.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/licenses.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/licenses.el.html">Ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
Index: licenses/licenses.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/licenses.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.52
retrieving revision 1.53
diff -u -b -r1.52 -r1.53
--- licenses/licenses.fr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:35:41 -0000 1.52
+++ licenses/licenses.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:20 -0000 1.53
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Licences - Projet GNU - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<title>Licenses - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
<h2>Licences</h2>
@@ -241,23 +241,21 @@
<h3 id="VerbatimCopying">Copie et distribution conforme (verbatim)</h3>
-<p>
-La notice de copyright standard pour les pages web de GNU est :
-<em><span class="highlight">Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire
-article are permitted worldwide without royalty in any medium, provided this
-notice is preserved</span>.</em> (en français : <em><span
-class="highlight">La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet
-article sont autorisées dans le monde entier sans redevance et sur tous
-supports pourvu que la présente notice soitpréservée</span>.</em>). Noter le
-commentaire suivant d'Eben Moglen :
-</p>
+<p>The standard copyright terms for GNU web pages is now the <a
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>. It used to be (and for
+a few pages still is): <em><span class="highlight">Verbatim copying and
+distribution of this entire article are permitted worldwide, without
+royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is preserved</span>.</em>
+Please note the following commentary about this “verbatim
+license” by Eben Moglen:</p>
<p>
-« Notre intention dans la phrase « verbatim copying in any
-medium » n'est pas d'obliger la rétention des en-têtes et des pieds de
-page, ou d'autres mises en forme graphique. La rétention des liens
-hypertextes à la fois sur les supports de type hypertextes ou non (tels que
-les notes ou les URL imprimées dans des medias non-HTML) est requise. »
+“Our intention in using the phrase ‘verbatim copying in any
+medium’ is not to require retention of page headings and footers or
+other formatting features. Retention of weblinks in both hyperlinked and
+non-hyperlinked media (as notes or some other form of printed URL in
+non-HTML media) is required”.
</p>
<h3>Liste des licences de logiciels libres</h3>
@@ -361,11 +359,9 @@
</p>
<p>
-Les développeurs de logiciels propriétaires utilisent le droit de copie pour
-priver les utilisateurs de leurs libertés. De notre côté, nous l'utilisons
-pour garantir ces libertés. Voilà pourquoi nous avons inversé le mot
-« copyright » (« droit d'auteur ») en
-« copyleft » (« gauche d'auteur »).
+Proprietary software developers use copyright to take away the users'
+freedom; we use copyright to guarantee their freedom. That's why we reverse
+the name, changing “copyright” into “copyleft”.
</p>
<p>
@@ -437,7 +433,6 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
@@ -460,9 +455,10 @@
2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</address>
<p>
-La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage sans contrepartie financière,
-pourvu que cette notice soit préservée.
+Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -475,7 +471,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:35:41 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -502,6 +498,8 @@
<li><a
href="/licenses/licenses.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/licenses/licenses.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/licenses.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/licenses.el.html">Ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
Index: licenses/rms-why-gplv3.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/rms-why-gplv3.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- licenses/rms-why-gplv3.fr.html 2 Jul 2010 12:39:21 -0000 1.7
+++ licenses/rms-why-gplv3.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:20 -0000 1.8
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Pourquoi mettre à jour vers la GPLv3 - GNU Project - Free
Software
+<title>Pourquoi mettre à jour vers la GPLv3 - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Pourquoi mettre à jour vers la GPLv3</h2>
+<h2>Pourquoi mettre à jour vers la GPLv3</h2>
<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
@@ -16,176 +16,158 @@
<!-- language, where necessary. -->
<p>par <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
-<p>La <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">version 3 de la GNU General Public Licence
-(GNU GPL)</a> est sortie, permettant une mise à jour des logiciels
-libres sous la version 2 de la GPL. Cet article explique pourquoi une mise
-à jour de la licence est importante.</p>
-
-<p>Tout d'abord, il est essentiel de noter que la mise à jour est un
-choix. La GPL version 2 restera une licence valide, et rien de
-désastreux n'arrivera si quelques programmes restent sous GPLv2
-tandis que d'autres passent à la GPLv3. Ces deux licences sont
-incompatibles mais cela n'est pas un sérieux problème.</p>
-
-<p>Quand nous disons que la GPLv2 et la GPLv3 sont incompatibles, cela signifie
-qu'il n'y a pas de possibilité légale de combiner du code sous
-GPLv2 avec du code sous GPLv3 dans un même pogramme. Car toutes deux
-sont des licences libres, chacune dit : « si vous incorporez
-du code sous cette licence dans un plus grand programme, ce dernier doit
-aussi être sous cette licence ». Il est impossible de les
-rendre compatibles. Nous aurions pu ajouter une clause de
-compatibilité avec la GPLv2 dans la GPLv3, mais cela n'aurait pas
-convenu, car la GPLv2 aurait eu besoin d'une clause similaire.</p>
-
-<p>Heureusement, l'incompatibilité de licence n'a de sens que lorsque
-vous voulez lier, mélanger ou combiner du code de deux programmes
-différents en un seul. Il n'y a pas de problème d'avoir des
-programmes, sous GPLv3 ou GPLv2, les uns à côté des
-autres dans un système d'exploitation. Par exemple, la licence TEX et
-la licence Apache sont incompatibles avec la GPLv2, mais cela ne nous
-empêche pas d'avoir TEX et Apache dans le même système
-avec Linux, Bash et GCC car ce sont tous des programmes
-séparés. Ainsi, si Bash et GCC évoluent vers la GPLv3,
-tandis que Linux reste sous la GPLv2, il n'y pas de conflit.</p>
-
-<p>Garder un logiciel sous GPLv2 ne créera pas de problème. La
-raison de migrer est le fait de problèmes existants auxquels la GPLv3
-va être confrontée.</p>
-
-<p>L'un des principaux dangers écartés par la GPLv3 est la
-tivoïsation <sup><a href="#TransNote1">1</a></sup>. La tivoïsation
-caractérise des ordinateurs (appelés « appliances
-<sup><a href="#TransNote2">2</a></sup> ») contenant des
-applications sous GPL que vous ne pouvez changer, la machine
-s'éteignant à la détection d'un programme
-modifié. La raison habituelle d'une tivoïsation est un programme
-ayant des fonctionnalités que beaucoup n'aimeraient pas selon
-l'opinion du fabricant. Les fabricants de ces ordinateurs profitent de la
-liberté accordée par les logiciels libres, mais ne vous
-laissent pas en faire autant.</p>
-
-<p>Certains pensent que la concurrence entre machines dans un marché
-libre devrait suffire pour maintenir les mauvaises fonctionnalités
-à un faible niveau. Peut-être que seule la compétition
-éviterait les inutiles, arbitraires et mauvaises
-fonctionnalités telles que « doit s'éteindre entre
-1 heure et 5 heures de l'après-midi, chaque mardi », mais,
-même ainsi, le choix des maîtres n'est pas la liberté. La
-liberté signifie que c'est <em>vous</em> qui contrôlez ce que
-font les programmes, et pas seulement que vous puissiez supplier ou menacer
-quiconque décide à votre place.</p>
-
-<p>Dans le domaine crucial des <abbr title="Digital Rights
-Management">DRM</abbr> (gestion des droits numériques)
-—mauvaises fonctionnalités pensées pour restreindre
-l'usage des données de votre ordinateur— la compétition
-n'aide pas, car la pertinence est oubliée. Sous leDigital Millenium
-Copyright Act (loi sur le copyright du millénaire numérique)
-et autres lois similaires, il est illégal, aux <abbr title="United
-States of America">USA</abbr> et dans de nombreux autres pays, de distribuer
-des lecteurs de DVD sauf à restreindre l'utilisateur en suivant les
-règles de la « conspiration DVD » (leur site
-web est <a href="http://www.dvdcca.org/";>http://www.dvdcca.org/</a>, mais
-les règles ne semblent pas être publiées là). Le
-public ne peut rejeter les DRM en achetant des lecteurs sans DRM car ils
-n'existent pas. Peu importe le nombre de produits, ils ont tous
-l'équivalent de menottes numériques.</p>
-
-<p>La GPLv3 garantit votre liberté d'ôter ces menottes. Elle
-n'interdit pas les DRM ou autres fonctions. Elle ne met aucune limite
-à l'ajout ou au retrait à un programme d'une
-fonctionnalité conséquente. Par contre, elle s'assure que vous
-êtes aussi libre d'enlever des fonctionnalités
-désagréables que le distributeur de votre copie l'était
-d'en ajouter. La tivoïsation est la façon dont ils vous refusent
-cette liberté. Afin de protéger votre liberté, la GPLv3
-interdit la tivoïsation.</p>
-
-<p>L'interdiction de tivoïsation s'applique à tout produit dont
-l'utilisation par les consommateurs, même occasionnellement, peut
-être envisagée. La GPLv3 tolère la tivoïsation
-uniquement sur des produits principalement dédiés aux affaires
-et organisations (le dernier brouillon de la GPLv3 établit ce
-critère explicitement).</p>
-
-<p>La GPLv3 résiste à une autre menace, celle des accords de
-brevets comme celui de Novell-Microsoft. Microsoft veut utiliser ses
-milliers de brevets pour faire payer un privilège aux utilisateurs
-GNU/Linux. Microsoft fit cet accord pour essayer d'avoir cela. L'accord
-offre aux clients de Novell une faible protection face aux brevets
-Microsoft.</p>
-
-<p>Microsoft fit quelques erreurs dans l'accord Novell-Microsoft, et la GPLv3
-est pensée pour les retourner contre Microsoft, en étendant
-cette protection limitée à toute la communauté. Afin
-d'en profiter, les programmes doivent utiliser la GPLv3.</p>
+<p><a href="/licenses/gpl.html">Version 3 of the GNU General Public License</a>
+(GNU GPL) has been released, enabling free software packages to upgrade from
+GPL version 2. This article explains why upgrading the license is
+important.</p>
+
+<p id="choice">
+First of all, it is important to note that upgrading is a choice. GPL
+version 2 will remain a valid license, and no disaster will happen if some
+programs remain under GPLv2 while others advance to GPLv3. These two
+licenses are incompatible, but that isn't a fundamental problem.</p>
+
+<p id="incompatibility">
+Quand nous disons que la GPLv2 et la GPLv3 sont incompatibles, cela signifie
+qu'il n'y a pas de possibilité légale de combiner du code sous GPLv2 avec du
+code sous GPLv3 dans un même pogramme. Car toutes deux sont des licences
+libres, chacune dit : « si vous incorporez du code sous cette
+licence dans un plus grand programme, ce dernier doit aussi être sous cette
+licence ». Il est impossible de les rendre compatibles. Nous aurions pu
+ajouter une clause de compatibilité avec la GPLv2 dans la GPLv3, mais cela
+n'aurait pas convenu, car la GPLv2 aurait eu besoin d'une clause similaire.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately, license incompatibility matters only when you want to link,
+merge or combine code from two different programs into a single program.
+There is no problem in having GPLv3-covered and GPLv2-covered programs side
+by side in an operating system. For instance, the TeX license and the
+Apache license are incompatible with GPLv2, but that doesn't stop us from
+running TeX and Apache in the same system with Linux, Bash and GCC. This is
+because they are all separate programs. Likewise, if Bash and GCC move to
+GPLv3, while Linux remains under GPLv2, there is no conflict.</p>
+
+<p>Keeping a program under GPLv2 won't create problems. The reason to migrate
+is because of the existing problems that GPLv3 will address.</p>
+
+<p id="tivoization">
+One major danger that GPLv3 will block is tivoization. Tivoization means
+certain “appliances” (which have computers inside) contain
+GPL-covered software that you can't effectively change, because the
+appliance shuts down if it detects modified software. The usual motive for
+tivoization is that the software has features the manufacturer knows people
+will want to change, and aims to stop people from changing them. The
+manufacturers of these computers take advantage of the freedom that free
+software provides, but they don't let you do likewise.</p>
+
+<p>Certains pensent que la concurrence entre machines dans un marché libre
+devrait suffire pour maintenir les mauvaises fonctionnalités à un faible
+niveau. Peut-être que seule la compétition éviterait les inutiles,
+arbitraires et mauvaises fonctionnalités telles que « doit s'éteindre
+entre 1 heure et 5 heures de l'après-midi, chaque mardi », mais, même
+ainsi, le choix des maîtres n'est pas la liberté. La liberté signifie que
+c'est <em>vous</em> qui contrôlez ce que font les programmes, et pas
+seulement que vous puissiez supplier ou menacer quiconque décide à votre
+place.</p>
+
+<p id="drm">
+In the crucial area of Digital Restrictions Management (DRM)—nasty
+features designed to restrict your use of the data in your
+computer—competition is no help, because relevant competition is
+forbidden. Under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and similar laws, it
+is illegal, in the US and many other countries, to distribute DVD players
+unless they restrict the user according to the official rules of the DVD
+conspiracy (its web site is <a
+href="http://www.dvdcca.org/";>http://www.dvdcca.org/</a>, but the rules do
+not seem to be published there). The public can't reject DRM by buying
+non-DRM players because none are available. No matter how many products you
+can choose from, they all have equivalent digital handcuffs.</p>
+
+<p>La GPLv3 garantit votre liberté d'ôter ces menottes. Elle n'interdit pas
les
+DRM ou autres fonctions. Elle ne met aucune limite à l'ajout ou au retrait Ã
+un programme d'une fonctionnalité conséquente. Par contre, elle s'assure que
+vous êtes aussi libre d'enlever des fonctionnalités désagréables que le
+distributeur de votre copie l'était d'en ajouter. La tivoïsation est la
+façon dont ils vous refusent cette liberté. Afin de protéger votre liberté,
+la GPLv3 interdit la tivoïsation.</p>
+
+<p>The ban on tivoization applies to any product whose use by consumers is to
+be expected, even occasionally. GPLv3 tolerates tivoization only for
+products that are almost exclusively meant for businesses and
organizations.</p>
+
+<p id="patent-deals">
+Another threat that GPLv3 resists is that of patent deals like the
+Novell-Microsoft pact. Microsoft wants to use its thousands of patents to
+make users pay Microsoft for the privilege of running GNU/Linux, and made
+this pact to try to achieve that. The deal offers rather limited protection
+from Microsoft patents to Novell's customers.</p>
+
+<p>Microsoft made a few mistakes in the Novell-Microsoft deal, and GPLv3 is
+designed to turn them against Microsoft, extending that limited patent
+protection to the whole community. In order to take advantage of this
+protection, programs need to use GPLv3.</p>
-<p>Les avocats de Microsoft ne sont pas stupides et devraient éviter ces
+<p>Les avocats de Microsoft ne sont pas stupides et devraient éviter ces
erreurs la prochaine fois. Pour cela, la GPLv3 dit il n'y aura pas
-« d'autre fois ». Sortir un programme sous GPLv3 le
-protège des futures tentatives de collectes de royalties pour
-Microsoft par les redistributeurs auprès des utilisateurs.</p>
-
-<p>La GPLv3 offre aussi une protection claire à l'utilisateur face aux
-contributeurs et redistributeurs de programmes. Avec la GPLv2, les
-utilisateurs s'appuyaient sur une licence pour être certain que la
-compagnie distributrice de copie ne porte plainte pour violation de la loi
-des brevets, que ce soit contre eux ou contre les personnes ayant
-reçue une copie de leur part.</p>
-
-<p>La licence explicite de la GPLv3 ne va pas aussi loin que nous l'aurions
-souhaité. Idéalement, nous aurions fait que, quiconque
-redistribuant du code sous GPL abandonne tout brevet logiciel, tout comme
-ceux ne redistribuant pas de code sous GPL. Les brevets logiciels sont un
-système absurde et vicieux qui met les développeurs de
-programmes en danger de poursuites judiciaires de la part de compagnies ou
-méga-corporations dont ils n'avaient jamais entendu parler. Les
-programmes conséquents mélangent des milliers d'idées,
-c'est donc sans surprise qu'ils en mettent en œuvre certaines
-couvertes par des centaines de brevets.</p>
-
-<p>La seule manière de faire du développement de logiciel en
-toute sécurité est d'abolir les brevets logiciels, et nous
-atteindrons ce but un jour. Mais nous ne pouvons le faire avec un brevet
-logiciel. Un programme, libre ou non, peut être tué par un
-brevet entre les mains d'une tierce partie non-concernée, et la
-licence du programme ne peut l'empêcher. Seules des décisions
-de justice ou des changements de lois peuvent protéger le
-développement de programmes face aux brevets. Si nous avions
-essayé de faire cela avec la GPLv3, nous aurions
-échoué.</p>
-
-<p>En conséquence, la GPLv3 cherche à limiter et canaliser le
-danger. En particulier, nous avons essayé de sauver le logiciel libre
-d'un destin pire que la mort : être rendu propriétaire par
-des brevets. La licence explicite de la GPLv3 s'assure que les compagnies
-utilisant la GPL, donnant les quatre libertés, ne se servent pas de
-leurs brevets pour dire à quelques utilisateurs :
-« ceci ne vous concerne pas », « ceci ne
-vous inclut pas ». Cela stoppe aussi les collusions avec d'autres
-détenteurs de brevets pour le faire.</p>
-
-<p>D'autres avantages sont inclus dans la GPLv3 : une meilleure
-internationalisation, une résiliation plus douce, le support de
-BitTorrent, la compatibilité avec la licence Apache. L'un dans
-l'autre, beaucoup de raisons à cette mise à jour.</p>
-
-<p>Les changements ne cesseront malheureusement pas, une fois la GPLv3
-sortie. Si de nouvelles menaces aux libertés des utilisateurs se
-développent, nous devrons envisager une GPLv4. Il est important de
-s'assurer que les programmes n'auront pas de problèmes d'adaptation
-à la GPLv4 quand viendra le moment.</p>
-
-<p>Une manière de le faire est de sortir un programme sous
-« GPL version 3 ou version supérieure ». Une
-autre est que l'ensemble des contributeurs à un programme
-établissent une procuration qui puisse décider d'une mise
-à jour vers les futures versions de la GPL. La troisième voie
-étant que tous les contributeurs assignent un droit d'auteur à
-un représentant désigné, lequel serait en position de
-mettre à jour la version de licence. D'une façon ou d'une
-autre, les programmes devraient offrir cette flexibilité dans le
-futur.</p>
+« d'autre fois ». Sortir un programme sous GPLv3 le protège des
+futures tentatives de collectes de royalties pour Microsoft par les
+redistributeurs auprès des utilisateurs.</p>
+
+<p id="patent-protection">
+GPLv3 also provides users with explicit patent protection from the program's
+contributors and redistributors. With GPLv2, users rely on an implicit
+patent license to make sure that the company which provided them a copy
+won't sue them, or the people they redistribute copies to, for patent
+infringement.</p>
+
+<p>The explicit patent license in GPLv3 does not go as far as we might have
+liked. Ideally, we would make everyone who redistributes GPL-covered code
+give up all software patents, along with everyone who does not redistribute
+GPL-covered code, because there should be no software patents. Software
+patents are a vicious and absurd system that puts all software developers in
+danger of being sued by companies they have never heard of, as well as by
+all the megacorporations in the field. Large programs typically combine
+thousands of ideas, so it is no surprise if they implement ideas covered by
+hundreds of patents. Megacorporations collect thousands of patents, and use
+those patents to bully smaller developers. Patents already obstruct free
+software development.</p>
+
+<p>La seule manière de faire du développement de logiciel en toute
sécurité est
+d'abolir les brevets logiciels, et nous atteindrons ce but un jour. Mais
+nous ne pouvons le faire avec un brevet logiciel. Un programme, libre ou
+non, peut être tué par un brevet entre les mains d'une tierce partie
+non-concernée, et la licence du programme ne peut l'empêcher. Seules des
+décisions de justice ou des changements de lois peuvent protéger le
+développement de programmes face aux brevets. Si nous avions essayé de faire
+cela avec la GPLv3, nous aurions échoué.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, GPLv3 seeks to limit and channel the danger. In particular, we
+have tried to save free software from a fate worse than death: to be made
+effectively proprietary, through patents. The explicit patent license of
+GPLv3 makes sure companies that use the GPL to give users the four freedoms
+cannot turn around and use their patents to tell some users, “That
+doesn't include you.” It also stops them from colluding with other
+patent holders to do this.</p>
+
+<p id="further-advantages">
+D'autres avantages sont inclus dans la GPLv3 : une meilleure
+internationalisation, une résiliation plus douce, le support de BitTorrent,
+la compatibilité avec la licence Apache. L'un dans l'autre, beaucoup de
+raisons à cette mise à jour.</p>
+
+<p id="gpl4">
+Change is unlikely to cease once GPLv3 is released. If new threats to
+users' freedom develop, we will have to develop GPL version 4. It is
+important to make sure that programs will have no trouble upgrading to GPLv4
+if and when we write one.</p>
+
+<p id="future-proofing">
+One way to do this is to release a program under “GPL version 3 or any
+later version”. Another way is for all the contributors to a program
+to state a proxy who can decide on upgrading to future GPL versions. The
+third way is for all the contributors to assign copyright to one designated
+copyright holder, who will be in a position to upgrade the license version.
+One way or another, programs should provide this flexibility for future GPL
+versions.</p>
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
@@ -197,28 +179,23 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
<b>Notes du traducteur</b> :<br /><ol><li
-id="TransNote1">1. Tivoïsation = cf <a
-href="http://jargonf.org/wiki/Accueil";>Le jargon français</a>Nom
-féminin.
-[société]. « Tivoization » en anglais,
-selon le terme inventé par <abbr title="Richard
-M. Stallman">RMS</abbr>. Contournement de l'esprit des obligations
-légales d'une licence libre, en particulier la GPL, par des moyens
-techniques. Le terme a été forgé d'après le nom
-de la société TiVo qui, ayant utilisé du logiciel sous
-GPL dans ses magnétoscopes numériques (le noyau Linux en
-particulier), en a bien publié le code source, mais en faisant en
-sorte que les éventuelles versions modifiées ne puissent pas
-fonctionner avec son matériel, celui-ci ne voulant bien
-exécuter que des programmes présentant les bonnes signatures
-numériques.</li><li id="TransNote2">2. Appliance = cf <a
-href="http://jargonf.org/wiki/Accueil";>Le jargon français</a>Nom
-féminin et adjectif. [machine]. Se dit de toutes sortes de machines
-dont la principale caractéristique est de pouvoir être
-(théoriquement) simplement branchées pour fonctionner
-immédiatement de manière parfaitement
-opérationnelle. Le plus fou, c'est que cette promesse est souvent
-tenue ! </li></ol></div>
+id="TransNote1">1. Tivoïsation = cf <a
+href="http://jargonf.org/wiki/Accueil";>Le jargon français</a>Nom féminin.
+[société]. « Tivoization » en anglais, selon le terme inventé
par
+<abbr title="Richard M. Stallman">RMS</abbr>. Contournement de l'esprit des
+obligations légales d'une licence libre, en particulier la GPL, par des
+moyens techniques. Le terme a été forgé d'après le nom de la société TiVo
+qui, ayant utilisé du logiciel sous GPL dans ses magnétoscopes numériques
+(le noyau Linux en particulier), en a bien publié le code source, mais en
+faisant en sorte que les éventuelles versions modifiées ne puissent pas
+fonctionner avec son matériel, celui-ci ne voulant bien exécuter que des
+programmes présentant les bonnes signatures numériques.</li><li
+id="TransNote2">2. Appliance = cf <a
+href="http://jargonf.org/wiki/Accueil";>Le jargon français</a>Nom féminin et
+adjectif. [machine]. Se dit de toutes sortes de machines dont la principale
+caractéristique est de pouvoir être (théoriquement) simplement branchées
+pour fonctionner immédiatement de manière parfaitement opérationnelle. Le
+plus fou, c'est que cette promesse est souvent tenue ! </li></ol></div>
</div>
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
@@ -227,11 +204,12 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -242,9 +220,13 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2007 Richard Stallman <br /> La reproduction exacte et la
-distribution intégrale de cet article est permise sur n'importe quel support
-d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit préservée.</p>
+Copyright © 2007, 2009 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
+</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -256,7 +238,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/07/02 12:39:21 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -280,6 +262,8 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/rms-why-gplv3.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/licenses/rms-why-gplv3.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- French -->
Index: licenses/translations.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/translations.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- licenses/translations.ar.html 29 May 2010 08:25:28 -0000 1.8
+++ licenses/translations.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:20 -0000 1.9
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
@@ -14,19 +13,55 @@
<h3 id="UnofficialTranslations">Ù
عÙÙÙ
ات ع٠اÙترجÙ
ات غÙر
اÙرسÙ
ÙØ©</h3>
<p>
-سبب عدÙ
اعتÙ
اد Ø¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙذا اÙترجÙ
ات رسÙ
ÙÙا Ù٠أ٠اÙتØÙÙ Ù
ÙÙا
-صعب ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ (ÙÙ٠بØاجة Ø¥ÙÙ Ù
ØاÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙتØدثÙÙ
ÙغتÙÙ Ù٠اÙبÙدا٠اÙأخرÙ). اÙأسÙØ£ Ù
Ù
-Ø°Ù٠أ٠أ٠خطأ ÙÙجÙ
ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ ÙارثÙا عÙÙ Ù
جتÙ
ع اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙطاÙÙ
ا
-Ø£ÙÙا ÙÙست رسÙ
ÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙ Ùا تشÙÙ Ø£Ù Ø¶Ø±Ø±Ø ÙÙØ£Ù
Ù
أ٠تساعد أشخاصÙا Ø£Ùثر ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
-تراخÙصÙا.</p>
-
-<p>ÙÙ
ÙØ Ø§Ùإذ٠بÙشر ترجÙ
ات ÙغÙÙ
جÙ‌بÙ‌Ø¥Ù
-ÙØ¥Ù‌جÙ‌بÙ‌Ø¥Ù ÙØ¥Ù‌جÙ‌بÙ‌Ø¥Ù
-ÙØ¥Ù‌دÙ‌إ٠بÙغات أخر٠شرÙطة (1) أ٠تÙضØ
Ø£Ù Ùذ٠اÙترجÙ
ات غÙر رسÙ
ÙØ©
-(اÙرأ أدÙا٠ع٠ÙÙÙÙØ© اÙÙÙاÙ
بذÙÙ)Ø ÙتÙعÙÙÙ
اÙÙاس Ø£ÙÙا غÙر Ù
عتبرة ÙاÙÙÙÙا
-ÙبدÙÙ ÙÙÙسخة اÙأصÙÙØ©Ø Ù(2) أ٠تÙاÙ٠عÙÙ
إجراء اÙتغÙÙرات عÙدÙ
ا ÙØ·Ùب Ù
ÙÙ
-اÙÙÙاÙ
بÙا إذا عÙÙ
Ùا Ù
٠أشخاص أصدÙاء ÙغÙÙ
أ٠اÙتغÙÙرات ضرÙرÙØ© Ùجع٠اÙترجÙ
Ø©
-Ø£ÙضØ. </p>
+The reason the FSF does not approve these translations as officially valid
+is that checking them would be difficult and expensive (needing the help of
+bilingual lawyers in other countries). Even worse, if an error did slip
+through, the results could be disastrous for the whole free software
+community. As long as the translations are unofficial, they can't do any
+harm.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose of linking to translations is to help more people understand our
+licenses. In order for them to do that, translations need to be basically
+accurate even if not perfect. To produce a good translation, it is
+essential to have fully understood fundamental concepts such as <a
+href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> and the <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software definition</a>. For this
+reason, those who wish to contribute translations should make sure they are
+well acquainted with these concepts as well as other philosophical
+principles that may appear in the document.</p>
+
+<p>We give permission to publish translations of the GNU GPL, LGPL, AGPL, and
+FDL into other languages, provided that:</p>
+
+<ol>
+
+<li>You label your translation as unofficial to inform people that they do not
+count legally as substitutes for the authentic version (see below for how to
+do this).</li>
+
+<li>You agree to install changes at our request, if we learn from other friends
+of GNU that changes are necessary to make the translation clearer.</li>
+
+<li>The translation is not hosted on a commercial site and does not refer to
any
+company.</li>
+
+<li>The page containing the translation should have no links except to fsf.org
+and gnu.org. We might accept links about other free software packages, but
+we prefer to avoid them.</li>
+
+<li>The page should say it is released under some version of the Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs license.</li>
+
+<li>We may accept small exceptions to these rules in legacy cases that are hard
+to fix.</li>
+
+</ol>
+
+<p>We do not necessarily link to all the unofficial translations that we know
+of in any given language. For instance, if one unofficial translation was
+made by a free software organization that we know and have confidence in, we
+will link to that translation rather than others. We still can't make it
+official, but we expect it is probably mostly correct.</p>
<p>
Ùتجع٠ترجÙ
ت٠غÙر رسÙ
ÙØ©Ø Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أض٠اÙÙص
اÙتاÙ٠إÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙدÙ
Ø©Ø Ø¨Ø§ÙÙغتÙÙ
@@ -38,7 +73,8 @@
<blockquote dir="ltr"><p>
<!--TRANSLATORS: If you translate this paragraph, retain the English
-text and put your translation below. The entire <blockquote> element
+text and put your translation below. The entire <blockquote>
+ element
has dir="ltr" to work by default with RTL languages when the notice is
not translated, so if your language is RTL, you *must* put your
translation within <span dir="rtl">.-->
@@ -72,89 +108,165 @@
<!-- Please keep entries alphabetical by language name. -->
<ul>
- <li><code>[es-ar]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
-href="http://www.spanish-translator-services.com/espanol/t/gnu/gpl-ar.html";>اÙإسباÙÙØ©
-اÙأرجÙتÙÙÙØ©</a> ÙجÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[hy]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://gnu.am/gpl.php";>اÙأرÙ
ÙÙÙØ©</a>
-ÙجÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[en-gb]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
-href="http://people.csse.uwa.edu.au/jmd/gpl_en.txt";> اÙØ¥ÙجÙÙزÙØ©
-اÙبرÙطاÙÙØ©</a> ÙجÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
-href="http://bergwolf.googlepages.com/gplv3_zh";> اÙصÙÙÙØ© (اÙÙ
بسطة)</a>
-ÙجÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[ja]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://www.finecheats.com/lgpl.html";>
-اÙÙاباÙÙØ©</a> ÙØ¥Ù​جÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[cs]</code> <a href="http://www.gnugpl.cz/";>Czech</a> translation
of
-the GPL</li>
- <li><code>[nl]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
+
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[es-ar]</code> <a
href="http://www.spanish-translator-services.com/espanol/t/gnu/gpl-ar.html";>Argentinian
Spanish</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[hy]</code> <a href="http://gnu.am/license/gpl.txt";>Armenian</a>
+translation of the GPL</li>
+
+<!-- hidden problematic links (Visual Basic), commercial site, no distribution
terms
+ <li>
+<code>[be]</code> <a
href="http://webhostingrating.com/libs/gpl3be";>Belarusian</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- the "translation" doesn't serve its purpose
+ <li><code>[en-gb]</code> <a
href="http://people.csse.uwa.edu.au/jmd/gpl_en.txt";>
+
+ British English</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- many links; some may be problematic - to suggest republishing
+ <li>
+
+<code>[zh-cn]</code> <a
href="http://www.zeuux.org/group/free-software/bbs/content/50512/";>
+ Chinese (Simplified)</a> translation of the GPL
+-->
+<!-- PDF download requires registration
+ (<a href="http://www.zeuux.org/group/free-software/file/content/283/";>
+PDF</a>)</li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[zh-tw]</code> <a
href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnuv3-tc.html";>
+ Chinese (Traditional)</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- ads
+ <li>
+<code>[cs]</code> <a href="http://www.gnugpl.cz";>Czech</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<li><code>[nl]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://bartbeuving.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/gpl-v3-nl-101.pdf";>
اÙÙÙÙÙدÙØ©</a> ÙجÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù (PDF)</li>
- <li><code>[eo]</code> <a
-href="http://zooplah.farvista.net/eo/programado/gpl3.html";>Esperanto</a>
+
+<!-- link to browsehappy.com; other links
+ <li>
+<code>[eo]</code>
+ <a href="http://zooplah.farvista.net/eo/programado/gpl3.html";>Esperanto</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[fi]</code> <a href="http://www.turre.com/licenses/gpl_fi.html";>
+ Finnish</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND;
+ the HTML looks like an official www.gnu.org page (including contacts) -->
+<li><code>[fr]</code> <a href="http://www.rodage.org/gpl-3.0.fr.txt";>
French</a>
translation of the GPL</li>
- <li><code>[fi]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
-href="http://www.turre.com/licenses/gpl_fi.html";> اÙÙÙÙدÙØ©</a>
-ÙجÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[fr]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
-href="http://www.april.org/groupes/trad-gpl/doc/GPLv3/www.rodage.org/gpl-3.0.fr.html";>
-اÙÙرÙسÙØ©</a> ÙجÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
+ <li><code>[fr]</code> <a href="http://dachary.org/loic/gpl-french.pdf";>
+French</a> translation of the GPL (PDF)</li>
<li><code>[gl]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://www.mancomun.org/GPL3_GL/gpl_gl_v3.html";> اÙجاÙÙÙÙØ©</a>
ÙجÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù (<a
href="http://www.mancomun.org/GPL3_GL/gpl_gl_v3.txt";>Ùص Ù
جرد</a>Ø <a
href="http://www.mancomun.org/GPL3_GL/gpl_gl_v3.pdf";>PDF</a>)</li>
- <li><code>[de]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
+
+ <!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[de]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://www.gnu.de/documents/gpl-3.0.de.html";> اÙØ£ÙÙ
اÙÙØ©</a>
ÙجÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[he]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
-href="http://law.co.il/gplv3";>اÙعبرÙØ©</a>ÙجÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[hu]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://gnu.hu/gplv3.html";>اÙÙÙغارÙØ©</a>
+
+<!-- commercial site; too restrictive terms
+ <li>
+<code>[he]</code> <a href="http://law.co.il/gplv3";>Hebrew</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[hu]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://gnu.hu/gplv3.html";>اÙÙÙغارÙØ©</a>
ÙجÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[it]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3";>
-اÙØ¥ÙطاÙÙØ©</a> ÙجÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
+
+ <li><code>[it]</code> Italian translation of the GPL - <a
+href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3/gplv3-it-final.html";>HTML</a>, <a
+href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3/gplv3-it-final.ps";>PS</a>, <a
+href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3/gplv3-it-final.pdf";>PDF</a>, <a
+href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3/gplv3-it.tex";>LaTeX</a>
+</li>
+
<li><code>[fa]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://www.kaveh.org/gnu/gplv3-fa.html";>اÙÙارسÙØ©</a>
ÙجÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[sr]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
-href="http://alas.matf.bg.ac.yu/~mr99164/ojl-3.0.html";> اÙصربÙØ©</a>
-ÙجÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[hy]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://gnu.am/gpl.php";>اÙأرÙ
ÙÙÙØ©</a>
-ÙجÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[es]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
-href="http://www.viti.es/gnu/licenses/gpl.html";>اÙإسباÙÙØ©</a>
-ÙجÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[uk]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
-href="http://www.linux.kiev.ua/ua/devel/licenses/gnu-gpl/";>
اÙØ£ÙÙراÙÙØ©</a>
-ÙجÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
+
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26; confirmed 2011-07-06
+ <li>
+<code>[sr]</code> <a href="http://alas.matf.bg.ac.yu/~mr99164/ojl-3.0.html";>
+ Serbian</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- ads
+ <li>
+<code>[sk]</code> <a href="http://www.gpl.sk";>
+ Slovak</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[es]</code> <a
href="http://www.viti.es/gnu/licenses/gpl.html";>Spanish</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- ads; many other links
+ <li>
+<code>[uk]</code> <a
href="http://www.linux.kiev.ua/ua/devel/licenses/gnu-gpl/";>
+ Ukrainian</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
</ul>
<h4>ترجÙ
ات Ù٠اÙطرÙÙ</h4>
<p>اÙترجÙ
ات اÙتاÙÙØ© تØت اÙØ¥Ø¹Ø¯Ø§Ø¯Ø Ù
Ù ÙضÙÙ
اتص٠باÙشخص/اÙÙرÙ٠إذا أردت اÙÙ
ساعدة.</p>
<ul>
- <li><code>[pt-br]</code> اÙبرتغاÙÙØ© اÙبرازÙÙÙØ© (<a
-href="http://gpl3brasil.pbwiki.com/GPLv3";>1</a>)Ø (<a
-href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/GPLv3";>2</a> — بÙÙادة
FSFLA)</li>
- <li><code>[ca]</code> <a
-href="http://www.softcatala.cat/wiki/GPL3";>اÙÙاتاÙÙÙÙÙØ©</a></li>
- <li><code>[fr]</code> اÙÙرÙسÙØ©Ø <a
+
+<!-- commercial site;
+ since we have another translation by the FSFLA, we may want
+ to drop this one
+ <li>
+<code>[pt-br]</code> Brazilian Portuguese
+ (<a href="http://gpl3brasil.pbwiki.com/GPLv3";>1</a>),
+-->
+<!-- too many links
+ (<a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/GPLv3";>
+2</a> —
+ effort lead by FSFLA)</li>
+-->
+<!-- many links, some may be problematic; the licensing terms are CC-BY-SA,
+ <li>
+<code>[ca]</code> <a
href="http://www.softcatala.cat/wiki/GPL3";>Catalan</a></li>
+-->
+<li><code>[fr]</code> اÙÙرÙسÙØ©Ø <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a></li>
- <li><code>[ko]</code> <a
-href="http://wiki.kldp.org/wiki.php/GNU/GPLV3Translation";>اÙÙÙرÙØ©</a></li>
- <li><code>[pt]</code> <a
href="http://gpl3.neoscopio.org";>اÙبرتغاÙÙØ©</a></li>
- <li><code>[ro]</code> <a
-href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPL_(licen%C8%9Ba,_versiunea_3)">اÙرÙÙ
اÙÙØ©</a></li>
- <li><code>[ru]</code> <a
-href="http://code.google.com/p/gpl3rus/wiki/LatestRelease";>اÙرÙسÙØ©</a></li>
- <li><code>[es]</code> <a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/GPLv3";>
-اÙإسباÙÙØ©</a> — بÙÙادة FSFLA</li>
-
-<!-- Translation looks abandoned, commented out to avoid issues with adverts
on this site -->
-<!-- see RT:410086 -->
-<!-- <li><code>[sv]</code> <a
href="http://www.ucme.se/gpl-3.0.sv.htm";>Swedish</a></li> -->
-<li><code>[tr]</code> <a
-href="http://tr.pardus-wiki.org/index.php?title=%C3%87eviri:GNU_GPL_s%C3%BCr%C3%BCm_3_Gayr%C4%B1resm%C3%AE_%C3%87evirisi&action=edit";>اÙترÙÙØ©</a></li>
+
+<!-- ads
+ <li>
+<code>[ko]</code> <a
href="http://wiki.kldp.org/wiki.php/GNU/GPLV3Translation";>Korean</a></li>
+-->
+<!-- mentions www.neoscopio.com; the distribution terms are the GFDL
+ <li>
+<code>[pt]</code> <a href="http://gpl3.neoscopio.org";>Portuguese</a></li>
+-->
+<!-- wikipedia links; the distribution terms are CC-BY-SA
+ <li>
+<code>[ro]</code> <a
href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPL_(licen%C8%9Ba,_versiunea_3)">Romanian</a></li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[ru]</code> <a
href="http://code.google.com/p/gpl3rus/wiki/LatestRelease";>Russian</a></li>
+-->
+<!-- too many links
+ <li>
+<code>[es]</code> <a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/GPLv3";>
+ Spanish</a> — effort lead by FSFLA</li>
+-->
</ul>
<h3 id="LGPL">رخصة غÙ٠اÙعÙ
ÙÙ
ÙØ© اÙصغرÙØ Ø§Ùإصدار
3</h3>
@@ -169,37 +281,64 @@
<li><code>[zh-cn]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://www.thebigfly.com/gnu/lgpl/lgpl-v3.php";> اÙصÙÙÙØ© (اÙÙ
بسطة)</a>
ÙØ¥Ù​جÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
-href="http://www.thebigfly.com/gnu/lgpl/lgpl-v3.php";> اÙصÙÙÙØ© (اÙÙ
بسطة)</a>
-ÙØ¥Ù​جÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[de]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
+
+ <!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[zh-tw]</code> <a
href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnulgpl-v3-tc.html";>
+ Chinese (Traditional)</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+-->
+<li><code>[cs]</code> <a
+href="http://www.lgpl.cz/cesky--preklad-licence--gnu-lesser--general-public-license--v-3-0.php";>
+Czech</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+
+ <!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[de]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://www.gnu.de/documents/lgpl-3.0.de.html";> اÙØ£ÙÙ
اÙÙØ©</a>
ÙØ¥Ù​جÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[hu]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://gnu.hu/lgplv3.html";>اÙÙÙغارÙØ©</a>
+
+ <!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[hu]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://gnu.hu/lgplv3.html";>اÙÙÙغارÙØ©</a>
ÙØ¥Ù​جÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[ja]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://www.finecheats.com/lgpl.html";>
-اÙÙاباÙÙØ©</a> ÙØ¥Ù​جÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
+
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[it]</code>
+ <a href="http://www.posterburner.com/IT_GNU_LESSER_GENERAL_PUBLIC_LICEN.htm";>
+ Italian</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26; confirmed 2011-07-08
+ <li>
+<code>[ja]</code> <a href="http://www.finecheats.com/lgpl.html";>
+ Japanese</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
<li><code>[mt]</code> <a href="http://www.dexxed.com/gnu/mt/v3/lgpl.html";>
-Maltese</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
- <li><code>[fa]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
+ Maltese</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+-->
+<li><code>[fa]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://www.kaveh.org/gnu/lgplv3-fa.html";>اÙÙارسÙØ©</a>
ÙØ¥Ù​جÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[es]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
-href="http://www.viti.es/gnu/licenses/lgpl.html";>اÙإسباÙÙØ©</a>
-ÙØ¥Ù​جÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
+ <li><code>[sk]</code> <a
+href="http://www.lgpl.sk/slovensky--preklad-licencie--gnu-lesser--general-public-license--v-3-0.php";>
+Slovak</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+
+<!-- links to hosting site
+ <li>
+<code>[es]</code> <a
href="http://www.viti.es/gnu/licenses/lgpl.html";>Spanish</a>
+ translation of the LGPL</li>
+-->
</ul>
<h4>ترجÙ
ات Ù٠اÙطرÙÙ</h4>
<p>اÙترجÙ
ات اÙتاÙÙØ© تØت اÙØ¥Ø¹Ø¯Ø§Ø¯Ø Ù
Ù ÙضÙÙ
اتص٠باÙشخص/اÙÙرÙ٠إذا أردت اÙÙ
ساعدة.</p>
+<!-- too many links
<ul>
+
<li><code>[pt-br]</code> <a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/LGPLv3";>
-اÙبرتغاÙÙØ© اÙبرازÙÙÙØ©</a></li>
+ Brazilian Portuguese</a></li>
<li><code>[es]</code> <a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/LGPLv3";>
-اÙإسباÙÙØ©</a> (ÙÙاÙÙ
ا بÙÙادة FSFLA)</li>
+ Spanish</a> (both are lead by FSFLA)</li>
</ul>
-
-
+-->
<h3 id="FDL">رخصة غÙÙ ÙÙÙثائ٠اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§Ùإصدار
1.3</h3>
<!-- Please keep entries alphabetical by language name. -->
@@ -225,18 +364,30 @@
<li><code>[zh-cn]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://www.thebigfly.com/gnu/FDLv1.3/";> اÙصÙÙÙØ© (اÙÙ
بسطة)</a>
ÙجÙ​Ø¥Ù​دÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
-href="http://www.thebigfly.com/gnu/FDLv1.3/";> اÙصÙÙÙØ© (اÙÙ
بسطة)</a>
-ÙجÙ​Ø¥Ù​دÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[de]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
-href="http://home.arcor.de/rybaczyk/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html";> اÙØ£ÙÙ
اÙÙØ©</a>
-ÙجÙ​Ø¥Ù​دÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[it]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3";>
+
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[zh-tw]</code><a
href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnufdl-v13-tc.html";>
+ Chinese (Traditional)</a> translation of the GFDL</li>
+-->
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26; confirmed 2011-07-08
+ <li>
+<code>[de]</code>
+ <a href="http://rybaczyk.freeunix.net/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html";>
+ German</a> translation of the GFDL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[it]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3";>
اÙØ¥ÙطاÙÙØ©</a> ÙجÙ​بÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
- <li><code>[ml]</code> <a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:GFDL-ml";>
-Malayalam</a> translation of the GFDL</li>
- <li><code>[es]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
href="http://stuff.danexnow.org/gfdl_es.html";>
-اÙإسباÙÙØ©</a> ÙجÙ​Ø¥Ù​دÙ​Ø¥Ù</li>
+
+<!-- many links
+ <li>
+<code>[ml]</code> <a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:GFDL-ml";>
+ Malayalam</a> translation of the GFDL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[es]</code> <a href="http://docs.danexlandia.com.mx/gfdl_es.html";>
+Spanish</a> translation of the GFDL</li>
</ul>
<!-- Please keep entries alphabetical by language name. -->
@@ -249,16 +400,18 @@
<h4>استثÙاء Ù
Ùتبة غÙÙ ÙÙÙت اÙتشغÙÙØ Ø§Ùإصدار
3</h4>
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26; confirmed 2011-07-08
<ul>
- <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
-href="http://hutuworm.blogspot.com/2009/01/gcc.html";> اÙصÙÙÙØ© (اÙÙ
بسطة)</a>
-ÙGCC RLE</li>
- <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> اÙترجÙ
Ø© <a
-href="http://hutuworm.blogspot.com/2009/01/gcc.html";> اÙصÙÙÙØ© (اÙÙ
بسطة)</a>
-ÙGCC RLE</li>
-</ul>
-
+ <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> <a
href="http://hutuworm.blogspot.com/2009/01/gcc.html";>
+ Chinese (Simplified)</a> translation of the GCC RLE</li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[zh-tw]</code> <a
href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnu-gcc.html";>
+ Chinese (Traditional)</a> translation of the GCC RLE</li>
+</ul>
+-->
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -267,13 +420,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
باÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù
-ÙضÙ٠أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -282,11 +435,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010
-Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010,
+2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù
ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ· ÙبدÙÙ ÙÙØ§Ø¦Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø·
-إبÙاء Ùذا اÙإخطار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -299,7 +453,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/05/29 08:25:28 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -321,12 +475,18 @@
http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/translations.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/licenses/translations.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/translations.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/licenses/translations.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -339,6 +499,8 @@
<li><a
href="/licenses/translations.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/licenses/translations.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/licenses/translations.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/translations.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
Index: licenses/translations.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/translations.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- licenses/translations.ca.html 29 May 2010 08:25:29 -0000 1.13
+++ licenses/translations.ca.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:20 -0000 1.14
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ca.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
@@ -12,21 +11,55 @@
<h3 id="UnofficialTranslations">Informació sobre les traduccions no
oficials</h3>
<p>
-La raó per la qual la FSF no aprova aquestes traduccions com a oficialment
-và lides és que comprovar-les seria difÃcil i costós (es necessitaria l'ajut
-d'advocats bilingües d'altres països). Pitjor encara: si hi hagués una
-errada, les conseqüències podrien ser desastroses per a tota la comunitat
-del programari lliure. Mentre aquestes traduccions no siguin oficials, no
-poden fer cap mal, i podem esperar que ajudin a comprendre a més gent les
-nostres llicències.</p>
-
-<p>Donem permÃs per a publicar traduccions a altres llengües de les
llicències
-GNU GPL, LGPL, AGPL i FDL, sempre que (1) indiqueu que la traducció no és
-oficial (veieu més avall com fer-ho), informant a la gent que no té validesa
-legal ni substitueix la versió original, i (2) que estigueu d'acord en fer
-les modificacions que us sol·licitem, si arribem a saber per altres companys
-de GNU que convé introduir certes modificacions per a què la traducció sigui
-més clara.</p>
+The reason the FSF does not approve these translations as officially valid
+is that checking them would be difficult and expensive (needing the help of
+bilingual lawyers in other countries). Even worse, if an error did slip
+through, the results could be disastrous for the whole free software
+community. As long as the translations are unofficial, they can't do any
+harm.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose of linking to translations is to help more people understand our
+licenses. In order for them to do that, translations need to be basically
+accurate even if not perfect. To produce a good translation, it is
+essential to have fully understood fundamental concepts such as <a
+href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> and the <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software definition</a>. For this
+reason, those who wish to contribute translations should make sure they are
+well acquainted with these concepts as well as other philosophical
+principles that may appear in the document.</p>
+
+<p>We give permission to publish translations of the GNU GPL, LGPL, AGPL, and
+FDL into other languages, provided that:</p>
+
+<ol>
+
+<li>You label your translation as unofficial to inform people that they do not
+count legally as substitutes for the authentic version (see below for how to
+do this).</li>
+
+<li>You agree to install changes at our request, if we learn from other friends
+of GNU that changes are necessary to make the translation clearer.</li>
+
+<li>The translation is not hosted on a commercial site and does not refer to
any
+company.</li>
+
+<li>The page containing the translation should have no links except to fsf.org
+and gnu.org. We might accept links about other free software packages, but
+we prefer to avoid them.</li>
+
+<li>The page should say it is released under some version of the Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs license.</li>
+
+<li>We may accept small exceptions to these rules in legacy cases that are hard
+to fix.</li>
+
+</ol>
+
+<p>We do not necessarily link to all the unofficial translations that we know
+of in any given language. For instance, if one unofficial translation was
+made by a free software organization that we know and have confidence in, we
+will link to that translation rather than others. We still can't make it
+official, but we expect it is probably mostly correct.</p>
<p>
Per indicar que la vostra traducció no és oficial, voldrÃem que afegÃssiu
al
@@ -38,7 +71,8 @@
<blockquote dir="ltr"><p>
<!--TRANSLATORS: If you translate this paragraph, retain the English
-text and put your translation below. The entire <blockquote> element
+text and put your translation below. The entire <blockquote>
+ element
has dir="ltr" to work by default with RTL languages when the notice is
not translated, so if your language is RTL, you *must* put your
translation within <span dir="rtl">.-->
@@ -76,60 +110,116 @@
<!-- Please keep entries alphabetical by language name. -->
<ul>
- <li><code>[es-ar]</code> <a
-href="http://www.spanish-translator-services.com/espanol/t/gnu/gpl-ar.html";>Traducció
-al castellà d'Argentina</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[hy]</code> <a href="http://gnu.am/gpl.php";>Traducció a
l'armeni</a>
-de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[en-gb]</code> <a
-href="http://people.csse.uwa.edu.au/jmd/gpl_en.txt";>Traducció a l'anglès
-d'Anglaterra</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> <a
-href="http://bergwolf.googlepages.com/gplv3_zh";>Traducció al xinès
-(simplificat)</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[zh-tw]</code> <a
-href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnuv3-tc.html";>
-Traducció al xinés (tradicional)</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[cs]</code> <a href="http://www.gnugpl.cz/";>Czech</a> translation
of
-the GPL</li>
- <li><code>[nl]</code> <a
+
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[es-ar]</code> <a
href="http://www.spanish-translator-services.com/espanol/t/gnu/gpl-ar.html";>Argentinian
Spanish</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[hy]</code> <a href="http://gnu.am/license/gpl.txt";>Armenian</a>
+translation of the GPL</li>
+
+<!-- hidden problematic links (Visual Basic), commercial site, no distribution
terms
+ <li>
+<code>[be]</code> <a
href="http://webhostingrating.com/libs/gpl3be";>Belarusian</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- the "translation" doesn't serve its purpose
+ <li><code>[en-gb]</code> <a
href="http://people.csse.uwa.edu.au/jmd/gpl_en.txt";>
+
+ British English</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- many links; some may be problematic - to suggest republishing
+ <li>
+
+<code>[zh-cn]</code> <a
href="http://www.zeuux.org/group/free-software/bbs/content/50512/";>
+ Chinese (Simplified)</a> translation of the GPL
+-->
+<!-- PDF download requires registration
+ (<a href="http://www.zeuux.org/group/free-software/file/content/283/";>
+PDF</a>)</li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[zh-tw]</code> <a
href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnuv3-tc.html";>
+ Chinese (Traditional)</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- ads
+ <li>
+<code>[cs]</code> <a href="http://www.gnugpl.cz";>Czech</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<li><code>[nl]</code> <a
href="http://bartbeuving.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/gpl-v3-nl-101.pdf";>Traducció
a l'holandès</a> de la GPL (PDF)</li>
- <li><code>[eo]</code> <a
-href="http://zooplah.farvista.net/eo/programado/gpl3.html";>Esperanto</a>
+
+<!-- link to browsehappy.com; other links
+ <li>
+<code>[eo]</code>
+ <a href="http://zooplah.farvista.net/eo/programado/gpl3.html";>Esperanto</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[fi]</code> <a href="http://www.turre.com/licenses/gpl_fi.html";>
+ Finnish</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND;
+ the HTML looks like an official www.gnu.org page (including contacts) -->
+<li><code>[fr]</code> <a href="http://www.rodage.org/gpl-3.0.fr.txt";>
French</a>
translation of the GPL</li>
- <li><code>[fi]</code> <a
-href="http://www.turre.com/licenses/gpl_fi.html";>Traducció al finès</a> de
-la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[fr]</code> <a
-href="http://www.april.org/groupes/trad-gpl/doc/GPLv3/www.rodage.org/gpl-3.0.fr.html";>Traducció
-al francès</a> de la GPL</li>
+ <li><code>[fr]</code> <a href="http://dachary.org/loic/gpl-french.pdf";>
+French</a> translation of the GPL (PDF)</li>
<li><code>[gl]</code> <a
href="http://www.mancomun.org/GPL3_GL/gpl_gl_v3.html";>
Traducció al gallec</a> de la GPL (<a
href="http://www.mancomun.org/GPL3_GL/gpl_gl_v3.txt";>text pla</a>, <a
href="http://www.mancomun.org/GPL3_GL/gpl_gl_v3.pdf";>PDF</a>)</li>
- <li><code>[de]</code> <a
+
+ <!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[de]</code> <a
href="http://www.gnu.de/documents/gpl-3.0.de.html";>Traducció a l'alemany</a>
de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[he]</code> <a href="http://law.co.il/gplv3";>Traducció a
l'hebreu</a>
-de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[hu]</code> <a href="http://gnu.hu/gplv3.html";>Traducció a
+
+<!-- commercial site; too restrictive terms
+ <li>
+<code>[he]</code> <a href="http://law.co.il/gplv3";>Hebrew</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[hu]</code> <a href="http://gnu.hu/gplv3.html";>Traducció a
l'hongarès</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[it]</code> <a href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3";>Traducció
a
-l'italià </a> de la GPL</li>
+
+ <li><code>[it]</code> Italian translation of the GPL - <a
+href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3/gplv3-it-final.html";>HTML</a>, <a
+href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3/gplv3-it-final.ps";>PS</a>, <a
+href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3/gplv3-it-final.pdf";>PDF</a>, <a
+href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3/gplv3-it.tex";>LaTeX</a>
+</li>
+
<li><code>[fa]</code> <a
href="http://www.kaveh.org/gnu/gplv3-fa.html";>Traducció
al persa</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[sr]</code> <a
-href="http://alas.matf.bg.ac.yu/~mr99164/ojl-3.0.html";>Traducció al
-serbi</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[sk]</code> <a href="http://www.gpl.sk/";> Traducció a
l'eslovac</a> de
-la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[es]</code> <a
-href="http://www.viti.es/gnu/licenses/gpl.html";>Traducció al castellà </a> de
-la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[uk]</code> <a
-href="http://www.linux.kiev.ua/ua/devel/licenses/gnu-gpl/";>Traducció a
-l'ucraïnès</a> de la GPL</li>
+
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26; confirmed 2011-07-06
+ <li>
+<code>[sr]</code> <a href="http://alas.matf.bg.ac.yu/~mr99164/ojl-3.0.html";>
+ Serbian</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- ads
+ <li>
+<code>[sk]</code> <a href="http://www.gpl.sk";>
+ Slovak</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[es]</code> <a
href="http://www.viti.es/gnu/licenses/gpl.html";>Spanish</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- ads; many other links
+ <li>
+<code>[uk]</code> <a
href="http://www.linux.kiev.ua/ua/devel/licenses/gnu-gpl/";>
+ Ukrainian</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
</ul>
<h4>Traduccions en marxa</h4>
@@ -137,28 +227,47 @@
plau amb la persona o grup responsable si voleu col·laborar-hi.</p>
<ul>
- <li><code>[pt-br]</code> Brazilian Portuguese (<a
-href="http://gpl3brasil.pbwiki.com/GPLv3";>1</a>), (<a
-href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/GPLv3";>2</a> — coordinada per
-la FSFLA)</li>
- <li><code>[ca]</code> <a href="http://www.softcatala.cat/wiki/GPL3";>CatalÃ
</a></li>
- <li><code>[fr]</code> Francès, <a
+
+<!-- commercial site;
+ since we have another translation by the FSFLA, we may want
+ to drop this one
+ <li>
+<code>[pt-br]</code> Brazilian Portuguese
+ (<a href="http://gpl3brasil.pbwiki.com/GPLv3";>1</a>),
+-->
+<!-- too many links
+ (<a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/GPLv3";>
+2</a> —
+ effort lead by FSFLA)</li>
+-->
+<!-- many links, some may be problematic; the licensing terms are CC-BY-SA,
+ <li>
+<code>[ca]</code> <a
href="http://www.softcatala.cat/wiki/GPL3";>Catalan</a></li>
+-->
+<li><code>[fr]</code> Francès, <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a></li>
- <li><code>[ko]</code> <a
-href="http://wiki.kldp.org/wiki.php/GNU/GPLV3Translation";>Coreà </a></li>
- <li><code>[pt]</code> <a href="http://gpl3.neoscopio.org";>Portuguès</a></li>
- <li><code>[ro]</code> <a
-href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPL_(licen%C8%9Ba,_versiunea_3)">Romanès</a></li>
- <li><code>[ru]</code> <a
-href="http://code.google.com/p/gpl3rus/wiki/LatestRelease";>Rus</a></li>
- <li><code>[es]</code> <a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/GPLv3";>
-Castellà </a> — coordinada per la FSFLA</li>
-
-<!-- Translation looks abandoned, commented out to avoid issues with adverts
on this site -->
-<!-- see RT:410086 -->
-<!-- <li><code>[sv]</code> <a
href="http://www.ucme.se/gpl-3.0.sv.htm";>Swedish</a></li> -->
-<li><code>[tr]</code> <a
-href="http://tr.pardus-wiki.org/index.php?title=%C3%87eviri:GNU_GPL_s%C3%BCr%C3%BCm_3_Gayr%C4%B1resm%C3%AE_%C3%87evirisi&action=edit";>Turc</a></li>
+
+<!-- ads
+ <li>
+<code>[ko]</code> <a
href="http://wiki.kldp.org/wiki.php/GNU/GPLV3Translation";>Korean</a></li>
+-->
+<!-- mentions www.neoscopio.com; the distribution terms are the GFDL
+ <li>
+<code>[pt]</code> <a href="http://gpl3.neoscopio.org";>Portuguese</a></li>
+-->
+<!-- wikipedia links; the distribution terms are CC-BY-SA
+ <li>
+<code>[ro]</code> <a
href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPL_(licen%C8%9Ba,_versiunea_3)">Romanian</a></li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[ru]</code> <a
href="http://code.google.com/p/gpl3rus/wiki/LatestRelease";>Russian</a></li>
+-->
+<!-- too many links
+ <li>
+<code>[es]</code> <a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/GPLv3";>
+ Spanish</a> — effort lead by FSFLA</li>
+-->
</ul>
<h3 id="LGPL">La Llicència Pública General Reduïda (LGPL) de GNU, versió
</h3>
@@ -174,37 +283,64 @@
<li><code>[zh-cn]</code> <a
href="http://www.thebigfly.com/gnu/lgpl/lgpl-v3.php";> Traducció al xinès
(simplificat)</a> de la LGPL</li>
- <li><code>[zh-tw]</code> <a
-href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnulgpl-v3-tc.html";>
-Traducció al xinés (tradicional)</a> de la LGPL</li>
- <li><code>[de]</code> <a href="http://www.gnu.de/documents/lgpl-3.0.de.html";>
+
+ <!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[zh-tw]</code> <a
href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnulgpl-v3-tc.html";>
+ Chinese (Traditional)</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+-->
+<li><code>[cs]</code> <a
+href="http://www.lgpl.cz/cesky--preklad-licence--gnu-lesser--general-public-license--v-3-0.php";>
+Czech</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+
+ <!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[de]</code> <a href="http://www.gnu.de/documents/lgpl-3.0.de.html";>
Traducció a l'alemany</a> de la LGPL</li>
- <li><code>[hu]</code> <a href="http://gnu.hu/lgplv3.html";>Traducció a
+
+ <!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[hu]</code> <a href="http://gnu.hu/lgplv3.html";>Traducció a
l'hongarès</a> de la LGPL</li>
- <li><code>[ja]</code> <a href="http://www.finecheats.com/lgpl.html";>
Traducció
-al japonès</a> de la LGPL</li>
+
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[it]</code>
+ <a href="http://www.posterburner.com/IT_GNU_LESSER_GENERAL_PUBLIC_LICEN.htm";>
+ Italian</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26; confirmed 2011-07-08
+ <li>
+<code>[ja]</code> <a href="http://www.finecheats.com/lgpl.html";>
+ Japanese</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
<li><code>[mt]</code> <a href="http://www.dexxed.com/gnu/mt/v3/lgpl.html";>
-Maltese</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
- <li><code>[fa]</code> <a
+ Maltese</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+-->
+<li><code>[fa]</code> <a
href="http://www.kaveh.org/gnu/lgplv3-fa.html";>Traducció al persa</a> de la
LGPL</li>
- <li><code>[es]</code> <a
-href="http://www.viti.es/gnu/licenses/lgpl.html";>Traducció al castellà </a>
-de la LGPL</li>
+ <li><code>[sk]</code> <a
+href="http://www.lgpl.sk/slovensky--preklad-licencie--gnu-lesser--general-public-license--v-3-0.php";>
+Slovak</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+
+<!-- links to hosting site
+ <li>
+<code>[es]</code> <a
href="http://www.viti.es/gnu/licenses/lgpl.html";>Spanish</a>
+ translation of the LGPL</li>
+-->
</ul>
<h4>Traduccions en marxa</h4>
<p>S'està treballant en les traduccions als següents idiomes; contacteu si us
plau amb la persona o grup responsable si voleu col·laborar-hi.</p>
+<!-- too many links
<ul>
+
<li><code>[pt-br]</code> <a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/LGPLv3";>
-Portuguès brasiler</a></li>
+ Brazilian Portuguese</a></li>
<li><code>[es]</code> <a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/LGPLv3";>
-Castellà </a> (les dues coordinades per la FSFLA)</li>
+ Spanish</a> (both are lead by FSFLA)</li>
</ul>
-
-
+-->
<h3 id="FDL">La Llicència de Documentació Lliure de GNU, versió 1.3</h3>
<!-- Please keep entries alphabetical by language name. -->
@@ -230,19 +366,31 @@
<ul>
<li><code>[zh-cn]</code> <a href="http://www.thebigfly.com/gnu/FDLv1.3/";>
Traducció al xinès (simplificat)</a> de la GFDL</li>
- <li><code>[zh-tw]</code><a
-href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnufdl-v13-tc.html";>
-Traducció al xinés (tradicional)</a> de la GFDL</li>
- <li><code>[de]</code> <a
-href="http://rybaczyk.freeunix.net/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html";> Traducció a
-l'alemany</a> de la GFDL</li>
- <li><code>[it]</code> <a
+
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[zh-tw]</code><a
href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnufdl-v13-tc.html";>
+ Chinese (Traditional)</a> translation of the GFDL</li>
+-->
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26; confirmed 2011-07-08
+ <li>
+<code>[de]</code>
+ <a href="http://rybaczyk.freeunix.net/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html";>
+ German</a> translation of the GFDL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[it]</code> <a
href="http://home.gna.org/www-it/fdl/1.3/fdl.it.html";>Traducció a
l'Italià </a> de la GFDL (<a
href="http://home.gna.org/www-it/fdl/1.3/fdl.it.txt";>versió en text
pla</a>)</li>
- <li><code>[ml]</code> <a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:GFDL-ml";>
-Malayalam</a> translation of the GFDL</li>
- <li><code>[es]</code> <a href="http://stuff.danexnow.org/gfdl_es.html";>
+
+<!-- many links
+ <li>
+<code>[ml]</code> <a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:GFDL-ml";>
+ Malayalam</a> translation of the GFDL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[es]</code> <a href="http://docs.danexlandia.com.mx/gfdl_es.html";>
Traducció al castellà </a> de la GFDL</li>
</ul>
@@ -257,16 +405,18 @@
<h4>Excepció GNU Runtime Library, versió 3</h4>
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26; confirmed 2011-07-08
<ul>
- <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> <a
-href="http://hutuworm.blogspot.com/2009/01/gcc.html";> Traducció al xinés
-(simplificat)</a> de la GCC RLE</li>
- <li><code>[zh-tw]</code> <a
-href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnu-gcc.html";>
-Traducció al xinés (tradicional)</a> de la GCC RLE</li>
-</ul>
-
+ <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> <a
href="http://hutuworm.blogspot.com/2009/01/gcc.html";>
+ Chinese (Simplified)</a> translation of the GCC RLE</li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[zh-tw]</code> <a
href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnu-gcc.html";>
+ Chinese (Traditional)</a> translation of the GCC RLE</li>
+</ul>
+-->
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -275,13 +425,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ca.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-
<p>
Envieu les vostres preguntes sobre la FSF i GNU a <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. També hi ha <a
-href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la
-FSF.<br />Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o suggeriments
-a <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la FSF.
+<br />
+Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o suggeriments a <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -293,11 +443,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010
-Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010,
+2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en
-qualsevol medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que es conservi aquesta nota.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -309,7 +460,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2010/05/29 08:25:29 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -331,12 +482,18 @@
http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/translations.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/licenses/translations.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/translations.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/licenses/translations.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -349,6 +506,8 @@
<li><a
href="/licenses/translations.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/licenses/translations.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/licenses/translations.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/translations.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
Index: licenses/translations.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/translations.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- licenses/translations.de.html 25 Jul 2011 08:36:10 -0000 1.4
+++ licenses/translations.de.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:20 -0000 1.5
@@ -50,9 +50,8 @@
Ausnahme zur fsf.org und gnu.org enthalten. Wir akzeptieren möglicherweise
Verweise auf andere freie Softwarepakete, aber bevorzugen sie zu
vermeiden.</li>
-<li>Der Webauftritt sollte darauf hinweisen, dass sie unter irgendeiner Version
-der <em>Creative Commons Namensnennung-Keine Bearbeitung</em>-Lizenz
-freigegeben ist.</li>
+<li>The page should say it is released under some version of the Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs license.</li>
<li>Wir können kleine Ausnahmen von dieser Regel in älteren Fällen
akzeptieren,
die schwer zu beheben sind.</li>
@@ -174,6 +173,8 @@
the HTML looks like an official www.gnu.org page (including contacts) -->
<li><code>[fr]</code> <a
href="http://www.rodage.org/gpl-3.0.fr.txt";>Französisch</a></li>
+ <li><code>[fr]</code> <a href="http://dachary.org/loic/gpl-french.pdf";>
+French</a> translation of the GPL (PDF)</li>
<li><code>[gl]</code> <a
href="http://www.mancomun.org/GPL3_GL/gpl_gl_v3.html";>Galizisch</a> (<a
href="http://www.mancomun.org/GPL3_GL/gpl_gl_v3.txt";>Nur Text</a>, <a
@@ -457,7 +458,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualisierung:
-$Date: 2011/07/25 08:36:10 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: licenses/translations.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/translations.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- licenses/translations.es.html 30 Jan 2011 17:27:43 -0000 1.16
+++ licenses/translations.es.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:20 -0000 1.17
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
@@ -14,20 +13,56 @@
<p>
El motivo por el cual la FSF no aprueba oficialmente estas traducciones como
-validas, es por que la comprobación de las traducciones serÃan difÃcil y
+validas, es porque la comprobación de las traducciones serÃa difÃcil y
costoso (necesitarÃamos la ayuda de abogados bilingües de diferentes
paÃses). Incluso peor, si se pasa por alto un error, los resultados podrÃan
ser desastrosos para la comunidad del software libre. Mientras las
-traducciones no sean oficiales, no pueden hacer ningún daño, y esperamos a
-que ayude a mas gente a entender nuestras licencias.</p>
+traducciones no sean oficiales, no pueden hacer ningún daño.</p>
-<p>Autorizamos que se publiquen las traducciones de la GPL, LGPL, AGPLP y FDL
-de GNU en otros idiomas, pero con la condición de que: (1) indique que las
-traducciones no son oficiales (vea más abajo cómo hacerlo) para informar que
-no tienen valor legal como sustitutos de las versiones autenticas; y (2)
-debe estar de acuerdo en añadir los cambios que le propongamos, si gracias a
-otros amigos de GNU sabemos que los cambios son necesarios para aclarar la
-traducción.</p>
+<p>El propósito de enlazar a traducciones es ayudar a comprender a más
personas
+nuestras licencias. Para hacerlo, las traducciones básicamente deben ser
+precisas, por no decir perfectas. Para producir una buena traducción, es
+esencial comprender completamente conceptos como <a
+href="/copyleft/copyleft.es.html">copyleft</a> y la <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">definición del software libre</a>. Por
+este motivo, aquellos que deseen colaborar con una traducción deberán estar
+seguros que están bien familiarizados con esos conceptos, asà como con los
+otros principios filosóficos que aparecen en el documento.</p>
+
+<p>Autorizamos a publicar traducciones de la GPL, LGPL, AGPL y FDL de GNU a
+otros idiomas con la condición que:</p>
+
+<ol>
+
+<li>Etiquete su traducción indicando que no es oficial para informar que no
+sirve como sustituto legal de la versión auténtica (más abajo le indicamos
+cómo hacerlo).</li>
+
+<li>Está de acuerdo en aplicar las modificaciones que le solicitamos, si otros
+amigos de GNU nos informan que esos cambios son necesarios para que la
+traducción sea nÃtida.</li>
+
+<li>La traducción no está alojada en un sitio comercial y no remite a una
+compañÃa.</li>
+
+<li>No debe haber enlaces en la página que contiene la traducción, excepto a
+fsf.org y gnu.org. Podemos aceptar enlaces relativos a otros elementos de
+software libre, pero preferimos evitarlo.</li>
+
+<li>La página debe mencionar que está publicada bajo una versión de la
licencia
+Creative Commons Attribution-Noderivs.</li>
+
+<li>Podemos aceptar excepciones menores a estas reglas en los casos difÃciles
de
+arreglar anteriores a la publicación de estas directrices.</li>
+
+</ol>
+
+<p>No enlazamos a todas las traducciones oficiales que existen en un
+idioma. Por ejemplo, si una traducción que no es oficial fue realizada por
+una organización relacionada con el software libre que conocemos, y en la
+que confiamos, enlazaremos a esa traducción en lugar de a otras. Aunque
+todavÃa no podrÃa ser oficial, esperamos que existan mayores probabilidades
+que mayormente sea correcta. </p>
<p>
Para etiquetar sus traducciones como no oficiales, por favor añada el
@@ -39,7 +74,8 @@
<blockquote dir="ltr"><p>
<!--TRANSLATORS: If you translate this paragraph, retain the English
-text and put your translation below. The entire <blockquote> element
+text and put your translation below. The entire <blockquote>
+ element
has dir="ltr" to work by default with RTL languages when the notice is
not translated, so if your language is RTL, you *must* put your
translation within <span dir="rtl">.-->
@@ -69,52 +105,115 @@
<!-- Please keep entries alphabetical by language name. -->
<ul>
- <li><code>[es-ar]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
-href="http://www.spanish-translator-services.com/espanol/t/gnu/gpl-ar.html";>español
-de Argentina</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[hy]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
-href="http://gnu.am/gpl.php";>armenio</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[en-gb]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
-href="http://people.csse.uwa.edu.au/jmd/gpl_en.txt";>inglés del Gran
-Bretaña</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
-href="http://bergwolf.googlepages.com/gplv3_zh";>chino (simplificado)</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[zh-tw]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
-href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnuv3-tc.html";>chino
-(tradicional)</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[cs]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
-href="http://www.gnugpl.cz/";>checo</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[nl]</code> Traducción de la GPL (en PDF) al <a
+
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[es-ar]</code> <a
href="http://www.spanish-translator-services.com/espanol/t/gnu/gpl-ar.html";>Argentinian
Spanish</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[hy]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
+href="http://gnu.am/license/gpl.txt";>armenio</a>.</li>
+
+<!-- hidden problematic links (Visual Basic), commercial site, no distribution
terms
+ <li>
+<code>[be]</code> <a
href="http://webhostingrating.com/libs/gpl3be";>Belarusian</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- the "translation" doesn't serve its purpose
+ <li><code>[en-gb]</code> <a
href="http://people.csse.uwa.edu.au/jmd/gpl_en.txt";>
+
+ British English</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- many links; some may be problematic - to suggest republishing
+ <li>
+
+<code>[zh-cn]</code> <a
href="http://www.zeuux.org/group/free-software/bbs/content/50512/";>
+ Chinese (Simplified)</a> translation of the GPL
+-->
+<!-- PDF download requires registration
+ (<a href="http://www.zeuux.org/group/free-software/file/content/283/";>
+PDF</a>)</li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[zh-tw]</code> <a
href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnuv3-tc.html";>
+ Chinese (Traditional)</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- ads
+ <li>
+<code>[cs]</code> <a href="http://www.gnugpl.cz";>Czech</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<li><code>[nl]</code> Traducción de la GPL (en PDF) al <a
href="http://bartbeuving.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/gpl-v3-nl-101.pdf";>
holandés</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[eo]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
-href="http://zooplah.farvista.net/eo/programado/gpl3.html";>esperanto</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[fi]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
-href="http://www.turre.com/licenses/gpl_fi.html";> finlandés</a>.</li>
+
+<!-- link to browsehappy.com; other links
+ <li>
+<code>[eo]</code>
+ <a href="http://zooplah.farvista.net/eo/programado/gpl3.html";>Esperanto</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[fi]</code> <a href="http://www.turre.com/licenses/gpl_fi.html";>
+ Finnish</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND;
+ the HTML looks like an official www.gnu.org page (including contacts) -->
+<li><code>[fr]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
+href="http://www.rodage.org/gpl-3.0.fr.txt";>francés</a></li>
<li><code>[fr]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
-href="http://www.rodage.org/gpl-3.0.fr.html";>francés</a></li>
+href="http://dachary.org/loic/gpl-french.pdf";>francés</a></li>
<li><code>[gl]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
href="http://www.mancomun.org/GPL3_GL/gpl_gl_v3.html";>gallego</a> (<a
href="http://www.mancomun.org/GPL3_GL/gpl_gl_v3.txt";>texto</a>, y <a
href="http://www.mancomun.org/GPL3_GL/gpl_gl_v3.pdf";>PDF</a>)</li>
- <li><code>[de]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
+
+ <!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[de]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
href="http://www.gnu.de/documents/gpl-3.0.de.html";>alemán</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[he]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
-href="http://law.co.il/gplv3";>hebreo</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[hu]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
+
+<!-- commercial site; too restrictive terms
+ <li>
+<code>[he]</code> <a href="http://law.co.il/gplv3";>Hebrew</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[hu]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
href="http://gnu.hu/gplv3.html";>húngaro</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[it]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
-href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3";>italiano</a>.</li>
+
+ <li><code>[it]</code> traducción de la GPL al italiano - <a
+href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3/gplv3-it-final.html";>HTML</a>, <a
+href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3/gplv3-it-final.ps";>PS</a>, <a
+href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3/gplv3-it-final.pdf";>PDF</a>, <a
+href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3/gplv3-it.tex";>LaTeX</a>
+</li>
+
<li><code>[fa]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
href="http://www.kaveh.org/gnu/gplv3-fa.html";>persa</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[sr]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
-href="http://alas.matf.bg.ac.yu/~mr99164/ojl-3.0.html";> serbio</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[sk]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a href="http://www.gpl.sk/";>
-esloveno</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[es]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
-href="http://www.viti.es/gnu/licenses/gpl.html";>castellano</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[uk]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
-href="http://www.linux.kiev.ua/ua/devel/licenses/gnu-gpl/";>ucraniano</a>.</li>
+
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26; confirmed 2011-07-06
+ <li>
+<code>[sr]</code> <a href="http://alas.matf.bg.ac.yu/~mr99164/ojl-3.0.html";>
+ Serbian</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- ads
+ <li>
+<code>[sk]</code> <a href="http://www.gpl.sk";>
+ Slovak</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[es]</code> <a
href="http://www.viti.es/gnu/licenses/gpl.html";>Spanish</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- ads; many other links
+ <li>
+<code>[uk]</code> <a
href="http://www.linux.kiev.ua/ua/devel/licenses/gnu-gpl/";>
+ Ukrainian</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
</ul>
<h4>Traducciones en curso</h4>
@@ -122,28 +221,47 @@
persona o equipo si desea colaborar.</p>
<ul>
- <li><code>[pt-br]</code> Portugués de Brasil (<a
-href="http://gpl3brasil.pbwiki.com/GPLv3";>1</a>), (<a
-href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/GPLv3";>2</a>, esfuerzo liderado por
-la FSFLA)</li>
- <li><code>[ca]</code> <a
href="http://www.softcatala.cat/wiki/GPL3";>Catalán</a></li>
- <li><code>[fr]</code> Francés, <a
+
+<!-- commercial site;
+ since we have another translation by the FSFLA, we may want
+ to drop this one
+ <li>
+<code>[pt-br]</code> Brazilian Portuguese
+ (<a href="http://gpl3brasil.pbwiki.com/GPLv3";>1</a>),
+-->
+<!-- too many links
+ (<a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/GPLv3";>
+2</a> —
+ effort lead by FSFLA)</li>
+-->
+<!-- many links, some may be problematic; the licensing terms are CC-BY-SA,
+ <li>
+<code>[ca]</code> <a
href="http://www.softcatala.cat/wiki/GPL3";>Catalan</a></li>
+-->
+<li><code>[fr]</code> Francés, <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a></li>
- <li><code>[ko]</code> <a
-href="http://wiki.kldp.org/wiki.php/GNU/GPLV3Translation";>Coreano</a></li>
- <li><code>[pt]</code> <a href="http://gpl3.neoscopio.org";>Portugués</a></li>
- <li><code>[ro]</code> <a
-href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPL_(licen%C8%9Ba,_versiunea_3)">Rumano</a></li>
- <li><code>[ru]</code> <a
-href="http://code.google.com/p/gpl3rus/wiki/LatestRelease";>Ruso</a></li>
- <li><code>[es]</code> <a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/GPLv3";>
-Español</a>, esfuerzo liderado por la FSFLA.</li>
-
-<!-- Translation looks abandoned, commented out to avoid issues with adverts
on this site -->
-<!-- see RT:410086 -->
-<!-- <li><code>[sv]</code> <a
href="http://www.ucme.se/gpl-3.0.sv.htm";>Swedish</a></li> -->
-<li><code>[tr]</code> <a
-href="http://tr.pardus-wiki.org/index.php?title=%C3%87eviri:GNU_GPL_s%C3%BCr%C3%BCm_3_Gayr%C4%B1resm%C3%AE_%C3%87evirisi&action=edit";>Turco</a></li>
+
+<!-- ads
+ <li>
+<code>[ko]</code> <a
href="http://wiki.kldp.org/wiki.php/GNU/GPLV3Translation";>Korean</a></li>
+-->
+<!-- mentions www.neoscopio.com; the distribution terms are the GFDL
+ <li>
+<code>[pt]</code> <a href="http://gpl3.neoscopio.org";>Portuguese</a></li>
+-->
+<!-- wikipedia links; the distribution terms are CC-BY-SA
+ <li>
+<code>[ro]</code> <a
href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPL_(licen%C8%9Ba,_versiunea_3)">Romanian</a></li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[ru]</code> <a
href="http://code.google.com/p/gpl3rus/wiki/LatestRelease";>Russian</a></li>
+-->
+<!-- too many links
+ <li>
+<code>[es]</code> <a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/GPLv3";>
+ Spanish</a> — effort lead by FSFLA</li>
+-->
</ul>
<h3 id="LGPL">La 3ª versión de la Lesser General Public License de GNU</h3>
@@ -159,39 +277,61 @@
<li><code>[zh-cn]</code> Traducción de la LGPL al <a
href="http://www.thebigfly.com/gnu/lgpl/lgpl-v3.php";>chino
(simplificado)</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[zh-tw]</code> Traducción de la LGPL al <a
-href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnulgpl-v3-tc.html";>chino
-(tradicional)</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[de]</code> Traducción de la LGPL al <a
+
+ <!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[zh-tw]</code> <a
href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnulgpl-v3-tc.html";>
+ Chinese (Traditional)</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+-->
+<li><code>[cs]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
+href="http://www.lgpl.cz/cesky--preklad-licence--gnu-lesser--general-public-license--v-3-0.php";>checo</a>.</li>
+
+ <!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[de]</code> Traducción de la LGPL al <a
href="http://www.gnu.de/documents/lgpl-3.0.de.html";>alemán</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[hu]</code> Traducción de la LGPL al <a
+
+ <!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[hu]</code> Traducción de la LGPL al <a
href="http://gnu.hu/lgplv3.html";>hungaro</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[it]</code> Traducción de la LGPL al<a
-href="http://www.posterburner.com/IT_GNU_LESSER_GENERAL_PUBLIC_LICEN.htm"; >
-italiano</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[ja]</code> Traducción de la LGPL al <a
-href="http://www.finecheats.com/lgpl.html";>japonés</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[mt]</code> Traducción de la LGPL al <a
-href="http://www.dexxed.com/gnu/mt/v3/lgpl.html";>maltés</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[fa]</code> Traducción de la LGPL al <a
+
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[it]</code>
+ <a href="http://www.posterburner.com/IT_GNU_LESSER_GENERAL_PUBLIC_LICEN.htm";>
+ Italian</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26; confirmed 2011-07-08
+ <li>
+<code>[ja]</code> <a href="http://www.finecheats.com/lgpl.html";>
+ Japanese</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+ <li><code>[mt]</code> <a href="http://www.dexxed.com/gnu/mt/v3/lgpl.html";>
+ Maltese</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+-->
+<li><code>[fa]</code> Traducción de la LGPL al <a
href="http://www.kaveh.org/gnu/lgplv3-fa.html";>persa</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[es]</code> Traducción de la LGPL al <a
-href="http://www.viti.es/gnu/licenses/lgpl.html";>castellano</a>.</li>
+ <li><code>[sk]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
+href="http://www.lgpl.sk/slovensky--preklad-licencie--gnu-lesser--general-public-license--v-3-0.php";>esloveno</a>.</li>
+
+<!-- links to hosting site
+ <li>
+<code>[es]</code> <a
href="http://www.viti.es/gnu/licenses/lgpl.html";>Spanish</a>
+ translation of the LGPL</li>
+-->
</ul>
<h4>Traducciones en curso</h4>
<p>Se están realizando las siguientes traducciones; por favor, contacte a la
persona o equipo si desea colaborar.</p>
+<!-- too many links
<ul>
- <li><code>[pt-br]</code> <a
-href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/LGPLv3";>Portugués de Brasil</a></li>
- <li><code>[es]</code> <a
-href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/LGPLv3";>Español</a> (ambos son
-liderados por la FSFLA).</li>
-</ul>
-
+ <li><code>[pt-br]</code> <a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/LGPLv3";>
+ Brazilian Portuguese</a></li>
+ <li><code>[es]</code> <a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/LGPLv3";>
+ Spanish</a> (both are lead by FSFLA)</li>
+</ul>
+-->
<h3 id="FDL">La versión 1.3 de la Free Documentation License de GNU</h3>
<!-- Please keep entries alphabetical by language name. -->
@@ -219,18 +359,31 @@
<ul>
<li><code>[zh-cn]</code> Traducción de la GFDL al <a
href="http://www.thebigfly.com/gnu/FDLv1.3/";>chino (simplificado)</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[zh-tw]</code> Traducción de la GFDL al <a
-href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnufdl-v13-tc.html";>chino
-(tradicional)</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[de]</code> Traducción de la GFDL al <a
-href="http://rybaczyk.freeunix.net/licensesfdl-1.3.de.html";>alemán</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[it]</code> Traducción de la GFDL al <a
+
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[zh-tw]</code><a
href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnufdl-v13-tc.html";>
+ Chinese (Traditional)</a> translation of the GFDL</li>
+-->
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26; confirmed 2011-07-08
+ <li>
+<code>[de]</code>
+ <a href="http://rybaczyk.freeunix.net/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html";>
+ German</a> translation of the GFDL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[it]</code> Traducción de la GFDL al <a
href="http://home.gna.org/www-it/fdl/1.3/fdl.it.html";>italiano</a> (<a
href="http://home.gna.org/www-it/fdl/1.3/fdl.it.txt";>versión en texto
plano</a>)</li>
- <li><code>[ml]</code> Traducción de la GFDL al <a
-href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:GFDL-ml";>malasio</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[es]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
+
+<!-- many links
+ <li>
+<code>[ml]</code> <a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:GFDL-ml";>
+ Malayalam</a> translation of the GFDL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[es]</code> Traducción de la GPL al <a
href="http://docs.danexlandia.com.mx/gfdl_es.html";>castellano</a>.</li>
</ul>
@@ -245,14 +398,18 @@
<h4>Excepción de la versión 3 de la GNU Runtime Library</h4>
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26; confirmed 2011-07-08
<ul>
- <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> Traducción de la GCC RLE al <a
-href="http://bergwolf.googlepages.com/gplv3_zh";>chino (simplificado)</a>.</li>
- <li><code>[zh-tw]</code> Traducción de la GCC RLE al <a
-href="http://bergwolf.googlepages.com/gplv3_zh";>chino (tradicional)</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
+ <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> <a
href="http://hutuworm.blogspot.com/2009/01/gcc.html";>
+ Chinese (Simplified)</a> translation of the GCC RLE</li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[zh-tw]</code> <a
href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnu-gcc.html";>
+ Chinese (Traditional)</a> translation of the GCC RLE</li>
+</ul>
+-->
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -261,13 +418,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.es.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-
<p>
-Por favor, envÃe sus comentarios y preguntas sobre la â©<acronym title="Free
-Software Foundation">FSF</acronym> y el proyecto GNU â©a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. â©También puede <a
-href="/contact/">contactar con la FSF por otros medios</a>.<br />â©Por favor,
-envÃe enlaces rotos y otras correcciones o sugerencias a <a
+Por favor, envÃe sus preguntas sobre la FSF y GNU a <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. También dispone de <a
+href="/contact/">otros medios para contactar</a>
+<br />
+Por favor, envÃe enlaces rotos y otras correcciones o sugerencias a <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -282,8 +438,9 @@
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010,
2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any
-medium without royalty provided this notice is preserved.
+<p>Está página está bajo una <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.es";>licencia
+Creative Commons Atribución-SinDerivadas 3.0 Estados Unidos de América</a>.
</p>
@@ -299,7 +456,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2011/01/30 17:27:43 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -331,6 +488,8 @@
<li><a
href="/licenses/translations.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/licenses/translations.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/translations.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/licenses/translations.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -343,6 +502,8 @@
<li><a
href="/licenses/translations.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/licenses/translations.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/licenses/translations.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/translations.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
Index: licenses/translations.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/translations.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.64
retrieving revision 1.65
diff -u -b -r1.64 -r1.65
--- licenses/translations.fr.html 29 May 2010 08:25:29 -0000 1.64
+++ licenses/translations.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:20 -0000 1.65
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
@@ -9,40 +8,72 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
<h2>Traductions non officielles</h2>
-<h3 id="UnofficialTranslations">À propos des traductions non
officielles</h3>
+<h3 id="UnofficialTranslations">Ã propos des traductions non officielles</h3>
<p>
-La raison pour laquelle la FSF n'approuve pas ces traductions comme
-étant officiellement valides, c'est que leur vérification
-serait difficile et coûteuse (besoin de l'aide de juristes bilingues
-dans d'autres pays). Et pire, si une erreur se glissait, les
-conséquences pourraient être désastreuses pour toute la
-communauté du logiciel libre. Tant que ces traductions ne sont pas
-officielles, elles ne peuvent pas faire de dégâts, et nous
-espérons qu'elles aideront plus de gens à comprendre nos
-licences.</p>
-
-<p>Nous permettons la publication de traductions de la GNU GPL, de la LGPL, de
-l'AGPL ou de la FDL dans d'autres langues, pourvu que (1) vous
-spécifiiez dans vostraductions qu'elles ne sont pas officielles (voir
-plus loin comment faire), que vous informiez qu'elles ne tiennent pas lieu
-légalement de substitution à la version originale, et (2) que
-vous autorisiez à ajouter des modifications à notre demande,
-si nous apprenons par d'autres amis de GNU que des modifications sont
-nécessaires pour rendre la traduction plus claire.</p>
+The reason the FSF does not approve these translations as officially valid
+is that checking them would be difficult and expensive (needing the help of
+bilingual lawyers in other countries). Even worse, if an error did slip
+through, the results could be disastrous for the whole free software
+community. As long as the translations are unofficial, they can't do any
+harm.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose of linking to translations is to help more people understand our
+licenses. In order for them to do that, translations need to be basically
+accurate even if not perfect. To produce a good translation, it is
+essential to have fully understood fundamental concepts such as <a
+href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> and the <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software definition</a>. For this
+reason, those who wish to contribute translations should make sure they are
+well acquainted with these concepts as well as other philosophical
+principles that may appear in the document.</p>
+
+<p>We give permission to publish translations of the GNU GPL, LGPL, AGPL, and
+FDL into other languages, provided that:</p>
+
+<ol>
+
+<li>You label your translation as unofficial to inform people that they do not
+count legally as substitutes for the authentic version (see below for how to
+do this).</li>
+
+<li>You agree to install changes at our request, if we learn from other friends
+of GNU that changes are necessary to make the translation clearer.</li>
+
+<li>The translation is not hosted on a commercial site and does not refer to
any
+company.</li>
+
+<li>The page containing the translation should have no links except to fsf.org
+and gnu.org. We might accept links about other free software packages, but
+we prefer to avoid them.</li>
+
+<li>The page should say it is released under some version of the Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs license.</li>
+
+<li>We may accept small exceptions to these rules in legacy cases that are hard
+to fix.</li>
+
+</ol>
+
+<p>We do not necessarily link to all the unofficial translations that we know
+of in any given language. For instance, if one unofficial translation was
+made by a free software organization that we know and have confidence in, we
+will link to that translation rather than others. We still can't make it
+official, but we expect it is probably mostly correct.</p>
<p>
-Pour spécifier que votre traduction n'est pas officielle, veuillez
-ajoutez le texte suivant au début, à la fois en anglais et
-dans la langue de la traduction. Remplacez <em>language</em> par le nom de
-cette langue, et « GNU General Public License » et
-« GPL » par le nom et l'abréviation de la licence que vous
-traduisez, s'il ne s'agit pas de la GPL :</p>
+Pour spécifier que votre traduction n'est pas officielle, veuillez ajoutez
+le texte suivant au début, à la fois en anglais et dans la langue de la
+traduction. Remplacez <em>language</em> par le nom de cette langue, et
+« GNU General Public License » et « GPL » par le nom et
+l'abréviation de la licence que vous traduisez, s'il ne s'agit pas de la
+GPL :</p>
<blockquote dir="ltr"><p>
<!--TRANSLATORS: If you translate this paragraph, retain the English
-text and put your translation below. The entire <blockquote> element
+text and put your translation below. The entire <blockquote>
+ element
has dir="ltr" to work by default with RTL languages when the notice is
not translated, so if your language is RTL, you *must* put your
translation within <span dir="rtl">.-->
@@ -52,16 +83,15 @@
GNU GPL—only the original English text of the GNU GPL does that.
However, we hope that this translation will help <tt>language</tt> speakers
understand the GNU GPL better.<br />Traduction :<br />Ceci est une
-traduction non officielle de la GNU General Public License en
-français. Elle n'a pas été publiée par la Free
-Software Foundation, et ne détermine pas les termes de distribution
-pour les logiciels qui utilisent la GNU GPL -- seul le texte anglais
-original de la GNU GPL en a le droit. Cependant, nous espérons que
-cette traduction aidera les francophones à mieux comprendre la GNU
-GPL.
+traduction non officielle de la GNU General Public License en français.
+Elle n'a pas été publiée par la Free Software Foundation, et ne détermine
+pas les termes de distribution pour les logiciels qui utilisent la GNU GPL
+-- seul le texte anglais original de la GNU GPL en a le droit. Cependant,
+nous espérons que cette traduction aidera les francophones à mieux
+comprendre la GNU GPL.
</p></blockquote>
-<h3 id="GPL">La Licence Générale Publique GNU (GNU GPL) version
3.0</h3>
+<h3 id="GPL">La Licence Générale Publique GNU (GNU GPL) version 3.0</h3>
<!-- Please keep entries alphabetical by language name. -->
<!-- And to help users, include the language code in brackets. -->
@@ -74,142 +104,240 @@
<p>Si vous faites une traduction (de n'importe quelle licence), veuillez en
informer les responsables de la traduction de GNU <a
href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";><web-translators@gnu.org></a>.
-Ils s'assureront que votre traduction respecte les règles
-précédentes et ajouteront un lien vers votre traduction sur
-cette page.</p>
+Ils s'assureront que votre traduction respecte les règles précédentes et
+ajouteront un lien vers votre traduction sur cette page.</p>
<!-- Please keep entries alphabetical by language name. -->
<ul>
- <li><code>[es-ar]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.spanish-translator-services.com/espanol/t/gnu/gpl-ar.html";>espagnol
-argentin</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[hy]</code> Traduction en <a
href="http://gnu.am/gpl.php";>arménien</a>
-de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[en-gb]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://people.csse.uwa.edu.au/jmd/gpl_en.txt";>anglais britannique</a>
-de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://bergwolf.googlepages.com/gplv3_zh";>chinois simplifié</a>
-de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[zh-tw]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnuv3-tc.html";>chinois
-(traditionnel)</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[cs]</code> <a href="http://www.gnugpl.cz/";>Czech</a> translation
of
-the GPL</li>
- <li><code>[nl]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://bartbeuving.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/gpl-v3-nl-101.pdf";>néerlandais</a>
-de la GPL (PDF)</li>
- <li><code>[eo]</code> <a
-href="http://zooplah.farvista.net/eo/programado/gpl3.html";>Esperanto</a>
+
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[es-ar]</code> <a
href="http://www.spanish-translator-services.com/espanol/t/gnu/gpl-ar.html";>Argentinian
Spanish</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[hy]</code> <a href="http://gnu.am/license/gpl.txt";>Armenian</a>
+translation of the GPL</li>
+
+<!-- hidden problematic links (Visual Basic), commercial site, no distribution
terms
+ <li>
+<code>[be]</code> <a
href="http://webhostingrating.com/libs/gpl3be";>Belarusian</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- the "translation" doesn't serve its purpose
+ <li><code>[en-gb]</code> <a
href="http://people.csse.uwa.edu.au/jmd/gpl_en.txt";>
+
+ British English</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- many links; some may be problematic - to suggest republishing
+ <li>
+
+<code>[zh-cn]</code> <a
href="http://www.zeuux.org/group/free-software/bbs/content/50512/";>
+ Chinese (Simplified)</a> translation of the GPL
+-->
+<!-- PDF download requires registration
+ (<a href="http://www.zeuux.org/group/free-software/file/content/283/";>
+PDF</a>)</li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[zh-tw]</code> <a
href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnuv3-tc.html";>
+ Chinese (Traditional)</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- ads
+ <li>
+<code>[cs]</code> <a href="http://www.gnugpl.cz";>Czech</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<li><code>[nl]</code> <a
+href="http://bartbeuving.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/gpl-v3-nl-101.pdf";>
+Dutch</a> translation of the GPL (PDF)</li>
+
+<!-- link to browsehappy.com; other links
+ <li>
+<code>[eo]</code>
+ <a href="http://zooplah.farvista.net/eo/programado/gpl3.html";>Esperanto</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[fi]</code> <a href="http://www.turre.com/licenses/gpl_fi.html";>
+ Finnish</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND;
+ the HTML looks like an official www.gnu.org page (including contacts) -->
+<li><code>[fr]</code> <a href="http://www.rodage.org/gpl-3.0.fr.txt";>
French</a>
translation of the GPL</li>
- <li><code>[fi]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.turre.com/licenses/gpl_fi.html";>finnois</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[fr]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.april.org/groupes/trad-gpl/doc/GPLv3/www.rodage.org/gpl-3.0.fr.html";>français</a>
-de la GPL</li>
+ <li><code>[fr]</code> <a href="http://dachary.org/loic/gpl-french.pdf";>
+French</a> translation of the GPL (PDF)</li>
<li><code>[gl]</code> Traduction en <a
href="http://www.mancomun.org/GPL3_GL/gpl_gl_v3.html";>galicien</a> de la GPL
(<a href="http://www.mancomun.org/GPL3_GL/gpl_gl_v3.txt";>texte brut</a>, <a
href="http://www.mancomun.org/GPL3_GL/gpl_gl_v3.pdf";>PDF</a>)</li>
- <li><code>[de]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.gnu.de/documents/gpl-3.0.de.html";>allemand</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[he]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://law.co.il/gplv3";>hébreu</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[hu]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://gnu.hu/gplv3.html";>hongrois</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[it]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3";>italien</a> de la GPL</li>
+
+ <!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[de]</code> <a href="http://www.gnu.de/documents/gpl-3.0.de.html";>
+German</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+
+<!-- commercial site; too restrictive terms
+ <li>
+<code>[he]</code> <a href="http://law.co.il/gplv3";>Hebrew</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[hu]</code> <a href="http://gnu.hu/gplv3.html";>Hungarian</a>
+translation of the GPL</li>
+
+ <li><code>[it]</code> Italian translation of the GPL - <a
+href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3/gplv3-it-final.html";>HTML</a>, <a
+href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3/gplv3-it-final.ps";>PS</a>, <a
+href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3/gplv3-it-final.pdf";>PDF</a>, <a
+href="http://katolaz.homeunix.net/gplv3/gplv3-it.tex";>LaTeX</a>
+</li>
+
<li><code>[fa]</code> Traduction en <a
href="http://www.kaveh.org/gnu/gplv3-fa.html";>farsi</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[sr]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://alas.matf.bg.ac.yu/~mr99164/ojl-3.0.html";>serbe</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[sk]</code> Traduction en <a
href="http://www.gpl.sk/";>slovaque</a> de
-la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[es]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.viti.es/gnu/licenses/gpl.html";>espagnol</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[uk]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.linux.kiev.ua/ua/devel/licenses/gnu-gpl/";>ukrainien</a> de
-la GPL</li>
+
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26; confirmed 2011-07-06
+ <li>
+<code>[sr]</code> <a href="http://alas.matf.bg.ac.yu/~mr99164/ojl-3.0.html";>
+ Serbian</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- ads
+ <li>
+<code>[sk]</code> <a href="http://www.gpl.sk";>
+ Slovak</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[es]</code> <a
href="http://www.viti.es/gnu/licenses/gpl.html";>Spanish</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- ads; many other links
+ <li>
+<code>[uk]</code> <a
href="http://www.linux.kiev.ua/ua/devel/licenses/gnu-gpl/";>
+ Ukrainian</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
</ul>
<h4>Traductions en cours</h4>
<p>Les efforts de traduction suivants sont en cours, veuillez contacter la
-personne/équipe si vous souhaiter l'aider.</p>
+personne/équipe si vous souhaiter l'aider.</p>
<ul>
- <li><code>[pt-br]</code> Traduction en portugais brésilien (<a
-href="http://gpl3brasil.pbwiki.com/GPLv3";>1</a>), (<a
-href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/GPLv3";>2</a> — effort
-mené par FSFLA)</li>
- <li><code>[ca]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.softcatala.cat/wiki/GPL3";>catalan</a></li>
- <li><code>[fr]</code> Traduction en français <a
+
+<!-- commercial site;
+ since we have another translation by the FSFLA, we may want
+ to drop this one
+ <li>
+<code>[pt-br]</code> Brazilian Portuguese
+ (<a href="http://gpl3brasil.pbwiki.com/GPLv3";>1</a>),
+-->
+<!-- too many links
+ (<a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/GPLv3";>
+2</a> —
+ effort lead by FSFLA)</li>
+-->
+<!-- many links, some may be problematic; the licensing terms are CC-BY-SA,
+ <li>
+<code>[ca]</code> <a
href="http://www.softcatala.cat/wiki/GPL3";>Catalan</a></li>
+-->
+<li><code>[fr]</code> Traduction en français <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a></li>
- <li><code>[ko]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://wiki.kldp.org/wiki.php/GNU/GPLV3Translation";>coréen</a></li>
- <li><code>[pt]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://gpl3.neoscopio.org";>portugais</a></li>
- <li><code>[ro]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPL_(licen%C8%9Ba,_versiunea_3)">roumain</a></li>
- <li><code>[ru]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://code.google.com/p/gpl3rus/wiki/LatestRelease";>russe</a></li>
- <li><code>[es]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/GPLv3";>espagnol</a> — effort
-mené par FSFLA</li>
-
-<!-- Translation looks abandoned, commented out to avoid issues with adverts
on this site -->
-<!-- see RT:410086 -->
-<!-- <li><code>[sv]</code> <a
href="http://www.ucme.se/gpl-3.0.sv.htm";>Swedish</a></li> -->
-<li><code>[tr]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://tr.pardus-wiki.org/index.php?title=%C3%87eviri:GNU_GPL_s%C3%BCr%C3%BCm_3_Gayr%C4%B1resm%C3%AE_%C3%87evirisi&action=edit";>turc</a></li>
+
+<!-- ads
+ <li>
+<code>[ko]</code> <a
href="http://wiki.kldp.org/wiki.php/GNU/GPLV3Translation";>Korean</a></li>
+-->
+<!-- mentions www.neoscopio.com; the distribution terms are the GFDL
+ <li>
+<code>[pt]</code> <a href="http://gpl3.neoscopio.org";>Portuguese</a></li>
+-->
+<!-- wikipedia links; the distribution terms are CC-BY-SA
+ <li>
+<code>[ro]</code> <a
href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPL_(licen%C8%9Ba,_versiunea_3)">Romanian</a></li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[ru]</code> <a
href="http://code.google.com/p/gpl3rus/wiki/LatestRelease";>Russian</a></li>
+-->
+<!-- too many links
+ <li>
+<code>[es]</code> <a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/GPLv3";>
+ Spanish</a> — effort lead by FSFLA</li>
+-->
</ul>
-<h3 id="LGPL">La Licence Générale Publique Amoindrie GNU (GNU
LGPL) version
-3.0</h3>
+<h3 id="LGPL">La Licence Générale Publique Amoindrie GNU (GNU LGPL) version
3.0</h3>
<p>
Si vous faites une traduction (de n'importe quelle licence), veuillez en
informer les responsables de la traduction de GNU <a
href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";><web-translators@gnu.org></a>.
-Ils s'assureront que votre traduction respecte les règles
-précédentes et ajouteront un lien vers votre traduction sur
-cette page.</p>
+Ils s'assureront que votre traduction respecte les règles précédentes et
+ajouteront un lien vers votre traduction sur cette page.</p>
<ul>
- <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.thebigfly.com/gnu/lgpl/lgpl-v3.php";>chinois
-simplifié</a> de la LGPL</li>
- <li><code>[zh-tw]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnulgpl-v3-tc.html";>chinois
-simplifié</a> de la LGPL</li>
- <li><code>[de]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.gnu.de/documents/lgpl-3.0.de.html";>allemand</a> de la
LGPL</li>
- <li><code>[hu]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://gnu.hu/lgplv3.html";>hongrois</a> de la LGPL</li>
- <li><code>[ja]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.finecheats.com/lgpl.html";>japonais</a> de la LGPL</li>
+ <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> <a
+href="http://www.thebigfly.com/gnu/lgpl/lgpl-v3.php";> Chinese
+(Simplified)</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+
+ <!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[zh-tw]</code> <a
href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnulgpl-v3-tc.html";>
+ Chinese (Traditional)</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+-->
+<li><code>[cs]</code> <a
+href="http://www.lgpl.cz/cesky--preklad-licence--gnu-lesser--general-public-license--v-3-0.php";>
+Czech</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+
+ <!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[de]</code> <a href="http://www.gnu.de/documents/lgpl-3.0.de.html";>
+German</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+
+ <!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[hu]</code> <a href="http://gnu.hu/lgplv3.html";>Hungarian</a>
+translation of the LGPL</li>
+
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[it]</code>
+ <a href="http://www.posterburner.com/IT_GNU_LESSER_GENERAL_PUBLIC_LICEN.htm";>
+ Italian</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26; confirmed 2011-07-08
+ <li>
+<code>[ja]</code> <a href="http://www.finecheats.com/lgpl.html";>
+ Japanese</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
<li><code>[mt]</code> <a href="http://www.dexxed.com/gnu/mt/v3/lgpl.html";>
-Maltese</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
- <li><code>[fa]</code> Traduction en <a
+ Maltese</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+-->
+<li><code>[fa]</code> Traduction en <a
href="http://www.kaveh.org/gnu/lgplv3-fa.html";>farsi</a> de la LGPL</li>
- <li><code>[es]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.viti.es/gnu/licenses/lgpl.html";>espagnol</a> de la LGPL</li>
+ <li><code>[sk]</code> <a
+href="http://www.lgpl.sk/slovensky--preklad-licencie--gnu-lesser--general-public-license--v-3-0.php";>
+Slovak</a> translation of the LGPL</li>
+
+<!-- links to hosting site
+ <li>
+<code>[es]</code> <a
href="http://www.viti.es/gnu/licenses/lgpl.html";>Spanish</a>
+ translation of the LGPL</li>
+-->
</ul>
<h4>Traductions en cours</h4>
<p>Les efforts de traduction suivants sont en cours, veuillez contacter la
-personne/équipe si vous souhaiter l'aider.</p>
+personne/équipe si vous souhaiter l'aider.</p>
+<!-- too many links
<ul>
- <li><code>[pt-br]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/LGPLv3";>portugais brésilien</a> de
-la LGPL</li>
- <li><code>[es]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/LGPLv3";>espagnol</a> de la LGPL (les
-deux sont menées par FSFLA)</li>
-</ul>
-
+ <li><code>[pt-br]</code> <a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/LGPLv3";>
+ Brazilian Portuguese</a></li>
+ <li><code>[es]</code> <a href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/trad/LGPLv3";>
+ Spanish</a> (both are lead by FSFLA)</li>
+</ul>
+-->
<h3 id="FDL">La licence GNU de documentation libre, version 1.3</h3>
<!-- Please keep entries alphabetical by language name. -->
@@ -220,9 +348,8 @@
Si vous faites une traduction (de n'importe quelle licence), veuillez en
informer les responsables de la traduction de GNU <a
href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";><web-translators@gnu.org></a>.
-Ils s'assureront que votre traduction respecte les règles
-précédentes et ajouteront un lien vers votre traduction sur
-cette page.</p>
+Ils s'assureront que votre traduction respecte les règles précédentes et
+ajouteront un lien vers votre traduction sur cette page.</p>
<p>La FDL 1.3 a été publiée le 3 novembre 2008. Pour l'heure, il n'existe
pas
de traductions de cette nouvelle version de la FDL. Cependant, la FDL 1.3
@@ -236,23 +363,34 @@
<!-- Please keep entries alphabetical by language name. -->
<ul>
- <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.thebigfly.com/gnu/FDLv1.3/";>chinois simplifié</a> de
-la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[zh-tw]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnufdl-v13-tc.html";>chinois
-(traditionnel)</a> de la GFDL</li>
- <li><code>[de]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://rybaczyk.freeunix.net/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html";>allemand</a> de
-la GFDL</li>
- <li><code>[it]</code> Traduction en <a
+ <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> <a href="http://www.thebigfly.com/gnu/FDLv1.3/";>
+Chinese (Simplified)</a> translation of the GFDL</li>
+
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[zh-tw]</code><a
href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnufdl-v13-tc.html";>
+ Chinese (Traditional)</a> translation of the GFDL</li>
+-->
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26; confirmed 2011-07-08
+ <li>
+<code>[de]</code>
+ <a href="http://rybaczyk.freeunix.net/licenses/fdl-1.3.de.html";>
+ German</a> translation of the GFDL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[it]</code> Traduction en <a
href="http://home.gna.org/www-it/fdl/1.3/fdl.it.html";>italien</a> de la GFDL
(<a href="http://home.gna.org/www-it/fdl/1.3/fdl.it.txt";>version texte
brut</a>)</li>
- <li><code>[ml]</code> <a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:GFDL-ml";>
-Malayalam</a> translation of the GFDL</li>
- <li><code>[fa]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://stuff.danexnow.org/gfdl_es.html";>espagnol</a> de la GFDL</li>
+
+<!-- many links
+ <li>
+<code>[ml]</code> <a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:GFDL-ml";>
+ Malayalam</a> translation of the GFDL</li>
+-->
+<!-- TODO: the page should say it is CC-BY-ND -->
+<li><code>[es]</code> <a href="http://docs.danexlandia.com.mx/gfdl_es.html";>
+Spanish</a> translation of the GFDL</li>
</ul>
<!-- Please keep entries alphabetical by language name. -->
@@ -261,22 +399,23 @@
<p>Si vous faites une traduction (de n'importe quelle licence), veuillez en
informer les responsables de la traduction de GNU <a
href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";><web-translators@gnu.org></a>.
-Ils s'assureront que votre traduction respecte les règles
-précédentes et ajouteront un lien vers votre traduction sur
-cette page.</p>
+Ils s'assureront que votre traduction respecte les règles précédentes et
+ajouteront un lien vers votre traduction sur cette page.</p>
<h4>GNU Runtime Library Exception, version 3</h4>
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26; confirmed 2011-07-08
<ul>
- <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://hutuworm.blogspot.com/2009/01/gcc.html";>chinois
-simplifié</a> de la GCC RLE</li>
- <li><code>[zh-tw]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnu-gcc.html";>chinois
-(traditionnel)</a> de la GCC RLE</li>
-</ul>
-
+ <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> <a
href="http://hutuworm.blogspot.com/2009/01/gcc.html";>
+ Chinese (Simplified)</a> translation of the GCC RLE</li>
+-->
+<!-- commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[zh-tw]</code> <a
href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnu-gcc.html";>
+ Chinese (Traditional)</a> translation of the GCC RLE</li>
+</ul>
+-->
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -285,12 +424,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -302,12 +442,13 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010
-Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010,
+2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -319,7 +460,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/05/29 08:25:29 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -341,12 +482,18 @@
http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/translations.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/licenses/translations.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/translations.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/licenses/translations.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -359,6 +506,8 @@
<li><a
href="/licenses/translations.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/licenses/translations.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/licenses/translations.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/translations.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
Index: licenses/why-affero-gpl.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/why-affero-gpl.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- licenses/why-affero-gpl.ar.html 25 May 2010 20:25:45 -0000 1.1
+++ licenses/why-affero-gpl.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:20 -0000 1.2
@@ -66,11 +66,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
بإÙ‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù ÙضÙÙ
-أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -80,8 +81,9 @@
<p>ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 2010 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
اÙÙ
ØدÙدة.</p>
<p>
-ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù ØرÙÙÙا
Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ· ÙبدÙ٠رسÙÙ
بشرط إبÙاء
-Ùذا اÙإخطار.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/05/25 20:25:45 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -118,8 +120,12 @@
use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- Arabic -->
+<li><a
href="/licenses/why-affero-gpl.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/licenses/why-affero-gpl.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- Persian (Farsi) -->
+<li><a
href="/licenses/why-affero-gpl.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: licenses/why-affero-gpl.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/why-affero-gpl.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- licenses/why-affero-gpl.fa.html 6 Oct 2010 05:41:23 -0000 1.2
+++ licenses/why-affero-gpl.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:21 -0000 1.3
@@ -72,12 +72,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÙØ·Ùا سÙاÙات ٠پرسشâÙØ§Û Ø®Ùد در رابط٠با Ú¯ÙÙ
٠بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ را بÙ
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> ارساÙ
Ú©ÙÛد. ÙÙ
ÚÙÛÙ <a
-href="/contact/">راÙâÙØ§Û Ø¯ÛÚ¯Ø±Û Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ØªÙ
اس</a> با
بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ ÙجÙد
-دارد. <br /> ÙØ·Ùا ÙÛÙÚ©âÙØ§Û Ø®Ø±Ø§Ø¨ Ù Ûا Ù
Ø´Ú©Ùات
دÛگر Ûا Ù¾ÛØ´ÙÙادات Ø®Ùد را ب٠<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
-ارسا٠کÙÛد.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -88,9 +88,9 @@
<p>Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>
-ÙسخÙâØ¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÙ
٠ب٠کÙÙ
٠٠تÙزÛع ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در سراسر جÙا٠٠در Ùر
-رساÙÙâاÛØ Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠پرداخت Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز Ù
جاز Ù
ÛâØ¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø§ اÛ٠شرط ک٠اÛ٠اعÙاÙ/ØÙ
-اÙ
تÛاز ØÙظ Ø´Ùد.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2010/10/06 05:41:23 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:21 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: licenses/why-assign.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/why-assign.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- licenses/why-assign.bg.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:16 -0000 1.3
+++ licenses/why-assign.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:21 -0000 1.4
@@ -49,11 +49,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги наÑини за
-<a href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -67,9 +68,9 @@
<address>Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston,
MA
02110, USA</address>
<p>
-ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение на
ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:16 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:21 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -133,6 +134,8 @@
<li><a href="/licenses/why-assign.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/licenses/why-assign.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/licenses/why-assign.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: licenses/why-assign.ta.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/why-assign.ta.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- licenses/why-assign.ta.html 16 Jul 2010 08:27:31 -0000 1.1
+++ licenses/why-assign.ta.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:21 -0000 1.2
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-FSF & GNU தà¯à®à®°à¯à®ªà®¾à®© வினவலà¯à®à®³à¯ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> à®
னà¯à®ªà¯à®ªà®µà¯à®®à¯. FSF à® <a
-href="/contact/">தà¯à®à®°à¯à®ªà¯ à®à¯à®³à¯à®³à¯à®®à¯ வà¯à®±à¯
வழிà®à®³à¯à®®à¯</a> à®à®£à¯à®à¯. <br />
-தà¯à®£à¯à®à®¿à®à¯à®à®ªà¯à®ªà®à¯à® à®à®£à¯à®ªà¯à®ªà¯à®à®³à¯,
திரà¯à®¤à¯à®¤à®à¯à®à®³à¯, பரிநà¯à®¤à¯à®°à¯à®à®³à¯
à®à®³à¯à®³à®¿à®à¯à®à®µà®±à¯à®±à¯ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> à®à®©à¯à®±
-à®®à¯à®à®µà®°à®¿à®à¯à®à¯ à®
னà¯à®ªà¯à®ªà®µà¯à®®à¯.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@
நிறà¯à®µà®ªà¯à®ªà®à¯à®à®¤à¯.,</p>
<address>51 பிராà®à¯à®à¯à®³à®¿à®©à¯ தà¯à®°à¯,
à®à®¨à¯à®¤à®¾à®µà®¤à¯ தளமà¯, பாஸà¯à®à®©à¯, MA 02110,
USA</address>
<p>
-à®à®¨à¯à®¤ à®
றிவிபà¯à®ªà¯ நà¯à®à¯à®à®¾à®®à®²à¯,
à®à®¨à¯à®¤ à®à®à¯à®à¯à®°à¯ à®®à¯à®´à¯à®µà®¤à¯à®¯à¯à®®à¯
à®à®¨à¯à®¤à®µà®¿à®¤ பà®à¯à®à¯à®®à¯ à®à®©à¯à®±à®¿
-à®à®¨à¯à®¤ à®à®à®à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®©à¯ வாயிலாà®à®µà¯à®®à¯
பà®à®¿à®¯à¯à®à¯à®à¯à®à®µà¯à®®à¯
விநியà¯à®à®¿à®à¯à®à®µà¯à®®à¯ à®
னà¯à®®à®¤à®¿à®à¯à®à®ªà¯
-பà®à¯à®à®¿à®±à®¤à¯.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2010/07/16 08:27:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:21 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -126,6 +126,8 @@
<li><a href="/licenses/why-assign.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/licenses/why-assign.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/licenses/why-assign.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: licenses/why-gfdl.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/why-gfdl.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- licenses/why-gfdl.ar.html 27 Dec 2010 17:27:52 -0000 1.6
+++ licenses/why-gfdl.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:21 -0000 1.7
@@ -50,10 +50,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù.إس.Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a> باÙØ¥Ù.إس.Ø¥Ù. <br
/> Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرسÙ
-اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات أ٠اÙتراØات
Ø¥ÙÙ <a
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
@@ -66,8 +67,9 @@
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 2000Ø 2007Ø2008 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙ
دخÙØ© اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù
Ùجازة ÙÙ Ù٠أÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠أرباØØ
-Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ù
ع Ùضع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاØظة Ù٠عÙÙ
اÙاعتبار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/12/27 17:27:52 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:21 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -119,6 +121,8 @@
<li><a
href="/licenses/why-gfdl.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/licenses/why-gfdl.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/licenses/why-gfdl.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/why-gfdl.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
Index: licenses/why-not-lgpl.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- licenses/why-not-lgpl.ar.html 27 Jul 2010 16:27:10 -0000 1.7
+++ licenses/why-not-lgpl.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:21 -0000 1.8
@@ -88,11 +88,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù.إس.Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a> باÙØ¥Ù.إس.Ø¥Ù. <br
/> Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرسÙ
-اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات أ٠اÙتراØات
Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -104,8 +105,9 @@
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 1999Ø 2007 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù
ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø· إبÙاء Ùذا
-اÙإخطار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -119,7 +121,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/07/27 16:27:10 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:21 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -138,7 +140,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
@@ -146,13 +149,15 @@
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Indonesian -->
<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.id.html">Bahasa
Indonesia</a> [id]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
@@ -166,7 +171,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Chinese(Simplified) -->
Index: licenses/why-not-lgpl.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/why-not-lgpl.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- licenses/why-not-lgpl.bg.html 27 Jul 2010 16:27:10 -0000 1.9
+++ licenses/why-not-lgpl.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:21 -0000 1.10
@@ -98,11 +98,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги наÑини за
-<a href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -116,9 +117,9 @@
</p>
<address>Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston,
MA
02110, USA</address>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/07/27 16:27:10 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:21 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -156,7 +157,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
@@ -164,13 +166,15 @@
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Indonesian -->
<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.id.html">Bahasa
Indonesia</a> [id]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
@@ -184,7 +188,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Chinese(Simplified) -->
Index: licenses/why-not-lgpl.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/why-not-lgpl.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- licenses/why-not-lgpl.sr.html 27 Jul 2010 16:27:11 -0000 1.14
+++ licenses/why-not-lgpl.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:21 -0000 1.15
@@ -94,11 +94,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑаÑеÑе пиÑаÑа Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð¸ Ñа
ÐСС-ом и ÐÐУ-ом на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÐоÑÑоÑе и <a
-href="/contact/">дÑÑги наÑини да Ñе обÑаÑиÑе</a>
ÐСС-Ñ.<br />Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-ÑаÑеÑе неиÑпÑавне везе и дÑÑге иÑпÑавке
(или пÑедлоге) на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -112,9 +113,9 @@
Foundation, Inc.,
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа,
-без надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз
ÑÑлов да Ñе оÑÑвано ово обавеÑÑеÑе
-и обавеÑÑеÑе о аÑÑоÑÑким пÑавима.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -140,7 +141,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2010/07/27 16:27:11 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:21 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -159,7 +160,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
@@ -167,13 +169,15 @@
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Indonesian -->
<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.id.html">Bahasa
Indonesia</a> [id]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
@@ -187,7 +191,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Chinese(Simplified) -->
Index: licenses/why-not-lgpl.ta.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ta.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- licenses/why-not-lgpl.ta.html 29 Aug 2010 08:26:23 -0000 1.1
+++ licenses/why-not-lgpl.ta.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:21 -0000 1.2
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
à®à®¨à¯à®¤à®°à¯à®ªà¯à®ª à®à¯à®´à¯à®¨à®¿à®²à¯à®à®³à¯
பà¯à®±à¯à®¤à¯à®¤à¯ à®
à®®à¯à®¯à¯à®®à¯.தறà¯à®à®®à®¯à®®à¯ à®
திà®à®®à®¾à®© நிரலà®à®à¯à®à®³à¯ நிறà¯à®µà®±à¯à®±
à®à®¿à®ªà®¿à®à®²à¯à®©à¯ பாதà¯à®à®¾à®ªà¯à®ªà¯à®à¯à®à¯à®³à¯
தான௠வரà¯à®à®¿à®©à¯à®±à®©. à®à®¤à®©à¯ à®
à®°à¯à®¤à¯à®¤à®®à®¾à®©à®¤à¯ நாம௠à®à®°à®£à¯à®à¯
வியà¯à®à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®©à¯à®³à¯ à®à®©à¯à®±à¯ மறà¯à®±à¯à®®à¯
à®à®ªà®¯à¯à®à®¿à®¤à¯à®¤à¯ மறà¯à®±à®¤à¯
பà¯à®±à®à¯à®à®£à®¿à®ªà¯à®ªà®¤à¯ பà¯à®©à¯à®±à®¤à¯. à®à®à®µà¯
-நாà®à¯à®à®³à¯ à®à®ªà¯à®ªà¯à®¤à¯ </strong>à®à®¾à®¤à®¾à®°à®£
à®à®¿à®ªà®¿à®à®²à¯à®©à¯ à®à¯à®´à¯</strong> à®
திà®à®®à®¾à®©
நிரலà®à®à¯à®à®³à¯
+நாà®à¯à®à®³à¯ à®à®ªà¯à®ªà¯à®¤à¯ <strong>à®à®¾à®¤à®¾à®°à®£
à®à®¿à®ªà®¿à®à®²à¯à®©à¯ à®à¯à®´à¯</strong> à®
திà®à®®à®¾à®©
நிரலà®à®à¯à®à®³à¯
வà¯à®³à®¿à®µà®°à®µà¯à®£à¯à®à¯à®®à¯ à®à®©
à®à®¤à®¿à®°à¯à®ªà®¾à®°à¯à®à¯à®à®¿à®±à¯à®®à¯.</p>
<p>
à®à®à¯à®à¯à®³à¯à®³ à®®à¯à®©à¯à®ªà¯à®°à¯à®³à¯
à®à®±à¯à®ªà®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®¯à®¾à®³à®°à¯à®à®³à®¿à®à®®à¯ பணமà¯
à®à®©à¯à®®à¯ à®®à¯à®®à¯à®ªà®¾à®à¯ à®à®£à¯à®à¯. à®à®à¯à®à®±à¯à®±
@@ -100,8 +100,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -117,9 +118,9 @@
நிறà¯à®µà®ªà¯à®ªà®à¯à®à®¤à¯.,
</p>
<address>51 பிராà®à¯à®à¯à®³à®¿à®©à¯ தà¯à®°à¯,
à®à®¨à¯à®¤à®¾à®µà®¤à¯ தளமà¯, பாஸà¯à®à®©à¯, MA 02110,
USA</address>
-<p>à®à®¨à¯à®¤ à®
றிவிபà¯à®ªà¯ நà¯à®à¯à®à®¾à®®à®²à¯,
à®à®¨à¯à®¤ à®à®à¯à®à¯à®°à¯ à®®à¯à®´à¯à®µà®¤à¯à®¯à¯à®®à¯
à®à®¨à¯à®¤à®µà®¿à®¤ பà®à¯à®à¯à®®à¯ à®à®©à¯à®±à®¿
-à®à®¨à¯à®¤ à®à®à®à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®©à¯ வாயிலாà®à®µà¯à®®à¯
பà®à®¿à®¯à¯à®à¯à®à¯à®à®µà¯à®®à¯
விநியà¯à®à®¿à®à¯à®à®µà¯à®®à¯ à®
னà¯à®®à®¤à®¿à®à¯à®à®ªà¯
-பà®à¯à®à®¿à®±à®¤à¯.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2010/08/29 08:26:23 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:21 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -150,7 +151,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
@@ -159,6 +161,8 @@
<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -178,7 +182,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Chinese(Simplified) -->
Index: licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0-faq.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0-faq.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0-faq.fr.html 19 Jul 2011 08:42:23 -0000
1.10
+++ licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0-faq.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:29 -0000
1.11
@@ -163,8 +163,8 @@
préambule de la GPL, ou les instructions sur la façon de l'utiliser dans vos
propres programmes, pour économiser de l'espace ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="#WhatIsCompatible" name="TOCWhatIsCompatible">Que signifie le
fait
-que deux licences sont « compatibles » ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#WhatIsCompatible" name="TOCWhatIsCompatible">What does it
mean to
+say that two licenses are “compatible”?</a></li>
<li><a href="#WhatDoesCompatMean" name="TOCWhatDoesCompatMean">Que veut
dire le
fait qu'une licence soit « compatible avec la GPL »
@@ -611,14 +611,14 @@
faire si je découvre une violation potentielle de la GPL ?</a></b></dt>
<dd>
-Vous devriez <a href="/licences/gpl-violation.html">la signaler</a>. Tout
-d'abord, vérifiez les faits du mieux que vous pouvez. Puis signalez-le Ã
-l'éditeur ou au détenteur du copyright du programme en question couvert par
-la GPL. Si c'est la Free Software Foundation, écrivez à <a
-href="mailto:license-violation@gnu.org";><license-violation@gnu.org></a>.
-Sinon, le mainteneur du programme pourrait être le détenteur du copyright,
-ou pourrait sinon vous dire comment contacter le détenteur du copyright,
-donc signalez-le au mainteneur.
+You should <a href="/licenses/gpl-violation.html">report it</a>. First,
+check the facts as best you can. Then tell the publisher or copyright
+holder of the specific GPL-covered program. If that is the Free Software
+Foundation, write to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Otherwise, the program's maintainer may be the copyright holder, or else
+could tell you how to contact the copyright holder, so report it to the
+maintainer.
<p></p></dd>
<dt><b><a href="#TOCWhyDoesTheGPLPermitUsersToPublishTheirModifiedVersions"
@@ -819,10 +819,9 @@
part a le droit de redistribuer des copies (modifiées ou non) de cette
version. Elle ne vous donne pas le droit de distribuer votre travail avec
plus de restrictions.
-<p>
-Si quelqu'un vous demande de signer un accord de non-divulgation pour un
-logiciel couvert par la GPL sous copyright de la FSF, veuillez en informer
-immédiatement la FSF en écrivant à address@hidden</p>
+<p>If someone asks you to sign an NDA for receiving GPL-covered software
+copyrighted by the FSF, please inform us immediately by writing to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>.</p>
<p>
Si la violation concerne du code couvert par la GPL dont le détenteur de
copyright est autre, veuillez en informer ce détenteur du copyright, comme
@@ -1397,9 +1396,9 @@
qui élimine le problème.
</p></dd>
-<dt><b><a href="#TOCGPLAndPlugins" name="GPLAndPlugins">Si un programme
-distribué sous GPL utilise des plug-ins, quelles sont les contraintes
-portant sur les licences d'un plug-in ?</a></b></dt>
+<dt><b><a href="#TOCGPLAndPlugins" name="GPLAndPlugins">If a program released
+under the GPL uses plug-ins, what are the requirements for the licenses of a
+plug-in?</a></b></dt>
<dd>
Cela dépend de la façon dont le programme invoque ses plug-ins. S'il utilise
@@ -2621,7 +2620,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/19 08:42:23 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:29 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0-translations.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0-translations.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0-translations.fr.html 11 Jan 2010 09:26:14
-0000 1.14
+++ licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0-translations.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:29
-0000 1.15
@@ -10,53 +10,85 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
<h2>Traductions non officielles de la GNU GPL v2.0</h2>
-<h3 id="UnofficialTranslations">À propos des traductions non
officielles</h3>
+<h3 id="UnofficialTranslations">Ã propos des traductions non officielles</h3>
<p>
-La raison pour laquelle la FSF n'approuve pas ces traductions comme
-étant officiellement valides, c'est que leur vérification
-serait difficile et coûteuse (besoin de l'aide de juristes bilingues
-dans d'autres pays). Et pire, si une erreur se glissait, les
-conséquences pourraient être désastreuses pour toute la
-communauté du logiciel libre. Tant que ces traductions ne sont pas
-officielles, elles ne peuvent pas faire de dégâts, et nous
-espérons qu'elles aideront plus de gens à comprendre la GPL.</p>
-<p>
-Nous permettons la publication de traductions de la GPL ou de la LGPL dans
-d'autres langues, pourvu que (1) vous spécifiiez dans vos traductions
-qu'elles ne sont pas officielles (voir plus loin comment faire), que vous
-informiez qu'elles ne tiennent pas lieu légalement de substitution
-à la version originale, et (2) que vous autorisiez à ajouter
-des modifications à notre demande, si nous apprenons par d'autres
-amis de GNU que des modifications sont nécessaires pour rendre la
-traduction plus claire.</p>
+The reason the FSF does not approve these translations as officially valid
+is that checking them would be difficult and expensive (needing the help of
+bilingual lawyers in other countries). Even worse, if an error did slip
+through, the results could be disastrous for the whole free software
+community. As long as the translations are unofficial, they can't do any
+harm.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose of linking to translations is to help more people understand the
+GPL. In order for them to do that, translations need to be basically
+accurate even if not perfect. To produce a good translation, it is
+essential to have fully understood fundamental concepts such as <a
+href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> and the <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software definition</a>. For this
+reason, those who wish to contribute translations should make sure they are
+well acquainted with these concepts as well as other philosophical
+principles that may appear in the document.</p>
+
+<p>We give permission to publish translations of the GNU GPL, LGPL, AGPL, and
+FDL into other languages, provided that:</p>
+
+<ol>
+
+<li>You label your translation as unofficial to inform people that they do not
+count legally as substitutes for the authentic version (see below for how to
+do this).</li>
+
+<li>You agree to install changes at our request, if we learn from other friends
+of GNU that changes are necessary to make the translation clearer.</li>
+
+<li>The translation is not hosted on a commercial site and does not refer to
any
+company.</li>
+
+<li>The page containing the translation should have no links except to fsf.org
+and gnu.org. We might accept links about other free software packages, but
+we prefer to avoid them.</li>
+
+<li>The page should say it is released under some version of the Creative
+Commons Attribution Noderivs license.</li>
+
+<li>We may accept small exceptions to these rules in legacy cases that are hard
+to fix.</li>
+
+</ol>
+
+<p>We do not necessarily link to all the unofficial translations that we know
+of in any given language. For instance, if one unofficial translation was
+made by a free software organization that we know and have confidence in, we
+will link to that translation rather than others. We still can't make it
+official, but we expect it is probably mostly correct.</p>
+
<p>
-Pour spécifier que votre traduction n'est pas officielle, nous
-voudrions que vous ajoutiez le texte suivant au début, à la
-fois en anglais et dans la langue de la traduction, en remplaçant
-« language » par le nom de cette langue :</p>
+Pour spécifier que votre traduction n'est pas officielle, nous voudrions que
+vous ajoutiez le texte suivant au début, à la fois en anglais et dans la
+langue de la traduction, en remplaçant « language » par le nom de
+cette langue :</p>
<blockquote dir="ltr"><p>
<!--TRANSLATORS: If you translate this paragraph, retain the English
-text and put your translation below. The entire <blockquote> element
+text and put your translation below. The entire <blockquote>
+ element
has dir="ltr" to work by default with RTL languages when the notice is
not translated, so if your language is RTL, you *must* put your
translation within <span dir="rtl">.-->
Ceci est une traduction non officielle de la GNU General Public License en
-français. Elle n'a pas été publiée par la Free
-Software Foundation, et ne détermine pas les termes de distribution
-pour les logiciels qui utilisent la GNU GPL — seul le texte
-anglais original de la GNU GPL en a le droit. Cependant, nous
-espérons que cette traduction aidera les francophones à mieux
-comprendre la GNU GPL.
+français. Elle n'a pas été publiée par la Free Software Foundation, et ne
+détermine pas les termes de distribution pour les logiciels qui utilisent la
+GNU GPL — seul le texte anglais original de la GNU GPL en a le
+droit. Cependant, nous espérons que cette traduction aidera les
+francophones à mieux comprendre la GNU GPL.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
Si vous faites une traduction, veuillez en informer les responsables de la
traduction de GNU <a
href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";><web-translators@gnu.org></a>.
-Ils s'assureront que votre traduction respecte les règles
-précédentes et ajouteront un lien vers votre traduction sur
-cette page.</p>
+Ils s'assureront que votre traduction respecte les règles précédentes et
+ajouteront un lien vers votre traduction sur cette page.</p>
<p>
Pour faciliter la recherche d'une traduction, veuillez utiliser le code de
@@ -77,83 +109,113 @@
<!-- another translation (fsl) LI A HREF= -->
<!-- http://lie-br.conectiva.com.br/licenca_gnu.html Brazilian -->
<ul>
- <li><code>[af]</code> Traduction en afrikaans de la GPL (<a
-href="http://www.poespas.co.za/wiki/index.php/GNU_Algemene_Publieke_Lisensie";>1</a>)
-(<a href="http://www.leuce.com/translate/GNU-GPL-af.txt";>2</a>)</li>
- <li><code>[sq]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.alblinux.net/dok/GPL.html";>albanais</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[ar]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.linuxfuture.org/download/Arabic_GPL_2.0.htm";>arabe</a> de
-la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[pt-br]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.magnux.org/doc/GPL-pt_BR.txt";>portugais
-brésilien</a> de la GPL</li>
-
- <!-- broken as of 6may08
- <li><code>[ca]</code> <a
href="http://www.somgnu.org/documents/gpl.ca.html";>Catalan</a>
- translation of the GPL</li>
--->
-<li><code>[cs]</code> Traductions en tchèque de la GPL (<a
-href="http://staff.cesnet.cz/~lhotka/gnugpl-cz.html";>1</a>) (<a
-href="http://gnu.cz/article.php?id_art=32";>2</a>)</li>
- <li><code>[da]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.fundanemt.com/gpl_da.html";>danois</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[nl]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://users.skynet.be/xterm/gpld.txt";>néerlandais</a> de la
+
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26
+ <li>
+<code>[af]</code> <a
href="http://www.poespas.co.za/wiki/index.php/GNU_Algemene_Publieke_Lisensie";>Afrikaans</a>
translation of the GPL
+</li>
+-->
+<!-- these translations have links other than to www.fsf.org and www.gnu.org
+ <li>
+<code>[sq]</code> <a href="http://www.alblinux.net/dok/GPL.html";>Albanian</a>
translation of the GPL</li>
+ <li><code>[ar]</code> <a
href="http://www.linuxfuture.org/download/Arabic_GPL_2.0.htm";>Arabic</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<li><code>[pt-br]</code> Traduction en <a
+href="http://www.magnux.org/doc/GPL-pt_BR.txt";>portugais brésilien</a> de la
GPL</li>
- <li><code>[eo]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.esperanto.mv.ru/Cetero/gpl.html";>esperanto</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[et]</code> <a href="http://www.dexxed.com/gnu/ee/";>Estonian</a>
-translation of the GPL</li>
- <li><code>[fa]</code> Traduction en <a
+
+<!-- hosted on a commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[cs]</code> Czech translations of the GPL
+ (<a href="http://staff.cesnet.cz/~lhotka/gnugpl-cz.html";>1</a>)
+-->
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26
+ (<a href="http://gnu.cz/article.php?id_art=32";>
+2</a>)</li>
+-->
+<!-- these translations have links other than to www.fsf.org and www.gnu.org
+ <li>
+<code>[da]</code> <a href="http://www.fundanemt.com/gpl_da.html";>Danish</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- hosted on a commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[nl]</code> <a href="http://users.skynet.be/xterm/gpld.txt";>Dutch</a>
translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- these translations have links other than to www.fsf.org and www.gnu.org
+ <li>
+<code>[eo]</code> <a
href="http://www.esperanto.mv.ru/Cetero/gpl.html";>Esperanto</a> translation of
the GPL</li>
+-->
+<li><code>[fa]</code> Traduction en <a
href="http://www.kaveh.org/gnu/gpl-fa.html";>farsi</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[fi]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.turre.com/licenses/gpl_fi.php";>finnois</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[fr]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://fsffrance.org/gpl/gpl-fr.fr.html";>français</a> de la
GPL</li>
- <li><code>[gl]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.mancomun.org/GPL2_GL/gpl2_gl.txt";>galicien</a> et en <a
-href="http://members.tripod.com.br/RamonFlores/GNU/gpl.html";>galicien
-minimo</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[ka]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://aiet.qartuli.net/projects/gnu-gpl_en.php";>géorgien</a>
-de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[de]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.gnu.de/gpl-ger.html";>allemand</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[el]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://stillmover.tripod.com/Adana/";>grec</a> de la GPL (formats PDF
-et TXT)</li>
- <li><code>[he]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.law.co.il/computer-law/gpl-hebrew.html";>hébreu</a>
-de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[hu]</code> Hungarian translation of the GPL (<a
-href="http://www.dexxed.com/gnu/hu/";>1</a>, <a
-href="http://gnu.hu/gpl.html";>2</a>)</li>
- <li><code>[id]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://vlsm.org/etc/gpl-unofficial.id.html";>indonésien</a> de
-la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[it]</code> Traduction en <a
+
+ <!-- these translations have links other than to www.fsf.org and www.gnu.org
+ <li>
+<code>[fi]</code> <a
href="http://www.turre.com/licenses/gpl-2.0_fi.html";>Finnish</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+ <li><code>[fr]</code> <a
href="http://fsffrance.org/gpl/gpl-fr.fr.html";>French</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<li><!-- these translations have links other than to www.fsf.org and
www.gnu.org
+ and <a href="http://members.tripod.com.br/RamonFlores/GNU/gpl.html";>
+
+ Galician minimo</a>
+-->
+<code>[gl]</code> <a href="http://www.mancomun.org/GPL2_GL/gpl2_gl.txt";>
+Galician</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+
+<!-- these translations have links other than to www.fsf.org and www.gnu.org
+ <li>
+<code>[ka]</code> <a
href="http://aiet.qartuli.net/projects/gnu-gpl_en.php";>Georgian</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+ <li><code>[de]</code> <a
href="http://www.gnu.de/documents/gpl-2.0.de.html";>German</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+ <li><code>[el]</code> Greek translation of the GPL
+ (<a href="http://stillmover.tripod.com/Adana/";>1</a>)
+ (<a href="http://www.eexi.gr/?q=node/16";>2</a>)</li>
+-->
+<!-- hosted on a commercial site
+ <li>
+<code>[he]</code> <a
href="http://www.law.co.il/media/computer-law/gpl-hebrew.html";>
+ Hebrew</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- these translations have links other than to www.fsf.org and www.gnu.org
+ <li>
+<code>[hu]</code> <a href="http://gnu.hu/gpl.html";>Hungarian</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+ <li><code>[id]</code> <a
href="http://vlsm.org/etc/gpl-unofficial.id.html";>Indonesian</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<li><code>[it]</code> Traduction en <a
href="http://www.softwarelibero.it/gnudoc/gpl.it.txt";>italien</a> de la
GPL</li>
- <!-- lgpl.ja.html is NOT a translation of GPL -->
-<li><code>[ja]</code> Traductions en japonais de la GPL (<a
-href="http://www.opensource.jp/gpl/gpl.ja.html.euc-jp";>1</a>) (<a
-href="ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/gnu/local-fix/GPL2-j/";>2</a>)</li>
- <li><code>[ko]</code>Traduction en <a
-href="http://korea.gnu.org/people/chsong/copyleft/gpl.ko.html";>coréen</a> de
-la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[lt]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.autopenhosting.org/gnu/gnu_gpl.html";>lituanien</a> de la
-GPL</li>
- <li><code>[mk]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.slobodensoftver.org.mk/dokumenti/gnu_gpl_mk.html";>macédonien</a>de
-la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[mt]</code> <a href="http://www.dexxed.com/gnu/mt/";>Maltese</a>
-translation of the GPL</li>
- <li><code>[nb]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.joomlainorge.no/norsk-gnu-general-public-licence-gpl-v2";>norvégien
-(Bokmål)</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[pl]</code> Traduction en <a
+<!-- lgpl.ja.html is NOT a translation of GPL -->
+<!-- these translations have links other than to www.fsf.org and www.gnu.org
+ <li>
+<code>[ja]</code> Japanese
+ translations of the GPL
+ (<a href="http://www.opensource.jp/gpl/gpl.ja.html.euc-jp";>1</a>)
+-->
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26
+ (<a href="ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/gnu/local-fix/GPL2-j/";>
+2</a>)</li>
+-->
+<!-- hosted on gnu.org
+ <li>
+<code>[ko]</code> <a
href="http://korea.gnu.org/people/chsong/copyleft/gpl.ko.html";>Korean</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- these translations have links other than to www.fsf.org and www.gnu.org
+ <li>
+<code>[lt]</code> <a
href="http://www.autopenhosting.org/gnu/gnu_gpl.html";>Lithuanian</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+ <li><code>[mk]</code> <a
href="http://www.slobodensoftver.org.mk/dokumenti/gnu_gpl_mk.html";>Macedonian</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+ <li><code>[nb]</code> <a
href="http://www.joomlainorge.no/norsk-gnu-general-public-licence-gpl-v2";>Norwegian
(Bokmål)</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<li><code>[pl]</code> Traduction en <a
href="http://gnu.org.pl/text/licencja-gnu.html";>polonais</a> de la GPL</li>
<li><code>[pt]</code> Traduction en <a
href="http://www.neoscopio.com/licenca_GPL_pt.txt";>portugais</a> de la GPL</li>
@@ -161,43 +223,66 @@
<!-- The language is Portuguese, the dialect is Brazilian. -->
<!-- To be kind to the user, we list it under both "B" and "P" -->
<li><code>[pt-br]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.magnux.org/doc/GPL-pt_BR.txt";>portugais
-brésilien</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[ro]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.roedu.net/gplro.html";>roumain</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[ru]</code> Traductions en russe de la GPL (<a
-href="http://www.infolex.narod.ru/gpl_gnu/gplrus.html";>1</a>) (<a
-href="http://law.bugtraq.ru/freesoft/gplrus3.html";>2</a>)</li>
- <li><code>[sr]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://alas.matf.bg.ac.yu/~mr99164/ojl.html";>serbe</a> de la GPL</li>
-
-<!-- Removed temporarily because it was badly translated, the author -->
-<!-- has agreed to change some wording but we havn't heard from him yet -->
-<!-- <LI><A
HREF="http://visar.csustan.edu/~carlos/gpl-es.html">Spanish -->
-<!-- translation</A> of the GPL -->
-<li><code>[es]</code> Traductions en espagnol de la GPL (<a
-href="http://gugs.sindominio.net/licencias/";>1</a> - plusieurs traductions)
-(<a
-href="http://www.fsl.org.mx/index.pl/fsl/artculos/articulosmb2/licencias/licencia-gpl-espaolmxico";>2</a>
-- espagnol mexicain)</li>
- <li><code>[sv]</code> Traduction en <a
+href="http://www.magnux.org/doc/GPL-pt_BR.txt";>portugais brésilien</a> de la
+GPL</li>
+
+<!-- these translations have links other than to www.fsf.org and www.gnu.org
+ <li>
+<code>[ru]</code> Russian
+ translations of the GPL
+ (<a href="http://www.infolex.narod.ru/gpl_gnu/gplrus.html";>1</a>)
+ (<a href="http://law.bugtraq.ru/freesoft/gplrus3.html";>2</a>)</li>
+-->
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26
+ <li>
+<code>[sr]</code> <a
href="http://alas.matf.bg.ac.yu/~mr99164/ojl.html";>Serbian</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- these translations have links other than to www.fsf.org and www.gnu.org
+ <li>
+<code>[es]</code> Spanish translations of the GPL
+ (<a href="http://gugs.sindominio.net/licencias/";>1</a> - several
different translations)
+-->
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26
+ (<a
href="http://www.fsl.org.mx/index.pl/fsl/artculos/articulosmb2/licencias/licencia-gpl-espaolmxico";>
+2</a> - Spanish Mexican)</li>
+-->
+<li><code>[sv]</code> Traduction en <a
href="http://danielnylander.se/gpl/";>suédois</a>de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[th]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://developer.thai.net/gpl/";>thaï</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[tr]</code> Traduction en turc de la GPL (<a
-href="http://www.arayan.com/da/gpl_tr.html";>1</a>) (<a
-href="http://www.belgeler.org/howto/gpl.html";>2</a>)</li>
- <li><code>[uk]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.linux.kiev.ua/ua/devel/licenses/gnu-gpl/";>ukrainien</a> de
-la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[vi]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://vi.wikisource.org/wiki/GPL";>vietnamien</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[cy]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://www.hebffinia.com/gpl_cymraeg/";>gallois</a> de la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[zh-cn]</code> Traduction en <a
-href="http://gnu.freehostingguru.com/gpl/";>chinois (simplifié)</a> de
-la GPL</li>
- <li><code>[zh-tw]</code> Traduction en <a
+
+ <!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26
+ <li>
+<code>[th]</code> <a href="http://developer.thai.net/gpl/";>Thai</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<li><!-- these translations have links other than to www.fsf.org and
www.gnu.org
+ (<a href="http://www.belgeler.org/howto/gpl.html";>
+2</a>)-->
+<code>[tr]</code> <a href="http://www.arayan.com/da/gpl_tr.html";>Turkish</a>
+translation of the GPL
+</li>
+
+<!-- these translations have links other than to www.fsf.org and www.gnu.org
+ <li>
+<code>[uk]</code> <a
href="http://www.linux.kiev.ua/ua/devel/licenses/gnu-gpl2/";>Ukranian</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26
+ <li>
+<code>[vi]</code> <a href="http://vi.wikisource.org/wiki/GPL";>Vietnamese</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- dead link as of 2011-06-26
+ <li>
+<code>[cy]</code> <a href="http://www.hebffinia.com/gpl_cymraeg/";>Welsh</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<!-- these translations have links other than to www.fsf.org and www.gnu.org
+ <li>
+<code>[zh-cn]</code> <a href="http://gnu.freehostingguru.com/gpl/";>Chinese
(Simplified)</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
+-->
+<li><code>[zh-tw]</code> Traduction en <a
href="http://www.linux.org.tw/CLDP/OLD/doc/GPL.html";>chinois
(tradictionnel)</a> de la GPL</li>
</ul>
@@ -214,9 +299,11 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -228,12 +315,13 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009
-Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009,
+2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -246,7 +334,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/01/11 09:26:14 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:29 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -255,20 +343,24 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traductions de cette page</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a
href="/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0-translations.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
@@ -288,7 +380,6 @@
<li><a
href="/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0-translations.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
</ul>
</div>
-
</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.ar.html 30 Nov 2009 09:25:46 -0000
1.11
+++ licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:29 -0000
1.12
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
<hr />
+<a name="GPL"></a>
<h4>اÙإصدارات اÙÙدÙÙ
Ø© Ùرخصة غÙ٠اÙعÙ
ÙÙ
ÙØ©</h4>
<ul>
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@
1</a></li>
</ul>
+<a name="LGPL"></a>
<h4>اÙإصدارات اÙÙدÙÙ
Ø© Ùرخصة غÙ٠اÙعÙ
ÙÙ
ÙØ©
اÙصغرÙ</h4>
<ul>
@@ -44,6 +46,8 @@
License, version 2.0</a></li>
</ul>
+
+<a name="FDL"></a>
<h4>اÙإصدارات اÙÙدÙÙ
Ø© Ùرخصة غÙÙ ÙÙÙثائÙ
اÙØرÙØ©</h4>
<ul>
@@ -68,12 +72,14 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
جÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
باÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù
-ÙضÙ٠أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠اÙتراØات
Ø¥ÙÙ Ù
دÙر٠Ù
ÙÙع <acronym title="GNU
-is Not UNIX">غÙÙ</acronym> عÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other web page suggestions to <a
+href="/people/webmeisters.html">The <acronym title="GNU is Not
+UNIX">GNU</acronym> Webmasters</a> at <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -85,8 +91,9 @@
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 1996Ø 1997Ø 1998Ø 1999Ø 2006Ø 2007Ø 2008, 2009
</p>
<p>
-ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù ØرÙÙÙا
Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø· إبÙاء Ùذا
-اÙإخطار.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -100,7 +107,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙÙØ« ÙÙ:
-$Date: 2009/11/30 09:25:46 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:29 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: links/companies.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/links/companies.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- links/companies.ar.html 17 Sep 2009 20:26:04 -0000 1.3
+++ links/companies.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:35 -0000 1.4
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@
Ù
سبÙا ÙظاÙ
غÙÙÙسÙس.
</p>
-<p>ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ Ù
راجعة ÙتشجÙع <a
-href="http://www.ideastorm.com/article/show/63082/Preinstall_gNewSense_on_laptops_and_desktops";>ÙÙرة
-تثبÙت غÙÙÙسÙس بشÙÙ Ù
سب٠عÙÙ ØÙاسÙب دÙ</a>.</p>
+<p>You may check out and promote an <a
+href="http://www.ideastorm.com/ideaView?id=0877000000007G5AAI";>idea about
+gNewSense being preinstalled on computers from Dell</a>.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -45,10 +45,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
جÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
باÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù
-ÙضÙ٠أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2009/09/17 20:26:04 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:35 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -95,6 +96,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/links/companies.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/links/companies.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/links/companies.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- French -->
Index: links/links.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/links/links.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- links/links.de.html 23 Jul 2011 08:41:35 -0000 1.2
+++ links/links.de.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:36 -0000 1.3
@@ -185,9 +185,12 @@
<li><a href="http://www.cipsga.org.br/";>CIPSGA</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://www.plugincinema.com/plugin/plugin_cinema/pffp.htm/";
-xml:lang="en" lang="en">plugincinema Free Film Project (pFFP)</a> fördert
-den Einsatz von freier Software, um Filme zu erstellen und zu vertreiben.</li>
+ <li><!--<a href="http://www.plugincinema.com/plugin/plugin_cinema/pffp.htm/";>
+-->
+<!--</a>
+-->
+pFFP - The plugincinema Free Film Project promotes the use of free software
+to make and distribute films.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.softwarelivre.org"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">Free
Software
Project in Brazil</a></li>
@@ -404,7 +407,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualisierung:
-$Date: 2011/07/23 08:41:35 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:36 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: links/links.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/links/links.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.30
retrieving revision 1.31
diff -u -b -r1.30 -r1.31
--- links/links.es.html 5 May 2010 20:25:48 -0000 1.30
+++ links/links.es.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:36 -0000 1.31
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@
<h3 id="FreeGNULinuxDistributions">Distribuciones GNU/Linux libres</h3>
<p>
-<a href="/distros">Aquà puede encontrar</a> información acerca
-distribuciones GNU/Linux totalmente libres.</p>
+<a href="/distros/distros.es.html">Aquà puede encontrar</a> información
+acerca distribuciones GNU/Linux totalmente libres.</p>
<h3>Otros sistemas operativos libres</h3>
@@ -152,8 +152,6 @@
<li><a href="http://swpat.ffii.org/";>FFII: Protección de la innovación en
informática ante el abuso del sistema de patentes</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://www.icot.or.jp/";>ICOT Free Software</a> (en
japonés)</li>
-
<li><a href="http://www.publiclibraryofscience.org/";>Public Library of
Science
(Biblioteca Pública de Ciencia).</a> Organiza el apoyo a bibliotecas
electrónicas públicas sobre ciencia.</li>
@@ -166,7 +164,7 @@
modificable de todo el mundo. OpenStreetMap te permite ver, modificar y
usar datos geográficos libremente y de una forma colaborativa.</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://www.vhdl.org/fmf";>The Free Model Foundry</a>: para
+ <li><a href="http://www.freemodelfoundry.com/";>he Free Model Foundry</a>:
para
ingenieros eléctricos, modelos libres de simulación de componentes
digitales. </li>
@@ -189,28 +187,26 @@
<li><a href="http://www.cipsga.org.br/";>CIPSGA</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://www.fsc.cc/";>Free Software Consortium</a></li>
-
- <li><a
-href="http://www.plugincinema.com/plugin/plugin_cinema/pffp.htm/";>pFFP</a>,
-plugincinema Free Film Project promociona el uso de software libre en la
-creación y distribución de pelÃculas.</li>
+ <li><!--<a href="http://www.plugincinema.com/plugin/plugin_cinema/pffp.htm/";>
+-->
+<!--</a>
+-->
+pFFP - El plugincinema Free Film Project promociona el uso de software libre
+en la creación y distribución de pelÃculas.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.softwarelivre.org";>Proyecto de software libre en
Brazil</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://avoir.uwc.ac.za/";>African Virtual Open Initiatives and
-Resources</a>, organización dedicada a la creación de oportunidades para el
-desarrollo y la educación en Ãfrica mediante software libre.</li>
-
- <li><a href="http://www.gnu.org/gugve";>GUGVe</a>, promocionando el software
-libre en Venezuela.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.fscorsica.org";>Free Software Corsica</a> promociona
en
+Córcega el software y hardware libre que funciona con <a
+href="/distros/free-distros.es.html">distribuciones GNU/Linux libres</a>.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnulinuxclub.org/";>GnuLinuxClub.org</a>, dedicado a
la
propagación y el uso de GNU/Linux y del software libre entre la comunidad de
usuarios de ordenadores en general.</li>
- <li><a href="http://www.gnulinux.in/";>GnuLinux.in</a>, a FOSS Community
site.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.gnulinux.in/";>GnuLinux.in</a>, una web para la
comunidad
+FOSS.</li>
<li><a href="http://techmeet.org";>techmeet.org</a>, es una web para discutir
sistemas libres de revisión de páginas web, organizando conferencias sobre
@@ -232,8 +228,7 @@
software libre</h3>
<ul>
- <li><a
href="http://www.solis.coop.br/fred.php?sys_date=&section=17";>Solis
-Coop</a> (parcialmente en portugués)</li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.solis.coop.br";>Solis Coop</a> (en portugués)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnat.com/";>Ada Core Technologies</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.intevation.de/";>Intevation GmbH</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.propus.com.br/";>Propus Software Livre</a>
(parcialmente
@@ -272,12 +267,6 @@
a los derechos de autor de las interfaz.
</p></li>
-<li><a href="http://www.freeprotocols.org/";>Free Protocols Foundation</a>
- <p>
- La Free Protocols Foundation (FPF) es un foro público independiente
dedicado
-a apoyar los protocolos libres de patentes.
- </p></li>
-
<li><a href="http://eff.org";>Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>
<p>
Es una fundación sin ánimo de lucro ni afiliación que trabaja por el
interés
@@ -329,20 +318,15 @@
Internet.
</p></li>
-<li><a href="http://www.p2punited.org/";>P2P United</a>
- <p>Este sitio lucha contra la legislación que prohÃbe el software P2P
(peer to
-peer - de igual a igual)
- </p></li>
-
<li><a href="http://www.efa.org.au/";>Electronic Frontiers Australia</a>
<p>Electronics Frontiers Australia Inc (EFA) es una organización sin
ánimo de
lucro nacional que representa a los usuarios de Internet preocupados por las
libertades y derechos en la red.
</p></li>
-<li><a href="http://www.libertadinformacion.org/";>Asociación por la
-Libertad de la Información</a>
- <p>An association fighting for freedom of information in Spain.</p></li>
+<li><a href="http://www.libertadinformacion.org/";>Asociación por la Libertad
de
+la Información</a>
+ <p>Una asociación que lucha por la libertad de información en
España.</p></li>
</ul>
@@ -365,18 +349,6 @@
Poznyakoff.</li>
</ul>
-<p>En contraste, los siguientes sitios web ofrecen hospedaje en general para
-dominios, incluido correo electrónico y soporte web, con énfasis en la
-filosofÃa libre. No están centrados directamente con la programación de
-software.</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li><a href="http://sfccp.net";>sfccp.net</a>, the San Francisco Community
-Colocation Project proporciona un lugar para organizaciones sin ánimo de
-lucropara hospedar sus propios servidores.</li>
-</ul>
-
-
<h3>Noticias sobre software libre</h3>
<p>Los siguientes sitios web ofrecen noticias actualizadas sobre software libre
@@ -385,10 +357,9 @@
<ul>
<li><a href="http://planet.gnu.org";>planet.gnu.org</a>, un resumen de blogs,
noticias y anuncios de paquetes de GNU.</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.changelog.org";>changelog.log</a>, resumen del registro
-de cambios de algunos proyectos de GNU y GNOME.</li>
<li><a href="http://singapore.gnu.googlepages.com/press";>Press/News</a>,
-noticias sobre el software libre de un grupo de usuarios de GNU de
Singapur.</li>
+noticias sobre el software libre de un grupo de usuarios de GNU de Singapur
+(inactivo desde mayo de 2009).</li>
<li><a href="http://news.northxsouth.com";>news.northxsouth.com</a>, noticias
acerca el software libre en América Latina.</li>
<li><a href="http://gnuticias.es.gnu.org";>GNUticias</a>, noticias sobre
software
@@ -406,11 +377,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Por favor, envÃe sus comentarios y preguntas sobre la â©<acronym title="Free
-Software Foundation">FSF</acronym> y el proyecto GNU â©a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. â©También puede <a
-href="/contact/">contactar con la FSF â©por otros medios</a>.<br />â©Por
-favor, envÃe enlaces rotos y otras correcciones o sugerencias a â©<a
+Por favor, envÃe sus preguntas sobre la FSF y GNU a <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. También dispone <a
+href="/contact/">de otros medios para contactar</a> con la FSF.â©
+<br />
+Por favor, envÃe enlaces rotos y otras correcciones o sugerencias a â©<a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -423,10 +394,10 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
-2006, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
-<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any
-medium without royalty provided this notice is preserved.
+Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Está página está bajo una <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.es";>licencia
+Creative Commons Atribución-SinDerivadas 3.0 Estados Unidos de América</a>.
</p>
@@ -445,7 +416,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2010/05/05 20:25:48 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:36 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -457,6 +428,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/links/links.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/links/links.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/links/links.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: links/links.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/links/links.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.37
retrieving revision 1.38
diff -u -b -r1.37 -r1.38
--- links/links.fr.html 21 Jul 2011 16:43:36 -0000 1.37
+++ links/links.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:36 -0000 1.38
@@ -184,10 +184,12 @@
<li><a href="http://www.cipsga.org.br/";>CIPSGA</a></li>
- <li><a
-href="http://www.plugincinema.com/plugin/plugin_cinema/pffp.htm/";>pFFP</a> -
-Le plugincinema Free Film Project promeut l'utilisation de logiciels libres
-pour faire et distribuer des films.</li>
+ <li><!--<a href="http://www.plugincinema.com/plugin/plugin_cinema/pffp.htm/";>
+-->
+<!--</a>
+-->
+pFFP - The plugincinema Free Film Project promotes the use of free software
+to make and distribute films.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.softwarelivre.org";>Projet de logiciels libres au
Brésil</a></li>
@@ -410,7 +412,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/21 16:43:36 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:36 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: music/free-software-song.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/music/free-software-song.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- music/free-software-song.de.html 13 Aug 2011 08:38:24 -0000 1.4
+++ music/free-software-song.de.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:41 -0000 1.5
@@ -63,6 +63,9 @@
<li>Ein Video von Richard Stallman das Lied singend (<a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/stallman_free_software_song_320x240.ogv";>.ogv</a>-Format),
veröffentlicht unter GFDLv1.3+ vom Kameramann Julian Coccia.</li>
+ <li>A <a href="/music/free-software-song-herzog.ogg">recording (.ogg)</a> of
+Katie Herzog performing the Free Software Song, released under <a href="
+http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/";>CC BY-NC-ND</a>.</li>
</ul>
<h4>Alternative Versionen</h4>
@@ -95,6 +98,10 @@
<li>Eine Version der Musikgruppe Zweitgolf (<a
href="free_software_song_sunnata.ogg">.ogg</a>-Format), veröffentlicht unter
<a href="/licenses/gpl-3.0">GNU GPL</a>.</li>
+ <li>Here is a metal version by Jono Bacon in <a
+href="http://www.jonobacon.org/files/freesoftwaresong/jonobacon-freesoftwaresong2.ogg";>Ogg
+Vorbis</a> format (4MB), released under <a
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/";> CC BY-SA</a>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Ein mit <a href="http://lilypond.org";>GNU LilyPond</a> erstellter <a
@@ -144,8 +151,8 @@
UÌbersetzungen</a>, um weitere Informationen uÌber die Koordinierung und
Einsendung von UÌbersetzungen zu erhalten.</p>
-<p>Copyright © 1993, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2010 Richard
-Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1993, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2011
+Richard Stallman</p>
<p>Dieses Werk bzw. Inhalt steht unter einer <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
@@ -160,7 +167,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualisierung:
-$Date: 2011/08/13 08:38:24 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:41 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: music/music.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/music/music.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- music/music.de.html 13 Aug 2011 08:38:24 -0000 1.1
+++ music/music.de.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:41 -0000 1.2
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
used to a meter of 7/8, you may perceive it as inability to keep time.)</li>
<li>Hören Sie das Lied in einem guten <a
href="/music/FreeSWSong.ogg">bulgarischen Stil</a> an.</li>
+ <li>Hear Katie Herzog <a
href="/music/free-software-song-herzog.ogg">perform</a>
+the Free Software Song, released under <a href="
+http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/";>CC BY-NC-ND</a>.</li>
<li><a href="till_there_was_gnu">'Til There Was GNU</a> </li>
<li><a href="/music/blues-song">Programmer's Blues</a>!</li>
<li><a href="/music/gdb-song">The GDB Song</a>!</li>
@@ -88,7 +91,8 @@
Einsendung von UÌbersetzungen zu erhalten.</p>
<p><!-- , 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA -->
-Copyright © 1999, 2001, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 1999, 2001, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2011 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.
</p>
<p>Dieses Werk bzw. Inhalt steht unter einer <a rel="license"
@@ -104,7 +108,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualisierung:
-$Date: 2011/08/13 08:38:24 $ $Author: yavor $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:41 $ $Author: yavor $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: people/people.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/people/people.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- people/people.de.html 23 Jul 2011 08:41:35 -0000 1.3
+++ people/people.de.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:49 -0000 1.4
@@ -73,12 +73,14 @@
GNUstep geschrieben und debugged, sowie einen einfachen DPS-Emulator für X.
</p>
-<h4><a href="http://www.inf.enst.fr/~demaille/";>Akim Demaille</a></h4>
+<h4><a href="http://www.gostai.com/about/team/";>Akim Demaille</a></h4>
-<p>Lehrer an EPITA (<dfn xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">École pour
-l'Informatique et les Techniques Advanc</dfn>ées <a
-href="http://www.epita.fr";>http://www.epita.fr</a>). Projektbetreuer von GNU
-a2ps und Autoconf, beteiligt an Automake und Bison. </p>
+<p>Akim maintained GNU a2ps and Autoconf, contributed to Automake, and is still
+involved in Bison. He works on <a href="http://urbiforge.com";>Urbi</a>, an
+SDK for robotic applications covered by the GNU AGPL. He is also a part-time
+teacher/researcher at <a href="http://www.lrde.epita.fr";>EPITA</a>
+(École pour l'Informatique et les Techniques Advancées).
+</p>
<h4>Al Davis</h4>
@@ -146,6 +148,13 @@
Supercomputer mit dem Codenamen „Thunder“ ausschlieÃlich aus
freier Software. Hält gelegentlich Reden über Freie Software. </p>
+<h4><a href="http://www.math.u-bordeaux1.fr/~enge/";>Andreas Enge</a></h4>
+
+<p>Is a co-author and the maintainer of <a href="/software/mpc/">GNU MPC</a>, a
+C library for the arithmetic of complex numbers with arbitrarily high
+precision and correct rounding of the result.
+</p>
+
<h4>Andreas Grünbacher</h4>
<p>Co-Projektverwalter von GNU patch. Auch Hauptautor von <a
@@ -1243,30 +1252,28 @@
dargestellt.
</p>
-<h4>Michael J. Flickinger</h4>
+<h4><a href="mailto:address@hidden";>Michael J. Flickinger</a></h4>
<p>
-Er ist Mitglied des GNU Projekts, des GNU Schriftartdienstprogramms und
-Verwalter der GNU Präsentationen. Seit 2004 ist er auch an der Verwaltung
-von Savannah beteiligt.
+has been involved with Savannah administration since 2004, and is presently
+the chief Savannah maintainer. He is also the maintainer of the <a
+href="/software/packaging/">GNU packaging</a> project.
</p>
<h4>Michael Opdenacker</h4>
-
-<p>Projektleiter von <a href="/software/gtypist/gtypist.html">GNU Typist</a>
-und Ãbersetzer für französische GNU Webseiten.
+<p>is the new <a href="/software/gtypist/gtypist.html">GNU Typist</a>
+maintainer and translator to French of GNU web pages.
</p>
<h4><a href="http://www.nada.kth.se/~mdj";>Mikael Djurfeldt</a></h4>
-
-<p>Einer der Verwalter für <a href="/software/guile/guile.html">Guile</a>, und
-hat portiert und gearbeitet an der Entwicklung von <a
-href="/software/goops/goops.html">GOOPS</a>, Guile's Objektsystem. Er
-arbeitet derzeit an seiner Doktorarbeit in <a
-href="http://web.mit.edu/bcs/graybiel-lab";>Graybiel Lab</a> auf der <a
+<p>is one of the maintainers for <a href="/software/guile/guile.html">Guile</a>
+and has ported and worked on development of <a
+href="/software/goops/goops.html">GOOPS</a>, Guile's object system. He is
+currently working on his PhD in <a
+href="http://web.mit.edu/bcs/graybiel-lab";>Graybiel Lab</a> at the <a
href="http://web.mit.edu/bcs";>Department of Brain and Cognitive
-Sciences</a>, <a href="http://www.mit.edu";>MIT</a> und ist ein Student in <a
-href="http://www.nada.kth.se/sans";>SANS</a> (Studied of Artificial Neural
-Systems) auf dem <a href="http://www.kth.se";>KTH</a> (Royal Institute of
+Sciences</a>, <a href="http://www.mit.edu";>MIT</a> and is a graduate student
+in <a href="http://www.nada.kth.se/sans";>SANS</a> (Studied of Artificial
+Neural Systems) at <a href="http://www.kth.se";>KTH</a> (Royal Institute of
Technology), Stockholm. </p>
<h4>Mike Vanier</h4>
@@ -1815,7 +1822,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualisierung:
-$Date: 2011/07/23 08:41:35 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:49 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: people/people.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/people/people.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- people/people.es.html 9 Dec 2010 17:27:52 -0000 1.7
+++ people/people.es.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:49 -0000 1.8
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
@@ -75,12 +74,15 @@
clases de GNUstep, asà como un sencillo emulador DPS para X.
</p>
-<h4><a href="http://www.inf.enst.fr/~demaille/";>Akim Demaille</a></h4>
+<h4><a href="http://www.gostai.com/about/team/";>Akim Demaille</a></h4>
-<p>Es profesor del EPITA (<span style="text-style:italic;" lang="fr">Ãcole
pour
-l'Informatique et les Techniques Advancées</span> <a
-href="http://www.epita.fr";>http://www.epita.fr</a>). Mantiene a2ps y
-Autoconf de GNU y participa en Automake y Bison. </p>
+<p>Akim se encargó del mantenimiento de a2ps y Autoconf de GNU, colaboró con
+Automake y todavÃa participa en Bison. Trabaja en <a
+href="http://urbiforge.com";>Urbi</a>, un SDK para aplicaciones de la
+robótica licenciado con la AGPL de GNU. También es profesor investigador a
+tiempo parcial en <a href="http://www.lrde.epita.fr";>EPITA</a> (École
+pour l'Informatique et les Techniques Advancées).
+</p>
<h4>Al Davis</h4>
@@ -151,6 +153,13 @@
completamente con Software Libre. Ocasionalmente imparte conferencias sobre
Software Libre. </p>
+<h4><a href="http://www.math.u-bordeaux1.fr/~enge/";>Andreas Enge</a></h4>
+
+<p>Is a co-author and the maintainer of <a href="/software/mpc/">GNU MPC</a>, a
+C library for the arithmetic of complex numbers with arbitrarily high
+precision and correct rounding of the result.
+</p>
+
<h4>Andreas Grünbacher</h4>
<p>Es co-encargado de mantener GNU Patch. Es también el autor principal de <a
@@ -184,9 +193,9 @@
Arnold Robbins <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
</h4>
-<p>Mantiene GNU awk (gawk) y es el autor de su manual, The GNU Awk User's Guide
-y ha escrito una serie de artÃculos sobre GNU para el Linux Journal. <br />
-Tiene una esposa y tres hijos y, entre otras cosas, es un talmudista
+<p>Mantiene awk de GNU (gawk) y es el autor de su manual, <span
+style="font-style:italic;"> The GNU Awk User's Guide</span>. Ha escrito
+artÃculos para <span style="font-style:italic;">Linux Journal</span>.<br />
Tiene una esposa y tres hijos y, entre otras cosas, es un talmudista
amateur, tanto Babilónico como de Jerusalem. Vive felizmente en Israel,
aunque aún tiene la matrÃcula de Georgia GNUAWK. </p>
@@ -423,13 +432,13 @@
<h4>David C. Niemi</h4>
-<p>Posee una licenciatura en ciencias en ingenierÃa de la computación de la
+<p>Posee una diplomatura en ciencias en ingenierÃa de la computación de la
Universidad de Illinois. Es el encargado de mantener <a
href="http://www.tux.org/~niemi/unixbench/";>Unixbench</a> y ayuda a mantener
<a href="/software/mtools/mtools.html">Mtools</a>. Ha contribuido con
parches al núcleo Linux y a varias herramientas de GNU. Es el principal
-administrador de sistemas del dominio tux.org y escribe artÃculos sobre
-diversos temas. </p>
+administrador de sistemas del dominio tux.org y escribe artÃculos acerca
+tópicos relacionados. </p>
<h4><a href="http://www.web.us.uu.net/staff/djm/";>David MacKenzie</a></h4>
@@ -549,6 +558,13 @@
con groff-1.11.
</p>
+<h4>Eric A. Schulman <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a></h4>
+<p>
+Hacker del núcleo Linux, defensor del software libre y miembro de la Free
+Software Foundation. Es el autor de DSView de GNU, un reemplazo libre para
+el motor de renderizado KVM/IP.
+</p>
+
<h3 id="f">F</h3>
<h4>Filippo Rusconi</h4>
@@ -685,6 +701,12 @@
GNU en Suecia.
</p>
+<h4>Hicham Yamout</h4>
+<p>
+Es ingeniero informático y de comunicaciones, webmaster de GNU y pertenece
+al equipo de traducción al Ãrabe.
+</p>
+
<h4><a href="http://www.ofset.org";>Hilaire L. S. Fernandes</a></h4>
<p>
Es el autor de los software de geometrÃa <a
@@ -777,10 +799,10 @@
Jason es el diseñador, autor y actual encargado de mantener GNU.FREE, un
sistema de votos por internet. Actualmente vive en Brighton, Reino Unido, y
trabaja en varios proyectos, incluyendo su sitio de historias <a
-href="http://www.thecouch.org";>the couch</a> (el sofá).<br /> Es miembro
-activo de los movimientos ambientalistas, de derechos humanos y del software
-libre y disfruta hablar y escribir sobre los temas relacionados con
-ellos. En su tiempo libre es un excelente esgrimista, siendo su arma
+href="http://www.thecouch.org";>the couch</a> (el sofá).<br />
+Es miembro activo de los movimientos ambientalistas, de derechos humanos y
+del software libre y disfruta hablar y escribir sobre los temas relacionados
+con ellos. En su tiempo libre es un excelente esgrimista, siendo su arma
favorita el sable.
</p>
@@ -801,7 +823,7 @@
<p>
Es co-autor y co-encargado de mantener <a
href="http://gnui.vlsm.org/directory/games/leg.html";>GNU Leg</a> (Libraries
-and Engines for Games: LibrerÃas y Motores para Juegos.).
+and Engines for Games).
</p>
<h4><a href="http://www.advogato.org/person/jbs/";>Jeffrey B. Siegal</a></h4>
@@ -880,8 +902,7 @@
herramientas libremente disponibles según el espÃritu de GNU.
</p>
-<h4><a href="http://wiki.java.net/bin/view/People/JohnCatherino";> <strong>John
-Catherino</strong></a> <a
+<h4><strong>John Catherino</strong> <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
</h4>
<p>
@@ -963,12 +984,12 @@
(Agencia Espacial Europea).
</p>
-<h4><a href="http://www-lsi.die.upm.es/~josem/";>Jose M. Moya </a></h4>
+<h4>Jose M. Moya</h4>
<p>actualmente se encuentra trabajando en <a
href="/software/hurd/hurd.html">GNU Hurd</a>.</p>
<h4><a
-href="http://www.es.gnu.org/modules/content/index.php?id=13";>Juan A.
+href="http://www.es.gnu.org/Ponentes#Juan_Antonio_A.C3.B1el";>Juan A.
Añel</a></h4>
<p>el editor jefe de <a href="http://gnuticias.es.gnu.org/";>GNUticias</a>, un
conferenciante oficial de GNU España, y ayudó a organizar el primer
@@ -1021,7 +1042,7 @@
font utilities</a>.
</p>
-<h4><a href="http://www.daimi.au.dk/~krab";>Kresten Krab Thorup</a></h4>
+<h4>Kresten Krab Thorup</h4>
<p>
Escribió el entorno de ejecucción Objective-C de GNU y es el principal y
primer autor del paquete <a href="http://sunsite.auc.dk/auctex/";>AUC TeX</a>
@@ -1225,7 +1246,7 @@
<h4>
Maurizio Boriani <<a
-href="address@hidden">address@hidden</a>>
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>>
</h4>
<p>Autor de guile-dbi (y postgres, myslq db driver), contribuye, entre otros, a
@@ -1256,22 +1277,20 @@
Code</a>.
</p>
-<h4>Michael J. Flickinger</h4>
+<h4><a href="mailto:address@hidden";>Michael J. Flickinger</a></h4>
<p>
-Es miembro de GNU Font Utilities del Proyecto GNU y se encarga de mantener
-Packaging de GNU. Ha estado involucrado con la administración de Savannah
-desde 2004.
+está involucrado en la administración de Savannah desde 2004, i actualmente
+es jefe de mantenimiento de Savannah. También mantiene el proyecto <a
+href="/software/packaging/">GNU packaging</a> project.
</p>
<h4>Michael Opdenacker</h4>
-
<p>Es el nuevo encargado de mantener <a
href="/software/gtypist/gtypist.html">Typist de GNU</a> y traduce al francés
las páginas web de GNU.
</p>
<h4><a href="http://www.nada.kth.se/~mdj";>Mikael Djurfeldt</a></h4>
-
<p>Es uno de los encargados de mantener <a
href="/software/guile/guile.html">Guile</a> y ha portado y trabajado en el
desarrollo de <a href="/software/goops/goops.html">GOOPS</a>, el sistema de
@@ -1354,12 +1373,9 @@
<h4>Norbert de Jonge</h4>
-<p>defiende la filosofÃa de GNU en Holanda. Es autor de varios programas
-libremente disponibles según el espÃritu de GNU. Desde 2008 se está
-trabajando en <a href="http://leveleditor.wordpress.com/";>apoplexy</a>, un
-editor de niveles muy completo del Prince of Persia. Paquetes de software
-antiguos, dignos de mencionar, son Ggradebook y gtkgo (un cliente Go de
-aspecto personalizable).</p>
+<p>promociona la filosofÃa de GNU en Holanda. También es autor de diversos
+programas de software libre como apoplexy, Ggradebook (un libro de
+evaluaciones de GNU) y gtkgo (un cliente Go con aspecto personalizable).</p>
<h3 id="o">O</h3>
@@ -1460,8 +1476,7 @@
<p>Es webmaster del sitio de <a href="/home.html">GNU</a>, haciendo también
diversos trabajos variados en el sitio :-) </p>
-<h4><a href="http://www.sipeb.aoyama.ac.jp/~ida/";>Prof. Masayuki Ida</a></h4>
-
+<h4>Prof. Masayuki Ida</h4>
<p>Es nuestro vicepresidente para Japón. Organiza los eventos en Japón y
trabaja allà con los amigos de GNU. </p>
@@ -1477,9 +1492,8 @@
<h4>Rajesh Vaidheeswarran</h4>
<p>
Es el encargado de mantener <a href="http://www.dsmit.com/cons";>cons</a>,
-autor y encargado de mantener <a
-href="http://www.dsmit.com/lisp/";>whitespace.el (se distribuye con Emacs de
-GNU)</a> y otras librerÃas emacs-lisp. Es también uno de los webmasters y
+autor y encargado de mantenimiento de whitespace.el (se distribuye con Emacs
+de GNU) y otras librerÃas emacs-lisp. Es también uno de los webmasters y
administradores de sistemas de GNU.
</p>
@@ -1559,7 +1573,11 @@
href="/software/emacs/emacs.html">Emacs de GNU</a>, <a
href="/software/gcc/gcc.html">el compilador de C de GNU</a>, el depurador
GDB de GNU y de partes de otros paquetes. Es el presidente de la <a
-href="/fsf/fsf.html">Free Software Foundation (FSF)</a>. </p>
+href="/fsf/fsf.html">Free Software Foundation (FSF)</a>. <br/>
+Stallman nunca tuvo una cuenta de Facebook. Dispone de una cuenta de Twitter
+«rmspostcomments» que utiliza con otros sitios, y no dispone de ninguna
+cuenta de Twitter más. Aparte de la citada, cualquier cuenta que se haga
+pasar por él es falsa.</p>
<h4><a href="http://oregonstate.edu/~creliar/";>Rick Crelia</a></h4>
@@ -1725,8 +1743,7 @@
<p>Es el principal arquitecto de <a href="/software/hurd/hurd.html">Hurd de
GNU</a>, el núcleo del sistema GNU. Anteriormente mantenÃa tar de GNU, e
incluso escribió un intérprete BASIC. Ha varias otras cosas, algunas de
-ellas no relacionadas con computadoras.<br /> Thomas se llamaba Michael
-Bushnell antes de 1996. </p>
+ellas no relacionadas con computadoras.<br /> Thomas se llamaba Michael
Bushnell antes de 1996. </p>
<h4><a href="http://retout.co.uk/";>Tim Retout</a></h4>
@@ -1737,9 +1754,8 @@
<p>Es el autor de <a href="/software/solfege/solfege.html">Solfege de GNU</a>,
un programa de entrenamiento auditivo para GNOME y también ha hecho algo de
trabajo con fuentes y con el formato mudela para <a
-href="http://www.lilypond.org";>Lilypond de GNU</a>. <br /> Recientemente
-obtuvo un master educación musical, pero pasa de lejos la mayor parte de su
-tiempo programando Solfege de GNU y usando software libre. </p>
+href="http://www.lilypond.org";>Lilypond de GNU</a>. <br /> Recientemente
obtuvo un master educación musical, pero pasa de lejos la
+mayor parte de su tiempo programando Solfege de GNU y usando software libre.
</p>
<h3 id="v">V</h3>
@@ -1748,7 +1764,9 @@
<p>
Titulado en ingenierÃa mecánica, trabaja hoy en dÃa como administrador
senior de sistemas GNU/Linux y como profesional de la seguridad de la
-información. Actualmente vive en Bombai, India. Es voluntario del <a
+información. Actualmente vive en Bombai, India. Desde hace tiempo es un
+Hacktivista, miembro asociado de la Free Software Foundation y de la
+Electronic Frontier Foundation. Es voluntario del <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www";>Proyecto de webmasters de
GNU</a> y también forma parte del equipo de coordinación de las traducciones
de la web de GNU. Es fundador del <a
@@ -1803,7 +1821,6 @@
para norteamérica para eZ Systems y como Ombudslizard para la Mozilla
Foundation. </p>
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -1812,13 +1829,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.es.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-
<p>
Por favor, envÃe sus comentarios y preguntas sobre la <acronym title="Free
Software Foundation">FSF</acronym> y el proyecto GNU a <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. También puede <a
-href="/contact/">contactar con la FSF por otros medios</a>.<br />Por favor,
-envÃe enlaces rotos y otras correcciones o sugerencias a <a
+href="/contact/">contactar con la FSF por otros medios</a>.<br />
+Por favor, envÃe enlaces rotos y otras correcciones o sugerencias a <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -1832,8 +1848,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007,
2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any
-medium without royalty provided this notice is preserved.
+<p>Está página está bajo una <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.es";>licencia
+Creative Commons Atribución-SinDerivadas 3.0 Estados Unidos de América</a>.
</p>
@@ -1850,7 +1867,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2010/12/09 17:27:52 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:49 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -1879,6 +1896,8 @@
<li><a href="/people/people.ca.html">batalà</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/people/people.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/people/people.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/people/people.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.ar.html 22 Jul 2010 08:27:38
-0000 1.5
+++ philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:56
-0000 1.6
@@ -31,13 +31,15 @@
</p>
<p>
- Ù
شرÙع غÙ٠أÙشئ ÙÙغÙر ÙÙ Ùذا. Ùا٠اÙÙدÙ
اÙØ£ÙÙ: تطÙÙر ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ ÙÙÙÙس Ù
ØÙ
ÙÙ
-ÙتÙÙÙ 100% Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرÙØ©. ÙÙس 95% Ù
Ù
اÙØرÙØ©Ø ÙÙا 99.5%Ø Ø¨Ù
-100%.—بØÙØ« تÙÙÙ ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙØرÙØ© ÙÙ
تÙزÙع اÙÙظاÙ
بÙاÙ
ÙÙØ Ù ØرÙØ©
-تغÙÙر٠٠اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
Ø© Ù٠أ٠جزء Ù
ÙÙ. اسÙ
Ùذا
اÙÙظاÙ
غÙÙ. Ù Ù٠اختصار Ù
ÙعÙس
-ٔغÙÙ ÙÙس بÙÙÙÙس“ (“GNU's Not
Unix”—)â اÙØ°Ù
-Ùا٠ÙسÙÙØ© ÙÙإشارة Ø¥ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø ÙÙÙÙ Ù
ع اÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙس اÙÙÙت أ٠غÙÙ Ø´ÙØ¡
-Ù
ختÙÙ. غÙÙ Ù
Ø«Ù ÙÙÙÙس تÙÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙس Ù
Ø«Ù
ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø ÙغÙÙ Ùعط٠Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙØرÙÙØ©.
+ The GNU Project was founded to change all that. Its first goal: to develop a
+Unix-compatible portable operating system that would be 100% free
+software. Not 95% free, not 99.5%, but 100%—so that users would be
+free to redistribute the whole system, and free to change and contribute to
+any part of it. The name of the system, GNU, is a recursive acronym meaning
+“GNU's Not Unix”—a way of paying tribute to the technical
+ideas of Unix, while at the same time saying that GNU is something
+different. Technically, GNU is like Unix. But unlike Unix, GNU gives its
+users freedom.
</p>
<p>
@@ -81,11 +83,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
بإÙ‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù ÙضÙÙ
-أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -94,8 +97,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 1999 رÙتشارد Ø¥Ù
ستÙÙÙ
Ù <br /> ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ©
-ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ· ÙبدÙ٠أرباØØ Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø·
إبÙاء Ùذا اÙإخطار.
+Copyright © 1999 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -109,7 +115,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙÙثت ÙÙ:
-$Date: 2010/07/22 08:27:38 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:56 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -149,6 +155,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
</ul>
Index: philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.ml.html 22 Jul 2010 08:27:38
-0000 1.7
+++ philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:56
-0000 1.8
@@ -33,18 +33,15 @@
</p>
<p>
- à´à´¤àµà´²àµà´²à´¾à´ മാറàµà´±àµà´µà´¾à´¨àµâ
à´µàµà´£àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¾à´£àµ à´àµà´¨àµ à´¸à´à´°à´à´à´
à´¤àµà´à´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµ. à´¯àµà´£à´¿à´àµà´¸àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
-സാമàµà´¯à´®àµà´³àµà´³, à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµâ 100
ശതമാനഠസàµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´à´¨àµà´¨àµ
പറയാവàµà´¨àµà´¨
-à´à´°àµ à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´
à´¸à´à´µà´¿à´§à´¾à´¨à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ
à´àµà´¨àµà´µà´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¥à´®à´¿à´ à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´.
95 ശതമാനമàµ
-à´
à´²àµà´²àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ 99.5 ശതമാനമൠà´
à´²àµà´²,
മറിà´àµà´àµ 100 ശതമാനവàµà´
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´¾à´¯ - à´
തായതàµàµ
-à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
à´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£à´®à´¾à´¯àµà´ à´ªàµà´¨à´°àµâവിതരണà´
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´¾à´¨àµà´ à´à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´®àµà´³àµà´³
-à´à´¾à´à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ മാറàµà´±à´
വരàµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµà´
സാധിà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ à´
à´¤àµàµ.
à´àµà´¨àµ à´à´¨àµà´¨ à´
-à´¸à´à´µà´¿à´§à´¾à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ à´ªàµà´°àµ “à´àµà´¨àµ
à´¯àµà´£à´¿à´àµà´¸àµ à´
à´²àµà´²(GNU's Not Unix)” à´à´¨àµà´¨
-à´àµà´°àµà´³à´´à´¿à´¯à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
à´àµà´°àµà´àµà´àµà´´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ നിനàµà´¨à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´à´£àµà´à´¾à´¯à´¤àµàµ. à´à´¤àµ
à´¯àµà´£à´¿à´àµà´¸à´¿à´¨àµà´àµà´³àµà´³
-à´à´à´ªàµà´ªà´¾à´àµà´ à´
തൠസമയഠà´àµà´¨àµ
à´¯àµà´£à´¿à´àµà´¸à´¿à´²àµâ നിനàµà´¨àµà´
à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¸àµà´¤à´µàµà´®à´¾à´£àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ
-à´¸àµà´à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
സാà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¿à´à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ à´àµà´¨àµ
à´¯àµà´£à´¿à´àµà´¸àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ വളരàµà´¯à´§à´¿à´à´
-സാമàµà´¯à´®àµà´³àµà´³à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ. à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµâ
à´¯àµà´£à´¿à´àµà´¸à´¿à´²àµâ നിനàµà´¨àµà´
à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¸àµà´¤à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿, à´
à´¤àµ
-à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´ നലàµâà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+ The GNU Project was founded to change all that. Its first goal: to develop a
+Unix-compatible portable operating system that would be 100% free
+software. Not 95% free, not 99.5%, but 100%—so that users would be
+free to redistribute the whole system, and free to change and contribute to
+any part of it. The name of the system, GNU, is a recursive acronym meaning
+“GNU's Not Unix”—a way of paying tribute to the technical
+ideas of Unix, while at the same time saying that GNU is something
+different. Technically, GNU is like Unix. But unlike Unix, GNU gives its
+users freedom.
</p>
<p>
@@ -101,12 +98,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ml.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ -നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµ
-വിനൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ </a>.
<br
-/>à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯ à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµàµ നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
-à´à´¨àµà´¨ വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ
à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -115,10 +112,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´ © 1999
റിà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâഡൠസàµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâമാനàµâ
<br /> à´
-à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµà´,à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶
à´àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨ നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ,
-സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£ à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
പദാനàµà´ªà´¦ à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´
à´²àµà´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´µà´¿à´àµà´¯àµà´, à´à´¤àµ
-മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+Copyright © 1999 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -130,7 +128,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2010/07/22 08:27:38 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:56 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -170,6 +168,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
</ul>
Index: philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.tr.html 22 Jul 2010 08:27:38
-0000 1.8
+++ philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:56
-0000 1.9
@@ -33,15 +33,15 @@
</p>
<p>
- GNU Projesi, bütün bunları deÄiÅtirmek için oluÅturuldu. Ä°lk hedefi,
Unix
-uyumlu, taÅınabilir ve %100 özgür yazılım olacak bir iÅletim sistemi
-geliÅtirmekti. %95 deÄil, %99,5 deÄil; %100%—böylece kullanıcılar,
-bütün sistemi yeniden daÄıtmak, herhangi bölümünü deÄiÅtirmek ve
herhangi
-bir bölümüne katkıda bulunmak için özgür olacaklardı. Sistemin adı,
-yinelemeli bir kısaltma olan GNU, “GNU Unix DeÄildir”—bir
-yandan GNUâ nun farklı bir Åey olduÄunu söylerken, bir yandan da Unixâe
-saygılarımızı sunmanın bir yoludur. Teknik açıdan GNU, Unixâe benzer;
ancak
-Unixâin tersine GNU, kullanıcılarına özgürlük verir.
+ The GNU Project was founded to change all that. Its first goal: to develop a
+Unix-compatible portable operating system that would be 100% free
+software. Not 95% free, not 99.5%, but 100%—so that users would be
+free to redistribute the whole system, and free to change and contribute to
+any part of it. The name of the system, GNU, is a recursive acronym meaning
+“GNU's Not Unix”—a way of paying tribute to the technical
+ideas of Unix, while at the same time saying that GNU is something
+different. Technically, GNU is like Unix. But unlike Unix, GNU gives its
+users freedom.
</p>
<p>
@@ -92,13 +92,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.tr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU hakkındaki sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine gönderin.
FSF ile
-iletiÅime geçmenin <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır.<br />
-Lütfen çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve diÄer düzeltmelerinizi (ya da
-önerilerinizi) <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -108,10 +107,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1999 Richard M. Stallman <br /> Bu makalenin tamamının
-kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve daÄıtılmasına, ücret talep
etmeksizin,
-herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı bildirisini korumak Åartıyla,
-dünya çapında izin verilmiÅtir.
+Copyright © 1999 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/07/22 08:27:38 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:56 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -197,6 +197,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
</ul>
Index: philosophy/ICT-for-prosperity.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/ICT-for-prosperity.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- philosophy/ICT-for-prosperity.fr.html 29 Jun 2010 13:07:50 -0000
1.14
+++ philosophy/ICT-for-prosperity.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:56 -0000
1.15
@@ -2,12 +2,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Façonner le développement collaboratif des TIC et les
-initiatives pour la prospérité globale</title>
+<title>Façonner le développement collaboratif des TIC et les initiatives
pour la
+prospérité globale</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Façonner le développement collaboratif des TIC et les
-initiatives, pour une prospérité globale</h2>
+<h2>Shaping Collaborative ICT Development and Initiatives for Global
Prosperity</h2>
<p>
par <strong><a href="http://www.rattlesnake.com/";>par Robert
@@ -15,197 +14,177 @@
</p>
<p>
-[D'après une présentation donnée à la<br /><a
-href="http://www.globalknowledge.org.my/";>Second Global Knowledge
-Conference</a><br />Kuala Lumpur, Malaisie, le 7 Mars 2000.
-</p>
-<p>
-[Pour une discussion plus approfondie, voir mon texte :<br /><a
-href="http://www.teak.cc/Access-speech.html";>Free Software :Access and
-Empowerment</a>.]
+<!-- <br />
+
+<a href="http://www.globalknowledge.org.my/";> broken link, 1apr11 -->
+[From a presentation given at the Second Global Knowledge Conference<br />
+in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on 7 March 2000.]
</p>
+<!-- <p>
+
+[For a more extended discussion, see my<br />
+<a href="http://www.teak.cc/Access-speech.html";>
+Free Software: Access and Empowerment</a>.
+</p> -->
<p>
-Le titre de cette présentation est « Façonner le
-développement collaboratif des <abbr title="Technologies de
-l'information et des communications">TIC</abbr> et les initiatives pour une
-prospérité globale» et les thèmes de cette
-conférence sont «accéder »,
-« donner du pouvoir » et
-« gouverner ».
+The title of this presentation is ‘Shaping Collaborative ICT
+Development and Initiatives for Global Prosperity’ and the themes of
+this conference are ‘access’, ‘empowerment’ and
+‘governance’.
</p>
<p>
Ce que nous nous proposons de faire aujourd'hui, c'est de prendre une
-technologie spécifique, discuter de la façon dont nous avons
-façonné cette technologie pour la rendre accessible et qu'elle
-soit un outil de pouvoir; discuter de la façon dont nous l'avons
-placée dans un cadre économique et institutionnel qui
-encourage les gens à travailler en collaboration; puis de la
-façon dont nous utilisons la technologie pour mieux gouverner.
-</p>
-<p>
-La technologie, c'est du logiciel. Créer, c'est se trouver face aux
-conditions juridiques du copyright, son cadre légal et
-institutionnel.
-</p>
-<p>
-Étant un des fondateurs de la Free Software Foundation, j'ai
-travaillé pendant 16 ans sur le cadre légal et institutionnel
-dans lequel nous utilisons et développons des logiciels. GNU/Linux,
-un système logiciel complet, est né de ces efforts.
-</p>
-<p>
-Les <acronym title="Technologies de l'information et des
-communications">TIC</acronym>, (<acronym title="Information and
-Communications Technologies">ICT</acronym>, en anglais), sont
-composées de pièces matérielles et logicielles. Je ne
-parlerai ici que de l'aspect logiciel. Quoi qu'il en soit, j'espère
-pouvoir étendre notre expérience de ce sujet à d'autres
+technologie spécifique, discuter de la façon dont nous avons façonné cette
+technologie pour la rendre accessible et qu'elle soit un outil de pouvoir;
+discuter de la façon dont nous l'avons placée dans un cadre économique et
+institutionnel qui encourage les gens à travailler en collaboration; puis de
+la façon dont nous utilisons la technologie pour mieux gouverner.
+</p>
+<p>
+La technologie, c'est du logiciel. Créer, c'est se trouver face aux
+conditions juridiques du copyright, son cadre légal et institutionnel.
+</p>
+<p>
+Ãtant un des fondateurs de la Free Software Foundation, j'ai travaillé
+pendant 16 ans sur le cadre légal et institutionnel dans lequel nous
+utilisons et développons des logiciels. GNU/Linux, un système logiciel
+complet, est né de ces efforts.
+</p>
+<p>
+ICT, the information and communications technologies, are made up of
+hardware and software components. I am speaking here only of software.
+However, I hope we can extend our experience from this to other
technologies.
</p>
<p>
Quand je parle de logiciel, je veux parler aussi bien de ce qui fait tourner
-l'ordinateur,c'est-à-dire le système d'exploitation, que des
-applications, comme le courrier électronique ou d'autres moyens de
-communication, les tableurs, le commerce électronique, les outils de
-traitement du texte, l'envoi et la réception de fax, la
-création de sites Web, l'ingénierie, la recherche, les calculs
-mathématiques, la modélisation, la manipulation d'images et
-les réseaux.
-</p>
-<p>
-Ces dernières années, le prix des ordinateurs et des
-matériels de communication est tombé a tellement baissé
-que de plus en plus personnes les utilisent. En effet, les organisateurs de
-notre conférence estiment à un sur trente le nombre de
-personnes dans le monde ayant un accès informatique aux
-communications électroniques, qui sont connectées.
-</p>
-<p>
-Bien que le rapport d'un sur trente représente une faible portion de
-la population mondiale, cette technologie est populaire, grandissante et
-commence à prendre de plus en plus de place dans notre quotidien. De
-plus, nous nous attendons à ce que les ordinateurs et les coûts
-des communications continuent à baisser, pour au moins une autre
-génération, ce qui signifie que ceux qui n'y ont pas encore
-accès vont éventuellement en profiter.
+l'ordinateur,c'est-à -dire le système d'exploitation, que des applications,
+comme le courrier électronique ou d'autres moyens de communication, les
+tableurs, le commerce électronique, les outils de traitement du texte,
+l'envoi et la réception de fax, la création de sites Web, l'ingénierie, la
+recherche, les calculs mathématiques, la modélisation, la manipulation
+d'images et les réseaux.
+</p>
+<p>
+Ces dernières années, le prix des ordinateurs et des matériels de
+communication est tombé a tellement baissé que de plus en plus personnes les
+utilisent. En effet, les organisateurs de notre conférence estiment à un sur
+trente le nombre de personnes dans le monde ayant un accès informatique aux
+communications électroniques, qui sont connectées.
+</p>
+<p>
+Bien que le rapport d'un sur trente représente une faible portion de la
+population mondiale, cette technologie est populaire, grandissante et
+commence à prendre de plus en plus de place dans notre quotidien. De plus,
+nous nous attendons à ce que les ordinateurs et les coûts des communications
+continuent à baisser, pour au moins une autre génération, ce qui signifie
+que ceux qui n'y ont pas encore accès vont éventuellement en profiter.
</p>
<p>
Comme pour toute technologie, le logiciel peut s'utiliser d'une bonne ou
-d'une mauvaise façon.
+d'une mauvaise façon.
</p>
<p>
-En ce moment, c'est les deux que nous voyons. Le mauvais côté,
-ce sont des machines qui plantent sans raison, des courriels qui perdent
-leurs destinataires (dans les transactions d'argent), des systèmes
-vulnérables à de simples virus et des programmes qui ne font
-qu'une partie de ce que vous attendez d'eux.
+En ce moment, c'est les deux que nous voyons. Le mauvais côté, ce sont des
+machines qui plantent sans raison, des courriels qui perdent leurs
+destinataires (dans les transactions d'argent), des systèmes vulnérables Ã
+de simples virus et des programmes qui ne font qu'une partie de ce que vous
+attendez d'eux.
</p>
<p>
-La clef qui permet un bon usage d'un logiciel est d'assurer la
-liberté. Dans le cas du logiciel, cela entraîne collaboration,
-prix plus bas, fiabilité, efficacité, sécurité
-et moins de barrières pour y participer et l'utiliser.
+La clef qui permet un bon usage d'un logiciel est d'assurer la liberté. Dans
+le cas du logiciel, cela entraîne collaboration, prix plus bas, fiabilité,
+efficacité, sécurité et moins de barrières pour y participer et l'utiliser.
</p>
<p>
Pour faire bon usage de la technologie logicielle, les gens doivent avoir le
-droit légal de la copier, l'étudier, la modifier et de la
-redistribuer. Tout le reste découle de cela.
+droit légal de la copier, l'étudier, la modifier et de la redistribuer. Tout
+le reste découle de cela.
</p>
<p>
Le logiciel GNU/Linux donne ces droits aux gens. Les programmeurs en
-bénéficient, mais plus important, les non-programmeurs aussi
-en bénéficient.
+bénéficient, mais plus important, les non-programmeurs aussi en
bénéficient.
</p>
<p>
-Par exemple, quelqu'un habitant dans une zone où les services
-téléphoniques sont médiocres ou inexistants, peut
-utiliser un package robuste, appelé UUCP, pour ses
-communications. J'ai lu récemment qu'un groupe d'Oxfam l'a fait.
+For example, people in an area with lousy or no telephone service can use a
+rugged package called UUCP for communications. I recently read of an Oxfam
+group that did this.
</p>
<p>
-Ceux qui ont de vieilles machines, même à base d'un antique
-80386, peuvent faire tourner des programmes efficaces qui font aussi bien
-que ceux qui demandent un Pentium moderne et de la mémoire
-coûtant très cher. Ils peuvent très bien utiliser ces
-machines comme serveurs de pages Web ou comme routeurs, comme infrastructure
-pour les communications.
+Ceux qui ont de vieilles machines, même à base d'un antique 80386, peuvent
+faire tourner des programmes efficaces qui font aussi bien que ceux qui
+demandent un Pentium moderne et de la mémoire coûtant très cher. Ils peuvent
+très bien utiliser ces machines comme serveurs de pages Web ou comme
+routeurs, comme infrastructure pour les communications.
</p>
<p>
-Les gens ne possédant qu'un ordinateur peuvent câbler un ou
-deux terminaux supplémentaires, installer deux ou trois chaises
-devant à la place d'une seule, tout cela pour un surcoût
-modique. Je l'ai fait : un ami est venu me rendre visite et nous
-voulions tous les deux travailler en même temps sur ma machine. Email,
-surf sur le Web, écrire, administrer le réseau, tout cela nous
-l'avons fait en même temps.
+Les gens ne possédant qu'un ordinateur peuvent câbler un ou deux terminaux
+supplémentaires, installer deux ou trois chaises devant à la place d'une
+seule, tout cela pour un surcoût modique. Je l'ai fait : un ami est
+venu me rendre visite et nous voulions tous les deux travailler en même
+temps sur ma machine. Email, surf sur le Web, écrire, administrer le réseau,
+tout cela nous l'avons fait en même temps.
</p>
<p>
-Une communauté, ou une collectivité, peut créer sa
-propre liste de diffusion ou son forum, privé ou public. Il est
-là, le collecticiel (groupware). Deux personnes ou plus peuvent
-travailler sur le même document au même moment, même s'ils
-habitent des pays différents. La dernière fois qu'il m'est
-arrivé de le faire, je travaillais avec un copain qui était de
-l'autre côté de l'océan Atlantique.
+Une communauté, ou une collectivité, peut créer sa propre liste de diffusion
+ou son forum, privé ou public. Il est là , le collecticiel (groupware). Deux
+personnes ou plus peuvent travailler sur le même document au même moment,
+même s'ils habitent des pays différents. La dernière fois qu'il m'est
arrivé
+de le faire, je travaillais avec un copain qui était de l'autre côté de
+l'océan Atlantique.
</p>
<p>
-Vous voulez écrire un script en hindî, en chinois, en
-thaï ? Pas de problème, et dans la même
-fenêtre, tout comme en anglais ou en cyrillique.
+Vous voulez écrire un script en hindî, en chinois, en thaï ? Pas de
+problème, et dans la même fenêtre, tout comme en anglais ou en cyrillique.
</p>
<p>
Que ce soit un individu seul ou un groupe, tout le monde peut construire son
-site Web. Un éditeur peut composer ses propres livres. Un comptable
-peut analyser un budget. Les malvoyants ont la possibilité d'entendre
-à haute et intelligible voix un texte via leur ordinateur.
+site Web. Un éditeur peut composer ses propres livres. Un comptable peut
+analyser un budget. Les malvoyants ont la possibilité d'entendre à haute et
+intelligible voix un texte via leur ordinateur.
</p>
<p>
Vous pouvez choisir parmi plusieurs interfaces graphiques, de la plus
-délirante à la plus simple et plus pratique en passant par une
-interface ressemblant et se comportant comme celle de Microsoft Windows.
+délirante à la plus simple et plus pratique en passant par une interface
+ressemblant et se comportant comme celle de Microsoft Windows.
</p>
<p>
-À part le système vocal pour les malvoyants, qui demande un
-materiel audio que je n'ai jamais installé sur ma machine, toutes les
-applications que je viens de citer tournent sur mon ordinateur personnel. Et
-je connais des gens qui ont installé le matériel audio et qui
-peuvent entendre les textes.
+à part le système vocal pour les malvoyants, qui demande un materiel audio
+que je n'ai jamais installé sur ma machine, toutes les applications que je
+viens de citer tournent sur mon ordinateur personnel. Et je connais des gens
+qui ont installé le matériel audio et qui peuvent entendre les textes.
</p>
<p>
-J'ai reçu toutes ces applications sur un cédérom
-gratuitement, comme cela peut arriver. J'ai également payé,
-pour d'autres versions de ces programmes ; il est parfois plus commode
-de dépenser quelques sous. Et si vous avez une connection Internet
-rapide, vous pouvez instantanément télécharger le
-logiciel, il ne vous en coûtera que les communications
-téléphoniques.
+J'ai reçu toutes ces applications sur un cédérom gratuitement, comme cela
+peut arriver. J'ai également payé, pour d'autres versions de ces
+programmes ; il est parfois plus commode de dépenser quelques sous. Et
+si vous avez une connection Internet rapide, vous pouvez instantanément
+télécharger le logiciel, il ne vous en coûtera que les communications
+téléphoniques.
</p>
<p>
-Cette richesse logicielle est disponible et peut s'utiliser n'importe
-où dans le monde.
+Cette richesse logicielle est disponible et peut s'utiliser n'importe où
+dans le monde.
</p>
<p>
-Pour revenir à la question : comment cette technologie a
-été façonnée, je me répète, la
-clef c'est la liberté, le droit légal de copier,
-étudier, modifier et redistribuer le logiciel.
+Pour revenir à la question : comment cette technologie a été
façonnée,
+je me répète, la clef c'est la liberté, le droit légal de copier, étudier,
+modifier et redistribuer le logiciel.
</p>
<p>
-L'outil légal spécifique que nous avons utilisé pour
-engendrer ces libertés et les bénéfices qui en ont
-découlés, est un copyright spécialement conçu,
-la GNU General Public License (la License publique générale
-GNU).
+L'outil légal spécifique que nous avons utilisé pour engendrer ces libertés
+et les bénéfices qui en ont découlés, est un copyright spécialement
conçu,
+la GNU General Public License (la License publique générale GNU).
</p>
<p>
Cette licence vous donne plus de droits que ce que le copyright vous donne
-dans sa totalité et plus de droits que n'importe quelle autre licence
-logicielle. Pour aller à l'essentiel, elle vous interdit
-d'interdire. Elle vous permet de faire tout le reste.
+dans sa totalité et plus de droits que n'importe quelle autre licence
+logicielle. Pour aller à l'essentiel, elle vous interdit d'interdire. Elle
+vous permet de faire tout le reste.
</p>
<p>
-J'aimerais approfondir cette liste de droits : copier, étudier,
+J'aimerais approfondir cette liste de droits : copier, étudier,
modifier et redistribuer.
</p>
@@ -213,507 +192,465 @@
En premier lieu, le droit de copier.
</p>
<p>
-Il y a peu de gens à la tête d'une usine capable de recopier
-une voiture. De plus, reproduire une voiture est tellement difficile que
-nous utilisons un autre mot ; nous parlons de
-« construire » une voiture. Et il n'y a pas tant que
-ça de constructeurs automobiles dans le monde. Largement moins d'une
-personne sur trente possède une voiture ou a la possibilité
-d'accéder facilement à une usine automobile.
+Il y a peu de gens à la tête d'une usine capable de recopier une voiture. De
+plus, reproduire une voiture est tellement difficile que nous utilisons un
+autre mot ; nous parlons de « construire » une voiture. Et il
+n'y a pas tant que ça de constructeurs automobiles dans le monde. Largement
+moins d'une personne sur trente possède une voiture ou a la possibilité
+d'accéder facilement à une usine automobile.
</p>
<p>
-Mais quiconque possède un ordinateur possède une usine
-à fabriquer des logiciels, un moyen de manufacturer un logiciel,
-autrement dit, de faire de nouvelles copies. Parce qu'il est tellement
-facile de copier des logiciels, nous n'employons pas le terme
-d'« usiner », de « fabriquer » ;
-en général, on ne le voit même pas sous cet angle,
+Mais quiconque possède un ordinateur possède une usine à fabriquer des
+logiciels, un moyen de manufacturer un logiciel, autrement dit, de faire de
+nouvelles copies. Parce qu'il est tellement facile de copier des logiciels,
+nous n'employons pas le terme d'« usiner », de
+« fabriquer » ; en général, on ne le voit même pas sous cet
angle,
pourtant il s'agit bien de cela.
</p>
<p>
Le droit de copier des logiciels, c'est le droit d'utiliser vos propres
-moyens de production (si vous me permettez cette expression
-démodée). Des millions de gens, un faible pourcentage de la
-population mondiale, ont entre leurs mains ces moyens de production.
+moyens de production (si vous me permettez cette expression démodée). Des
+millions de gens, un faible pourcentage de la population mondiale, ont entre
+leurs mains ces moyens de production.
</p>
<p>
-Naturellement, il y a eu des efforts à faire pour se
-débarrasser des droits que vous avez d'utiliser votre
-propriété à vous comme d'une usine qui vous appartient.
+Naturellement, il y a eu des efforts à faire pour se débarrasser des droits
+que vous avez d'utiliser votre propriété à vous comme d'une usine qui vous
+appartient.
</p>
<p>
-En deuxième lieu, le droit d'étudier. Ce droit n'est pas d'un
-intérêt immédiat pour ceux qui ne programment pas. C'est
-un peu comme le droit, pour un homme de loi, de lire les textes des codes
-juridiques. Tant que vous n'êtes pas homme de loi, c'est le genre de
-livres que vous éviterez.
+En deuxième lieu, le droit d'étudier. Ce droit n'est pas d'un intérêt
+immédiat pour ceux qui ne programment pas. C'est un peu comme le droit, pour
+un homme de loi, de lire les textes des codes juridiques. Tant que vous
+n'êtes pas homme de loi, c'est le genre de livres que vous éviterez.
</p>
<p>
-Et pourtant, le droit d'étudier a plusieurs implications, autant pour
-le programmeur que pour celui qui ne programme pas.
+Et pourtant, le droit d'étudier a plusieurs implications, autant pour le
+programmeur que pour celui qui ne programme pas.
</p>
<p>
-Le droit à l'étude signifie que les personnes vivant au
-Mexique, en Inde ou en Malaisie, peuvent étudier le même code
-que celui utilisé en Europe ou aux États-Unis. Ce qui veut
-dire qu'on ne les empêche pas d'apprendre comment les autres ont
-réussi.
+Le droit à l'étude signifie que les personnes vivant au Mexique, en Inde ou
+en Malaisie, peuvent étudier le même code que celui utilisé en Europe ou aux
+Ãtats-Unis. Ce qui veut dire qu'on ne les empêche pas d'apprendre comment
+les autres ont réussi.
</p>
<p>
-Il faut garder à l'esprit que beaucoup de programmeurs travaillent
-avec la contrainte qu'il leur est interdit de voir le code d'autres
-programmeurs. Plutôt que de s'y hisser sur les épaules de leurs
-prédécesseurs, ce qui reste la meilleure façon
-d'avancer et de voir plus loin, ils se retrouvent la tête dans le
-sac. Le droit d'étudier, c'est le droit de voir plus loin, de
-progresser, du haut des épaules de géants.
+Il faut garder à l'esprit que beaucoup de programmeurs travaillent avec la
+contrainte qu'il leur est interdit de voir le code d'autres
+programmeurs. Plutôt que de s'y hisser sur les épaules de leurs
+prédécesseurs, ce qui reste la meilleure façon d'avancer et de voir plus
+loin, ils se retrouvent la tête dans le sac. Le droit d'étudier, c'est le
+droit de voir plus loin, de progresser, du haut des épaules de géants.
</p>
<p>
-Et plus encore, le droit d'étudier signifie que le logiciel en
-lui-même doit être disponible de telle sorte qu'il soit lisible
-par vous et moi.
+Et plus encore, le droit d'étudier signifie que le logiciel en lui-même doit
+être disponible de telle sorte qu'il soit lisible par vous et moi.
</p>
<p>
-Un logiciel présente deux aspects, un qui est lisible uniquement par
-les ordinateurs et un autre qui l'est par les gens. Le premier aspect est ce
-que la machine peut faire tourner. C'est ce qu'on appelle un
-exécutable ou un binaire. Quant au deuxième aspect, celui
-qu'un humain peut lire, on l'appelle code source. C'est ce que crée
-un programmeur humain, qui est ensuite traduit par une machine en binaire ou
-en exécutable.
+Un logiciel présente deux aspects, un qui est lisible uniquement par les
+ordinateurs et un autre qui l'est par les gens. Le premier aspect est ce que
+la machine peut faire tourner. C'est ce qu'on appelle un exécutable ou un
+binaire. Quant au deuxième aspect, celui qu'un humain peut lire, on
+l'appelle code source. C'est ce que crée un programmeur humain, qui est
+ensuite traduit par une machine en binaire ou en exécutable.
</p>
<p>
-Le droit suivant, celui de modifier, est le droit à corriger un
-problème ou d'apporter des améliorations. Pour la plupart des
-gens, cela signifie le droit que vous avez, vous ou votre organisme, de
-payer quelqu'un pour faire le travail à votre place, tout à
-fait comme vous payez un mécanicien pour réparer votre voiture
-ou un charpentier pour agrandir votre maison.
+Le droit suivant, celui de modifier, est le droit à corriger un problème ou
+d'apporter des améliorations. Pour la plupart des gens, cela signifie le
+droit que vous avez, vous ou votre organisme, de payer quelqu'un pour faire
+le travail à votre place, tout à fait comme vous payez un mécanicien pour
+réparer votre voiture ou un charpentier pour agrandir votre maison.
</p>
<p>
-Les modifications sont d'une aide certaine. Les développeurs
-d'applications ne peuvent pas penser à toutes les façons dont
-les utilisateurs feront usage de leurs logiciels. Les développeurs ne
-peuvent pas prévoir les nouvelles charges qui seront
-appliquéesà leur code. Ils ne peuvent pas anticiper toutes les
-conditions locales, comment un Malais utilisera un programme qui avait tout
-d'abord été écrit en Finlande.
+Les modifications sont d'une aide certaine. Les développeurs d'applications
+ne peuvent pas penser à toutes les façons dont les utilisateurs feront usage
+de leurs logiciels. Les développeurs ne peuvent pas prévoir les nouvelles
+charges qui seront appliquéesà leur code. Ils ne peuvent pas anticiper
+toutes les conditions locales, comment un Malais utilisera un programme qui
+avait tout d'abord été écrit en Finlande.
</p>
<p>
Et pour terminer, parlons du droit de redistribuer.
</p>
<p>
-Cela signifie que, vous, qui avez un ordinateur, une usine à
-logiciels, vous avez le droit de faire des copies d'un programme et de le
-redistribuer. Vous pouvez faire payer pour ces copies, ou les
-distribuer. D'autres peuvent faire la même chose.
+Cela signifie que, vous, qui avez un ordinateur, une usine à logiciels, vous
+avez le droit de faire des copies d'un programme et de le redistribuer. Vous
+pouvez faire payer pour ces copies, ou les distribuer. D'autres peuvent
+faire la même chose.
</p>
<p>
-Bien sûr, et il y en a, les gros fabricants de logiciels veulent vous
-empêcher d'utiliser votre propre propriété. Ils ne
-peuvent pas gagner contre un marché libre, alors ils attaquent
-autrement. Aux États Unis, par exemple, on voit de récentes
-propositions de lois qui vous ôtent votre liberté.
+Bien sûr, et il y en a, les gros fabricants de logiciels veulent vous
+empêcher d'utiliser votre propre propriété. Ils ne peuvent pas gagner contre
+un marché libre, alors ils attaquent autrement. Aux Ãtats Unis, par exemple,
+on voit de récentes propositions de lois qui vous ôtent votre liberté.
</p>
<p>
-Le droit de redistribuer, tant qu'il sera défendu et soutenu,
-signifie que le logiciel est vendu au sein d'un marché
-compétitif, libre. Ce qui a plusieurs conséquences. Une des
-conséquences, c'est un bas prix. Ce qui est en faveur du
-consommateur.
+Le droit de redistribuer, tant qu'il sera défendu et soutenu, signifie que
+le logiciel est vendu au sein d'un marché compétitif, libre. Ce qui a
+plusieurs conséquences. Une des conséquences, c'est un bas prix. Ce qui est
+en faveur du consommateur.
</p>
<p>
-Mais d'abord et avant tout, ces droits économiques et légaux
-amènent à collaborer, un des thèmes de cette
-conférence.
+Mais d'abord et avant tout, ces droits économiques et légaux amènent Ã
+collaborer, un des thèmes de cette conférence.
</p>
<p>
-Ce résultat est contraire à de nombreuses attentes, chez les
-gens. Peu d'entre eux s'attendent à ce que, dans un marché
-compétitif, libre, chaque producteur deviendra de plus en plus
-coopératif et qu'il n'y aura pas de compétition, sensible ou
-visible au sein des hommes d'affaire en compétition.
+Ce résultat est contraire à de nombreuses attentes, chez les gens. Peu
+d'entre eux s'attendent à ce que, dans un marché compétitif, libre, chaque
+producteur deviendra de plus en plus coopératif et qu'il n'y aura pas de
+compétition, sensible ou visible au sein des hommes d'affaire en
+compétition.
</p>
<p>
-Plus un marché est compétitif, plus la coopération est
-visible. Cette implication, qui va apparemment contre toute intuition, a
-été à la fois observée et inferée.
+Plus un marché est compétitif, plus la coopération est visible. Cette
+implication, qui va apparemment contre toute intuition, a été à la fois
+observée et inferée.
</p>
<p>
-Cela se peut parce que les gens ne sont pas lésés dans ce
-qu'ils ont envie de faire. Les gens aiment aider leurs voisins.
+Cela se peut parce que les gens ne sont pas lésés dans ce qu'ils ont envie
+de faire. Les gens aiment aider leurs voisins.
</p>
<p>
Prenez un petit fermier, un parmi un million. Mon ami Georges, de retour aux
-États Unis, est un de ceux-là.
+Ãtats Unis, est un de ceux-là .
</p>
<p>
-Sa récolte est tellement maigre qu'il ne peut rien faire sur les prix
-au niveau mondial. Son voisin est dans la même situation.
+Sa récolte est tellement maigre qu'il ne peut rien faire sur les prix au
+niveau mondial. Son voisin est dans la même situation.
</p>
<p>
Du coup, si Georges aide son voisin, cela lui sera profitable et Georges
-lui, ne perdra rien sur ce que lui rapporte sa récolte.
+lui, ne perdra rien sur ce que lui rapporte sa récolte.
</p>
<p>
-À partir du moment où Georges ne se lèse pas, il a
-plein d'autres raisons d'aider son voisin. Georges n'est pas simplement
-aimable, il reconnaît que quand il donne un coup de main à son
-voisin, ce dernier s'empresse de lui renvoyer l'ascenseur.
+à partir du moment où Georges ne se lèse pas, il a plein d'autres raisons
+d'aider son voisin. Georges n'est pas simplement aimable, il reconnaît que
+quand il donne un coup de main à son voisin, ce dernier s'empresse de lui
+renvoyer l'ascenseur.
</p>
<p>
-Voilà ce que vous observez dans un marché compétitif
-libre : de la coopération.
+Voilà ce que vous observez dans un marché compétitif libre : de la
+coopération.
</p>
<p>
-Une compétition visible indique que le marché n'est pas
-complètement libre et compétitif. Une compétition
-visible, cela veut dire qu'à la limite, vous n'avez qu'un
-marché semi-libre.
+Une compétition visible indique que le marché n'est pas complètement libre
+et compétitif. Une compétition visible, cela veut dire qu'à la limite, vous
+n'avez qu'un marché semi-libre.
</p>
<p>
-Allons plus loin : si un logiciel est vendu sur un marché libre,
-la concurrence entre les vendeurs va faire tomber les prix ; ce qui va
+Allons plus loin : si un logiciel est vendu sur un marché libre, la
+concurrence entre les vendeurs va faire tomber les prix ; ce qui va
profiter aux non-programmeurs.
</p>
<p>
-Voyons les choses autrement : le prix d'un logiciel est
-déterminé en premier lieu par des considérations
-légales, par le degré de liberté dont profitent les
-acheteurs. Si ceux-ci ont l'interdiction d'acheter un produit sauf à
-prix élevé et que cette prohibition soit renforcée avec
-succès, le produit sera cher. C'est ce qui se produit aujourd'hui
-avec beaucoup de logiciels propriétaires.
+Voyons les choses autrement : le prix d'un logiciel est déterminé en
+premier lieu par des considérations légales, par le degré de liberté dont
+profitent les acheteurs. Si ceux-ci ont l'interdiction d'acheter un produit
+sauf à prix élevé et que cette prohibition soit renforcée avec succès, le
+produit sera cher. C'est ce qui se produit aujourd'hui avec beaucoup de
+logiciels propriétaires.
</p>
<p>
-D'un autre côté, si le produit est mis sur un marché
-libre, la compétition entre les vendeurs fera baisser les prix.
+D'un autre côté, si le produit est mis sur un marché libre, la compétition
+entre les vendeurs fera baisser les prix.
</p>
<p>
-Et vraiment, il y aura des cas où les prix seront tellement bas que
-les compagnies ou les organisations donneront les CDROM contenant les
+Et vraiment, il y aura des cas où les prix seront tellement bas que les
+compagnies ou les organisations donneront les CDROM contenant les
logiciels ; d'autres feront des copies pour leurs amis ; et
-d'autres encore les mettront en téléchargement sur Internet,
-gratuitement.
+d'autres encore les mettront en téléchargement sur Internet, gratuitement.
</p>
<p>
-Ceci signifie que le logiciel en lui-même, support nécessaire
-à un projet communautaire ou marchand, deviendra peu coûteux et
-légal.
+Ceci signifie que le logiciel en lui-même, support nécessaire à un projet
+communautaire ou marchand, deviendra peu coûteux et légal.
</p>
<p>
Placez-vous du point de vue d'une petite structure ou d'une
-association. Elle pourrait utiliser un logiciel propriétaire
-diffusé via une distribution restrictive et alors soit payer une
-somme qu'elle n'a pas, soit enfreindre la loi et le voler.
+association. Elle pourrait utiliser un logiciel propriétaire diffusé via une
+distribution restrictive et alors soit payer une somme qu'elle n'a pas, soit
+enfreindre la loi et le voler.
</p>
<p>
-D'un autre côté, le logiciel libre est bon marché et
-légal. Il est plus accessible. Il est aussi personnalisable, plus que
-ce que les logiciels restrictifs peuvent l'être. Il donne du pouvoir.
+D'un autre côté, le logiciel libre est bon marché et légal. Il est plus
+accessible. Il est aussi personnalisable, plus que ce que les logiciels
+restrictifs peuvent l'être. Il donne du pouvoir.
</p>
<p>
-Nous façonnons le développement de cette technologie, nous
-créons la collaboration à travers l'utilisation d'un outil
-légal, une licence, qui vous donne plus de droits que vous n'auriez
-autrement, qui vous interdit d'interdire, ce qui, dans ce cas, vous donne le
-droit de copier, étudier, modifier et redistribuer le logiciel.
+Nous façonnons le développement de cette technologie, nous créons la
+collaboration à travers l'utilisation d'un outil légal, une licence, qui
+vous donne plus de droits que vous n'auriez autrement, qui vous interdit
+d'interdire, ce qui, dans ce cas, vous donne le droit de copier, étudier,
+modifier et redistribuer le logiciel.
</p>
<p>
-Parce qu'y sont associées des libertés, ce logiciel est
-appelé « logiciel libre » (free software).
+Parce qu'y sont associées des libertés, ce logiciel est appelé
+« logiciel libre » (free software).
</p>
<p>
-En parlant de cela, laissez-moi éclaircir un terme qui parfois induit
-en erreur les anglophones.
+En parlant de cela, laissez-moi éclaircir un terme qui parfois induit en
+erreur les anglophones.
</p>
<p>
-Les bas prix des logiciels libres font croire à certains anglophones
-que le mot « free » (libre, mais veut aussi dire
-« gratuit », en anglais), dans le terme
-« free software » (logiciel libre), signifie
-gratuit. Non, « free » est pris dans le sens <a
+Les bas prix des logiciels libres font croire à certains anglophones que le
+mot « free » (libre, mais veut aussi dire « gratuit »,
+en anglais), dans le terme « free software » (logiciel libre),
+signifie gratuit. Non, « free » est pris dans le sens <a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html">libre</a>, mais
-c'est une confusion courante. Après tout, j'ai parlé de
-consommation modeste des ressources, de logiciel peu coûteux.
+c'est une confusion courante. Après tout, j'ai parlé de consommation modeste
+des ressources, de logiciel peu coûteux.
</p>
<p>
-Le mot anglais « free » a plusieurs sens. Comme me le
-disait un jour un ami mexicain — dirigeant par ailleurs d'un gros
-projet dans le logiciel libre :
+Le mot anglais « free » a plusieurs sens. Comme me le disait un
+jour un ami mexicain — dirigeant par ailleurs d'un gros projet dans le
+logiciel libre :
</p>
<blockquote><p>
Il y a quelque chose qui ne va pas dans la langue anglaise ; elle ne
-sait pas faire la différence entre une « bière
-gratuite » et la « libre expression ».
+sait pas faire la différence entre une « bière gratuite » et la
+« libre expression ».
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-L'espagnol, au contraire, fait la distinction entre
-« gratis » et « libre » (se
-prononce à peu près
-« libré »). Le logiciel libre est un logiciel
-« libré ».
+L'espagnol, au contraire, fait la distinction entre « gratis » et
+« libre » (se prononce à peu près « libré »). Le
+logiciel libre est un logiciel « libré ».
</p>
<p>
-De même, la langue de nos hôtes, Bahasa Melayu, fait la
-distinction entre « pecuma » et
-« kebebasa ». Un logiciel libre est un logiciel
-« kebebasa ».
+De même, la langue de nos hôtes, Bahasa Melayu, fait la distinction entre
+« pecuma » et « kebebasa ». Un logiciel libre est un
+logiciel « kebebasa ».
</p>
<p>
-Entre parenthèses, Éric Raymond et Bruce Perens ont
-inventé le terme « open source » (sources
-accessibles, « ouvertes »), il y a quelques
-années en arrière, comme synonyme de « free
-software ». Ils voulaient modifier la mauvaise opinion qu'avaient
-certaines compagnies sur le marché du libre. Le terme est devenu
-courant. Éric et Bruce ont atteint leur but.
+Entre parenthèses, Ãric Raymond et Bruce Perens ont inventé le terme
+« open source » (sources accessibles, « ouvertes »), il
+y a quelques années en arrière, comme synonyme de « free
+software ». Ils voulaient modifier la mauvaise opinion qu'avaient
+certaines compagnies sur le marché du libre. Le terme est devenu
+courant. Ãric et Bruce ont atteint leur but.
</p>
<p>
-Cependant, je préfère le terme de « logiciel
-libre », qui s'accorde plus avec le but de liberté ;
-cette proposition pour chaque homme, chaque femme, même vivant dans un
-pays du tiers-monde, qu'il le droit premier de faire un travail
-rémunérateur et qu'on ne leur interdise pas.
+Cependant, je préfère le terme de « logiciel libre », qui
+s'accorde plus avec le but de liberté ; cette proposition pour chaque
+homme, chaque femme, même vivant dans un pays du tiers-monde, qu'il le droit
+premier de faire un travail rémunérateur et qu'on ne leur interdise pas.
</p>
<p>
-J'ai mentionné le fait qu'une communauté ou une
-collectivité peut utiliser un logiciel bon marché et
-légal.
+J'ai mentionné le fait qu'une communauté ou une collectivité peut utiliser
+un logiciel bon marché et légal.
</p>
<p>
-Maintenant, laissez-moi vous parler de l'industrie logicielle
-elle-même.
+Maintenant, laissez-moi vous parler de l'industrie logicielle elle-même.
</p>
<p>
-Parce que la concurrence dans un marché compétitif pousse vers
-le bas le prix des logiciels libres, personne ne veut prendre part à
-l'industrie logicielle pour vendre ces logiciels comme tels. Par contre, et
-cela est souvent méconnu, il est possible de faire de l'argent par
-d'autres moyens.
+Parce que la concurrence dans un marché compétitif pousse vers le bas le
+prix des logiciels libres, personne ne veut prendre part à l'industrie
+logicielle pour vendre ces logiciels comme tels. Par contre, et cela est
+souvent méconnu, il est possible de faire de l'argent par d'autres moyens.
</p>
<p>
Les compagnies et le personnel de l'industrie logicielle ne vendent pas les
-logiciels en eux-mêmes, mais plutôt les services qui peuvent s'y
-rapporter, tant au niveau logiciel que matériel, ou d'autres
-solutions.
+logiciels en eux-mêmes, mais plutôt les services qui peuvent s'y rapporter,
+tant au niveau logiciel que matériel, ou d'autres solutions.
</p>
<p>
-C'est ce qui se passe dans les professions médicales ou
-juridiques. Aussi bien la connaissance médicale que la loi sont
-librement redistribuables. Médecins et hommes de loi vendent leurs
-services pour résoudre des problèmes.
+C'est ce qui se passe dans les professions médicales ou juridiques. Aussi
+bien la connaissance médicale que la loi sont librement
+redistribuables. Médecins et hommes de loi vendent leurs services pour
+résoudre des problèmes.
</p>
<p>
-De quels services je veux parler ? Le plus évident : aider
-à se servir d'un ordinateur ou, pour prendre un exemple plus
-précis, aider à mettre en place un réseau fonctionnant
-par ondes radio, dans un endroit où il n'y a pas de
-téléphone ou encore aider à la création et
-à la saisie de données dans une base de données pour un
-magasin.
+De quels services je veux parler ? Le plus évident : aider à se
+servir d'un ordinateur ou, pour prendre un exemple plus précis, aider Ã
+mettre en place un réseau fonctionnant par ondes radio, dans un endroit où
+il n'y a pas de téléphone ou encore aider à la création et à la saisie de
+données dans une base de données pour un magasin.
</p>
<p>
-De façon moins évidente, mais en progression, les compagnies
-qui vendent des téléphones ou des usines pour la
-dessalinisation ajoutent des logiciels à leurs matériels pour
-les rendre plus attrayants aux yeux des acheteurs.
+De façon moins évidente, mais en progression, les compagnies qui vendent des
+téléphones ou des usines pour la dessalinisation ajoutent des logiciels Ã
+leurs matériels pour les rendre plus attrayants aux yeux des acheteurs.
</p>
<p>
-Notez que les programmeurs écrivent eux-mêmes des logiciels
-pour quatre raisons principales : d'abord, ils sont payés pour
-résoudre un problème, tout comme un homme de loi est
-payé pour rédiger un contrat. Ensuite, il peut s'agir d'une
-partie d'un autre projet. Troisièmement, pour accroître leur
-réputation et finalement, parce qu'ils le veulent.
+Notez que les programmeurs écrivent eux-mêmes des logiciels pour quatre
+raisons principales : d'abord, ils sont payés pour résoudre un
+problème, tout comme un homme de loi est payé pour rédiger un
+contrat. Ensuite, il peut s'agir d'une partie d'un autre
+projet. Troisièmement, pour accroître leur réputation et finalement, parce
+qu'ils le veulent.
</p>
<p>
-J'ai parlé du façonnage de cette technologie pour
-collaborer. La clef, c'est la liberté et la création d'un
-cadre légal qui soutienne la liberté.
+J'ai parlé du façonnage de cette technologie pour collaborer. La clef, c'est
+la liberté et la création d'un cadre légal qui soutienne la liberté.
</p>
<p>
-Maintenant, laissez-moi aborder les initiatives qui mènent à
-la prospérité.
+Maintenant, laissez-moi aborder les initiatives qui mènent à la prospérité.
</p>
<p>
-Les ressources, ou leur absence, sont un débouché du
-développement.
+Les ressources, ou leur absence, sont un débouché du développement.
</p>
<p>
-Comme je l'ai dit plus haut, les logiciels libres réduisent les
-barrières qui bouchent l'entrée et de l'industrie logicielle
-et des autres industries ou activités.
+Comme je l'ai dit plus haut, les logiciels libres réduisent les barrières
+qui bouchent l'entrée et de l'industrie logicielle et des autres industries
+ou activités.
</p>
<p>
Le logiciel libre, la collaboration et l'esprit, la culture, qui en anime
-les gens, permettent de réduire les coûts des
-opérations.
+les gens, permettent de réduire les coûts des opérations.
</p>
<p>
-Laissez-moi prendre un exemple tiré tout droit de cette
-conférence. Tout d'abord, je dois vous dire que j'ai des
-correspondants un peu partout dans le monde. Ils ne vivent pas tous dans des
-pays riches. Eux-mêmes ou leurs institutions ne sont jamais
-très riches.
+Laissez-moi prendre un exemple tiré tout droit de cette conférence. Tout
+d'abord, je dois vous dire que j'ai des correspondants un peu partout dans
+le monde. Ils ne vivent pas tous dans des pays riches. Eux-mêmes ou leurs
+institutions ne sont jamais très riches.
</p>
<p>
-Les premiers messages que j'ai reçus à propos de cette
-conférence, ont utilisé plus de quatre fois et demie les
-ressources nécessaires à la circulation de l'information. Ils
-ont été envoyés avec exagération.
+Les premiers messages que j'ai reçus à propos de cette conférence, ont
+utilisé plus de quatre fois et demie les ressources nécessaires à la
+circulation de l'information. Ils ont été envoyés avec exagération.
</p>
<p>
-La prochaine fois que vous aurez à budgeter un projet, imaginez le
-payer quatre fois et demie son prix. Réfléchissez alors
-à la manière dont vous allez le financer.
+La prochaine fois que vous aurez à budgeter un projet, imaginez le payer
+quatre fois et demie son prix. Réfléchissez alors à la manière dont vous
+allez le financer.
</p>
<p>
La prochaine fois que vous paierez le restaurant, sortez quatre fois et demi
l'argent de votre poche…
</p>
<p>
-Pour moi, les ressources utilisées ne me touchent pas, puisque la
-télécommunication ne m'est pas facturée à la
-minute, comme beaucoup le sont. Mais je sais que mes correspondants tout
-autour du monde préfèrent que je fasse attention à mes
-communications, que je ne gaspille pas leur argent ou celui de leurs
-institutions.
+Pour moi, les ressources utilisées ne me touchent pas, puisque la
+télécommunication ne m'est pas facturée à la minute, comme beaucoup le
+sont. Mais je sais que mes correspondants tout autour du monde préfèrent que
+je fasse attention à mes communications, que je ne gaspille pas leur argent
+ou celui de leurs institutions.
</p>
<p>
-Une des caractéristiques remarquables des logiciels libres, est
-qu'ils peuvent tourner sur de vieilles machines, aux capacités
-modestes, comme je l'ai mentionné tout à l'heure. Par exemple,
-il y a quelques mois, j'ai lancé sur le 486 de ma sœur, un
-gestionnaire de fenêtres, un navigateur Web graphique et un programme
-de manipulation d'images. Tout cela a parfaitement fonctionné.
+Une des caractéristiques remarquables des logiciels libres, est qu'ils
+peuvent tourner sur de vieilles machines, aux capacités modestes, comme je
+l'ai mentionné tout à l'heure. Par exemple, il y a quelques mois, j'ai lancé
+sur le 486 de ma sœur, un gestionnaire de fenêtres, un navigateur Web
+graphique et un programme de manipulation d'images. Tout cela a parfaitement
+fonctionné.
</p>
<p>
-Les éditeurs de texte, les programmes de courrier électronique
-et les tableurs demandent même moins de ressources.
+Les éditeurs de texte, les programmes de courrier électronique et les
+tableurs demandent même moins de ressources.
</p>
<p>
-Cette frugalité signifie que les gens peuvent utiliser ces vieux
-équipements qui ont été dédaignés par les
-World Companies. Un tel matériel n'est pas cher ou souvent
-offert. Les ordinateurs ont besoin d'être transportés. Vous
-aurez parfois à prévoir localement de retaper le
-matériel et de le remplir de logiciels libres, peu coûteux et
-personnalisés. Pour l'utilisateur final, ces machines coûtent
-moins qu'une machine neuve.
+Cette frugalité signifie que les gens peuvent utiliser ces vieux équipements
+qui ont été dédaignés par les World Companies. Un tel matériel n'est pas
+cher ou souvent offert. Les ordinateurs ont besoin d'être transportés. Vous
+aurez parfois à prévoir localement de retaper le matériel et de le remplir
+de logiciels libres, peu coûteux et personnalisés. Pour l'utilisateur final,
+ces machines coûtent moins qu'une machine neuve.
</p>
<p>
-Alors que pendant ce temps-là, les constructeurs fabriquent des
-ordinateurs modernes, à courte durée de vie et qui en font
-autant que les vieux, qui sont moins chers.
+Alors que pendant ce temps-là , les constructeurs fabriquent des ordinateurs
+modernes, à courte durée de vie et qui en font autant que les vieux, qui
+sont moins chers.
</p>
<p>
-Ce n'est pas la peine d'acheter un matériel onéreux, flambant
-neuf pour faire tourner vos logiciels.
+Ce n'est pas la peine d'acheter un matériel onéreux, flambant neuf pour
+faire tourner vos logiciels.
</p>
<p>
En conclusion —
</p>
<p>
-On m'a demandé de parler sur :
+On m'a demandé de parler sur :
</p>
<p>
-« Façonner le développement collaboratif des
-technologies de l'information et des communications et les initiatives pour
-une prospérité globale »
+‘Shaping Collaborative ICT Development and Initiatives for Global
+Prosperity’
</p>
<p>
-Ces 16 dernières années, je les ai passé à
-travailler avec des gens qui ont façonné le logiciel
-grâce à un outil légal qui vous donne maintes
-libertés : celles de copier, étudier, modifier et redistribuer
-le logiciel.
+Ces 16 dernières années, je les ai passé à travailler avec des gens qui ont
+façonné le logiciel grâce à un outil légal qui vous donne maintes
libertés :
+celles de copier, étudier, modifier et redistribuer le logiciel.
</p>
<p>
-Cet outil façonne la technologie logicielle pour la rendre plus
-accessible et lui donner plus de pouvoir ; il encourage les gens à
-travailler en collaboration et offre une technologie pour une meilleure
-façon de gouverner.
+Cet outil façonne la technologie logicielle pour la rendre plus accessible
+et lui donner plus de pouvoir ; il encourage les gens à travailler en
+collaboration et offre une technologie pour une meilleure façon de
+gouverner.
</p>
<p>
-Cet outil légal signifie que les sociétés
-impliquées dans les TIC sont en compétition non pas pour le
-logiciel lui-même, mais pour la vente de services associés au
-logiciel ou la vente de matériel ou autre.
+Cet outil légal signifie que les sociétés impliquées dans les TIC sont en
+compétition non pas pour le logiciel lui-même, mais pour la vente de
+services associés au logiciel ou la vente de matériel ou autre.
</p>
<p>
-Ce cadre légal veut dire que les sociétés offriront des
-services plus fiables et plus efficaces.
+Ce cadre légal veut dire que les sociétés offriront des services plus
+fiables et plus efficaces.
</p>
<p>
-La liberté, soutenue par une licence adéquate, signifie que
-les gens qui utilisent des ordinateurs ou les
-télécommunications comme outils, peuvent prendre pied dans
-leur industrie plus facilement.
+La liberté, soutenue par une licence adéquate, signifie que les gens qui
+utilisent des ordinateurs ou les télécommunications comme outils, peuvent
+prendre pied dans leur industrie plus facilement.
</p>
<p>
Ce qui signifie que tous les usagers peuvent participer plus facilement et
-réduire leurs frais d'exploitation. Ce qui implique que les gens
-vivant dans des pays plus pauvres n'envoient pas leur argent aux pays
-riches, mais qu'ils le maintiennent dans leur économie locale.
+réduire leurs frais d'exploitation. Ce qui implique que les gens vivant dans
+des pays plus pauvres n'envoient pas leur argent aux pays riches, mais
+qu'ils le maintiennent dans leur économie locale.
</p>
<p>
De plus, comme je l'ai dit plus haut, les licences logicielles dans des
-distributions restrictives forcent souvent les gens à choisir entre
-violer la loi ou payer une somme qu'ils n'ont pas.
+distributions restrictives forcent souvent les gens à choisir entre violer
+la loi ou payer une somme qu'ils n'ont pas.
</p>
<p>
Pour bien gouverner, un pays ne devrait pas forcer les personnes qui tentent
-de travailler décemment à prendre une telle
-décision. Trop souvent, une personne respectueuse des lois mais sans
-grandes ressources, choisira de violer la loi.
+de travailler décemment à prendre une telle décision. Trop souvent, une
+personne respectueuse des lois mais sans grandes ressources, choisira de
+violer la loi.
</p>
<p>
-Par contre, un pays devrait faire les choses de façon à ce
-qu'agir dans le respect des lois, soit sans aucun doute la meilleure action,
-pour des raisons légales, morales et pratiques. On s'attend toujours
-à ce que son voisin soit respectueux des lois et honnête ;
-c'est ce qu'encourage le logiciel libre.
+Par contre, un pays devrait faire les choses de façon à ce qu'agir dans le
+respect des lois, soit sans aucun doute la meilleure action, pour des
+raisons légales, morales et pratiques. On s'attend toujours à ce que son
+voisin soit respectueux des lois et honnête ; c'est ce qu'encourage le
+logiciel libre.
</p>
<p>
-Le logiciel libre donne du pouvoir à ceux qui étaient
-laissés pour compte.
+Le logiciel libre donne du pouvoir à ceux qui étaient laissés pour compte.
</p>
-
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-</p>
+<p>Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
-<p>
-Veuillez consulter le <a
+<p>Veuillez consulter le <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html">README des
traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission
-de traductions de cet article.
-</p>
+de traductions de cet article.</p>
-<p>
-Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
-<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -722,11 +659,10 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traduction : Pierre-Yves Enderlin.<br />Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
- <p>
-<!-- timestamp start -->
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/06/29 13:07:50 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:56 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -735,19 +671,24 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traductions de cette page</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right, cf. -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/ICT-for-prosperity.html">English</a> [en]</li>
Index: philosophy/amazon.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/amazon.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.27
retrieving revision 1.28
diff -u -b -r1.27 -r1.28
--- philosophy/amazon.fr.html 29 Jul 2010 16:27:23 -0000 1.27
+++ philosophy/amazon.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:56 -0000 1.28
@@ -10,28 +10,27 @@
<blockquote>
<p>
-La FSF a décidé de mettre fin au boycott d'Amazon en septembre
-2002. (À cette époque nous avions oublié
-d'éditer cette page). Nous ne saurions dire le résultat
-précis du procès contre Barnes and Noble, mais il n'a pas
-semblé être très nocif pour le défendant. Et
-Amazon n'a attaqué personne d'autre.</p>
-<p>
-Amazon possède un certain nombre d'autres brevets menaçants
-depuis lors, mais ne les a pas employés jusqu'ici de manière
-agressive. Peut-être que cela ne durera pas. Si c'est le cas, nous
-verrons comment le dénoncer.</p>
+La FSF a décidé de mettre fin au boycott d'Amazon en septembre 2002. (Ã
+cette époque nous avions oublié d'éditer cette page). Nous ne saurions dire
+le résultat précis du procès contre Barnes and Noble, mais il n'a pas
semblé
+être très nocif pour le défendant. Et Amazon n'a attaqué personne
d'autre.</p>
+<p>
+Amazon possède un certain nombre d'autres brevets menaçants depuis lors,
+mais ne les a pas employés jusqu'ici de manière agressive. Peut-être que
+cela ne durera pas. Si c'est le cas, nous verrons comment le dénoncer.</p>
<p>
-La suite de cette page est telle qu'elle était en 2001 à
-l'époque où le boycott était actif.</p>
+La suite de cette page est telle qu'elle était en 2001 à l'époque où le
+boycott était actif.</p>
</blockquote>
<hr />
<p>
-Si vous soutenez le boycott,<br /><em>Faites des liens vers cette
-page</em><br
-/><strong>http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/amazon.fr.html</strong> !!!!
+If you support the boycott,
+<br />
+<em>Please make links to this page</em>
+<br />
+<strong>http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/amazon.html</strong> !!!!
</p>
<hr />
@@ -39,219 +38,197 @@
<h3 id="whyBoycott">Pourquoi nous boycottons Amazon</h3>
<p>
Amazon a obtenu un <a href="/philosophy/amazonpatent.html">brevet aux USA
-(5.960.411)</a> sur une idée importante et évidente du
-e-commerce : l'idée que la transmission de votre commande par un
-navigateur web pour acheter un article puisse acheminer des informations sur
-votre identité. (Cela fonctionne en renvoyant un
-« cookie », une sorte de code d'identification que
-votre navigateur a reçu précédemment du même
+(5.960.411)</a> sur une idée importante et évidente du e-commerce :
+l'idée que la transmission de votre commande par un navigateur web pour
+acheter un article puisse acheminer des informations sur votre
+identité. (Cela fonctionne en renvoyant un « cookie », une sorte
+de code d'identification que votre navigateur a reçu précédemment du même
serveur).</p>
<p>
-Amazon a intenté un procès pour bloquer l'utilisation de cette
-simple idée, démontrant leur réelle volonté de
-la monopoliser. Ceci est une attaque contre le World Wide Web et contre le
-commerce électronique en général.</p>
-<p>
-L'idée en question est qu'une entreprise puisse vous donner quelque
-chose que vous pouvez ensuite leur montrer pour vous identifier et
-être accrédité. Ce n'est pas nouveau : une carte de
-crédit effectue le même travail, après tout. Mais
-l'Office américain des brevets et des marques (USPTO)
-(équivalent de l'INPI) valide tous les jours des brevets sur des
-idées évidentes et bien connues. Parfois, le résultat
-est undésastre.</p>
-<p>
-Aujourd'hui Amazon intente un procès à une grande
-entreprise. S'il s'agissait d'une simple dispute entre deux entreprises, il
-n'y aurait de conséquence publique importante. Mais le brevet donne
-à Amazon le pouvoir sur quiconque exploite un site internet aux USA
-(et dans chaque autre pays leur fournissant un brevet similaire) —
-celui de contrôler toute utilisation de cette technique. Bien qu'une
-seule entreprise soit poursuivie aujourd'hui, ce problème affecte
-Internet globalement.</p>
+Amazon a intenté un procès pour bloquer l'utilisation de cette simple idée,
+démontrant leur réelle volonté de la monopoliser. Ceci est une attaque
+contre le World Wide Web et contre le commerce électronique en général.</p>
+<p>
+L'idée en question est qu'une entreprise puisse vous donner quelque chose
+que vous pouvez ensuite leur montrer pour vous identifier et être
+accrédité. Ce n'est pas nouveau : une carte de crédit effectue le même
+travail, après tout. Mais l'Office américain des brevets et des marques
+(USPTO) (équivalent de l'INPI) valide tous les jours des brevets sur des
+idées évidentes et bien connues. Parfois, le résultat est undésastre.</p>
+<p>
+Aujourd'hui Amazon intente un procès à une grande entreprise. S'il
+s'agissait d'une simple dispute entre deux entreprises, il n'y aurait de
+conséquence publique importante. Mais le brevet donne à Amazon le pouvoir
+sur quiconque exploite un site internet aux USA (et dans chaque autre pays
+leur fournissant un brevet similaire) — celui de contrôler toute
+utilisation de cette technique. Bien qu'une seule entreprise soit poursuivie
+aujourd'hui, ce problème affecte Internet globalement.</p>
<p>
Amazon n'est pas le seul fautif dans ce qui se passe. Le US Patent Office
-est à blamer pour se reposer sur des standards
-dévalués, les tribunaux américains sont à blamer
-pour les avaliser. Et la loi américaine sur les brevets est à
-blamer pour autoriser des brevets sur des techniques de calcul et de
-traitement des données et des modèles de communication —
-une politique néfaste en général. (Voir <a
+est à blamer pour se reposer sur des standards dévalués, les tribunaux
+américains sont à blamer pour les avaliser. Et la loi américaine sur les
+brevets est à blamer pour autoriser des brevets sur des techniques de calcul
+et de traitement des données et des modèles de communication — une
+politique néfaste en général. (Voir <a
href="http://progfree.org/";>http://lpf.ai.mit.edu</a> pour plus
d'informations sur la question des <a
href="http://progfree.org/Patents/patents.html";>brevets logiciels</a>).</p>
<p>
-Des politiques gouvernementales farfelues ont fourni cette
-opportunité à Amazon, mais une opportunité n'est pas
-une excuse. Amazon a fait le choix d'obtenir ce brevet, et le choix de
-l'utiliser lors du procès. L'ultime responsabilité morale des
-actions d'Amazon incombe à ses dirigeants.</p>
-<p>
-Nous pouvons espérer que le tribunal trouvera ce brevet
-légalement invalide. Cela dépend de faits
-détaillés et d'obscures technicités. Le brevet utilise
-des piles de détails plus ou moins pertinents pour essayer de faire
-de cette «invention» quelque chose de subtil.</p>
-<p>
-Mais nous n'avons pas à attendre passivement que le tribunal
-décide de la liberté du e-commerce. Il y a quelque chose que
-nous pouvons faire dès maintenant : nous pouvons refuser de
-commercer avec Amazon. S'il vous plaît, n'achetez rien chez Amazon
-jusqu'à ce qu'ils promettent de ne plus utiliser ce brevet pour
-menacer ou limiter d'autres sites web.</p>
-<p>
-Si vous êtes l'auteur d'un livre vendu par Amazon, vous pouvez fournir
-une aide précieuse à cette campagne en intégrant ce
-texte dans votre « préface », sur le site web
-d'Amazon. (Il apparaît qu'ils refusent de poster ces commentaires pour
-les auteurs).</p>
+Des politiques gouvernementales farfelues ont fourni cette opportunité Ã
+Amazon, mais une opportunité n'est pas une excuse. Amazon a fait le choix
+d'obtenir ce brevet, et le choix de l'utiliser lors du procès. L'ultime
+responsabilité morale des actions d'Amazon incombe à ses dirigeants.</p>
+<p>
+We can hope that the court will find this patent is legally invalid.
+Whether they do so will depend on detailed facts and obscure
+technicalities. The patent uses piles of semirelevant detail to make this
+“invention” look like something subtle.</p>
+<p>
+Mais nous n'avons pas à attendre passivement que le tribunal décide de la
+liberté du e-commerce. Il y a quelque chose que nous pouvons faire dès
+maintenant : nous pouvons refuser de commercer avec Amazon. S'il vous
+plaît, n'achetez rien chez Amazon jusqu'à ce qu'ils promettent de ne plus
+utiliser ce brevet pour menacer ou limiter d'autres sites web.</p>
+<p>
+Si vous êtes l'auteur d'un livre vendu par Amazon, vous pouvez fournir une
+aide précieuse à cette campagne en intégrant ce texte dans votre
+« préface », sur le site web d'Amazon. (Il apparaît qu'ils
+refusent de poster ces commentaires pour les auteurs).</p>
<p>
Si vous avez des suggestions, ou si simplement vous soutenez le boycott,
-envoyez, s'il vous plaît, un email à <a
+envoyez, s'il vous plaît, un email à <a
href="mailto:amazon@gnu.org";><amazon@gnu.org></a> pour nous
tenir au courant.</p>
<p>
-La réponse d'Amazon aux personnes qui écrivent sur le brevet
-comporte une orientation subtilement trompeuse qui vaut le coup d'être
-analysée :</p>
+La réponse d'Amazon aux personnes qui écrivent sur le brevet comporte une
+orientation subtilement trompeuse qui vaut le coup d'être analysée :</p>
<blockquote><p>
The patent system is designed to encourage innovation, and we spent
thousands of hours developing our 1-ClickR shopping feature.<br
-/>Traduction :<br />Le système de brevet est conçu pour
-encourager l'innovation, et nous avons consacré des milliers d'heures
-à développer notre fonctionnalité 1-ClickR shopping
-— acheter en un clic.
+/>Traduction :<br />Le système de brevet est conçu pour encourager
+l'innovation, et nous avons consacré des milliers d'heures à développer
+notre fonctionnalité 1-ClickR shopping — acheter en un clic.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-S'ils ont réellement passé des milliers d'heures, ils ne l'ont
-certainement pas fait à réfléchir à la technique
-générale couverte par le brevet. Donc, s'ils disent la
-vérité, à quoi ont-ils passé ces heures ?</p>
-<p>
-Peut-être ont-ils passé du temps à décrire
-l'application du brevet. Cette tâche fut assurément plus ardue
-que de réfléchir à la technique. Ou peut-être
-évoquent-ils le temps qu'il a fallu pour concevoir, écrire,
-tester et perfectionner les scripts et les pages web pour mettre en place
-des achats à un clic. Ce fut certainement un travail substantiel. En
-regardant leurs mots attentivement, il semble que les «milliers
-d'heures de développement» puisse inclure chacun de ces deux
-aspects.</p>
-<p>
-Mais le problème ici n'est pas à propos des détails de
-leurs scripts (qu'ils ne nous ont pas diffusés) et des pages web (qui
-sont sous copyright de toutes façons). Le problème
-réside ici dans l'idée générale, et si Amazon
+S'ils ont réellement passé des milliers d'heures, ils ne l'ont certainement
+pas fait à réfléchir à la technique générale couverte par le brevet.
Donc,
+s'ils disent la vérité, à quoi ont-ils passé ces heures ?</p>
+<p>
+Peut-être ont-ils passé du temps à décrire l'application du brevet. Cette
+tâche fut assurément plus ardue que de réfléchir à la technique. Ou
+peut-être évoquent-ils le temps qu'il a fallu pour concevoir, écrire, tester
+et perfectionner les scripts et les pages web pour mettre en place des
+achats à un clic. Ce fut certainement un travail substantiel. En regardant
+leurs mots attentivement, il semble que les «milliers d'heures de
+développement» puisse inclure chacun de ces deux aspects.</p>
+<p>
+Mais le problème ici n'est pas à propos des détails de leurs scripts (qu'ils
+ne nous ont pas diffusés) et des pages web (qui sont sous copyright de
+toutes façons). Le problème réside ici dans l'idée générale, et si Amazon
devrait en avoir le monopole.</p>
<p>
-Sommes-nous, vous ou moi, libres de passer le temps nécessaire
-à écrire nos propres scripts, nos propres pages web pour
-proposer des fonctionnalités d'achat à un clic ?
-Même si nous vendons autre chose que des livres, sommes-nous libres de
-le faire ? Là est la question. Amazon cherche à nous
-priver de cette liberté, avec l'aide empressée d'un
-gouvernement américain mal avisé (ou pire).</p>
-<p>
-Lorsque Amazon diffuse des formulations intelligemment
-dévoyées telles que celle mentionnée ci-dessus, cela
-démontre une chose importante : ils sont très attentifs
-à ce que le public pense de leurs actions. Ils doivent être
-attentifs — ils sont détaillants. Une aversion du public peut
-avoir des conséquences sur leurs profits.</p>
-<p>
-Certaines personnes mettent en avant que le problème des brevets sur
-les logiciels va bien au-delà d'Amazon, que d'autres entreprises
-auraient pu agir de façon similaire, et que le boycott d'Amazon ne
-changera pas directement la loi sur les brevets. Bien sûr, tout ceci
-est vrai. Mais ça n'est pas un argument contre ce boycott !</p>
+Sommes-nous, vous ou moi, libres de passer le temps nécessaire à écrire nos
+propres scripts, nos propres pages web pour proposer des fonctionnalités
+d'achat à un clic ? Même si nous vendons autre chose que des livres,
+sommes-nous libres de le faire ? LÃ est la question. Amazon cherche Ã
+nous priver de cette liberté, avec l'aide empressée d'un gouvernement
+américain mal avisé (ou pire).</p>
+<p>
+Lorsque Amazon diffuse des formulations intelligemment dévoyées telles que
+celle mentionnée ci-dessus, cela démontre une chose importante : ils
+sont très attentifs à ce que le public pense de leurs actions. Ils doivent
+être attentifs — ils sont détaillants. Une aversion du public peut
+avoir des conséquences sur leurs profits.</p>
+<p>
+Certaines personnes mettent en avant que le problème des brevets sur les
+logiciels va bien au-delà d'Amazon, que d'autres entreprises auraient pu
+agir de façon similaire, et que le boycott d'Amazon ne changera pas
+directement la loi sur les brevets. Bien sûr, tout ceci est vrai. Mais ça
+n'est pas un argument contre ce boycott !</p>
<p>
Si nous mettons en place un boycott fort et durable, Amazon pourrait
-éventuellement faire une concession pour y mettre un terme. Et
-même s'ils ne le font pas, la prochaine entreprise disposant d'un
-brevet logiciel outrageux qui envisagerait de faire un procès
-à quelqu'un réalisera qu'il y a un prix à payer. Elle
-pourrait reconsidérer la question.</p>
+éventuellement faire une concession pour y mettre un terme. Et même s'ils ne
+le font pas, la prochaine entreprise disposant d'un brevet logiciel
+outrageux qui envisagerait de faire un procès à quelqu'un réalisera qu'il y
+a un prix à payer. Elle pourrait reconsidérer la question.</p>
<p>
-Le boycott peut aussi aider à modifier la loi sur les brevets —
-en attirant l'attention sur la question et en propageant la demande de
+Le boycott peut aussi aider à modifier la loi sur les brevets — en
+attirant l'attention sur la question et en propageant la demande de
changement. Et il est si facile de participer qu'il n'y a pas de raison
-d'être découragé dans ce cas. Si vous êtes
-d'accord sur la question, pourquoi <em>ne pas</em> boycotter Amazon ?</p>
+d'être découragé dans ce cas. Si vous êtes d'accord sur la question,
+pourquoi <em>ne pas</em> boycotter Amazon ?</p>
<p>
-Pour nous aider à diffuser cette information, faites, s'il vous
-plaît, une note sur le boycott sur vos pages web personnelles, et
-créez un lien vers cette page, une information à jour y
-figurera.</p>
+Pour nous aider à diffuser cette information, faites, s'il vous plaît, une
+note sur le boycott sur vos pages web personnelles, et créez un lien vers
+cette page, une information à jour y figurera.</p>
-<h3 id="whyContinue">Pourquoi le boycott continue alors que les poursuites
juridiques ont
-cessé</h3>
+<h3 id="whyContinue">Pourquoi le boycott continue alors que les poursuites
juridiques ont cessé</h3>
<p>
-Amazon.com annonça en mars 2002 que les longues poursuites contre
-Barnes and Noble concernant le brevet sur le système 1-Click ont
-cessé à travers un arrangement. Les détails de l'accord
-n'ont pas été divulgués.</p>
+Amazon.com annonça en mars 2002 que les longues poursuites contre Barnes and
+Noble concernant le brevet sur le système 1-Click ont cessé à travers un
+arrangement. Les détails de l'accord n'ont pas été divulgués.</p>
<p>
-Puisque les termes de l'accord n'ont pas été divulgués,
-nous n'avons aucune chance de savoir si cela représente une
-défaite pour Amazon telle que cela justifierait la fin du
-boycott. Ainsi, nous encourageons chacun à continuer le boycott.</p>
+Puisque les termes de l'accord n'ont pas été divulgués, nous n'avons aucune
+chance de savoir si cela représente une défaite pour Amazon telle que cela
+justifierait la fin du boycott. Ainsi, nous encourageons chacun à continuer
+le boycott.</p>
-<h3 id="Updates">Mises à jour et liens</h3>
+<h3 id="Updates">Mises à jour et liens</h3>
<p>
-Dans cette section, nous énumérons des mises à jour et
-des liens concernant Amazon.com, leurs méthodes d'affaires, et les
-histoires liées au boycott. Chaque nouvelle information est
-ajoutée en bas de cette section.</p>
+Dans cette section, nous énumérons des mises à jour et des liens concernant
+Amazon.com, leurs méthodes d'affaires, et les histoires liées au
+boycott. Chaque nouvelle information est ajoutée en bas de cette section.</p>
<p>
-Tim O'Reilly a envoyé à Amazon une <a
+Tim O'Reilly a envoyé à Amazon une <a
href="http://www.oreilly.com/ask_tim/amazon_patent.html";>lettre ouverte</a>
-désapprouvant l'utilisation de ce brevet, en appuyant cette opinion
-avec autant de force que possible, en stoppant à contrecÅur ses
-affaires avec eux.</p>
+désapprouvant l'utilisation de ce brevet, en appuyant cette opinion avec
+autant de force que possible, en stoppant à contrecÅur ses affaires avec
+eux.</p>
<p>
-<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a> a écrit
-une <a href="/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.fr.html">lettre à Tim
-O'Reilly</a> à propos des propos tenus par Jeff Bezos, <acronym
-title="Chief Executive Officer">CEO</acronym> d'Amazon, qui lançait
-un appel pour que les brevets ne durent que 3 ou 5 ans.</p>
+<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a> a écrit une <a
+href="/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.fr.html">lettre à Tim O'Reilly</a> à propos
+des propos tenus par Jeff Bezos, <acronym title="Chief Executive
+Officer">CEO</acronym> d'Amazon, qui lançait un appel pour que les brevets
+ne durent que 3 ou 5 ans.</p>
<p>
Paul Barton-Davis <a
href="mailto:pbd@op.net";><pbd@op.net></a>, un des programmeurs
-fondateurs à Amazon, <a
-href="http://www.op.net/~pbd/amazon-1click.html";>a écrit</a> à
-propos du boycott d'Amazon.</p>
+fondateurs à Amazon, <a href="http://www.op.net/~pbd/amazon-1click.html";>a
+écrit</a> à propos du boycott d'Amazon.</p>
<p>
-Nat Friedman à écrit à ce propos les <a
+Nat Friedman à écrit à ce propos les <a
href="/philosophy/amazon-nat.fr.html">aventures du boycott d'Amazon</a>.</p>
<p>
-Par ailleurs, Amazon est aussi en train de préparer <a
+Par ailleurs, Amazon est aussi en train de préparer <a
href="http://www.salon.com/tech/log/1999/10/28/amazon/index.html";>d'autres
-choses nauséabondes</a> dans une autre cour d'assises.</p>
+choses nauséabondes</a> dans une autre cour d'assises.</p>
<!-- This link is dead, sinuhe 20030830
<p>
+
The FTC has also made several <a
href="http://www.gomez.com/features/article.asp?topcat_id=0&col=16&id=7690";>questionable
decisions regarding Amazon and consumer privacy</a>.</p>
-->
<p>
Voir <a href="http://progfree.org";>http://lpf.ai.mit.edu/</a> pour plus
-d'informations à propos des problèmes des <a
+d'informations à propos des problèmes des <a
href="http://progfree.org/Patents/patents.html";>brevets logiciels</a>.</p>
<p>
-<a href="http://www.cpsr.org/links/bookstore/";>« Computer
-Professionals for Social Responsibility » ont annulé leur
-affiliation avec Amazon</a>.</p>
+<a
+href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010430183216/http://www.cpsr.org/links/bookstore/";>
+Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility have dropped their
+affiliation with Amazon</a>.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -265,11 +242,12 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -283,9 +261,10 @@
Copyright © 1999, 2001, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA </address>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -298,7 +277,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/07/29 16:27:23 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:56 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -316,10 +295,11 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
-<!-- Deutsch -->
+<!-- German -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/amazon.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/amazon.html">English</a> [en]</li>
@@ -338,7 +318,7 @@
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/amazon.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/amazon.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/amazon.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/bdk.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/bdk.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/bdk.ar.html 3 Sep 2009 20:25:50 -0000 1.5
+++ philosophy/bdk.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:56 -0000 1.6
@@ -10,82 +10,66 @@
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-</p>
-
+<div class="lyrics">
+<p>Come all you brave songwriters, and listen unto me,<br />
+I'll tell you of a man who fought all for our liberty.<br />
+With nothing but a web site and a stout heart in his breast,<br />
+he fought the Disney company and the greedy Gershwin Trust.</p>
+
+<p>
+It wasn't many years ago, in nineteen and seventy-eight,<br />
+they added nineteen years onto the term of copyright;<br />
+then said the movie barons and the proud high-lords of song,<br />
+“our copyrights will suit us well if they can last this long.”</p>
+
+<p>But when the nineteen extra years were nearly past and done,<br />
+those same proud barons then returned with cash to Washington.<br />
+“We want another twenty years, we hate the public domain.<br />
+And here's some cash that you can use to fund your next campaign.”</p>
+
+<p>Then up spoke Dennis Karjala in Arizona's land,<br />
+“Rise up, rise up my merry men! for we must take our stand<br />
+all for the Constitution, or the lords of copyright<br />
+will steal away our books and music in their haughty might.”</p>
+
+<p>Then up rose Dennis's merry men, they gathered to his cause:<br />
+The wise man Peter Jaszi, well learned in the laws;<br />
+and Mary Brandt, the valiant maid from Mississippi's land,<br />
+with a hundred alligators that all wait on her command.</p>
+
+<p>“Oh Congressmen, you are deceived! the lords of Hollywood<br />
+have made you to forget your oath to serve the common good.”<br />
+“Hush you, Dennis Karjala, your egghead words are rash.<br />
+We'll listen to the film-lords, and to their ready cash.”</p>
+
+<p>“Alas for us, my merry men! the Congress is beguiled,<br />
+the public domain is put to nought, and freedom is reviled.<br />
+Now let us warn the people with a web-page on the net.<br />
+Though our proud foes are mighty, perhaps we'll beat them yet.”</p>
+
+<p>Now Dennis posts his web-page on a node in cyber-space<br />
+and Mary Brandt with her alligators back in her own place,<br />
+launches a web-wide mailing list where messages will run,<br />
+that the evil that the song-lords plan might somehow be undone.</p>
+
+<p>The President sits in his house with an Intern at his feet,<br />
+and a Congresswoman comes to him with words so honey-sweet.<br />
+The President, he signs the bill: for twenty years more by law,<br />
+song-barons will suck the public's life into their greedy maw.</p>
+
+<p>“Alas for us, my merry men, alas for the public domain.<br />
+The people's right is thrown aside all for the film-lords' gain.<br />
+But let us fight on 'til the day the barons in their greed<br />
+are cast down from their seat, and song and letters will be freed.”</p>
+</div>
<p>
<i>ØÙÙ٠اÙطبع © 2000 Ù:تÙÙ
Ùث٠ر.ÙÙÙÙبس. اÙÙ
ؤÙÙ ÙØ´Ùر بÙتر جاسزÙØ Ù
ارÙ
باÙدت جÙسÙØ Ù Ø¯ÙÙÙس ÙارجاÙا ÙسÙ
اØÙÙ
ÙÙ
بتصÙÙرÙÙ
Ù٠صÙرة Ø®ÙاÙÙØ©.ÙÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø§Ø¹Ø§Ø¯Ø©
طبع Ùذ٠اÙÙصÙدة Ù
اداÙ
ا٠اÙÙÙÙ
ات ÙÙ
تÙغÙر Ù
تÙ
اضاÙØ© Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙØÙظة.</i>
</p>
<p>
-Ùشر اÙÙ Ù
رة ÙÙ ÙÙاÙر 27, 2000.<br /> اخر تعدÙ٠تÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙاÙر 27, 2000
+First posted January 27, 2000.<br />
+Last updated January 27, 2000.
</p>
@@ -99,11 +83,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠ارس٠اÙ.س.ا٠& استÙسارات ع٠غÙÙ Ù <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ٠اÙضا٠<a
-href="/contact/"> طر٠اخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a> ا٠أÙ.س.Ø£Ù. <br
/> Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠ارسÙ
-اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة ٠ا٠تصØÙØات ا٠اÙتراØات
Ù <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -120,7 +105,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2009/09/03 20:25:50 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:56 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -139,11 +124,14 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/bdk.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/bdk.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/bdk.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- French -->
Index: philosophy/bdk.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/bdk.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- philosophy/bdk.fr.html 26 Jun 2011 00:31:19 -0000 1.16
+++ philosophy/bdk.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:56 -0000 1.17
@@ -11,76 +11,58 @@
R. Phillips</cite>
</p>
-<p>
-Come all you brave songwriters, and listen unto me,<br />
+<div class="lyrics">
+<p>Come all you brave songwriters, and listen unto me,<br />
I'll tell you of a man who fought all for our liberty.<br />
With nothing but a web site and a stout heart in his breast,<br />
-he fought the Disney company and the greedy Gershwin Trust.<br />
-</p>
+he fought the Disney company and the greedy Gershwin Trust.</p>
<p>
It wasn't many years ago, in nineteen and seventy-eight,<br />
they added nineteen years onto the term of copyright;<br />
then said the movie barons and the proud high-lords of song,<br />
-“our copyrights will suit us well if they can last this long.”<br
/>
-</p>
+“our copyrights will suit us well if they can last this long.”</p>
-<p>
-But when the nineteen extra years were nearly past and done,<br />
+<p>But when the nineteen extra years were nearly past and done,<br />
those same proud barons then returned with cash to Washington.<br />
“We want another twenty years, we hate the public domain.<br />
-And here's some cash that you can use to fund your next campaign.”<br />
-</p>
+And here's some cash that you can use to fund your next campaign.”</p>
-<p>
-Then up spoke Dennis Karjala in Arizona's land,<br />
+<p>Then up spoke Dennis Karjala in Arizona's land,<br />
“Rise up, rise up my merry men! for we must take our stand<br />
all for the Constitution, or the lords of copyright<br />
-will steal away our books and music in their haughty might.”<br />
-</p>
+will steal away our books and music in their haughty might.”</p>
-<p>
-Then up rose Dennis's merry men, they gathered to his cause:<br />
+<p>Then up rose Dennis's merry men, they gathered to his cause:<br />
The wise man Peter Jaszi, well learned in the laws;<br />
and Mary Brandt, the valiant maid from Mississippi's land,<br />
-with a hundred alligators that all wait on her command.<br />
-</p>
+with a hundred alligators that all wait on her command.</p>
-<p>
-“Oh Congressmen, you are deceived! the lords of Hollywood<br />
+<p>“Oh Congressmen, you are deceived! the lords of Hollywood<br />
have made you to forget your oath to serve the common good.”<br />
“Hush you, Dennis Karjala, your egghead words are rash.<br />
-We'll listen to the film-lords, and to their ready cash.”<br />
-</p>
+We'll listen to the film-lords, and to their ready cash.”</p>
-<p>
-“Alas for us, my merry men! the Congress is beguiled,<br />
+<p>“Alas for us, my merry men! the Congress is beguiled,<br />
the public domain is put to nought, and freedom is reviled.<br />
Now let us warn the people with a web-page on the net.<br />
-Though our proud foes are mighty, perhaps we'll beat them yet.”<br />
-</p>
+Though our proud foes are mighty, perhaps we'll beat them yet.”</p>
-<p>
-Now Dennis posts his web-page on a node in cyber-space<br />
+<p>Now Dennis posts his web-page on a node in cyber-space<br />
and Mary Brandt with her alligators back in her own place,<br />
launches a web-wide mailing list where messages will run,<br />
-that the evil that the song-lords plan might somehow be undone.<br />
-</p>
+that the evil that the song-lords plan might somehow be undone.</p>
-<p>
-The President sits in his house with an Intern at his feet,<br />
+<p>The President sits in his house with an Intern at his feet,<br />
and a Congresswoman comes to him with words so honey-sweet.<br />
The President, he signs the bill: for twenty years more by law,<br />
-song-barons will suck the public's life into their greedy maw.<br />
-</p>
+song-barons will suck the public's life into their greedy maw.</p>
-<p>
-“Alas for us, my merry men, alas for the public domain.<br />
+<p>“Alas for us, my merry men, alas for the public domain.<br />
The people's right is thrown aside all for the film-lords' gain.<br />
But let us fight on 'til the day the barons in their greed<br />
-are cast down from their seat, and song and letters will be freed.”<br />
-</p>
-
+are cast down from their seat, and song and letters will be freed.”</p>
+</div>
<p>
<i>Copyright © 2000 par Timothy R. Phillips. L'auteur remercie Peter
Jaszi, Mary Brandt Jensen, et Dennis Karjala pour l'avoir autorisé à les
@@ -104,11 +86,11 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
<br />
Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -128,7 +110,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/06/26 00:31:19 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:56 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -153,6 +135,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/bdk.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/bdk.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/bdk.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- French -->
Index: philosophy/can-you-trust.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/can-you-trust.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/can-you-trust.ar.html 15 Jan 2010 09:26:54 -0000 1.10
+++ philosophy/can-you-trust.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:56 -0000 1.11
@@ -17,13 +17,14 @@
<p>بÙÙÙ
<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>رÙتشارد ستÙÙÙ
Ù</a></p>
<p>
-Ù
ÙÙ
ÙÙ Ùجب Ø£Ù Ùأخذ ØاسÙب٠اÙØ£ÙاÙ
Ø±Ø Ø¥Ù Ø£Ùثر
اÙÙاس ÙعتÙدÙ٠أ٠ØÙاسÙبÙÙ
Ùجب Ø£Ù
-تطÙعÙÙ
Ø Ùا أ٠تطÙع أ٠أØد آخر. تخطط اÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙإعÙاÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙبÙرة (بÙ
ا ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ
-شرÙات اÙØ£ÙÙاÙ
ÙشرÙات اÙتسجÙÙ) ÙÙ
عÙا شرÙات
اÙØاسÙب Ù
Ø«Ù Ù
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت ÙØ¥Ùت٠ÙجعÙ
-ØاسÙب٠ÙØ·ÙعÙÙ
بدÙا Ù
ÙÙ ÙÙسÙ
ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
خططÙÙ
”اÙØÙسبة
-اÙÙ
ÙØ«ÙÙØ©“. (Ùسخة Ù
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت Ù
٠اÙÙ
خطط
تسÙ
Ù ”اÙØراسة“.) ÙÙد
-اØتÙت اÙبراÙ
ج اÙاØتÙارÙØ© Ù
زاÙا ضارة Ù
Ù
ÙبÙØ ÙÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙخطة سÙ٠تجعÙÙا تÙÙ
-اÙأضرار Ù
تÙØ´ÙØ©.</p>
+Who should your computer take its orders from? Most people think their
+computers should obey them, not obey someone else. With a plan they call
+“trusted computing”, large media corporations (including the
+movie companies and record companies), together with computer companies such
+as Microsoft and Intel, are planning to make your computer obey them instead
+of you. (Microsoft's version of this scheme is called Palladium.)
+Proprietary programs have included malicious features before, but this plan
+would make it universal.</p>
<p>
Proprietary software means, fundamentally, that you don't control what it
does; you can't study the source code, or change it. It's not surprising
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@
<p>
When someone uses GPG to send you an encrypted document, and you use GPG to
decode it, the result is an unencrypted document that you can read, forward,
-copy, and even re-encrypt to send it securely to someone else. A
+copy, and even reencrypt to send it securely to someone else. A
treacherous-computing application would let you read the words on the
screen, but would not let you produce an unencrypted document that you could
use in other ways. GPG, a free software package, makes security features
@@ -186,7 +187,7 @@
slide in the presentation listed several types of secrets Palladium could be
used to keep, including “third party secrets” and “user
secrets”—but it put “user secrets” in quotation
-marks, recognizing that this somewhat of an absurdity in the context of
+marks, recognizing that this is somewhat of an absurdity in the context of
Palladium.</p>
<p>
The presentation made frequent use of other terms that we frequently
@@ -231,8 +232,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -244,8 +246,9 @@
<p>
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 2002Ø 2007 رÙتشارد ستÙÙÙ
Ù
</p>
-<p>ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù
ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø· إبÙاء Ùذا
-اÙإخطار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -259,7 +262,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/01/15 09:26:54 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:56 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/can-you-trust.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/can-you-trust.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- philosophy/can-you-trust.bg.html 15 Jan 2010 09:26:54 -0000 1.11
+++ philosophy/can-you-trust.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:56 -0000 1.12
@@ -17,15 +17,14 @@
<p>Ð¾Ñ <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>РиÑаÑд СÑолман</a></p>
<p>
-ÐÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ би ÑÑÑбвало да полÑÑава заповеди
ваÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑÑ? ÐовеÑеÑо Ñ
оÑа
-ÑмÑÑаÑ, Ñе ÑеÑ
ниÑе компÑÑÑи ÑÑÑбва да им Ñе
подÑинÑваÑ, а не да Ñе
-подÑинÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° нÑкой дÑÑг. С план, койÑо
наÑиÑÐ°Ñ âдовеÑено ползване на
-компÑÑÑиâ, големи медийни коÑпоÑаÑии
(вклÑÑиÑелно ÑилмовиÑе и звÑкозапиÑниÑе
-компании), заедно Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑÑни компании
каÑо âÐайкÑоÑоÑÑâ и âÐнÑелâ,
-планиÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð° накаÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑÑа ви да Ñе
подÑинÑва на ÑÑÑ
, вмеÑÑо на
-ваÑ. (ÐеÑÑиÑÑа на âÐайкÑоÑоÑÑâ за Ñази ÑÑ
ема Ñе наÑиÑа âPalladiumâ.)
-СобÑÑвениÑеÑкиÑе пÑогÑами Ñа вклÑÑвали
злонамеÑена ÑÑнкÑионалноÑÑ Ð¸ пÑеди,
-но Ñози план Ñе Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ñави обÑопÑиеÑа.</p>
+Who should your computer take its orders from? Most people think their
+computers should obey them, not obey someone else. With a plan they call
+“trusted computing”, large media corporations (including the
+movie companies and record companies), together with computer companies such
+as Microsoft and Intel, are planning to make your computer obey them instead
+of you. (Microsoft's version of this scheme is called Palladium.)
+Proprietary programs have included malicious features before, but this plan
+would make it universal.</p>
<p>
Proprietary software means, fundamentally, that you don't control what it
does; you can't study the source code, or change it. It's not surprising
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@
<p>
When someone uses GPG to send you an encrypted document, and you use GPG to
decode it, the result is an unencrypted document that you can read, forward,
-copy, and even re-encrypt to send it securely to someone else. A
+copy, and even reencrypt to send it securely to someone else. A
treacherous-computing application would let you read the words on the
screen, but would not let you produce an unencrypted document that you could
use in other ways. GPG, a free software package, makes security features
@@ -211,7 +210,7 @@
slide in the presentation listed several types of secrets Palladium could be
used to keep, including “third party secrets” and “user
secrets”—but it put “user secrets” in quotation
-marks, recognizing that this somewhat of an absurdity in the context of
+marks, recognizing that this is somewhat of an absurdity in the context of
Palladium.</p>
<p>
The presentation made frequent use of other terms that we frequently
@@ -262,11 +261,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Ðма и дÑÑги
наÑини за <a
-href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -278,9 +278,9 @@
<p>
ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава: © 2002, 2007 РиÑаÑд СÑолман
</p>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/01/15 09:26:54 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:56 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/can-you-trust.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/can-you-trust.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/can-you-trust.fa.html 15 Jan 2010 09:26:54 -0000 1.5
+++ philosophy/can-you-trust.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:56 -0000 1.6
@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@
<p>ÙÙشتÙÙ <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>رÛÚارد استاÙÙ
Ù</a></p>
<p>
-کاÙ
Ù¾ÛÙتر Ø´Ù
ا باÛد دستÙراتش را از Ú٠کسÛ
درÛاÙت Ú©ÙØ¯Ø Ø§ØºÙب Ù
ردÙ
Ùکر Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد Ú©Ù
-کاÙ
Ù¾ÛÙتر Ø¢ÙÙا باÛد از Ø¢Ùا٠اطاعت Ú©ÙØ¯Ø Ù ÙÙ
شخص دÛگرÛ. شرکتâÙØ§Û ØªÙÙÛد Ú©ÙÙدÙÙ
-رساÙÙ (شاÙ
٠شرکتâÙØ§Û ÙÛÙÙ
Ø³Ø§Ø²Û Ù Ø¶Ø¨Ø· صدا)
ب٠ÙÙ
را٠شرکتâÙØ§Û Ú©Ø§Ù
Ù¾ÛÙØªØ±Û ÙÙ
اÙÙد
-Ù
اÛکرÙساÙت ٠اÛÙتÙØ Ø·Ø±ØÛ Ø¨Ø§ ÙاÙ
”Ù
Øاسبات٠Ùاب٠اطÙ
ÛÙآ
-رÛختÙâاÙد. Ùد٠اÛÙ Ø·Ø±Ø Ø§Û٠است Ú©Ù Ú©Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÙد
کاÙ
Ù¾ÛÙتر Ø´Ù
ا از Ø¢Ùا٠اطاعت Ú©ÙدØ
-Ù Ù٠از Ø´Ù
ا. (ÙسخÙâØ§Û Ú©Ù Ù
اÛکرÙساÙت از اÛÙ
Ø·Ø±Ø ØªÙÛ٠کرد٠است
-”پاÙادÛÙÙ
“ ÙاÙ
Ûد٠Ù
ÛâØ´Ùد.) ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø§Ø®ØªØµØ§ØµÛ Ù¾ÛØ´ از اÛÙ ÙÛز
-اÛÙ ÙابÙÛت بداÙدÛشاÙ٠را در Ø®Ùد داشتÙØ¯Ø Ø§Ù
ا اÛÙ Ø·Ø±Ø Ø¢Ù Ø±Ø§ ÙراگÛر Ø®ÙاÙد کرد.</p>
+Who should your computer take its orders from? Most people think their
+computers should obey them, not obey someone else. With a plan they call
+“trusted computing”, large media corporations (including the
+movie companies and record companies), together with computer companies such
+as Microsoft and Intel, are planning to make your computer obey them instead
+of you. (Microsoft's version of this scheme is called Palladium.)
+Proprietary programs have included malicious features before, but this plan
+would make it universal.</p>
<p>
Proprietary software means, fundamentally, that you don't control what it
does; you can't study the source code, or change it. It's not surprising
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@
<p>
When someone uses GPG to send you an encrypted document, and you use GPG to
decode it, the result is an unencrypted document that you can read, forward,
-copy, and even re-encrypt to send it securely to someone else. A
+copy, and even reencrypt to send it securely to someone else. A
treacherous-computing application would let you read the words on the
screen, but would not let you produce an unencrypted document that you could
use in other ways. GPG, a free software package, makes security features
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@
slide in the presentation listed several types of secrets Palladium could be
used to keep, including “third party secrets” and “user
secrets”—but it put “user secrets” in quotation
-marks, recognizing that this somewhat of an absurdity in the context of
+marks, recognizing that this is somewhat of an absurdity in the context of
Palladium.</p>
<p>
The presentation made frequent use of other terms that we frequently
@@ -249,8 +249,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -263,9 +264,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2002, 2007 Richard Stallman
</p>
-<p>ÙسخÙâØ¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÙ
٠ب٠کÙÙ
٠٠تÙزÛع ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در سراسر جÙا٠٠در Ùر
-رساÙÙâاÛØ Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠پرداخت Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز Ù
جاز Ù
ÛâØ¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ù Ø´Ø±Ø·Û Ú©Ù Ø§Û٠اعÙاÙ/Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز
-ØÙظ Ø´Ùد.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -277,7 +278,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2010/01/15 09:26:54 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:56 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/can-you-trust.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/can-you-trust.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/can-you-trust.tr.html 7 Jan 2010 21:27:00 -0000 1.8
+++ philosophy/can-you-trust.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:56 -0000 1.9
@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@
<p>Yazan: <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
<p>
-Bilgisayarınız emirleri kimden almalıdır? Birçok insan
bilgisayarlarının,
-baÅka birilerinin deÄil, kendi emirlerine uymasını ister. “güvenli
-iÅletim” [:trusted computing] olarak adlandırdıkları bir planla,
-Microsoft ve Intel gibi bilgisayar firmalarıyla birlikte büyük medya
-kuruluÅları (film firmaları ve müzik firmaları dahil olmak üzere)
-bilgisayarlarınızın sizin yerine kendilerine uymasını planlamaktadır.
Ãzel
-mülk programlar daha önce kötü niyetli özelliklere sahipti ancak bu plan
onu
-evrensel hale getirecektir</p>
+Who should your computer take its orders from? Most people think their
+computers should obey them, not obey someone else. With a plan they call
+“trusted computing”, large media corporations (including the
+movie companies and record companies), together with computer companies such
+as Microsoft and Intel, are planning to make your computer obey them instead
+of you. (Microsoft's version of this scheme is called Palladium.)
+Proprietary programs have included malicious features before, but this plan
+would make it universal.</p>
<p>
Ãzel mülk yazılım temel olarak bilgisayarın ne yaptıÄını kontrol
edemediÄiniz anlamına gelmektedir; kaynak kodunda çalıÅamaz ya da onu
@@ -169,18 +169,15 @@
iÅletimden nasıl farklı olduÄunun keÅfedilmesi ve birini yardımcı,
diÄerini
tehlikeli yapan Åeyin ne olduÄunun görülmesi yararlıdır.
<p>
-Biri size Åifreli bir belgeyi yollamak için GPGâyi kullandıÄında ve siz,
-kodunu çözmek için GPGâyi kullandıÄınızda, sonuç, okuyabileceÄiniz,
-baÅkalarına gönderebileceÄiniz, kopyalayabileceÄiniz ve hatta birilerine
-yine güvenli bir Åekilde göndermek için yeniden ÅifreleyebileceÄiniz
Åifreli
-olmayan bir belgedir. Güvenilmez bir bilgisayar çalıÅması uygulaması,
-ekrandaki sözcükleri okumanıza izin verir ancak baÅka Åekillerde
-kullanabileceÄiniz Åifreli olmayan bir belge oluÅturmanıza izin
-vermez. Ãzgür bir yazılım paketi olan GPG, güvenlik özelliklerinin
-kullanıcılar tarafından eriÅilebilir olmasını saÄlar;
<em>insanlar</em>, bu
-<em>özelliÄi</em> kullanır. Güvenilmez iÅletim ise, kullanıcılar
üzerinde
-kısıtlamalar dayatmak için tasarlanmıÅtır; <em>güvenilmez iÅletim</em>
-<em>insanları</em> kullanır.</p></li>
+When someone uses GPG to send you an encrypted document, and you use GPG to
+decode it, the result is an unencrypted document that you can read, forward,
+copy, and even reencrypt to send it securely to someone else. A
+treacherous-computing application would let you read the words on the
+screen, but would not let you produce an unencrypted document that you could
+use in other ways. GPG, a free software package, makes security features
+available to the users; <em>they</em> use <em>it</em>. Treacherous
+computing is designed to impose restrictions on the users; <em>it</em> uses
+<em>them</em>.</p></li>
<li>
Güvensiz hesaplamanın destekçileri söylemlerinin odak noktasını <a
@@ -206,15 +203,15 @@
uygulamaların çalıÅmaya devam edeceÄi söylenmiÅtir; bu nedenle,
virüsler
bugün yapabildikleri bütün herÅeyi yapmaya devam edeceklerdir.
<p>
-Microsoft çalıÅanları Palladium ile birlikte “güvenlik”'ten
-bahsederken, gerçekte kelimenin anlamını kastetmemektedirler: istemediÄiniz
-Åeylerden bilgisayarınızı korumak. Kastettikleri bilgisayarınızdaki veri
-kopyalarına baÅkalarının istemediÄi yollarla eriÅiminizden
-korumaktır. Sunumdaki bir saydamda Palladium'un koruduÄu bir çok giz tipleri
-listelenmiÅti, bunların arasında “üçüncü parti gizler” ve
-“kullanıcı gizleri”—ancak “kullanıcı
-gizleri”ni tırnaklar arasındadır, bu bir Åekilde Palladium
kapsamında
-bir absürdlüÄü göstermektedir.</p>
+When Microsoft employees speak of “security” in connection with
+Palladium, they do not mean what we normally mean by that word: protecting
+your machine from things you do not want. They mean protecting your copies
+of data on your machine from access by you in ways others do not want. A
+slide in the presentation listed several types of secrets Palladium could be
+used to keep, including “third party secrets” and “user
+secrets”—but it put “user secrets” in quotation
+marks, recognizing that this is somewhat of an absurdity in the context of
+Palladium.</p>
<p>
Sunumda güvenlik kapsamıyla çoÄu kez iliÅkilendirdiÄimiz baÅka terimleri
sıkça kullanmaktadır, örneÄin "saldırı","zararlı kod","aldatma"
(spoofing),
@@ -258,12 +255,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır. Lütfen
-çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -275,9 +272,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2002, 2007 Richard Stallman
</p>
-<p>Bu makalenin tamamının kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve
daÄıtılmasına,
-ücret talep etmeksizin, herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı
-bildirisini korumak Åartıyla, dünya çapında izin verilmiÅtir.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -330,7 +327,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/01/07 21:27:00 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:56 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/categories.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/categories.ar.html 5 May 2010 20:25:50 -0000 1.9
+++ philosophy/categories.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:57 -0000 1.10
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>تصاÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙغÙر اÙØرة - Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ - Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
-(Ø¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù)</title>
+<title>Categories of Free and Nonfree Software - GNU Project - Free Software
+Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
-<h2>Categories of free and non-free software</h2>
+<h2>Categories of free and nonfree software</h2>
<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@
<img src="category.png" alt="" />
</p>
- <p>This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated in 2010 by Ineiev,
-explains the different categories of software. It's also available as an <a
+ <p>This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated by several others
since,
+explains the different categories of software. It's available as a <a
href="/philosophy/category.svg">Scalable Vector Graphic</a> and as an <a
href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig document</a>, under the terms of any of
the GNU GPL v2 or later, the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the Creative Commons
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@
"/philosophy/fs-translations.html"> translations of the term “free
software”</a> into various other languages.</p>
- <p>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة عادة <a
href="/software/reliability.html">Ø£Ùثر ÙØ«ÙÙÙØ©</a> Ù
Ù
-اÙبرÙ
جÙات غÙر اÙØرة.</p>
+ <p>Free software is often <a href="/software/reliability.html">more
+reliable</a> than nonfree software.</p>
<h3 id="OpenSource">Open source software</h3>
@@ -84,10 +84,10 @@
<h3 id="PublicDomainSoftware">Public domain software</h3>
- <p>برÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙعاÙ
Ø© Ù٠برÙ
جÙات
غÙر Ù
ØÙÙظة اÙØÙÙÙ. إذا ÙاÙت اÙØ´ÙÙرة
-اÙÙ
صدرÙØ© Ù٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙعاÙ
Ø©Ø ÙØ°Ù ØاÙØ© خاصة Ù
Ù <a
-href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة غÙر Ù
ترÙÙØ© اÙØÙÙÙ</a>Ø
-اÙت٠تعÙ٠أ٠بعض اÙÙسخ أ٠اÙتعدÙÙات Ùد Ùا
تÙÙÙ Øرة أصÙا.</p>
+ <p>Public domain software is software that is not copyrighted. If the
source
+code is in the public domain, that is a special case of <a
+href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted free software</a>, which
+means that some copies or modified versions may not be free at all.</p>
<p>Ù٠بعض اÙØاÙØ§ØªØ Ø§ÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙتشغÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙعاÙ
Ø© ÙÙ٠اÙØ´ÙÙرة
اÙÙ
صدرÙØ© ÙÙست Ù
تاØØ©. ÙØ°Ù ÙÙست برÙ
جÙات ØرةØ
Ùأ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة تتطÙب إتاØØ©
@@ -137,10 +137,10 @@
using one license with the code using the other license; therefore, it is
good for the community if people use a single copyleft license.</p>
-<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Non-copylefted free software</h3>
+<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Noncopylefted free software</h3>
- <p>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة غÙر Ù
ترÙÙØ© اÙØÙÙÙ
تأت٠Ù
٠اÙÙ
ؤÙÙ Ù
ع أذÙÙات بإعادة اÙتÙزÙع
-ÙاÙتعدÙÙØ ÙØ£Ùضا إضاÙØ© بعض اÙÙÙÙد Ø¥ÙÙÙا.</p>
+ <p>Noncopylefted free software comes from the author with permission to
+redistribute and modify, and also to add additional restrictions to it.</p>
<p>If a program is free but not copylefted, then some copies or modified
versions may not be free at all. A software company can compile the program,
@@ -148,15 +148,22 @@
href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a> software product.</p>
<p>The <a href="http://www.x.org";>X Window System</a> illustrates this.
The X
-Consortium releases X11 with distribution terms that make it non-copylefted
+Consortium releases X11 with distribution terms that make it noncopylefted
free software. If you wish, you can get a copy which has those distribution
-terms and is free. However, there are non-free versions as well, and there
+terms and is free. However, there are nonfree versions as well, and there
are (or at least were) popular workstations and PC graphics boards for which
-non-free versions are the only ones that work. If you are using this
+nonfree versions are the only ones that work. If you are using this
hardware, X11 is not free software for you. <a href="/philosophy/x.html">The
-developers of X11 even made X11 non-free</a> for a while; they were able to
-do this because others had contributed their code under the same
-non-copyleft license.</p>
+developers of X11 even made X11 nonfree</a> for a while; they were able to
+do this because others had contributed their code under the same noncopyleft
+license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="LaxPermissiveLicensedSoftware">Lax permissive licensed software</h3>
+
+ <p>Lax permissive licenses include the X11 license and the <a
+href="bsd.html">two BSD licenses</a>. These licenses permit almost any use
+of the code, including distributing proprietary binaries with or without
+changing the source code.</p>
<h3 id="GPL-CoveredSoftware">GPL-covered software</h3>
@@ -188,7 +195,7 @@
copylefted, however; any kind of free software is legally suitable to
include if it helps meet technical goals. And it isn't necessary for all the
components to be GNU software, individually. GNU can and does include
-non-copylefted free software such as the X Window System that were developed
+noncopylefted free software such as the X Window System that were developed
by other projects.</p>
<h3 id="GNUprograms">GNU programs</h3>
@@ -199,11 +206,12 @@
<h3 id="GNUsoftware">GNU software</h3>
- <p><a href="/software/software.html">برÙ
جÙات غÙÙ</a> ÙÙ
برÙ
جÙات تÙصدر تØت رعاÙØ©
-<a href= "/gnu/gnu-history.html">Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ</a>. إذا ÙاÙ
برÙاÙ
ج Ù
٠برÙ
جÙات
-غÙÙØ ÙسÙ
Ù٠أÙضا برÙاÙ
ج غÙ٠أ٠ØزÙ
Ø© غÙÙ. Ù
ÙÙ
اÙرأÙ٠أ٠دÙÙÙ ØزÙ
Ø© غÙÙ Ùجب Ø£Ù
-ÙØ°Ùر Ø£ÙÙ ÙاØØ¯Ø <a href="/directory">دÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة</a> ÙØدد ÙÙ ØزÙ
-غÙÙ.</p>
+ <p><a href="/software/software.html">GNU software</a> is software that
is
+released under the auspices of the <a href= "/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU
+Project</a>. If a program is GNU software, we also say that it is a GNU
+program or a GNU package. The README or manual of a GNU package should say
+it is one; also, the <a href="/directory">Free Software Directory</a>
+identifies all GNU packages.</p>
<p>Ù
عظÙ
برÙ
جÙات غÙÙ <a href=
"/copyleft/copyleft.ar.html">Ù
ترÙÙØ© اÙØÙÙÙ</a>Ø
ÙÙÙ ÙÙس ÙÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙ Ù٠برÙ
جÙات غÙÙ Ùجب Ø£Ù
تÙÙÙ <a
@@ -218,19 +226,28 @@
Free Software Foundation; some is copyrighted by the contributors who wrote
it.</p>
-<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Non-free software</h3>
+<h3 id="FSF-CopyrightedGNUSoftware">FSF-copyrighted GNU software</h3>
- <p>Non-free software is any software that is not free. Its use,
redistribution
+ <p>The developers of GNU packages can transfer the copyright to the
FSF, or
+they can keep it. The choice is theirs.</p>
+
+ <p>If they have transfered the copyright to the FSF, the program is
+FSF-copyrighted GNU software, and the FSF can enforce its license. If they
+have kept the copyright, enforcing the license is their responsibility.</p>
+
+<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Nonfree software</h3>
+
+ <p>Nonfree software is any software that is not free. Its use,
redistribution
or modification is prohibited, or requires you to ask for permission, or is
restricted so much that you effectively can't do it freely.</p>
<h3 id="ProprietarySoftware">Proprietary software</h3>
- <p>Proprietary software is another name for non-free software. In the
past we
-subdivided non-free software into “semi-free software”, which
+ <p>Proprietary software is another name for nonfree software. In the
past we
+subdivided nonfree software into “semifree software”, which
could be modified and redistributed noncommercially, and “ proprietary
software”, which could not be. But we have dropped that distinction
-and now use “proprietary software” as synonymous with non-free
+and now use “proprietary software” as synonymous with nonfree
software.</p>
<p>Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة تتبع Ùاعدة
Ø£ÙÙا Ùا ÙستطÙع تثبÙت أ٠برÙاÙ
ج اØتÙار٠عÙÙ
@@ -240,7 +257,7 @@
<p>For example, we felt justified in installing Unix on our computer in
the
1980s, because we were using it to write a free replacement for
Unix. Nowadays, since free operating systems are available, the excuse is no
-longer applicable; we do not use any non-free operating systems, and any new
+longer applicable; we do not use any nonfree operating systems, and any new
computer we install must run a completely free operating system.</p>
<p>We don't insist that users of GNU, or contributors to GNU, have to
live by
@@ -260,7 +277,8 @@
<p>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙصÙبÙØ© Ù٠برÙ
جÙات تأت٠Ù
ع إذ٠ÙÙÙاس بإعادة تÙزÙع ÙØ³Ø®Ø ÙÙÙÙا تÙÙÙ
أ٠أ٠شخص ÙستÙ
ر Ù٠استخداÙ
Ùسخة <em>Ù
طاÙب</em>
بدÙع رسÙÙ
رخصة.</p>
- <p>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙصÙبÙØ© ÙÙست Øرة Ø£Ù ØتÙ
شب٠Øرة. ÙÙجد سببÙÙ ÙعدÙ
ÙÙÙÙا:</p>
+ <p>Shareware is not free software, or even semifree. There are two
reasons it
+is not:</p>
<ul>
<li>ÙÙ
عظÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙصÙبÙØ©Ø Ø§ÙØ´ÙÙرة
غÙر Ù
تاØØ©Ø ÙØ°ÙÙØ Ùا ÙÙ
Ù٠تعدÙ٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج
@@ -274,7 +292,7 @@
<p>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙخاصة أ٠اÙÙ
خصصة Ù٠برÙ
جÙات Ù
ÙØ·Ùرة ÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙاØد (عادة Ù
ÙظÙ
Ø© Ø£Ù
شرÙØ©). Ùذا اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙØتÙظ ب٠ÙÙستخدÙ
ÙØ ÙÙا
Ùصدر٠ÙÙعÙ
ÙÙ
سÙاء٠ÙØ´ÙÙرة Ù
صدرÙØ©
Ø£Ù Ø«ÙائÙØ©.</p>
- <p>A private program is free software in a trivial sense if its unique
user has
+ <p>A private program is free software in a trivial sense if its sole
user has
full rights to it.</p>
<p>In general we do not believe it is wrong to develop a program and not
release it. There are occasions when a program is so useful that withholding
@@ -287,10 +305,11 @@
<h3 id="commercialSoftware">Commercial software</h3>
- <p>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙتجارÙØ© Ù٠برÙ
جÙات تÙØ·Ùر Ù
Ù Ù
شارÙع تجارÙØ© تÙد٠إÙ٠جÙ٠اÙÙ
ا٠Ù
Ù
-استخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات. ”تجارٓ
ٔاØتÙارٓ ÙÙسا ÙÙس
-اÙØ´ÙØ¡! Ù
عظÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙتجارÙØ© <a
href="#ProprietarySoftware">اØتÙارÙØ©</a>Ø
-ÙÙÙ ÙÙجد برÙ
جÙات تجارÙØ© ØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙÙجد برÙ
جÙات
غÙر تجارÙØ© غÙر Øرة.</p>
+ <p>Commercial software is software being developed by a business which
aims to
+make money from the use of the software. “Commercial” and
+“proprietary” are not the same thing! Most commercial software
+is <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>, but there is commercial
+free software, and there is noncommercial nonfree software.</p>
<p>For example, GNU Ada is developed by a company. It is always
distributed
under the terms of the GNU GPL, and every copy is free software; but its
@@ -325,8 +344,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -339,8 +359,9 @@
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free
Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙ
دخÙØ© اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù
Ùجازة ÙÙ Ù٠أÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠أرباØØ
-Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ù
ع Ùضع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاØظة ÙÙ
ÙاØظة
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙØ´Ø±Ø Ù٠عÙ٠اÙاعتبار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -354,7 +375,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/05/05 20:25:50 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:57 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/categories.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.17
retrieving revision 1.18
diff -u -b -r1.17 -r1.18
--- philosophy/categories.ca.html 5 May 2010 20:25:50 -0000 1.17
+++ philosophy/categories.ca.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:57 -0000 1.18
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ca.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Categories de programari lliure i no lliure - Projecte GNU - Free
Software
+<title>Categories of Free and Nonfree Software - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
-<h2>Categories of free and non-free software</h2>
+<h2>Categories of free and nonfree software</h2>
<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@
<img src="category.png" alt="" />
</p>
- <p>This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated in 2010 by Ineiev,
-explains the different categories of software. It's also available as an <a
+ <p>This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated by several others
since,
+explains the different categories of software. It's available as a <a
href="/philosophy/category.svg">Scalable Vector Graphic</a> and as an <a
href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig document</a>, under the terms of any of
the GNU GPL v2 or later, the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the Creative Commons
@@ -71,9 +71,8 @@
"/philosophy/fs-translations.html"> translations of the term “free
software”</a> into various other languages.</p>
- <p>El programari lliure és sovint <a
-href="/software/reliability.ca.html">més fiable</a> que el que no ho
-és.</p>
+ <p>Free software is often <a href="/software/reliability.html">more
+reliable</a> than nonfree software.</p>
<h3 id="OpenSource">Open source software</h3>
@@ -93,11 +92,10 @@
<h3 id="PublicDomainSoftware">Public domain software</h3>
- <p>El programari de domini públic és programari que no
té
-copyright. Si el codi font es troba en el domini públic, es tracta
-d'un cas especial de <a href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">programari lliure
-sense copyleft</a>, la qual cosa implica que algunes còpies o
-versions modificades poden no ser lliures.</p>
+ <p>Public domain software is software that is not copyrighted. If the
source
+code is in the public domain, that is a special case of <a
+href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted free software</a>, which
+means that some copies or modified versions may not be free at all.</p>
<p>En alguns casos, un programa executable pot trobar-se en el domini
públic sense que el seu codi font estigui disponible. En tal cas no
@@ -154,11 +152,10 @@
using one license with the code using the other license; therefore, it is
good for the community if people use a single copyleft license.</p>
-<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Non-copylefted free software</h3>
+<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Noncopylefted free software</h3>
- <p>El programari lliure sense copyleft ve amb el permís de
l'autor per
-modificar-lo i distribuir-lo, però també amb el permís
-d'afegir-hi restriccions addicionals.</p>
+ <p>Noncopylefted free software comes from the author with permission to
+redistribute and modify, and also to add additional restrictions to it.</p>
<p>If a program is free but not copylefted, then some copies or modified
versions may not be free at all. A software company can compile the program,
@@ -166,15 +163,22 @@
href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a> software product.</p>
<p>The <a href="http://www.x.org";>X Window System</a> illustrates this.
The X
-Consortium releases X11 with distribution terms that make it non-copylefted
+Consortium releases X11 with distribution terms that make it noncopylefted
free software. If you wish, you can get a copy which has those distribution
-terms and is free. However, there are non-free versions as well, and there
+terms and is free. However, there are nonfree versions as well, and there
are (or at least were) popular workstations and PC graphics boards for which
-non-free versions are the only ones that work. If you are using this
+nonfree versions are the only ones that work. If you are using this
hardware, X11 is not free software for you. <a href="/philosophy/x.html">The
-developers of X11 even made X11 non-free</a> for a while; they were able to
-do this because others had contributed their code under the same
-non-copyleft license.</p>
+developers of X11 even made X11 nonfree</a> for a while; they were able to
+do this because others had contributed their code under the same noncopyleft
+license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="LaxPermissiveLicensedSoftware">Lax permissive licensed software</h3>
+
+ <p>Lax permissive licenses include the X11 license and the <a
+href="bsd.html">two BSD licenses</a>. These licenses permit almost any use
+of the code, including distributing proprietary binaries with or without
+changing the source code.</p>
<h3 id="GPL-CoveredSoftware">GPL-covered software</h3>
@@ -209,7 +213,7 @@
copylefted, however; any kind of free software is legally suitable to
include if it helps meet technical goals. And it isn't necessary for all the
components to be GNU software, individually. GNU can and does include
-non-copylefted free software such as the X Window System that were developed
+noncopylefted free software such as the X Window System that were developed
by other projects.</p>
<h3 id="GNUprograms">GNU programs</h3>
@@ -221,13 +225,12 @@
<h3 id="GNUsoftware">GNU software</h3>
- <p>El <a href="/software/software.ca.html">programari GNU</a> és
-programari publicat sota els auspicis del <a href=
-"/gnu/gnu-history.ca.html">Projecte GNU</a>. Si un programa és
-programari GNU, també diem que és un programa GNU o un paquet
-GNU. El manual o el Llegeix-me d'un paquet GNU ha de dir que ho és;
-per altra banda, el <a href="/directory">Directori de Programari Lliure</a>
-identifica tots els paquets GNU.</p>
+ <p><a href="/software/software.html">GNU software</a> is software that
is
+released under the auspices of the <a href= "/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU
+Project</a>. If a program is GNU software, we also say that it is a GNU
+program or a GNU package. The README or manual of a GNU package should say
+it is one; also, the <a href="/directory">Free Software Directory</a>
+identifies all GNU packages.</p>
<p>La major part del programari GNU té <a href=
"/copyleft/copyleft.ca.html">copyleft</a>, però no tots el
@@ -243,19 +246,28 @@
Free Software Foundation; some is copyrighted by the contributors who wrote
it.</p>
-<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Non-free software</h3>
+<h3 id="FSF-CopyrightedGNUSoftware">FSF-copyrighted GNU software</h3>
- <p>Non-free software is any software that is not free. Its use,
redistribution
+ <p>The developers of GNU packages can transfer the copyright to the
FSF, or
+they can keep it. The choice is theirs.</p>
+
+ <p>If they have transfered the copyright to the FSF, the program is
+FSF-copyrighted GNU software, and the FSF can enforce its license. If they
+have kept the copyright, enforcing the license is their responsibility.</p>
+
+<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Nonfree software</h3>
+
+ <p>Nonfree software is any software that is not free. Its use,
redistribution
or modification is prohibited, or requires you to ask for permission, or is
restricted so much that you effectively can't do it freely.</p>
<h3 id="ProprietarySoftware">Proprietary software</h3>
- <p>Proprietary software is another name for non-free software. In the
past we
-subdivided non-free software into “semi-free software”, which
+ <p>Proprietary software is another name for nonfree software. In the
past we
+subdivided nonfree software into “semifree software”, which
could be modified and redistributed noncommercially, and “ proprietary
software”, which could not be. But we have dropped that distinction
-and now use “proprietary software” as synonymous with non-free
+and now use “proprietary software” as synonymous with nonfree
software.</p>
<p>La Free Software Foundation segueix la regla de no instal·lar
cap
@@ -267,7 +279,7 @@
<p>For example, we felt justified in installing Unix on our computer in
the
1980s, because we were using it to write a free replacement for
Unix. Nowadays, since free operating systems are available, the excuse is no
-longer applicable; we do not use any non-free operating systems, and any new
+longer applicable; we do not use any nonfree operating systems, and any new
computer we install must run a completely free operating system.</p>
<p>We don't insist that users of GNU, or contributors to GNU, have to
live by
@@ -290,7 +302,8 @@
de còpies, però que adverteix que per fer-ne un ús
continuat <em>cal</em> pagar una llicència d'ús.</p>
- <p>El shareware no és programari lliure ni semilliure, per dues
raons:</p>
+ <p>Shareware is not free software, or even semifree. There are two
reasons it
+is not:</p>
<ul>
<li>A la major part del shareware, el codi font no està
disponible, i per
@@ -307,7 +320,7 @@
per a un usuari (normalment una empresa u organització). L'usuari en
qüestió l'utilitza i el custodia, sense fer-ne públic ni
l'executable ni el codi font.</p>
- <p>A private program is free software in a trivial sense if its unique
user has
+ <p>A private program is free software in a trivial sense if its sole
user has
full rights to it.</p>
<p>In general we do not believe it is wrong to develop a program and not
release it. There are occasions when a program is so useful that withholding
@@ -322,13 +335,11 @@
<h3 id="commercialSoftware">Commercial software</h3>
- <p>El programari comercial és aquell programari que ha estat
-desenvolupat per empreses amb l'objectiu d'obtenir diners de l'ús del
-programari. "Comercial" i "privatiu" no és el
-mateix! La major part del programari comercial és <a
-href="#ProprietarySoftware">privatiu</a>, però hi ha programari
-comercial que és lliure, i hi ha programari no comercial que no
-és lliure.</p>
+ <p>Commercial software is software being developed by a business which
aims to
+make money from the use of the software. “Commercial” and
+“proprietary” are not the same thing! Most commercial software
+is <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>, but there is commercial
+free software, and there is noncommercial nonfree software.</p>
<p>For example, GNU Ada is developed by a company. It is always
distributed
under the terms of the GNU GPL, and every copy is free software; but its
@@ -363,8 +374,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -380,8 +392,9 @@
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free
Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en
-qualsevol medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que hi aparegui aquesta nota.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -394,7 +407,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2010/05/05 20:25:50 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:57 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/categories.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.41
retrieving revision 1.42
diff -u -b -r1.41 -r1.42
--- philosophy/categories.fr.html 24 Jun 2010 10:22:05 -0000 1.41
+++ philosophy/categories.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:57 -0000 1.42
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Catégories de logiciels libres et non libres - GNU Project - Free
-Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<title>Categories of Free and Nonfree Software - GNU Project - Free Software
+Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Catégories de logiciels libres et non libres</h2>
+<h2>Categories of free and nonfree software</h2>
<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
@@ -14,163 +14,144 @@
<!-- Please ensure links are consistent with Apache's MultiView. -->
<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
<!-- language, where necessary. -->
-<p>Lisez aussi <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html">Termes
-prêtant à confusion, que vous devriez éviter</a>.</p>
+<p>Also see <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words which You
+Might Want to Avoid</a>.</p>
<p id="diagram" class="c">
<img src="category.png" alt="" />
</p>
- <p>Ce diagramme de Chao-Kuei explique les différentes catégories de
-logiciels. Il est disponible sous forme de <a
-href="/philosophy/category.fr.svg">fichier SVG</a> et de <a
-href="/philosophy/category.fr.fig">fichier XFig</a>, sous les termes de la
-GNU GPL v2 ou ultérieure, de la GNU FDL v1.2 ou supérieure ou de la Creative
-Commons Attribution-Share Alike v2.0 ou ultérieure.</p>
+ <p>This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated by several others
since,
+explains the different categories of software. It's available as a <a
+href="/philosophy/category.svg">Scalable Vector Graphic</a> and as an <a
+href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig document</a>, under the terms of any of
+the GNU GPL v2 or later, the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the Creative Commons
+Attribution-Share Alike v2.0 or later.</p>
<h3 id="FreeSoftware">Logiciel libre</h3>
- <p>Un logiciel libre est un logiciel qui est fourni avec l'autorisation
pour
-quiconque de l'utiliser, de le copier, et de le distribuer, soit sous une
-forme conforme à l'original, soit avec des modifications, ou encore
-gratuitement ou contre un certain montant. Ceci signifie en particulier que
-son code source doit être disponible. « S'il n'y a pas de
-sources, ce n'est pas du logiciel. » Ceci est une définition
-simplifiée; voir aussi la <a
-href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">définition complète</a>.</p>
+ <p>Free software is software that comes with permission for anyone to
use,
+copy, and/or distribute, either verbatim or with modifications, either
+gratis or for a fee. In particular, this means that source code must be
+available. “If it's not source, it's not software.” This is a
+simplified description; see also the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">full
+definition</a>.</p>
<p>Du moment qu'il est libre, tout programme peut, potentiellement,
faire
-partie d'un système d'exploitation libre tel que GNU, ou les <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html">systèmes GNU/Linux</a>.</p>
+partie d'un système d'exploitation libre tel que GNU, ou les <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html">systèmes GNU/Linux</a>.</p>
- <p>Il existe de nombreuses façons de rendre un logiciel libre
—
-beaucoup de détails peuvent être définis de
-différentes façons, tout en gardant au logiciel son
-caractère libre. Certaines de ces variations sont décrites
-ci-après. Pour des informations sur des licences de logiciels libres
-spécifiques, consultez la page <a
+ <p>Il existe de nombreuses façons de rendre un logiciel libre —
beaucoup
+de détails peuvent être définis de différentes façons, tout en gardant au
+logiciel son caractère libre. Certaines de ces variations sont décrites
+ci-après. Pour des informations sur des licences de logiciels libres
+spécifiques, consultez la page <a
href="/licenses/license-list.fr.html">liste des licences</a>.</p>
- <p>Un logiciel est libre du point de vue de la liberté, et non du
-prix. Mais les sociétés éditrices de logiciels
-propriétaires utilisent parfois le terme « logiciel libre »
-pour parler de logiciels gratuits. Ce qui veut parfois dire que vous pouvez
-en obtenir une copie binaire gratuitement, ou qu'une copie de ce logiciel
-est comprise dans le prix d'achat de votre ordinateur. Ceci n'a rien
-à voir avec le terme de logiciel libre, tel que nous le
-définissons dans le projet GNU.</p>
-
- <p>À cause de cette confusion potentielle il serait souhaitable,
chaque
-fois qu'une société informatique annonce que son produit est
-un logiciel libre, de vérifier les conditions de distribution, afin
-de s'assurer que les usagers disposent de toutes les libertés
-associées au logiciel libre. Parfois il s'agit, effectivement, d'un
-logiciel libre, parfois non.</p>
-
- <p>Beaucoup de langues ont deux mots séparés pour
-« libre » pour liberté et « libre » pour
-gratuité. Par exemple, le français a « libre » et
-« gratuit ». Pas l'anglais; il y a le mot « gratis »
qui
-se réfère sans ambiguïté au prix, mais pas
-d'adjectif commun se référant sans équivoque à
-la liberté. Aussi, si vous parlez une autre langue, nous vous
-suggérons de traduire « free » dans votre propre langue
-pour le rendre plus clair. Consultez notre liste de <a
-href="/philosophy/fs-translations.fr.html"> traductions du terme « free
-software »</a> dans diverses langues.</p>
+ <p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not price. But proprietary
software
+companies typically use the term “free software” to refer to
+price. Sometimes they mean that you can obtain a binary copy at no charge;
+sometimes they mean that a copy is bundled with a computer that you are
+buying, and the price includes both. Either way, it has nothing to do with
+what we mean by free software in the GNU project.</p>
+
+ <p>Ã cause de cette confusion potentielle il serait souhaitable,
chaque fois
+qu'une société informatique annonce que son produit est un logiciel libre,
+de vérifier les conditions de distribution, afin de s'assurer que les
+usagers disposent de toutes les libertés associées au logiciel
+libre. Parfois il s'agit, effectivement, d'un logiciel libre, parfois non.</p>
+
+ <p>Many languages have two separate words for “free” as in
freedom
+and “free” as in zero price. For example, French has
+“libre” and “gratuit”. Not so English; there is a
+word “gratis” that refers unambiguously to price, but no common
+adjective that refers unambiguously to freedom. So if you are speaking
+another language, we suggest you translate “free” into your
+language to make it clearer. See our list of <a href=
+"/philosophy/fs-translations.html"> translations of the term “free
+software”</a> into various other languages.</p>
- <p>Le logiciel libre est souvent <a
href="/software/reliability.fr.html">plus
-fiable</a> que le logiciel non-libre.</p>
+ <p>Free software is often <a href="/software/reliability.html">more
+reliable</a> than nonfree software.</p>
-<h3 id="OpenSource">Logiciel Open Source</h3>
+<h3 id="OpenSource">Open source software</h3>
<p>
- Le terme logiciel « open source » (littéralement
à
-source ouvert) est utilisé par certaines personnes pour qualifier
-plus ou moins la même catégorie que le logiciel libre. Ce n'est
-pas exactement la même catégorie de logiciel : ils
-acceptent certaines licences que nous considérons trop restrictives
-et il y a des licences de logiciel libre qu'ils n'ont pas
-acceptées. Toutefois, les différences entre les deux
-catégories sont minimes : pratiquement tous les logiciels libres
-sont « open source » et presque tous les logiciels « open
-source » sont libres.</p>
- <p>Nous préférons le terme « <a
+ Le terme logiciel « open source » (littéralement à source
ouvert)
+est utilisé par certaines personnes pour qualifier plus ou moins la même
+catégorie que le logiciel libre. Ce n'est pas exactement la même catégorie
+de logiciel : ils acceptent certaines licences que nous considérons
+trop restrictives et il y a des licences de logiciel libre qu'ils n'ont pas
+acceptées. Toutefois, les différences entre les deux catégories sont
+minimes : pratiquement tous les logiciels libres sont « open
+source » et presque tous les logiciels « open source » sont
+libres.</p>
+ <p>Nous préférons le terme « <a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html">logiciel
-libre</a> »; car il se réfère à la liberté
--- ce que ne fait pas le terme « open source ».</p>
+libre</a> »; car il se réfère à la liberté -- ce que ne fait pas le
+terme « open source ».</p>
<h3 id="PublicDomainSoftware">Logiciel du domaine public</h3>
- <p>Logiciel du domaine public veut dire logiciel non soumis aux droits
-d'auteurs. Si le code source est dans le domaine public, c'est un cas
-particulier de <a href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">logiciel libre«
-non-copylefté »</a>, ce qui veut dire que certaines copies, ou
-certaines versions modifiées, peuvent ne pas être du tout
-libres.</p>
-
- <p>Dans certains cas, un programme exécutable peut être
dans le
-domaine public sans que le code source ne soit disponible. Il ne s'agit pas
-de logiciel libre, puisque le logiciel libre nécessite l'accès
-au code source.</p>
-
- <p>Parfois, on utilise le terme « domaine public » d'une
façon
-peu précise pour dire <a href="#FreeSoftware">« libre »</a>
-ou « disponible gratuitement ». Toutefois, « domaine
-public » est un terme légal qui signifie
-précisément que le logiciel n'est pas « soumis au
-copyright ». Afin d'être plus précis, nous conseillons
-d'utiliser le terme « domaine public » dans ce cas uniquement, et
-d'utiliser d'autres termes dans les autres cas.</p>
-
- <p>Selon la convention de Berne, que la plupart des pays ont
signé, tout
-ce qui est écrit est automatiquement sous copyright. Cela comprend
-les programmes. Par conséquent, si vous voulez que le programme que
-vous avez écrit soit dans le domaine public, vous devez faire des
-démarches juridiques pour enlever son copyright ; sinon le
-programme demeure sous copyright.</p>
+ <p>Public domain software is software that is not copyrighted. If the
source
+code is in the public domain, that is a special case of <a
+href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted free software</a>, which
+means that some copies or modified versions may not be free at all.</p>
+
+ <p>Dans certains cas, un programme exécutable peut être dans le
domaine public
+sans que le code source ne soit disponible. Il ne s'agit pas de logiciel
+libre, puisque le logiciel libre nécessite l'accès au code source.</p>
+
+ <p>Parfois, on utilise le terme « domaine public » d'une
façon peu
+précise pour dire <a href="#FreeSoftware">« libre »</a> ou
+« disponible gratuitement ». Toutefois, « domaine
+public » est un terme légal qui signifie précisément que le logiciel
+n'est pas « soumis au copyright ». Afin d'être plus précis, nous
+conseillons d'utiliser le terme « domaine public » dans ce cas
+uniquement, et d'utiliser d'autres termes dans les autres cas.</p>
+
+ <p>Selon la convention de Berne, que la plupart des pays ont signé,
tout ce qui
+est écrit est automatiquement sous copyright. Cela comprend les
+programmes. Par conséquent, si vous voulez que le programme que vous avez
+écrit soit dans le domaine public, vous devez faire des démarches juridiques
+pour enlever son copyright ; sinon le programme demeure sous
copyright.</p>
<h3 id="CopyleftedSoftware">Logiciel <em>copylefté</em> (sous <em>gauche
d'auteur</em>)</h3>
- <p>Le logiciel sous copyleft (littéralement, gauche d'auteur)
est un
-logiciel libre, dont les conditions de distribution assurent que toutes les
-copies de toutes les versions sont des logiciels libres. Cela signifie par
-exemple, que les licences de copyleft ne permettent pas à d'autres
-d'ajouter des conditions supplémentaires au logiciel (bien qu'un
-ensemble limité de conditions sûres complémentaires
-puissent être ajoutées) et nécessitent que le code
-source soit disponible. Ceci protège le programme et ses versions modifiées
-de quelques uns des moyens courants de rendre le logiciel propriétaire.</p>
-
- <p>Certaines licences avec copyleft, telle que la GPL version 3, bloque
-d'autres moyens de rendre les logiciels propriétaires.</p>
-
- <p>Dans le projet GNU, presque tous les logiciels que nous
créons sont
-soumis au <em>copyleft</em>, car notre but est de donner <em>à
-chaque</em> utilisateur les libertés garanties par le terme
-« logiciel libre ». Voir <a
-href="/copyleft/copyleft.fr.html">Qu'est-ce que le copyleft</a> pour plus
-d'explications sur le fonctionnement du copyleft et savoir pourquoi nous
-l'utilisons.</p>
-
- <p>Le copyleft est un concept général; pour l'appliquer
à
-un programme, vous avez besoin d'un ensemble de termes relatifs à sa
-distribution. Il y a de nombreuses façons d'écrire ces
-conditions de distribution, donc en théorie de nombreuses licences de
-logiciels libres sous copyleft peuvent exister. Néanmoins, dans la
-pratique actuelle quasiment tous les logiciels sous copyleft utilisent la <a
-href="/copyleft/gpl.html">Licence Publique Générale
-GNU</a>. Deux licences différentes avec copyleft sont
-généralement « incompatible », ce qui signifie qu'il
-est illégal de mélanger du code utilisant une de ces licences
-avec du code utilisant l'autre à partir de là, il est bon pour
-la communauté de n'utiliser qu'une seule licence avec copyleft.</p>
-
-<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Logiciel libre
<em>non-copylefté</em></h3>
-
- <p>Le logiciel libre non-copylefté est diffusé par son
auteur
-avec la permission de le redistribuer et de le modifier, mais aussi d'y
-ajouter d'autres restrictions.</p>
+ <p>Le logiciel sous copyleft (littéralement, gauche d'auteur) est un
logiciel
+libre, dont les conditions de distribution assurent que toutes les copies de
+toutes les versions sont des logiciels libres. Cela signifie par exemple,
+que les licences de copyleft ne permettent pas à d'autres d'ajouter des
+conditions supplémentaires au logiciel (bien qu'un ensemble limité de
+conditions sûres complémentaires puissent être ajoutées) et nécessitent
que
+le code source soit disponible. Ceci protège le programme et ses versions
+modifiées de quelques uns des moyens courants de rendre le logiciel
+propriétaire.</p>
+
+ <p>Some copyleft licenses, such as GPL version 3, block other
means of
+turning software proprietary, such as <a
+href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/rms-why-gplv3.html";>tivoization</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>In the GNU Project, we copyleft almost all the software we write,
because
+our goal is to give <em>every</em> user the freedoms implied by the term
+“free software.” See our <a href=
+"/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft article</a> for more explanation of how
+copyleft works and why we use it.</p>
+
+ <p>Copyleft is a general concept; to copyleft an actual program, you
need to
+use a specific set of distribution terms. There are many possible ways to
+write copyleft distribution terms, so in principle there can be many
+copyleft free software licenses. However, in actual practice nearly all
+copylefted software uses the <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU General Public
+License</a>. Two different copyleft licenses are usually
+“incompatible”, which means it is illegal to merge the code
+using one license with the code using the other license; therefore, it is
+good for the community if people use a single copyleft license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Noncopylefted free software</h3>
+
+ <p>Noncopylefted free software comes from the author with permission to
+redistribute and modify, and also to add additional restrictions to it.</p>
<p>Si un programme est libre, mais non-copylefté, alors certaines
copies ou
versions modifiées peuvent ne plus être libres du tout. Une société
@@ -178,26 +159,30 @@
distribuer le fichier exécutable sous forme de produit logiciel <a
href="#ProprietarySoftware">propriétaire</a>.</p>
- <p>Le <a href="http://www.x.org";>Système X Window</a> illustre
bien ce
-cas. Le Consortium X distribue X11 avec des conditions de distribution qui
-en font un logiciel libre non-copylefté. Si vous le souhaitez, vous
-pouvez en obtenir une copie qui possède de tels termes de
-distribution et qui est libre. Toutefois, il existe aussi des versions
-non-libres, et il y a (ou du moins il y avait) des stations de travail ainsi
-que des cartes graphiques pour PC pour lesquelles les versions non-libres
-sont les seules qui fonctionnent. Si vous utilisez ce
-matériel-là, pour vous, X11 n'est pas un logiciel libre. <a
-href="/philosophy/x.fr.html">Les développeurs d'X11 ont même
-rendu X11 non-libre</a> pour un bon moment ; ils ont pu faire cela car
-d'autres développeurs avaient contribué sous la même licence sans
copyleft.</p>
+ <p>The <a href="http://www.x.org";>X Window System</a> illustrates this.
The X
+Consortium releases X11 with distribution terms that make it noncopylefted
+free software. If you wish, you can get a copy which has those distribution
+terms and is free. However, there are nonfree versions as well, and there
+are (or at least were) popular workstations and PC graphics boards for which
+nonfree versions are the only ones that work. If you are using this
+hardware, X11 is not free software for you. <a href="/philosophy/x.html">The
+developers of X11 even made X11 nonfree</a> for a while; they were able to
+do this because others had contributed their code under the same noncopyleft
+license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="LaxPermissiveLicensedSoftware">Lax permissive licensed software</h3>
+
+ <p>Lax permissive licenses include the X11 license and the <a
+href="bsd.html">two BSD licenses</a>. These licenses permit almost any use
+of the code, including distributing proprietary binaries with or without
+changing the source code.</p>
<h3 id="GPL-CoveredSoftware">Logiciel couvert par la GPL</h3>
- <p>La <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU GPL (Licence Publique
-Générale GNU)</a> est un ensemble spécifique de
-conditions de distribution pour <em>copylefter</em> un programme. Le projet
-GNU l'utilise comme conditions de distribution de la plupart des logiciels
-GNU.</p>
+ <p>La <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU GPL (Licence Publique Générale
GNU)</a>
+est un ensemble spécifique de conditions de distribution pour
+<em>copylefter</em> un programme. Le projet GNU l'utilise comme conditions
+de distribution de la plupart des logiciels GNU.</p>
<p>Faire l'équivalence entre un logiciel libre et un logiciel couvert
par la
GPL est donc une erreur.</p>
@@ -208,236 +193,168 @@
système d'exploitation de type Unix, qui est entièrement libre, et que nous
avons développé au sein du projet GNU depuis 1984.</p>
- <p>Un système d'exploitation comparable à Unix contient de
-nombreux programmes. Le système GNU comprend tous les logiciels GNU,
-ainsi que bien d'autres paquetages tels que le X Window System et TeX, qui
-ne sont pas des logiciels GNU.</p>
-
- <p>La première mise à disposition en test d'un
-« système GNU complet » remonte à 1996. Ceci inclut
-GNU Hurd, notre noyau, développé depuis 1990. En 2001, le
-système GNU (y compris Hurd) a commencé à fonctionner
-de façon relativement fiable, mais il manque d'importantes
-fonctionnalités à Hurd, c'est pourquoi il n'est pas largement
-utilisé. Dans le même temps, le <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html">système GNU/Linux</a>, une
-ramification du système GNU utilisant Linux comme noyau plutôt
-que GNU Hurd, est devenu un grand succès dans les années 90.</p>
-
- <p>Puisque le but du GNU est d'être libre, chacun de ses moindres
-composants doit être un logiciel libre. Tous ne doivent cependant pas
-être copyleftés ; n'importe quel type de logiciel libre
-pourra y figurer légalement, s'il permet d'atteindre les objectifs
-techniques. Et il n'est pas nécessaire que tous les composants soient
-des logiciels GNU, individuellement. GNU peut et utilise des logiciels
-libres non-copyleftés, comme le système X Window, qui sont
-développés par d'autres projets.</p>
+ <p>Un système d'exploitation comparable à Unix contient de nombreux
+programmes. Le système GNU comprend tous les logiciels GNU, ainsi que bien
+d'autres paquetages tels que le X Window System et TeX, qui ne sont pas des
+logiciels GNU.</p>
+
+ <p>La première mise à disposition en test d'un « système GNU
+complet » remonte à 1996. Ceci inclut GNU Hurd, notre noyau, développé
+depuis 1990. En 2001, le système GNU (y compris Hurd) a commencé Ã
+fonctionner de façon relativement fiable, mais il manque d'importantes
+fonctionnalités à Hurd, c'est pourquoi il n'est pas largement utilisé. Dans
+le même temps, le <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html">système
+GNU/Linux</a>, une ramification du système GNU utilisant Linux comme noyau
+plutôt que GNU Hurd, est devenu un grand succès dans les années 90.</p>
+
+ <p>Since the purpose of GNU is to be free, every single component in
the GNU
+operating system has to be free software. They don't all have to be
+copylefted, however; any kind of free software is legally suitable to
+include if it helps meet technical goals. And it isn't necessary for all the
+components to be GNU software, individually. GNU can and does include
+noncopylefted free software such as the X Window System that were developed
+by other projects.</p>
<h3 id="GNUprograms">Programmes GNU</h3>
- <p>Les « programmes GNU » sont équivalents aux <a
+ <p>Les « programmes GNU » sont équivalents aux <a
href="#GNUsoftware">Logiciels GNU</a>. Un programme Toto est un programme
GNU s'il est un logiciel GNU. Nous l'appelons parfois aussi « paquet
GNU ».</p>
<h3 id="GNUsoftware">Logiciels GNU</h3>
- <p>Un <a href="/software/software.fr.html">logiciel GNU</a> est un
logiciel
-diffusé sous les auspices du <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-history.fr.html">Projet GNU</a>. Si un programme est un
-logiciel GNU, nous disons aussi qu'il est un programme GNU ou un paquetage
-GNU. Le fichier README ou le manuel d'un paquetage GNU devrait le
-spécifier. Le <a href="/directory"> Répertoire des logiciels
-libres</a> identifie également tous les paquetages GNU.</p>
+ <p><a href="/software/software.html">GNU software</a> is software that
is
+released under the auspices of the <a href= "/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU
+Project</a>. If a program is GNU software, we also say that it is a GNU
+program or a GNU package. The README or manual of a GNU package should say
+it is one; also, the <a href="/directory">Free Software Directory</a>
+identifies all GNU packages.</p>
- <p>La plupart des logiciels GNU sont soumis à un <a
+ <p>La plupart des logiciels GNU sont soumis à un <a
href="/copyleft/copyleft.fr.html">copyleft</a>, mais pas tous; cependant,
-tous les logiciels GNU doivent être des <a
+tous les logiciels GNU doivent être des <a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">logiciels libres</a>.</p>
- <p>Certains des logiciels GNU sont réalisés par le <a
href=
-"http://www.fsf.org/about/staff/";>personnel</a> de la <a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a>, mais la plus grande
-partie des logiciels GNU est apportée par des <a
-href="/people/people.html">volontaires</a>. Certaines contributions sont
-sous copyright de la Free Software Foundation; d'autres appartiennent aux
-auteurs du logiciel.</p>
-
-<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Logiciel non-libre</h3>
-
- <p>Les logiciels non-libres sont tous les logiciels qui ne sont pas
-libres. Ceci inclut les <a href="#semi-freeSoftware">logiciels
-semi-libres</a> et les <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">logiciels
-propriétaires</a>.</p>
-
-<h3 id="semi-freeSoftware">Logiciel semi-libre</h3>
-
- <p>Le logiciel semi-libre est un logiciel qui n'est pas libre, mais qui
-s'accompagne de la permission pour les personnes physiques de l'utiliser, de
-le copier, de le distribuer, et de le modifier (y compris pour la
-distribution des versions modifiées) dans un but non lucratif. PGP
-est un exemple de programme semi-libre.</p>
-
- <p>Un logiciel semi-libre est toujours mieux éthiquement qu'un <a
-href="#ProprietarySoftware">logiciel propriétaire</a>, mais cela pose
-toujours des problèmes, et nous ne pouvons l'utiliser dans un
-système d'exploitation libre.</p>
-
- <p>Les restrictions du copyleft sont conçues pour
protéger les
-libertés fondamentales pour tous les utilisateurs. Pour nous, la
-seule justification à la définition d'une restriction
-substantielle sur l'utilisation d'un programme est d'empêcher l'ajout
-d'autres restrictions par d'autres personnes. Les programmes semi-libres
-possèdent des restrictions supplémentaires, motivées
-par des buts purement égoïstes.</p>
-
- <p>Il est impossible d'inclure du logiciel semi-libre dans un
système
-d'exploitation libre. Ceci est dû au fait que les conditions de
-distribution du système d'exploitation dans son entier sont la somme
-des conditions de distribution de tous les programmes qui le composent. Y
-ajouter un seul logiciel semi-libre rendrait le système <em>tout
-entier</em> seulement semi-libre. Il y deux raisons pour lesquelles nous ne
-voulons pas que cela se produise :</p>
-
- <ul>
- <li>Nous pensons que le logiciel libre doit l'être pour tout le
monde
-— y compris les entreprises, et pas seulement les écoles et les
-amateurs. Nous voulons inviter l'entreprise à utiliser le
-système GNU en entier et, par conséquent nous ne devons pas y
-inclure de logiciel semi-libre.</li>
-
- <li>La distribution commerciale de systèmes d'exploitation
libres,
-incluant les <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html">systèmes GNU
-basés sur Linux</a>, est très importante, et les utilisateurs
-apprécient la possibilité d'acheter des distributions
-commerciales sur CD-ROM. L'inclusion d'un seul programme semi-libre dans un
-système d'exploitation supprimerait la distribution commerciale de
-CD-ROM pour ce système.</li>
- </ul>
-
- <p>La <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a>
étant
-elle-même non-commerciale, elle aurait donc le droit d'utiliser
-légalement un programme semi-libre « en interne ». Mais
-nous ne le faisons pas, parce que cela minerait nos efforts pour obtenir un
-programme que nous pourrions alors inclure dans GNU.</p>
-
- <p>Si un travail nécessite l'utilisation d'un logiciel, alors
tant qu'il
-n'existe pas de programme libre permettant de le réaliser, le
-système GNU contient une lacune. Nous devons dire aux volontaires,
-« Nous n'avons pas encore de programme pour faire ce travail dans GNU,
-et nous espérons donc que vous en écrirez un ». Si nous
-mêmes nous utilisions un programme semi-libre pour faire le travail en
-question, cela minerait notre discours; et annulerait la
-nécessité (pour nous, et pour ceux qui suivraient notre point
-de vue) de développer un équivalent libre. C'est pourquoi nous
-ne le faisons pas.</p>
-
-<h3 id="ProprietarySoftware">Logiciel propriétaire</h3>
-
- <p>Le logiciel propriétaire est un logiciel qui n'est ni libre,
ni
-semi-libre. Son utilisation, sa redistribution ou sa modification sont
-interdites, ou exigent une autorisation spécifique, ou sont tellement
-restreintes que vous ne pouvez en fait pas le faire librement.</p>
-
- <p>La Free Software Foundation suit une règle consistant
à ne
-jamais installer un logiciel propriétaire sur nos ordinateurs, sauf
-à titre temporaire dans le but spécifique d'élaborer un
-remplacement libre à ce même logiciel. Exception faite de ce
-cas, nous pensons qu'il n'existe aucune excuse pour l'installation d'un
-programme propriétaire.</p>
-
- <p>Par exemple, nous estimons justifiée l'installation d'Unix
sur nos
-ordinateurs dans les années 1980, parce que nous l'utilisions pour
-écrire une version libre en remplacement d'Unix. Actuellement,
-puisque des systèmes d'exploitation libres sont disponibles, l'excuse
-n'est plus valable; nous avons éliminé tous nos
-systèmes d'exploitation non-libres, et chaque ordinateur que nous
-installons doit fonctionner avec un système d'exploitation
-complètement libre.</p>
-
- <p>Nous n'insistons pas pour que les utilisateurs de GNU, ou ses
contributeurs,
-suivent cette règle. C'est une règle que nous nous imposons
-nous-mêmes. Mais nous espérons que vous déciderez de la
-suivre également.</p>
+ <p>Some GNU software was written by <a href=
+"http://www.fsf.org/about/staff/";>staff</a> of the <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a>, but most GNU
+software comes from many <a href="/people/people.html">volunteers</a>.
+(Some of these volunteers are paid by companies or universities, but they
+are volunteers for us.) Some contributed software is copyrighted by the
+Free Software Foundation; some is copyrighted by the contributors who wrote
+it.</p>
+
+<h3 id="FSF-CopyrightedGNUSoftware">FSF-copyrighted GNU software</h3>
+
+ <p>The developers of GNU packages can transfer the copyright to the
FSF, or
+they can keep it. The choice is theirs.</p>
+
+ <p>If they have transfered the copyright to the FSF, the program is
+FSF-copyrighted GNU software, and the FSF can enforce its license. If they
+have kept the copyright, enforcing the license is their responsibility.</p>
+
+<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Nonfree software</h3>
+
+ <p>Nonfree software is any software that is not free. Its use,
redistribution
+or modification is prohibited, or requires you to ask for permission, or is
+restricted so much that you effectively can't do it freely.</p>
+
+<h3 id="ProprietarySoftware">Logiciel propriétaire</h3>
+
+ <p>Proprietary software is another name for nonfree software. In the
past we
+subdivided nonfree software into “semifree software”, which
+could be modified and redistributed noncommercially, and “ proprietary
+software”, which could not be. But we have dropped that distinction
+and now use “proprietary software” as synonymous with nonfree
+software.</p>
+
+ <p>La Free Software Foundation suit une règle consistant à ne jamais
installer
+un logiciel propriétaire sur nos ordinateurs, sauf à titre temporaire dans
+le but spécifique d'élaborer un remplacement libre à ce même
+logiciel. Exception faite de ce cas, nous pensons qu'il n'existe aucune
+excuse pour l'installation d'un programme propriétaire.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, we felt justified in installing Unix on our computer in
the
+1980s, because we were using it to write a free replacement for
+Unix. Nowadays, since free operating systems are available, the excuse is no
+longer applicable; we do not use any nonfree operating systems, and any new
+computer we install must run a completely free operating system.</p>
+
+ <p>We don't insist that users of GNU, or contributors to GNU, have to
live by
+this rule. It is a rule we made for ourselves. But we hope you will follow
+it too, for your freedom's sake.</p>
<h3 id="freeware">Graticiels (freeware)</h3>
- <p>Le terme « freeware » n'a pas de définition claire
-communément acceptée, mais elle est utilisée couramment
-pour des paquetages qui autorisent la redistribution mais pas la
-modification (et dont le code source n'est pas disponible). Ces paquetages
-ne sont <em>pas</em> des logiciels libres, donc n'utilisez pas, s'il vous
-plaît, « freeware » pour parler de logiciel libre.</p>
+ <p>Le terme « freeware » n'a pas de définition claire
communément
+acceptée, mais elle est utilisée couramment pour des paquetages qui
+autorisent la redistribution mais pas la modification (et dont le code
+source n'est pas disponible). Ces paquetages ne sont <em>pas</em> des
+logiciels libres, donc n'utilisez pas, s'il vous plaît,
+« freeware » pour parler de logiciel libre.</p>
<h3 id="shareware">Partagiciels (shareware)</h3>
<p>Le partagiciel est un logiciel qui s'accompagne de la permission de
redistribuer des copies, mais qui mentionne que toute personne qui continue
-à en utiliser une copie est <em>obligée</em> de payer des
-royalties.</p>
+à en utiliser une copie est <em>obligée</em> de payer des royalties.</p>
- <p>Les sharewares ne sont pas des logiciels libres ou même
-semi-libres. Pour deux raisons :</p>
+ <p>Shareware is not free software, or even semifree. There are two
reasons it
+is not:</p>
<ul>
<li>Pour les sharewares, le code source n'est pratiquement jamais
fourni; et
donc vous ne pouvez pas du tout modifier le programme.</li>
<li>Avec le shareware, il ne vous est pas permis d'effectuer une copie
et de
-l'installer sans vous acquitter du paiement d'un droit de licence,
-même pour des individus impliqués dans des activités non
-lucratives. (En pratique, ces termes de distribution sont en
-général peu appréciés, et les gens le font quand
-même, même si ce n'est pas permis).</li>
+l'installer sans vous acquitter du paiement d'un droit de licence, même pour
+des individus impliqués dans des activités non lucratives. (En pratique, ces
+termes de distribution sont en général peu appréciés, et les gens le font
+quand même, même si ce n'est pas permis).</li>
</ul>
-<h3 id="PrivateSoftware">Logiciel privé</h3>
- <p>Les logiciels privés sont développés pour un
-utilisateur (typiquement pour une organisation ou une
-société). Cet utilisateur le garde et ne publie ni les
-fichiers sources ni les fichiers binaires.</p>
- <p>Un programme privé est un logiciel libre dans un sens trivial, si
son unique
-utilisateur a tous les droits sur celui-ci.</p>
- <p>En général, nous ne pensons pas qu'il soit mauvais de
-développer un programme et de ne pas le publier. Il y a des fois
-où un programme est si utile que le garder pour soi est
-égoïste. Toutefois, la plupart des programmes ne sont pas si
-merveilleux que ça, et les garder pour soi n'est pas
-particulièrement dommageable. Par conséquent, il n'y a pas de conflit
-antre le développement de logiciel pour un usage privé ou
-personnalisé et les principes du mouvement du logiciel libre.</p>
+<h3 id="PrivateSoftware">Logiciel privé</h3>
+ <p>Les logiciels privés sont développés pour un utilisateur
(typiquement pour
+une organisation ou une société). Cet utilisateur le garde et ne publie ni
+les fichiers sources ni les fichiers binaires.</p>
+ <p>A private program is free software in a trivial sense if its sole
user has
+full rights to it.</p>
+ <p>En général, nous ne pensons pas qu'il soit mauvais de développer
un
+programme et de ne pas le publier. Il y a des fois où un programme est si
+utile que le garder pour soi est égoïste. Toutefois, la plupart des
+programmes ne sont pas si merveilleux que ça, et les garder pour soi n'est
+pas particulièrement dommageable. Par conséquent, il n'y a pas de conflit
+antre le développement de logiciel pour un usage privé ou personnalisé et
+les principes du mouvement du logiciel libre.</p>
<p>Pratiquement tous les emplois de programmeurs se situent dans le
-développement de logiciels privés; par conséquent la
-plupart des emplois de programmeurs sont, ou pourraient être faits
-d'une manière compatible avec le mouvement du logiciel libre.</p>
-
-<h3 id="commercialSoftware">Logiciel commercial</h3>
-
- <p>Le logiciel commercial est un logiciel développé par
une
-entreprise dont le but est de gagner de l'argent sur l'utilisation du
-logiciel. « Commercial » et « propriétaire » ne
-sont pas synonymes ! La plupart des logiciels commerciaux sont <a
-href="#ProprietarySoftware">propriétaires</a>, mais il y a des
-logiciels libres commerciaux, et il y a des logiciels non-commerciaux
-non-libres.</p>
-
- <p>Par exemple, est développé par une société. Il est toujours
distribué
-sous les termes de la GPL GNU, et chaque copie est un logiciel libre; mais
-ses développeurs vendent des contrats de support. Quand leurs
-commerciaux parlent à de futurs clients, quelquefois ceux-ci disent,
-« Nous nous sentirions plus en sécurité avec un
-compilateur commercial. ». Le représentant répond,
-« GNU Ada <em>est</em> un compilateur commercial; il est
-également un logiciel libre ».</p>
+développement de logiciels privés; par conséquent la plupart des emplois de
+programmeurs sont, ou pourraient être faits d'une manière compatible avec le
+mouvement du logiciel libre.</p>
+
+<h3 id="commercialSoftware">Commercial software</h3>
+
+ <p>Commercial software is software being developed by a business which
aims to
+make money from the use of the software. “Commercial” and
+“proprietary” are not the same thing! Most commercial software
+is <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>, but there is commercial
+free software, and there is noncommercial nonfree software.</p>
+
+ <p>Par exemple, est développé par une société. Il est toujours
distribué sous
+les termes de la GPL GNU, et chaque copie est un logiciel libre; mais ses
+développeurs vendent des contrats de support. Quand leurs commerciaux
+parlent à de futurs clients, quelquefois ceux-ci disent, « Nous nous
+sentirions plus en sécurité avec un compilateur commercial. ». Le
+représentant répond, « GNU Ada <em>est</em> un compilateur commercial;
+il est également un logiciel libre ».</p>
<p>Pour le Projet GNU, l'accent est mis sur l'autre composante :
la chose
importante est que GNU Ada est un logiciel libre; que ce soit un logiciel
-commercial n'est qu'un détail. Cependant, le développement
-supplémentaire de GNU Ada qui résulte de ce commerce est
-certainement bénéfique.</p>
- <p>Veuillez nous aider à faire prendre conscience que le
logiciel libre
+commercial n'est qu'un détail. Cependant, le développement supplémentaire de
+GNU Ada qui résulte de ce commerce est certainement bénéfique.</p>
+ <p>Veuillez nous aider à faire prendre conscience que le logiciel libre
commercial est possible. Vous pouvez y contribuer en faisant un effort pour
ne pas dire « commercial » lorsque vous voulez dire
-« propriétaire ».</p>
+« propriétaire ».</p>
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
@@ -457,9 +374,11 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -471,12 +390,13 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software
-Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -489,7 +409,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/06/24 10:22:05 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:57 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/categories.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- philosophy/categories.sr.html 5 May 2010 20:25:50 -0000 1.26
+++ philosophy/categories.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:57 -0000 1.27
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.sr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>ÐÑÑÑе Ñлободног и неÑлободног
ÑоÑÑвеÑа â ÐÑоÑÐµÐºÐ°Ñ ÐÐУ â ÐадÑжбина за
-Ñлободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ (ÐСС)</title>
+<title>Categories of Free and Nonfree Software - GNU Project - Free Software
+Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.sr.html" -->
-<h2>Categories of free and non-free software</h2>
+<h2>Categories of free and nonfree software</h2>
<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@
<img src="category.png" alt="" />
</p>
- <p>This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated in 2010 by Ineiev,
-explains the different categories of software. It's also available as an <a
+ <p>This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated by several others
since,
+explains the different categories of software. It's available as a <a
href="/philosophy/category.svg">Scalable Vector Graphic</a> and as an <a
href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig document</a>, under the terms of any of
the GNU GPL v2 or later, the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the Creative Commons
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@
"/philosophy/fs-translations.html"> translations of the term “free
software”</a> into various other languages.</p>
- <p>Слободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе ÑеÑÑо <a
-href="/software/reliability.html">поÑзданиÑи</a> од
неÑлободног ÑоÑÑвеÑа.</p>
+ <p>Free software is often <a href="/software/reliability.html">more
+reliable</a> than nonfree software.</p>
<h3 id="OpenSource">Open source software</h3>
@@ -89,12 +89,10 @@
<h3 id="PublicDomainSoftware">Public domain software</h3>
- <p>СоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñ Ñавном влаÑниÑÑÐ²Ñ (енгл.
<em>public domain</em>) Ñе ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи
-ниÑе под лиÑенÑом о аÑÑоÑÑким пÑавима. Ðко
Ñе извоÑни код Ñ Ñавном
-влаÑниÑÑвÑ, Ñо Ñе поÑебан ÑлÑÑÐ°Ñ <a
-href="categories.sr.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">некопилеÑÑованог
-Ñлободног ÑоÑÑвеÑа</a>, ÑÑо знаÑи да неки
пÑимеÑÑи или измеÑене веÑзиÑе могÑ
-да бÑÐ´Ñ ÑаÑвим неÑлободни.</p>
+ <p>Public domain software is software that is not copyrighted. If the
source
+code is in the public domain, that is a special case of <a
+href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted free software</a>, which
+means that some copies or modified versions may not be free at all.</p>
<p>У неким ÑлÑÑаÑевима, извÑÑни пÑогÑам
може да бÑде Ñ Ñавном влаÑниÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð°Ð»Ð¸
извоÑни код ниÑе доÑÑÑпан. Такав ÑоÑÑвеÑ
ниÑе Ñлободан, ÑÐµÑ Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ
@@ -147,27 +145,33 @@
using one license with the code using the other license; therefore, it is
good for the community if people use a single copyleft license.</p>
-<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Non-copylefted free software</h3>
+<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Noncopylefted free software</h3>
- <p>ÐекопилеÑÑован Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ
нÑди аÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ñз дозволе за ÑаÑподеÑиваÑе и
-измене, и додаваÑе огÑаниÑеÑа Ñим
дозволама.</p>
+ <p>Noncopylefted free software comes from the author with permission to
+redistribute and modify, and also to add additional restrictions to it.</p>
<p>If a program is free but not copylefted, then some copies or modified
versions may not be free at all. A software company can compile the program,
with or without modifications, and distribute the executable file as a <a
href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a> software product.</p>
- <p>Ðво илÑÑÑÑÑÑе <a
href="http://www.x.org";>ÐÑозоÑÑки ÑиÑÑем ÐкÑ</a>. ÐкÑ
-конзоÑÑиÑÑм (<em>X Consortium</em>) издаÑе ÐкÑ11
(<em>X11</em>) под
-одÑедбама о ÑаÑподели коÑе га Ñине
некопилеÑÑованим Ñлободним
-ÑоÑÑвеÑом. Уколико желиÑе, можеÑе да
набавиÑе пÑимеÑак ÐкÑа коÑи ÑадÑжи Ñе
-одÑедбе о ÑаÑподели и ÑеÑÑе Ñлободан.
ÐеÑÑÑим, поÑÑоÑе и Ñегове неÑлободне
-веÑзиÑе, и поÑÑоÑе (одноÑно поÑÑоÑале ÑÑ)
попÑлаÑне Ñадне ÑÑаниÑе и гÑаÑиÑке
-каÑÑиÑе за ÐиÑи на коÑима Ñамо оне
ÑÑнкÑиониÑÑ. Уколико коÑиÑÑиÑе Ñакав
-Ñ
аÑдвеÑ, ÐкÑ11 за Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñе Ñлободан ÑоÑÑвеÑ.
<a
-href="/philosophy/x.html">ÐÑадиÑеÑи ÐкÑа11 ÑÑ Ñак
накÑаÑко ÑÑинили ÐкÑ11
-неÑлободним.</a> Ðни ÑÑ Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ могли да ÑÑаде
заÑо ÑÑо ÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑали допÑиноÑили
-ÑиÑ
овом извоÑном ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ иÑÑом
некопилеÑÑованом лиÑенÑом.</p>
+ <p>The <a href="http://www.x.org";>X Window System</a> illustrates this.
The X
+Consortium releases X11 with distribution terms that make it noncopylefted
+free software. If you wish, you can get a copy which has those distribution
+terms and is free. However, there are nonfree versions as well, and there
+are (or at least were) popular workstations and PC graphics boards for which
+nonfree versions are the only ones that work. If you are using this
+hardware, X11 is not free software for you. <a href="/philosophy/x.html">The
+developers of X11 even made X11 nonfree</a> for a while; they were able to
+do this because others had contributed their code under the same noncopyleft
+license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="LaxPermissiveLicensedSoftware">Lax permissive licensed software</h3>
+
+ <p>Lax permissive licenses include the X11 license and the <a
+href="bsd.html">two BSD licenses</a>. These licenses permit almost any use
+of the code, including distributing proprietary binaries with or without
+changing the source code.</p>
<h3 id="GPL-CoveredSoftware">GPL-covered software</h3>
@@ -201,7 +205,7 @@
copylefted, however; any kind of free software is legally suitable to
include if it helps meet technical goals. And it isn't necessary for all the
components to be GNU software, individually. GNU can and does include
-non-copylefted free software such as the X Window System that were developed
+noncopylefted free software such as the X Window System that were developed
by other projects.</p>
<h3 id="GNUprograms">GNU programs</h3>
@@ -213,13 +217,12 @@
<h3 id="GNUsoftware">GNU software</h3>
- <p><a href="/software/software.html">ÐÐУ-ов ÑоÑÑвеÑ</a>
Ñе ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи Ñе
-Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ покÑовиÑеÑÑÑвом <a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.sr.html">ÐÑоÑекÑа
-ÐÐУ</a>. Ðко Ñе пÑогÑам ÐÐУ-ов ÑоÑÑвеÑ, ми га
називамо и ÐÐУ-овим
-пÑогÑамом. У даÑоÑеÑи ÐÐ ÐЧÐТÐÐÐÐ (<em>README</em>)
или ÑпÑÑÑÑÐ²Ñ ÐÐУ-овог
-пакеÑа би ÑÑебало да ÑÑоÑи да Ñе ÑаÑ
пÑогÑам ÐÐУ-ов. ТакоÑе, Ñ <a
-href="/directory">ÐаÑÐ°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ñлободног ÑоÑÑвеÑа</a>
ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸ Ñви ÐÐУ-ови
-пакеÑи.</p>
+ <p><a href="/software/software.html">GNU software</a> is software that
is
+released under the auspices of the <a href= "/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU
+Project</a>. If a program is GNU software, we also say that it is a GNU
+program or a GNU package. The README or manual of a GNU package should say
+it is one; also, the <a href="/directory">Free Software Directory</a>
+identifies all GNU packages.</p>
<p>ÐеÑина ÐÐУ-овог ÑоÑÑвеÑа Ñе <a
href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">копилеÑÑована</a>, али не и
Ñав ÐÐУ-ов
@@ -235,19 +238,28 @@
Free Software Foundation; some is copyrighted by the contributors who wrote
it.</p>
-<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Non-free software</h3>
+<h3 id="FSF-CopyrightedGNUSoftware">FSF-copyrighted GNU software</h3>
- <p>Non-free software is any software that is not free. Its use,
redistribution
+ <p>The developers of GNU packages can transfer the copyright to the
FSF, or
+they can keep it. The choice is theirs.</p>
+
+ <p>If they have transfered the copyright to the FSF, the program is
+FSF-copyrighted GNU software, and the FSF can enforce its license. If they
+have kept the copyright, enforcing the license is their responsibility.</p>
+
+<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Nonfree software</h3>
+
+ <p>Nonfree software is any software that is not free. Its use,
redistribution
or modification is prohibited, or requires you to ask for permission, or is
restricted so much that you effectively can't do it freely.</p>
<h3 id="ProprietarySoftware">Proprietary software</h3>
- <p>Proprietary software is another name for non-free software. In the
past we
-subdivided non-free software into “semi-free software”, which
+ <p>Proprietary software is another name for nonfree software. In the
past we
+subdivided nonfree software into “semifree software”, which
could be modified and redistributed noncommercially, and “ proprietary
software”, which could not be. But we have dropped that distinction
-and now use “proprietary software” as synonymous with non-free
+and now use “proprietary software” as synonymous with nonfree
software.</p>
<p>У ÐадÑжбини за Ñлободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе
ÑÑководимо пÑавилом да не инÑÑалиÑамо
@@ -258,7 +270,7 @@
<p>For example, we felt justified in installing Unix on our computer in
the
1980s, because we were using it to write a free replacement for
Unix. Nowadays, since free operating systems are available, the excuse is no
-longer applicable; we do not use any non-free operating systems, and any new
+longer applicable; we do not use any nonfree operating systems, and any new
computer we install must run a completely free operating system.</p>
<p>We don't insist that users of GNU, or contributors to GNU, have to
live by
@@ -280,8 +292,8 @@
ÑаÑподеÑÑÑÑ, али Ñвако ко наÑÑави да
коÑиÑÑи пÑимеÑак <em>моÑа</em> да плаÑи
ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑенÑиÑаÑа.</p>
- <p>ШеÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñе Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ, па Ñак
ни полÑÑлободан. Ðво два Ñазлога заÑÑо
-Ñе Ñо Ñако:</p>
+ <p>Shareware is not free software, or even semifree. There are two
reasons it
+is not:</p>
<ul>
<li>Ðа веÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ ÑеÑвеÑа ниÑе доÑÑÑпан
извоÑни код, па ÑопÑÑе не можеÑе да меÑаÑе
@@ -297,8 +309,8 @@
коÑиÑника (Ñглавном за оÑганизаÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
ÑиÑмÑ). Само га ÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑник
поÑедÑÑе и ÑпоÑÑебÑава, и не обÑавÑÑÑе га Ñ
ÑавноÑÑи ни Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ñног кода
ни Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ð°ÑниÑ
даÑоÑека.</p>
- <p>ÐÑиваÑни пÑогÑам Ñе Ñлободан ÑоÑÑвеÑ
Ñ ÑÑивиÑалном ÑмиÑÐ»Ñ Ð´Ð° Ñегов Ñедини
-коÑиÑник има пÑна пÑава на Ñега.</p>
+ <p>A private program is free software in a trivial sense if its sole
user has
+full rights to it.</p>
<p>У пÑинÑипÑ, ми не ÑмаÑÑамо да Ñе
погÑеÑно изгÑадиÑи пÑогÑам и не обÑавиÑи
га. ÐоÑÑоÑе пÑилике када Ñе пÑогÑам Ñолико
коÑиÑÑан да ÑздÑжаваÑе од Ñеговог
обÑавÑиваÑа пÑедÑÑавÑа Ð»Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ñема
ÑовеÑанÑÑвÑ. ÐеÑÑÑим, веÑина пÑогÑама
@@ -311,11 +323,11 @@
<h3 id="commercialSoftware">Commercial software</h3>
- <p>ÐомеÑÑиÑални ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи
ÑазвиÑа ÑиÑма коÑа намеÑава да заÑади
-на ÑпоÑÑеби ÑоÑÑвеÑа. âÐомеÑÑиÑалноâ и
âвлаÑниÑкоâ ниÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑа ÑÑваÑ! ÐеÑина
-комеÑÑиÑалног ÑоÑÑвеÑа Ñе <a
href="#ProprietarySoftware">влаÑниÑка</a>, али
-поÑÑоÑи и комеÑÑиÑални Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ,
као и некомеÑÑиÑални неÑлободни
-ÑоÑÑвеÑ.</p>
+ <p>Commercial software is software being developed by a business which
aims to
+make money from the use of the software. “Commercial” and
+“proprietary” are not the same thing! Most commercial software
+is <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>, but there is commercial
+free software, and there is noncommercial nonfree software.</p>
<p>Ðа пÑимеÑ, ÐÐУ-Ð¾Ð²Ñ ÐÐ´Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð³ÑаÑÑÑе
ÑиÑма. Ðна Ñе Ñвек ÑаÑподеÑÑÑе под
одÑедбама ÐÐУ-ове ÐÐÐ, и Ñваки пÑимеÑак Ñе
Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ. ÐеÑÑÑим, Ñени
@@ -363,8 +375,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -378,9 +391,9 @@
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free
Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа,
-без надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз
ÑÑлов да Ñе оÑÑвано ово обавеÑÑеÑе
-и обавеÑÑеÑе о аÑÑоÑÑким пÑавима.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -406,7 +419,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2010/05/05 20:25:50 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:57 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/categories.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.17
retrieving revision 1.18
diff -u -b -r1.17 -r1.18
--- philosophy/categories.tr.html 5 May 2010 20:25:50 -0000 1.17
+++ philosophy/categories.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:57 -0000 1.18
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.tr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Ãzgür ve Ãzgür-Olmayan Yazılım Kategorileri - GNU Projesi -
Ãzgür Yazılım
-Vakfı (FSF)</title>
+<title>Categories of Free and Nonfree Software - GNU Project - Free Software
+Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.tr.html" -->
-<h2>Categories of free and non-free software</h2>
+<h2>Categories of free and nonfree software</h2>
<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@
<img src="category.png" alt="" />
</p>
- <p>This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated in 2010 by Ineiev,
-explains the different categories of software. It's also available as an <a
+ <p>This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated by several others
since,
+explains the different categories of software. It's available as a <a
href="/philosophy/category.svg">Scalable Vector Graphic</a> and as an <a
href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig document</a>, under the terms of any of
the GNU GPL v2 or later, the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the Creative Commons
@@ -70,7 +70,8 @@
"/philosophy/fs-translations.html"> translations of the term “free
software”</a> into various other languages.</p>
- <p>Ãzgür yazılım, çoÄunlukla, özgür olmayan yazılımdan daha
güvenilirdir.</p>
+ <p>Free software is often <a href="/software/reliability.html">more
+reliable</a> than nonfree software.</p>
<h3 id="OpenSource">Open source software</h3>
@@ -88,10 +89,10 @@
<h3 id="PublicDomainSoftware">Kamuya açık yazılım</h3>
- <p>Kamuya açık yazılım, telif hakkı olmayan yazılımdır. EÄer,
kaynak kod kamuya
-açık ise, bu bazı kopyalar veya deÄiÅtirilmiÅ sürümlerin, tamamen
özgür
-olmayabileceÄi anlamına gelen <a href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">copyleft
-olmayan özgür yazılım</a> özel halidir.</p>
+ <p>Public domain software is software that is not copyrighted. If the
source
+code is in the public domain, that is a special case of <a
+href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted free software</a>, which
+means that some copies or modified versions may not be free at all.</p>
<p>Bazı durumlarda, çalıÅtırılabilir program kamuya açıktır
ama kaynak kod
mevcut deÄildir. Bu özgür yazılım deÄildir, çünkü özgür yazılım
kaynak koda
@@ -145,10 +146,10 @@
using one license with the code using the other license; therefore, it is
good for the community if people use a single copyleft license.</p>
-<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Copyleft olmayan özgür yazılım</h3>
+<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Noncopylefted free software</h3>
- <p>Copyleft-olmayan özgür yazılımlar, yazarından yeniden daÄıtma
ve deÄiÅtirme
-ve ayrıca sonradan kısıtlamalar ekleme izinleri ile gelir.</p>
+ <p>Noncopylefted free software comes from the author with permission to
+redistribute and modify, and also to add additional restrictions to it.</p>
<p>EÄer bir program özgür ama copyleft yazılım deÄilse, bazı
kopyaları veya
deÄiÅtirilmiÅ sürümleri tamamen özgür olmayabilir. Bir yazılım
Åirketi,
@@ -156,16 +157,23 @@
dosyayı, <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">mülk</a> yazılım ürünü olarak
daÄıtabilir.</p>
- <p><a href="http://www.x.org/";>X Pencere Sistemi</a> bunu örnekle
açıklar. X
-BirliÄi, X11'i, copyleft olmayan özgür yazılım yapan daÄıtım
koÅulları ile
-yayınlar. EÄer isterseniz, o koÅulları içeren ve özgür bir kopyasını
-alabilirsiniz. Her nasılsa, özgür-olmayan sürümleri de var ve yalnızca
-özgür-olmayan sürümleri ile çalıÅan gözde iÅ istasyonları ile PC
grafik
-kartları da var (en azından vardı). EÄer böyle bir donanım
kullanıyorsanız,
-X11 sizin için özgür bir yazılım deÄildir. <a
href="/philosophy/x.html">X11
-yazılımının geliÅtiricileri dahi bir ara X11'i özgür-olmayan yazılım
-yaptılar</a>; bunu yapabiliyorlardı, çünkü diÄer kiÅiler aynı copyleft
-olmayan lisans altında koda katkıda bulundular.</p>
+ <p>The <a href="http://www.x.org";>X Window System</a> illustrates this.
The X
+Consortium releases X11 with distribution terms that make it noncopylefted
+free software. If you wish, you can get a copy which has those distribution
+terms and is free. However, there are nonfree versions as well, and there
+are (or at least were) popular workstations and PC graphics boards for which
+nonfree versions are the only ones that work. If you are using this
+hardware, X11 is not free software for you. <a href="/philosophy/x.html">The
+developers of X11 even made X11 nonfree</a> for a while; they were able to
+do this because others had contributed their code under the same noncopyleft
+license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="LaxPermissiveLicensedSoftware">Lax permissive licensed software</h3>
+
+ <p>Lax permissive licenses include the X11 license and the <a
+href="bsd.html">two BSD licenses</a>. These licenses permit almost any use
+of the code, including distributing proprietary binaries with or without
+changing the source code.</p>
<h3 id="GPL-CoveredSoftware">GPL kapsamlı yazılım</h3>
@@ -193,13 +201,13 @@
sistemi</a>, çekirdek olarak GNU Hurd yerine, 90'lardan beri büyük bir
baÅarı olan Linux çekirdeÄini kullanan GNU sistemi doÄmuÅtur.</p>
- <p>GNU'nun amacı özgür olmak olduÄu için, GNU iÅletim
sistemindeki her tek
-bileÅen özgür olmak zorundadır. Ancak, hepsinin copyleft yazılımı
olması
-gerekmiyor; eÄer teknik bir hedefe ulaÅmaya yardımcı oluyor ise her hangi
-bir çeÅit özgür yazılımı yasal olarak dahil etmeye uygundur. Ve her
-bileÅenin, tek baÅına GNU yazılımı olması da gerekmiyor. GNU, X Pencere
-Sistemi gibi diÄer projelerde de geliÅtirilmiÅ olan copyleft-olmayan özgür
-yazılımları içerebilir.</p>
+ <p>Since the purpose of GNU is to be free, every single component in
the GNU
+operating system has to be free software. They don't all have to be
+copylefted, however; any kind of free software is legally suitable to
+include if it helps meet technical goals. And it isn't necessary for all the
+components to be GNU software, individually. GNU can and does include
+noncopylefted free software such as the X Window System that were developed
+by other projects.</p>
<h3 id="GNUprograms">GNU Programları</h3>
@@ -209,12 +217,12 @@
<h3 id="GNUsoftware">GNU yazılımı</h3>
- <p><a href="/software/software.html">GNU yazılımı</a>, <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU projesi</a> himayesi altında yayınlanan
-yazılımdır. EÄer bir program GNU yazılımı ise, biz onun aynı zamanda
bir GNU
-programı veya GNU paketi olduÄunu da söyleriz. README veya bir GNU paketinin
-kılavuzu, öyle olduÄunu söylemelidir; ayrıca, <a href="/directory">Ãzgür
-Yazılım Rehberi</a> bütün GNU paketlerini tanımlar.</p>
+ <p><a href="/software/software.html">GNU software</a> is software that
is
+released under the auspices of the <a href= "/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU
+Project</a>. If a program is GNU software, we also say that it is a GNU
+program or a GNU package. The README or manual of a GNU package should say
+it is one; also, the <a href="/directory">Free Software Directory</a>
+identifies all GNU packages.</p>
<p>ÃoÄu, ama hepsi deÄil, GNU yazılımı, <a
href="/copyleft/copyleft.tr.html">copyleft</a> yazılımdır; ancak, bütün <a
@@ -230,19 +238,28 @@
Free Software Foundation; some is copyrighted by the contributors who wrote
it.</p>
-<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Ãzgür olmayan yazılım</h3>
+<h3 id="FSF-CopyrightedGNUSoftware">FSF-copyrighted GNU software</h3>
- <p>Non-free software is any software that is not free. Its use,
redistribution
+ <p>The developers of GNU packages can transfer the copyright to the
FSF, or
+they can keep it. The choice is theirs.</p>
+
+ <p>If they have transfered the copyright to the FSF, the program is
+FSF-copyrighted GNU software, and the FSF can enforce its license. If they
+have kept the copyright, enforcing the license is their responsibility.</p>
+
+<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Nonfree software</h3>
+
+ <p>Nonfree software is any software that is not free. Its use,
redistribution
or modification is prohibited, or requires you to ask for permission, or is
restricted so much that you effectively can't do it freely.</p>
<h3 id="ProprietarySoftware">Mülk yazılım</h3>
- <p>Proprietary software is another name for non-free software. In the
past we
-subdivided non-free software into “semi-free software”, which
+ <p>Proprietary software is another name for nonfree software. In the
past we
+subdivided nonfree software into “semifree software”, which
could be modified and redistributed noncommercially, and “ proprietary
software”, which could not be. But we have dropped that distinction
-and now use “proprietary software” as synonymous with non-free
+and now use “proprietary software” as synonymous with nonfree
software.</p>
<p>Ãzgür Yazılım Vakfı, geçici olarak o programın özgür bir
deÄiÅiÄini yazmak
@@ -253,7 +270,7 @@
<p>For example, we felt justified in installing Unix on our computer in
the
1980s, because we were using it to write a free replacement for
Unix. Nowadays, since free operating systems are available, the excuse is no
-longer applicable; we do not use any non-free operating systems, and any new
+longer applicable; we do not use any nonfree operating systems, and any new
computer we install must run a completely free operating system.</p>
<p>We don't insist that users of GNU, or contributors to GNU, have to
live by
@@ -275,8 +292,8 @@
fakat kullanmaya devam eden kiÅilerin lisans ücreti ödemesi
<em>gerektiÄini</em> söyler.</p>
- <p>PaylaÅılan yazılım, özgür yazılım, hatta yarı-özgür
yazılım bile
-deÄildir. Olmamasının iki sebebi vardır:</p>
+ <p>Shareware is not free software, or even semifree. There are two
reasons it
+is not:</p>
<ul>
<li>ÃoÄu paylaÅılan yazılımın kaynak kodu mevcut deÄildir;
yani, programı
@@ -292,8 +309,8 @@
<p>Ãzel yazılım, bir kullanıcı için geliÅtirilmiÅ yazılımdır
(genellikle bir
kurum veya Åirket için). Bu kullanıcı, yazılımı saklar ve kullanır, ve
kamuya, kaynak koduveya çalıÅabilir halini yayınlamaz.</p>
- <p>Basit bir anlamda kiÅiye özel bir program eÄer tek kullanıcısı
bütün
-haklarına sahipse özgür yazılımdır.</p>
+ <p>A private program is free software in a trivial sense if its sole
user has
+full rights to it.</p>
<p>Genel olarak, bir program geliÅtirip de onu yayınlamamanın
yanlıŠolduÄuna
inanmıyoruz. Ãok faydalı bir programın yayınlamasını esirgemek
insanlıÄa
kötü davranmanın olduÄu bazı özel durumlar vardır. Ancak, programların
@@ -306,11 +323,11 @@
<h3 id="commercialSoftware">Commercial software</h3>
- <p>Ticari yazılım, yazılımın kullanımından para kazanmak
amacında olan bir
-ticari iÅ yeri tarafından geliÅtirilmiÅ yazılımdır.
“Ticari” ve
-“mülk” aynı Åey deÄildirler! ÃoÄu ticari yazılım, <a
-href="#ProprietarySoftware">mülktür</a>, ama ticari özgür yazılımlar da
-vardır, ve ticari olmayan ve özgür olmayan yazılım da vardır.</p>
+ <p>Commercial software is software being developed by a business which
aims to
+make money from the use of the software. “Commercial” and
+“proprietary” are not the same thing! Most commercial software
+is <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>, but there is commercial
+free software, and there is noncommercial nonfree software.</p>
<p>Ãrnek olarak, GNU Ada, bir Åirket tarafından geliÅtirilmiÅtir.
Her zaman GNU
GPL koÅulları altında daÄıtılmıÅtır ve her kopyası özgür
yazılımdır; fakat
@@ -353,12 +370,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır.<br
-/>Lütfen çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya
önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -371,9 +388,9 @@
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free
Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>Bu makalenin tamamının kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve
daÄıtılmasına,
-ücret talep etmeksizin, herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı
-bildirisini korumak Åartıyla, dünya çapında izin verilmiÅtir.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -411,7 +428,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/05/05 20:25:50 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:57 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/compromise.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/compromise.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/compromise.ar.html 25 May 2010 20:25:54 -0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/compromise.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:57 -0000 1.2
@@ -8,16 +8,16 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
<div style="float: right; font-size: 90%; width: 30em; margin: 1em;
background-color: #ececec; padding: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em;
-margin-top: 4em;"><p><em>”أعÙÙت Ùب٠خÙ
سة ÙعشرÙ٠عاÙ
Ùا <a
-href="/gnu/initial-announcement.ar.html">ÙÙ 27 سبتÙ
بر 1983 خطة</a>
ÙØ¥Ùشاء
-ÙظاÙ
تشغÙ٠خر Ù
تÙاÙ
Ù ÙسÙ
٠غÙÙ (Ù
٠عبارة
’غÙÙ ÙÙس ÙÙÙÙس‘) ÙÙجزء
-Ù
٠اØتÙاÙÙتÙا بÙ
رÙر 25 عاÙ
Ùا عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
غÙÙØ
ÙÙÙد Ùتبت Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© اÙت٠تتÙاÙÙ
-ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙ
جتÙ
عÙا تجÙب اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
ات اÙÙ
دÙ
رة.
تÙجد Ùسائ٠ÙØ«Ùرة (باÙإضاÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ
-تجÙب اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
ات اÙÙ
دÙ
رة) <a href="/help/help.ar.html">ÙÙ
ساعدة غÙÙ</a>
-ÙاÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙØ£ØدÙا <a
-href="https://www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom/join_fsf?referrer=4052";>اÙاÙضÙ
اÙ
-Ø¥ÙÙ Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</a> Ùعض٠Ù
ساعد“</em>—<b>رÙتشارد
-ستÙÙÙ
Ù</b></p></div>
+margin-top: 4em;"><p><em>“Twenty-five years ago <a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">on
+September 27, 1983, I announced a plan</a> to create a completely free
+operating system called GNU—for ‘GNU's Not Unix’. As part
+of the 25th anniversary of the GNU system, I have written this article on
+how our community can avoid ruinous compromises. In addition to avoiding
+such compromises, there are many ways you can <a href="/help/">help GNU</a>
+and free software. One basic way is to <a
+href="https://www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom/join_fsf?referrer=4052";>
+join the Free Software Foundation</a> as an Associate
+Member.”</em>—<b>Richard Stallman</b></p></div>
<h2>تجÙب اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
ات اÙÙ
دÙ
رة</h2>
@@ -97,10 +97,11 @@
رÙض Ù
ساÙÙ
Ø© Dale Carnegie اÙت٠تعÙ٠اÙتأثÙر عÙÙ
تصرÙاتÙÙ
بتأÙÙد ÙÙÙ
ÙÙ
اÙاستÙÙاÙÙØ©.</p>
-<p>Ùا Ø£ÙÙ٠أÙÙا Ùا ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙستشÙد باÙÙ
زاÙا
اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© عÙ٠اÙإطÙاÙØ Ø¨Ù Ùذا Ù
Ù
ÙÙØ
-ÙÙØÙ ÙÙÙÙ
بÙ. اÙØ£Ù
ر ÙØµØ¨Ø Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© ÙÙØ· عÙدÙ
ا
تسر٠اÙÙ
زاÙا اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙأضÙاء ÙتدÙع
-اÙØرÙØ© Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙراء. ÙØ°ÙÙ ÙØ¥ÙÙا عÙدÙ
ا ÙستشÙد
باÙÙ
زاÙا اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرةØ
-ÙØ¥ÙÙا ÙؤÙد Ù
رارÙا عÙ٠أÙÙا Ù
جرد <em>أسباب
إضاÙÙØ© ثاÙÙÙØ©</em> ÙاختÙارÙا.</p>
+<p>This is not to say we cannot cite practical advantage at all—we can
+and we do. It becomes a problem only when the practical advantage steals
+the scene and pushes freedom into the background. Therefore, when we cite
+the practical advantages of free software, we reiterate frequently that
+those are just <em>additional, secondary</em> reasons to prefer it.</p>
<p>Ùا ÙÙÙ٠أ٠Ùجع٠خطابÙا ÙتÙاÙÙ Ù
ع Ù
بادئÙاØ
بÙÙ Ùجب Ø£Ù Ùجع٠أÙعاÙÙا تتÙÙ Ù
عÙا
Ø£ÙضÙا. ÙÙذا Ùجب عÙÙÙا تجÙب اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
ات اÙتÙ
تتضÙ
٠اÙÙÙاÙ
أ٠اÙرض٠باÙØ£Ù
Ùر اÙتÙ
@@ -144,6 +145,14 @@
<p>إ٠اÙطرÙ٠اÙØ°Ù ÙدÙ٠بسرعة Ø£Ùبر ÙÙس تÙدÙ
Ùا
إذا اÙتÙ٠ب٠إÙ٠اÙÙ
Ùا٠اÙخطأ. Ø¥Ù
اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
Ø© أساس ÙتØÙÙÙ Ùد٠عاÙÙØ ÙÙ٠اØذر Ù
Ù
اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
ات اÙت٠تبعد ع٠اÙÙدÙ.</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+For a similar point in a different area of life, see <a
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/19/nudge-is-not-enough-behaviour-change";>"'Nudge'
+is not enough"</a>.
+</p>
+
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -154,11 +163,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
بإÙ‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù ÙضÙÙ
-أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -178,6 +188,7 @@
<rdf:RDF xmlns="http://creativecommons.org/ns#";
xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/";
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#";>
+
<Work rdf:about="">
<license rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/"; />
</Work>
@@ -203,7 +214,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/05/25 20:25:54 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:57 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -246,6 +257,12 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Malayalam -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/compromise.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/compromise.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- philosophy/compromise.bg.html 31 Oct 2009 08:25:54 -0000 1.11
+++ philosophy/compromise.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:57 -0000 1.12
@@ -9,17 +9,16 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
<div style="float: right; font-size: 90%; width: 30em; margin: 1em;
background-color: #ececec; padding: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em;
-margin-top: 4em;"><p><em>âÐÑеди 25 години, <a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">на 27
-ÑепÑемвÑи 1983, обÑвиÑ
план</a> да ÑÑздам
напÑлно Ñвободна опеÑаÑионна
-ÑиÑÑема наÑеÑена GNU â Ð¾Ñ Â«GNU is not Unix» (GNU не е
ЮникÑ). ÐаÑо ÑаÑÑ Ñо
-25-ÑаÑа годиÑнина на ÑиÑÑемаÑа GNU, напиÑаÑ
Ñази ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº наÑаÑа обÑноÑÑ
-може да избегне гибелниÑе компÑомиÑи.
ÐÑвен избÑгванеÑо на Ñакива
-компÑомиÑи, има много дÑÑги наÑини, по
коиÑо можеÑе да <a
-href="/help/">помогнеÑе на GNU</a> и ÑвободниÑ
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ. Ðдин оÑновен наÑин
-е да Ñе <a
-href="https://www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom/join_fsf?referrer=4052";>пÑиÑÑединиÑе
-кÑм ФондаÑиÑÑа за Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a> каÑо
аÑоÑииÑан Ñлен.â</em> â РиÑаÑд
-СÑолман</p></div>
+margin-top: 4em;"><p><em>“Twenty-five years ago <a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">on
+September 27, 1983, I announced a plan</a> to create a completely free
+operating system called GNU—for ‘GNU's Not Unix’. As part
+of the 25th anniversary of the GNU system, I have written this article on
+how our community can avoid ruinous compromises. In addition to avoiding
+such compromises, there are many ways you can <a href="/help/">help GNU</a>
+and free software. One basic way is to <a
+href="https://www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom/join_fsf?referrer=4052";>
+join the Free Software Foundation</a> as an Associate
+Member.”</em>—<b>Richard Stallman</b></p></div>
<h2>ÐзбÑгване на гибелни компÑомиÑи</h2>
@@ -117,12 +116,11 @@
компÑомиÑа на Ðейл ÐаÑнеги, Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¹Ñо Ñе
повлиÑем на дейÑÑвиÑÑа на дÑÑгиÑе,
каÑо пÑиемем ÑеÑ
ниÑе конÑÑмаÑоÑÑки
ÑенноÑÑи.</p>
-<p>Това не ознаÑава, Ñе не може вÑобÑе да
ÑиÑиÑаме пÑакÑиÑеÑкиÑе пÑедимÑÑва.
-Ðие можем и ние го пÑавим. Това Ñе пÑевÑÑÑа
в пÑоблем, Ñамо когаÑо
-пÑакÑиÑеÑкиÑе пÑедимÑÑва Ð·Ð°ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¼ÑÑÑоÑо
на дейÑÑвиеÑо и изÑлаÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑвободаÑа
-на заден план. Така Ñе, когаÑо говоÑим за
пÑакÑиÑеÑкиÑе пÑедимÑÑва на
-ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, ние ÑеÑÑо повÑаÑÑме, Ñе
Ñова Ñа <em>допÑлниÑелни,
-вÑоÑоÑÑепенни пÑиÑини</em> Ñой да бÑде
пÑедпоÑиÑан.</p>
+<p>This is not to say we cannot cite practical advantage at all—we can
+and we do. It becomes a problem only when the practical advantage steals
+the scene and pushes freedom into the background. Therefore, when we cite
+the practical advantages of free software, we reiterate frequently that
+those are just <em>additional, secondary</em> reasons to prefer it.</p>
<p>Ðе е доÑÑаÑÑÑно да напÑавим наÑиÑе дÑми
да оÑговаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° идеалиÑе ни. ÐаÑиÑе
дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ ÑÑÑбва ÑÑÑо да в ÑниÑон Ñ ÑÑÑ
.
ÐаÑова ние ÑÑÑбва да избÑгваме
@@ -179,6 +177,14 @@
до гÑеÑноÑо мÑÑÑо. ÐомпÑомиÑÑÑ Ðµ
ÑÑÑеÑÑвен за поÑÑиганеÑо на амбиÑиозна
Ñел, но Ñе пазеÑе Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑомиÑи, коиÑо
оÑклонÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÑелÑа.</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+For a similar point in a different area of life, see <a
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/19/nudge-is-not-enough-behaviour-change";>"'Nudge'
+is not enough"</a>.
+</p>
+
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -189,11 +195,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.bg.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Ðма и дÑÑги
наÑини за <a
-href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -214,6 +221,7 @@
<rdf:RDF xmlns="http://creativecommons.org/ns#";
xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/";
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#";>
+
<Work rdf:about="">
<license rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/"; />
</Work>
@@ -244,7 +252,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2009/10/31 08:25:54 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:57 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -287,6 +295,12 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Malayalam -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/compromise.el.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/compromise.el.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/compromise.el.html 27 Mar 2011 00:28:20 -0000 1.9
+++ philosophy/compromise.el.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:57 -0000 1.10
@@ -197,6 +197,14 @@
ενÏÏ ÏιλÏδοξοÏ
ÏÏÏÏοÏ
, αλλά ÏÏοÏÎÏεÏε ÏοÏ
Ï
ÏÏ
μβιβαÏμοÏÏ ÏοÏ
οδηγοÏν μακÏιά
αÏÏ Ïον ÏÏÏÏο.</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+For a similar point in a different area of life, see <a
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/19/nudge-is-not-enough-behaviour-change";>"'Nudge'
+is not enough"</a>.
+</p>
+
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -259,7 +267,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÎνημεÏÏθηκε:
-$Date: 2011/03/27 00:28:20 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:57 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -302,6 +310,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Malayalam -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
Index: philosophy/compromise.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/compromise.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/compromise.ml.html 3 Sep 2010 16:27:22 -0000 1.10
+++ philosophy/compromise.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:57 -0000 1.11
@@ -128,12 +128,11 @@
à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§àµà´¯à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´à´¯àµà´ à´µàµà´£à´.
à´
വരàµà´àµ à´ªàµà´°à´µàµà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´à´³àµ
à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤àµà´®àµà´²àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ
തളà´àµà´à´¿à´àµà´¨àµà´¨ ഡാലി
à´à´¾à´°àµâà´£àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµ
വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµ നാà´
നിരാà´à´°à´¿à´àµà´à´£à´.</p>
-<p>à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´à´µà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµâ
പറയാതിരിà´àµà´à´£à´ à´à´¨àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´®à´²àµà´²
à´à´ªàµà´ªà´±à´àµà´à´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
-à´
à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¥à´—à´
à´¤àµà´²àµà´²à´¾à´ നമàµà´àµà´àµ
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´¾à´, à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´®àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.
à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´à´¤
-à´µàµà´¦à´¿à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´à´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµà´
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ
തിരശàµà´²à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´ªà´¿à´¨àµàµà´¨à´¿à´²àµâ
തളàµà´³àµà´à´¯àµà´
-à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´´à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´®à´¾à´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ. à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´£àµàµ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
-à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´ ലാà´à´àµà´à´³àµà´ªàµà´ªà´±àµà´±à´¿
à´¸à´à´¸à´¾à´°à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ, à´
à´¤àµàµ
<em>à´°à´£àµà´à´¾à´®à´¤àµ
-വരàµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´³àµà´³àµ</em> à´à´¨àµà´¨àµàµ നാà´
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´±à´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ.</p>
+<p>This is not to say we cannot cite practical advantage at all—we can
+and we do. It becomes a problem only when the practical advantage steals
+the scene and pushes freedom into the background. Therefore, when we cite
+the practical advantages of free software, we reiterate frequently that
+those are just <em>additional, secondary</em> reasons to prefer it.</p>
<p>നമàµà´®àµà´àµ à´¸à´à´¸à´¾à´°à´ മാതàµà´°à´
à´à´¦à´°àµâശാധിഷàµà´ ിതമായാലàµâ à´ªàµà´°à´¾,
à´ªàµà´°à´µàµà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´à´³àµà´
à´
തിലധിഷàµà´ ിതമായിരിയàµà´àµà´à´£à´. à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´£àµà´àµàµ നാà´
à´à´¨àµà´¤àµà´´à´¿à´µà´¾à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´¶àµà´°à´®à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´µàµ
@@ -196,6 +195,14 @@
à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´¨àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ
വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµâ à´
à´¤àµà´¯à´¾à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´£àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´ à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´
à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµà´ªàµà´ªà´±àµà´±à´¿ നാà´
à´à´¾à´à´°àµà´à´°à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´.</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+For a similar point in a different area of life, see <a
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/19/nudge-is-not-enough-behaviour-change";>"'Nudge'
+is not enough"</a>.
+</p>
+
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -206,12 +213,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ml.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ -നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµ
-വിനൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ </a>.
<br
-/>à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯ à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµàµ നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµàµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
-à´à´¨àµà´¨ വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ
à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -232,6 +239,7 @@
<rdf:RDF xmlns="http://creativecommons.org/ns#";
xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/";
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#";>
+
<Work rdf:about="">
<license rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/"; />
</Work>
@@ -257,7 +265,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2010/09/03 16:27:22 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:57 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -300,6 +308,10 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Malayalam -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
</ul>
Index: philosophy/compromise.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/compromise.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/compromise.zh-cn.html 3 Sep 2010 16:27:22 -0000 1.2
+++ philosophy/compromise.zh-cn.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:58 -0000 1.3
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
— æ为‘GNU并éUNIX’ï¼GNU's Not
Unixï¼ãä½ä¸ºGNUç³»ç»25å¨å¹´çºªå¿µçä¸é¨åï¼æåä¸æ¬æï¼æéè¿ä¸ªç¤¾åºçæå们ï¼å¦ä½æè½é¿å
æ¯çæ§ç妥åãé¤äºé¿å
è¿äºå¦¥å以å¤ï¼ä½
è¿æå¾å¤éå¾å¯ä»¥<a
href="/help/">帮å©GNU</a>åèªç±è½¯ä»¶ãå
¶ä¸æç®åçä¸ä¸ªæ¹å¼æ¯<a
-href="https://www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom/join_fsf?referrer=4052";>å
å
¥èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼</a>æ为åä¼åã”</em>—<b>çæ¥å¾·Â·æ¯ææ¼</b></p></div>
+href="https://www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom/join_fsf?referrer=4052";>å
å
¥èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼</a>æ为ä¼åã”</em>—<b>çæ¥å¾·Â·æ¯ææ¼</b></p></div>
<h2>é¿å
æ¯çæ§ç妥å</h2>
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
<p>è¦æå¡âå
¬æ°ä»·å¼âï¼æ们就è¦å¯¹è¿æ
·çä»·å¼è¿è¡æ¼ç»ï¼å人们说æ为ä½è¿æ¯æ们è¡å¨çåºç³ãæ们å¿
é¡»æµå¶å¡å
åºå¼ç妥åï¼å 为é£æ ·ç妥åæ¯ä»¥æ¶è´¹è
为导åçï¼è¿ä¼å¯¹æ们çè¡å¨äº§çå½±åã</p>
-<p>ä½è¿ä¸æ¯è¯´æ们ä¸å¯æåèªç±è½¯ä»¶çå®ç¨æ§ãæ们æ¯å¯ä»¥è¿ä¹åçï¼æ们已ç»å¨è¿ä¹åäºãä½ä¸æ¦äººä»¬å¿½è§äºèªç±ï¼èåªå¼ºè°å®ç¨æ§çæ¶åï¼é®é¢å°±åºç°äºãæ以å½æ们æå°èªç±è½¯ä»¶çå®ç¨æ§çæ¶åï¼æ们åå¤å¼ºè°çä¸ç¹æ¯ï¼æ¯èµ·æ们çä»·å¼éæ©ï¼å®ç¨æ§åªæ¯<em>次è¦ç</em>ã</p>
+<p>ä½è¿ä¸æ¯è¯´æ们ä¸å¯æåèªç±è½¯ä»¶çå®ç¨æ§ãæ们æ¾ç¶æ¯å¯ä»¥è¿ä¹åçãä½ä¸æ¦äººä»¬å¿½è§äºèªç±ï¼è纯粹åªå¼ºè°å®ç¨æ§çæ¶åï¼é®é¢å°±åºç°äºãæ以å½æ们æå°èªç±è½¯ä»¶çå®ç¨æ§çæ¶åï¼æ们åå¤å¼ºè°çä¸ç¹æ¯ï¼æ¯èµ·æ们çä»·å¼éæ©ï¼å®ç¨æ§åªæ¯<em>次è¦ç</em>ã</p>
<p>æ们ä¸åéè¦å¨è¨è¾ä¸åæ
æ们çææ³ï¼å¨è¡å¨ä¸æ们ä¹è¦è¿ä¹åãæ以ï¼æ们ä¸è½åä¸å°é£äºæ们è´åäºé²é¤çä½ä¸ºå½ä¸å»ï¼ä¹ä¸å¯è®¤åè¿æ
·çä½ä¸ºï¼è¿é½æ¯æ们å¿
é¡»é¿å
ç妥åè¡ä¸ºã</p>
@@ -77,6 +77,14 @@
<p>è¦æ¯æ们åè¾åè¾ï¼èµ°å¾åå¿«ä¹æ¯«æ
æä¹ãè¦å®ç°ä¸ä¸ªä¼å¤§çç®æ
ï¼æ们éè¦ä½åºå¦¥åï¼ä½åè®°ä¸ä¸å¯ä½åºå离ç®æ
ç妥åã</p>
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+For a similar point in a different area of life, see <a
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/19/nudge-is-not-enough-behaviour-change";>"'Nudge'
+is not enough"</a>.
+</p>
+
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -87,11 +95,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.zh-cn.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-请å°æå
³èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼ä¸GNUçæ¥è¯¢ä¸é®é¢ï¼ä»¥è±è¯ï¼åéå°<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ãæ¨ä¹å¯ä»¥éè¿ <a
-href="/contact/">å
¶å®æ¹æ³</a> èç³»èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼ã <br />
-åç°ä»»ä½é误åé¾æ¥æå
¶å®éè¦æ´æ£çå°æ¹ï¼æä»»ä½å»ºè®®ï¼ï¼è¯·åéé®ä»¶è³ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ã
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -109,6 +118,7 @@
<rdf:RDF xmlns="http://creativecommons.org/ns#";
xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/";
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#";>
+
<Work rdf:about="">
<license rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/"; />
</Work>
@@ -132,7 +142,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
æ´æ°ï¼
-$Date: 2010/09/03 16:27:22 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -175,6 +185,10 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Malayalam -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/compromise.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
</ul>
Index: philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.ro.html 25 Sep 2010 00:28:19
-0000 1.2
+++ philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.ro.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:58
-0000 1.3
@@ -1173,9 +1173,10 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+VÄ rugÄm sÄ semnalaÈi legÄturile rupte Èi alte corecturi sau sugestii la
<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -1188,8 +1189,9 @@
Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>Copierea Èi distribuirea acestui articol în mod textual sunt permise sub
-orice formÄ, cu condiÈia pÄstrÄrii acestei note.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -1202,7 +1204,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ActualizatÄ:
-$Date: 2010/09/25 00:28:19 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -1221,7 +1223,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Czech -->
Index: philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.tr.html 25 Sep 2010 00:28:19
-0000 1.2
+++ philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:58
-0000 1.3
@@ -1196,13 +1196,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU hakkındaki sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> adresine gönderin.
FSF
-ile iletiÅime geçmenin <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır.<br
-/> Lütfen çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve diÄer düzeltmelerinizi (ya da
-önerilerinizi) <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -1215,9 +1214,9 @@
Copyright © 2001, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>Bu makalenin tamamının kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve
daÄıtılmasına,
-ücret talep etmeksizin, herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı
-bildirisini korumak Åartıyla, dünya çapında izin verilmiÅtir.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -1270,7 +1269,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/09/25 00:28:19 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -1290,7 +1289,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
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-<title>La bonne façon de taxer les DAT - GNU Project - Free Software
-Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<title>La bonne façon de taxer les DAT - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation
+(FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>La bonne façon de taxer les <abbr title="Digital Audio
-Tape">DAT</abbr></h2>
+<h2>The Right Way to Tax DAT</h2>
-<p>
-par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
-<p>
-<em>[Cet article a été publié dans Wired magazine en
-1992 ; le texte n'a pas été modifié, mais les notes
-entre crochets ont été rajoutées. (pour les navigateurs
-pouvant les afficher).]</em></p>
+<p>par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
-<p>
-<em> [Une autre approche initiée par Francis Muguet, qui contient certaines
-de ces idées, est appelée <a
-href="http://mecenat-global.org/index-fr.html";>Mécénat global</a>. Je
-soutiens les deux solutions ; c'est-Ã -dire que je suis pour adopter
-l'une ou l'autre.] </em></p>
+<p><em>[This article does not concern software, not directly. It concerns a
+parallel issue about sharing copies of music.]</em></p>
-<p>
- Les magnats des compagnies n'aiment pas les appareils à cassettes
-audio-numériques (Digital Audio Tape), ces appareils qui peuvent
-faire des copies parfaites d'enregistrements musicaux. Ils craignent que les
-consommateurs fassent eux-mêmes des copies et qu'ils arrêtent
-d'acheter des enregistrements (disques ou autres).</p>
-<p>
- Sous la menace de poursuites judiciaires, ils ont obtenu des fabricants de
-<abbr title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</abbr> un arrangement par lequel ces
-derniers doivent reverser des émoluments pour chaque appareil et
-chaque cassette <abbr title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</abbr> vendus. Cet
-argent devant être partagé entre les divers acteurs du
-marché de la musique : musiciens, compositeurs, éditeurs
-de musique et les compagnies de disque. De plus, les fabricants de <abbr
-title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</abbr> ont accepté de brider leurs
-appareils, de sorte qu'on ne puisse faire la copie d'une copie d'un morceau
-déjà enregistré.</p>
-<p>
- Aujourd'hui, les compagnies de disque ont demandé au Congrès
-de rédiger une loi qui transforme ces émoluments en taxes et
-qui interdise la fabrication d'appareils <abbr title="Digital Audio
-Tape">DAT</abbr> qui fonctionnent sans les restrictions imposées.</p>
-<p>
- L'idée de départ de la taxe est de «compenser» les
-musiciens des copies faites par des individus utilisant des <abbr
-title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</abbr>. Cependant, 57% des fonds
-récoltés iraient chez les compagnies de disques ou les
-éditeurs de musique (n'en laissant qu'un peu moins de la
-moitié aux personnes ayant participé à la
-création). La plupart de cette somme ira aux superstars de la
-musique, ce qui n'est pas fait pour encourager la créativité
-musicale. Entre-temps, les possesseurs de <abbr title="Digital Audio
-Tape">DAT</abbr> ne pourraient faire plein usage de cette technologie.</p>
-<p>
- Voici une proposition de système de taxation des appareils et
-cassettes <abbr title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</abbr> différent; un
-système qui se propose d'encourager la musique plutôt que
-d'approvisionner des intérêts acquis.</p>
+<p><em>[The article was first published in Wired magazine in 1992; the text has
+not been changed; instead, I have added notes, in square brackets and with
+italics or other emphasis.]</em></p>
+
+<p><em>[The original article addressed the (then hypothetical) issue of sharing
+music using (then just appearing) digital audio tape recorders, since that
+is what the proposed US tax law was supposed to address. Nowadays it could
+be applied to Internet file sharing.]</em></p>
+
+<p><em>[Another approach developed by the late Francis Muguet with my
+assistance, which includes some of these ideas, is called the Global
+Patronage system (in French, Mécénat Global). I support both
+solutions; that is to say, I favor adopting either one.]</em></p>
+
+<p>Record company magnates don't like the digital audio tape recorder (<acronym
+title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</acronym>), which can make perfect copies of
+musical recordings. They fear that customers will copy music themselves,
+and stop buying prerecorded music.</p>
+
+<p>Threatening lawsuits, they have obtained from the manufacturers of DATs an
+agreement to pay a fee for each DAT unit and each DAT tape sold to
+consumers. This fee is to be divided among various participants in the
+music business: musicians, composers, music publishers and record
+companies. In addition, DAT manufacturers have agreed to cripple DAT units
+so that they cannot make a copy of a copy of a prerecorded piece.</p>
+
+<p>Now the record companies have asked Congress to enact a law turning this fee
+into a tax and prohibiting manufacture of DAT tapedecks that function
+without imposed limitations.</p>
+
+<p>The stated purpose of the tax is to “compensate” musicians for
+copying done by individuals using DATs. However, 57 percent of the funds
+collected would go to record companies and music publishers—leaving
+less than half to the people who participate in the creative process. Most
+of these remaining funds would go to musical superstars, and thus would do
+little to encourage musical creativity. Meanwhile, DAT users would be
+unable to make full use of the power of DAT technology.</p>
+
+<p>Here is a proposal for a different system for taxing DATs and DAT
+tape—one designed to support music rather than cater to vested
+interests.</p>
<ul>
-<li>Récolter de l'argent en taxant les appareils et cassettes <abbr
-title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</abbr>, comme la proposition actuelle le
-fait.</li>
-<li>Utiliser un système de surveillance qui permette de mesurer la
-portée d'une copie, pour chaque morceau.</li>
-<li>Distribuer intégralement ces fonds aux créateurs de la
-musique.</li>
-<li>Ajuster la participation de chaque collaborateur de façon à
ce
-que plus la copie est importante, plus le montant de la participation
-augmente lentement. Cela permet de distribuer les fonds plus largement pour
-aider convenablement un plus grand nombre de musiciens.</li>
-<li>Que les appareils <abbr title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</abbr> ne soient pas
-bridés dans leur fonctionnement.</li>
+<li>Collect funds with a tax on DAT machines and DAT tapes, as the current
+proposal provides.</li>
+<li>Utiliser un système de surveillance qui permette de mesurer la portée
d'une
+copie, pour chaque morceau.</li>
+<li>Distribuer intégralement ces fonds aux créateurs de la musique.</li>
+<li>Ajuster la participation de chaque collaborateur de façon à ce que plus
la
+copie est importante, plus le montant de la participation augmente
+lentement. Cela permet de distribuer les fonds plus largement pour aider
+convenablement un plus grand nombre de musiciens.</li>
+<li>Make no restrictions on the functioning of DATs.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Quel est le but du copyright ?</h3>
-<p>
- L'industrie du disque présente sa proposition comme une
-«compensation» pour les musiciens, supposant qu'ils ont le droit
-d'être payés pour toute copie effectuée. Beaucoup
-d'Américains croient que la loi sur le copyright est le reflet d'un
-droit naturel pour les auteurs ou les musiciens, qu'ils ont droit à
-une considération spéciale de la part de la politique
-publique. Pourtant, n'importe quel homme de loi spécialisé
-dans ce domaine sait qu'il s'agit d'une méprise, d'une façon
-de voir rejetée par le système légal américain.</p>
-<p>
- Le principe de base du copyright, tel qu'il est donné par la
-constitution des États-Unis, est de «promouvoir l'avancement de
-la science et des arts utiles». L'avancement, en musique, veut dire de
-nouvelles variétés de musique pour la plus grande joie du
-public : le copyright est supposé promouvoir un bien public, pas
-privé.</p>
-<p>
- Le copyright est couramment vu par les hommes de loi et les politiciens
-comme un droit naturel, ce qui, souvent, conduit à de mauvaises
-décisions dans la politique du copyright. Même les tribunaux,
-en définissant les détails du système de copyright,
-laissent implicitement s'insinuer cette idée, alors même
-qu'elle devrait être exclue. Il s'agit d'une erreur de concept, parce
-qu'on confond une intention (le copyright) de bel aboutissement
-(l'avancement) avec l'aboutissement lui-même.</p>
-<p>
- Promouvoir la marche en avant des arts ne justifie pas fondamentalement
-l'idée que les auteurs aient droit à une sorte spéciale
-de copyright ou même que le copyright existe. Le copyright ne se
-justifie que si les bénéfices de l'avancement dépassent
-les charges imposées par le copyright sur tout le monde,
-excepté le dépositaire du copyright.</p>
-<p>
- Comment pouvons-nous faire cette comparaison entre coûts et
-bénéfices ? Cela dépend en partie des faits (comme
-une loi en particulier affecte l'activité musicale et les musiciens)
-et en partie de nos jugements de valeur sur ces résultats.</p>
-<p>
- Supposons qu'il vaille mieux payer une taxe sur les <abbr title="Digital
-Audio Tape">DAT</abbr>, s'il doit en résulter un accroissement
-significatif de l'activité musicale et cherchons comment on pourrait
-organiser les détails de cette taxe afin de porter au maximum les
-bénéfices. Mais auparavant, passons en revue les principes de
-base et les faits qui ont un rapport avec cette recherche.</p>
+<p>L'industrie du disque présente sa proposition comme une «compensation»
pour
+les musiciens, supposant qu'ils ont le droit d'être payés pour toute copie
+effectuée. Beaucoup d'Américains croient que la loi sur le copyright est le
+reflet d'un droit naturel pour les auteurs ou les musiciens, qu'ils ont
+droit à une considération spéciale de la part de la politique
+publique. Pourtant, n'importe quel homme de loi spécialisé dans ce domaine
+sait qu'il s'agit d'une méprise, d'une façon de voir rejetée par le système
+légal américain.</p>
+
+<p>Le principe de base du copyright, tel qu'il est donné par la constitution
+des Ãtats-Unis, est de «promouvoir l'avancement de la science et des arts
+utiles». L'avancement, en musique, veut dire de nouvelles variétés de
+musique pour la plus grande joie du public : le copyright est supposé
+promouvoir un bien public, pas privé.</p>
+
+<p>Le copyright est couramment vu par les hommes de loi et les politiciens
+comme un droit naturel, ce qui, souvent, conduit à de mauvaises décisions
+dans la politique du copyright. Même les tribunaux, en définissant les
+détails du système de copyright, laissent implicitement s'insinuer cette
+idée, alors même qu'elle devrait être exclue. Il s'agit d'une erreur de
+concept, parce qu'on confond une intention (le copyright) de bel
+aboutissement (l'avancement) avec l'aboutissement lui-même.</p>
+
+<p>Promouvoir la marche en avant des arts ne justifie pas fondamentalement
+l'idée que les auteurs aient droit à une sorte spéciale de copyright ou
même
+que le copyright existe. Le copyright ne se justifie que si les bénéfices de
+l'avancement dépassent les charges imposées par le copyright sur tout le
+monde, excepté le dépositaire du copyright.</p>
+
+<p>Comment pouvons-nous faire cette comparaison entre coûts et
bénéfices ?
+Cela dépend en partie des faits (comme une loi en particulier affecte
+l'activité musicale et les musiciens) et en partie de nos jugements de
+valeur sur ces résultats.</p>
+
+<p>Let's assume that it is worth paying a DAT tax if the result is a
+significant increase in musical activity, and investigate how we should
+arrange the details of this tax in order to maximize the benefit. But
+first, let's review basic principles and facts which have a bearing on the
+inquiry.</p>
<h3>La loi de la diminution des performances</h3>
-<p>
- La loi de la diminution des performances est un principe
-général de l'économie. Elle dit que chaque augmentation
-supplémentaire d'un effort ou d'un financement, dépensé
-dans un but donné, produit typiquement un accroissement de plus en
-plus petit des performances. Il y a des exceptions à cette loi, mais
-elles sont isolées ; si vous continuez à augmenter les
-données, vous pouvez bien laisser derrière vous les
-exceptions.</p>
-<p>
- Prenons un exemple : vous pouvez fluidifier la circulation en
-construisant des routes. Rajouter une voie de 32 km à une route
-citadine encombrée, augmentera le trafic moyen d'environ 16
-km/h. Rajoutez une autre voie à celles-ci et vous n'aurez pas la
-même amélioration (environ seulement 6 km/h de mieux). D'autres
-voies supplémentaires n'apporteront aucune amélioration
-sensible de plus si les embouteillages ont été
-résolus. Seulement, chaque voie supplémentaire causera un
-dérangement plus grand et de plus en plus d'immeubles devront
-être détruits pour faire de la place.</p>
-<p>
- Si on applique cela à l'activité des musiciens, la loi de la
-diminution des performances nous dit que chaque accroissement successif des
-revenus des musiciens aura un effet de plus en plus petit sur la masse
-créative.</p>
-<p>
- Cette diminution des performances est la première raison pour
-laquelle on doit rejeter l'idée que n'importe quelle utilisation de
-la musique « devrait » être couverte par le
-copyright. Il n'y a rien à gagner à essayer de garantir aux
-propriétaires le contrôle de tous les aspects possibles de
-l'utilisation de la musique ou de leur donner un enjeu financier dans tous
-les produits dérivés possibles. Étendre le copyright ne
-peut « promouvoir l'avancement » que jusqu'à un
-certain point. D'autres extensions n'augmenteraient pas beaucoup ce que le
-public paye aux propriétaires pour une chose que de toutes
-façons ils feraient. Pousser le copyright au-delà de ce point
-est certainement indésirable.</p>
-
-<h3>Les échanges commerciaux</h3>
-
-<p>
- Ceux qui ont des intérêts acquis dans l'extension du copyright
-entament la discussion en clamant que le copyright
-« devrait » être étendu autant que
-possible. Mais le principe de diminution des résultats rend cette
+<p>La loi de la diminution des performances est un principe général de
+l'économie. Elle dit que chaque augmentation supplémentaire d'un effort ou
+d'un financement, dépensé dans un but donné, produit typiquement un
+accroissement de plus en plus petit des performances. Il y a des exceptions
+à cette loi, mais elles sont isolées ; si vous continuez à augmenter
+les données, vous pouvez bien laisser derrière vous les exceptions.</p>
+
+<p>Prenons un exemple : vous pouvez fluidifier la circulation en
+construisant des routes. Rajouter une voie de 32 km à une route citadine
+encombrée, augmentera le trafic moyen d'environ 16 km/h. Rajoutez une autre
+voie à celles-ci et vous n'aurez pas la même amélioration (environ seulement
+6 km/h de mieux). D'autres voies supplémentaires n'apporteront aucune
+amélioration sensible de plus si les embouteillages ont été
+résolus. Seulement, chaque voie supplémentaire causera un dérangement plus
+grand et de plus en plus d'immeubles devront être détruits pour faire de la
+place.</p>
+
+<p>Si on applique cela à l'activité des musiciens, la loi de la diminution
des
+performances nous dit que chaque accroissement successif des revenus des
+musiciens aura un effet de plus en plus petit sur la masse créative.</p>
+
+<p>Cette diminution des performances est la première raison pour laquelle on
+doit rejeter l'idée que n'importe quelle utilisation de la musique
+« devrait » être couverte par le copyright. Il n'y a rien Ã
gagner
+à essayer de garantir aux propriétaires le contrôle de tous les aspects
+possibles de l'utilisation de la musique ou de leur donner un enjeu
+financier dans tous les produits dérivés possibles. Ãtendre le copyright ne
+peut « promouvoir l'avancement » que jusqu'à un certain
+point. D'autres extensions n'augmenteraient pas beaucoup ce que le public
+paye aux propriétaires pour une chose que de toutes façons ils
+feraient. Pousser le copyright au-delà de ce point est certainement
+indésirable.</p>
+
+<h3>Les échanges commerciaux</h3>
+
+<p>Ceux qui ont des intérêts acquis dans l'extension du copyright entament la
+discussion en clamant que le copyright « devrait » être étendu
+autant que possible. Mais le principe de diminution des résultats rend cette
revendication peu plausible. Alors, ils se retournent en disant que le
-copyright devrait être étendu pour augmenter le taux
-d'avancement. Mais c'est tout aussi faux, car c'est oublier l'existence
-d'autres échanges commerciaux. Le copyright impose au public des
-coûts et des charges, comme n'importe quel projet gouvernemental. Le
-bénéfice n'en vaut peut-être pas la peine.</p>
-<p>
- Le gouvernement assume de nombreuses fonctions importantes, mais qui
-voudrait qu'une de ces fonctions soit portée à son
-maximum ? Par exemple, les gouvernements construisent des routes,
-très bien. Mais quel leader préconiserait la construction de
-toutes les routes qu'il serait possible de construire ? Construire des
-routes coûte cher et les citoyens ont d'autres façons
-d'utiliser leur argent. Se concentrer sur la construction de routes implique
-délaisser les autres besoins sociaux et individuels.</p>
-<p>
- On peut appliquer les mêmes considérations aux décisions
-individuelles. En y mettant le prix, vous pouvez vous acheter une maison
-plus grande, plus fantaisiste. La plupart des gens préfèreront
-la maison la plus chère, tout le reste étant
-égal. Mais, pour un budget bien défini, il arrive un moment
-où dépenser plus pour une maison ne représente pas une
-grosse somme.</p>
-<p>
- Le copyright ne dépense pas directement les fonds publics, mais
-impose vraiment un coût à chaque citoyen : une perte de
-liberté. Plus grande est l'étendue du copyright, plus lourd
-est le prix à payer pour la liberté. Il serait
-préférable de jouir de nos libertés plutôt que de
-les gaspiller. Nous devons juger chaque décision concernant la
-politique du copyright en comparant les profits et les coûts.</p>
+copyright devrait être étendu pour augmenter le taux d'avancement. Mais
+c'est tout aussi faux, car c'est oublier l'existence d'autres échanges
+commerciaux. Le copyright impose au public des coûts et des charges, comme
+n'importe quel projet gouvernemental. Le bénéfice n'en vaut peut-être pas la
+peine.</p>
+
+<p>Le gouvernement assume de nombreuses fonctions importantes, mais qui
+voudrait qu'une de ces fonctions soit portée à son maximum ? Par
+exemple, les gouvernements construisent des routes, très bien. Mais quel
+leader préconiserait la construction de toutes les routes qu'il serait
+possible de construire ? Construire des routes coûte cher et les
+citoyens ont d'autres façons d'utiliser leur argent. Se concentrer sur la
+construction de routes implique délaisser les autres besoins sociaux et
+individuels.</p>
+
+<p>On peut appliquer les mêmes considérations aux décisions individuelles.
En y
+mettant le prix, vous pouvez vous acheter une maison plus grande, plus
+fantaisiste. La plupart des gens préfèreront la maison la plus chère, tout
+le reste étant égal. Mais, pour un budget bien défini, il arrive un moment
+où dépenser plus pour une maison ne représente pas une grosse somme.</p>
+
+<p>Le copyright ne dépense pas directement les fonds publics, mais impose
+vraiment un coût à chaque citoyen : une perte de liberté. Plus grande
+est l'étendue du copyright, plus lourd est le prix à payer pour la
+liberté. Il serait préférable de jouir de nos libertés plutôt que de les
+gaspiller. Nous devons juger chaque décision concernant la politique du
+copyright en comparant les profits et les coûts.</p>
+
+<h3>L'« incitation » est un mauvais concept</h3>
+
+<p>L'idée d'inciter à faire de la musique par des espèces sonnantes et
+trébuchantes est basée sur un malentendu. Le premier espoir d'un musicien,
+c'est fondamentalement une autre sorte de reconnaissance; ils doivent
+l'espérer. Il y en a très peu qui deviennent riches avec leur musique ;
+une personne ayant un talent musical et dont le but premier serait la
+prospérité devrait songer à changer de métier.</p>
+
+<p>En fait, des études psychologiques montrent que le désir extrinsèque de
+récompense (comme le profit), entrave en général l'activité créatrice,
comme
+par exemple écrire de la musique. Ceux qui ont cette activité créatrice
+sont, pour la plupart, ceux qui travaillent pour eux.</p>
+
+<p>Ce qui ne veut pas dire que les musiciens ne se préoccupent pas d'être
+payés. La plupart espèrent vivre de leur musique, pour avoir la liberté d'y
+consacrer tout leur temps. Tant qu'ils auront de quoi vivre, ils feront de
+la musique du mieux qu'ils peuvent. On pourrait leur souhaiter de gagner
+plus que juste assez, pour qu'ils puissent vivre comme presque tout
+Américain. Mais en faire plus pour leur offir la prospérité n'obtient pas
+l'adhésion du public, c'est une question de diminution des résultats.</p>
+
+<p>With this understanding, let's consider how a tax on DAT tape could be
+designed to serve the intended purpose of copyright.</p>
+
+<h3>Qui doit récolter les fonds ?</h3>
+
+<p>If the purpose of the DAT tax is to better reward musicians and composers,
+then all the money collected should go to them—not just 43 percent.
+The musicians and composers are the ones who truly create the music. In
+principle, we could do without record companies entirely.</p>
+
+<p>Le vrai service utile que rendent les maisons de disques, c'est de
+distribuer des enregistrements musicaux, généralement de haute qualité. Ce
+service est largement utilisé et le restera probablement. Et c'est vrai que
+l'acheteur devrait payer pour ce service. Mais celui qui écoute de la
+musique et qui fait des copies pour lui-même ou pour ses amis n'utilise pas
+ce service ; il utilise simplement le travail des musiciens et des
+compositeurs. Le rôle des maisons de disques est accidentel et pas vraiment
+essentiel.</p>
-<h3>L'« incitation » est un mauvais concept</h3>
-
-<p>
- L'idée d'inciter à faire de la musique par des espèces
-sonnantes et trébuchantes est basée sur un malentendu. Le
-premier espoir d'un musicien, c'est fondamentalement une autre sorte de
-reconnaissance; ils doivent l'espérer. Il y en a très peu qui
-deviennent riches avec leur musique ; une personne ayant un talent
-musical et dont le but premier serait la prospérité devrait
-songer à changer de métier.</p>
-<p>
- En fait, des études psychologiques montrent que le désir
-extrinsèque de récompense (comme le profit), entrave en
-général l'activité créatrice, comme par exemple
-écrire de la musique. Ceux qui ont cette activité
-créatrice sont, pour la plupart, ceux qui travaillent pour eux.</p>
-<p>
- Ce qui ne veut pas dire que les musiciens ne se préoccupent pas
-d'être payés. La plupart espèrent vivre de leur musique,
-pour avoir la liberté d'y consacrer tout leur temps. Tant qu'ils
-auront de quoi vivre, ils feront de la musique du mieux qu'ils peuvent. On
-pourrait leur souhaiter de gagner plus que juste assez, pour qu'ils puissent
-vivre comme presque tout Américain. Mais en faire plus pour leur
-offir la prospérité n'obtient pas l'adhésion du public,
-c'est une question de diminution des résultats.</p>
-<p>
- Forts de cette compréhension des choses, considérons
-maintenant comment une taxe sur un <abbr title="Digital Audio
-Tape">DAT</abbr> peut servir le but avoué du copyright.</p>
+<h3>Répartir les fonds</h3>
-<h3>Qui doit récolter les fonds ?</h3>
-
-<p>
- Si le but des taxes sur le <abbr title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</abbr> est
-de mieux rémunérer les musiciens et les compositeurs, alors on
-devrait leur reverser la totalité de l'argent récolté,
-pas seulement 43 %. Ce sont vraiment eux, les musiciens et les
-compositeurs, qui créent la musique. En principe, on pourrait
-complètement se passer des maisons de disques.</p>
-<p>
- Le vrai service utile que rendent les maisons de disques, c'est de
-distribuer des enregistrements musicaux, généralement de haute
-qualité. Ce service est largement utilisé et le restera
-probablement. Et c'est vrai que l'acheteur devrait payer pour ce
-service. Mais celui qui écoute de la musique et qui fait des copies
-pour lui-même ou pour ses amis n'utilise pas ce service ; il
-utilise simplement le travail des musiciens et des compositeurs. Le
-rôle des maisons de disques est accidentel et pas vraiment essentiel.</p>
+<p>Quelle part des revenus issus des taxes irait à chaque musicien ou
+compositeur ? Ce que proposent les maisons de disques serait de
+répartir l'argent en fonction des ventes de disques.</p>
-<h3>Répartir les fonds</h3>
+<p>Il y a quelque chose de sensé dans le fait de distribuer les fonds en se
+basant sur combien de copies du travail du musicien ont été faites. Mais une
+proportion stricte n'est pas la meilleure répartition. Si chaque musicien ou
+musicienne reçoit une part strictement proportionnelle au nombre de copies
+de sa musique, une grande part rendra quelques superstars encore plus riches
+qu'elles ne le sont. Ce n'est pas cela qui va promouvoir la culture et la
+diversité musicale.</p>
+
+<p>Ce que nous pouvons faire pour promouvoir plus efficacement la musique,
+c'est de diminuer sa rétribution prélevée sur les taxes au fur et à mesure
+que le nombre de copies augmente. Par exemple, on pourrait calculer un
+« nombre adapté de copies » qui, au-delà d'un certain point,
+augmente plus lentement que le nombre actuel.</p>
-<p>
- Quelle part des revenus issus des taxes irait à chaque musicien ou
-compositeur ? Ce que proposent les maisons de disques serait de
-répartir l'argent en fonction des ventes de disques.</p>
-<p>
- Il y a quelque chose de sensé dans le fait de distribuer les fonds en
-se basant sur combien de copies du travail du musicien ont été
-faites. Mais une proportion stricte n'est pas la meilleure
-répartition. Si chaque musicien ou musicienne reçoit une part
-strictement proportionnelle au nombre de copies de sa musique, une grande
-part rendra quelques superstars encore plus riches qu'elles ne le sont. Ce
-n'est pas cela qui va promouvoir la culture et la diversité
musicale.</p>
-<p>
- Ce que nous pouvons faire pour promouvoir plus efficacement la musique,
-c'est de diminuer sa rétribution prélevée sur les taxes
-au fur et à mesure que le nombre de copies augmente. Par exemple, on
-pourrait calculer un « nombre adapté de
-copies » qui, au-delà d'un certain point, augmente plus
-lentement que le nombre actuel.</p>
-<p>
- Ce qui permet de distribuer l'argent plus largement, d'aider plus de
+<p>Ce qui permet de distribuer l'argent plus largement, d'aider plus de
musiciens en leur donnant un niveau de vie convenable. Cela encourage la
-diversité, ce qu'est supposé faire le copyright.</p>
-<p>
-Le gouvernement américain a déjà établi un
-programme de financement de la diversité des arts : le
-NEA. Cependant, ses subventions s'embrouillent dans un pouvoir
-discrétionnaire, ce qui en fait un nœud de controverses,
-quelques membres du public n'aimant pas du tout sa façon de faire, ou
-alors parce que personne en particulier l'apprécie. Disperser les
-revenus issus des taxes sur les DAT aura aussi comme effet d'aider moins de
-musiciens populaires. Toutefois, il n'aidera pas de musicien dont personne
-n'aime le travail. De plus, comme tout cela ne demande ni discrétion,
-ni décision arbitraire, il y a peu de brèches où
-s'engouffrer pour émettre une opposition sur une affaire en
-particulier.</p>
+diversité, ce qu'est supposé faire le copyright.</p>
-<h3>Encourager la copie personnelle</h3>
-
-<p>
- La proposition des maisons de disques inclut une exigence, celle de rendre
-difficile la copie pour un auditeur. Cela se traduit pour le consommateur
-par le refus d'un appareil DAT de copier une copie faite sur un autre
-DAT. L'argument de cette exigence est que la copie personnelle est quelque
-chose de déloyal.</p>
-<p>
- Dans le passé, beaucoup de gens considéraient cela comme
-déloyal, parce que cela réduisait les revenus des
-musiciens. Les taxes sur les DAT ont rendu cette raison
-obsolète. À partir du moment où la copie personnelle
-contribue à payer les musiciens via les taxes sur les DAT, la raison
-qui poussait à décourager la copie personnelle
-disparaît.</p>
-<p>
- Par conséquent, si on accepte une taxe sur les DAT, on ne devrait pas
-brider la copie de cassettes DAT. La copie personnelle est plus efficace que
-les maisons de disque ou que les magasins de musique; les amoureux de la
-musique devraient être encouragés à copier chez eux
-autant que possible.</p>
+<p>The US government has already established a program to fund diversity in the
+arts: the <acronym title="National Endowment for the Arts">NEA</acronym>.
+However, NEA grants involve discretionary power, which makes them a center
+for controversy, sometimes because a few members of the public strongly
+dislike the work, and sometimes because hardly anyone particularly likes
+it. Spreading out DAT tax revenues will also have the effect of supporting
+less popular musicians. However, it will not support musicians whose work
+nobody likes. In addition, since it involves no discretion, no arbitrary
+decisions, there is little room for objection on account of any particular
+case.</p>
+
+<p><em>[I was later asked an interesting question: what organization would
+“manage” the distribution of these funds. Since this is tax
+money, a government agency should collect the tax and distribute the funds.
+Private organizations should not be involved.]</em></p>
-<h3>Évaluer l'utilisation de chaque morceau de musique</h3>
+<h3>Encourager la copie personnelle</h3>
-<p>
- De nos jours, aux État-Unis, la presque totalité de la musique
-enregistrée s'achète chez des disquaires ; la copie
-personnelle n'est qu'une infime partie. Cela restera probablement longtemps
-ainsi, car les magasins de musique offrent un lieu où aller pour
-trouver un produit particulier ou faire son choix parmi un large
-éventail. Tant que c'est ainsi, on peut facilement estimer
-très correctement l'audience de tel ou tel morceau en comptant les
-ventes d'enregistrements.</p>
-<p>
- Éventuellement, on peut envisager que la copie personnelle se
-développe largement, à tel point qu'estimer son étendue
-par ses moyens de vente ne sera pas satisfaisant. Pas satisfaisant,
-ça l'est déjà pour les musiciens qui distribuent de
-façon indépendante, sans l'aide des maisons de disque ;
-et s'il y en a qui doivent être aidés, c'est bien eux. Nous
+<p>The record company proposal includes a requirement to make it difficult for
+home listeners to make copies. Specifically, it requires that consumer DAT
+machines refuse to copy a copy that was made on a consumer DAT machine. The
+argument for this requirement is based on the assumption that home copying
+is somehow unfair.</p>
+
+<p>In the past, many people have considered it unfair, because it reduced the
+income of musicians. The DAT tax makes this reason obsolete. Once home
+copying does contribute to the income of musicians, through the DAT tax, the
+reason to discourage home copying disappears.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, if a DAT tax is adopted, the ability to copy DAT tapes should not
+be restricted. Home copying is more efficient than record companies and
+record stores; music lovers should be encouraged to use home copying as much
+as possible.</p>
+
+<h3>Ãvaluer l'utilisation de chaque morceau de musique</h3>
+
+<p>De nos jours, aux Ãtat-Unis, la presque totalité de la musique
enregistrée
+s'achète chez des disquaires ; la copie personnelle n'est qu'une infime
+partie. Cela restera probablement longtemps ainsi, car les magasins de
+musique offrent un lieu où aller pour trouver un produit particulier ou
+faire son choix parmi un large éventail. Tant que c'est ainsi, on peut
+facilement estimer très correctement l'audience de tel ou tel morceau en
+comptant les ventes d'enregistrements.</p>
+
+<p>Ãventuellement, on peut envisager que la copie personnelle se développe
+largement, à tel point qu'estimer son étendue par ses moyens de vente ne
+sera pas satisfaisant. Pas satisfaisant, ça l'est déjà pour les musiciens
+qui distribuent de façon indépendante, sans l'aide des maisons de
+disque ; et s'il y en a qui doivent être aidés, c'est bien eux. Nous
avons besoin d'une estimation de l'usage de n'importe quel morceau, pour
-pouvoir distribuer les fonds récoltés par les taxes.</p>
-<p>
- Ces évaluations peuvent se pratiquer par sondage. De temps en temps,
-le personnel de sondage demanderait à des membres du public choisis
-au hasard, de montrer les copies qu'ils ont faites de morceaux sous
-copyright. Ces citoyens ne seraient pas tenus de répondre. Mais comme
-il n'y aurait ni pénalité ni culpabilité
-associée à la copie, les gens seraient heureux de
-participer. Les fans d'un groupe espéreront être choisis, ainsi
-ils participeraient au compte de leur groupe favori.</p>
-<p>
- Pour rendre ces sondages plus efficaces, pleinement établis (et donc
-plus précis), on pourrait l'automatiser. Le bureau de sondage
-pourrait faire parvenir des cartes mémoire lisibles en
-lecture/écriture aux participants choisis, qui les connecteraient un
-temps sur leur <abbr title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</abbr>, qui les
-renverraient. Si cela est bien fait, le bureau de sondage n'aurait aucun
-moyen de savoir qui a envoyé quoi et donc qui a copié quoi,
-mais il aurait un total exact.</p>
+pouvoir distribuer les fonds récoltés par les taxes.</p>
+
+<p>Ces évaluations peuvent se pratiquer par sondage. De temps en temps, le
+personnel de sondage demanderait à des membres du public choisis au hasard,
+de montrer les copies qu'ils ont faites de morceaux sous copyright. Ces
+citoyens ne seraient pas tenus de répondre. Mais comme il n'y aurait ni
+pénalité ni culpabilité associée à la copie, les gens seraient heureux de
+participer. Les fans d'un groupe espéreront être choisis, ainsi ils
+participeraient au compte de leur groupe favori.</p>
+
+<p>To make the survey more efficient and broader-based (and thus more
+accurate), it could be automated. The survey bureau could mail read-write
+memory cards to the chosen participants, who would connect them momentarily
+to their DAT units and then mail them back. With proper design, the survey
+bureau would have no way of knowing who had sent in any particular card, and
+thus no information about who had copied what, but they would still have an
+accurate total.</p>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
-<p>
- Les maisons de disque ont proposé un excellent moyen pour taxer le
-public et augmenter leurs propres revenus, mais c'est n'est le but
-légitime du copyright. Si nous essayons de voir les finalités
-du copyright plutôt que ses anciennes significations, nous pouvons
-esquisser un système qui aide les musiciens tout en donnant aux
-citoyens la liberté totale de copier de la musique autant qu'ils
-veulent.</p>
+<p>Les maisons de disque ont proposé un excellent moyen pour taxer le public
et
+augmenter leurs propres revenus, mais c'est n'est le but légitime du
+copyright. Si nous essayons de voir les finalités du copyright plutôt que
+ses anciennes significations, nous pouvons esquisser un système qui aide les
+musiciens tout en donnant aux citoyens la liberté totale de copier de la
+musique autant qu'ils veulent.</p>
<h3>Ce que vous pouvez faire</h3>
-<p><em>[Cette section n'est plus d'actualité ; c'est trop tard, car
-le projet de loi de taxe sur les <abbr title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</abbr>
-qui était prévu est passé et a été
-signé.]</em></p>
-<p>
- Les groupes de pression des maisons de disque travaillent dur pour faire
-passer leur façon de taxer les <abbr title="Digital Audio
-Tape">DAT</abbr>. Il y a un petit peu d'opposition organisée et un
-petit peu de débat public. Leur projet a déjà
-été envoyé à la commission du Sénat.</p>
-<p>
- Cet article propose une alternative au plan des maisons de disque. Pour que
-cette alternative, ou toute autre alternative, aient une chance d'aboutir,
-nous devons tout d'abord prévenir l'adoption hâtive du projet
-des maisons de disque. Pour cela, vous pouvez écrire à :</p>
+<p><em>[This section is no longer applicable today; it is too late, because the
+DAT tax was bill was adopted in 1992—and DAT recorders are obsolete
+nowadays. However, the same method can support musicians and other artists
+in a world where sharing copies on the Internet has been legalized.]</em></p>
+
+<p>Record company lobbyists are working hard to pass their form of DAT tax.
+There is little organized opposition, and little public debate. Their bill
+has already been sent out of committee in the Senate.</p>
-<blockquote><p>
- Congressman Barney Frank 437 Cherry St West Newton, MA 02165
-</p><p>
- Senator Metzenbaum United States Senate Washington, DC 20510
-</p><p>
- House Subcommittee on Intellectual Property House of Representatives
-Washington, DC 20515
-</p></blockquote>
+<p>Cet article propose une alternative au plan des maisons de disque. Pour que
+cette alternative, ou toute autre alternative, aient une chance d'aboutir,
+nous devons tout d'abord prévenir l'adoption hâtive du projet des maisons de
+disque. Pour cela, vous pouvez écrire à :</p>
-<p>
- Pressez le Congrès de rejeter le projet des maisons de disques, pour
-qu'il soit possible de le reconsidérer, lui ou d'autres
-alternatives ! Cela ne prend que quelques minutes pour écrire
-une courte lettre, mais, avec le courrier d'autres gens, on peut faire
-avancer les choses vers du mieux.</p>
-<p>
- Si vous connaissez des musiciens, des compositeurs, des interprètes,
-donnez-leur une copie de cet article. Beaucoup de musiciens
-préfèrent cette alternative à ce projet des maisons de
-disques et ils sont fortement motivés pour agir dans leur
-intérêt.</p>
-
-<p><em>[L'article ci-dessus a été publié dans Wired
-Magazine, en 1992. Le projet des maisons de disque de taxer les <abbr
-title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</abbr> est devenu une loi qui a
-été signée par le Président George
-« read my lips » Bush. Cela se passait un peu avant
-les élections de 1992, mais il n'a pas été fait mention
-qu'il a, une fois de plus, brisé son serment de ne plus approuver de
-nouvelles taxes.]</em></p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Congressman Barney Frank<br />
+437 Cherry St<br />
+West Newton, MA 02165</p>
+<p>Senator Metzenbaum<br />
+United States Senate<br />
+Washington, DC 20510</p>
+<p>House Subcommittee on Intellectual Property<br />
+House of Representatives<br />
+Washington, DC 20515</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>Pressez le Congrès de rejeter le projet des maisons de disques, pour qu'il
+soit possible de le reconsidérer, lui ou d'autres alternatives ! Cela
+ne prend que quelques minutes pour écrire une courte lettre, mais, avec le
+courrier d'autres gens, on peut faire avancer les choses vers du mieux.</p>
+
+<p>Si vous connaissez des musiciens, des compositeurs, des interprètes,
+donnez-leur une copie de cet article. Beaucoup de musiciens préfèrent cette
+alternative à ce projet des maisons de disques et ils sont fortement motivés
+pour agir dans leur intérêt.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -429,11 +371,12 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
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+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
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+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -444,9 +387,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1992 Richard M. Stallman <br />La reproduction exacte et la
-distribution intégrale de cet article est permise sur n'importe quel support
-d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit préservée.
+Copyright © 1992, 2010 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -455,11 +401,10 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traduction : Pierre-Yves Enderlin.<br />Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
- <p>
-<!-- timestamp start -->
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/06/24 11:15:07 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -468,27 +413,29 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traductions de cette page</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
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+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
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+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
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<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/dat.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
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+<li><a href="/philosophy/dat.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/dat.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/dat.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/dat.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Chinese(Simplified) -->
Index: philosophy/drdobbs-letter.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/drdobbs-letter.tr.html 29 Jul 2010 16:27:24 -0000 1.4
+++ philosophy/drdobbs-letter.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:58 -0000 1.5
@@ -92,13 +92,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU hakkındaki sorularınızı <a
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-ile iletiÅime geçmenin <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır.<br
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+<br />
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</p>
<p>
@@ -111,9 +110,9 @@
Copyright © 2000, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>Bu makalenin tamamının kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve
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-ücret talep etmeksizin, herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı
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+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@
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Son Güncelleme:
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@@ -179,7 +178,8 @@
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-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
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retrieving revision 1.2
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--- philosophy/ebooks.ar.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:29 -0000 1.2
+++ philosophy/ebooks.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:58 -0000 1.3
@@ -73,16 +73,19 @@
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ÙØ©.</p>
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Ù ÙÙجعÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙس اÙÙÙت Ù
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-اÙÙ
صÙÙات اÙÙ
رجعÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ùشر اÙÙسخ اÙÙ
ÙعدÙÙØ© Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ù Ø£ÙضÙا ÙØ£Ù Ø°ÙÙ
-Ùشجع اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع عÙ٠تØسÙÙÙا.</p>
-
-<p>أخÙرÙØ§Ø Ø¹ÙدÙ
ا تتÙØ Ø§ÙشبÙات اÙØاسÙبÙØ©
ÙسÙÙØ© سÙÙØ© Ùإرسا٠Ù
باÙغ Ù
اÙÙØ© صغÙرةØ
-ÙØ¥Ù Ù
برر Ù
Ùع اÙÙسخ اÙØرÙ٠سÙÙ ÙختÙÙ. ÙÙ
أعجب٠ÙØªØ§Ø¨Ø Ùخرج Ù٠صÙدÙÙ Ù
Ùبث٠ÙÙÙ
-”اÙÙر ÙÙا Ùتعط٠اÙÙ
ؤÙ٠دÙÙارÙا
ÙاØدÙا“Ø Ø£Ù٠تÙÙرÙØ Ø³Ù٠تÙبذ ØÙÙÙ
-Ùشر اÙÙتب ÙاÙÙ
ÙسÙÙÙ (اÙت٠تÙطب٠عÙ٠تÙزÙع
Ùسخ ØرÙÙØ© غÙر Ù
عدÙØ©) تÙ
اÙ
Ùا.</p>
+<p>For some kinds of writing, we should go even further. For scholarly papers
+and monographs, everyone should be encouraged to republish them verbatim
+online; this helps protect the scholarly record while making it more
+accessible. For textbooks and most reference works, publication of modified
+versions should be allowed as well, since that encourages society to improve
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Eventually, when computer networks provide an easy way to send someone a
+small amount of money, the whole rationale for restricting verbatim copying
+will go away. If you like a book, and it pops up a box saying, “Click
+here to give the author one dollar”, wouldn't you click? Copyright for
+books and music, as it applies to distributing verbatim unmodified copies,
+will be entirely obsolete. And not a moment too soon!</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -95,11 +98,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
بإÙ‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù ÙضÙÙ
-أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -107,9 +111,12 @@
اÙترجÙ
Ø©</a> ÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات ØÙ٠تÙسÙÙ ÙتسÙÙÙ
ترجÙ
ات Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ©.
</p>
-<p>ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 2000 رÙتشارد ستÙÙÙ
ا٠<br /> ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ©
-ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ· بدÙ٠رسÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø·
إبÙاء Ùذا اÙإخطار Ùإخطار ØÙÙÙ
-اÙÙشر.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2000 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -122,7 +129,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:29 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -141,7 +148,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- English -->
@@ -154,6 +162,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/ebooks.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/ebooks.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/ebooks.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- philosophy/ebooks.fr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:29 -0000 1.16
+++ philosophy/ebooks.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:58 -0000 1.17
@@ -2,135 +2,113 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Livres électroniques : Liberté ou droit d'auteur -
RMS</title>
+<title>Livres électroniques : Liberté ou droit d'auteur - RMS</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Livres électroniques : Liberté ou droit d'auteur</h2>
+<h2>Livres électroniques : Liberté ou droit d'auteur</h2>
<p>par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
<blockquote>
-<p><em>(Ceci est une version légèrement modifiée d'un
-article publié dans Technology Review en 2000.)</em></p>
+<p><em>(This is a slightly modified version of an article published in
+<cite>Technology Review</cite> in 2000.)</em></p>
</blockquote>
-<p>Il était une fois, à l'âge de la presse imprimée,
-une réglementation industrielle qui fut établie pour
-protéger l'économie de l'écriture et de la
-publication. Elle fut appelée copyright (droit d'auteur). Le but du
-copyright, déclaré dans la Constitution américaine,
-était de «promouvoir le progrès» —
-c'est-à-dire, d'encourager la publication. La méthode
-utilisée fut de donner le droit aux éditeurs d'obtenir la
-permission des auteurs pour utiliser leurs Åuvres récentes.</p>
+<p>Il était une fois, à l'âge de la presse imprimée, une réglementation
+industrielle qui fut établie pour protéger l'économie de l'écriture et de
la
+publication. Elle fut appelée copyright (droit d'auteur). Le but du
+copyright, déclaré dans la Constitution américaine, était de «promouvoir
le
+progrès» — c'est-à -dire, d'encourager la publication. La méthode
+utilisée fut de donner le droit aux éditeurs d'obtenir la permission des
+auteurs pour utiliser leurs Åuvres récentes.</p>
-<p>Les lecteurs n'avaient que peu de raisons de désapprouver, puisque le
+<p>Les lecteurs n'avaient que peu de raisons de désapprouver, puisque le
copyright ne restreignait que la publication, pas ce qu'un lecteur pouvait
faire. Si cela augmentait le prix d'un livre d'une petite somme, il ne
-s'agissait que d'argent; cela ne modifiait pas la façon de vivre des
-lecteurs. Le copyright apportait au public un bénéfice, comme
-cela était prévu, avec très peu de contrepartie pour le
-public. Il remplissait bien son son rôle en retour.</p>
+s'agissait que d'argent; cela ne modifiait pas la façon de vivre des
+lecteurs. Le copyright apportait au public un bénéfice, comme cela était
+prévu, avec très peu de contrepartie pour le public. Il remplissait bien son
+son rôle en retour.</p>
<p>Alors, un nouveau moyen de distribution de l'information apparut : les
-ordinateurs et les réseaux. L'avantage de la technologie de
-l'information numérique, est que cela facilite la copie et la
-manipulation de l'information; cela comprend les logiciels, les
-enregistrements musicaux et les livres. Les réseaux offrent la
-possibilité d'un accès illimité à toutes sortes
-de données, l'information absolue.</p>
-
-<p>Mais un obstacle demeurait : le copyright. Les lecteurs qui faisaient
-usage de leurs ordinateurs pour partager de l'information publiée,
-étaient techniquement des contrevenants au copyright. Le monde a
-contourné cette loi, de sorte que ce qui fut une
-réglementation industrielle pour les éditeurs devint une
-restriction pour le public qu'elle devait protéger.</p>
-
-<p>Dans un vrai système démocratique, une loi qui interdit une
-activité populaire, naturelle et utile, est habituellement rapidement
-assouplie. Mais le puissant lobby des éditeurs était
-déterminé à empêcher le public de tirer parti de
-la puissance des ordinateurs, et trouva dans le copyright une arme
-appropriée. Sous leur influence, plutôt que d'assouplir le
-copyright pour qu'il se conforme à de nouvelles circonstances, les
-gouvernements l'ont rendu plus strict que jamais, en imposant de fortes
-sanctions aux lecteurs s'étant rendus coupables de partage.</p>
-
-<p>Mais ce n'était pas tout. Les ordinateurs peuvent être des
-outils de domination puissants, quand peu de personnes contrôlent ce
-que les ordinateurs des autres font. Les éditeurs
-réalisèrent qu'en forçant les gens à utiliser
-des logiciels spécifiques pour lire les livres électroniques,
-ils pouvaient acquérir un pouvoir inégalé
-jusqu'à lors : ils peuvent contraindre les lecteurs à payer,
-et à s'identifier, chaque fois qu'ils lisent un livre ! C'est le
-rêve des éditeurs.</p>
-
-<p>Aussi, ils firent pression sur le gouvernement américain pour qu'il
-leur donne le « Digital Millennium Copyright Act » (la Loi du
-millénaire sur le droit d'auteur numérique) de 1998, une loi
-leur donnant un total pouvoir légal sur presque tout ce que peut
-faire un lecteur avec un livre électronique. Même le lire sans
-autorisation est un crime.</p>
-
-<p>Nous avons toujours les mêmes anciennes libertés en utilisant
-des livres papier. Mais si les livres électroniques remplacent les
-livres imprimés, cetteexception ne sera que de peu de
-réconfort. Avec « l'encre électronique », qui rend
-possible le téléchargement d'un nouveau texte sur une feuille
-de papier apparemment imprimée, même les journaux pourraient
-devenir éphémères. Imaginez : plus de magasins de
-livres d'occasion; plus de prêt de livre à un ami; plus
-d'emprunt dans une bibliothèque publique — plus de
-possibilité qui donnerait à quelqu'un une chance de lire sans
-payer. Et à en juger par les publicités pour Microsoft Reader,
-plus d'achat anonyme de livres. Voici le monde que les éditeurs ont
-en tête pour nous.</p>
-
-<p>Pourquoi y a-t-il si peu de débats publics autour de ces changements
-considérables ? La plupart des citoyens n'ont pas encore eu
-l'occasion d'être aux prises avec les problèmes politiques
-soulevés par cette technologie futuriste. De plus, on a dit au public
-que le copyright existe pour « protéger » les
-détenteurs de copyright, avec l'implication que les
-intérêts du public ne comptent pas.</p>
-
-<p>Mais quand une grande partie du public commencera à utiliser les
-livres électroniques, et découvrira le régime que les
-éditeurs ont préparé pour eux, ils commenceront
-à résister. L'Humanité n'acceptera pas
-éternellement ce joug.</p>
-
-<p>Les éditeurs voudraient nous faire croire que des droits d'auteur
-répressifs sont la seule façon de conserver la création
-artistique, mais nous n'avons pas besoin d'une « Guerre contre la
-copie » pour encourager la diversité des oeuvres
-publiées; comme l'ont montré les Grateful Dead, la copie parmi
-les fans n'est pas un problème pour les artistes. En
-légalisant la copie à but non commercial de livres
-électroniques, nous pouvons renvoyer le copyright à son
-rôle de régulation industrielle qu'il fut naguère.</p>
-
-<p>Pour certains types d'ouvrages, nous pourrions même aller plus
-loin. Pour les monographies et les écrits savants, tout le monde
-devrait être encouragé à les republier
-intégralement en ligne; cela aiderait à protéger
-l'archivage des écrits érudits tout en les rendant plus
-accessibles. Pour les manuels et la plupart des ouvrages de
-référence, la publication de versions modifiées devrait
-être autorisée aussi, puisque cela encourage la
-société à les améliorer.</p>
-
-<p>Éventuellement, quand les réseaux informatiques offriront un
-moyen simple d'envoyer de petites sommes d'argent à quelqu'un, tout
-l'argumentaire de la restriction de la copie intégrale
-s'évanouira. Si vous aimez un livre et que jaillit une boîte
-disant : « Cliquez ici pour donner un dollar à
-l'auteur », ne cliqueriez-vous pas ? Le copyright pour les livres
-et la musique, tel qu'il s'applique à la distribution de copies
-intégrales non modifiées, sera totalement obsolète. Et
-ce ne sera pas trop tôt !</p>
+ordinateurs et les réseaux. L'avantage de la technologie de l'information
+numérique, est que cela facilite la copie et la manipulation de
+l'information; cela comprend les logiciels, les enregistrements musicaux et
+les livres. Les réseaux offrent la possibilité d'un accès illimité Ã
toutes
+sortes de données, l'information absolue.</p>
+
+<p>But one obstacle stood in the way: copyright. Readers who made use of their
+computers to share published information were technically copyright
+infringers. The world had changed around this law, so that what was once an
+industrial regulation on publishers had become a restriction on the public
+it was meant to serve.</p>
+
+<p>In a system of real democracy, a law that prohibits a popular, natural, and
+useful activity is usually soon relaxed. But the powerful publishers' lobby
+was determined to prevent the public from taking advantage of the power of
+their computers, and found copyright a suitable weapon. Under their
+influence, rather than relaxing copyright to suit the new circumstances,
+governments made it stricter than ever, imposing harsh penalties on readers
+caught sharing.</p>
+
+<p>But that wasn't the last of it. Computers can be powerful tools of
+domination, when a few people control what other people's computers do. The
+publishers realized that by forcing people to use specially designated
+software to read e-books, they could gain unprecedented power: they could
+compel readers to pay, and identify themselves, every time they read a book!
+That is the publishers' dream.</p>
+
+<p>Aussi, ils firent pression sur le gouvernement américain pour qu'il leur
+donne le « Digital Millennium Copyright Act » (la Loi du
+millénaire sur le droit d'auteur numérique) de 1998, une loi leur donnant un
+total pouvoir légal sur presque tout ce que peut faire un lecteur avec un
+livre électronique. Même le lire sans autorisation est un crime.</p>
+
+<p>Nous avons toujours les mêmes anciennes libertés en utilisant des livres
+papier. Mais si les livres électroniques remplacent les livres imprimés,
+cetteexception ne sera que de peu de réconfort. Avec « l'encre
+électronique », qui rend possible le téléchargement d'un nouveau texte
+sur une feuille de papier apparemment imprimée, même les journaux pourraient
+devenir éphémères. Imaginez : plus de magasins de livres d'occasion;
+plus de prêt de livre à un ami; plus d'emprunt dans une bibliothèque
+publique — plus de possibilité qui donnerait à quelqu'un une chance de
+lire sans payer. Et à en juger par les publicités pour Microsoft Reader,
+plus d'achat anonyme de livres. Voici le monde que les éditeurs ont en tête
+pour nous.</p>
+
+<p>Pourquoi y a-t-il si peu de débats publics autour de ces changements
+considérables ? La plupart des citoyens n'ont pas encore eu l'occasion
+d'être aux prises avec les problèmes politiques soulevés par cette
+technologie futuriste. De plus, on a dit au public que le copyright existe
+pour « protéger » les détenteurs de copyright, avec l'implication
+que les intérêts du public ne comptent pas.</p>
+
+<p>Mais quand une grande partie du public commencera à utiliser les livres
+électroniques, et découvrira le régime que les éditeurs ont préparé pour
+eux, ils commenceront à résister. L'Humanité n'acceptera pas éternellement
+ce joug.</p>
+
+<p>Les éditeurs voudraient nous faire croire que des droits d'auteur
répressifs
+sont la seule façon de conserver la création artistique, mais nous n'avons
+pas besoin d'une « Guerre contre la copie » pour encourager la
+diversité des oeuvres publiées; comme l'ont montré les Grateful Dead, la
+copie parmi les fans n'est pas un problème pour les artistes. En légalisant
+la copie à but non commercial de livres électroniques, nous pouvons renvoyer
+le copyright à son rôle de régulation industrielle qu'il fut naguère.</p>
+
+<p>For some kinds of writing, we should go even further. For scholarly papers
+and monographs, everyone should be encouraged to republish them verbatim
+online; this helps protect the scholarly record while making it more
+accessible. For textbooks and most reference works, publication of modified
+versions should be allowed as well, since that encourages society to improve
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Eventually, when computer networks provide an easy way to send someone a
+small amount of money, the whole rationale for restricting verbatim copying
+will go away. If you like a book, and it pops up a box saying, “Click
+here to give the author one dollar”, wouldn't you click? Copyright for
+books and music, as it applies to distributing verbatim unmodified copies,
+will be entirely obsolete. And not a moment too soon!</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -144,11 +122,12 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -158,9 +137,13 @@
de traductions de cet article.
</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2000 Richard Stallman <br />La reproduction exacte et la
-distribution intégrale de cet article est permise sur n'importe quel support
-d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit préservée.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2000 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
+</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -172,7 +155,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:29 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -191,7 +174,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- English -->
@@ -204,6 +188,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/ebooks.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/enforcing-gpl.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/enforcing-gpl.bg.html 3 Aug 2009 20:25:26 -0000 1.2
+++ philosophy/enforcing-gpl.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:58 -0000 1.3
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>ÐÑивеждане в Ñила на ÐбÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑблиÑен
лиÑенз на GNU - ÐÑоекÑÑÑ GNU - ФондаÑиÑ
за Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (ФСС)</title>
-
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, violation, general, public,
license, gpl, general public license, enforcing, freedom, software, Eben,
Moglen, Eben Moglen, ФСС, ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, ÐинÑкÑ, наÑÑÑение,
@@ -17,23 +16,19 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
<h2>ÐÑивеждане в Ñила на ÐбÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑблиÑен
лиÑенз на GNU</h2>
-<p>
-Ð¾Ñ <a href="http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/";><strong>Ðбен
+<p>Ð¾Ñ <a href="http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/";><strong>Ðбен
Ðоглен</strong></a></p>
<p><em>10 ÑепÑемвÑи 2001 г.</em></p>
-<p>
-ÐÑанзиваÑа на ÐайкÑоÑоÑÑ ÑÑеÑÑ GPL Ð¾Ñ Ñова
лÑÑо оÑново запали иÑкÑаÑа на
+<p>ÐÑанзиваÑа на ÐайкÑоÑоÑÑ ÑÑеÑÑ GPL Ð¾Ñ Ñова
лÑÑо оÑново запали иÑкÑаÑа на
ÑпекÑлаÑииÑе оÑноÑно Ñова дали GPL е
âпÑавно пÑиложимâ лиÑенз. Ðинаги ме
ÑазвеÑелÑва ÑоÑно Ñози пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð·Ð° СÐС (ÑÑÑаÑ
, неÑигÑÑноÑÑ Ð¸ ÑÑмнение).
ÐÑедполагам, Ñе ÑÑм единÑÑвениÑÑ Ð² ÑвеÑа
адвокаÑ, койÑо може да изÑеÑе Ñези
дÑми, но ми е ÑÑдно какво има да Ñе ÑÑдÑÑ Ñ
оÑаÑа, когаÑо им казвам:
ÐÑилаганеÑо на пÑакÑика на <a
href="/licenses/gpl.html">GPL</a> е неÑо,
-коеÑо аз пÑÐ°Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑоÑнно.
-</p>
+коеÑо аз пÑÐ°Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑоÑнно.</p>
-<p>
-ТÑй каÑо <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">ÑвободниÑÑ
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a> не Ñе
+<p>ТÑй каÑо <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">ÑвободниÑÑ
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a> не Ñе
подÑинÑва на канониÑе на ÑÑвÑеменноÑо
обÑеÑÑво, Ñ
оÑаÑа Ñа Ñклонни да
пÑедполагаÑ, Ñе гони неÑипиÑниÑе Ñи Ñели Ñ
необикновено наÑ
одÑиви, а оÑÑам и
кÑеÑ
ки пÑавни меÑ
анизми. Ðо Ñова
допÑÑкане е невÑÑно. ЦелÑа, коÑÑо Ñледва
@@ -45,27 +40,21 @@
ÑвÑÑзано в глобална мÑежа обÑеÑÑво ÑÑвÑем
ÑазлиÑни модели на пÑоизводÑÑво и
диÑÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° измеÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑадиÑионниÑе модели в бизнеÑа. Ð
законовиÑÑ
меÑ
анизÑм на GPL, койÑо пÑави вÑзможно
вÑиÑко Ñова, е Ñолкова моÑна маÑина
-ÑÑкмо заÑоÑо е ÑÑÑÑавена Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¹-пÑоÑÑиÑе
ÑабоÑеÑи ÑаÑкове.
-</p>
+ÑÑкмо заÑоÑо е ÑÑÑÑавена Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¹-пÑоÑÑиÑе
ÑабоÑеÑи ÑаÑкове.</p>
-<p>
-СÑÑÑевинаÑа на закона за авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво,
подобно на дÑÑгиÑе ÑиÑÑеми за
+<p>СÑÑÑевинаÑа на закона за авÑоÑÑкоÑо
пÑаво, подобно на дÑÑгиÑе ÑиÑÑеми за
ÑазпоÑеждане ÑÑÑ ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑ, е в ÑилаÑа
на изклÑÑванеÑо. ÐоÑиÑелÑÑ Ð½Ð°
авÑоÑÑко пÑаво по закон има пÑлномоÑиеÑо
да изклÑÑва дÑÑгиÑе Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñане,
-ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанÑване и ÑÑздаване на
пÑоизводни ÑабоÑи.
-</p>
+ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанÑване и ÑÑздаване на
пÑоизводни ÑабоÑи.</p>
-<p>
-Тази Ñила на изклÑÑване пÑедполага Ñавна
по големина и обÑаÑна по поÑока
+<p>Тази Ñила на изклÑÑване пÑедполага Ñавна
по големина и обÑаÑна по поÑока
Ñила на лиÑензиÑане â Ñ.е. пÑедоÑÑавÑне на
ÑазÑеÑение за дейÑÑвиÑ, коиÑо
инаÑе биÑ
а били незаконни. ÐиÑензиÑе не Ñа
договоÑи: поÑÑебиÑелÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑвоÑбаÑа е задÑлжен да дейÑÑва ÑпоÑед
огÑаниÑениÑÑа на лиÑенза, не заÑоÑо е
положил добÑоволно обеÑание, а заÑоÑо не
Ñа Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑедоÑÑавени никакви дÑÑги
-пÑава на дейÑÑвие, извÑн опÑеделениÑе в
лиÑенза.
-</p>
+пÑава на дейÑÑвие, извÑн опÑеделениÑе в
лиÑенза.</p>
-<p>
-Ðо повеÑеÑо компании за ÑобÑÑвениÑеÑки
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑе влаÑÑ, оÑколкоÑо
+<p>Ðо повеÑеÑо компании за ÑобÑÑвениÑеÑки
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑе влаÑÑ, оÑколкоÑо
ÑамоÑо авÑоÑÑко пÑаво може да им даде.
Тези ÑиÑми заÑвÑваÑ, Ñе пÑедоÑÑавÑÑ
на поÑÑебиÑелиÑе âлиÑензâ за ÑоÑÑÑеÑа Ñи,
но Ñози лиÑенз ÑÑдÑÑжа задÑлжениÑ,
за коиÑо законÑÑ Ð·Ð° авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво не е и
ÑÑвал. ÐапÑимеÑ, ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, койÑо
@@ -75,11 +64,9 @@
Ñе ÑÑглаÑиÑе пÑи закÑпÑване на ÑоÑÑÑеÑа в
запеÑаÑана опаковка Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð½Ð°
(Ñ.наÑ. âshrink wrap licenseâ) или пÑи изÑеглÑнеÑо
Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑнеÑ
(Ñ.наÑ. âclickwrap licenseâ). ÐвÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво е
пÑоÑÑо наÑин поÑÑебиÑелиÑе
-да бÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð¾ÑеÑени оÑе повеÑе.
-</p>
+да бÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð¾ÑеÑени оÑе повеÑе.</p>
-<p>
-GPL, Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑга ÑÑÑана, изземва ÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
авÑоÑÑкиÑе пÑава, вмеÑÑо да пÑибавÑ
+<p>GPL, Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑга ÑÑÑана, изземва ÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
авÑоÑÑкиÑе пÑава, вмеÑÑо да пÑибавÑ
кÑм ÑÑÑ
. ÐÑма нÑжда лиÑензÑÑ Ð´Ð° е Ñложен,
заÑоÑо ние Ñе опиÑваме да
ÑпÑажнÑваме колкоÑо Ñе може по-малко
конÑÑол над поÑÑебиÑелиÑе. ÐвÑоÑÑкоÑо
пÑаво дава на издаÑелиÑе влаÑÑÑа да
забÑанÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° поÑÑебиÑелиÑе да
@@ -91,19 +78,15 @@
Ñвой Ñед под GPL. ÐÑ Ð³Ð»ÐµÐ´Ð½Ð° ÑоÑка на
авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво, Ñова е доÑÑа Ñлабо
огÑаниÑение. Ðного по-Ñилно огÑаниÑиÑелни
лиÑензи ÑÑÑинно Ð²Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ð°Ñ Ð² пÑавна
Ñила: пÑакÑиÑеÑки вÑÑко ÑÑдебно дело,
ÑвÑÑзано Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑки пÑава, каÑае
-лиÑенз, койÑо е много по-ÑеÑÑÑикÑивен Ð¾Ñ GPL.
-</p>
+лиÑенз, койÑо е много по-ÑеÑÑÑикÑивен оÑ
GPL.</p>
-<p>
-ТÑй каÑо нÑма ниÑо Ñложно или ÑпоÑно по
оÑноÑение на ÑамоÑÑоÑÑелниÑе
+<p>ТÑй каÑо нÑма ниÑо Ñложно или ÑпоÑно по
оÑноÑение на ÑамоÑÑоÑÑелниÑе
маÑеÑиалнопÑавни ÑазпоÑедби на лиÑенза,
аз никога не ÑÑм виждал ÑеÑиозен
аÑгÑменÑ, Ñе GPL надвиÑава пÑлномоÑиÑÑа на
лиÑензодаÑелÑ. ÐонÑкога обаÑе Ñе
казва, Ñе GPL не може да бÑде пÑиведен в
пÑавно дейÑÑвие, понеже
-поÑÑебиÑелиÑе не Ñа Ñе âÑÑглаÑилиâ Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾.
-</p>
+поÑÑебиÑелиÑе не Ñа Ñе âÑÑглаÑилиâ Ñ
него.</p>
-<p>
-Това ÑвÑÑдение Ñе оÑновава на нÑкакво
погÑеÑно ÑазбиÑане. ÐиÑензÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
+<p>Това ÑвÑÑдение Ñе оÑновава на нÑкакво
погÑеÑно ÑазбиÑане. ÐиÑензÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
изиÑква Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑебиÑелиÑе да Ñе ÑÑглаÑÑваÑ
Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾, за да Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð½Ð¾ да
пÑидобиÑÑ, инÑÑалиÑаÑ, използваÑ, изÑÑаваÑ
и доÑи екÑпеÑименÑално да
пÑоменÑÑ ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ GPL. ÐÑиÑки Ñези
дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ñа или забÑанени, или
@@ -122,29 +105,23 @@
подÑазбиÑане е ÑÑглаÑен Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñе
ÑÑловиÑ. РкÑайна ÑмеÑка, лиÑензÑÑ
изиÑква вÑÑко копие на ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, пÑбликÑван
под GPL, да Ñе пÑидÑÑжава оÑ
копие на ÑекÑÑа на лиÑенза, Ñака ÑоÑо вÑеки
поÑÑебиÑел да бÑде напÑлно
-инÑоÑмиÑан за ÑÑловиÑÑа.
-</p>
+инÑоÑмиÑан за ÑÑловиÑÑа.</p>
-<p>
-ÐÑпÑеки опиÑиÑе за вÑÑване на ÑÑÑаÑ
,
неÑигÑÑноÑÑ Ð¸ ÑÑмнение, GPL в
+<p>ÐÑпÑеки опиÑиÑе за вÑÑване на ÑÑÑаÑ
,
неÑигÑÑноÑÑ Ð¸ ÑÑмнение, GPL в
каÑеÑÑвоÑо Ñи на авÑоÑÑко-пÑавен
инÑÑÑÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñи е ÑÑвÑем Ñедовен лиÑенз. Ðо
Ñази пÑиÑина аз ÑÑм ÑÑпÑвал да го пÑиведа в
дейÑÑвие деÑеÑки пÑÑи пÑез
-поÑледниÑе поÑÑи деÑÐµÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð¸, без доÑи
веднÑж да ÑÑм Ñ
одил в ÑÑда.
-</p>
+поÑледниÑе поÑÑи деÑÐµÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð¸, без доÑи
веднÑж да ÑÑм Ñ
одил в ÑÑда.</p>
-<p>
-ÐеждÑвÑеменно, пÑез поÑледниÑе меÑеÑи
доÑÑа Ñе мÑлви, Ñе оÑакваниÑÑ ÐµÑекÑ
+<p>ÐеждÑвÑеменно, пÑез поÑледниÑе меÑеÑи
доÑÑа Ñе мÑлви, Ñе оÑакваниÑÑ ÐµÑекÑ
вÑе да не Ñе ÑÑига до ÑÑидиÑеÑко ÑеÑение в
СÐЩ или дÑÑги ÑÑдилиÑа по нÑкакÑв
наÑин Ñж демонÑÑÑиÑал, Ñе има неÑо
ÑбÑÑкано в GPL, или Ñе необиÑайнаÑа мÑ
миÑÐ¸Ñ Ðµ ÑеализиÑана по ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑки
незаÑиÑим наÑин, или Ñе ФондаÑиÑÑа за
Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, коÑÑо ÑÑои зад лиÑенза,
Ñе ÑÑÑаÑ
Ñва да го подложи на
пÑовеÑкаÑа на ÑÑда. ÐÑÑинаÑа е ÑоÑно
обÑаÑнаÑа. Ðе Ñме Ñе озовали в ÑÑда
да оÑÑÑоÑваме GPL, Ñамо заÑоÑо никой доÑега
не е пожелал да ÑиÑкÑва да го
-оÑпоÑи Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñам.
-</p>
+оÑпоÑи Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñам.</p>
-<p>
-Ðакво вÑе пак Ñе ÑлÑÑва когаÑо бÑде
наÑÑÑен лиÑензÑÑ GPL? ÐÑи ÑоÑÑÑеÑа,
+<p>Ðакво вÑе пак Ñе ÑлÑÑва когаÑо бÑде
наÑÑÑен лиÑензÑÑ GPL? ÐÑи ÑоÑÑÑеÑа,
ÑииÑо авÑоÑÑки пÑава дÑÑжи ФондаÑиÑÑа за
Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (било понеже ние
Ñме оÑигиналниÑе авÑоÑи на пÑогÑамиÑе, или
заÑоÑо авÑоÑиÑе на Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ñа ни пÑедоÑÑавили пÑаваÑа Ñи, за
да Ñе вÑÐ·Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñа ни в
@@ -154,11 +131,9 @@
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
<a href="/licenses/gpl-violation.html">Ðолим Ñ
оÑаÑа, коиÑо
Ð´Ð¾ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°
наÑÑÑение, да ни Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑÑÑановим
нÑжниÑе ÑакÑи</a>, Ñлед коеÑо
-пÑедпÑиемаме каквиÑо допÑлниÑелни
пÑоÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ñа необÑ
одими.
-</p>
+пÑедпÑиемаме каквиÑо допÑлниÑелни
пÑоÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ñа необÑ
одими.</p>
-<p>
-Ð Ñакова положение Ñе намиÑаме деÑеÑки
пÑÑи вÑÑка година. ÐоÑи
+<p>Ð Ñакова положение Ñе намиÑаме деÑеÑки
пÑÑи вÑÑка година. ÐоÑи
ÑÑÑановÑванеÑо на ÑÑвÑем пÑÑвонаÑален
конÑÐ°ÐºÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð¸ÐºÐ½Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð¾ е напÑлно
доÑÑаÑÑÑно за ÑеÑаване на пÑоблема. ÐÑ
дÑÑгаÑа ÑÑÑана Ñи миÑлÑÑ, Ñе Ñа Ñе
ÑÑобÑазили Ñ GPL, и когаÑо ÑазбеÑÐ°Ñ Ð·Ð°
гÑеÑкаÑа Ñи Ñ ÑадоÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑавÑÑ,
@@ -170,21 +145,17 @@
мениджÑÑи, коиÑо Ñе оÑÑиÑÐ°Ñ Ñедовно пÑед
Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸ напÑаво пÑед ÑвоиÑе бизнеÑ
ÑÑководÑÑва. ÐÑи оÑобено заплеÑениÑе
казÑÑи, понÑкога Ñме наÑÑоÑвали за
меÑки, коиÑо биÑ
а ÑлеÑнили и ÑÑкоÑили
по-наÑаÑÑÑноÑо пÑавно пÑиложение на
-лиÑенза, в ÑлÑÑай на бÑдеÑо наÑÑÑение.
-</p>
+лиÑенза, в ÑлÑÑай на бÑдеÑо наÑÑÑение.</p>
-<p>
-Ðа пÑиблизиÑелно деÑеÑÑе години оÑкак Ñе
занимавам Ñ Ð¿Ñилагане на GPL,
+<p>Ðа пÑиблизиÑелно деÑеÑÑе години оÑкак Ñе
занимавам Ñ Ð¿Ñилагане на GPL,
никога не ÑÑм изиÑквал изплаÑане на
обезÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° ФондаÑиÑÑа заÑади
наÑÑÑаванеÑо на лиÑензиÑе й, и ÑÑдко ÑÑм
наÑÑоÑвал за пÑблиÑно пÑизнание за
пÑоÑÑÑпкаÑа. ÐозиÑиÑÑа ни винаги е
глаÑÑла, Ñе най-важниÑе ни Ñели Ñа
ÑпазванеÑо на лиÑенза и обезпеÑаванеÑо на
добÑонамеÑено поведение за
бÑдеÑе. ÐапÑавили Ñме вÑиÑко необÑ
одимо
наÑÑÑиÑелиÑе леÑно да изпÑлнÑваÑ
-изиÑкваниÑÑа ни и им пÑоÑаваме миналиÑе
наÑÑÑениÑ.
-</p>
+изиÑкваниÑÑа ни и им пÑоÑаваме миналиÑе
наÑÑÑениÑ.</p>
-<p>
-Ð ÑанниÑе години на ÐвижениеÑо за Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ñова веÑоÑÑно е била
+<p>Ð ÑанниÑе години на ÐвижениеÑо за
Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ñова веÑоÑÑно е била
единÑÑвенаÑа вÑзможна ÑÑÑаÑегиÑ. СкÑпиÑе
и ÑÑомави ÑÑдебни пÑоÑеÑи ÑигÑÑно
ÑÑÑ
а да ÑниÑÐ¾Ð¶Ð°Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡ или най-малкоÑо биÑ
а Ñ
вÑзпÑепÑÑÑÑвали да пÑедпÑиеме
необÑ
одимиÑе дейÑÑвиÑ, за да напÑави
движениеÑо за Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸
@@ -197,11 +168,9 @@
клиенÑ, Ð±Ð¸Ð·Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÑнÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ доÑи ÑлÑжиÑел.
ÐзпÑавени пÑед избоÑа междÑ
пÑиемане на лиÑенза без много ÑÑм и
негаÑивна ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð»ÑÑ ÑÑдебна биÑка,
коÑÑо нÑмаÑе да Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑпеÑелÑÑ,
наÑÑÑиÑелиÑе пÑедпоÑиÑаÑ
а да не обÑÑÑаме
-ÑÑеÑÑ ÑÑÑ
Ð´ÐµÐ±ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ñ ÐºÑай.
-</p>
+ÑÑеÑÑ ÑÑÑ
Ð´ÐµÐ±ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ñ ÐºÑай.</p>
-<p>
-СлÑÑвало Ñе е доÑи, веднÑж или два пÑÑи, да
Ñе занимаваме Ñ ÑиÑми, коиÑо под
+<p>СлÑÑвало Ñе е доÑи, веднÑж или два пÑÑи,
да Ñе занимаваме Ñ ÑиÑми, коиÑо под
знамеÑо на ÑаÑÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½ за авÑоÑÑкоÑо
пÑаво Ñе занимаваÑ
а Ñ ÑмиÑлено
кÑиминално наÑÑÑение на авÑоÑÑки пÑава:
взимайки кода на лиÑензиÑан под GPL
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, ÑекомпилиÑайки го в Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð°
пÑикÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑоизÑ
ода Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ пÑодавайки го
@@ -215,21 +184,17 @@
гÑÑа в ÑÑдебни непÑиÑÑноÑÑи, когаÑо можеÑе
да вземеÑе иÑÑинÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑ
безплаÑно?â Ðе е имало ÑлÑÑай
поÑÑебиÑелиÑе да не ÑÑ
Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñезона в Ñози
вÑпÑоÑ. ÐаиÑÑина, пÑи кÑажбаÑа на Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑеÑÑÑплениеÑо не Ñе
-оÑплаÑа подобаваÑо.
-</p>
+оÑплаÑа подобаваÑо.</p>
-<p>
-Ðо може и да Ñме попÑекалили Ñ ÑÑпеÑ
а. Ðко
оÑе пÑеди години бÑÑ
използвал
+<p>Ðо може и да Ñме попÑекалили Ñ ÑÑпеÑ
а.
Ðко оÑе пÑеди години бÑÑ
използвал
ÑÑда, за да налагам ÑпазванеÑо на GPL, може
би Ñ
оÑаÑа Ñега ÑÑÑ
а да Ñа глÑÑ
и
за ÑплеÑниÑе на ÐайкÑоÑоÑÑ. Само пÑез Ñози
меÑÐµÑ Ð°Ð· ÑабоÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ два
ÑÑавниÑелно ÑÑÑдни казÑÑа. âÐижÑе Ñега,â
казвам аз, âмного Ñ
оÑа по ÑелиÑ
ÑвÑÑ Ð¼Ðµ пÑиÑиÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð° пÑиведа в Ñила GPL по
ÑÑдебен пÑÑ, пÑоÑÑо за да докажа,
Ñе Ñова е вÑзможно. ÐаиÑÑина, ÑÑÑбва да
накажа нÑкого за назидание.
-УÑаÑÑва ли ви Ñе каÑо добÑоволеÑ?â
-</p>
+УÑаÑÑва ли ви Ñе каÑо добÑоволеÑ?â</p>
-<p>
-ÐÑкой ден Ñ Ð½Ñкого и Ñова Ñе Ñе ÑлÑÑи. Ðо
Ñози нÑкой Ñе загÑби клиенÑиÑе
+<p>ÐÑкой ден Ñ Ð½Ñкого и Ñова Ñе Ñе ÑлÑÑи. Ðо
Ñози нÑкой Ñе загÑби клиенÑиÑе
Ñи, ÑпоÑобниÑе Ð¼Ñ ÑпеÑиалиÑÑи Ñе го
напÑÑнаÑ, понеже нÑма да иÑкаÑ
ÑепÑÑаÑиÑÑа им да поÑÑÑада заÑади него, а
лоÑаÑа пÑблиÑноÑÑ Ñе го задÑÑи. Ð
вÑиÑко Ñова â оÑе пÑеди да ÑÑигнем до ÑÑда.
ÐÑÑвиÑÑ, койÑо поÑмее, ÑÑÑ
@@ -237,15 +202,11 @@
ÑÑÑо Ñолкова необикновен, колкоÑо и
наÑинÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ за пиÑане на ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, и ÑоÑно
ÑÑк е ÑазковниÑеÑо. СвободниÑÑ ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ðµ
Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñение, ÑÑкмо заÑоÑо
ÑазлиÑниÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñин, по койÑо Ñой Ñе пÑави, в
кÑайна ÑмеÑка е единÑÑвениÑÑ
-пÑавилен.
-</p>
+пÑавилен.</p>
-<p>
-<cite>Ðбен Ðоглен е пÑоÑеÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пÑаво и
иÑÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° пÑавоÑо в УÑилиÑеÑо по
+<p><cite>Ðбен Ðоглен е пÑоÑеÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пÑаво и
иÑÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° пÑавоÑо в УÑилиÑеÑо по
пÑаво на ÐолÑмбийÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑ. Той
ÑабоÑи без вÑзнагÑаждение каÑо
-главен Ð°Ð´Ð²Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð° ФондаÑиÑÑа за Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ.</cite>
-</p>
-
+главен Ð°Ð´Ð²Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð° ФондаÑиÑÑа за Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ.</cite></p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -256,25 +217,19 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.bg.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Ðма и дÑÑги
наÑини за <a
-href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
+<p>Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
-<p>
-ÐижÑе <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ÐокÑменÑаÑиÑÑа
за
+<p>ÐижÑе <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ÐокÑменÑаÑиÑÑа
за
пÑеводаÑи</a> за инÑоÑмаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾ÑноÑно
кооÑдиниÑанеÑо и подаванеÑо на пÑеводи
-на Ñази ÑÑаÑиÑ.
-</p>
+на Ñази ÑÑаÑиÑ.</p>
-<p>
-ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 2001 Ðбен Ðоглен
-</p>
-<p>
-ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение на
ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
+<p>ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 2001 Ðбен Ðоглен</p>
+
+<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
запазена.</p>
@@ -291,11 +246,10 @@
пÑоÑледÑване на гÑеÑки</a>
на <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-bg/";>пÑоекÑа за
пÑевод на www.gnu.org</a>. ÐлагодаÑим Ðи!</p>
- <p>
-<!-- timestamp start -->
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2009/08/03 20:25:26 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -344,7 +298,7 @@
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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@@ -1,330 +1,301 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
-<HTML>
-<HEAD>
-<TITLE>Durchsetzung der GNU GPL - GNU Projekt - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</TITLE>
-<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:address@hidden";>
-<META HTTP-EQUIV="Keywords"
- CONTENT="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, violation, general,
public, license, gpl, general public license, enforcing, freedom, software,
Eben, Moglen, Eben Moglen">
-<META HTTP-EQUIV="Description"
- CONTENT="In seinem Essay, Durchsetzung der GNU GPL, erklärt Eben Moglen,
-Anwalt für die FSF, wie Durchsetzungen der GNU General Public License
-normalerweise vorgenommen werden.">
-</HEAD>
-<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#1F00FF" ALINK="#FF0000"
VLINK="#9900DD">
-<H2>Durchsetzung der GNU GPL</H2>
-<P>
-
-von <A HREF="http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/";><STRONG>Eben
-Moglen</STRONG></A><P>
-
-<p>
-
-<i>10. September 2001</i>
-
-<P>
-
-<A HREF="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html">
-<IMG SRC="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
- ALT=" [Bild eines Philosophischen Gnus] "
- WIDTH="160" HEIGHT="200"></A>
-
-[
- <A HREF="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.html">Englisch</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.fr.html">Französisch</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.it.html">Italienisch</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.ko.html">Koreanisch</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.pt.html">Portugiesisch</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.ru.html">Russisch</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.cs.html">Tschechisch</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.hu.html">Ungarisch</A>
-<!-- | A HREF="/boilerplate.LG.html" LANGUAGE /A -->
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
-<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->
-]
-<p>
-
-Microsofts im Sommer 2001 begonnene Anti-GPL-Offensive hat Spekulation wieder
-aufleben lassen, ob die GPL "durchsetzbar" ist. Dieses besondere
-Beispiel für "FUD" (fear, uncertainty and doubt => Angst, Ungewissheit und
-Zweifel) ist für mich immer wieder erheiternd. Auch wenn ich
-womöglich der einzige Anwalt auf der Welt bin, der das sagen kann, wundert
-es mich schon, warum sich so viele Gedanken machen. Die Durchsetzung der <a
-href="/licenses/gpl.html">GPL</a> ist nämlich etwas, was ich die ganze
-Zeit mache.
-
-<P>
-
-Weil <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Freie Software</a> ein
-ungewöhnliches Konzept in unserer gegenwärtigen Gesellschaft ist,
-nehmen die Leute an, solch ein unübliches Ziel muss mit
-außergewöhnlich ausgeklügelten und deswegen gebrechlichen
-juristischen Konstrukten erkauft werden. Aber dieser Gedankengang enthält
-einen Fehler. Das Ziel der Free Software Foundation im Erstellen und Verbreiten
-der GPL <I>ist</I> leider unüblich: Wir drehen die Erzeugung von
-Programmen um, damit jeder das Recht zum Verstehen, Reparieren, Verbessern und
-Verteilen der qualitativ besten Software der Welt hat. Das ist ein
-revolutionäres Vorhaben: Es zeigt wie in der heutigen vernetzten
-Gesellschaft herkömmliche Geschäftsmodelle ersetzt werden
-können, durch ein völlig anderes Modell von Produktion und
-Verteilung. Aber die GPL, das all dies ermöglichende juristische
-Konstrukt, ist ein sehr stabiles Mittel, genau weil es aus einfachsten Teilen
-gemacht ist.
-
-<P>
-
-Das Urheberrecht basiert im Wesentliche auf der Kraft des Ausschlusses,
-genau wie andere Systeme zum Sichern von Eigentum. Der Rechteinhaber ist
-juristisch bevollmächtigt, alle anderen vom Kopieren und Verteilen eines
-Werkes sowie vom Erzeugen von abgeleiteten Arbeiten auszuschließen.
-
-<P>
-
-Dieses Recht des Ausschlusses beinhaltet eine ebenso große Macht,
-Lizenzen zu erteilen, also Rechte zu gewähren um Dinge zu tun, die sonst
-verboten wären. Lizenzen sind kein Vertrag. Die Benutzer des Werks sind
-verpflichtet, innerhalb der Regeln der Lizenz zu bleiben - nicht weil sie
-sich freiwillig dazu verpflichtet haben, sondern weil sie außerhalb der
-Lizenzvereinbarungen überhaupt keine Rechte hat.
-
-<P>
-
-Allerdings wollen die meisten Hersteller von proprietärer Software noch
-mehr Macht als das Urheberrecht ihnen gibt. Diese Firmen behaupten, ihre
-Software ist für den Kunden "lizenziert", aber die Lizenz
-beinhaltet Einschränkungen, die das Urheberrecht nicht kennt. Zum Beispiel
-wird der Benutzer bei Software, deren Quellcode man nicht verstehen soll, oft
-gezwungen zuzustimmen, dass er diese nicht dekompilieren darf. Das Urheberrecht
-verbietet nicht Dekompilierung, dies ist nur eine Vertragsklausel, der man beim
-Kauf im Geschäft oder beim Herunterladen im Internet zustimmen muss. Das
-Copyright wird in diesem Fall benutzt, um den Nutzern noch mehr vorzuenthalten.
-
-<P>
-
-Dagegen reduziert die GPL das Copyright anstatt es zu verstärken. Die
-Lizenz braucht nicht kompliziert sein, weil wir den Benutzer so wenig wie
-nötig kontrollieren wollen. Das Copyright gestattet es Herausgebern, die
-Rechte des Benutzers zum Kopieren, Verändern und Verteilen
-einzuschränken und zu verbieten. Wir glauben, dass diese Rechte alle
-Benutzer haben sollten. Die GPL lockert daher alle diese Einschränkungen
-des Urheberrechts. Wir stellen dabei nur eine strikte Bedingung: Wenn jemand
-Werke verbreitet, die unter GPL stehen oder auf Basis eines unter GPL stehenden
-Werks entstanden sind, dann muss er dies gemäß den Bedingungen der
-GPL tun. Im Rahmen des Urheberrechts ist dies eine sehr kleine
-Einschränkung. Sehr viel einschränkendere Lizenzen werden
-routinemäßig durchgesetzt: All die Lizenzen, die in irgendwelche
-Rechtsstreitigkeiten verwickelt sind, sind ausnahmslos einschränkender als
-die GPL.
-
-<P>
-
-Weil die zentralen Vorschriften der GPL weder kompliziert noch
-missverständlich sind, habe ich niemals ein ernsthaftes Argument
-gehört, warum die GPL die Macht eines Lizenzgebers zu sehr ausdehnen
-sollte. Aber es wird manchmal gesagt, dass die GPL nicht durchgesetzt werden
-kann, weil die Benutzer sie nicht "akzeptiert" haben.
-
-<P>
-
-Diese Behauptung basiert auf einem Missverständnis. Die Lizenz fordert von
-niemandem, sie zu akzeptieren, um GPL-Software zu erwerben, zu installieren, zu
-verwenden, zu untersuchen oder sogar versuchsweise zu verändern. Bei
-proprietärer Software sind dagegen all diese Aktivitäten entweder
-verboten oder beschränkt, deshalb verlangen die Hersteller schon für
-die bloße Verwendung die Zustimmung zu einer Lizenz, die vertragliche
-Vorschriften enthält, die über das Urheberrecht hinausgehen. Die
-Freie-Software-Bewegung denkt, dass all diese Aktivitäten
-Rechte sind, welche alle Benutzer haben sollten. Wir <I>wollen</I> diese nicht
-einmal von der Lizenz berührt sehen. Beinahe jeder, der GPL-basierte
-Software verwendet, braucht keine Lizenz und muss auch keine akzeptieren. Die
-GPL betrifft dich nur, wenn du von GPL-Quellcode abgeleitete Software wieder
-vertreibst -- nur dann muss sie akzeptiert werden. Und da niemand ohne Lizenz
-Software weiter vertreiben kann, können wir mit Sicherheit annehmen, dass
-jeder, der GPL-Software verteilt, bereit war, die GPL zu akzeptieren. Immerhin
-schreibt die GPL vor, dass jede Kopie der Software den Lizenztext beinhalten
-muss, sodass jedermann darüber informiert ist.
-
-<P>
-
-Trotz des "FUD" ist die GPL als Copyright-Lizenz absolut
-zuverlässig. Deswegen konnte ich sie dutzende Male im Lauf der letzten
-zehn Jahre durchsetzen, ohne jemals vor Gericht ziehen zu müssen.
-
-<P>
-
-Unterdessen gab es in den vergangenen Monaten viel Gemunkel mit der Tendenz,
-dass das Fehlen von gerichtlichen Entscheidungen in den USA oder anderswo
-irgendwie impliziert, dass etwas mit der GPL faul sei, dass ihr
-ungewöhnliches strategisches Ziel juristisch nicht durchsetzbar sei, oder
-dass die Free Software Foundation, die Autorin der Lizenz, sich vor der
-Überprüfung vor Gericht fürchtet. Genau das Gegenteil ist wahr.
-Wir mussten niemals bis vor Gericht gehen, weil niemand das Risiko eingehen
-wollte, sich auf einen Rechtsstreit mit uns einzulassen.
-
-<P>
-
-Was passiert, wenn die GPL verletzt wird? Bei Software, an der die Free
-Software Foundation das Copyright besitzt (weil wir das Programm selbst
-geschrieben haben, oder weil die Programmierer uns das Copyright
-übertragen haben, um Vorteile aus unserer Erfahrung im Schutz von freier
-Software zu nutzen) <a href="/licenses/gpl-violation.html">ist der erste
-Schritt meist ein Bericht</a>. Dieser erreicht uns gewöhnlich durch eine
-E-Mail an <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden
-</a>. <a href="/licenses/gpl-violation.html">Wir fragen den Berichterstatter
-um Hilfe bei der Eruierung der notwendigen Fakten</a>, und führen soweit
-notwendig weitere Untersuchungen durch.
-
-<P>
-
-Wir erreichen diese Phase dutzende Male im Jahr. Ein anfänglich dezenter
-Kontakt reicht gewöhnlich aus, um das Problem zu lösen. Häufig
-meinen die Betroffenen, im Einklang mit der GPL zu handeln, und sind froh
-über ihren Fehler aufgeklärt zu werden. Manchmal glauben wir jedoch,
-dass zusätzliche vertrauensbildende Maßnahmen notwendig sind, wenn
-die Reichweite der Verletzung oder ihre zeitliche Beharrlichkeit sehr
-groß ist. In solchen Situationen arbeiten wir mit den Organisationen
-zusammen, um Programme zur Umsetzung der GPL in ihren Unternehmen zu
-gründen. Diese werden von höheren Managern geführt, die uns und
-dem leitenden Unternehmensvorstand regelmäßig Bericht erstatten. In
-besonders komplizierten Fällen haben wir manchmal auf Maßnahmen
-bestanden, die eine nachfolgende juristische Durchsetzung im Falle einer
-zukünftigen Verletzung erleichtern und beschleunigen würden.
-
-<P>
-
-In annähernd einem Jahrzehnt der Durchsetzung der GPL habe ich nie auf
-Schadenersatzzahlungen für die Foundation wegen Verletzung der GPL
-bestanden und nur selten ein öffentliches Schuldeingeständnis
-verlangt. Unsere Position war immer, dass die Einhaltung der Lizenz und die
-Gewissheit auf zukünftiges gutes Verhalten die wichtigsten Ziele sind. Wir
-machen es den Rechtsbrechern so leicht wie möglich, den Bedingungen
-nachzukommen und sind großzügig im Vergeben vergangener Fehler.
-
-<P>
-
-In den frühen Jahren der Freien-Software-Bewegung war das wahrscheinlich
-die einzig mögliche Strategie. Teure und beschwerliche Gerichtsverfahren
-hätten die FSF zerstören können oder uns zumindest davon
-abhalten können, das zu tun, was wir als notwendig erachteten, um die
-Freie-Software-Bewegung als die beständige Kraft im Umgestalten der
-Softwareindustrie zu etablieren, die sie heute ist. Im Verlauf der Zeit jedoch
-blieben wir bei dieser Methode zur Durchsetzung von Lizenzen - nicht weil wir
-mussten, sondern weil es funktionierte. Eine ganze Industrie wuchs um freie
-Software heran. Alle Beteiligten verstanden die überwältigende
-Wichtigkeit der GPL. Niemand wollte als Bösewicht angesehen werden, der
-freie Software gestohlen hat und niemand wollte Kunde, Geschäftspartner
-oder sogar Angestellter eines solchen Bösewichts sein. Angesichts der Wahl
-zwischen Erfüllung der Lizenz ohne Öffentlichkeit oder einer Kampagne
-mit schlechter Publicity und einer nicht zu gewinnenden Schlacht vor Gericht,
-wählten die Rechtsbrecher immer den leichteren Weg.
-
-<P>
-
-Wir hatten es sogar ein- oder zweimal mit Unternehmen zu tun, die bewusst in
-kriminelle Verstöße gegen das US-Copyright verwickelt waren. Sie
-nahmen den Quellcode von GPL-Software, rekompilierten ihn mit dem Versuch,
-seine Herkunft zu verbergen und boten ihn als proprietäres Produkt zum
-Verkauf an. Ich habe Entwicklern von Freier Software außerhalb der FSF
-geholfen, wie sie mit solchen Problemen umgehen sollten, welche wir bereits
-gelöst hatten. Da diese kriminellen Personen die GPL-Verletzungen nicht
-freiwillig unterlassen hätten und in den Fällen, die ich meine, die
-strafrechtliche Verfolgung der Rechtsverletzer aufgrund juristischer
-Formalitäten nicht möglich war, führten wir Gespräche mit
-Vertriebspartnern und potenziellen Kunden. "Wollt ihr wirklich Geld
-bezahlen für Software, die unsere Lizenz verletzt und die euch in
-verwickelte juristische Schwierigkeiten bringen wird, während ihr die
-selbe Sache umsonst haben könnt?", fragten wir sie dabei. Die Kunden
-erkannten immer die Berechtigung dieser Frage. Das Stehlen von Freier Software
-ist in der Tat eine Sache, wo sich Kriminalität nicht auszahlt.
-
-<P>
-
-Aber vielleicht waren wir etwas zu erfolgreich. Wenn ich die Gerichte schon vor
-Jahren bemüht hätte, die GPL durchzusetzen, würde Microsofts
-Geflüstere jetzt auf taube Ohren stoßen. Gerade diesen Monat hatte
-ich mit mehreren mäßig unangenehmen Fällen zu tun.
-"Schauen Sie", sagte ich, "so viele Leute auf der ganzen Welt
-drängen mich, die GPL vor Gericht durchzusetzen, nur um zu beweisen, dass
-ich es kann. Ich muss wirklich ein Exempel statuieren. Wollen Sie sich
-anbieten?"
-
-<P>
-
-Eines Tages wird es jemanden treffen. Aber dessen Kunden werden woanders
-hingegen. Begabte Techniker, die ihren Namen nicht in Verbindung mit solch
-einem Unternehmen gebracht sehen wollen, werden kündigen und die schlechte
-Publicity wird sie erdrücken. Und das alles bevor wir überhaupt vor
-Gericht gegangen sind. Die erste Person, die diesen Weg gehen will, wird sich
-wünschen, es nicht getan zu haben. Unser Weg, um unser Recht
-durchzusetzen, ist so ungewöhnlich wie unser Weg, Software zu erstellen.
-Aber eben das ist der Punkt. Die Bedeutung von Freier Software liegt gerade
-darin, dass dieser andere Weg letzten Endes der richtige Weg ist.
-
-<p>
-<cite>
-
-Eben Moglen ist Professor für Jura und Rechtsgeschichte an der
-Juristischen Fakultät der Columbia University. Er arbeitet ehrenamtlich
-als Chefberater für die Free Software Foundation.
-
-</cite>
-
-<p>
-
-Copyright © 2001 Eben Moglen
-<p>
-
-Die unveränderte Vervielfältigung und Weitergabe des gesamten Textes
-in beliebiger Form ist gestattet, sofern dieser Hinweis beibehalten wird.
-
-<HR>
-
-[
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
-<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->
- <A HREF="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.html">Englisch</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.fr.html">Französisch</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.it.html">Italienisch</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.ko.html">Koreanisch</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.pt.html">Portugiesisch</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.ru.html">Russisch</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.cs.html">Tschechisch</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.hu.html">Ungarisch</A>
-<!-- | A HREF="/boilerplate.LG.html" LANGUAGE /A -->
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
-<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->
-]
-
-<HR>
-
-
-<P>
-Zurück zur <A HREF="/home.html">GNUs Homepage</A>.
-<P>
-
-Senden Sie Anfragen an die FSF & GNU an
-
-<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>.
-Es gibt auch <A HREF="/home.html#ContactInfo">andere Weg, die FSF zu
-kontaktieren.</A>
-<P>
-
-Senden Sie Kommentare zu diesen Webseiten an
-
-<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>,
-und andere Fragen an
-<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>.
-<P>
-Updated:
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2004/06/28 16:53:03 $ $Author: Eckart $
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.de.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>Durchsetzung der GNU GPL - GNU Projekt - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, violation, general, public,
+license, gpl, general public license, enforcing, freedom, software, Eben,
+Moglen, Eben Moglen" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" content="In his essay, Enforcing the GNU GPL,
Eben Moglen, legal counsel to the FSF,
+talks about how enforcement of the GNU General Public License is typically
+carried out." />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.de.html" -->
+<h2>Durchsetzung der GNU GPL</h2>
+
+<p>von <a href="http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/";><strong>Eben
+Moglen</strong></a></p>
+<p><em>10. September 2001</em></p>
+
+<p>Microsofts Anti-GPL-Offensive im Sommer löste erneut Spekulation aus, ob
die
+GPL „durchsetzbar“ ist. Dieses besondere Beispiel für
+„Angst, Ungewissheit und Zweifel“ (engl. kurz <span
+xml:lang="en" lang="en"><abbr title="Fear, Uncertainty and
+Doubt">FUD</abbr></span>, „<span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Fear,
+Uncertainty and Doubt</span>“) ist für mich immer wieder amüsant. Ich
+bin der einzige Anwalt auf Erden, der das sagen kann, nehme ich an, aber es
+bringt mich dazu, mich zu fragen, worüber sich jeder wundert: Die
+Durchsetzung der <a href="/licenses/gpl-3.0">GPL</a> ist etwas, was ich die
+ganze Zeit mache.</p>
+
+<p>Weil <a href="/philosophy/free-sw">Freie Software</a> in der heutigen
+Gesellschaft ein unorthodoxes Konzept ist, tendieren Menschen zu der
+Annahme, dass ein solch untypisches Ziel mit einer ungewöhnlich raffinierten
+und deshalb zerbrechlichen juristischen Maschinerie verfolgt werden
+muss. Aber die Annahme ist falsch. Das Ziel der Free Software Foundation bei
+der Gestaltung und Veröffentlichung der GNU GPL <em>ist</em> leider
+unüblich: Wir gliedern die Erzeugung von Programmen um, um jedem das Recht
+zu geben, die qualitativ beste Software auf der Welt zu verstehen, zu
+reparieren, zu verbessern und weiterzugeben. Das ist ein revolutionäres
+Vorhaben; es zeigt, wie in der neuen, vernetzten Gesellschaft traditionelle
+Geschäftsmodelle durch völlig unterschiedliche Modelle der Herstellung und
+Verbreitung verschoben werden können. Aber die GNU GPL, das rechtliche
+Konstrukt, das alles andere möglich macht, ist eine sehr robuste Maschine,
+genau weil sie aus einfachsten arbeitenden Teilen gemacht ist. </p>
+
+<p>Das Wesentliche des Urheberrechts, wie andere Systeme auch, die diese
+Eigenschaft regeln, ist die Macht auszuschlieÃen. Der Rechteinhaber wird
+gesetzlich dazu ermächtigt, alle Anderen von der Vervielfältigung,
+Verbreitung und Herstellung abgeleiteter Werke auszuschlieÃen.</p>
+
+<p>Dieses Recht zum Ausschluss bedeutet eine ebenso groÃe Macht zur
+Lizenzierung – d. h. Berechtigungen zu gewähren, die sonst
+verboten wären. Lizenzen sind keine Verträge: Die Nutzer des Werks sind
+verpflichtet, innerhalb der Schranken der Lizenz zu bleiben, nicht weil sie
+sich freiwillig dazu verpflichtet haben, sondern weil sie überhaupt kein
+Recht zu handeln haben, sofern es die Lizenz erlaubt.</p>
+
+<p>Doch die meisten Anbieter proprietärer Software wollen mehr Macht, als
ihnen
+das Urheberrecht allein gibt. Diese Unternehmen sagen, ihre Software ist für
+Endkunden „lizenziert“, aber die Lizenz beinhaltet
+Verpflichtungen, die das Urheberrecht nicht kennt. Software, die Sie nicht
+verstehen dürfen verlangt bspw. oft Ihre Zustimmung, diese nicht zu
+dekompilieren. Das Urheberrecht verbietet keine Dekompilierung, das Verbot
+ist nur eine Vertragsklausel, der man beim Kauf im Geschäft oder beim
+Herunterladen im Internet zustimmen muss. Das Copyright wird in diesem Fall
+benutzt, um den Nutzern noch mehr vorzuenthalten. </p>
+
+<p>Dagegen reduziert die GNU GPL das Copyright anstatt es zu verstärken. Die
+Lizenz muss nicht kompliziert sein, weil wir versuchen, Benutzer möglichst
+wenig zu kontrollieren. Das Urheberrecht gewährt Herausgebern Macht,
+Benutzern das Recht – von dem wir glauben, dass alle
+Benutzer diese Rechte haben sollten – zum Kopieren,
+Modifizieren und Verbreiten zu verbieten; die GPL lockert so fast alle
+Einschränkungen des Copyright-Systems. Das Einzige was für uns absolut
+erforderlich ist, sind verbreitete, unter GPL stehende oder davon
+abgeleitete Werke wiederum unter GNU GPL zu verbreiten. Diese Bedingung ist
+aus Sicht des Urheberrechts eine sehr geringe Einschränkung. Sehr viel
+restriktivere Lizenzen werden routinemäÃig durchgesetzt: Jede Lizenz jeder
+einzelnen beteiligten Urheberrechtsklage ist restriktiver als die GNU GPL.</p>
+
+<p>Weil die wesentlichen Bestimmungen der GNU GPL weder komplex oder kontrovers
+sind, habe ich noch nie ein ernsthaftes Argument gehört, dass die GNU GPL
+die Macht eines Lizenzgeber überschreitet. Aber es wird manchmal gesagt,
+dass die GNU GPL nicht durchgesetzt werden kann, da Benutzer sie nicht
+„akzeptiert“ haben.</p>
+
+<p>Diese Behauptung beruht auf einem Missverständnis. Die Lizenz verlangt von
+niemandem, sie zu akzeptieren, um GPL-lizenzierte Software zu erwerben, zu
+installieren, zu verwenden, zu untersuchen oder sogar experimentell zu
+modifizieren. Bei proprietärer Software sind dagegen all diese Aktivitäten
+entweder verboten oder werden von proprietären Softwarefirmen kontrolliert,
+deshalb verlangen sie, bevor Sie ihre Werke nutzen können, eine Lizenz,
+einschlieÃlich vertraglicher Bestimmungen auÃerhalb der Reichweite des
+Urheberrechts, zu akzeptieren. Die Freie-Software-Bewegung denkt, dass all
+diese Aktivitäten Rechte sind, welche alle Benutzer haben sollten; wir
+<em>wollen</em> diese nicht einmal von der Lizenz berührt sehen. Beinahe
+jeder, der täglich GPL-lizenzierte Software verwendet, braucht keine Lizenz
+und muss auch keine akzeptieren. Die GNU GPL wird für Sie nur verpflichtend,
+wenn Sie von GPL-lizenzierten Quellcode abgeleitete Software verbreiten, und
+muss nur angenommen werden, wenn eine Neuverbreitung erfolgt. Und da niemand
+Software jemals ohne Lizenz weiterverbreiten kann, können wir mit Sicherheit
+annehmen, dass jeder, der GPL-lizenzierte Software verbreitet, bereit war,
+die GNU GPL zu akzeptieren. Immerhin schreibt sie vor, dass jede
+Softwarekopie den Lizenztext beinhalten muss, so dass jeder umfassend
+informiert ist.</p>
+
+<p>Trotz des <abbr>FUD</abbr> ist die GNU GPL als Copyright-Lizenz absolut
+zuverlässig. Deswegen konnte ich sie dutzende Male im Lauf der letzten zehn
+Jahre durchsetzen, ohne jemals vor Gericht ziehen zu müssen.</p>
+
+<p>Unterdessen gab es in den vergangenen Monaten viel Gemunkel mit der Tendenz,
+dass das Fehlen von gerichtlichen Entscheidungen in den USA oder anderen
+Gerichten irgendwie impliziert, dass etwas mit der GPL faul sei, dass ihr
+ungewöhnliches strategisches Ziel juristisch nicht durchsetzbar sei, oder
+dass die <span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Free Software Foundation</span>, die
+Autorin der Lizenz, sich vor der Ãberprüfung vor Gericht fürchtet. Genau das
+Gegenteil ist der Fall. Wir mussten niemals vor Gericht ziehen, weil niemand
+das Risiko eingehen wollte, sich auf einen Rechtsstreit mit uns
einzulassen.</p>
+
+<p>Was passiert, wenn die GNU GPL verletzt wird? Bei Software, an der die <span
+xml:lang="en" lang="en">Free Software Foundation</span> das Copyright
+besitzt (weil wir das Programm in erster Linie geschrieben haben oder weil
+freie Softwareautoren uns das Copyright zugewiesen haben, um unsere
+Sachkenntnis, die Freiheit ihrer Software zu schützen, zu nutzen), <a
+href="/licenses/gpl-violation">ist der erste Schritt ein Bericht</a>, in der
+Regel per E-Mail an <a href="mailto:address@hidden";
+hreflang="en"><address@hidden></a>. <a
+href="/licenses/gpl-violation">Wir bitten den Berichterstatter um Hilfe bei
+der Eruierung aller notwendigen Fakten</a>, und führen, soweit notwendig,
+weitere Untersuchungen durch.</p>
+
+<p>Wir erreichen diese Stadium Dutzende Male im Jahr. Ein dezenter Erstkontakt
+reicht gewöhnlich aus, um das Problem zu lösen. Häufig meinen Betroffene, im
+Einklang mit der GNU GPL zu handeln, und sind froh über ihren Fehler
+aufgeklärt zu werden. Manchmal glauben wir jedoch, dass zusätzliche
+vertrauensbildende MaÃnahmen notwendig sind, wenn die Reichweite der
+Verletzung oder ihre zeitliche Beharrlichkeit sehr groà ist. In solchen
+Situationen arbeiten wir mit Organisationen zusammen, um ein <em>Programm
+zur Einhaltung der GPL</em> in ihren Unternehmen zu etablieren, von
+Führungskräften geleitet, die uns und dem leitenden Unternehmensvorstand
+regelmäÃig Bericht erstatten. In besonders schwierigen Fällen haben wir
+manchmal auf MaÃnahmen bestanden, die die nachfolgende gerichtliche
+Durchsetzung im Falle einer zukünftigen Verletzung erleichtern und
+beschleunigen würden.</p>
+
+<p>In annähernd einem Jahrzehnt der Durchsetzung der GNU GPL habe ich nie auf
+Schadenersatzzahlungen für die Foundation wegen Verletzung der GNU GPL
+bestanden und nur selten ein öffentliches Schuldeingeständnis
+verlangt. Unsere Position war immer, dass die Einhaltung der Lizenz und und
+Sicherheit für künftiges Wohlverhalten die wichtigsten Ziele sind. Wir haben
+alles getan, um es Ãbertretern so leicht wie möglich zu machen, den
+Bedingungen nachzukommen, und hinsichtlich vergangener Fehler angeboten zu
+vergessen.</p>
+
+<p>In den frühen Jahren der Freie-Software-Bewegung war das wahrscheinlich die
+einzig mögliche Strategie. Teure und beschwerliche Gerichtsverfahren hätten
+die FSF zerstören können oder zumindest davon abhalten können, das zu tun,
+was wir als notwendig erachteten, um die Freie-Software-Bewegung als die
+beständige Kraft im Umgestalten der Softwareindustrie zu etablieren, die sie
+heute ist. Im Laufe der Zeit haben wir unser Konzept zur Durchsetzung von
+Lizenzen beibehalten, nicht weil wir mussten, sondern weil es
+funktionierte. Eine ganze Industrie wuchs um Freie Software heran, deren
+sämtliche Beteiligten verstanden die überwältigende Bedeutung der GNU
+GPL Рniemand wollte als B̦sewicht angesehen werden, der
+Freie Software gestohlen hat, und niemand wollte Kunde, Geschäftspartner
+oder sogar Angestellter eines so schlechten Schauspielers sein. Angesichts
+der Wahl zwischen Lizenzeinhaltung ohne Werbung oder einer Kampagne mit
+Negativwerbung und einem nicht zu gewinnenden Rechtsstreit-Schlacht,
+entschieden sich die Ãbertreter, nicht auf die harte Tour zu spielen.</p>
+
+<p>Wir waren sogar ein- oder zweimal mit Unternehmen konfrontiert, die unter
+US-Urheberrecht, in bewusster, strafbarer Verletzung des Urheberrechts
+beteiligt waren: den unter GPL-lizenzierten Quellcode nehmend, die Software
+neu, mit dem Versuch den Ursprung zu verschleiern, zu kompilieren und zum
+Verkauf als proprietäres Produkt anzubieten. Ich habe freien
+Softwareentwicklern, anders als die FSF, geholfen, mit solchen Probleme
+umzugehen, die wir gel̦st haben Рseit dem kriminelle
+Verletzer nicht freiwillig verzichten, und in Fällen, die ich im Auge habe,
+verhindern juristische Formalien tatsächliche strafrechtliche Verfolgung der
+Ãbertreter – durch Gespräche mit Distributoren und
+potenziellen Kunden. „Warum sollte man ernsthaft Geld bezahlen
+wollen“, fragten wir, „für Software, die unsere Lizenz verletzt
+und Sie in komplexe Rechtsfragen verstrickt, wenn man die reale Sache frei
+haben kann?“ Kunden haben nie versäumt, die Relevanz dieser Frage zu
+sehen. Der Diebstahl von Freie Software ist ein Ort, wo sich Verbrechen
+wirklich nicht auszahlt.</p>
+
+<p>Aber vielleicht waren wir auch zu erfolgreich. Wenn ich die Gerichte schon
+vor Jahren bemüht hätte, um die GNU GPL durchzusetzen, würde Microsofts
+Geflüster jetzt auf taube Ohren stoÃen. Gerade diesen Monat hatte ich mit
+mehreren mäÃig schwierigen Situationen zu tun. „Schauen Sie“,
+sagte ich, „so viele Menschen auf der ganzen Welt drängen mich, die
+GPL vor Gericht durchzusetzen, nur um zu beweisen, dass ich es kann. Ich
+muss wirklich ein Exempel statuieren. Möchten Sie sich freiwillig
+anbieten?“</p>
+
+<p>Eines Tages wird jemand. Aber dass dessen Kunden woanders hingegen werden,
+begabte Techniker, die ihren eigenen Ruf nicht mit solch einem Unternehmen
+in Verbindung gebracht sehen wollen werden kündigen, und die Negativwerbung
+wird sie ersticken. Und das alles, bevor wir überhaupt vor Gericht
+gehen. Die erste Person, die es versucht, wünscht sicher, es nicht getan zu
+haben. Unser Weg, um unser Recht durchzusetzen, ist so ungewöhnlich wie
+unser Weg, Software zu erstellen, aber das ist genau der Punkt. Freie
+Software ist wichtig, weil herauskommt, dass der andere Weg letzten Endes
+der richtige Weg ist. </p>
+
+<p><cite>Eben Moglen ist Professor für Recht und Rechtsgeschichte an der
+Juristischen Fakultät der Columbia University. Er ist als ehrenamtlicher
+Chefsyndikus für die Free Software Foundation tätig.</cite></p>
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.de.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bitte beachten Sie die <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations">LIESMICH fuÌr
+UÌbersetzungen</a>, um weitere Informationen uÌber die Koordinierung und
+Einsendung von UÌbersetzungen zu erhalten.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2001 Eben Moglen</p>
+
+<p>Die unveraÌnderte VervielfaÌltigung und Verbreitung dieses gesamten
+Textes<!--sind weltweit ohne LizenzgebuÌhren und--> ist mit jedem Medium,
+sofern dieser Hinweis<!-- und der Copyright-Hinweis--> angegeben ist,
+erlaubt.</p>
+
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<b>UÌbersetzung:</b> Michael Greifeneder (überarbeitet von Christian Siefkes
+und Richard Steuer), 2004. Joerg Kohne, 2011.</div>
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+Aktualisierung:
+
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:58 $
+
<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
-<P>
+<div id="translations">
+<h4>Ãbersetzungen dieser Seite</h4>
-Übersetzt von <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>Michael Greifeneder</a>,
-bearbeitet von <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>Christian Siefkes</a> und
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";>Richard Steuer</a>.
-
-<HR>
-</BODY>
-</HTML>
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- Bulgarian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
+<!-- Czech -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
+<!-- English -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- French -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Hungarian -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li>
+<!-- Indonesian -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.id.html">Bahasa
Indonesia</a> [id]</li>
+<!-- Italian -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<!-- Korean -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/essays-and-articles.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/essays-and-articles.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/essays-and-articles.ar.html 11 May 2010 08:25:36 -0000
1.5
+++ philosophy/essays-and-articles.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:58 -0000
1.6
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.html">ØرÙتÙ
بØاجة Ø¥ÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">دÙاÙع Ùتابة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gov-promote.html">How Should Governments Promote
Free
+Software?</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="aboutgnu">ع٠ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠غÙÙ</h3>
@@ -193,15 +195,16 @@
بÙرض ÙصÙاØÙØ© جÙ‌بÙ‌Ø¥Ù. ÙاÙ
باÙترجÙ
Ø©
Oxford Internet Institute.</li>
<!-- This link is broken
- <li><a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
+ <li>
+<a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
Excellent Copyright Policies</a></li>
-->
</ul>
<h4>إدارة اÙÙÙÙد اÙرÙÙ
ÙØ©</h4>
<ul>
- <li><a href="http://www.bostonreview.net/BR33.2/stallman.php";>أص٠ÙØ°Ù
اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© Ø£Ù
-اÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙÙ ÙتØÙÙ
Ù٠باÙبرÙ
جÙات</a>Ø Ø¨ÙÙÙ
رÙتشارد Ø¥Ù
ستÙÙÙ
Ù.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html">The problem is
software
+controlled by its developer</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html">”اÙتÙدÙ
“
اÙØاسÙبÙ:
جÙد٠ÙسÙئÙ</a>Ø Ø¨ÙÙÙ
رÙتشارد Ø¥Ù
ستÙÙÙ
Ù.</li>
@@ -332,11 +335,6 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/ucita.html">ÙÙ
اذا Ùجب عÙÙÙا Ù
Øاربة UCITA</a></li>
- <li><a
-href="http://www.infoworld.com/articles/op/xml/00/11/27/001127opfoster.xml";>
-A world with UCITA may allow fine print to outweigh the right thing</a>
بÙÙÙ
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";> <address@hidden></a></li>
-
<li><a href="/philosophy/second-sight.html">اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
ÙاÙØÙÙÙ
ات
(اÙØ¥ÙÙرتÙÙÙØ©)</a> — Ù
ÙاÙØ© Ù
٠اÙغاردÙاÙØ
بÙÙÙ
رÙتشارد ستÙÙÙ
Ù (ÙÙشر
أصÙÙا تØت اسÙ
“Ùظرة ÙاØصة”).</li>
@@ -423,9 +421,6 @@
<li id="Philosophy"><a href="/philosophy/">The main philosophy page</a></li>
</ul>
-
-
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -437,8 +432,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -450,8 +446,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù
ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ· ÙبدÙÙ ÙÙØ§Ø¦Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø·
-إبÙاء Ùذا اÙإخطار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -465,7 +462,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/05/11 08:25:36 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -500,12 +497,16 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
Index: philosophy/essays-and-articles.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/essays-and-articles.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/essays-and-articles.bg.html 11 May 2010 08:25:36 -0000
1.5
+++ philosophy/essays-and-articles.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:59 -0000
1.6
@@ -58,6 +58,8 @@
Ñе нÑждае Ð¾Ñ Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">ÐоÑиви за пиÑане
на Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gov-promote.html">How Should Governments Promote
Free
+Software?</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="aboutgnu">ÐÑноÑно опеÑаÑионнаÑа ÑиÑÑема
GNU</h3>
@@ -211,15 +213,16 @@
ÐкÑÑоÑдÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÐнÑеÑÐ½ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð½ÑÑиÑÑÑ.</li>
<!-- This link is broken
- <li><a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
+ <li>
+<a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
Excellent Copyright Policies</a></li>
-->
</ul>
<h4>ЦиÑÑово ÑпÑавление на огÑаниÑениÑÑа
(DRM)</h4>
<ul>
- <li><a
href="http://www.bostonreview.net/BR33.2/stallman.php";>СÑÑинаÑа на
Ñози е
-пÑоблем е ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, конÑÑолиÑан оÑ
ÑазÑабоÑÑика мÑ</a>, Ð¾Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑд Ð. СÑолман.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html">The problem is
software
+controlled by its developer</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html">âÐапÑедÑкÑÑâ
в компÑÑÑÑниÑе
ÑеÑ
нологии: добÑо и лоÑо</a>, Ð¾Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑд Ð.
СÑолман.</li>
@@ -361,12 +364,6 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/ucita.html">ÐаÑо ÑÑÑбва да Ñе
боÑим ÑÑеÑÑ UCITA</a></li>
- <li><a
-href="http://www.infoworld.com/articles/op/xml/00/11/27/001127opfoster.xml";>СвÑÑ
-Ñ UCITA може да позволи незнаÑиÑелен надпиÑ
ÑÑÑ ÑиÑен ÑÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð° наÑежи ÑпÑÑмо
-иÑÑинÑкоÑо ÑазÑеÑение на пÑоблема</a> Ð¾Ñ Ðд
ФоÑÑÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a></li>
-
<li><a href="/philosophy/second-sight.html">СвободниÑÑ
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸
(е-)пÑавиÑелÑÑвоÑо</a>. СÑаÑиÑ, пÑÑвонаÑално
пÑбликÑвана в âÐаÑдианâ под
заглавиеÑо âSecond Sightâ, Ð¾Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑд СÑолман.</li>
@@ -458,9 +455,6 @@
<li id="Philosophy"><a href="/philosophy/">The main philosophy page</a></li>
</ul>
-
-
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -479,8 +473,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -493,9 +488,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -514,7 +509,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/05/11 08:25:36 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -549,12 +544,16 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
Index: philosophy/essays-and-articles.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/essays-and-articles.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- philosophy/essays-and-articles.ca.html 11 May 2010 08:25:36 -0000
1.6
+++ philosophy/essays-and-articles.ca.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:59 -0000
1.7
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@
llibertat necessita programari lliure</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ca.html">Motivacions per escriure
programari
lliure</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gov-promote.html">Com haurien de promoure els
governs
+el programari llure?</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="aboutgnu">Sobre el Sistema Operatiu GNU</h3>
@@ -214,16 +216,16 @@
de l'Oxford Internet Institute.</li>
<!-- This link is broken
- <li><a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
+ <li>
+<a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
Excellent Copyright Policies</a></li>
-->
</ul>
<h4>Gestió de Restriccions Digitals (DRM)</h4>
<ul>
- <li><a href="http://www.bostonreview.net/BR33.2/stallman.php";>L'arrel del
-problema és al programari controlat pel desenvolupador</a>, per
-Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html">El problema és el
+programari controlat pel desenvolupador</a>, per Richard M. Stallman.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html">El "progrés" informà tic:
coses
bones i dolentes</a>, per Richard M. Stallman.</li>
@@ -334,12 +336,12 @@
<ul>
<li> <a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman";>Digital
-economy bill: One clown giveth and the other clown taketh away</a> by <a
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman";>Llei
+d'economia digital: un pallasso la fa i un altre la desfà </a>, per <a
href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html">Is Digital
Inclusion
-A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?</a> by <a
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html">Ãs positiva la
+integració digital? Com podem estar-ne segurs?</a>, per <a
href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/wsis.html">Cimera Mundial sobre la Societat de la
@@ -362,12 +364,6 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/ucita.html">Per què hem de lluitar contra
UCITA</a></li>
- <li><a
-href="http://www.infoworld.com/articles/op/xml/00/11/27/001127opfoster.xml";>Un
-món amb UCITA permetrà que la lletra petita pesi més que l'esperit</a>, per
-Ed Foster <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
-<address@hidden></a></li>
-
<li><a href="/philosophy/second-sight.html">Programari lliure i
(e-)Govern</a>,
un article de Richard Stallman publicat a The Guardian (originà riament es va
publicar amb el tÃtol "Clarividència").</li>
@@ -461,9 +457,6 @@
filosofia</a></li>
</ul>
-
-
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -475,9 +468,10 @@
<p>
Envieu les vostres preguntes sobre la FSF i GNU a <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>. També hi ha <a
-href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la
-FSF. <br />Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o
-suggeriments a <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>.
+href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la FSF.
+<br />
+Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o suggeriments a <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -491,21 +485,23 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en
-qualsevol medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que es conservi aquesta nota.
+<p>Aquesta pà gina es troba sota la <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ca";>Llicència
+Creative Commons Reconeixement-SenseObraDerivada 3.0 Estats Units
+d'Amèrica</a>.
</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-Darrera actualització: <a href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 5
-d'abril de 2010.</div>
+Darrera actualització: <a href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 27 de
+juny de 2010.</div>
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2010/05/11 08:25:36 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -540,12 +536,16 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
Index: philosophy/essays-and-articles.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/essays-and-articles.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/essays-and-articles.de.html 13 Aug 2011 08:38:38 -0000
1.1
+++ philosophy/essays-and-articles.de.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:59 -0000
1.2
@@ -2,14 +2,15 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.de.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Essays und Artikel - GNU Projekt - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+<title>Aufsätze und Artikel - GNU Projekt - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.de.html" -->
-<h2>Essays und Artikel</h2>
+<h2>Aufsätze und Artikel</h2>
-<p>Auf dieser Seite finden Sie eine Reihe von Artikeln über die Philosophie
der
-Freie-Software-Bewegung, die die Motivation für unsere Entwicklung des
-freien Betriebssystems <span title="GNU’s Nicht Unix">GNU</span> ist.</p>
+<p>Auf dieser Seite finden Sie eine Reihe von Aufsätzen und Artikeln, die die
+Philosophie der Freie-Software-Bewegung beschreiben – die
+Motivation zur Entwicklung des freien Betriebssystems <span
+title="GNU’s Nicht Unix">GNU</span>.</p>
<p>
<!-- please leave both these ID attributes here. ... -->
@@ -24,14 +25,12 @@
<h3 id="aboutfs">Ãber Freie Software</h3>
<p>
-Freie Software ist eine Frage der Freiheit: Menschen sollten frei sein,
-Software auf die Weise zu verwenden, die gesellschaftlich nützlich
-sind. Software unterscheidet sich von materiellen
-Dingen – wie Stühle, Sandwiches und
-Benzin – indem sie kopiert und viel leichter geändert werden
-kann. Diese Möglichkeiten machen Software so nützlich wie sie ist; Wir
-glauben, dass Softwareanwender in der Lage sein sollten, davon Gebrauch zu
-machen.</p>
+Freie Software ist eine Frage der Freiheit: Menschen sollten Software frei
+auf jede Weise nutzen können, die gesellschaftlich nützlich ist. Software
+unterscheidet sich von materiellen Dingen – wie Stühle,
+Sandwiches und Benzin – indem sie kopiert und viel leichter
+geändert werden kann. Diese Möglichkeiten machen Software so wertvoll wie
+sie ist; Softwarenutzer sollten in der Lage sein, davon Gebrauch zu machen.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw">Was ist Freie Software?</a></li>
@@ -518,7 +517,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualisierung:
-$Date: 2011/08/13 08:38:38 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/essays-and-articles.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/essays-and-articles.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/essays-and-articles.fr.html 11 May 2010 08:25:36 -0000
1.5
+++ philosophy/essays-and-articles.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:59 -0000
1.6
@@ -19,53 +19,54 @@
<a id="TOCFreedomOrganizations">Nous</a> <a
id="FreedomOrganizations">conservons</a> aussi une liste d'<a
href="/links/links.fr.html#FreedomOrganizations">organisations qui oeuvrent
-pour la liberté dans le développement informatique et les
-communications électroniques</a>.</p>
+pour la liberté dans le développement informatique et les communications
+électroniques</a>.</p>
-<h3 id="aboutfs">À propos du logiciel libre</h3>
+<h3 id="aboutfs">Ã propos du logiciel libre</h3>
<p>
-Le logiciel libre est une question de liberté : tout le monde
-devrait pouvoir être libre d'utiliser des logiciels de toutes les
-façons qui sont utiles socialement. Le logiciel diffère des
-objets matériels (tels que des chaises, des sandwiches et de
-l'essence) en ce qu'il peut être copié et modifié
-beaucoup plus facilement. Ces possibilités rendent le logiciel aussi
-utile qu'il peut l'être; nous croyons que les utilisateurs de
-logiciels devraient pouvoir les utiliser.</p>
+Le logiciel libre est une question de liberté : tout le monde devrait
+pouvoir être libre d'utiliser des logiciels de toutes les façons qui sont
+utiles socialement. Le logiciel diffère des objets matériels (tels que des
+chaises, des sandwiches et de l'essence) en ce qu'il peut être copié et
+modifié beaucoup plus facilement. Ces possibilités rendent le logiciel aussi
+utile qu'il peut l'être; nous croyons que les utilisateurs de logiciels
+devraient pouvoir les utiliser.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">Qu'est-ce qu'un logiciel
libre ?</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.fr.html">Pourquoi les logiciels ne
devraient
-pas avoir de propriétaires</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.fr.html">Pourquoi le logiciel devrait
-être libre</a>. (C'est un essai plus ancien et plus long sur le
-même sujet que le précédent).</li>
+pas avoir de propriétaires</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.fr.html">Pourquoi le logiciel devrait
être
+libre</a>. (C'est un essai plus ancien et plus long sur le même sujet que le
+précédent).</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc.fr.html">Pourquoi les logiciels libres ont
besoin de manuels libres</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/selling.fr.html">Vendre des logiciels libres</a> ce
n'est pas un problème !</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">Catégories de logiciels
-libres et non libres</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">Catégories de logiciels libres
et
+non libres</a></li>
<li><a href="/software/reliability.fr.html">Le logiciel libre est plus
fiable</a> !</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html">Pourquoi
-l'« open source » passe à côté du
-problème que soulève le logiciel libre ?</a></li>
+l'« open source » passe à côté du problème que soulève le
logiciel
+libre ?</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.fr.html">Linux, GNU et la
liberté</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/gnutella.fr.html" id="Gnutella">À propos de
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gnutella.fr.html" id="Gnutella">Ã propos de
Gnutella</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/schools.fr.html">Pourquoi les écoles ne
-devraient utiliser exclusivement que des logiciels libres</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/schools.fr.html">Pourquoi les écoles ne devraient
+utiliser exclusivement que des logiciels libres</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/my_doom.fr.html">MyDoom et vous</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.fr.html">15 ans de
logiciels
libres</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.fr.html">Le mouvement du
logiciel
libre</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.fr.html">Votre
-liberté a besoin de logiciels libres</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.fr.html">Votre
liberté
+a besoin de logiciels libres</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.fr.html">Raisons d'écrire des logiciels
libres</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gov-promote.html">How Should Governments Promote
Free
+Software?</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="aboutgnu">à propos du système d'exploitation GNU</h3>
@@ -74,9 +75,9 @@
<li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.fr.html">Annonce initiale du projet
GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.fr.html">Le Manifeste GNU</a></li>
- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.fr.html">Brève histoire du projet
GNU</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.fr.html">Brève histoire du projet GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.fr.html">Le projet GNU</a>, une description
plus
-longue et plus complète du projet et de son histoire.</li>
+longue et plus complète du projet et de son histoire.</li>
<li><a href="/fsf/fsf.fr.html">Qu'est-ce que la Free Software Foundation
(Fondation pour le logiciel libre) ?</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.fr.html">Pourquoi GNU/Linux ?</a></li>
@@ -85,19 +86,19 @@
<h3 id="LicensingFreeSoftware">Licences de Logiciels Libres</h3>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/licenses/licenses.fr.html">Informations générales
-sur les licences et le copyleft</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/licenses/licenses.fr.html">Informations générales sur les
licences
+et le copyleft</a></li>
<li><a href="/licenses/license-list.fr.html">Une liste de licences de
logiciels
-libres spécifiques</a></li>
+libres spécifiques</a></li>
<li><a href="/licenses/gpl-faq.fr.html">Foire aux questions sur les licences
GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.fr.html">Pourquoi vous ne devriez pas
-utiliser la Lesser GPL pour votre prochaine bibliothèque</a></li>
+utiliser la Lesser GPL pour votre prochaine bibliothèque</a></li>
<li><a href="/copyleft/copyleft.fr.html">Copyleft</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.fr.html">Pourquoi le
copyleft ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/university.fr.html">Écrire des logiciels
libres
-si vous travaillez à l'université</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.fr.html">Copyleft : Idéalisme
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/university.fr.html">Ãcrire des logiciels libres si
vous
+travaillez à l'université</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.fr.html">Copyleft : Idéalisme
pragmatique</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">Le piège JavaScript</a>
—
Il se peut que vous exécutiez des programmes non-libres sur votre ordinateur
@@ -107,29 +108,26 @@
article de Robert J. Chassell</li>
<li><a href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/20050211.html";>Censorship
envy
and licensing</a> (Tentation de censure et licence)</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/x.fr.html">Le piège X Window System</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/apsl.fr.html">Les problèmes avec la licence
-Apple</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/bsd.fr.html">Le problème de la licence
BSD</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/x.fr.html">Le piège X Window System</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/apsl.fr.html">Les problèmes avec la licence
Apple</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/bsd.fr.html">Le problème de la licence BSD</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl.fr.html">La Netscape Public License a
de
-sérieux problèmes</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/udi.fr.html">La communauté du logiciel libre
et
-UDI</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/gates.fr.html">Ce ne sont pas des barrières
mais
-une prison</a>, un article de Richard Stallman publié dans BBC News
-en 2008</li>
+sérieux problèmes</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/udi.fr.html">La communauté du logiciel libre et
UDI</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gates.fr.html">Ce ne sont pas des barrières mais
une
+prison</a>, un article de Richard Stallman publié dans BBC News en 2008</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html">Microsoft est-il le grand
satan ?</a> (une <a href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.fr.html">version
plus ancienne</a> de cet article est également disponible).</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.fr.html">Le procès
antitrust
-de Microsoft et le logiciel libre</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-verdict.fr.html">À propos du
verdict
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.fr.html">Le procès antitrust de
+Microsoft et le logiciel libre</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-verdict.fr.html">Ã propos du verdict
Microsoft</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.fr.html">Le nouveau monopole
de
Microsoft</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html">Lest CodePlex
perplex</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/plan-nine.fr.html" id="PlanNineLicense">Les
-problèmes de la licence de Plan 9</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/plan-nine.fr.html" id="PlanNineLicense">Les
problèmes
+de la licence de Plan 9</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/motif.fr.html" id="MotifLicense">La nouvelle licence
Motif</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/using-gfdl.fr.html" id="UsingGFDL">Utiliser la FDL
@@ -137,39 +135,37 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.fr.html" id="GPLAmericanWay">La GNU
GPL et l'American Way</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-dream.fr.html" id="GPLAmericanDream">La
-GNU GPL et le Rêve américain</a></li>
+GNU GPL et le Rêve américain</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.fr.html" id="EnforcingGPL">Faire
respecter la GPL GNU</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">On Selling Exceptions to
the
GNU GPL</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.fr.html"
-id="FreedomOrPower">Liberté ou pouvoir ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.fr.html"
id="FreedomOrPower">Liberté
+ou pouvoir ?</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fr.html"
-id="NoWordAttachments">Nous pouvons mettre un terme aux pièces
-jointes Word</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/java-trap.fr.html" id="JavaTrap">Libre mais
-entravé - Le piège Java</a> (Bien qu'en Décembre 2006,
-Sun est en train de <a
+id="NoWordAttachments">Nous pouvons mettre un terme aux pièces jointes
+Word</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/java-trap.fr.html" id="JavaTrap">Libre mais
entravé -
+Le piège Java</a> (Bien qu'en Décembre 2006, Sun est en train de <a
href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html";>republier sa
-plateforme Java sous la licence GPL GNU</a>, le problème
-décrit dans cet article demeure important)</li>
+plateforme Java sous la licence GPL GNU</a>, le problème décrit dans cet
+article demeure important)</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.fr.html"
-id="FightingSoftwarePatents">Combattre les brevets logiciels -
-Séparément ou Ensemble</a></li>
+id="FightingSoftwarePatents">Combattre les brevets logiciels - Séparément
+ou Ensemble</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.fr.html"
id="SoftwareLiteraryPatents">Les brevets logiciels et les brevets
-littéraires</a> par Richard M. Stallman, qui parle du brevetage des
-techniques artistiques, le brevet américain (6 935 954) qui
-couvre la conception de personnages de jeu qui commencent à
-halluciner quand (d'après le jeu) ils sont rendus fous. Ce qui est
-très proche des exemples hypothétiques donnés dans cet
-article.
+littéraires</a> par Richard M. Stallman, qui parle du brevetage des
+techniques artistiques, le brevet américain (6 935 954) qui couvre
+la conception de personnages de jeu qui commencent à halluciner quand
+(d'après le jeu) ils sont rendus fous. Ce qui est très proche des exemples
+hypothétiques donnés dans cet article.
</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/rtlinux-patent.fr.html">La version compatible GPL
de la
-« Open Patent RTLinux License » effective</a></li>
+« Open Patent RTLinux License » effective</a></li>
</ul>
-<h3 id="Laws">Législation</h3>
+<h3 id="Laws">Législation</h3>
<h4>Copyright</h4>
<ul>
@@ -181,88 +177,83 @@
Parti Pirate suédois se retournent contre le logiciel libre</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.fr.html">Mauvaise
-interprétation du droit d'auteur</a> est un autre essai de <a
-href="http://www.stallman.org";>RichardStallman</a> sur les défauts
-dans les défenses populaires de la loi sur le droit d'auteur.</li>
+interprétation du droit d'auteur</a> est un autre essai de <a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>RichardStallman</a> sur les défauts dans les
+défenses populaires de la loi sur le droit d'auteur.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.fr.html">Le Brief Amicus Curiae de la
FSF
-dans l'affaire Eldred v. Ashcroft de la Cour Suprême des
-États-Unis d'Amérique</a></li>
+dans l'affaire Eldred v. Ashcroft de la Cour Suprême des Ãtats-Unis
+d'Amérique</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.html">La science doit
-« mettre de côté les droits
-d'auteur »</a>, un autre papier de <a
+« mettre de côté les droits d'auteur »</a>, un autre papier de <a
href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> paru dans <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/stallman.html";>Les
-débats Web de Nature</a> (Nature Webdebates) en 2001, qui explique
-comment le copyright freine le progrès dans la recherche
-scientifique. Vous pourriez aussi être intéressé par <a
-href="http://www.publiclibraryofscience.org";>La bibliothèque publique de la
-science</a>, qui est dédiée à la mise à disposition libre des recherches
-scientifiques pour tous sur Internet.</li>
+débats Web de Nature</a> (Nature Webdebates) en 2001, qui explique comment
+le copyright freine le progrès dans la recherche scientifique. Vous pourriez
+aussi être intéressé par <a href="http://www.publiclibraryofscience.org";>La
+bibliothèque publique de la science</a>, qui est dédiée à la mise Ã
+disposition libre des recherches scientifiques pour tous sur Internet.</li>
- <li><a
href="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.fr.html">Réévaluer
-le copyright : le public doit avoir le dernier mot</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.fr.html">Réévaluer le
+copyright : le public doit avoir le dernier mot</a></li>
<li><a
href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/cyber/complaint_orig.html";>Eldred
-contre Reno</a> au sujet d'un procès visant à annuler une loi
-qui étend le copyright de 20 ans de plus.</li>
+contre Reno</a> au sujet d'un procès visant à annuler une loi qui étend le
+copyright de 20 ans de plus.</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.fr.html">Liberté ou
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.fr.html">Liberté ou
copyright ?</a> par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a> (une <a
href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old.fr.html">version plus
ancienne</a> de cet essai est également disponible).</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.html"
-id="StallmanTalkLSM">Copyright contre communauté à l'âge
-des réseaux informatiques</a> : est une transcription
-littérale d'un discours de <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard
-Stallman</a> à la Conférence LIANZA de Christchurch,
-Nouvelle-Zélande, du 12 octobre 2009.</li>
+id="StallmanTalkLSM">Copyright contre communauté à l'âge des réseaux
+informatiques</a> : est une transcription littérale d'un discours de <a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> à la Conférence LIANZA
+de Christchurch, Nouvelle-Zélande, du 12 octobre 2009.</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/resources/feedback/OIIFB_GPL2_20040903.pdf";>Une
-traduction en anglais</a> de la fameuse décision du District Court de
-Munich(Allemagne) concernant l'applicabilité et la validité de
-la GPL. La traduction a été faite par l'Oxford Internet
-Institute.</li>
+traduction en anglais</a> de la fameuse décision du District Court de
+Munich(Allemagne) concernant l'applicabilité et la validité de la GPL. La
+traduction a été faite par l'Oxford Internet Institute.</li>
<!-- This link is broken
- <li><a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
+ <li>
+<a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
Excellent Copyright Policies</a></li>
-->
</ul>
<h4>Gestion des restrictions numériques</h4>
<ul>
- <li><a href="http://www.bostonreview.net/BR33.2/stallman.php";>La racine de ce
-problème est le logiciel contrôlé par son
-développeur</a>, par Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html">The problem is
software
+controlled by its developer</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html">Le
-« Progrès » : du bon et du mauvais</a>,
-par Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+« Progrès » : du bon et du mauvais</a>, par Richard
+M. Stallman.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-audio-format-matters.fr.html">Pourquoi les
formats
audio comptent</a> par Karl Fogel</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/opposing-drm.fr.html">S'opposer à la
-mégestion des droits numériques</a>, par Richard M. Stallman
-qui répond à quelques questions communes sur les <abbr
-title="Digital Rights Management">DRM</abbr>.</li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks.fr.html">Livres électroniques :
-liberté ou copyright</a> une version légàrement
-modifiée de l'article, publié à l'origine dans
-Technology Review en 2000, par <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard
-Stallman</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/opposing-drm.fr.html">S'opposer à la mégestion des
+droits numériques</a>, par Richard M. Stallman qui répond à quelques
+questions communes sur les <abbr title="Digital Rights
+Management">DRM</abbr>.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks.fr.html">Livres électroniques : liberté ou
+copyright</a> une version légà rement modifiée de l'article, publié Ã
+l'origine dans Technology Review en 2000, par <a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html">Pouvez-vous faire confiance
-à votre ordinateur?</a>, un travail de <a
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html">Pouvez-vous faire confiance
Ã
+votre ordinateur?</a>, un travail de <a
href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> sur les initiatives de
-la soi-disant « informatique de confiance ».</li>
+la soi-disant « informatique de confiance ».</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.fr.html">Le droit de lire : une courte
histoire dystopienne</a> par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
@@ -273,55 +264,50 @@
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html#IntellectualProperty">« Propriété
intellectuelle »</a></h4>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.fr.html">Ne laissez pas la
-« propriété intellectuelle »
-déformer votre ethos</a> par Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.fr.html">Ne laissez pas la
« propriété
+intellectuelle » déformer votre ethos</a> par Richard M. Stallman.</li>
<li>Commentaires de Richard Stallman sur <a
href="/philosophy/ipjustice.fr.html">le rejet de l'ICLC de la Directive de
-renforcement de la propriété intellectuelle</a></li>
+renforcement de la propriété intellectuelle</a></li>
- <li>Richard Stallman a écrit <a
-href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.fr.html">une critique sur
-« L'affaire contre la propriété
-intellectuelle » de Boldrin et Levine.</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">Vous avez dit
-« Propriété intellectuelle » ?
-C'est un séduisant mirage</a>. Un essai sur la vraie signification du
-terme « Propriété intellectuelle », par
+ <li>Richard Stallman a écrit <a
href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.fr.html">une
+critique sur « L'affaire contre la propriété intellectuelle » de
+Boldrin et Levine.</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">Vous avez dit « Propriété
+intellectuelle » ? C'est un séduisant mirage</a>. Un essai sur la
+vraie signification du terme « Propriété intellectuelle », par
Richard M. Stallman</li>
</ul>
<h4>Brevets</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="/philosophy/w3c-patent.fr.html">Position de la FSF sur la
politique
-de brevet « libres de droits »
-(« Royalty-Free ») du Consortium W3 (W3C)</a>
-réécrit</li>
+de brevet « libres de droits » (« Royalty-Free ») du
+Consortium W3 (W3C)</a> réécrit</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/guardian-article.fr.html">Joutes verbales (That's
-fighting talk)</a>, une version légàrement modifiée de
-l'article, publié à l'origine dans <a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk";>The Guardian</a> de Londres par <a
-href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> et Nick Hill.</li>
-
- <li>Comment protéger le <a href="/philosophy/protecting.fr.html">droit
-d'écrire des logiciels</a> (indépendamment du fait qu'ils
-soient libres ou non)</li>
+fighting talk)</a>, une version légà rement modifiée de l'article, publié Ã
+l'origine dans <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk";>The Guardian</a> de
+Londres par <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> et Nick
+Hill.</li>
+
+ <li>Comment protéger le <a href="/philosophy/protecting.fr.html">droit
d'écrire
+des logiciels</a> (indépendamment du fait qu'ils soient libres ou non)</li>
<li>Dans <a
href="http://www.eff.org/IP/DMCA/Felten_v_RIAA/20010606_eff_felten_pr.html";>Felten
-v. RIAA</a>, des scientifiques demandent à une cour de juger que le
-Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) ne les empêche pas de publier
-leur recherche.</li>
+v. RIAA</a>, des scientifiques demandent à une cour de juger que le Digital
+Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) ne les empêche pas de publier leur
+recherche.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.eff.org/IP/Video/MPAA_DVD_cases/";>L'archive de l'EFF
-« Intellectual Property : MPAA (Motion Picture Association of
-America) DVD Cases »</a></li>
+« Intellectual Property : MPAA (Motion Picture Association of America)
+DVD Cases »</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.fr.html">Une
réforme
-des brevets n'est pas suffisante</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.fr.html">Une réforme
des
+brevets n'est pas suffisante</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/savingeurope.fr.html">Sauver l'Europe des brevets
logiciels</a></li>
@@ -329,16 +315,15 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/amazon.fr.html">Boycottez Amazon !</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf";
-id="SequentialIPandI">Innovation séquentielle, brevets, et
-imitation</a> est un article qui présente un modèle
-mathématique montrant comment les brevets peuvent freiner le
-progrès dans des domaines comme celui du logiciel.</li>
+id="SequentialIPandI">Innovation séquentielle, brevets, et imitation</a> est
+un article qui présente un modèle mathématique montrant comment les brevets
+peuvent freiner le progrès dans des domaines comme celui du logiciel.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/hague.fr.html">Le danger de La Haye</a></li>
<li><a
href="http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/comment/story/0,12449,1540984,00.html";>Soft
-sell</a>. Un article de Richard M. Stallman publié dans <a
+sell</a>. Un article de Richard M. Stallman publié dans <a
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk";>The Guardian</a>.</li>
<li><a
@@ -352,8 +337,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/gif.fr.html">Pourquoi il n'y a pas de fichiers GIF
sur
les pages Web de GNU</a>. Cette histoire est une illustration historique du
danger des brevets logiciels ; ces brevets particuliers ne sont plus un
-probème maintenant (voir la <a href="#venuenote">note de bas de
-page</a> ci-dessous. Pour des détails sur la <a
+probème maintenant (voir la <a href="#venuenote">note de bas de page</a>
+ci-dessous. Pour des détails sur la <a
href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html#UseofGraphics">politique concernant
les fichiers GIF</a> sur notre site Web, veuillez consulter le <a
href="/server/standards/">guide de conduite Web</a>.</li>
@@ -372,35 +357,26 @@
A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?</a> by <a
href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/wsis.fr.html">Sommet mondial sur la
-société de l'information</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/wsis.fr.html">Sommet mondial sur la société de
+l'information</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.fr.html">L'introduction par
Lawrence
-Lessig</a> à <a
+Lessig</a> Ã <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><i>Free
Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman</i></a>
-est disponible à la lecture.</li>
+est disponible à la lecture.</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/wassenaar.fr.html">On recherche des
-bénévoles de la cryptographie logicielle dans des pays sans
-contrôle des exportations</a>.</li>
-
- <li>Comment protéger les <a
-href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.fr.html">libertés d'expression, de
-la presse et d'association</a> sur Interne</li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/privacyaction.fr.html">Protéger l'anonymat
-postal</a>, une campagne pour résister à une proposition de
-règlement du Service postal des États-Unis pour collecter des
-informations sur ses clients.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/wassenaar.fr.html">On recherche des bénévoles de
la
+cryptographie logicielle dans des pays sans contrôle des
exportations</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/ucita.fr.html">Pourquoi nous devons contrer
UCITA</a></li>
+ <li>Comment protéger les <a
href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.fr.html">libertés
+d'expression, de la presse et d'association</a> sur Interne</li>
- <li><a
-href="http://www.infoworld.com/articles/op/xml/00/11/27/001127opfoster.xml";>A
-world with UCITA may allow fine print to outweigh the right thing</a> par Ed
-Foster <a
-href="mailto:gripe@infoworld.com";><gripe@infoworld.com></a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/privacyaction.fr.html">Protéger l'anonymat
postal</a>,
+une campagne pour résister à une proposition de règlement du Service postal
+des Ãtats-Unis pour collecter des informations sur ses clients.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/ucita.fr.html">Pourquoi nous devons contrer
UCITA</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/second-sight.fr.html">Logiciels libres et
(e-)gouvernement</a>. Un article du journal The Guardian, par Richard
@@ -408,75 +384,70 @@
<li><a
href="http://www.insnet.org/ins_headlines.rxml?cust=212&id=967";>Free
Software and Sustainable Development</a> - Un court article par Richard
-Stallman concernant l'utilisation de logiciels propriétaires dans le
-développement culturel.</li>
+Stallman concernant l'utilisation de logiciels propriétaires dans le
+développement culturel.</li>
</ul>
<h4>Divers</h4>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.fr.html">Le curieux
-non-événement de Sun dans la pénombre</a> par Richard
-M. Stallman.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.fr.html">Le curieux
non-événement de
+Sun dans la pénombre</a> par Richard M. Stallman.</li>
<li><a href="http://counterpunch.org/baker08192004.html";>Pourquoi avons-nous
-besoin de machines à voter à base de logiciel libre</a></li>
+besoin de machines à voter à base de logiciel libre</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.fr.html">SCO, GNU et Linux</a>,
par
-Richard Stallman, parle de la façon dont les poursuites judiciaires
-de SCO contre IBM, sont relatives au travail du projet GNU. Veuillez
-consulter la <a href="/philosophy/sco/sco.fr.html">page de la réponse
-de la FSF à SCO</a>pour plus de détails sur ce sujet.</li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.fr.html">La déclaration de la
FSF
-en réponse au jugement final révisé proposé dans
-Microsoft contre États-Unis, soumise au Ministère de la
-justice américain dans le cadre du Tunney Act</a>.</li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/new-monopoly.fr.html">Le Congès
américain
-menace d'établir une nouvelle sorte de monopole</a>, une tentative du
-congrès pour créer un monopole privé sur des
-informations publiques connues.</li>
+Richard Stallman, parle de la façon dont les poursuites judiciaires de SCO
+contre IBM, sont relatives au travail du projet GNU. Veuillez consulter la
+<a href="/philosophy/sco/sco.fr.html">page de la réponse de la FSF Ã
+SCO</a>pour plus de détails sur ce sujet.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.fr.html">La déclaration de la FSF en
+réponse au jugement final révisé proposé dans Microsoft contre Ãtats-Unis,
+soumise au Ministère de la justice américain dans le cadre du Tunney
+Act</a>.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/new-monopoly.fr.html">Le Congès américain menace
+d'établir une nouvelle sorte de monopole</a>, une tentative du congrès pour
+créer un monopole privé sur des informations publiques connues.</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/dat.fr.html">La bonne façon de taxer les
DAT</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/dat.fr.html">La bonne façon de taxer les
DAT</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/censoring-emacs.fr.html">Censurer mon logiciel</a>,
par
<a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.fr.html">Des études montrent que
la
-rémunération n'est souvent pas une motivation</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.fr.html">Des études montrent que la
+rémunération n'est souvent pas une motivation</a></li>
</ul>
-<h3 id="terminology">Terminologie et définitions</h3>
+<h3 id="terminology">Terminologie et définitions</h3>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html">Termes prêtant
à
-confusion</a> qu'il vaut mieux éviter</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html">Termes prêtant Ã
confusion</a>
+qu'il vaut mieux éviter</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html">Pourquoi
-l'« open source » passe à côté du
-problème que soulève le logiciel libre ?</a></li>
- <li><a
-href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.fr.html">« Logiciel
-open source » ou « Logiciel
-libre »</a> ? (C'est un essai plus ancien sur le même
-sujet que l'essai précédent).</li>
- <li>Richard Stallman a écrit <a
-href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.fr.html">lettre à
-l'éditeur</a> du Dr. Dobb's Journal de juin qui explique encore plus
-la différence entre les mouvements du Logiciel Libre et Open
Source.</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">Catégories de logiciels
-libres et non libres</a></li>
+l'« open source » passe à côté du problème que soulève le
logiciel
+libre ?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.fr.html">« Logiciel
open
+source » ou « Logiciel libre »</a> ? (C'est un essai
+plus ancien sur le même sujet que l'essai précédent).</li>
+ <li>Richard Stallman a écrit <a
href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.fr.html">lettre
+à l'éditeur</a> du Dr. Dobb's Journal de juin qui explique encore plus la
+différence entre les mouvements du Logiciel Libre et Open Source.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">Catégories de logiciels libres
et
+non libres</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.fr.html">Traductions du terme
-« logiciel libre »</a> en diverses langues</li>
+« logiciel libre »</a> en diverses langues</li>
</ul>
-<h3 id="upholding">Maintenir la liberté des logiciels</h3>
+<h3 id="upholding">Maintenir la liberté des logiciels</h3>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/use-free-software.fr.html">La communauté du
-logiciel libre après 20 ans</a>, avec un grand succès mais
-incomplet, et maintenant ?</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/use-free-software.fr.html">La communauté du
logiciel
+libre après 20 ans</a>, avec un grand succès mais incomplet, et
+maintenant ?</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/mcvoy.fr.html">Merci Larry McVoy</a> par Richard
M. Stallman</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/social-inertia.fr.html">Vaincre l'inertie
sociale</a>,
@@ -488,21 +459,18 @@
<ul>
<li><a href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">Humour philosophique</a>. Nous n'avons
-pas à être sérieux <i>tout</i> le temps.</li>
+pas à être sérieux <i>tout</i> le temps.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Liens vers d'autres articles sur la philosophie de GNU</h3>
<ul>
<li id="Speeches"><a href="speeches-and-interview.fr.html">Discours et
entretiens</a></li>
-<li id="ThirdPartyIdeas"><a href="third-party-ideas.fr.html">Idées de
tierces personnes</a></li>
+<li id="ThirdPartyIdeas"><a href="third-party-ideas.fr.html">Idées de tierces
personnes</a></li>
<li id="Philosophy"><a href="/philosophy/philisophy.fr.html">Page principale
sur la philosophie
GNU</a></li>
</ul>
-
-
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -513,9 +481,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -529,9 +499,10 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -544,7 +515,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/05/11 08:25:36 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -579,12 +550,16 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
Index: philosophy/essays-and-articles.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/essays-and-articles.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/essays-and-articles.pt-br.html 11 May 2010 08:25:36 -0000
1.5
+++ philosophy/essays-and-articles.pt-br.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:59 -0000
1.6
@@ -58,6 +58,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.html">Your Freedom
Needs Free Software</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">Motives For Writing Free
Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gov-promote.html">How Should Governments Promote
Free
+Software?</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="aboutgnu">About the GNU Operating System</h3>
@@ -202,16 +204,16 @@
translation was done by the Oxford Internet Institute.</li>
<!-- This link is broken
- <li><a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
+ <li>
+<a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
Excellent Copyright Policies</a></li>
-->
</ul>
<h4>Digital Restrictions Management</h4>
<ul>
- <li><a href="http://www.bostonreview.net/BR33.2/stallman.php";>The root of
this
-problem is software controlled by its developer</a>, by
-Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html">The problem is
software
+controlled by its developer</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html">Computing
“progress”: good and bad</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
@@ -346,12 +348,6 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/ucita.html">Why We Must Fight UCITA</a></li>
- <li><a
-href="http://www.infoworld.com/articles/op/xml/00/11/27/001127opfoster.xml";>
-A world with UCITA may allow fine print to outweigh the right thing</a> by
-Ed Foster <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
-<address@hidden></a></li>
-
<li><a href="/philosophy/second-sight.html">Free Software and
(e-)Government</a>
— an article from The Guardian, by Richard Stallman (originally
published under the title “Second Sight”).</li>
@@ -440,9 +436,6 @@
<li id="Philosophy"><a href="/philosophy/">The main philosophy page</a></li>
</ul>
-
-
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -454,8 +447,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -468,8 +462,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Permite-se mundialmente a cópia e distribuição integrais deste artigo em
-qualquer meio, desde que este aviso seja preservado.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -481,7 +476,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Atualizado:
-$Date: 2010/05/11 08:25:36 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -516,12 +511,16 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
Index: philosophy/essays-and-articles.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/essays-and-articles.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/essays-and-articles.ro.html 1 Jan 2011 09:28:59 -0000
1.3
+++ philosophy/essays-and-articles.ro.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:59 -0000
1.4
@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@
voastrÄ are nevoie de software liber</a> (în englezÄ)</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ro.html">Motive pentru a scrie software
liber</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gov-promote.html">How Should Governments Promote
Free
+Software?</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="aboutgnu">Despre sistemul de operare GNU</h3>
@@ -217,7 +219,8 @@
fost fÄcutÄ de cÄtre Institutul pentru Internet Oxford.</li>
<!-- This link is broken
- <li><a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
+ <li>
+<a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
Excellent Copyright Policies</a></li>
-->
</ul>
@@ -463,9 +466,6 @@
<li id="Philosophy"><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.ro.html">Pagina
principalÄ de filozofie</a></li>
</ul>
-
-
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -475,10 +475,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ro.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-VÄ rugÄm sÄ adresaÈi întrebÄrile dumneavoastrÄ despre FSF Èi GNU la <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ExistÄ Èi <a
-href="/contact/">alte modalitÄÈi pentru a lua contact</a> cu FSF. <br /> VÄ
-rugÄm sÄ semnalaÈi legÄturile rupte Èi alte corecturi sau sugestii la <a
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+VÄ rugÄm sÄ semnalaÈi legÄturile rupte Èi alte corecturi sau sugestii la
<a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -491,8 +492,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Copierea Èi distribuirea acestui articol în mod textual sunt permise sub
-orice formÄ, cu condiÈia pÄstrÄrii acestei note.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -505,7 +507,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ActualizatÄ:
-$Date: 2011/01/01 09:28:59 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -540,6 +542,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: philosophy/essays-and-articles.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/essays-and-articles.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/essays-and-articles.sr.html 11 May 2010 08:25:36 -0000
1.5
+++ philosophy/essays-and-articles.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:59 -0000
1.6
@@ -58,6 +58,8 @@
поÑÑебан Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">ÐоÑиваÑиÑа за
пиÑаÑе Ñлободног
ÑоÑÑвеÑа</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gov-promote.html">How Should Governments Promote
Free
+Software?</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="aboutgnu">РопеÑаÑивном ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐÐУ</h3>
@@ -206,16 +208,16 @@
инÑеÑнеÑ.</li>
<!-- This link is broken
- <li><a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
+ <li>
+<a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
Excellent Copyright Policies</a></li>
-->
</ul>
<h4>УпÑавÑаÑе дигиÑалним пÑепÑекама</h4>
<ul>
- <li><a href="http://www.bostonreview.net/BR33.2/stallman.php";>ÐзвоÑ
овог
-пÑоблема Ñе ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи конÑÑолиÑе Ñегов
гÑадиÑеÑ</a>, од РиÑаÑда
-Ð. СÑалмана.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html">The problem is
software
+controlled by its developer</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html">âÐÑогÑеÑâ Ñ
ÑаÑÑнаÑÑÑвÑ: добÑе
и лоÑе ÑÑÑане</a>, од РиÑаÑда Ð. СÑалмана.</li>
@@ -355,12 +357,6 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/ucita.html">ÐаÑÑо Ñе моÑамо
боÑиÑи пÑоÑив
<em>UCITA</em></a></li>
- <li><a
-href="http://www.infoworld.com/articles/op/xml/00/11/27/001127opfoster.xml";>СвеÑ
-Ñа <em>UCITA</em> може допÑÑÑиÑи да ÑиÑно
ÑÑампане клаÑзÑле бÑÐ´Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð¸Ñе од
-пÑавиÑ
ÑÑваÑи</a> од Ðда ФоÑÑеÑа <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a></li>
-
<li><a href="/philosophy/second-sight.html">Слободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ
и (е-)влада</a> â
Ñланак из ÐаÑдиÑана од РиÑаÑда Ð. СÑалмана
(пÑвобиÑно обÑавÑен под наÑловом
âÐÑÑги погледâ).</li>
@@ -452,9 +448,6 @@
<li id="Philosophy"><a href="/philosophy/">The main philosophy page</a></li>
</ul>
-
-
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -470,8 +463,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -484,9 +478,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа,
-без надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз
ÑÑлов да Ñе оÑÑвано ово
-обавеÑÑеÑе.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -512,7 +506,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2010/05/11 08:25:36 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -547,12 +541,16 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
Index: philosophy/fighting-software-patents.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/fighting-software-patents.ml.html 14 Jul 2010 20:28:14
-0000 1.4
+++ philosophy/fighting-software-patents.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:59
-0000 1.5
@@ -99,12 +99,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
à´àµà´¨àµà´µà´¿à´¨àµ à´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact/">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ </a>.
-<br />à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯
à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ മറàµà´±àµàµ
നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
-à´à´¨àµà´¨ വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ
à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -115,9 +115,9 @@
<p>à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´ © 2004
റിà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâഡൠസàµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâമാനàµâ</p>
<p>
-à´ à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµà´, à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶
à´àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨
-നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ, സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£
à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ പദാനàµà´ªà´¦
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´ à´à´¤àµ
-മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2010/07/14 20:28:14 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/free-doc.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-doc.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/free-doc.ar.html 25 May 2010 20:25:55 -0000 1.4
+++ philosophy/free-doc.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:59 -0000 1.5
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙاÙأدÙØ© اÙØرة - Ù
شرÙع
غÙÙ - Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
-(Ø¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù)</title>
+<title>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation - GNU Project - Free Software
+Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
-<h2>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙاÙأدÙØ© اÙØرة</h2>
+<h2>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/copyleft/fdl.html">رخصة غÙÙ ÙÙÙثائÙ
اÙØرة</a></li>
@@ -111,9 +111,10 @@
بÙتابة تÙØ«Ù٠سÙع٠-Ùب٠أ٠ÙÙع- أ٠عÙÙÙ ÙبÙ
ÙÙ Ø´ÙØ¡ Ø£Ù ÙجعÙÙ ØرÙا.</p>
<p>
-باستطاعتÙا Ø£ÙضÙا ا٠ÙشجÙع اÙÙشارÙÙ
اÙتجارÙÙ٠عÙ٠بÙع أدÙØ© Øرة Ù
ترÙÙØ© اÙØÙÙÙ
-بدÙÙا Ù
٠اÙأدÙØ© اÙÙ
ØتÙرة. تستطÙع اÙÙ
ساعدة
بذÙ٠عبر اÙتØÙÙ Ù
٠شرÙØ· تÙزÙع
-اÙÙتاب Ùب٠شرائÙØ Ùعبر تÙضÙ٠اÙأدÙØ© Ù
ترÙÙØ©
اÙØÙÙ٠عÙ٠غÙرÙا.</p>
+We can also encourage commercial publishers to sell free, copylefted manuals
+instead of proprietary ones. One way you can help this is to check the
+distribution terms of a manual before you buy it, and prefer copylefted
+manuals to noncopylefted ones.</p>
<p>
[Ù
ÙاØظة: ÙدÙر <a href="/doc/other-free-books.html">صÙØØ© تسرد
اÙÙتب اÙØرة
اÙت٠ÙÙÙرÙا ÙاشرÙ٠آخرÙÙ</a>].</p>
@@ -128,19 +129,21 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-!Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
جÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
باÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù
-ÙضÙ٠أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 1996Ø 1997Ø 1998Ø 1999Ø 2000Ø 2001Ø 2002Ø
2003Ø 2004Ø
2005Ø 2006Ø 2007Ø 2009 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
</p>
-<p>ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù
ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø· إبÙاء Ùذا
-اÙإخطار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -154,7 +157,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/05/25 20:25:55 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/free-doc.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-doc.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/free-doc.bg.html 15 Jan 2010 09:26:54 -0000 1.5
+++ philosophy/free-doc.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:59 -0000 1.6
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.bg.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Свободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸ Ñвободни
ÑÑководÑÑва - ÐÑоекÑÑÑ GNU - ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
-Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (ФСС)</title>
+<title>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation - GNU Project - Free Software
+Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
-<h2>Свободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸ Ñвободни
ÑÑководÑÑва</h2>
+<h2>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/copyleft/fdl.html">ÐиÑенз за Ñвободна
докÑменÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° GNU</a></li>
@@ -133,11 +133,10 @@
вÑиÑко Ñе изÑазÑва в Ñова да оÑдаде
ÑабоÑаÑа Ñи под Ñвободен лиÑенз.</p>
<p>
-Ðожем ÑÑÑо Ñака да наÑÑÑÑим комеÑÑиални
издаÑели да пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñвободни
-ÑÑководÑÑва под âcopyleftâ, вмеÑÑо
неÑвободни. Ðдин наÑин да помогнеÑе в
-Ñази наÑока е да пÑовеÑÑваÑе ÑÑловиÑÑа за
ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение на ÑÑководÑÑвоÑо
-пÑеди да го кÑпиÑе и да пÑедÑвÑваÑе
пÑедпоÑиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÑм âcopyleftâ пÑед
-ânon-copyleftâ алÑеÑнаÑиви.</p>
+We can also encourage commercial publishers to sell free, copylefted manuals
+instead of proprietary ones. One way you can help this is to check the
+distribution terms of a manual before you buy it, and prefer copylefted
+manuals to noncopylefted ones.</p>
<p>
[Note: We maintain a <a href="/doc/other-free-books.html">page that lists
free books available from other publishers</a>].</p>
@@ -152,20 +151,21 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.bg.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Ðма и дÑÑги
наÑини за <a
-href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002,
2003, 2004,
2005, 2006, 2007, 2009 ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ
</p>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/01/15 09:26:54 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/free-doc.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-doc.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.24
retrieving revision 1.25
diff -u -b -r1.24 -r1.25
--- philosophy/free-doc.fr.html 24 Jun 2010 11:23:30 -0000 1.24
+++ philosophy/free-doc.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:34:59 -0000 1.25
@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Logiciels et manuels libres - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+<title>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation - GNU Project - Free Software
+Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Logiciels et manuels libres</h2>
+<h2>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation</h2>
<ul>
<li>La <a href="/copyleft/fdl.html">Licence pour la Documentation Libre GNU</a>
@@ -14,159 +15,138 @@
</ul>
<p>
-Le plus grand défaut des systèmes d'exploitation libres n'est
-pas dans le logiciel, mais dans le manque de bons manuels libres que nous
-pouvons y inclure. Beaucoup de nos programmes les plus importants ne sont
-pas fournis avec des manuels complets. La documentation est une partie
-essentielle de tout logiciel; quand un logiciel libre important n'est pas
-fourni avec un manuel libre, c'est un manque majeur. Aujourd'hui, nous
-avons de nombreux manques importants.</p>
-
-<p>
-Il y a de nombreuses années, j'ai voulu essayer d'apprendre
-Perl. J'avais une copie d'un manuel libre, mais je ne l'ai pas trouvé
-facile d'accès. Lorsque j'ai demandé à des utilisateurs
-de Perl s'il existait une alternative, ils me dirent qu'il y avait de
-meilleurs manuels d'introduction, mais que ceux-ci n'étaient pas
-libres.</p>
-
-<p>
-Mais pourquoi cela ? Les auteurs de ces bons manuels les ont
-écrit pour O'Reilly Associates, qui les publie sous des termes
-restrictifs (pas de copie, pas de modification, les sources ne sont pas
-disponibles). Cela les exclut de la communauté du logiciel libre.</p>
-
-<p>
-Ce n'était pas la première fois que ce genre de choses se
-produisait, et (malheureusement pour notre communauté) c'en est loin
-d'être fini. Les éditeurs de manuels propriétaires ont
-encouragé un grand nombre d'auteurs à restreindre leurs
-manuels depuis. J'ai souvent entendu un utilisateur de GNU me parler d'un
-manuel qu'il était en train d'écrire et avec lequel il
-comptait aider le projet GNU, puis décevoir mes espoirs en expliquant
-qu'il avait signé un contrat avec un éditeur qui restreindrait
-son manuel de telle manière que nous ne pourrions pas l'utiliser.</p>
-
-<p>
-Étant donné la rareté de bons rédacteurs en
-langue anglaise parmi les programmeurs, nous ne pouvons pas nous permettre
-de perdre des manuels de cette manière.</p>
-
-<p>
-L'intérêt d'une documentation libre (tout comme pour un
-logiciel libre) est la liberté, pas le prix. Le problème avec
-ces manuels n'était pas que O'Reilly Associates vende les versions
-imprimées de ses manuels, ce qui est bon en soi. (La Free Software
-Foundation <a href="/doc/doc.html#DescriptionsOfGNUDocumentation"> vend
-aussi des impressions</a> des <a href="/doc/doc.html">manuels GNU</a>). Mais
-les manuels GNU sont disponibles sous forme de code source, alors que ces
-manuels-là ne sont disponibles que sous forme imprimée. Les
-manuels de GNU sont distribués avec la permission de les copier et de
-les modifier; mais pas ces manuels de Perl. Ces restrictions sont le
-problème.</p>
-
-<p>
-Les conditions à remplir pour un manuel libre sont à peu
-près les mêmes que pour un logiciel; il s'agit de donner
-à tous les utilisateurs certaines libertés. La redistribution
-(y compris une distribution commerciale) doit être autorisée
-afin que le manuel accompagne chaque copie du programme, de manière
-électronique ou imprimée. Permettre les modifications est
-crucial aussi.</p>
-
-<p>
-En règle générale, je ne crois pas qu'il soit essentiel
-que nous ayons la permission de modifier toutes sortes d'articles ou de
-livres. Les problèmes de l'écriture ne sont pas
-forcément les mêmes que ceux du logiciel. Par exemple, je ne
-crois pas que vous ou moi devrions nous sentir obligés de donner la
-permission de modifier des articles tels que celui-ci, qui décrivent
-nos actions et nos positions.</p>
-
-<p>
-Mais il y a une raison particulière pour laquelle la liberté
-de modifier des documentations libres traitant de logiciels libres est
-cruciale. Lorsque les programmeurs exercent leur droit de modifier un
-logiciel et d'ajouter ou de modifier des fonctionnalités, s'il sont
-consciencieux, ils changeront aussi le manuel afin de pouvoir fournir une
-documentation précise et utilisable avec leur propre version du
-programme. Un manuel qui interdirait aux programmeurs d'être
-consciencieux et de finir leur travail, ou qui leur imposerait
-d'écrire un nouveau manuel à partir de zéro s'ils
-modifient le programme ne répond pas aux besoins de notre
-communauté.</p>
-
-<p>
-Même si un refus total des modifications est inacceptable, quelques
-limites sur la manière de modifier une documentation ne pose pas de
-problème. Par exemple, il est normal d'avoir des injonctions de
-préserver la notice de copyright originale, les termes de
-distribution ou la liste des auteurs. Il n'y a pas non plus de
-problème à demander que les versions modifiées incluent
-une notice expliquant qu'il s'agit d'une version modifiée, et
-même d'avoir des sections entières qui ne puissent ni
-être supprimées ni être modifiées, du moment qu'il
-ne s'agit pas de sections ayant trait à des sujets techniques
-(certains manuels GNU en ont).</p>
-
-<p>
-Ce type de restrictions n'est pas un problème, car d'une
-manière pratique elles n'empêchent pas le programmeur
-consciencieux d'adapter le manuel pour correspondre au programme
-modifié. En d'autres termes, elles n'empêchent pas la
-communauté du logiciel libre de faire son œuvre à la
-fois sur le programme et sur le manuel.</p>
-
-<p>
-De toutes façons, il doit être possible de modifier toute la
-partie <em>technique</em> du manuel ; sinon ces restrictions bloquent
-la communauté, le manuel n'est pas libre, et nous avons besoin d'un
-autre manuel.</p>
-
-<p>
-Malheureusement, il est souvent difficile de trouver quelqu'un pour
-écrire un autre manuel quand un manuel propriétaire existe
-déjà. L'obstacle est que la plupart des utilisateurs pensent
-qu'un manuel propriétaire est suffisament bon, alors ils ne
-ressentent pas le besoin d'écrire un manuel libre. Il ne voient pas
-qu'un système d'exploitation libre a une fissure qui nécessite
-un colmatage.</p>
-
-<p>
-Pourquoi ces utilisateurs pensent-ils que les manuels propriétaires
-sont suffisament bons ? La plupart ne se sont pas penchés sur
-le problème. J'espère que cet article sera utile dans ce
sens.</p>
-
-<p>
-D'autres utilisateurs considèrent les manuels propriétaires
-acceptables pour la même raison qu'énormément de
-personnes considèrent le logiciel propriétaire
-acceptable : ils pensent en termes purement pratiques, sans mettre la
-liberté en compte. Ces personnes sont attachées à leurs
-opinions, mais comme ces opinions découlent de valeurs qui n'incluent
-pas la liberté, ils ne sont pas un modèle pour ceux d'entre
-nous qui s'attachent à la liberté.</p>
-
-<p>
-Je vous encourage à parler de ce problème autour de vous. Nous
-continuons à perdre des manuels au profit d'éditions
-propriétaires. Si nous faisons savoir que les manuels
-propriétaires ne sont pas suffisants, peut-être que la
-prochaine personne qui voudra aider GNU en écrivant de la
-documentation réalisera, avant qu'il soit trop tard, qu'elle devra
-avant tout la rendre libre.</p>
-
-<p>
-Nous pouvons de plus encourager les éditeurs à vendre des
-manuels libres et dénués de copyright au lieu de manuels
-propriétaires. Une façon de le faire est de vérifier
-les termes de distribution de manuels avant de les acheter, et de
-préférer les manuels sans copyright à des manuels
-copyrightés.</p>
-<p>
-[Note : Nous maintenons une <a href="/doc/other-free-books.html">page
-Web listant les livres publiés, par d'autres éditeurs, en tant
-que documentation libre</a>]</p>
+Le plus grand défaut des systèmes d'exploitation libres n'est pas dans le
+logiciel, mais dans le manque de bons manuels libres que nous pouvons y
+inclure. Beaucoup de nos programmes les plus importants ne sont pas fournis
+avec des manuels complets. La documentation est une partie essentielle de
+tout logiciel; quand un logiciel libre important n'est pas fourni avec un
+manuel libre, c'est un manque majeur. Aujourd'hui, nous avons de nombreux
+manques importants.</p>
+
+<p>
+Il y a de nombreuses années, j'ai voulu essayer d'apprendre Perl. J'avais
+une copie d'un manuel libre, mais je ne l'ai pas trouvé facile
+d'accès. Lorsque j'ai demandé à des utilisateurs de Perl s'il existait une
+alternative, ils me dirent qu'il y avait de meilleurs manuels
+d'introduction, mais que ceux-ci n'étaient pas libres.</p>
+
+<p>
+Mais pourquoi cela ? Les auteurs de ces bons manuels les ont écrit
+pour O'Reilly Associates, qui les publie sous des termes restrictifs (pas de
+copie, pas de modification, les sources ne sont pas disponibles). Cela les
+exclut de la communauté du logiciel libre.</p>
+
+<p>
+That wasn't the first time this sort of thing has happened, and (to our
+community's great loss) it was far from the last. Proprietary manual
+publishers have enticed a great many authors to restrict their manuals since
+then. Many times I have heard a GNU user eagerly tell me about a manual
+that he is writing, with which he expects to help the GNU Project—and
+then had my hopes dashed, as he proceeded to explain that he had signed a
+contract with a publisher that would restrict it so that we cannot use it.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ãtant donné la rareté de bons rédacteurs en langue anglaise parmi les
+programmeurs, nous ne pouvons pas nous permettre de perdre des manuels de
+cette manière.</p>
+
+<p>
+L'intérêt d'une documentation libre (tout comme pour un logiciel libre) est
+la liberté, pas le prix. Le problème avec ces manuels n'était pas que
+O'Reilly Associates vende les versions imprimées de ses manuels, ce qui est
+bon en soi. (La Free Software Foundation <a
+href="/doc/doc.html#DescriptionsOfGNUDocumentation"> vend aussi des
+impressions</a> des <a href="/doc/doc.html">manuels GNU</a>). Mais les
+manuels GNU sont disponibles sous forme de code source, alors que ces
+manuels-là ne sont disponibles que sous forme imprimée. Les manuels de GNU
+sont distribués avec la permission de les copier et de les modifier; mais
+pas ces manuels de Perl. Ces restrictions sont le problème.</p>
+
+<p>
+The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for free
+software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms.
+Redistribution (including commercial redistribution) must be permitted, so
+that the manual can accompany every copy of the program, on line or on
+paper. Permission for modification is crucial too.</p>
+
+<p>
+En règle générale, je ne crois pas qu'il soit essentiel que nous ayons la
+permission de modifier toutes sortes d'articles ou de livres. Les problèmes
+de l'écriture ne sont pas forcément les mêmes que ceux du logiciel. Par
+exemple, je ne crois pas que vous ou moi devrions nous sentir obligés de
+donner la permission de modifier des articles tels que celui-ci, qui
+décrivent nos actions et nos positions.</p>
+
+<p>
+But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial for
+documentation for free software. When people exercise their right to modify
+the software, and add or change its features, if they are conscientious they
+will change the manual too—so they can provide accurate and usable
+documentation with the modified program. A manual which forbids programmers
+from being conscientious and finishing the job, or more precisely requires
+them to write a new manual from scratch if they change the program, does not
+fill our community's needs.</p>
+
+<p>
+While a blanket prohibition on modification is unacceptable, some kinds of
+limits on the method of modification pose no problem. For example,
+requirements to preserve the original author's copyright notice, the
+distribution terms, or the list of authors, are OK. It is also no problem
+to require modified versions to include notice that they were modified, even
+to have entire sections that may not be deleted or changed, as long as these
+sections deal with nontechnical topics. (Some GNU manuals have them.)</p>
+
+<p>
+Ce type de restrictions n'est pas un problème, car d'une manière pratique
+elles n'empêchent pas le programmeur consciencieux d'adapter le manuel pour
+correspondre au programme modifié. En d'autres termes, elles n'empêchent pas
+la communauté du logiciel libre de faire son œuvre à la fois sur le
+programme et sur le manuel.</p>
+
+<p>
+However, it must be possible to modify all the <em>technical</em> content of
+the manual, and then distribute the result through all the usual media,
+through all the usual channels; otherwise, the restrictions do block the
+community, the manual is not free, and so we need another manual.</p>
+
+<p>
+Malheureusement, il est souvent difficile de trouver quelqu'un pour écrire
+un autre manuel quand un manuel propriétaire existe déjà . L'obstacle est que
+la plupart des utilisateurs pensent qu'un manuel propriétaire est
+suffisament bon, alors ils ne ressentent pas le besoin d'écrire un manuel
+libre. Il ne voient pas qu'un système d'exploitation libre a une fissure qui
+nécessite un colmatage.</p>
+
+<p>
+Pourquoi ces utilisateurs pensent-ils que les manuels propriétaires sont
+suffisament bons ? La plupart ne se sont pas penchés sur le
+problème. J'espère que cet article sera utile dans ce sens.</p>
+
+<p>
+D'autres utilisateurs considèrent les manuels propriétaires acceptables pour
+la même raison qu'énormément de personnes considèrent le logiciel
+propriétaire acceptable : ils pensent en termes purement pratiques,
+sans mettre la liberté en compte. Ces personnes sont attachées à leurs
+opinions, mais comme ces opinions découlent de valeurs qui n'incluent pas la
+liberté, ils ne sont pas un modèle pour ceux d'entre nous qui s'attachent Ã
+la liberté.</p>
+
+<p>
+Je vous encourage à parler de ce problème autour de vous. Nous continuons Ã
+perdre des manuels au profit d'éditions propriétaires. Si nous faisons
+savoir que les manuels propriétaires ne sont pas suffisants, peut-être que
+la prochaine personne qui voudra aider GNU en écrivant de la documentation
+réalisera, avant qu'il soit trop tard, qu'elle devra avant tout la rendre
+libre.</p>
+
+<p>
+We can also encourage commercial publishers to sell free, copylefted manuals
+instead of proprietary ones. One way you can help this is to check the
+distribution terms of a manual before you buy it, and prefer copylefted
+manuals to noncopylefted ones.</p>
+<p>
+[Note: We maintain a <a href="/doc/other-free-books.html">page that lists
+free books available from other publishers</a>].</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -179,9 +159,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -189,9 +171,10 @@
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -204,7 +187,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/06/24 11:23:30 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:34:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -271,6 +254,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-doc.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-doc.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
+<!-- Turkish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-doc.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/free-doc.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-doc.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- philosophy/free-doc.sr.html 15 Jan 2010 09:26:54 -0000 1.7
+++ philosophy/free-doc.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:00 -0000 1.8
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.sr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Слободан ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð¸ Ñлободни
пÑиÑÑÑниÑи - ÐÑоÑÐµÐºÐ°Ñ ÐÐУ - ÐадÑжбина за
-Ñлободан ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ (ÐСС)</title>
+<title>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation - GNU Project - Free Software
+Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.sr.html" -->
-<h2>Слободан ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð¸ Ñлободни
пÑиÑÑÑниÑи</h2>
+<h2>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/copyleft/fdl.html">ÐÐУ Ñлободна лиÑенÑа
докÑменÑаÑиÑе</a></li>
@@ -129,11 +129,10 @@
Ñлободном.</p>
<p>
-Ðи ÑакоÑе можемо да оÑ
ÑабÑимо
комеÑÑиÑалне издаваÑе да пÑодаÑÑ Ñлободне,
-копилеÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑÑÑнике ÑмеÑÑо ÑвоÑинÑкиÑ
.
Ðедан наÑин на коÑи можеÑе да
-помогнеÑе овоме ÑеÑÑе да погледаÑе ÑÑлове
ÑаÑподеÑиваÑа пÑиÑÑÑника пÑе него
-ÑÑо га кÑпиÑе, и да даÑе пÑедноÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð»ÐµÑÑ
пÑиÑÑÑниÑима над не-копилеÑÑ
-пÑиÑÑÑниÑима.</p>
+We can also encourage commercial publishers to sell free, copylefted manuals
+instead of proprietary ones. One way you can help this is to check the
+distribution terms of a manual before you buy it, and prefer copylefted
+manuals to noncopylefted ones.</p>
<p>
[Note: We maintain a <a href="/doc/other-free-books.html">page that lists
free books available from other publishers</a>].</p>
@@ -150,8 +149,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -159,8 +159,9 @@
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка на било коÑем
-медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз ÑÑлов да Ñе оÑÑвано ово
обавеÑÑеÑе.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -186,7 +187,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2010/01/15 09:26:54 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/free-doc.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-doc.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/free-doc.tr.html 12 Jan 2010 21:26:00 -0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/free-doc.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:00 -0000 1.2
@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.tr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Ãzgür Yazılım ve Ãzgür Kılavuzlar - GNU Projesi - Ãzgür
Yazılım Vakfı (FSF)</title>
+<title>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation - GNU Project - Free Software
+Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.tr.html" -->
-<h2>Ãzgür Yazılım ve Ãzgür Kılavuzlar</h2>
+<h2>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="/copyleft/fdl.html">GNU Ãzgür Belgeleme Lisansı</a></li>
@@ -139,10 +140,10 @@
ötesinde öncelikle özgürlüÄe önem vermesi gerektiÄini fark edecektir.
</p>
<p>
-Ayrıca ticari yayıncıları, özel mülk kılavuzlar yerine özgür, copyleft
-edilmiÅ kılavuzlar satmak için de yüreklendirebiliriz. Bunu saÄlamanın
bir
-yolu da, satın almadan önce bir kılavuzun daÄıtımını kontrol etmek ve
-copyleft olmayan kılavuzlardan çok copyleft kılavuzları tercih
etmektir.</p>
+We can also encourage commercial publishers to sell free, copylefted manuals
+instead of proprietary ones. One way you can help this is to check the
+distribution terms of a manual before you buy it, and prefer copylefted
+manuals to noncopylefted ones.</p>
<p>
[Not: Ãzgür Yazılım Vakfının, diÄer yayıncılardan satın alınabilen
özgür
kitapları listeleyen <a href="/doc/other-free-books.html">bir sayfamız</a>
@@ -158,21 +159,21 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.tr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır. Lütfen
-çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>Bu makalenin tamamının kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve
daÄıtılmasına,
-ücret talep etmeksizin, herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı
-bildirisini korumak Åartıyla, dünya çapında izin verilmiÅtir.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -225,7 +226,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/01/12 21:26:00 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.bg.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:30
-0000 1.16
+++ philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:00
-0000 1.17
@@ -138,7 +138,8 @@
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-<!-- The <a href="http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf";> state of
+<!-- The <a href="http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf";>
+ state of
Kansas</a> published a similar definition: -->
Ðе миÑлÑ, Ñе Ñой наÑоÑно е ÑеÑил да оÑÑ
вÑÑли или да оÑпоÑи âоÑиÑиалнаÑаâ
деÑиниÑиÑ. СпоÑед мен Ñой пÑоÑÑо е
пÑиложил конвенÑииÑе на английÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÐµÐ·Ð¸Ðº,
@@ -383,18 +384,17 @@
<hr />
<p>
-Ðжо ÐÐ°Ñ Ðµ напиÑал ÑÑаÑиÑ, озаглавена <a
-href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>Ðивей и
-лиÑензиÑай<sup><a href="#TransNote4">4</a></sup></a>, коÑÑо
пÑедÑÑавÑ
-неговиÑе вÑзгледи по Ñози вÑпÑоÑ.</p>
+Joe Barr wrote an article called <a
+href="http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4";>Live and let license</a>
+that gives his perspective on this issue.</p>
<p>
-<a href="http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>ÐокладÑÑ
за
-моÑиваÑиÑÑа на ÑазÑабоÑÑиÑиÑе на Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a> Ð¾Ñ ÐаÑ
ани и УлÑ
-ÑвÑÑди, Ñе знаÑиÑелна ÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÑ
Ñа
моÑивиÑани Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñзгледа, Ñе ÑоÑÑÑеÑÑÑ
-ÑÑÑбва да е Ñвободен. Това е вÑпÑеки ÑакÑа,
Ñе Ñе Ñа изÑледвали
-ÑазÑабоÑÑиÑи Ð¾Ñ SourceForge, ÑайÑ, койÑо не
поддÑÑжа вÑзгледа, Ñе Ñова е
-еÑиÑен вÑпÑоÑ.</p>
+Lakhani and Wolf's <a
+href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>paper
+on the motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable
+fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This was
+despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site
+that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</p>
<hr />
<h4>Това еÑе е пÑбликÑвано в книгаÑа <a
@@ -438,11 +438,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги наÑини за
-<a href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии (или
пÑедложениÑ) на е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -457,9 +458,9 @@
</p>
<address>Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston,
MA
02110, USA</address>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -478,7 +479,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:30 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -497,7 +498,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Bulgarian -->
@@ -523,7 +525,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
Index: philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.18
retrieving revision 1.19
diff -u -b -r1.18 -r1.19
--- philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.sr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:30
-0000 1.18
+++ philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:00
-0000 1.19
@@ -131,7 +131,8 @@
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-<!-- The <a href="http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf";> state of
+<!-- The <a href="http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf";>
+ state of
Kansas</a> published a similar definition: -->
Ðе миÑлим да Ñе он намеÑно Ñ
Ñео да оповÑгне
или оÑпоÑи âзваниÑнÑâ
деÑиниÑиÑÑ. ÐиÑлим да Ñе он Ñамо пÑименио
пÑавила енглеÑког Ñезика како би
@@ -364,18 +365,17 @@
<hr />
<p>
-Ðо ÐÐ°Ñ (<em>Joe Barr</em>) Ñе напиÑао Ñланак
наÑловÑен <a
-href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>Ðиви и
пÑÑÑи
-дÑÑге да лиÑенÑиÑаÑÑ</a> коÑи пÑÑжа Ñегово
миÑÑеÑе о овом пиÑаÑÑ.</p>
+Joe Barr wrote an article called <a
+href="http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4";>Live and let license</a>
+that gives his perspective on this issue.</p>
<p>
-ÐаÑ
аниÑево (<em>Lakhani</em>) и ÐолÑово (<em>Wolf</em>) <a
-href="http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>иÑÑÑаживаÑе
о
-моÑиваÑиÑи гÑадиÑеÑа Ñлободног
ÑоÑÑвеÑа</a> говоÑи да Ñе знаÑаÑан пÑоÑенаÑ
-ÑÑди моÑивиÑан ÑÑавом да би ÑоÑÑвеÑ
ÑÑебало да бÑде Ñлободан. Ð Ñве Ñо
-ÑпÑÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑиÑениÑи да ÑÑ Ð°Ð½ÐºÐµÑиÑали
гÑадиÑеÑе на ÐоваÑниÑи извоÑног кода
-(<em>SourceForge</em>), емеÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñе не подÑжава
гледиÑÑе да Ñе ово пиÑаÑе
-еÑике.</p>
+Lakhani and Wolf's <a
+href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>paper
+on the motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable
+fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This was
+despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site
+that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</p>
<hr />
<h4>ÐÐ²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÐµÑ Ñе обÑавÑен Ñ ÐºÑизи <a
@@ -404,11 +404,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑаÑеÑе пиÑаÑа Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð¸ Ñа
ÐСС-ом и ÐÐУ-ом на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÐоÑÑоÑе и <a
-href="/contact/">дÑÑги наÑини да Ñе обÑаÑиÑе</a>
ÐСС-Ñ.<br />Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-ÑаÑеÑе неиÑпÑавне везе и дÑÑге иÑпÑавке
(или пÑедлоге) на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -422,9 +423,9 @@
Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа,
-без надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз
ÑÑлов да Ñе оÑÑвано ово обавеÑÑеÑе
-и обавеÑÑеÑе о аÑÑоÑÑким пÑавима.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -450,7 +451,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:30 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -469,7 +470,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Bulgarian -->
@@ -495,7 +497,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
Index: philosophy/free-software-intro.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-software-intro.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- philosophy/free-software-intro.ar.html 12 Oct 2009 20:26:05 -0000
1.7
+++ philosophy/free-software-intro.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:00 -0000
1.8
@@ -40,9 +40,10 @@
Our <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">detailed definition</a> of free
software shows how we evaluate a license to see if it makes programs free
software. We also have articles about <a
-href="/philosophy/philosophy.html#LicensingFreeSoftware">certain specific
-licenses</a> explaining the advantages and disadvantages of some licenses
-that do qualify, and why some other licenses are too restrictive to qualify.
+href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html#LicensingFreeSoftware">certain
+specific licenses</a> explaining the advantages and disadvantages of some
+licenses that do qualify, and why some other licenses are too restrictive to
+qualify.
</p>
<p>
@@ -74,8 +75,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -85,10 +87,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
-<p>ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù
ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø· إبÙاء Ùذا
-اÙإخطار.</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -101,7 +105,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙÙØ« ÙÙ:
-$Date: 2009/10/12 20:26:05 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -137,6 +141,10 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Malayalam -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/free-software-intro.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-software-intro.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/free-software-intro.fa.html 12 Oct 2009 20:26:05 -0000
1.4
+++ philosophy/free-software-intro.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:00 -0000
1.5
@@ -41,9 +41,10 @@
Our <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">detailed definition</a> of free
software shows how we evaluate a license to see if it makes programs free
software. We also have articles about <a
-href="/philosophy/philosophy.html#LicensingFreeSoftware">certain specific
-licenses</a> explaining the advantages and disadvantages of some licenses
-that do qualify, and why some other licenses are too restrictive to qualify.
+href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html#LicensingFreeSoftware">certain
+specific licenses</a> explaining the advantages and disadvantages of some
+licenses that do qualify, and why some other licenses are too restrictive to
+qualify.
</p>
<p>
@@ -76,8 +77,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -88,11 +90,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
-<p>ÙسخÙâØ¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÙ
٠ب٠کÙÙ
٠٠تÙزÛع ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در سراسر جÙا٠٠در Ùر
-رساÙÙâاÛØ Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠پرداخت Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز Ù
جاز Ù
ÛâØ¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø§ اÛ٠شرط ک٠اÛ٠اعÙاÙ/ØÙ
-اÙ
تÛاز ØÙظ Ø´Ùد.</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -103,7 +106,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2009/10/12 20:26:05 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -139,6 +142,10 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Malayalam -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/free-software-intro.ml.html
===================================================================
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1.8
+++ philosophy/free-software-intro.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:00 -0000
1.9
@@ -45,15 +45,13 @@
</p>
<p>
-à´à´°àµ സമàµà´®à´¤à´ªà´¤àµà´°à´, à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´¤àµà´¤àµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´° à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´£àµà´àµ à´à´¨àµà´¨àµàµ
-വിശà´à´²à´¨à´ à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´ªà´±àµà´±à´¿
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ <a
-href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">വിശദമായ
നിരàµâà´µà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ
-</a>à´ªàµà´°à´¤à´¿à´ªà´¾à´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.
à´à´¿à´² <a
-href="/philosophy/philosophy.html#LicensingFreeSoftware">à´ªàµà´°à´¤àµà´¯àµà´
-à´²àµà´¸à´¨àµâà´¸àµà´à´³àµ </a>à´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ -
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
നിരàµâà´µà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤àµà´àµàµ
-à´¨àµà´¤à´¿ à´ªàµà´²à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨à´µà´¯àµà´àµ
à´àµà´£à´¦àµà´·à´àµà´à´³àµ പറàµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´
à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤à´µ à´à´¨àµà´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ
-à´¯àµà´àµà´¯à´®à´²àµà´² à´à´¨àµà´¨àµà´
വിശദàµà´à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´²àµà´à´¨à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´àµà´¨àµ
à´µàµà´¬àµ-താളàµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ
-à´²à´àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ.
+Our <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">detailed definition</a> of free
+software shows how we evaluate a license to see if it makes programs free
+software. We also have articles about <a
+href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html#LicensingFreeSoftware">certain
+specific licenses</a> explaining the advantages and disadvantages of some
+licenses that do qualify, and why some other licenses are too restrictive to
+qualify.
</p>
<p>
@@ -93,12 +91,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ -നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµ
-വിനൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ </a>.
<br
-/>à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯ à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµàµ നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> à´à´¨àµà´¨
-വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -107,11 +105,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´ © 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009
à´«àµà´°àµ à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´«àµà´£àµà´àµà´·à´¨àµâ
+Copyright © 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
-<p>à´ à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµà´,à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶
à´àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨
-നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ, സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£
à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ പദാനàµà´ªà´¦
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´, à´à´¤àµ
-മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2010/12/17 09:28:23 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/free-sw.af.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.af.html,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- philosophy/free-sw.af.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:30 -0000 1.19
+++ philosophy/free-sw.af.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:01 -0000 1.20
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+
+
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.af.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
@@ -12,50 +14,51 @@
<link rel="alternate" title="Nuwe Vrye Sagteware"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.af.html" -->
-
<h2>Die Vrye Sagteware Definisie</h2>
<p>
-Ons onderhou die definisie van vrye sagteware om te verseker dat daar
-duidelik verstaan kan word wat waar moet wees omtrent 'n besondere
-sagtewareprogram alvorens dit as vrye sagteware beskou kan word.
+We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be true
+about a particular software program for it to be considered free software.
+From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it. If you would
+like to review the changes we've made, please see the <a
+href="#History">History section</a> below for more information.
</p>
<p>
-<q>Vrye sagteware</q> gaan oor vryheid en nie prys nie. Daarom die woord
-<q>vry</q> en nie gratis nie. Vrye sagteware kan jou geld kos terwyl
-sommige sagteware wat jy verniet kry nie noodwendig vry is nie.
+“Free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To
+understand the concept, you should think of “free” as in
+“free speech,” not as in “free beer.”
</p>
<p>
-Vrye sagteware gaan oor 'n gebruiker se reg om die sagteware/programmatuur
-te kan hardloop, kopieër, versprei te bestudeer, te verander en te
-verbeter. Meer presies verwys dit na vier soorte vryhede vir die
-gebruikers van die sagteware:
+Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,
+study, change and improve the software. More precisely, it means that the
+program's users have the four essential freedoms:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Die vryheid om die program te hardloop vir enige doeleinde (vryheid
0).</li>
- <li>Die vryheid om die program te bestudeer en te leer hoe dit werk en dit
aan
-te pas na joubehoefte. (vryheid 1) Toegang tot die bronkode is
-'n voorvereiste vir hierdie vryheid.
+ <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your
+computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a
+precondition for this.
</li>
<li>Die vryheid om kopieë te herversprei sodat jy jou naaste kan help
(vryheid 2).
</li>
- <li>Die vryheid om die program te verbeter en jou verbeteringe aan die
publiek
-vry te stel sodat die hele gemeenskap voordeel daaruit kan trek (vryheid
-3). Toegang tot die bronkode is 'n voorvereiste hiervoor.
+ <li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others
+(freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to
+benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for
+this.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
-'n Program is vrye sagteware as gebruikers al hierdie vryhede geniet. Dus
-behoort dit jou vry te staan om kopieë te herversprei, hetsy met of
-sonder veranderinge, hetsy gratis of deur 'n verspreidingsfooi te vra, vir
-<a href="#exportcontrol">enigeen op enige plek</a>. Om vry te wees om
-hierdie dinge te doen beteken (onder andere) dat jy nie vir toestemming hoef
-te vra of te betaal nie.
+A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms. Thus, you
+should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without modifications,
+either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to <a
+href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do these things
+means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay for permission
+to do so.
</p>
<p>
@@ -68,48 +71,68 @@
</p>
<p>
-Die vryheid om 'n program te hardloop beteken dat enige soort persoon of
-organisasie vry is om dit op enige soort rekenaarstelsel te gebruik vir
-enige soort werk of doeleinde, sonder dat daar vereis word om dit an die
-ontwikkelaar of enige besondere instansie tekommunikeer. Met hierdie
-vryheid is die gebruiker se doelwit belangriker, nie die ontwikkelaar s'n
-nie; jy as 'n gebruiker is vry om 'n program te gebruik vir jou doeleindes
-en as jy dit aan iemand anders versprei, is daardie persoon dan vry om dit
-vir sy eie doeleindes te gebruik en is jy nie geregtig om beperkinge op
-daardie persoon telê nie.
+The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person or
+organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of
+overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it with
+the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is the
+<em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em> purpose;
+you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes, and if you
+distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it for her purposes,
+but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable forms
+of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and unmodified
+versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary for
+conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there is no
+way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program (since some
+languages don't support that feature), but you must have the freedom to
+redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to make them.
</p>
<p>
-Die vryheid om kopieë te herversprei moet binêre of uitvoerbare
-vorms van die program, asook die bronkode insluit vir beidie onveranderde en
-veranderde weergawes. (Die verspreiding van programme in uitvoerbare
-vorm is nodig vir gerief van installasie op vrye bedryfstelsels) Dit
-is aanvaarbaar as daar geen manier is om 'n binêre of uitvoerbare vorm
-van 'n sekere program te skep nie (aangesien sekere tale hierdie kenmerk nie
-ondersteun nie), maar jy behoort die vryheid te hê om sulke vorme te
-versprei as jy 'n manier vind of ontwikkel om dit te kan maak.
+In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the freedom
+to publish improved versions) to be meaningful, you must have access to the
+source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of source code is a
+necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated “source code”
+is not real source code and does not count as source code.
</p>
<p>
-Ten einde die vryheid om veranderinge te maak en verbeterde weergawes te
-implementeer, betekenisvol te maak, moet jy toegang tot die bronkode van die
-program hê. Daarom is toegang tot die bronkode 'n voorvereiste vir
-vrye sagteware.
+Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the
+original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to run someone
+else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a practice known as
+“tivoization” or “lockdown”, or (in its
+practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure boot” —
+freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom.
+This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries are not free
+software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
</p>
<p>
-Een belangrike manier om 'n program te verander is deur dit saam te smelt
-met ander beskikbare vrye subroetines en modules. As die program se
-lisensie jou verbied om bestaade modules te benut, soos om te vereis dat jy
-die kopiereg hou op enige kode wat jy byvoeg, dan is die lisensie te
-beperkend om te kwalifiseer as vrye sagteware.
+One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free
+subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you cannot
+merge in a suitably licensed existing module — for instance, if it
+requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add — then the
+license is too restrictive to qualify as free.
</p>
<p>
-Vir hierdie vryhede om verwesenlik te word moet hulle onherroeplik wees
-solank as wat jy niks verkeerd gedoen het nie; as die ontwikkelaar van die
-sagteware die mag het om die lisensie te herroep, sonder dat jy aanleiding
-daartoe gegee het, is die sagteware nie vry nie.
+Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions as free
+software. A free license may also permit other ways of releasing them; in
+other words, it does not have to be a <a
+href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license. However, a license
+that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify as a free
+license.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
+irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
+software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change its
+terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the software is not
+free.
</p>
<p>
@@ -122,94 +145,97 @@
</p>
<p>
-Jy mag dalk geld betaal het om kopieë van vrye sagteware te bekom, of
-jy mag kopieë verniet gekry het. Ongeag van hoe jy jou kopie in
-die hande gekry het, het jy altyd die vryheid om kopieë te maak en die
-sagteware te verander en dit selfs te <a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/selling.html";>verkoop</a>
+“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial.” A
+free program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
+and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software is no
+longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important. You may
+have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have obtained
+copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies, you always
+have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to <a
+href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
</p>
<p>
-<q>Vrye sagteware</q> beteken nie <q>nie-kommersieël</q> nie. 'n Vrye
-program moet beskikbaar wees vir kommersiële gebruik, -ontwikkeling en
--verspreiding. Kommersiële ontwikkeling van vrye sagteware is nie
-meer ongewoon nie; sulke vryekommersiële sagteware is baie belangrik.
+Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter. If your
+modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that someone else
+considers an improvement, that is not freedom.
</p>
<p>
-Reëls oor hoe om 'n veranderde pakket te verpak is aanvaarbaar as hulle nie
-jou vryheid beduidend beperk om veranderde weergawes te versprei nie of jou
-vryheid om veranderings privaat te maak en te gebruik nie. Reëls wat
-van jou vereis om 'n pakket op 'n besondere manier beskikbaar te maak indien
-jy dit op 'n andermanier doen is ook aanvaarbaar op dieselfde voorwaardes
-(Neem kennis dat so 'n reël jou nog steeds vrystaan om te besluit of jy
-jou weergawe wil publiseer aldan nie). Reëls wat die vrystel van die
-bronkode vereis aan gebruikers van weergawes wat jy vir openbare gebruik
-beskikbaar stel is ook aanvaarbaar. Dit isook aanvaarbaar dat die lisensie
-vereis dat, as jy 'n veranderdeweergawe versprei het, jy dit op aanvraag aan
-die vorige ontwikkelaarmoet stuur of dat jy jouself op veranderinge
-identifiseer.
+However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if
+they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or
+your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Thus, it is
+acceptable for the license to require that you change the name of the
+modified version, remove a logo, or identify your modifications as yours.
+As long as these requirements are not so burdensome that they effectively
+hamper you from releasing your changes, they are acceptable; you're already
+making other changes to the program, so you won't have trouble making a few
+more.
</p>
<p>
-In die GNU-projek, word <a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/copyleft.html";>kopielinks</a> gebruik om
-hierdie vryhede wettiglikvir almal te beskerm. Daar bestaan egter ook
-<a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware";>nie-kopielinkse
-vrye sagteware</a>. Die GNU-projek se mense glo dat daar <a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/pragmatic.html";>belangrike redes is
-waarom dit beter is om kopielinks te gebruik</a>, maar as jou program
-nie-kopielinkse vrye sagteware bevat kan dit steeds aanvaarbaar geag word.
+Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you must
+make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too, on the same
+condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one saying that if you
+have distributed a modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy
+of it, you must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the
+choice of whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require
+release of source code to the users for versions that you put into public
+use are also acceptable.
</p>
<p>
-Sien <a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html";>Kategorieë</a> van
-Vrye Sagteware vir 'n beskrywing van hoe vrye sagteware, kopielinkse
-sagteware en ander kategorieë sagteware verband hou met mekaar.
+In the GNU project, we use <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> to
+protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted
+free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why
+<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>, but
+if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically
+ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
+Software</a> for a description of how “free software,”
+“copylefted software” and other categories of software relate to
+each other.)
</p>
<p>
-<a id="exportcontrol">Soms stel regerings uitvoerbeheermaatreëls</a> en
-handelsanksies in wat jou vryheid om sagteware internasionaal te versprei
-kan beperk. Sagteware ontwikkelaars het nie die mag om hierdie beperkings
-te elimineer of ter syde te stel nie, mar wat hulle kan en moet doen is om
-te weier om dit as voorwaardes vir verspreiding van die program te stel. Op
-hierdie manier sal die beperkinge nie mense buite die jurisdiksie van
-hierdie regerings beïnvloed nie.
+Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>
+and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
+programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to
+eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do is
+refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this way, the
+restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the jurisdictions
+of these governments. Thus, free software licenses must not require
+obedience to any export regulations as a condition of any of the essential
+freedoms.
</p>
<p>
-Die meeste vrye sagteware lisensies is gebaseer op kopiereg en daar bestaan
-beperkinge op watter soorte vereistes deur middel van kopiereg opgelê
-kan word. As 'n kopiereggebaseerde lisensie vryheid op bostaande wyse
-beskryf respekteer is dit onwaarskynlik dat daar die een of ander probleem
-sou opduik wat nie voorsien kon word nie (alhoewel dit van tyd tot tyd wel
-gebeur). Sommige vrye sagteware lisensies is egter gebaseer op kontrakte en
-kontrakte kan 'n baie weier reeks beperkinge oplê. Dit beteken dat daar
-baie moontlike maniere is waarop so 'n lisensie onaanvaarbaar beperkend en
-nie-vry kan wees nie.
+Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits on
+what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a
+copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it is
+unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated
+(though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software
+licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger
+range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways
+such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree.
</p>
<p>
-Dit is onmoontlik om al die maniere te lys waarop dit moontlik kan gebeur.
-As 'n kontrakgebaseerde lisensie 'n gebruiker op 'n ongewone wyse beperk wat
-nie moontlik is met lisensies wat op kopiereg gegrond is nie en wat nie hier
-as aanvaarbaar gelys word nie, sal dit waarskynlik oorweeg moet word en in
-alle waarskynlikheid nie aanvaar word as vrye sagteware nie.
+We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a contract-based
+license restricts the user in an unusual way that copyright-based licenses
+cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as legitimate, we will have to think
+about it, and we will probably conclude it is nonfree.
</p>
<p>
-Wanneer daar oor vrye sagteware gepraat word is dit beter om begrippe soos
-"weggee" of "gratis" te gebruik omadt daardie begrippe impliseer dat dit oor
-prys alleen gaan en nie vryheid nie. Sommige algemene begrippe soos
-kopieregskending (piracy) sluit opinies in wat ons hoop u nie ondersteun
-nie. <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html";>Sien
-verwarrende woorde en frases wat vermy moet word</a> vir 'n bespreking oor
-hierdie begrippe. Daar is ook 'n lys van <a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/fs-translations.html";>vertalings van vry
-sagteware</a> in verskeie tale.
+When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms like
+“give away” or “for free,” because those terms imply
+that the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such as
+“piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that are
+Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have a list of
+proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
+“free software”</a> into various languages.
</p>
<p>
@@ -238,17 +264,17 @@
</p>
<p>
-As u oorweeg om 'n nuwe lisensie te skryf, kontak asseblief die Vrye
-sagtewarestigting (FSF) by die bogenoemde adres. Die vervuiling van
-sagteware lisensies beteken dat daar van gebruikers meer werk geverg word om
-hierdie lisensies te verstaan; ons mag kan help om 'n bestaande sagteware
-lisensie te vind wat aan u behoeftes voldoen.
+If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the Free
+Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The proliferation of
+different free software licenses means increased work for users in
+understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you find an existing free
+software license that meets your needs.
</p>
<p>
-As dit nie moontlik is nie en u regtig 'n nuwe lisensie benodig, kan ons u
-help om te verseker dat die lisensie werklik 'n Vrye Sagteware lisensie is
-en sodoende verskeie praktiese probleme vermy.
+If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our help you
+can ensure that the license really is a free software license and avoid
+various practical problems.
</p>
<h2 id="beyond-software">Verder as Sagteware</h2>
@@ -260,10 +286,10 @@
</p>
<p>
-Dieselfde argument maak ook sin vir ander soorte werke van praktiese waarde
-- dit wil sê, werke wat nuttige kennis vervat, soos opvoedkundige - en
-verwysingswerke. <a href="http://af.wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> is die bes
-bekende voorbeeld daarvan.
+The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of practical use
+— that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, such as
+educational works and reference works. <a
+href="http://wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> is the best-known example.
</p>
<p>
@@ -275,13 +301,121 @@
<h2 id="open-source">Oopbron?</h2>
<p>
-'n Ander groep het begin om die begrip oopbron te gebruik om iets
-soortgelyks (maar nie identies) aan vrye sagteware te beteken. Die begrip
-vrye sagteware word verkies omdat dit vryheid beklemtoon. Die woord <a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html";>oop
-verwys nooit na vryheid nie</a>.
+Another group has started using the term “open source” to mean
+something close (but not identical) to “free software.” We
+prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard
+that it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The
+word “open” <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> never refers to
+freedom</a>.
</p>
+<h2 id="History">History</h2>
+
+<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to clarify it.
+Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with links to
+illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review them if they
+like.</p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.103&r2=1.104";>Version
+1.104</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point (already
+stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified version
+for your computing.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92";>Version
+1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90";>Version
+1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies of
+your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate in someone
+else's development project.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89";>Version
+1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as free
+software.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80";>Version
+1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical; i.e., no
+tivoization.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77";>Version
+1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are
+unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete replacement.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74";>Version
+1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated in
+some places but not reflected everywhere:
+<ul>
+<li>"Improvements" does not mean the license can substantively limit what kinds
+of modified versions you can release. Freedom 3 includes distributing
+modified versions, not just changes.</li>
+<li>The right to merge in existing modules refers to those that are suitably
+licensed.</li>
+<li>Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export controls.</li>
+<li>Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old license.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57";>Version
+1.57</a>: Add "Beyond Software" section.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46";>Version
+1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run the
+program for any purpose.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41";>Version
+1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40";>Version
+1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other available
+free software to create your modifications.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39";>Version
+1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to provide
+source for versions of the software you put into public use.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31";>Version
+1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
+identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor
+clarifications throughout the text.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23";>Version
+1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based licenses.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16";>Version
+1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11";>Version
+1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of
+versions you distribute to the author.</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other changes
+that do not affect the substance of the definition at all. Instead, they
+fix links, add translations, and so on. If you would like to review the
+complete list of changes, you can do so on our <a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log";>cvsweb
+interface</a>.</p>
+
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -290,15 +424,15 @@
</div>
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.af.html" -->
-
<div id="footer">
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -309,13 +443,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Kopiereg © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
-2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006,
+2007, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<address>51 Franklin St, Vyfde Vloer, Boston, MA 02110-1301, VSA</address>
-<p>Woordelikse kopiëring en verspreiding van hierdie artikel in sy geheel
word
-toegelaat op enige medium sonder tantieme op voorwaarde dat hierdie
-kennisgewing bewaar word.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -328,7 +461,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Opgedateer:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:30 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -337,18 +470,20 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Vertalings van hierdie blad</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original
- language if possible, otherwise default to English
- If you do not have it English, please comment what the
- English is. If you add a new language here, please
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
advise address@hidden and add it to
- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG
- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
- if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus
- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Afrikaans -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a> [af]</li>
@@ -361,45 +496,45 @@
<!-- Bengali -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.bn.html">বাংলা</a> [bn]</li>
<!-- Bosnian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bs.html">Bosanski</a> [bs]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bs.html">bosanski</a> [bs]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- Danish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">Dansk</a> [da]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">dansk</a> [da]</li>
<!-- German -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">Ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Esperanto -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.eo.html">Esperanto</a> [eo]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Galician -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">Galego</a> [gl]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">galego</a> [gl]</li>
<!-- Hebrew -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
<!-- Croatian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">Hrvatski</a> [hr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">hrvatski</a> [hr]</li>
<!-- Hungarian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">Magyar</a> [hu]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li>
<!-- Indonesian -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
<!-- Korean -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
<!-- Norwegian Bokmål -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nb.html">Norsk
(Bokmål)</a> [nb]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nb.html">norsk
(bokmål)</a> [nb]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
@@ -407,15 +542,17 @@
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Romanian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<!-- Slovak -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sk.html">slovenčina</a> [sk]</li>
<!--- Slovenian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">Slovinsko</a> [sl]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">slovenščina</a> [sl]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Swedish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">Svenska</a> [sv]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
<!-- Tagalog -->
Index: philosophy/free-sw.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.25
retrieving revision 1.26
diff -u -b -r1.25 -r1.26
--- philosophy/free-sw.ar.html 14 Jan 2011 09:27:11 -0000 1.25
+++ philosophy/free-sw.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:01 -0000 1.26
@@ -37,8 +37,9 @@
<ul>
<li>ØرÙØ© تشغÙ٠اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø Ùأ٠غرض (اÙØرÙØ©
0).</li>
- <li>ØرÙØ© دراسة ÙÙÙÙØ© عÙ
٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙتغÙÙرÙا
ÙÙÙÙÙ
بÙ
ا ترغب ب٠(اÙØرÙØ© 1). اÙÙصÙÙ
-Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠ضرÙر٠ÙÙذا.
+ <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your
+computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a
+precondition for this.
</li>
<li>ØرÙØ© إعادة تÙزÙع Ùسخ ÙتتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ù Ù
ساعدة
جار٠(ØرÙØ© 2).
</li>
@@ -86,12 +87,14 @@
</p>
<p>
-تتضÙ
٠اÙØرÙØ© 1 ØرÙØ© استخداÙ
اÙÙسخ اÙÙ
عدÙØ©
بدÙا Ù
٠اÙÙسخة اÙأصÙÙØ©. إذا أتÙ
-اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ù
ع Ù
Ùتج Ù
ÙصÙ
ÙÙ
ÙتشغÙ٠اÙÙسخة اÙتÙ
عدÙÙا شخص Ø¢Ø®Ø±Ø ÙÙÙÙ ÙرÙض تشغÙÙ
-Ùسخت٠(ÙÙ٠اÙظاÙرة اÙت٠تÙعر٠باسÙ
”اÙتÙÙرزة“ -Tivoization- Ø£Ù
--ÙÙ٠اÙاسÙ
اÙØ°Ù ÙرÙضÙ- ”اÙØ¥ÙÙاع اÙØ¢Ù
Ù“)Ø Ùإ٠اÙØرÙØ© 1 ØªØµØ¨Ø ÙظرÙØ©
-Ø®ÙاÙÙØ© Ùا ØرÙØ© ØÙÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙذا غÙر Ù
جدÙ. بعبارة
أخرÙØ ØªÙ٠اÙØ«ÙائÙات ÙÙست Øرة ØتÙ
-ÙÙ Ùا٠اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠اÙذ٠تÙرجÙ
ت Ù
ÙÙ ØرÙا.
+Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the
+original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to run someone
+else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a practice known as
+“tivoization” or “lockdown”, or (in its
+practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure boot” —
+freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom.
+This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries are not free
+software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
</p>
<p>
@@ -270,6 +273,12 @@
<ul>
<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.103&r2=1.104";>Version
+1.104</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point (already
+stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified version
+for your computing.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92";>اÙÙسخة
1.92</a>: تÙضÙØ Ø£Ù Ø§ÙÙÙد اÙÙ
ÙعتÙÙ
Ùا Ùعتبر
ÙÙدÙا Ù
صدرÙÙا.</li>
@@ -364,11 +373,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
باÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù
-ÙضÙ٠أرسÙاÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -380,8 +390,9 @@
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 1996Ø 1997Ø 1998Ø 1999Ø 2000Ø 2001Ø 2002Ø
2003Ø 2004Ø
2005Ø 2006Ø 2007Ø 2009 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ
</p>
-<p>اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙ
دخÙØ© اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù
Ùجاز ÙÙ Ù٠أÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
بدÙÙ ÙÙائد ÙÙ
-Ø£Ù Ùسط Ù
ع Ùضع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاØظة Ù٠عÙ٠اÙاعتبار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -396,7 +407,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2011/01/14 09:27:11 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/free-sw.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- philosophy/free-sw.bg.html 27 May 2010 08:25:37 -0000 1.26
+++ philosophy/free-sw.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:01 -0000 1.27
@@ -42,8 +42,9 @@
<ul>
<li>СвободаÑа да изпÑлнÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамаÑа â
за вÑÑкакви Ñели (Ñвобода â0)<sup><a
href="#TransNote2">2</a></sup>.</li>
- <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do
what
-you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
+ <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your
+computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a
+precondition for this.
</li>
<li>СвободаÑа да ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ, за
да Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¶Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ñи (Ñвобода
â2).
@@ -105,11 +106,11 @@
Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the
original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to run someone
else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a practice known as
-“tivoization” or (through blacklisting) as “secure
-boot” — freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a
-practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries
-are not free software even if the source code they are compiled from is
-free.
+“tivoization” or “lockdown”, or (in its
+practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure boot” —
+freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom.
+This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries are not free
+software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
</p>
<p>
@@ -166,32 +167,37 @@
<p>
However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if
they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or
-your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Rules that
-“if you make your version available in this way, you must make it
-available in that way also” can be acceptable too, on the same
-condition. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to
-publish your version at all.) Rules that require release of source code to
-the users for versions that you put into public use are also acceptable. It
-is also acceptable for the license to require that you identify your
-modifications as yours, or that, if you have distributed a modified version
-and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you must send one.
+your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Thus, it is
+acceptable for the license to require that you change the name of the
+modified version, remove a logo, or identify your modifications as yours.
+As long as these requirements are not so burdensome that they effectively
+hamper you from releasing your changes, they are acceptable; you're already
+making other changes to the program, so you won't have trouble making a few
+more.
</p>
<p>
-In the GNU project, we use “<a
-href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>” to protect these freedoms
-legally for everyone. But <a
-href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted
-free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why
-<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>, but
-if your program is non-copylefted free software, it is still basically
-ethical.
+Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you must
+make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too, on the same
+condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one saying that if you
+have distributed a modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy
+of it, you must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the
+choice of whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require
+release of source code to the users for versions that you put into public
+use are also acceptable.
</p>
<p>
-See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a>
-for a description of how “free software,” “copylefted
-software” and other categories of software relate to each other.
+In the GNU project, we use <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> to
+protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted
+free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why
+<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>, but
+if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically
+ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
+Software</a> for a description of how “free software,”
+“copylefted software” and other categories of software relate to
+each other.)
</p>
<p>
@@ -281,10 +287,10 @@
</p>
<p>
-СÑÑиÑе аÑгÑменÑи Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ ÑмиÑÑл и за дÑÑги
видове пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑеÑко
-еÑÑеÑÑво â Ñ Ð´ÑÑги дÑми, пÑоизведениÑ,
коиÑо вклÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð² Ñебе Ñи полезни
-знаниÑ, каÑо обÑазоваÑелни и ÑпÑавоÑни
маÑеÑиали. <a
-href="http://bg.wikipedia.org";>УикипедиÑ</a> е
най-извеÑÑниÑÑ Ð¿ÑимеÑ.
+The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of practical use
+— that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, such as
+educational works and reference works. <a
+href="http://wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> is the best-known example.
</p>
<p>
@@ -316,6 +322,12 @@
<ul>
<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.103&r2=1.104";>Version
+1.104</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point (already
+stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified version
+for your computing.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92";>Version
1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
@@ -436,8 +448,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -448,12 +461,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
-2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006,
+2007, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -472,7 +485,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/05/27 08:25:37 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -481,18 +494,20 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>ÐÑÑги пÑеводи на Ñази ÑÑÑаниÑа</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
-<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
-<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Afrikaans -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a> [af]</li>
Index: philosophy/free-sw.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.66
retrieving revision 1.67
diff -u -b -r1.66 -r1.67
--- philosophy/free-sw.fr.html 19 Jul 2011 08:42:33 -0000 1.66
+++ philosophy/free-sw.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:01 -0000 1.67
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@
<ul>
<li>La liberté d'exécuter le programme, pour tous les usages (liberté
0).</li>
- <li>La liberté d'étudier le fonctionnement du programme, et de l'adapter Ã
vos
-besoins (liberté 1). Pour ceci l'accès au code source est une condition
-requise.
+ <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your
+computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a
+precondition for this.
</li>
<li>La liberté de redistribuer des copies, donc d'aider votre voisin,
(liberté
2).
@@ -101,15 +101,14 @@
</p>
<p>
-La liberté 1 inclut la liberté d'utiliser votre version modifiée à la place
-de l'original. Si le programme est livré dans un produit conçu pour exécuter
-les versions modifiées de quelqu'un d'autre, mais qui refuse d'exécuter les
-vôtres — une pratique connue sous le nom de
-« tivoïsation » ou (dans la terminologie pernicieuse de ses
-partisans) de « secure boot » — la liberté 1 devient
-une fiction théorique plutôt qu'une liberté pratique. Ceci n'est pas
-suffisant. En d'autres termes, ces binaires ne sont pas libres, même si le
-code source à partir duquel ils ont été compilés l'est.
+Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the
+original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to run someone
+else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a practice known as
+“tivoization” or “lockdown”, or (in its
+practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure boot” —
+freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom.
+This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries are not free
+software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
</p>
<p>
@@ -339,6 +338,12 @@
<ul>
<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.103&r2=1.104";>Version
+1.104</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point (already
+stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified version
+for your computing.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92";>Version
1.92</a> : Clarifie que le code rendu illisible (<em>obfuscated</em>)
n'est pas considéré comme du code source.</li>
@@ -485,7 +490,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/19 08:42:33 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/free-sw.sk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.sk.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/free-sw.sk.html 27 May 2010 08:25:37 -0000 1.10
+++ philosophy/free-sw.sk.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:04 -0000 1.11
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@
<ul>
<li>Sloboda spúšťaÅ¥ program, a to za akýmkoľvek úÄelom (sloboda
0).</li>
- <li>Sloboda Å¡tudovaÅ¥ ako daný program funguje, vykonávaÅ¥ v Åom zmeny a
-prispôsobovaÅ¥ ho tak svojim požiadavkám (sloboda 1). PrÃstup k zdrojovému
-kódu je k tomu nevyhnutnou podmienkou.
+ <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your
+computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a
+precondition for this.
</li>
<li>Sloboda voľne Å¡ÃriÅ¥ kópie a pomáhaÅ¥ tak svojmu okoliu (sloboda 2).
</li>
@@ -103,11 +103,11 @@
Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the
original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to run someone
else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a practice known as
-“tivoization” or (through blacklisting) as “secure
-boot” — freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a
-practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries
-are not free software even if the source code they are compiled from is
-free.
+“tivoization” or “lockdown”, or (in its
+practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure boot” —
+freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom.
+This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries are not free
+software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
</p>
<p>
@@ -164,32 +164,37 @@
<p>
However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if
they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or
-your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Rules that
-“if you make your version available in this way, you must make it
-available in that way also” can be acceptable too, on the same
-condition. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to
-publish your version at all.) Rules that require release of source code to
-the users for versions that you put into public use are also acceptable. It
-is also acceptable for the license to require that you identify your
-modifications as yours, or that, if you have distributed a modified version
-and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you must send one.
+your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Thus, it is
+acceptable for the license to require that you change the name of the
+modified version, remove a logo, or identify your modifications as yours.
+As long as these requirements are not so burdensome that they effectively
+hamper you from releasing your changes, they are acceptable; you're already
+making other changes to the program, so you won't have trouble making a few
+more.
</p>
<p>
-In the GNU project, we use “<a
-href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>” to protect these freedoms
-legally for everyone. But <a
-href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted
-free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why
-<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>, but
-if your program is non-copylefted free software, it is still basically
-ethical.
+Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you must
+make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too, on the same
+condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one saying that if you
+have distributed a modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy
+of it, you must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the
+choice of whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require
+release of source code to the users for versions that you put into public
+use are also acceptable.
</p>
<p>
-See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a>
-for a description of how “free software,” “copylefted
-software” and other categories of software relate to each other.
+In the GNU project, we use <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> to
+protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted
+free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why
+<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>, but
+if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically
+ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
+Software</a> for a description of how “free software,”
+“copylefted software” and other categories of software relate to
+each other.)
</p>
<p>
@@ -279,10 +284,10 @@
</p>
<p>
-Rovnaké argumenty je možné použiť aj pri iných druhoch diel s praktickým
-využitÃm — t.j. diel, ktoré obsahujú použiteľné vedomosti, akými
sú
-napr. rôzne študijné práce alebo referáty. <a
-href="http://wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> je najznámejÅ¡Ãm prÃkladom.
+The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of practical use
+— that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, such as
+educational works and reference works. <a
+href="http://wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> is the best-known example.
</p>
<p>
@@ -313,6 +318,12 @@
<ul>
<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.103&r2=1.104";>Version
+1.104</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point (already
+stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified version
+for your computing.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92";>Version
1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
@@ -420,11 +431,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-VaÅ¡e otázky pre FSF & GNU posielajte prosÃm na <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Môžete tiež
využiť <a
-href="/contact/">iné spôsoby ako kontaktovaÅ¥</a> FSF. <br /> ProsÃm
-upozornite nás na nefunkÄné odkazy, chyby a možné vylepÅ¡enia na <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -435,12 +447,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
-2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006,
+2007, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>Doslovné kopÃrovanie a distribúcia celého tohto Älánku sú povolené
na celom
-svete, bez poplatku, na ľubovoľnom médiu, za predpokladu, že toto
oznámenie
-a copyright zostanú zachované.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -454,7 +466,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizované:
-$Date: 2010/05/27 08:25:37 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:04 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -463,18 +475,20 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Preklady tejto stránky</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
-<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
-<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Afrikaans -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a> [af]</li>
Index: philosophy/free-sw.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.25
retrieving revision 1.26
diff -u -b -r1.25 -r1.26
--- philosophy/free-sw.sr.html 27 May 2010 08:25:37 -0000 1.25
+++ philosophy/free-sw.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:04 -0000 1.26
@@ -39,8 +39,9 @@
<ul>
<li>Ð¡Ð»Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÑеÑаÑа пÑогÑама, за било
коÑÑ ÑвÑÑ
Ñ (Ñлобода бÑÐ¾Ñ 0).</li>
- <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do
what
-you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
+ <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your
+computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a
+precondition for this.
</li>
<li>Ð¡Ð»Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑаÑподеÑиваÑа пÑимеÑака
пÑогÑама, како биÑÑе могли да помогнеÑе
ближÑем (Ñлобода бÑÐ¾Ñ 2).
@@ -101,11 +102,11 @@
Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the
original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to run someone
else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a practice known as
-“tivoization” or (through blacklisting) as “secure
-boot” — freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a
-practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries
-are not free software even if the source code they are compiled from is
-free.
+“tivoization” or “lockdown”, or (in its
+practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure boot” —
+freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom.
+This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries are not free
+software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
</p>
<p>
@@ -162,32 +163,37 @@
<p>
However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if
they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or
-your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Rules that
-“if you make your version available in this way, you must make it
-available in that way also” can be acceptable too, on the same
-condition. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to
-publish your version at all.) Rules that require release of source code to
-the users for versions that you put into public use are also acceptable. It
-is also acceptable for the license to require that you identify your
-modifications as yours, or that, if you have distributed a modified version
-and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you must send one.
+your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Thus, it is
+acceptable for the license to require that you change the name of the
+modified version, remove a logo, or identify your modifications as yours.
+As long as these requirements are not so burdensome that they effectively
+hamper you from releasing your changes, they are acceptable; you're already
+making other changes to the program, so you won't have trouble making a few
+more.
</p>
<p>
-In the GNU project, we use “<a
-href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>” to protect these freedoms
-legally for everyone. But <a
-href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted
-free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why
-<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>, but
-if your program is non-copylefted free software, it is still basically
-ethical.
+Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you must
+make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too, on the same
+condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one saying that if you
+have distributed a modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy
+of it, you must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the
+choice of whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require
+release of source code to the users for versions that you put into public
+use are also acceptable.
</p>
<p>
-See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a>
-for a description of how “free software,” “copylefted
-software” and other categories of software relate to each other.
+In the GNU project, we use <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> to
+protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted
+free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why
+<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>, but
+if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically
+ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
+Software</a> for a description of how “free software,”
+“copylefted software” and other categories of software relate to
+each other.)
</p>
<p>
@@ -277,9 +283,10 @@
</p>
<p>
-ÐÑÑи аÑгÑменÑи имаÑÑ ÑмиÑла и за дÑÑге
вÑÑÑе дела коÑа Ñе пÑакÑиÑно коÑиÑÑе
-и коÑа ÑкÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑно знаÑе, као ÑÑо ÑÑ
обÑазовна дела и енÑиклопедиÑе. <a
-href="http://wikipedia.org";>ÐикипедиÑа</a> Ñе
наÑпознаÑиÑи пÑимеÑ.
+The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of practical use
+— that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, such as
+educational works and reference works. <a
+href="http://wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> is the best-known example.
</p>
<p>
@@ -311,6 +318,12 @@
<ul>
<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.103&r2=1.104";>Version
+1.104</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point (already
+stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified version
+for your computing.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92";>Version
1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
@@ -414,8 +427,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -426,12 +440,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
-2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006,
+2007, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа,
-без надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз
ÑÑлов да Ñе оÑÑвано ово
-обавеÑÑеÑе.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -457,7 +471,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2010/05/27 08:25:37 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:04 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -466,18 +480,20 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>ÐÑеводи ове ÑÑÑаниÑе</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
-<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
-<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Afrikaans -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a> [af]</li>
Index: philosophy/free-sw.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- philosophy/free-sw.tr.html 27 May 2010 08:25:37 -0000 1.26
+++ philosophy/free-sw.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:05 -0000 1.27
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@
<ul>
<li>Herhangi bir amaç için yazılımı çalıÅtırma özgürlüÄü (0
numaralı özgürlük).</li>
- <li>Her ne istiyorsanız onu yaptırmak için programın nasıl
çalıÅtıÄını ögrenmek
-ve onu deÄiÅtirme özgürlüÄü (1 numaralı özgürlük). Yazılımın
kaynak koduna
-ulaÅmak, bu iÅ için önkoÅuldur.
+ <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your
+computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a
+precondition for this.
</li>
<li>Kopyaları daÄıtma özgürlüÄü. Böylece komÅunuza yardım
edebilirsiniz (2
numaralı özgürlük).
@@ -101,11 +101,11 @@
Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the
original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to run someone
else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a practice known as
-“tivoization” or (through blacklisting) as “secure
-boot” — freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a
-practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries
-are not free software even if the source code they are compiled from is
-free.
+“tivoization” or “lockdown”, or (in its
+practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure boot” —
+freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom.
+This is not sufficient. In other words, these binaries are not free
+software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
</p>
<p>
@@ -161,32 +161,37 @@
<p>
However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if
they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or
-your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Rules that
-“if you make your version available in this way, you must make it
-available in that way also” can be acceptable too, on the same
-condition. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to
-publish your version at all.) Rules that require release of source code to
-the users for versions that you put into public use are also acceptable. It
-is also acceptable for the license to require that you identify your
-modifications as yours, or that, if you have distributed a modified version
-and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you must send one.
+your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Thus, it is
+acceptable for the license to require that you change the name of the
+modified version, remove a logo, or identify your modifications as yours.
+As long as these requirements are not so burdensome that they effectively
+hamper you from releasing your changes, they are acceptable; you're already
+making other changes to the program, so you won't have trouble making a few
+more.
</p>
<p>
-In the GNU project, we use “<a
-href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>” to protect these freedoms
-legally for everyone. But <a
-href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted
-free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why
-<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>, but
-if your program is non-copylefted free software, it is still basically
-ethical.
+Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you must
+make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too, on the same
+condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one saying that if you
+have distributed a modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy
+of it, you must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the
+choice of whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require
+release of source code to the users for versions that you put into public
+use are also acceptable.
</p>
<p>
-See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a>
-for a description of how “free software,” “copylefted
-software” and other categories of software relate to each other.
+In the GNU project, we use <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> to
+protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted
+free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why
+<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>, but
+if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically
+ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
+Software</a> for a description of how “free software,”
+“copylefted software” and other categories of software relate to
+each other.)
</p>
<p>
@@ -277,9 +282,10 @@
</p>
<p>
-Aynı görüÅler diÄer kullanıÅlı uygulamalar için de mantıklıdır
— yani,
-öÄrenim ve baÅvuru iÅleri gibi kullanıÅlı bilgi sunan iÅler. <a
-href="http://wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> en iyi bilinen örnek.
+The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of practical use
+— that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, such as
+educational works and reference works. <a
+href="http://wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> is the best-known example.
</p>
<p>
@@ -310,6 +316,12 @@
<ul>
<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.103&r2=1.104";>Version
+1.104</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point (already
+stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified version
+for your computing.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92";>Version
1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
@@ -431,12 +443,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır.<br
-/>Lütfen çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya
önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -446,12 +458,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
-2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006,
+2007, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>Bu makalenin tamamının kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve
daÄıtılmasına,
-ücret talep etmeksizin, herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı
-bildirisini korumak Åartıyla, dünya çapında izin verilmiÅtir.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -502,7 +514,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/05/27 08:25:37 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:05 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -512,18 +524,20 @@
<h4>Bu sayfanın diÄer dillere <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">çevirileri</a>:</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
-<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
-<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Afrikaans -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a> [af]</li>
Index: philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.fa.html 29 May 2010 08:25:38 -0000
1.6
+++ philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:05 -0000
1.7
@@ -11,13 +11,9 @@
ÙÙشتÙÙ <strong>رÛÚارد استاÙÙ
Ù</strong>
</p>
-<p><em>Many points that lead to a conclusion that software freedom must be
-universal often apply to other forms of expressive works, albeit in
-different ways. This essay concerns the application of principles related to
-software freedom to the area of literature. Generally, such issues are
-orthogonal to software freedom, but we include essays like this here since
-many people interested in Free Software want to know more about how the
-principles can be applied to areas other than software.</em></p>
+<p><em>This essay addresses how the principles of software freedom apply in
+some cases to other works of authorship and art. It's included here since it
+involves the application of the ideas of free software.</em></p>
<p>
Copyright was established in the age of the printing press as an industrial
@@ -56,7 +52,7 @@
circumstances, governments made them stricter than ever, imposing harsh
penalties on the practice of sharing. The latest fashion in supporting the
publishers against the citizens, known as `three strikes', is to cut off
-people's internet connections if they share.</p>
+people's Internet connections if they share.</p>
<p>
But that wasn't the worst of it. Computers can be powerful tools of
@@ -88,7 +84,7 @@
you pay to establish that world.</p>
<p>
-The Swindle even has an orwellian back door that can be used to erase books
+The Swindle even has an Orwellian back door that can be used to erase books
remotely. Amazon demonstrated this capability by erasing copies, purchased
from Amazon, of Orwell's book 1984. Evidently Amazon's name for this
product reflects the intention to burn our books.</p>
@@ -123,16 +119,17 @@
no obstacle to copying and sharing. (He was dissatisfied with that amount
and called the experiment a failure, but it looks like a success to me.)
Radiohead made millions in 2007 by inviting fans to copy an album and pay
-what they wished, while it was also shared through P2P. In 2008, <a
+what they wished, while it was also shared on peer-to-peer networks. In
+2008, <a
href="http://www.boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html";> Nine
Inch Nails released an album with permission to share copies</a> and made
-750,000 dollars in a few days.</p>
+$750,000 in a few days.</p>
<p>
The possibility of success without oppression is not limited to
bestsellers. Many artists of various levels of fame now make an adequate
-living through <a href="
-http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20091119/1634117011.shtml";>voluntary
+living through <a
+href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20091119/1634117011.shtml";>voluntary
support</a>: donations and merchandise purchases of their fans. Kevin Kelly
estimates the artist need only find around <a
href="http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php";>
@@ -143,7 +140,7 @@
When computer networks provide an easy anonymous method for sending someone
a small amount of money, without a credit card, it will be easy to set up a
much better system to support the arts. When you view a work, there will be
-a button you can press saying “Click here to send the artist one
+a button you can press saying, “Click here to send the artist one
dollar”. Wouldn't you press it, at least once a week?</p>
<p>
@@ -154,12 +151,12 @@
not distribute it in linear proportion to popularity, because that would
give most of it to a few superstars, leaving little to support all the other
artists. I therefore recommend using a cube-root function or something
-similar. With linear proportion, superstar A with 1000 times the popularity
-of a successful artist B will get 1000 times as much money as B. With the
-cube root, A will get 10 times as much as B. Thus, each superstar gets a
-larger share than a less popular artist, but most of the funds go to the
-artists who really need this support. This system will use our tax money
-efficiently to support the arts.</p>
+similar. With linear proportion, superstar A with 1,000 times the
+popularity of a successful artist B will get 1,000 times as much money as
+B. With the cube root, A will get 10 times as much as B. Thus, each
+superstar gets a larger share than a less popular artist, but most of the
+funds go to the artists who really need this support. This system will use
+our tax money efficiently to support the arts.</p>
<p>
The <a href="http://mecenat-global.org";>Global Patronage</a> proposal
@@ -168,6 +165,7 @@
<!--
<p>
+
In Spain, this tax system should replace the SGAE and its canon,
which could be eliminated.</p> -->
<p>
@@ -189,8 +187,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -201,9 +200,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2008 Richard M. Stallman <br /> ÙسخÙâØ¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÙ
٠ب٠کÙÙ
Ù Ù
-تÙزÛع ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در سراسر جÙا٠٠در Ùر
رساÙÙâاÛØ Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠پرداخت Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز
-Ù
جاز Ù
ÛâØ¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø§ اÛ٠شرط ک٠اÛ٠اعÙاÙ/Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز ØÙظ Ø´Ùد.
+Copyright © 2008, 2010, 2011 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2010/05/29 08:25:38 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:05 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -243,6 +244,10 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
<!-- French -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.28
retrieving revision 1.29
diff -u -b -r1.28 -r1.29
--- philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.fr.html 29 Jun 2010 12:27:51 -0000
1.28
+++ philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:05 -0000
1.29
@@ -2,211 +2,205 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Liberté ou copyright ? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+<title>Liberté ou copyright ? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Liberté ou copyright ?<sup><a
href="#TransNote1">1</a></sup></h2>
+<h2>Liberté ou copyright ?<sup><a href="#TransNote1">1</a></sup></h2>
<p>
par <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong>
</p>
-<p>
-Le droit d'auteur fut créé à l'âge de
-l'imprimerie en tant que réglementation industrielle du métier
-de l'écriture et de l'édition. Le but était
-d'encourager la diversité des travaux écrits. Le moyen
-était de demander aux éditeurs la permission de l'auteur pour
-publier les nouveautés. Cela permettait aux auteurs d'obtenir des
-revenus de la part des éditeurs, ce qui facilitait et encourageait
-l'écriture. Le public ordinaire en recevait le
-bénéfice, tout en y perdant peu : le droit d'auteur ne
-faisait que restreindre la publication , pas les actes du lecteur. Ce
-faisant, le droit d'auteur était indiscutablement un système
-bénéfique au public et donc légitime.</p>
-
-<p>
-Bien. Au revoir le passé donc.</p>
-
-<p>
-Plus récemment, l'humanité a développé une
-nouvelle manière de distribution de l'information : ordinateurs
-et réseaux. Ils facilitèrent la copie et la manipulation
-d'information comme les programmes, les enregistrements musicaux, les
-livres, les films, et offrirent la possibilité d'un accès
-illimité à toutes sortes de données : une utopie
-« informationnelle ».</p>
+<p><em>This essay addresses how the principles of software freedom apply in
+some cases to other works of authorship and art. It's included here since it
+involves the application of the ideas of free software.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright was established in the age of the printing press as an industrial
+regulation on the business of writing and publishing. The aim was to
+encourage the publication of a diversity of written works. The means was to
+require publishers to get the author's permission to publish recent
+writings. This enabled authors to get income from publishers, which
+facilitated and encouraged writing. The general reading public received the
+benefit of this, while losing little: copyright restricted only publication,
+not the things an ordinary reader could do. That made copyright arguably a
+beneficial system for the public, and therefore arguably legitimate.</p>
+
+<p>
+Bien. Au revoir le passé donc.</p>
+
+<p>
+Now we have a new way of distributing information: computers and networks.
+Their benefit is that they facilitate copying and manipulating information,
+including software, musical recordings, books, and movies. They offer the
+possibility of unlimited access to all sorts of data—an information
+utopia.</p>
<p>
Un obstacle subsistait : le droit d'auteur. Lecteurs et auditeurs, qui
-utilisèrent leur nouvelle possibilité de copier et de partager
-l'information publiée, étaient techniquement des contrevenants
-au droit d'auteur. La même loi qui, au départ, servait
-bénéfiquement de règlementation industrielle aux
-éditeurs devint une restriction pour le public qu'elle était
-sensée servir.</p>
-
-<p>
-Dans une démocratie, une loi qui empêche une activité
-populaire et utile est, normalement, rapidement assouplie. Mais pas
-où les industries ont un pouvoir politique. Le lobby des
-éditeurs déterminé à empêcher le public de
-se servir de la puissance de l'ordinateur, trouva un outil pratique dans le
-droit d'auteur. Sous son influence, plutôt que d'assouplir les
-règles et de s'adapter aux circonstances, les gouvernements les
-endurcirent comme jamais, oubliant le partage.</p>
-
-<p>
-Mais ce ne fut pas le pire. Les ordinateurs peuvent être des outils
-puissants de domination quand les developpeurs contrôlent le programme
-utilisé. Les éditeurs réalisèrent, qu'en
-publiant des travaux dans un format chiffré seulement visibles par
-des programmes autorisés, ils pourraient obtenir un pouvoir sans
-précédent : contraindre les lecteurs à payer et Ã
-s'identifier à chaque lecture de livre, chaque écoute de
-chanson ou visionnage de vidéo.</p>
-
-<p>
-Les éditeurs obtinrent l'aide du gouvernement américain pour
-réaliser leur rêve avec le <acronym title="Digital Millenium
-Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym> (loi sur le droit d'auteur du
-millénaire numérique) de 1998. Cette loi donnait aux
-éditeurs le droit d'écrire leurs propres règles du
-droit d'auteur, en les mettant en œuvre dans le code des lecteurs
-autorisés. (Cette pratique est appelée <acronym title="Digital
-Right Management">DRM</acronym> ou gestion des droits
-numériques). Même lire ou écouter sans autorisation est
-interdit.</p>
-
-<p>
-Nous avons toujours les mêmes vieilles libertés pour
-l'utilisation de livre papier ou autre média analogique. Mais, si les
-livres électroniques remplacent les imprimés, ces
-libertés ne seront pas tranférées. Imaginez : plus
-de magasin d'occasions, plus de prêt de livre à un ami, plus
-d'emprunt à la bibliothèque publique, plus de
-« triche » qui pouvait donner à quelqu'un la
-chance de lire sans payer. Plus d'achat anonyme de livre en espèce:
-vous ne payez un livre électronique qu'avec une carte de
-crédit. Voici le monde que veulent les éditeurs pour nous. Si
-vous achetez l'Amazon Kindle<sup><a href="#TransNote2">2</a></sup> (nous
-l'appelons le Swindle<sup><a href="#TransNote3">3</a></sup>) ou le lecteur
-Sony (nous l'appelons le Shreader pour ce qu'il menace de faire aux livres),
-vous payez pour réaliser ce monde.</p>
-
-<p>
-La colère du public à propos des DRM croît
-doucement,ralentie par des termes de propagande comme <a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html">« protection
-d'auteur »</a> et <a
-href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">« propriété
-intellectuelle »</a> qui ont convaincu les lecteurs que leurs
-droits ne comptaient pas. Ces termes démontrent implicitement, que
-les éditeurs imposent un pouvoir spécial, au nom des auteurs,
-devant lequel nous devons nous incliner moralement, et que nous trompons
-quelqu'un en lisant et écoutant quelque chose sans payer.</p>
+utilisèrent leur nouvelle possibilité de copier et de partager l'information
+publiée, étaient techniquement des contrevenants au droit d'auteur. La même
+loi qui, au départ, servait bénéfiquement de règlementation industrielle
aux
+éditeurs devint une restriction pour le public qu'elle était sensée
servir.</p>
+
+<p>
+In a democracy, a law that prohibits a popular and useful activity is
+usually soon relaxed. Not so where corporations have political power. The
+publishers' lobby was determined to prevent the public from taking advantage
+of the power of their computers, and found copyright a handy weapon. Under
+their influence, rather than relaxing copyright rules to suit the new
+circumstances, governments made them stricter than ever, imposing harsh
+penalties on the practice of sharing. The latest fashion in supporting the
+publishers against the citizens, known as `three strikes', is to cut off
+people's Internet connections if they share.</p>
+
+<p>
+But that wasn't the worst of it. Computers can be powerful tools of
+domination when software suppliers deny users the control of the software
+they run. The publishers realized that by publishing works in encrypted
+format, which only specially authorized software could view, they could gain
+unprecedented power: they could compel readers to pay, and identify
+themselves, every time they read a book, listen to a song, or watch a
+video. That is the publishers' dream: a pay-per-view universe.</p>
+
+<p>
+The publishers gained US government support for their dream with the Digital
+Millennium Copyright Act of 1998. This law gave publishers power to write
+their own copyright rules, by implementing them in the code of the
+authorized player software. Under this practice, called Digital
+Restrictions Management, or DRM, even reading or listening without
+authorization is forbidden.</p>
+
+<p>
+We still have the same old freedoms in using paper books and other analog
+media. But if e-books replace printed books, those freedoms will not
+transfer. Imagine: no more used book stores; no more lending a book to your
+friend; no more borrowing one from the public library—no more
+“leaks” that might give someone a chance to read without
+paying. No more purchasing a book anonymously with cash—you can only
+buy an e-book with a credit card. That is the world the publishers want to
+impose on us. If you buy the Amazon Kindle (we call it the Swindle) or the
+Sony Reader (we call it the Shreader for what it threatens to do to books),
+you pay to establish that world.</p>
+
+<p>
+The Swindle even has an Orwellian back door that can be used to erase books
+remotely. Amazon demonstrated this capability by erasing copies, purchased
+from Amazon, of Orwell's book 1984. Evidently Amazon's name for this
+product reflects the intention to burn our books.</p>
+
+<p>
+Public anger against DRM is slowly growing, held back because propaganda
+expressions such as <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">“protect
+authors”</a> and <a
+href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">“intellectual property”</a> have
+convinced readers that their rights do not count. These terms implicitly
+assume that publishers deserve special power in the name of the authors,
+that we are morally obliged to bow to them, and that we have wronged someone
+if we see or hear anything without paying for permission.</p>
<p>
-Les organismes qui tirent le plus profit de l'exercice légal du droit
+Les organismes qui tirent le plus profit de l'exercice légal du droit
d'auteur, le font au nom du droit d'auteur (la plupart d'entre eux gagnant
peu). Ils voudraient que vous pensiez que le droit d'auteur est un droit
-naturel, et que nous, public, devrions le supporter aussi pénible
-soit-il. Ils appellent le partage « piraterie »
-assimilant l'aide à son voisin à une attaque de bateau.</p>
-
-<p>
-Ils nous disent aussi qu'une guerre cruelle contre la copie est la seule
-manière de garder l'art vivant. Quoi qu'il en soit, cela ne justifie
-pas une telle cruauté ; qui plus est, ce n'est pas vrai. Le
-partage public de copies tend à augmenter les ventes de la plupart
-des travaux et ne diminue les ventes que pour dix pourcents des meilleurs
-succès.</p>
-
-<p>
-D'ailleurs, les meilleurs vendeurs peuvent faire encore mieux. Stephen King
-a gagné des centaines de milliers de dollars en vendant un livre
-électronique non-chiffré : sans obstacle à la
-copie et au partage. La chanteuse Issa, aussi connue sous le nom de Jane
-Siberry, demande au public <a
-href="http://www.sheeba.ca/store/help.php#sdp";>de choisir son propre
-prix</a> quand il télécharge les chansons, faisant une moyenne
-par téléchargement supérieure à l'habituel
-0,99$. Radiohead empocha des millions en invitant ses fans à copier
-un album et payer ce qu'ils voulaient alors qu'il était aussi
-partagé à travers les réseaux pair-Ã -pair. En 2008, <a
-href="http://www.boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html";>Nine
-Inch Nails a publié un album en autorisant le partage de copies</a>
-et a gagné 750 000 dollars en quelques jours.</p>
-
-<p>
-Lorsque les réseaux informatiques permettent une méthode
-facile et anonyme pour envoyer à quelqu'un une petite somme d'argent,
-sans carte de crédit, il devrait être aisé de mettre en
-place un meilleur système d'aide aux arts. Quand vous verrez un
-travail, il y aura un bouton disant « Cliquez ici pour donner un
-dollar à l'artiste ». Le presserez-vous au moins une fois
-par semaine ? Mais les contributions volontaires des fans peuvent
-déjà soutenir un artiste ; Kevin Kelly estime qu'un
-artiste n'a besoin de trouver qu'approximativement <a
-href="http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php";>1000
-vrais fans</a>.</p>
-
-<p>
-Un autre bon moyen d'aider la musique et les arts est une taxe sur les <a
-href="dat.fr.html">supports vierges<sup><a
-href="#TransNote4">4</a></sup>. Si l'état distribue
-entièrement l'impôt aux artistes, il ne se perdra pas dans la
-poche de cadres commerciaux. Cependant, l'état ne devrait pas le
-distribuer proportionnellement à la popularité car cela
-profiterait à quelques superstars en laissant peu pour les autres
-artistes. Ainsi, je recommande d'utiliser une « fonction racine
-cubique » ou quelque chose de similaire. Avec cette fonction, une
-superstar ayant 1000 fois la popularité d'un artiste à
-succès, ne touchera que l'équivalent de 10 fois, au lieu de
-1000. De cette manière, bien qu'une « vedette »
-touche plus que les autres artistes, l'ensemble des superstars n'aura qu'une
-fraction de l'argent, l'essentiel restant pour aider la majorité des
-créateurs. Ce système utiliserait nos impôts
-efficacement pour aider les arts.</p>
+naturel, et que nous, public, devrions le supporter aussi pénible
+soit-il. Ils appellent le partage « piraterie » assimilant l'aide
+à son voisin à une attaque de bateau.</p>
+
+<p>
+They also tell us that a War on Sharing is the only way to keep art alive.
+Even if true, it would not justify the policy; but it isn't true. Public
+sharing of copies is likely to increase the sales of most works, and
+decrease sales only for big hits.</p>
+
+<p>
+Bestsellers can still do well without forbidding sharing. Stephen King got
+hundreds of thousands of dollars selling an unencrypted e-book serial with
+no obstacle to copying and sharing. (He was dissatisfied with that amount
+and called the experiment a failure, but it looks like a success to me.)
+Radiohead made millions in 2007 by inviting fans to copy an album and pay
+what they wished, while it was also shared on peer-to-peer networks. In
+2008, <a
+href="http://www.boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html";> Nine
+Inch Nails released an album with permission to share copies</a> and made
+$750,000 in a few days.</p>
+
+<p>
+The possibility of success without oppression is not limited to
+bestsellers. Many artists of various levels of fame now make an adequate
+living through <a
+href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20091119/1634117011.shtml";>voluntary
+support</a>: donations and merchandise purchases of their fans. Kevin Kelly
+estimates the artist need only find around <a
+href="http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php";>
+1,000 true fans</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When computer networks provide an easy anonymous method for sending someone
+a small amount of money, without a credit card, it will be easy to set up a
+much better system to support the arts. When you view a work, there will be
+a button you can press saying, “Click here to send the artist one
+dollar”. Wouldn't you press it, at least once a week?</p>
+
+<p>
+Another good way to support music and the arts is with <a
+href="dat.html">tax funds</a>—perhaps a tax on blank media or on
+Internet connectivity. The state should distribute the tax money entirely
+to the artists, not waste it on corporate executives. But the state should
+not distribute it in linear proportion to popularity, because that would
+give most of it to a few superstars, leaving little to support all the other
+artists. I therefore recommend using a cube-root function or something
+similar. With linear proportion, superstar A with 1,000 times the
+popularity of a successful artist B will get 1,000 times as much money as
+B. With the cube root, A will get 10 times as much as B. Thus, each
+superstar gets a larger share than a less popular artist, but most of the
+funds go to the artists who really need this support. This system will use
+our tax money efficiently to support the arts.</p>
+
+<p>
+The <a href="http://mecenat-global.org";>Global Patronage</a> proposal
+combines aspects of those two systems, incorporating mandatory payments with
+voluntary allocation among artists.</p>
<!--
<p>
+
In Spain, this tax system should replace the SGAE and its canon,
which could be eliminated.</p> -->
<p>
-Pour que le droit d'auteur colle à l'âge du réseau, nous
-devrions interdire les DRM et légaliser les copies ou partages non
-commerciaux de tous les travaux publiés. Mais avant que nous ne
-gagnions cette bataille, vous devez vous protéger : n'achetez
-aucun produit avec DRM à moins que vous n'ayiez personnellement les
-moyens de les contourner et de faire des copies.</p>
+To make copyright fit the network age, we should legalize the noncommercial
+copying and sharing of all published works, and prohibit DRM. But until we
+win this battle, you must protect yourself: don't buy any products with DRM
+unless you personally have the means to break the DRM. Never use a product
+designed to attack your freedom unless you can nullify the attack.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
<b>Notes du traducteur</b> : <ol><li id="TransNote1">Le
-« copyright » de législation américaine
-peut se traduire par droit d'auteur. Cependant la notion étant
-différente en France d'un point de vue légal, je
-préfère le laisser en l'état dans le titre.</li><li
-id="TransNote2">Amazon Kindle : lecteur de livres électroniques
-équipé d'un DRM, utilisant un format propriétaire le
-PRC concurrent du <acronym title="Portable Document Format">PDF</acronym>
-d'Adobe.</li><li id="TransNote3">Swindle : fraude, escroquerie. Kindle
-Swindle est le nom d'une campagne menée par la FSF.</li><li
-id="TransNote4">Supports vierges : CD, DVD vierges.</li></ol></div>
+« copyright » de législation américaine peut se traduire par
droit
+d'auteur. Cependant la notion étant différente en France d'un point de vue
+légal, je préfère le laisser en l'état dans le titre.</li><li
+id="TransNote2">Amazon Kindle : lecteur de livres électroniques équipé
+d'un DRM, utilisant un format propriétaire le PRC concurrent du <acronym
+title="Portable Document Format">PDF</acronym> d'Adobe.</li><li
+id="TransNote3">Swindle : fraude, escroquerie. Kindle Swindle est le
+nom d'une campagne menée par la FSF.</li><li id="TransNote4">Supports
+vierges : CD, DVD vierges.</li></ol></div>
</div>
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -217,9 +211,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2008 Richard M. Stallman <br />La reproduction exacte et la
-distribution intégrale de cet article est permise sur n'importe quel support
-d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit préservée.
+Copyright © 2008, 2010, 2011 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -232,7 +229,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/06/29 12:27:51 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:05 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -256,8 +253,14 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/freedom-or-power.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/freedom-or-power.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- philosophy/freedom-or-power.fa.html 27 Jan 2010 21:25:56 -0000 1.6
+++ philosophy/freedom-or-power.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:06 -0000 1.7
@@ -17,8 +17,9 @@
Ù
ؤÙÙÛÙ: <strong>برادÙÛ Ú©Ø§Ù</strong> Ù <strong>رÛÚارد
استاÙÙ
Ù</strong></p>
<blockquote>
-<p>Ø¹Ø´Ù Ø¨Ù Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø¹Ø´Ù Ø¨Ù Ø¯ÛÚ¯Ø±Ø§Ù Ø§Ø³ØªØ Ø¹Ø´Ù Ø¨Ù
Ùدرت عش٠ب٠خÙدÙ
ا٠است.<br /> --
-William Hazlitt</p>
+<p>The love of liberty is the love of others; the love of power is the love of
+ourselves.<br />
+-- William Hazlitt</p>
</blockquote>
<p>
@@ -81,11 +82,10 @@
slogan of “freedom of choice (for developers only).”</p>
<p>
-If “code is law,” as Professor Lawrence Lessig (of Stanford Law
-School) has stated, then the real question we face is: who should control
-the code you use—you, or an elite few? We believe you are entitled to
-control the software you use, and giving you that control is the goal of
-free software.</p>
+If “code is law,” <a href="#f1">(1)</a> then the real question
+we face is: who should control the code you use—you, or an elite few?
+We believe you are entitled to control the software you use, and giving you
+that control is the goal of free software.</p>
<p>
We believe you should decide what to do with the software you use; however,
@@ -100,10 +100,17 @@
would like to take control of your decisions.</p>
<p>
-ÙÙ
ÛÙâØ·Ùر ک٠کاربراÙ٠بÛشتر ٠بÛØ´ØªØ±Û Ø¯Ø±Ù
ÛâÛابÙد ک٠کد ÙاÙÙÙ Ø§Ø³ØªØ Ù Ø¨Ù Ø§ÛÙ
-اØساس Ù
ÛâرسÙد ک٠سزاÙار Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û ÙستÙØ¯Ø Ø§ÙÙ
Ûت آزادÛâÙاÛÛ Ø±Ø§ Ú©Ù Ù
ا براÛشاÙ
-Ù
بارز٠Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÛÙ
در Ø®ÙاÙÙد ÛاÙØªØ ÙÙ
اÙâØ·Ùر
ک٠کاربرا٠بÛشتر ٠بÛØ´ØªØ±Û Ø¨Ù Ø§Ø±Ø²Ø´
-Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø¯Û ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد Ú©Ù Ù
ا تÙسعÙ
دادÙâاÛÙ
Ù¾Û Ø®ÙاÙÙد برد.</p>
+As more and more users realize that code is law, and come to feel that they
+too deserve freedom, they will see the importance of the freedoms we stand
+for, just as more and more users have come to appreciate the practical value
+of the free software we have developed.</p>
+
+<h4>Footnotes</h4>
+
+<a name="f1"></a> William J. Mitchell, <em>City of Bits: Space, Place, and
+the Infobahn </em> (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), p. 111, as quoted by
+Lawrence Lessig in <em>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Version 2.0</em>
+(New York, NY: Basic Books, 2006), p. 5.
<hr />
<h4>اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در <a
@@ -123,8 +130,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -135,7 +143,8 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2001, 2009 Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman <br />
+Copyright © 2001, 2009 Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted
without royalty in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
</p>
@@ -149,7 +158,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2010/01/27 21:25:56 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:06 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -197,6 +206,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/freedom-or-power.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/freedom-or-power.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.23
retrieving revision 1.24
diff -u -b -r1.23 -r1.24
--- philosophy/freedom-or-power.fr.html 27 Jan 2010 21:25:56 -0000 1.23
+++ philosophy/freedom-or-power.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:06 -0000 1.24
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Liberté, ou pouvoir ? - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation
-(FSF)</title>
+<title>Liberté, ou pouvoir ? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, générale, publique, licence, gpl,
licence publique générale, liberté, logiciel, pouvoir, droits" />
@@ -12,130 +11,119 @@
so-called freedom to choose any license you want for software you write." />
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Liberté, ou pouvoir ?</h2>
+<h2>Liberté, ou pouvoir ?</h2>
<p>
par <strong>Bradley M. Kuhn</strong> et <strong>Richard M.
Stallman</strong></p>
<blockquote>
-<p>« L'amour de la liberté est l'amour des autres ;
-l'amour du pouvoir est l'amour de soi-même. »<br /> --
-William Hazlitt</p>
+<p>The love of liberty is the love of others; the love of power is the love of
+ourselves.<br />
+-- William Hazlitt</p>
</blockquote>
<p>
-Dans le Mouvement pour le logiciel libre, nous défendons la
-liberté des utilisateurs de logiciels. Nous avons formulé nos
-vues en cherchant en quoi les libertés sont nécessaire pour
-vivre bien et en quoi elles permettent à des programmes utiles de
-développer une communauté de bonne volonté, de
-coopération et de collaboration. <a
-href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">Nos critères pour les logiciels
-libres</a> spécifient les libertés dont les utilisateurs ont
-besoin pour pouvoir travailler ensemble dans une communauté.</p>
-
-<p>
-Nous défendons la liberté des programmeurs de même que
-celle des autres utilisateurs. La plupart d'entre nous sommes programmeurs
-et souhaitons la liberté pour nous-mêmes autant que pour
-vous. Mais chacun de nous utilise des logiciels développés par
-d'autres et nous voulons être libres en utilisant ces logiciels et pas
-seulement en utilisant notre propre code. Nous défendons la
-liberté pour tous les utilisateurs, qu'ils programment souvent,
-occasionnellement, ou pas du tout.</p>
-
-<p>
-Pourtant, une soi-disant liberté que nous ne soutenons pas est la
-« liberté de choisir la licence que vous voulez pour le
-logiciel que vous développez ». Nous rejetons celle-ci car
-c'est en réalité une forme de pouvoir et non une
-liberté.</p>
-
-<p>
-Cette distinction, souvent éludée, est cruciale. La
-liberté, c'est le fait d'être en mesure de prendre des
-décisions qui vous affectent en premier lieu. Le pouvoir, c'est le
-fait d'être en mesure de prendre des décisions qui affectent
-les autres plus que vous. Si vous confondez pouvoir et liberté, nous
-échouerons dans le soutien de la vraie liberté.</p>
-
-<p>
-Le logiciel propriétaire est un exercice de pouvoir. Aujourd'hui, les
-lois sur les droits d'auteurs accordent ce pouvoir aux auteurs, aussi
-choisissent-ils tout seul les règles imposables à tous les
-autres. Un nombre relativement faible de personnes prennent des
-décisions fondamentales concernant les logiciels, pour tout le monde,
-et généralement en niant leurs libertés. Quand les
-utilisateurs sont privés des libertés définies par les
+Dans le Mouvement pour le logiciel libre, nous défendons la liberté des
+utilisateurs de logiciels. Nous avons formulé nos vues en cherchant en quoi
+les libertés sont nécessaire pour vivre bien et en quoi elles permettent Ã
+des programmes utiles de développer une communauté de bonne volonté, de
+coopération et de collaboration. <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">Nos
+critères pour les logiciels libres</a> spécifient les libertés dont les
+utilisateurs ont besoin pour pouvoir travailler ensemble dans une
+communauté.</p>
+
+<p>
+Nous défendons la liberté des programmeurs de même que celle des autres
+utilisateurs. La plupart d'entre nous sommes programmeurs et souhaitons la
+liberté pour nous-mêmes autant que pour vous. Mais chacun de nous utilise
+des logiciels développés par d'autres et nous voulons être libres en
+utilisant ces logiciels et pas seulement en utilisant notre propre
+code. Nous défendons la liberté pour tous les utilisateurs, qu'ils
+programment souvent, occasionnellement, ou pas du tout.</p>
+
+<p>
+Pourtant, une soi-disant liberté que nous ne soutenons pas est la
+« liberté de choisir la licence que vous voulez pour le logiciel que
+vous développez ». Nous rejetons celle-ci car c'est en réalité une
+forme de pouvoir et non une liberté.</p>
+
+<p>
+Cette distinction, souvent éludée, est cruciale. La liberté, c'est le fait
+d'être en mesure de prendre des décisions qui vous affectent en premier
+lieu. Le pouvoir, c'est le fait d'être en mesure de prendre des décisions
+qui affectent les autres plus que vous. Si vous confondez pouvoir et
+liberté, nous échouerons dans le soutien de la vraie liberté.</p>
+
+<p>
+Le logiciel propriétaire est un exercice de pouvoir. Aujourd'hui, les lois
+sur les droits d'auteurs accordent ce pouvoir aux auteurs, aussi
+choisissent-ils tout seul les règles imposables à tous les autres. Un nombre
+relativement faible de personnes prennent des décisions fondamentales
+concernant les logiciels, pour tout le monde, et généralement en niant leurs
+libertés. Quand les utilisateurs sont privés des libertés définies par les
logiciels libres, ils ne peuvent pas savoir exactement ce que fait le
-logiciel, ni contrôler l'existence de portes dérobées,
-ni surveiller l'apparition possible de virus ou de vers, ni découvrir
-quelles informations personnelles sont divulguées sur eux, ni
-empêcher cette divulgation, même s'ils la découvrent. Si
-le logiciel casse, ils ne peuvent pas le réparer; ils doivent
-attendre que le développeur exerce son pouvoir. Si le logiciel ne
-correspond pas tout à fait à leurs besoins, ils sont tout de
-même bloqués avec la version fournie. Ils ne peuvent pas
-s'entr'aider pour l'améliorer.</p>
+logiciel, ni contrôler l'existence de portes dérobées, ni surveiller
+l'apparition possible de virus ou de vers, ni découvrir quelles informations
+personnelles sont divulguées sur eux, ni empêcher cette divulgation, même
+s'ils la découvrent. Si le logiciel casse, ils ne peuvent pas le réparer;
+ils doivent attendre que le développeur exerce son pouvoir. Si le logiciel
+ne correspond pas tout à fait à leurs besoins, ils sont tout de même
bloqués
+avec la version fournie. Ils ne peuvent pas s'entr'aider pour l'améliorer.</p>
<p>
-Les développeurs de logiciels propriétaires sont souvent des
+Les développeurs de logiciels propriétaires sont souvent des
entreprises. Dans le Mouvement des logiciels libres, nous ne sommes pas
contre les entreprises. Simplement, nous avons vu ce qui se passe quand une
-entreprise de logiciels a la « liberté »
-d'imposer des règles arbitraires aux utilisateurs. Microsoft est un
-exemple flagrant de la manière dont la négation des
-libertés des utilisateurs peut causer directement du tort, mais ce
-n'est pas le seul. Même quand il n'existe pas de monopole, les
-logiciels propriétaires lèsent les intérêts de la
-société. Avoir le choix de son dictateur, ce n'est pas la
-liberté.</p>
-
-<p>
-Les discussions sur les droits et les règles concernant les logiciels
-se sont souvent concentrées sur les intérêts des seuls
-programmeurs. Peu de personnes dans le monde programment
-régulièrement et encore moins nombreuses sont celles qui
-détiennent des entreprises de logiciels propriétaires. Mais
-maintenant, le monde civilisé a besoin de logiciels et les utilise,
-aussi les développeurs contrôlent la manière dont le
-monde vit, fait des affaires, communique et se distrait. Les
-problèmes éthiques et politiques ne se traitent pas avec un
-slogan comme « la liberté de choix (pour
-développeurs seulement) ».</p>
-
-<p>
-S'il est vrai, comme l'a déclaré le Professeur Lawrence Lessig
-de la faculté de droit de Stanford, que « le code
-informatique fait loi », alors la vraie question à
-laquelle nous faisons face est la suivante : « Qui donc doit
-contrôler le code que vous utilisez ? Est-ce vous, ou bien une
-petite élite ? ». Nous croyons que vous êtes
-habilités à contrôler le logiciel que vous utilisez. Le
-but des logiciels libres est de vous donner ce contrôle.</p>
-
-<p>
-Nous croyons qu'il vous appartient de décider de ce que vous voulez
-faire du logiciel que vous utilisez ; pourtant, ce n'est pas ce que
-disent les lois d'aujourd'hui. Les lois actuelles sur les droits d'auteurs
-nous placent dans une position de pouvoir sur les utilisateurs de notre
-code, que cela nous plaise ou non. La réponse éthique à
-cette situation est de proclamer la liberté pour chaque utilisateur,
-de même que la Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme était
-chargée de définir le pouvoir du gouvernement en garantissant
-les libertés de chaque citoyen. Voilà le but de la <a
+entreprise de logiciels a la « liberté » d'imposer des règles
+arbitraires aux utilisateurs. Microsoft est un exemple flagrant de la
+manière dont la négation des libertés des utilisateurs peut causer
+directement du tort, mais ce n'est pas le seul. Même quand il n'existe pas
+de monopole, les logiciels propriétaires lèsent les intérêts de la
+société. Avoir le choix de son dictateur, ce n'est pas la liberté.</p>
+
+<p>
+Les discussions sur les droits et les règles concernant les logiciels se
+sont souvent concentrées sur les intérêts des seuls programmeurs. Peu de
+personnes dans le monde programment régulièrement et encore moins nombreuses
+sont celles qui détiennent des entreprises de logiciels propriétaires. Mais
+maintenant, le monde civilisé a besoin de logiciels et les utilise, aussi
+les développeurs contrôlent la manière dont le monde vit, fait des affaires,
+communique et se distrait. Les problèmes éthiques et politiques ne se
+traitent pas avec un slogan comme « la liberté de choix (pour
+développeurs seulement) ».</p>
+
+<p>
+If “code is law,” <a href="#f1">(1)</a> then the real question
+we face is: who should control the code you use—you, or an elite few?
+We believe you are entitled to control the software you use, and giving you
+that control is the goal of free software.</p>
+
+<p>
+Nous croyons qu'il vous appartient de décider de ce que vous voulez faire du
+logiciel que vous utilisez ; pourtant, ce n'est pas ce que disent les
+lois d'aujourd'hui. Les lois actuelles sur les droits d'auteurs nous placent
+dans une position de pouvoir sur les utilisateurs de notre code, que cela
+nous plaise ou non. La réponse éthique à cette situation est de proclamer la
+liberté pour chaque utilisateur, de même que la Déclaration des Droits de
+l'Homme était chargée de définir le pouvoir du gouvernement en garantissant
+les libertés de chaque citoyen. Voilà le but de la <a
href="/copyleft/copyleft.fr.html">GNU GPL</a> : elle vous donne le
-contrôle de l'utilisation du logiciel tout en <a
-href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.fr.html">vous protégeant</a> de ceux
-qui veulent prendre le contrôle de vos décisions.</p>
-
-<p>
-De plus en plus d'utilisateurs réalisent que le code informatique
-fait loi et en viennent à comprendre qu'ils méritent aussi la
-liberté, voient l'importance des libertés que nous
-défendons, de la même manière que de plus en plus
-d'utilisateurs en sont venus à apprécier la valeur pratique du
-logiciel Libre que nous avons développé.</p>
+contrôle de l'utilisation du logiciel tout en <a
+href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.fr.html">vous protégeant</a> de ceux qui
+veulent prendre le contrôle de vos décisions.</p>
+
+<p>
+As more and more users realize that code is law, and come to feel that they
+too deserve freedom, they will see the importance of the freedoms we stand
+for, just as more and more users have come to appreciate the practical value
+of the free software we have developed.</p>
+
+<h4>Footnotes</h4>
+
+<a name="f1"></a> William J. Mitchell, <em>City of Bits: Space, Place, and
+the Infobahn </em> (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), p. 111, as quoted by
+Lawrence Lessig in <em>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Version 2.0</em>
+(New York, NY: Basic Books, 2006), p. 5.
<hr />
<h4>Cet essai est publié dans <a
@@ -156,8 +144,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -169,10 +158,10 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2001, 2009 Bradley M. Kuhn et Richard M. Stallman <br />La
-reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est permise
-sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+Copyright © 2001, 2009 Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted
+without royalty in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
</p>
@@ -185,7 +174,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/01/27 21:25:56 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:06 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -233,6 +222,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/fs-motives.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/fs-motives.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/fs-motives.ar.html 15 Jan 2011 01:28:17 -0000 1.8
+++ philosophy/fs-motives.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:06 -0000 1.9
@@ -88,11 +88,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥ÙâإسâØ¥Ù ÙاستÙسارات غÙ٠إÙÙ
<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ٠اÙضا٠<a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a> باÙØ¥ÙâإسâØ¥Ù.
<br /> Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرسÙ
-اÙرÙابط اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات أ٠اÙتراØات
Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -103,8 +104,9 @@
<p>
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر Ù
ØÙÙظة © 2009 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ØدÙدة Ø
</p>
-<p>اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙ
دخÙØ© اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù
Ùجازة ب٠Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ· Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø· اÙÙ
ØاÙظة
-عÙÙ Ùذا اÙإشعار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -118,7 +120,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
:تØدÙØ«
-$Date: 2011/01/15 01:28:17 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:06 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -146,6 +148,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- Czech -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: philosophy/fs-motives.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/fs-motives.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/fs-motives.ro.html 23 Sep 2010 08:26:45 -0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/fs-motives.ro.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:06 -0000 1.2
@@ -98,9 +98,10 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+ VÄ rugÄm sÄ semnalaÈi legÄturile rupte Èi alte corecturi sau sugestii
la <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -112,9 +113,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>Copierea Èi distribuirea acestui articol în mod textual sunt permise sub
-orice formÄ, fÄrÄ platÄ pentru drepturi de autor, cu condiÈia pÄstrÄrii
-acestei note.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ActualizatÄ:
-$Date: 2010/09/23 08:26:45 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:06 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -154,6 +155,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- Czech -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -162,6 +165,10 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/fs-translations.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/fs-translations.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.42
retrieving revision 1.43
diff -u -b -r1.42 -r1.43
--- philosophy/fs-translations.fr.html 29 Jun 2010 12:58:11 -0000 1.42
+++ philosophy/fs-translations.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:07 -0000 1.43
@@ -2,78 +2,87 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Traductions du terme « logiciel libre » - GNU
Project
-- Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<title>Traductions du terme « logiciel libre » - GNU Project - Free
+Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Traductions du terme « logiciel libre »</h2>
+<h2>Traductions du terme « logiciel libre »</h2>
-<p>
-Ceci est une liste des traductions non ambiguës recommandées
-pour le terme « logiciel libre » (<a
+<p>Ceci est une liste des traductions non ambiguës recommandées pour le terme
+« logiciel libre » (<a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html">libre comme dans
-liberté</a>) dans diverses langues.</p>
+liberté</a>) dans diverses langues.</p>
-<p>Si vous connaissez une correction à apporter à cette liste,
-veuillez envoyer un courriel à l'adresse suivante <a
+<p>If you know a correction or addition to the list, please email it to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-Veuillez utiliser des caracères ASCII dans votre message. Pour les
-caractères non anglais de la traduction, veuillez utiliser l'encodage
-UTF-8 et des entités HTML (&#xxxx) pour les
-caractères. Merci.</p>
+Please stick to ASCII in your message. For the non-English characters of
+the translation, please use the UTF-8 representation, and write (where
+needed) the characters using HTML entity syntax (&#xxxx). Thanks.</p>
+
+<p>The parenthesized phrases in Latin latters after some of the entries are
+transliterations (with vowels added where relevant). Please send any
+corrections or additions to those, too.</p>
-<!-- lets keep this alphabetical -neel
+<!-- let's keep this alphabetical -neel
-->
<ul>
- <li><strong>Albanais :</strong> software i lirë</li>
- <li><strong>Arabe :</strong> برمجة
-حرة (Barmagiyat Horrah)</li>
- <li><strong>Biélorusse :</strong>
-свабоднаепраграмнаезабесьпячэньне
-(svabodnaye pragramnaye zabespyachenne)</li>
+ <li><strong>Afrikaans:</strong> vrye sagteware</li>
+ <li><strong>Albanian:</strong> software i lirë</li>
+ <li><strong>Arabic:</strong>
+برمجيات حرة
+(barmagiyat ḥorrah)</li>
+ <li><strong>Armenian:</strong> ազատ
+ծրագիր/ծրագրեր
+(azat tsragir/tsragrer)</li>
+ <li><strong>Belarusian:</strong>
+свабоднае
+праграмнае
+забесьпячэньне
+(svabodnae pragramnae zabes'pjachen'ne)</li>
<li><strong>Bulgare :</strong>
свободен
софтуер (svoboden softuer)</li>
<li><strong>Catalan :</strong> programari lliure</li>
- <li><strong>Chinois (simplifié) :</strong>
-自由软件 (zi-you ruan-jian)</li>
+ <li><strong>Chinois (simplifié) :</strong>
自由软件
+(zi-you ruan-jian)</li>
<li><strong>Chinois (traditionnel) :</strong>
自由軟體 (zih-yo)</li>
- <li><strong>Tchèque :</strong> svobodný software</li>
+ <li><strong>Tchèque :</strong> svobodný software</li>
<li><strong>Croate/Serbe :</strong> slobodni softver</li>
<li><strong>Danois :</strong> fri software OU frit programmel</li>
- <li><strong>Néerlandais :</strong> vrije software</li>
- <li><strong>Esperanto :</strong> libera softvaro</li>
+ <li><strong>Néerlandais :</strong> vrije software</li>
+ <li><strong>Esperanto:</strong> libera programaro / programo</li>
<li><strong>Estonien :</strong> vaba tarkvara</li>
<li><strong>Farsi (Persan) :</strong>
نرم‌افزارِ
آزاد</li>
<li><strong>Finnois :</strong> vapaa ohjelmisto</li>
- <li><strong>Français :</strong> logiciel libre</li>
+ <li><strong>Français :</strong> logiciel libre</li>
<li><strong>Allemand :</strong> freie Software</li>
- <li><strong>Grec :</strong>
-ελεύθερο
+ <li><strong>Greek:</strong> ελεύθερο
λογισμικό (eleuthero
logismiko)</li>
- <li><strong>Hébreu :</strong>
-תוכנה
+ <li><strong>Hébreu :</strong> תוכנה
חופשית (tochna chofshit)</li>
<li><strong>Hindi :</strong> मुक्त
सॉफ्टवेयर (mukt
software)</li>
<li><strong>Hongrois :</strong> szabad szoftver</li>
<li><strong>Islandais :</strong> frjáls
hugbúnaður</li>
- <li><strong>Indonésien :</strong> perangkat lunak bebas</li>
+ <li><strong>Ido:</strong> libera programaro</li>
+ <li><strong>Indonésien :</strong> perangkat lunak bebas</li>
+ <li><strong>Interlingua:</strong> libere programmage / libere
programmario</li>
<li><strong>Irlandais :</strong> bog earraí saoire</li>
<li><strong>Italien :</strong> software libero</li>
<li><strong>Japonais :</strong>
自由なソフトウェア
(フリーソフトウェア -
jiyuu-na software)</li>
- <li><strong>Coréen :</strong> 자유
+ <li><strong>Coréen :</strong> 자유
소프트웨어 (ja-yu software)</li>
<li><strong>Lituanien :</strong> laisva programinė įranga</li>
- <li><strong>Norvégien :</strong> fri programvare</li>
- <li><strong>Malayâlam :</strong>
+ <li><strong>Norvégien :</strong> fri programvare</li>
+ <li><strong>Malay:</strong> perisian bebas</li>
+ <li><strong>Malayâlam :</strong>
സ്വതന്ത്ര സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയര്‍</li>
<li><strong>Persan (Farsi) :</strong>
نرم‌افزارِ
@@ -81,27 +90,30 @@
<li><strong>Polonais :</strong> wolne oprogramowanie</li>
<li><strong>Portugais :</strong> software livre</li>
<li><strong>Roumain :</strong> software liber</li>
- <li><strong>Russe :</strong>
+ <li><strong>Russian:</strong>
свободное
программное
-обеспечение
</li>
+обеспечение
+(svobodnoe programmnoe obespechenie)</li>
<li><strong>Sarde :</strong> software liberu</li>
<li><strong>Serbe/Croate :</strong>
слободни
софтвер (slobodni softver)</li>
- <li><strong>Slovaque :</strong> slobodný softvér</li>
- <li><strong>Slovène :</strong> prosto programje</li>
+ <li><strong>Slovak:</strong> slobodný softvér</li>
+ <li><strong>Slovène :</strong> prosto programje</li>
<li><strong>Espagnol :</strong> software libre</li>
<li><strong>Swahili :</strong> Programu huru za Kompyuta</li>
- <li><strong>Suédois :</strong> fri programvara, fri mjukvara</li>
+ <li><strong>Suédois :</strong> fri programvara, fri mjukvara</li>
<li><strong>Tagalog/Filipino :</strong> malayang software</li>
<li><strong>Tamoul :</strong>
கட்டற்ற மென்பொருள்</li>
- <li><strong>Turc :</strong> özgür yazılım</li>
- <li><strong>Ukrainien :</strong>
вільне
+ <li><strong>Thai:</strong>
+ซอฟต์แวร์เสรี</li>
+ <li><strong>Turkish:</strong> özgür yazılım</li>
+ <li><strong>Ukrainian:</strong> вільне
програмне
забезпечення
-(vil'ne prohramne zabezpechennia)</li>
+(vil'ne prohramne zabezpechennja)</li>
<li><strong>Vietnamien :</strong> phần mềm tự do</li>
<li><strong>Gallois :</strong> meddalwedd rydd</li>
<li><strong>Zoulou :</strong> Isoftware Ekhululekile</li>
@@ -119,9 +131,10 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -133,11 +146,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1999, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software
-Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+Copyright © 1999, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -146,11 +160,10 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traduction : Cédric Corazza.<br /> Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
- <p>
-<!-- timestamp start -->
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/06/29 12:58:11 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:07 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -159,20 +172,20 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traductions de cette page</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-translations.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
Index: philosophy/fs-translations.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/fs-translations.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- philosophy/fs-translations.sr.html 27 May 2010 08:25:37 -0000 1.14
+++ philosophy/fs-translations.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:07 -0000 1.15
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@
<li><strong>Arabic:</strong>
برمجيات حرة
(barmagiyat ḥorrah)</li>
+ <li><strong>Armenian:</strong> ազատ
+ծրագիր/ծրագրեր
+(azat tsragir/tsragrer)</li>
<li><strong>Belarusian:</strong>
свабоднае
праграмнае
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@
<li><strong>Croatian/Serbian:</strong> slobodni softver</li>
<li><strong>данÑки:</strong> fri software OR frit programmel</li>
<li><strong>Ñ
оландÑки:</strong> vrije software</li>
- <li><strong>Esperanto:</strong> libera programaro</li>
+ <li><strong>Esperanto:</strong> libera programaro / programo</li>
<li><strong>еÑÑонÑки:</strong> vaba tarkvara</li>
<li><strong>ÑаÑÑи (= пеÑÑиÑÑки):</strong>
نرم‌افزارِ
@@ -78,6 +81,7 @@
소프트웨어 (ja-yu software)</li>
<li><strong>лиÑванÑки:</strong> laisva programinė
įranga</li>
<li><strong>ноÑвеÑки:</strong> fri programvare</li>
+ <li><strong>Malay:</strong> perisian bebas</li>
<li><strong>малаÑÑки:</strong>
സ്വതന്ത്ര സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയര്‍</li>
<li><strong>пеÑÑиÑÑки (= ÑаÑÑи):</strong>
@@ -128,8 +132,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -140,11 +145,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1999, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free
+Copyright © 1999, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Free
Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа,
-без надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз
ÑÑлов да Ñе оÑÑвано ово
-обавеÑÑеÑе.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -169,7 +174,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2010/05/27 08:25:37 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:07 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/gates.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/gates.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/gates.ar.html 24 Jan 2010 09:26:17 -0000 1.5
+++ philosophy/gates.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:08 -0000 1.6
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
<h2> ÙÙست اÙأبÙابØ<sup><a href="#Gates">1</a></sup> بÙ
اÙغرÙ</h2>
-<p>بÙÙÙ
<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>رÙتشارد
-ستÙÙÙ
اÙ</strong></a><br /> Ù
ؤسس Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a><br />
+Founder, Free Software Foundation
</p>
<blockquote>
@@ -27,10 +27,14 @@
اÙØاسÙب ÙØ´ÙدÙ٠بÙ
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت عÙ٠اÙتÙدÙ
اÙØ°Ù ÙاÙت Ù
ÙÙ Ùائدة ÙØØ³Ø¨Ø Ù
ث٠بÙع
ØاÙسÙب رخصÙØ© ÙسرÙØ¹Ø©Ø ÙÙاجÙاتاÙÙ
ستخدÙ
اÙرسÙÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙائÙ
Ø©.</p>
- <p>Ø¥ÙساÙÙØ© غÙتس بتÙدÙÙ
اÙرعاÙØ© اÙصØÙØ©
ÙÙدÙ٠اÙÙÙÙرة ÙاÙت اÙتÙ
اÙ
بعض
-اÙÙاس. أبÙغت ÙÙس Ø£ÙجÙÙس تاÙÙ
ز Ø£Ù Ù
ؤسستÙ
تصر٠خÙ
سة Ø¥ÙÙ 10% Ù
٠أÙ
ÙاÙÙا سÙÙÙا
-ÙتستثÙ
ر اÙباÙÙØ Ø£ØÙاÙا Ù٠شرÙات تساÙÙ
ÙÙ
تسبب اÙتÙÙØ« اÙبÙئ٠ÙاÙØ£Ù
راض ÙÙ ÙÙس
-اÙدÙÙاÙÙÙÙرة.</p>
+ <p>Gates' philanthropy for health care for poor countries has won some
people's
+good opinion. The LA Times reported that his foundation spends five to 10%
+of its money annually and invests the rest, sometimes in companies it
+suggests cause environmental degradation and illness in the same poor
+countries. (2010 update: The Gates Foundation is supporting a project with
+agribusiness giant Cargill on a <a
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2010/sep/29/gates-foundation-gm-monsanto";>project
+that could involve pushing genetically modified crops in Africa</a>.)</p>
<p>اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠عÙÙ
اء اÙØاسÙب ÙÙرÙÙ٠غÙتس ÙÙ
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت تØدÙدا. ÙدÙÙÙ
ÙØ«Ùر
Ù
ÙاÙأسباب. تسÙÙ Ù
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت دائÙ
ا سÙÙÙا ضد
اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ³Ø©Ø ÙأدÙÙت Ø«Ùاث Ù
رات. (بÙØ´
@@ -114,8 +118,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -136,6 +141,7 @@
<rdf:RDF xmlns="http://creativecommons.org/ns#";
xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/";
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#";>
+
<Work rdf:about="">
<license rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/"; />
</Work>
@@ -161,7 +167,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/01/24 09:26:17 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:08 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/gif.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/gif.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- philosophy/gif.ca.html 29 Jul 2010 16:27:24 -0000 1.12
+++ philosophy/gif.ca.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:08 -0000 1.13
@@ -2,39 +2,35 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ca.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Per què no hi ha imatges en format GIF a les pà gines de GNU</title>
+<title>Why There Are No GIF Files on GNU Web Pages</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
-<h2>Per què no hi ha imatges en format <abbr title="Graphics Interchange
-Format">GIF</abbr> a les pà gines de GNU</h2>
+<h2>Why There Are No GIF Files on GNU Web Pages</h2>
<p>
-<strong> Malgrat que aquest article és una il·lustració històrica del
perill
-de les patents de programari, aquestes patents en particular ja no són
-actualment un problema (vegeu la <a href="#venuenote">nota</a> a peu de
-pà gina). Per més informació sobre <a
-href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html#UseofGraphics"> la polÃtica del
-nostre lloc web respecte a les imatges en format GIF</a>, vegeu la nostra <a
-href="/server/standards/">guia d'estil</a>.</strong>
+<strong>While this story is a historical illustration of the danger of
+software patents, these particular patents are now no longer a concern (see
+<a href="#venuenote">footnote</a> below). For details of our web site <a
+href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html#UseofGraphics">policies regarding
+GIFs</a>, see our <a href="/server/standards/">web guidelines</a>.</strong>
</p>
<p>
-No hi ha cap imatge en format GIF al lloc web de GNU a causa de les patents
-(Unisys i IBM) que protegeixen l'algoritme de compressió LZW, que s'utilitza
-quan es generen arxius GIF. Aquestes patents fan impossible disposar de
-programari lliure per a generar GIFs propis; a més, s'apliquen també al
-programa <strong> compress</strong>, raons per les quals GNU no utilitza
-aquest format.
+There are no GIFs on the GNU web site because of the patents (Unisys and
+IBM) covering the LZW compression algorithm which is used in making GIF
+files. These patents make it impossible to have free software to generate
+proper GIFs. They also apply to the <strong>compress</strong> program,
+which is why GNU does not use it or its format.
</p>
<p>
-Unisys i IBM van sol·licitar les patents el 1983. Unisys (i potser IBM) va
-sol·licitar aquestes patents en un cert nombre de països. A les bases de
-dades de patents on hem buscat, l'última data de caducitat sembla
-correspondre al divendres, 11 d'agost de 2006 <a name="returnnote"
-href="#venuenote"><sup>1</sup></a>. Fins llavors, qualsevol que faci un
-programa per a generar imatges en format GIF pot ser demandat. I no tenim
-cap raó per pensar que els propietaris perdrien el judici.
+Unisys and IBM both applied for patents in 1983. Unisys (and perhaps IBM)
+applied for these patents in a number of countries. Of the places whose
+patent databases we were able to search, the latest expiration date seems to
+be 1 October 2006. <a name="returnnote" href="#venuenote"><sup>1</sup></a>
+Until then, anyone who releases a free program for making GIF files is
+likely to be sued. We don't know any reason to think that the patent owners
+would lose these lawsuits.
</p>
<p>
@@ -47,103 +43,95 @@
</p>
<p>
-Molta gent pensa que Unisys ha donat permÃs per distribuir programari lliure
-per a crear imatges en format GIF. Malauradament, no és aixÃ. A continuació
-trobareu el que Unisys va dir realment sobre aquest assumpte el 1995:
+Many people think that Unisys has given permission for distributing free
+software to make GIF format. Unfortunately that is not what Unisys has
+actually done. Here is what Unisys actually said about the matter in 1995:
</p>
-<blockquote><p>Unisys no exigeix llicències o pagament de quotes per a
aplicacions no
-comercials i sense à nims de lucre basades en GIF, incloent-hi les
-utilitzades en serveis en lÃnia. Pel que fa als desenvolupadors de
-programari per a la xarxa d'Internet, s'aplica el mateix principi. Unisys no
-denunciarà infraccions inadvertides per part dels desenvolupadors que van
-produir versions de productes de programari per a Internet abans de 1995. La
-companyia no exigeix llicències o pagament de quotes per a productes no
-comercials i sense à nim de lucre a Internet, incloent-hi el "Software
-gratuït".</p></blockquote>
+<blockquote><p>Unisys does not require licensing, or fees to be paid, for
non-commercial,
+non-profit GIF-based applications, including those for use on the on-line
+services. Concerning developers of software for the Internet network, the
+same principle applies. Unisys will not pursue previous inadvertent
+infringement by developers producing versions of software products for the
+Internet prior to 1995. The company does not require licensing, or fees to
+be paid for non-commercial, non-profit offerings on the Internet, including
+“Freeware”.</p></blockquote>
<p>
-Malauradament, això no permet el <a
-href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">programari lliure</a> que es pugui en un
-sistema operatiu lliure com GNU. Tampoc no permet en absolut l'ús de
-l'algoritme de compressió LZW per a d'altres propòsits, com la compressió
-d'arxius. Per això encara pensem que és millor rebutjar l'algoritme LZW i
-utilitzar alternatives com <a href="/software/gzip/gzip.html">GNU Zip</a> i
-el format PNG.
+Unfortunately, this doesn't permit <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+software</a> which can be used in a free operating system such as GNU. It
+also does not permit <em>at all</em> the use of LZW for other purposes such
+as compression of files. This is why we think it is still best to reject
+LZW, and switch to alternatives such as <a
+href="/software/gzip/gzip.html">GNU Gzip</a> and PNG.
</p>
<p>
-La <a href="/philosophy/selling.ca.html">redistribució comercial del
-programari lliure</a> és molt important, i nosaltres entenem el sistema GNU
-com una totalitat per a ser distribuïda comercialment. Això significa que no
-podem afegir un programa que generi GIFs a GNU, ja que no es complirien les
-condicions d'Unisys.
+<a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Commercial redistribution of free
+software</a> is very important, and we want the GNU system as a whole to be
+redistributed commercially. This means we can't add a GIF-generating
+program to GNU, not under the Unisys terms.
</p>
<p>
-La <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF) és una
-organització no comercial i sense à nim de lucre, de manera que, estrictament
-parlant, els ingressos de les nostres vendes de <a
-href="http://order.fsf.org/";>CD-ROMs</a> no són "beneficis". Potser això
-implica que podrÃem incloure un programa per a generar GIFs al nostre CD-ROM
-i afirmar estar actuant dins de l'abast del permÃs Unisys, o potser no. Però
-com que ja sabem que altres distribuïdors de GNU no podrien incloure'l,
-fer-ho no seria massa útil.
+The <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>Free Software Foundation</a> is a
+non-commercial, non-profit organization, so strictly speaking the income
+from our sales of <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/";>CD-ROMs</a> is not
+“profit”. Perhaps this means we could include a GIF program on
+our CD-ROM and claim to be acting within the scope of the Unisys
+permission—or perhaps not. But since we know that other
+redistributors of GNU would be unable to include it, doing this would not be
+very useful.
</p>
<p>
-Poc després que Unisys fes el seu anunci, quan la xarxa en general es
-tranquil·litzava pensant que Unisys havia donat permÃs per a desenvolupar
-programari lliure, và rem escriure al departament legal d'Unisys demanant
-aclariments sobre aquest assumpte. Mai no và rem rebre cap resposta.
+Shortly after Unisys made its announcement, when the net in general was
+reassured thinking that Unisys had given permission for free GIF-generating
+software, we wrote to the Unisys legal department asking for clarification
+of these issues. We did not receive a response.
</p>
<p>
-Fins i tot si Unisys realment hagués donat permÃs per a desenvolupar un
-programari lliure per generar GIFs, encara tindrÃem el problema de la patent
-d'IBM. Tant la patent d'IBM com la d'Unisys protegeixen el mateix "invent":
-l'algoritme de compressió LZW (fet que, per cert, pot considerar-se un error
-per part de la Oficina de Patents i Marques Registrades dels Estats Units,
-que és famosa per la seva incompetència i manca de criteri).
+Even if Unisys really did give permission for free software to generate
+GIFs, we would still have to deal with the IBM patent. Both the IBM and the
+Unisys patents cover the same “invention”—the LZW
+compression algorithm. (This could reflect an error on the part of the US
+Patent and Trademark Office, which is famous for incompetence and poor
+judgment.)
</p>
<p>
-La descodificació de GIFs és un altre tema. Tant la patent d'Unisys com la
-d'IBM estan escrites de tal manera que no s'apliquen a un programa que només
-pugui descomprimir el format LZW (i que, per tant, no sigui ser capaç de
-comprimir en aquest format). Per això el programari GNU pot incloure i
-inclou la capacitat de descomprimir i mostrar imatges en format GIF.
+Decoding GIFs is a different issue. The Unisys and IBM patents are both
+written in such a way that they do not apply to a program which can only
+uncompress LZW format and cannot compress. Therefore we can and will
+include support for displaying GIF files in GNU software.
</p>
<p>
-Donada aquesta situació, encara podrÃem incloure imatges en format GIF a les
-nostres pà gines web si volguéssim. Molta gent estaria encantada de
-generar-les per a nosaltres, i no podrÃem pas ser demandats per tenir
-imatges en format GIF al nostre servidor.
+Given this situation, we could still include GIF files in our web pages if
+we wanted to. Many other people would be happy to generate them for us, and
+we would not be sued for having GIF files on our server.
</p>
<p>
-Però sentim que si no podem distribuir un programari que permeti a la gent
-generar imatges en format GIF de manera adequada, llavors tampoc no hem de
-tenir altra gent que executi tal programari per a nosaltres. A més, si no
-podem proporcionar programari GNU per generar arxius GIF, hem de recomanar
-una alternativa. I nosaltres mateixos haurÃem d'utilitzar l'alternativa que
-recomanem.
+But we feel that if we can't distribute the software to enable people to
+generate GIF files properly, then we should not have other people run such
+software for us. Besides, if we can't provide software in GNU to generate
+GIF files, we have to recommend an alternative. We ourselves should use the
+alternative that we recommend.
</p>
<p>
El 1999, Unisys va dir el següent sobre el tema de la seva patent:
</p>
-<blockquote><p>A Unisys se li ha preguntat freqüentment si s'exigeix una
llicència Unisys
-per utilitzar programari de LZW que s'hagi obtingut descarregant-lo des
-d'Internet o des d'altres fonts. La resposta és simple. En tots els casos,
-s'exigeix un acord de llicència escrit o una declaració signada per un
-representant d'Unisys autoritzat. Unisys exigeix aquesta llicència o
-autorització per a tot ús, venda o distribució de qualsevol programari
-(incloent-hi l'anomenat "software gratuït") i/o maquinari que proporcioni
-les prestacions de l'algoritme de compressió LZW (per exemple, programari
-descarregat).</p></blockquote>
+<blockquote><p>Unisys has frequently been asked whether a Unisys license is
required in
+order to use LZW software obtained by downloading from the Internet or from
+other sources. The answer is simple. In all cases, a written license
+agreement or statement signed by an authorized Unisys representative is
+required from Unisys for all use, sale or distribution of any software
+(including so-called “freeware”) and/or hardware providing LZW
+conversion capability (for example, downloaded software).</p></blockquote>
<p>
Amb aquesta declaració, Unisys està intentant desdir-se d'allò que deien el
@@ -152,86 +140,74 @@
</p>
<p>
-Una altra qüestió és que les patents del LZW -i les patents de programari en
-general- són un ofensa contra la llibertat de programadors; tots els
-programadors necessiten treballar junts en contra de les patents de
-programari.
+A further issue is that the LZW patents—and software patents in
+general—are an offense against the freedom of programmers generally,
+and all programmers need to work together against software patents.
</p>
<p>
-De manera que, fins i tot si poguéssim trobar una solució que permetés a la
-comunitat del programari lliure generar imatges en format GIF, tampoc no
-seria realment una solució, o almenys tampoc no resoldria el problema
-globalment. La solució és canviar a un altre format i deixar d'utilitzar el
-format GIF.
+So even if we could find a solution to enable the free software community to
+generate GIFs, that isn't really a solution, not for the problem as a
+whole. The solution is switching to another format and not using GIF any
+more.
</p>
<p>
-Per totes aquestes raons no utilitzem el format GIF, i esperem que vosaltres
-tampoc no l'utilitzeu.
+Therefore, we don't use GIF, and we hope you won't use it either.
</p>
<p>
-Ãs possible fer imatges no comprimides que serveixen com a GIFs, ja que
-treballen amb programes que descodifiquen el format GIF. Això es pot fer
-sense infringir cap patent. Aquests pseudoGIFs són útils en determinats
-casos.
+It is possible to make non-compressed images that act like GIFs, in that
+they work with programs that decode GIF format. This can be done without
+infringing patents. These pseudo-GIFs are useful for some purposes.
</p>
<p>
-També és possible crear GIFs utilitzant una codificació lliure de patents,
-però amb això no s'aconsegueix el nivell de compressió que normalment
-s'espera d'un GIF.
+It is also possible to create GIFs using a patent-free run length encoding
+but this doesn't achieve the compression that one normally expects in a GIF.
</p>
<p>
-Và rem decidir no utilitzar aquests pseudoGIFs al nostre lloc web perquè no
-són una solució satisfactòria al problema de la comunitat. Funcionen, però
-són molt grans. El que la web necessita és un format comprimit lliure de
-patents, i no pseudoGIFs massa grans.
+We decided not to use these pseudo-GIFs on our web site because they are not
+a satisfactory solution to the community's problem. They work, but they are
+very large. What the web needs is a patent-free compressed format, not
+large pseudo-GIFs.
</p>
<p>
-El <a href="http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/index.html";>format PNG</a> és un
-format comprimit sense patent. Esperem que aviat s'hagi estès à mpliament, i
-llavors l'utilitzarem. Tenim <a href="/graphics/graphics.ca.html">versions
-en format PNG</a> de les imatges de la nostra pà gina.
+The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics";>PNG
+format</a> is a patent-free compressed format. We hope it will become
+widely supported; then we will use it. We do provide PNG versions of most
+of the <a href="/graphics/graphics.html">images on this server</a>.
</p>
<p>
-Per a més informació sobre els problemes de patent del format GIF, visiteu
-la pà gina de la <a href="http://lpf.ai.mit.edu/Patents/Gif/Gif.html";>League
-for Programming Freedom GIF</a>. A través d'aquesta pà gina podeu trobar més
-informació sobre el problema de les patents de programari en general.
+For more information about the GIF patent problems, see <a
+href="http://www.progfree.org/Patents/Gif/Gif.html";>the League for
+Programming Freedom GIF page</a>. Through that page you can find more
+information about the <a href="http://endsoftpatents.org/";>problem of
+software patents in general.</a>
</p>
<p>
-La pà gina de <a href="http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/pngapbr.html";>navegadors
-amb suport PNG</a> conté una llista dels navegadors que són compatibles amb
-el format PNG i comentaris sobre la qualitat del suport.
+There is a library called libungif that reads gif files and writes
+uncompressed gifs to circumvent the Unisys patent.
</p>
<p>
-Hi ha una biblioteca anomenada <a
-href="http://ca.geocities.com/libungif/";>libungif</a> que llegeix arxius en
-format GIF i genera GIFs no comprimits per a eludir la patent d'Unisys.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="http://burnallgifs.org";>http://burnallgifs.org</a> és un lloc web
-que promou l'eradicació de l'ús de GIFs a les pà gines web.
+<a href="http://burnallgifs.org";>http://burnallgifs.org</a> is a web site
+devoted to discouraging the use of GIF files on the web.
</p>
<h3>Nota a peu de pà gina:</h3>
-<p><a href="#returnnote" id="venuenote">1.</a> VÃ rem poder buscar a les bases
-de dades de patents dels Estats Units, el Canadà , el Japó i la Unió
-Europea. La patent Unisys va expirar el 20 de juny de 2003 als USA. A Europa
-va expirar el 18 de juny de 2004. Al Japó la patent va expirar el 20 de juny
-de 2004 i a Canadà va expirar el 7 de juliol de 2004. La patent d'IBM dels
-Estats Units va expirar l'11 d'agost de 2006. El Software Freedom Law
-Center afirma que, després de l'1 d'octubre de 2006, ja no hi haurà patents
-que interfereixin en l'ús del format GIF.</p>
+<p><a href="#returnnote" id="venuenote">1.</a> We were able to search the
+patent databases of the USA, Canada, Japan, and the European Union. The
+Unisys patent expired on 20 June 2003 in the USA, in Europe it expired on 18
+June 2004, in Japan the patent expired on 20 June 2004 and in Canada it
+expired on 7 July 2004. The U.S. IBM patent expired 11 August 2006. The
+Software Freedom Law Center says that after 1 October 2006, there will be no
+significant patent claims interfering with employment of the GIF format.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -244,11 +220,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Envieu les vostres preguntes sobre la FSF i GNU a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. També hi ha <a
-href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la
-FSF. <br />Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o
-suggeriments a <a
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
@@ -261,11 +237,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software
-Foundation, Inc.,</p>
+Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en
-qualsevol medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que es conservi aquesta nota.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -277,7 +254,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2010/07/29 16:27:24 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:08 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -322,7 +299,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/gif.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/gif.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/gif.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/gif.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
</ul>
Index: philosophy/gif.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/gif.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.36
retrieving revision 1.37
diff -u -b -r1.36 -r1.37
--- philosophy/gif.fr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:30 -0000 1.36
+++ philosophy/gif.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:08 -0000 1.37
@@ -5,44 +5,32 @@
<title>Pourquoi il n'y a pas de fichiers GIF sur le site de GNU</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Pourquoi il n'y a pas de fichiers <abbr title="Graphics Interchange
-Format">GIF</abbr> sur le site de GNU</h2>
+<h2>Pourquoi il n'y a pas de fichiers GIF sur le site de GNU</h2>
<p>
-<strong>Cette histoire est une illustration historique du danger des brevets
-logiciels ; ces brevets particuliers ne sont plus un probème
-maintenant (voir la <a href="#venuenote">note de bas de page</a>
-ci-dessous. Pour des détails sur la <a
-href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html#UseofGraphics">politique concernant
-les fichiers <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr></a> sur
-notre site Web, veuillez consulter <a href="/server/standards/">guide de
-conduite Web</a>.</strong>
+<strong>While this story is a historical illustration of the danger of
+software patents, these particular patents are now no longer a concern (see
+<a href="#venuenote">footnote</a> below). For details of our web site <a
+href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html#UseofGraphics">policies regarding
+GIFs</a>, see our <a href="/server/standards/">web guidelines</a>.</strong>
</p>
<p>
-Il n'y a aucun fichier <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>
-sur le site web de GNU en raison des brevets (Unisys et IBM) couvrant
-l'algorithme de compression <abbr title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</abbr> qui
-est utilisé dans la création des fichiers <abbr
-title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>. Ces brevets rendent
-impossible l'utilisation des logiciels libres pour générer au
-format <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>. Ils
-s'appliquent également au programme <strong>compress</strong>, raison
-pour laquelle GNU ne l'utilise pas.
+There are no GIFs on the GNU web site because of the patents (Unisys and
+IBM) covering the LZW compression algorithm which is used in making GIF
+files. These patents make it impossible to have free software to generate
+proper GIFs. They also apply to the <strong>compress</strong> program,
+which is why GNU does not use it or its format.
</p>
<p>
-À la fois Unisys et IBM déposèrent des brevets en
-1983. Unisys (et peut-être IBM) ont déposé ces brevets
-dans beaucoup de pays. Dans les pays pour lesquels nous avons
-été capables de rechercher dans les bases de données de
-brevets, la dernière date d'expiration semble être le
-1<sup>er</sup> octobre 2006<a name="returnnote"
-href="#venuenote"><sup>1</sup></a>. Jusque-là, il est vraisemblable
-que quiconque voudrait distribuer un programme libre pour la création
-de fichiers <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr> serait
-poursuivi. Nous n'avons aucune raison de penser que les possesseurs des
-brevets pourraient perdre ces procès.
+Unisys and IBM both applied for patents in 1983. Unisys (and perhaps IBM)
+applied for these patents in a number of countries. Of the places whose
+patent databases we were able to search, the latest expiration date seems to
+be 1 October 2006. <a name="returnnote" href="#venuenote"><sup>1</sup></a>
+Until then, anyone who releases a free program for making GIF files is
+likely to be sued. We don't know any reason to think that the patent owners
+would lose these lawsuits.
</p>
<p>
@@ -55,233 +43,171 @@
</p>
<p>
-De nombreuses personnes pensent qu'Unisys a donné son autorisation
-pour la distribution de logiciels libres pour produire au format <abbr
-title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>. Malheureusement, ce n'est
-pas ce qu'Unisys fait en réalité. Voici ce que Unisys disait
-à ce sujet en 1995 :
-</p>
-
-<blockquote><p>Unisys n'exige pas d'autorisation, ou des royalties, pour les
applications
-non-commerciales et sans but lucratif basées sur du <abbr
-title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>, y compris celles
-utilisées sur les services en ligne. Concernant les
-développeurs de logiciel pour le réseau Internet, le
-même principe s'applique. Unisys n'engagera aucune poursuite pour des
-infractions commises avant 1995 par des développeurs de logiciels
-pour Internet. La compagnie n'exige pas d'autorisation, ou des royalties
-pour des offres non-commerciales sur l'Internet, y compris les
-« freeware ».</p></blockquote>
-
-<p>
-Malheureusement, cela ne permet pas l'utilisation d'un <a
-href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">logiciel libre</a>, uniquement un <a
-href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html#semi-freeSoftware">logiciel
-semi-libre</a>, lequel ne peut être utilisé dans un
-système d'exploitation libre tel que GNU. Il ne permet pas
-également <em>du tout</em> l'utilisation de LZW pour d'autres usages
-que la compression de fichiers. C'est pourquoi nous pensons qu'il vaut mieux
-rejeter LZW et utiliser des alternatives comme <a
-href="/software/gzip/gzip.html">GNU zip</a> et le format png.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-La <a href="/philosophy/selling.fr.html">redistribution commerciale de
-logiciels libres</a> est très importante, et nous voulons que le
-système GNU en entier puisse être commercialement
-redistribué. Cela signifie que nous ne pouvons ajouter un programme
-de génération de <abbr title="Graphics Interchange
-Format">GIF</abbr> au système GNU, pas selon les termes d'Unisys.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-La <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>Fondation pour le Logiciel Libre</a> est une
-organisation non commerciale, à but non lucratif, donc strictement
-parlant, les revenus provenant de la vente de nos <a
-href="http://shop.fsf.org/";>CD-ROM</a> ne sont pas considérés
-comme des « profits ». Cela signifie peut-être
-que nous pourrions inclure un programme de génération de <abbr
-title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr> sur nos CD-ROM et
-prétendre agir dans les limites de la permission d'Unisys, ou
-peut-être pas. Mais puisque nous savons que les autres redistributeurs
-de GNU ne pourraient pas l'inclure, faire ceci ne serait pas très
-utile.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Peu après l'annonce d'Unisys, quand le Net en général
-était assuré qu'Unisys avait donné son autorisation
-pour des logiciels libres de génération de <abbr
-title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>, nous avons écrit au
-département juridique d'Unisys en leur demandant des
-éclaircissements à ce sujet. Nous n'avons pas reçu de
-réponse.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Même si Unisys donnait réellement l'autorisation pour des
-logiciels libres de génération de <abbr title="Graphics
-Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>, nous aurions toujours à traiter avec
-le brevet d'IBM. Les deux brevets, celui d'IBM et celui d'Unisys, couvrent
-la même « invention » : l'algorithme de
-compression <abbr title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</abbr>. (Ceci pourrait
-refléter une erreur de la part de l'Office américain des
-brevets et des marques, le US Patent and Trademark Office, qui est
-célèbre pour son incompétence et son pauvre jugement).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Le décodage de <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>
-est un problème différent. Les brevets d'Unisys et d'IBM sont
-tous les deux écrits de telle manière qu'ils ne s'appliquent
-pas à un programme qui peut seulement décompresser le format
-<abbr title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</abbr> et ne peut le compresser. Par
-conséquent, nous pouvons et nous incluerons du support pour
-l'affichage de fichiers <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>
-dans les logiciels GNU.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Étant donné la situation, nous pourrions toujours inclure des
-fichiers <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr> sur nos pages
-web si nous le voulions. De nombreuses autres personnes seraient heureuses
-de les générer pour nous, et nous ne pourrions pas être
-poursuivis pour avoir des fichiers <abbr title="Graphics Interchange
-Format">GIF</abbr> sur notre serveur.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Mais nous estimons que si nous ne pouvons distribuer le logiciel permettant
-de générer des fichiers <abbr title="Graphics Interchange
-Format">GIF</abbr>, alors on ne doit pas avoir d'autres personnes
-exécutant de tels programmes pour nous. D'ailleurs, si nous ne
-pouvons fournir un logiciel dans le système GNU pour
-générer des fichiers <abbr title="Graphics Interchange
-Format">GIF</abbr>, nous devons recommander une alternative. Nous devons
-utiliser nous mêmes l'alternative que nous recommandons.
+Many people think that Unisys has given permission for distributing free
+software to make GIF format. Unfortunately that is not what Unisys has
+actually done. Here is what Unisys actually said about the matter in 1995:
</p>
+<blockquote><p>Unisys does not require licensing, or fees to be paid, for
non-commercial,
+non-profit GIF-based applications, including those for use on the on-line
+services. Concerning developers of software for the Internet network, the
+same principle applies. Unisys will not pursue previous inadvertent
+infringement by developers producing versions of software products for the
+Internet prior to 1995. The company does not require licensing, or fees to
+be paid for non-commercial, non-profit offerings on the Internet, including
+“Freeware”.</p></blockquote>
+
<p>
-En 1999, Unisys indiquait au sujet de son brevet :
+Unfortunately, this doesn't permit <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+software</a> which can be used in a free operating system such as GNU. It
+also does not permit <em>at all</em> the use of LZW for other purposes such
+as compression of files. This is why we think it is still best to reject
+LZW, and switch to alternatives such as <a
+href="/software/gzip/gzip.html">GNU Gzip</a> and PNG.
</p>
-<blockquote><p>On a fréquemment demandé à Unisys si une
licence
-d'Unisys est exigée afin d'utiliser le logiciel <abbr
-title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</abbr> obtenu par téléchargement
-sur Internet ou depuis d'autres sources. La réponse est simple. Dans
-tous les cas, une licence écrite ou un rapport signé par un
-représentant autorisé d'Unisys est exigé d'Unisys pour
-toute utilisation, vente ou distribution de n'importe quel logiciel (y
-compris les logiciels appelés « freeware »),
-et/ou matériel fournissant les capacités de conversion <abbr
-title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</abbr> (par exemple, logiciel
-téléchargé).</p></blockquote>
+<p>
+<a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Commercial redistribution of free
+software</a> is very important, and we want the GNU system as a whole to be
+redistributed commercially. This means we can't add a GIF-generating
+program to GNU, not under the Unisys terms.
+</p>
<p>
-Avec ce rapport, Unisys essaye de revenir sur ce qu'ils disaient en 1995
-quand ils ont donné des parties de leur brevet au public. La
-légalité d'un tel changement de position est discutable.
+The <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>Free Software Foundation</a> is a
+non-commercial, non-profit organization, so strictly speaking the income
+from our sales of <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/";>CD-ROMs</a> is not
+“profit”. Perhaps this means we could include a GIF program on
+our CD-ROM and claim to be acting within the scope of the Unisys
+permission—or perhaps not. But since we know that other
+redistributors of GNU would be unable to include it, doing this would not be
+very useful.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Shortly after Unisys made its announcement, when the net in general was
+reassured thinking that Unisys had given permission for free GIF-generating
+software, we wrote to the Unisys legal department asking for clarification
+of these issues. We did not receive a response.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Even if Unisys really did give permission for free software to generate
+GIFs, we would still have to deal with the IBM patent. Both the IBM and the
+Unisys patents cover the same “invention”—the LZW
+compression algorithm. (This could reflect an error on the part of the US
+Patent and Trademark Office, which is famous for incompetence and poor
+judgment.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Decoding GIFs is a different issue. The Unisys and IBM patents are both
+written in such a way that they do not apply to a program which can only
+uncompress LZW format and cannot compress. Therefore we can and will
+include support for displaying GIF files in GNU software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Given this situation, we could still include GIF files in our web pages if
+we wanted to. Many other people would be happy to generate them for us, and
+we would not be sued for having GIF files on our server.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But we feel that if we can't distribute the software to enable people to
+generate GIF files properly, then we should not have other people run such
+software for us. Besides, if we can't provide software in GNU to generate
+GIF files, we have to recommend an alternative. We ourselves should use the
+alternative that we recommend.
</p>
<p>
-Un problème supplémentaire est que les brevets LZW, et les
-brevets en général, sont une offense contre la liberté
-des programmeurs, et tous les programmeurs ont besoin de travailler ensemble
-contre les brevets de logiciels.
+En 1999, Unisys indiquait au sujet de son brevet :
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Unisys has frequently been asked whether a Unisys license is
required in
+order to use LZW software obtained by downloading from the Internet or from
+other sources. The answer is simple. In all cases, a written license
+agreement or statement signed by an authorized Unisys representative is
+required from Unisys for all use, sale or distribution of any software
+(including so-called “freeware”) and/or hardware providing LZW
+conversion capability (for example, downloaded software).</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+Avec ce rapport, Unisys essaye de revenir sur ce qu'ils disaient en 1995
+quand ils ont donné des parties de leur brevet au public. La légalité d'un
+tel changement de position est discutable.
</p>
<p>
-Donc, même si pouvions trouver une solution pour permettre à la
-communauté du logiciel libre de générer des fichiers
-<abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>, ce n'est pas
-réellement une solution, pas pour le problème dans sa
-totalité. La solution est de basculer vers un autre format et de ne
-pas utiliser de fichiers <abbr title="Graphics Interchange
-Format">GIF</abbr>.
+A further issue is that the LZW patents—and software patents in
+general—are an offense against the freedom of programmers generally,
+and all programmers need to work together against software patents.
</p>
<p>
-Donc, nous n'utilisons pas de fichiers <abbr title="Graphics Interchange
-Format">GIF</abbr>, et nous espérons que vous n'en n'utiliserez pas
-non plus.
+So even if we could find a solution to enable the free software community to
+generate GIFs, that isn't really a solution, not for the problem as a
+whole. The solution is switching to another format and not using GIF any
+more.
</p>
<p>
-Il est possible de faire des images non-compressées qui se comportent
-comme des <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>, dans le sens
-où elles fonctionnent avec des programmes qui décodent le
-format <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>. Ceci peut
-être fait sans violer des brevets. Ces pseudo-<abbr title="Graphics
-Interchange Format">GIF</abbr> sont utiles pour quelques buts.
+Therefore, we don't use GIF, and we hope you won't use it either.
</p>
<p>
-Il est également possible de créer des <abbr title="Graphics
-Interchange Format">GIF</abbr> en utilisant un codage « run
-length » non breveté mais celui-ci ne réalise pas
-la compression normalement attendue dans un <abbr title="Graphics
-Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>.
+It is possible to make non-compressed images that act like GIFs, in that
+they work with programs that decode GIF format. This can be done without
+infringing patents. These pseudo-GIFs are useful for some purposes.
</p>
<p>
-Nous avons décidé de ne pas utiliser ces pseudo-<abbr
-title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr> sur notre site Web parce que
-ce n'est pas une solution satisfaisante au problème de la
-communauté. Ils fonctionnent, mais ils sont très gros. Ce dont
-le Web a besoin, c'est un format compressé non breveté, et non
-de lourds pseudo-<abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>.
+It is also possible to create GIFs using a patent-free run length encoding
+but this doesn't achieve the compression that one normally expects in a GIF.
</p>
<p>
-Le <a href="http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/index.html";>format <abbr
-title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</abbr></a> est un format de
-compression non breveté. Nous espérons qu'il sera largement
-supporté, alors nous l'utiliserons. Nous avons des <a
-href="/graphics/graphics.html">versions <abbr title="Portable Network
-Graphics">PNG</abbr></a> des images sur ce serveur.
+We decided not to use these pseudo-GIFs on our web site because they are not
+a satisfactory solution to the community's problem. They work, but they are
+very large. What the web needs is a patent-free compressed format, not
+large pseudo-GIFs.
</p>
<p>
-Pour plus d'informations sur les problèmes de brevet <abbr
-title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>, allez voir la <a
-href="http://progfree.org/Patents/Gif/Gif.html";>page <abbr title="Graphics
-Interchange Format">GIF</abbr> de la League for Programming
-Freedom</a>. À travers ces pages, vous pouvez trouver plus
-d'informations sur le problème des brevets en général.
+The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics";>PNG
+format</a> is a patent-free compressed format. We hope it will become
+widely supported; then we will use it. We do provide PNG versions of most
+of the <a href="/graphics/graphics.html">images on this server</a>.
</p>
<p>
-La <a href="http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/pngapbr.html";>browser support
-page</a> énumère les navigateurs qui sont compatibles avec le
-format <abbr title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</abbr> et indique
-à quel point ils le gèrent.
+For more information about the GIF patent problems, see <a
+href="http://www.progfree.org/Patents/Gif/Gif.html";>the League for
+Programming Freedom GIF page</a>. Through that page you can find more
+information about the <a href="http://endsoftpatents.org/";>problem of
+software patents in general.</a>
</p>
<p>
-La bibliothèque appelée <a
-href="http://ca.geocities.com/libungif/";>libungif</a> qui lit des fichiers
-<abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr> et écrit des
-<abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr> non compressés
-pour contourner le brevet d'Unisys.
+There is a library called libungif that reads gif files and writes
+uncompressed gifs to circumvent the Unisys patent.
</p>
<p>
-<a href="http://burnallgifs.org";>http://burnallgifs.org</a> est un site Web
-qui décourage l'utilisation de fichiers <abbr title="Graphics
-Interchange Format">GIF</abbr> sur votre site Web.
+<a href="http://burnallgifs.org";>http://burnallgifs.org</a> is a web site
+devoted to discouraging the use of GIF files on the web.
</p>
<h3>Note :</h3>
-<p><a href="#returnnote" id="venuenote">1.</a> Nous avons pu chercher dans les
-bases de données de brevets des États-Unis, du Canada, du
-Japon, et de l'Union européenne. Le brevet Unisys a expiré le
-20 juin 2003 aux États-Unis; en Europe, le 18 juin 2004; au Japon, le
-20 juin 2004 et au Canada, le 7 juillet 2004. Le brevet américain de
-IBM a expiré le 11 août 2006. Le Software Freedom Law Center
-dit qu'après le 1<sup>er</sup> octobre 2006, il n'y aura plus de
-revendication de brevet significative pour interférer avec l'emploi
-du format <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>.</p>
+<p><a href="#returnnote" id="venuenote">1.</a> We were able to search the
+patent databases of the USA, Canada, Japan, and the European Union. The
+Unisys patent expired on 20 June 2003 in the USA, in Europe it expired on 18
+June 2004, in Japan the patent expired on 20 June 2004 and in Canada it
+expired on 7 July 2004. The U.S. IBM patent expired 11 August 2006. The
+Software Freedom Law Center says that after 1 October 2006, there will be no
+significant patent claims interfering with employment of the GIF format.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -295,11 +221,12 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -310,12 +237,13 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software
-Foundation, Inc.,</p>
+Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -328,7 +256,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:30 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:08 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -373,7 +301,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/gif.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/gif.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/gif.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/gif.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
</ul>
Index: philosophy/gif.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/gif.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- philosophy/gif.sr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:30 -0000 1.15
+++ philosophy/gif.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:08 -0000 1.16
@@ -2,40 +2,35 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.sr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>ÐаÑÑо на ÐÐУ-овим веб ÑÑÑаниÑама нема
GIF даÑоÑека</title>
+<title>Why There Are No GIF Files on GNU Web Pages</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.sr.html" -->
-<h2>ÐаÑÑо на ÐÐУ-овим веб ÑÑÑаниÑама нема
<em><abbr title="Graphics Interchange
-Format">GIF</abbr></em> даÑоÑека</h2>
+<h2>Why There Are No GIF Files on GNU Web Pages</h2>
<p>
-<strong>Ðако Ñе ова пÑиÑа иÑÑоÑиÑÑка
илÑÑÑÑаÑиÑа опаÑноÑÑи ÑоÑÑвеÑÑкиÑ
-паÑенаÑа, ови конкÑеÑни паÑенÑи виÑе ниÑÑ
опаÑни (погледаÑÑе доÑÑ <a
-href="#venuenote">ÑÑÑноÑÑ</a>). Ðа виÑе деÑаÑа о <a
-href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html#UseofGraphics">пÑавилима
наÑег
-вебмеÑÑа Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð¸ Ñа <em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-овима</a>,
погледаÑÑе наÑе <a
-href="/server/standards/">веб ÑмеÑниÑе</a>.</strong>
+<strong>While this story is a historical illustration of the danger of
+software patents, these particular patents are now no longer a concern (see
+<a href="#venuenote">footnote</a> below). For details of our web site <a
+href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html#UseofGraphics">policies regarding
+GIFs</a>, see our <a href="/server/standards/">web guidelines</a>.</strong>
</p>
<p>
-Ðа ÐÐУ-овом емеÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð° <em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-ова
због УниÑиÑовиÑ
-(<em>Unisys</em>) и ÐÐÐ-овиÑ
(<em>IBM</em>) паÑенаÑа
алгоÑиÑма за
-компÑимоваÑе <em><abbr title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</abbr></em>,
коÑи Ñе
-коÑиÑÑи пÑи пÑавÑеÑÑ <em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>
даÑоÑека. Ðви паÑенÑи
-онемогÑÑаваÑÑ Ñлободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð´Ð° на
пÑави наÑин ÑÑваÑа
-<em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-ове. Ðни Ñе ÑакоÑе одноÑе на
пÑогÑам
-<strong>compress</strong>, због Ñега ÐÐУ не коÑиÑÑи ни
Ñега, ни Ñегов
-ÑоÑмаÑ.
+There are no GIFs on the GNU web site because of the patents (Unisys and
+IBM) covering the LZW compression algorithm which is used in making GIF
+files. These patents make it impossible to have free software to generate
+proper GIFs. They also apply to the <strong>compress</strong> program,
+which is why GNU does not use it or its format.
</p>
<p>
-РУниÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ ÐÐÐ ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð½ÐµÐ»Ð¸ заÑ
Ñев за паÑенÑ
1983. УниÑÐ¸Ñ (и веÑоваÑно ÐÐÐ) Ñе
-поднео заÑ
Ñев Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ñе земаÑа. Ðд ÑвиÑ
меÑÑа
ÑиÑе Ñмо базе паÑенаÑа ÑÑпели да
-пÑеÑÑажимо, наÑкаÑниÑи даÑÑм иÑÑека
паÑенÑа Ñе изгледа пеÑак, 11. авгÑÑÑ
-2006. <a name="returnnote" href="#venuenote"><sup>1</sup></a>. Ðо Ñада,
било
-ко ко изда Ñлободни пÑогÑам коÑи ÑÑваÑа
<em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em> даÑоÑеке
-Ñе наÑвеÑоваÑниÑе биÑи ÑÑжен. Ðе знамо
ниÑедан Ñазлог због кога би влаÑниÑи
-паÑенаÑа изгÑбили ÑвоÑе паÑниÑе.
+Unisys and IBM both applied for patents in 1983. Unisys (and perhaps IBM)
+applied for these patents in a number of countries. Of the places whose
+patent databases we were able to search, the latest expiration date seems to
+be 1 October 2006. <a name="returnnote" href="#venuenote"><sup>1</sup></a>
+Until then, anyone who releases a free program for making GIF files is
+likely to be sued. We don't know any reason to think that the patent owners
+would lose these lawsuits.
</p>
<p>
@@ -46,92 +41,82 @@
</p>
<p>
-Ðноги ÑÑди миÑле да Ñе УниÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð¾ дозволе
за ÑаÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ñлободног ÑоÑÑвеÑа за
-ÑÑваÑаÑе Ñ <em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em> ÑоÑмаÑÑ. Ðа
неÑÑеÑÑ, Ñо ниÑе оно ÑÑо Ñе
-УниÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¸ÑÑа ÑÑадио. Ðво ÑÑа Ñе УниÑиÑ
Ñекао о Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑваÑи 1995.:
+Many people think that Unisys has given permission for distributing free
+software to make GIF format. Unfortunately that is not what Unisys has
+actually done. Here is what Unisys actually said about the matter in 1995:
</p>
<blockquote><p>Unisys does not require licensing, or fees to be paid, for
non-commercial,
-non-profit <abbr>GIF</abbr>-based applications, including those for use on
-the on-line services. Concerning developers of software for the Internet
-network, the same principle applies. Unisys will not pursue previous
-inadvertent infringement by developers producing versions of software
-products for the Internet prior to 1995. The company does not require
-licensing, or fees to be paid for non-commercial, non-profit offerings on
-the Internet, including “Freeware”.<br />(УниÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ заÑ
Ñева
-лиÑенÑиÑаÑе, или плаÑаÑе новÑаниÑ
изноÑа
за некомеÑÑиÑалне, непÑоÑиÑне
-апликаÑиÑе заÑноване на <em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-Ñ,
ÑкÑÑÑÑÑÑÑи оне коÑе ÑÑ
-намеÑене за коÑиÑÑеÑе Ñ ÑеÑвиÑима на вези.
ÐÑÑо важи за гÑадиÑеÑе ÑоÑÑвеÑа
-на мÑежи ÐнÑеÑнеÑ. УниÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÑе пÑавно
гониÑи гÑадиÑеÑе коÑи ÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð°Ð¼ÐµÑно
-пÑекÑÑили лиÑенÑÑ Ð¿ÑоизводеÑи веÑзиÑе
ÑоÑÑвеÑÑкиÑ
пÑоизвода за ÐнÑеÑÐ½ÐµÑ Ð¿Ñе
-1995. Ðва ÑиÑма не заÑ
Ñева лиÑенÑиÑаÑе или
плаÑаÑе новÑаниÑ
изноÑа за
-некомеÑÑиÑалне, непÑоÑиÑне понÑде на
ÐнÑеÑнеÑÑ, ÑкÑÑÑÑÑÑÑи âÑÑивеÑâ.)</p></blockquote>
+non-profit GIF-based applications, including those for use on the on-line
+services. Concerning developers of software for the Internet network, the
+same principle applies. Unisys will not pursue previous inadvertent
+infringement by developers producing versions of software products for the
+Internet prior to 1995. The company does not require licensing, or fees to
+be paid for non-commercial, non-profit offerings on the Internet, including
+“Freeware”.</p></blockquote>
<p>
Unfortunately, this doesn't permit <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
software</a> which can be used in a free operating system such as GNU. It
-also does not permit <em>at all</em> the use of <abbr>LZW</abbr> for other
-purposes such as compression of files. This is why we think it is still
-best to reject <abbr>LZW</abbr>, and switch to alternatives such as <a
-href="/software/gzip/gzip.html">GNU zip</a> and <abbr title="Portable
-Network Graphics">PNG</abbr> format.
+also does not permit <em>at all</em> the use of LZW for other purposes such
+as compression of files. This is why we think it is still best to reject
+LZW, and switch to alternatives such as <a
+href="/software/gzip/gzip.html">GNU Gzip</a> and PNG.
</p>
<p>
-<a href="/philosophy/selling.sr.html">ÐомеÑÑиÑална
ÑаÑподела Ñлободног
-ÑоÑÑвеÑа</a> Ñе веома важна; ми желимо да Ñе
Ñео ÑиÑÑем ÐÐУ комеÑÑиÑално
-ÑаÑподеÑÑÑе. Ðво знаÑи да не можемо да
додамо пÑогÑам коÑи ÑÑваÑа
-<em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-ове Ñ ÐÐУ, Ð±Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ под
УниÑиÑовим ÑÑловима.
+<a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Commercial redistribution of free
+software</a> is very important, and we want the GNU system as a whole to be
+redistributed commercially. This means we can't add a GIF-generating
+program to GNU, not under the Unisys terms.
</p>
<p>
-<a href="http://www.fsf.org";>ÐадÑжбина за Ñлободни
ÑоÑÑвеÑ</a> Ñе
-некомеÑÑиÑална, непÑоÑиÑна оÑганизаÑиÑа,
па ÑÑога, ÑÑÑого говоÑеÑи, пÑиÑ
од
-од наÑе пÑодаÑе <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/";><em>CD-ROM</em>-ова</a> ниÑе
-âпÑоÑиÑâ. Ðожда ово знаÑи да биÑмо могли
да ÑкÑÑÑимо пÑогÑам за
-<em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-ове на наÑем <em>CD-ROM</em>-Ñ Ð¸ да
ÑвÑдимо да
-Ñинимо Ñве под УниÑиÑовом дозволом â а
можда и не. Ðли, поÑÑо знамо да би
-дÑÑги ÑаÑподеÑиваÑи ÐÐУ-а били ÑпÑеÑени да
га ÑкÑÑÑе, Ñо не би било веома
-коÑиÑно.
+The <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>Free Software Foundation</a> is a
+non-commercial, non-profit organization, so strictly speaking the income
+from our sales of <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/";>CD-ROMs</a> is not
+“profit”. Perhaps this means we could include a GIF program on
+our CD-ROM and claim to be acting within the scope of the Unisys
+permission—or perhaps not. But since we know that other
+redistributors of GNU would be unable to include it, doing this would not be
+very useful.
</p>
<p>
-СкоÑо одмаÑ
поÑÑо Ñе УниÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ изÑавио,
када ÑÑ Ñви на мÑежи поново били
-ÑвеÑени да Ñе УниÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð¾ Ð´Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð°
Ñлободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑваÑаÑе
-<em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-ова, пиÑали Ñмо пÑавноÑ
ÑлÑжби УниÑиÑа, ÑÑажеÑи да
-нам ÑазÑаÑне ове ÑÑваÑи. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñмо добили
одговоÑ.
+Shortly after Unisys made its announcement, when the net in general was
+reassured thinking that Unisys had given permission for free GIF-generating
+software, we wrote to the Unisys legal department asking for clarification
+of these issues. We did not receive a response.
</p>
<p>
-Чак и да Ñе УниÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑваÑно дао Ð´Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð°
Ñлободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÑÑваÑа
-<em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-ове, и даÑе биÑмо моÑали да
Ñе избоÑимо Ñа
-ÐÐÐ-овим паÑенÑом. Ð ÐÐÐ-ов и УниÑиÑов
паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñе одноÑе на иÑÑи âизÑмâ -
-алгоÑиÑам за компÑимоваÑе <em><abbr>LZW</abbr></em>.
(Ðво би могло да бÑде
-илÑÑÑÑаÑиÑа за гÑеÑÐºÑ Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð°Ð¼ÐµÑиÑке
ÐанÑелаÑиÑе за паÑенÑе и Ñобне маÑке,
-коÑа Ñе познаÑа по ÑвоÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÑÑÑÑÑноÑÑи и
лоÑем ÑаÑÑÑиваÑÑ.)
+Even if Unisys really did give permission for free software to generate
+GIFs, we would still have to deal with the IBM patent. Both the IBM and the
+Unisys patents cover the same “invention”—the LZW
+compression algorithm. (This could reflect an error on the part of the US
+Patent and Trademark Office, which is famous for incompetence and poor
+judgment.)
</p>
<p>
-ÐекодиÑаÑе <em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-ова Ñе дÑÑга
ÑÑваÑ. РУниÑиÑов и ÐÐÐ-ов
-паÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñани на Ñакав наÑин да Ñе не
одноÑе на пÑогÑам коÑи Ñамо може
-да декомпÑимÑÑе Ñ ÑоÑмаÑÑ <em><abbr>LZW</abbr></em>, а
не може да компÑимÑÑе
-Ñ ÑемÑ. ÐаÑо можемо да ÑкÑÑÑимо и
ÑкÑÑÑиÑемо подÑÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð° пÑиказ
-<em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em> даÑоÑека Ñ ÐÐУ-ов ÑоÑÑвеÑ.
+Decoding GIFs is a different issue. The Unisys and IBM patents are both
+written in such a way that they do not apply to a program which can only
+uncompress LZW format and cannot compress. Therefore we can and will
+include support for displaying GIF files in GNU software.
</p>
<p>
-СÑ
одно Ñоме, наÑе веб ÑÑÑаниÑе би могле да
ÑадÑже <em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>
-даÑоÑеке, ако биÑмо Ñо ми Ñ
Ñели. Ðноги
дÑÑги би нам Ñадо напÑавили Ñакве
-даÑоÑеке, а ми не биÑмо били ÑÑжени због ÑиÑ
овог поÑедоваÑа.
+Given this situation, we could still include GIF files in our web pages if
+we wanted to. Many other people would be happy to generate them for us, and
+we would not be sued for having GIF files on our server.
</p>
<p>
-Ðли ми ÑмаÑÑамо да Ñколико не можемо да
ÑаÑподеÑÑÑемо ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи би
-омогÑÑио ÑÑдима да на пÑави наÑин ÑÑваÑаÑÑ
<em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>
-даÑоÑеке, онда не можемо ни да ÑÑажимо од
дÑÑгиÑ
ÑÑди да покÑеÑÑ Ñакав
-ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð·Ð° наÑ. ÐÑим Ñога, ако не можемо да
обезбедимо ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð·Ð° пÑавÑеÑе
-<em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em> даÑоÑека Ñ ÐÐУ-Ñ, моÑамо да
пÑедложимо
-алÑеÑнаÑивÑ, коÑÑ Ð±Ð¸Ñмо ми Ñами моÑали да
коÑиÑÑимо.
+But we feel that if we can't distribute the software to enable people to
+generate GIF files properly, then we should not have other people run such
+software for us. Besides, if we can't provide software in GNU to generate
+GIF files, we have to recommend an alternative. We ourselves should use the
+alternative that we recommend.
</p>
<p>
@@ -139,20 +124,12 @@
</p>
<blockquote><p>Unisys has frequently been asked whether a Unisys license is
required in
-order to use <abbr>LZW</abbr> software obtained by downloading from the
-Internet or from other sources. The answer is simple. In all cases, a
-written license agreement or statement signed by an authorized Unisys
-representative is required from Unisys for all use, sale or distribution of
-any software (including so-called “freeware”) and/or hardware
-providing <abbr>LZW</abbr> conversion capability (for example, downloaded
-software).<br />(УниÑÐ¸Ñ Ñе Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑледÑе вÑеме
добиÑао пиÑаÑа о Ñоме да ли Ñе
-за коÑиÑÑеÑе <em><abbr>LZW</abbr></em> ÑоÑÑвеÑа
добавÑеног пÑеÑзимаÑем Ñа
-ÐнÑеÑнеÑа или из дÑÑгиÑ
извоÑа заÑ
Ñева
УниÑиÑова лиÑенÑа. ÐÐ´Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ñе
-ÑедноÑÑаван. У Ñвим ÑлÑÑаÑевима, за
ÑпоÑÑебÑ, пÑодаÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑаÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð»Ð¾ ког
-ÑоÑÑвеÑа (ÑкÑÑÑÑÑÑÑи Ñзв. âÑÑивеÑâ) и/или Ñ
аÑдвеÑа коÑи пÑÑжа могÑÑноÑÑ
-пÑеÑваÑаÑа <em><abbr>LZW</abbr></em> (на пÑимеÑ,
пÑеÑзеÑог ÑоÑÑвеÑа),
-заÑ
Ñева Ñе пиÑани ÑÐ³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾ лиÑенÑи или
изÑава поÑпиÑана од ÑÑÑане УниÑиÑовог
-пÑедÑÑавника.)</p></blockquote>
+order to use LZW software obtained by downloading from the Internet or from
+other sources. The answer is simple. In all cases, a written license
+agreement or statement signed by an authorized Unisys representative is
+required from Unisys for all use, sale or distribution of any software
+(including so-called “freeware”) and/or hardware providing LZW
+conversion capability (for example, downloaded software).</p></blockquote>
<p>
Ðвом изÑавом, УниÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÑÑава да повÑÑе
оно ÑÑо Ñе изÑавио 1995. када Ñе
@@ -160,90 +137,74 @@
</p>
<p>
-ÐÐ¾Ñ Ñедан пÑоблем Ñе да ÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑи
<em><abbr>LZW</abbr></em>, и ÑоÑÑвеÑÑки
-паÑенÑи ÑопÑÑе, пÑекÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑив Ñлободе
пÑогÑамеÑа ÑопÑÑе, па би пÑогÑамеÑи
-ÑÑебало да Ñе ÑдÑÑже пÑоÑив ÑиÑ
.
+A further issue is that the LZW patents—and software patents in
+general—are an offense against the freedom of programmers generally,
+and all programmers need to work together against software patents.
</p>
<p>
-ÐаÑо, Ñак иако пÑонаÑемо наÑин да
омогÑÑимо заÑедниÑи Ñлободног ÑоÑÑвеÑа да
-ÑÑваÑа <em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-ове, Ñо не би заиÑÑа
било ÑеÑеÑе, Ð±Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ
-пÑоблема Ñ Ñелини. ÐÑаво ÑеÑеÑе Ñе
пÑелазак на дÑÑги ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¸ пÑеÑÑанак
-ÑпоÑÑебе <em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-ова.
+So even if we could find a solution to enable the free software community to
+generate GIFs, that isn't really a solution, not for the problem as a
+whole. The solution is switching to another format and not using GIF any
+more.
</p>
<p>
-СÑога, ми не ÑпоÑÑебÑавамо <em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em> и
надамо Ñе да га ни ви
-неÑеÑе коÑиÑÑиÑи.
+Therefore, we don't use GIF, and we hope you won't use it either.
</p>
<p>
-ÐоÑÑоÑи могÑÑноÑÑ Ð´Ð° Ñе пÑаве
некомпÑеÑоване Ñлике коÑе имаÑÑ ÑлогÑ
-<em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-ова, Ñ ÑмиÑÐ»Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑÑнкÑиониÑÑ
Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамима коÑи
-декодиÑаÑÑ ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ <em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>. То Ñе
може ÑÑадиÑи без кÑÑеÑа
-паÑенаÑа. Ðвакви пÑеÑдо-<em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-ови
ÑÑ Ð·Ð° неке ÑпоÑÑебе
-коÑиÑни.
+It is possible to make non-compressed images that act like GIFs, in that
+they work with programs that decode GIF format. This can be done without
+infringing patents. These pseudo-GIFs are useful for some purposes.
</p>
<p>
-ÐогÑÑе Ñе и ÑÑвоÑиÑи <em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-ове
коÑиÑÑеÑи кодиÑаÑе дÑжине
-ÑÑаÑаÑа (<em>run length encoding, RLE</em>), коÑе Ñе
оÑлобоÑено паÑенаÑа,
-али Ñим Ñе не поÑÑиже ÑÑепен компÑеÑиÑе
коÑи Ñе оÑекÑÑе од
-<em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-а.
+It is also possible to create GIFs using a patent-free run length encoding
+but this doesn't achieve the compression that one normally expects in a GIF.
</p>
<p>
-ÐдлÑÑили Ñмо да не коÑиÑÑимо овакве
пÑеÑдо-<em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-ове на
-наÑем вебмеÑÑÑ ÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ ниÑÑ
задовоÑаваÑÑÑе ÑеÑеÑе овог дÑÑÑÑвеног
-пÑоблема. Ðни ÑÑнкÑиониÑÑ, али ÑÑ Ð²ÐµÐ¾Ð¼Ð°
велики. Ðно ÑÑо Ñе поÑÑебно Ð²ÐµÐ±Ñ Ñе
-ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑеÑиÑе оÑлобоÑен паÑенаÑа, а не
-пÑеÑдо-<em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-ови.
+We decided not to use these pseudo-GIFs on our web site because they are not
+a satisfactory solution to the community's problem. They work, but they are
+very large. What the web needs is a patent-free compressed format, not
+large pseudo-GIFs.
</p>
<p>
-<a href="http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/index.html";>ФоÑмаÑ
-<em><abbr>PNG</abbr></em></a> Ñе ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑеÑиÑе коÑи
Ñе оÑлобоÑен
-паÑенаÑа. Ðадамо Ñе да Ñе поÑÑаÑи ÑиÑоко
подÑжан, а онда Ñемо га
-ÑпоÑÑебÑаваÑи. Ðи на овом ÑеÑвеÑÑ
поÑедÑÑемо и веÑзиÑе наÑиÑ
Ñлика Ñ <a
-href="/graphics/graphics.html">ÑоÑмаÑÑ <em><abbr>PNG</abbr></em></a>.
+The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics";>PNG
+format</a> is a patent-free compressed format. We hope it will become
+widely supported; then we will use it. We do provide PNG versions of most
+of the <a href="/graphics/graphics.html">images on this server</a>.
</p>
<p>
-Ðа виÑе инÑоÑмаÑиÑа о пÑоблемима Ñа
<em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-овим паÑенÑом,
-погледаÑÑе <a
href="http://progfree.org/Patents/Gif/Gif.html";>ÑÑÑаниÑÑ Ð¾
-<em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-Ñ Ðиге за ÑлободÑ
пÑогÑамиÑаÑа</a>. Ðа ÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑÑани
-можеÑе наÑи виÑе инÑоÑмаÑиÑа о пÑоблемÑ
ÑоÑÑвеÑÑкиÑ
паÑенаÑа ÑопÑÑе.
+For more information about the GIF patent problems, see <a
+href="http://www.progfree.org/Patents/Gif/Gif.html";>the League for
+Programming Freedom GIF page</a>. Through that page you can find more
+information about the <a href="http://endsoftpatents.org/";>problem of
+software patents in general.</a>
</p>
<p>
-<a href="http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/pngapbr.html";>СÑÑаниÑа
подÑÑке
-ÑиÑаÑа</a> наводи ÑпиÑак ÑиÑаÑа веба коÑи ÑÑ
ÑаглаÑни Ñа ÑоÑмаÑом
-<em><abbr>PNG</abbr></em> и коменÑаÑе о ÑÑепенÑ
подÑÑке коÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ пÑÑжаÑÑ Ñом
-ÑоÑмаÑÑ.
+There is a library called libungif that reads gif files and writes
+uncompressed gifs to circumvent the Unisys patent.
</p>
<p>
-ÐоÑÑоÑи и библиоÑека звана <a
-href="http://ca.geocities.com/libungif/";><em>libungif</em></a> коÑа
ÑиÑа
-<em>gif</em> даÑоÑеке и ÑпиÑÑÑе некомпÑимоване
<em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>-ове
-да Ñе ÑÑпÑоÑÑÑави УниÑиÑовом паÑенÑÑ.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="http://burnallgifs.org";>http://burnallgifs.org</a> Ñе
вебмеÑÑо коÑе
-Ñе поÑвеÑено подÑÑиÑаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑпоÑÑебÑаваÑа
<em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em> даÑоÑека
-на ваÑем вебмеÑÑÑ.
+<a href="http://burnallgifs.org";>http://burnallgifs.org</a> is a web site
+devoted to discouraging the use of GIF files on the web.
</p>
<h3>ФÑÑноÑа:</h3>
-<p><a href="#returnnote" id="venuenote">1.</a>Ðили Ñмо Ñ
могÑÑноÑÑи да
-пÑеÑÑажимо базе паÑенаÑа СÐÐ, Ðанаде,
Ðапана и ÐвÑопÑке ÑниÑе. УниÑиÑов
-паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñе иÑÑекао 20. ÑÑна 2003. Ñ Ð¡ÐÐ, Ñ ÐвÑопи
18. ÑÑна 2004., Ñ ÐапанÑ
-20. ÑÑна 2004. а Ñ Ðанади 7. ÑÑла 2004. ÐмеÑиÑки
ÐÐÐ-ов паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ Ð¡ÐÐ Ñе
-иÑÑекао 11. авгÑÑÑа 2006., а ÐÑавни ÑенÑÐ°Ñ Ð·Ð°
ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑоÑÑвеÑа каже да поÑле
-1. окÑобÑа 2006. неÑе биÑи знаÑаÑниÑ
паÑенÑниÑ
ÑезеÑваÑиÑа коÑе би омеÑале
-коÑиÑÑеÑе ÑоÑмаÑа <em><abbr>GIF</abbr></em>.</p>
+<p><a href="#returnnote" id="venuenote">1.</a> We were able to search the
+patent databases of the USA, Canada, Japan, and the European Union. The
+Unisys patent expired on 20 June 2003 in the USA, in Europe it expired on 18
+June 2004, in Japan the patent expired on 20 June 2004 and in Canada it
+expired on 7 July 2004. The U.S. IBM patent expired 11 August 2006. The
+Software Freedom Law Center says that after 1 October 2006, there will be no
+significant patent claims interfering with employment of the GIF format.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -256,11 +217,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑаÑеÑе пиÑаÑа Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð¸ Ñа
ÐСС-ом и ÐÐУ-ом на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÐоÑÑоÑе и <a
-href="/contact/">дÑÑги наÑини да Ñе обÑаÑиÑе</a>
ÐСС-Ñ.<br />Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-ÑаÑеÑе неиÑпÑавне везе и дÑÑге иÑпÑавке
(или пÑедлоге) на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -270,12 +232,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-<b>ÐÑÑоÑÑка пÑава:</b><br />Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999,
2004, 2006,
-2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
+Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа,
-без надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз
ÑÑлов да Ñе оÑÑвано ово
-обавеÑÑеÑе.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -301,7 +263,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:30 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:08 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -346,7 +308,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/gif.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/gif.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/gif.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/gif.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
</ul>
Index: philosophy/java-trap.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/java-trap.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- philosophy/java-trap.bg.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:31 -0000 1.19
+++ philosophy/java-trap.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:08 -0000 1.20
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
Thus, the Java language as such is no longer a trap.</p>
<p>You must be careful, however, because not every Java platform is free. Sun
-continues distributing an excutable Java platform which is nonfree, and
+continues distributing an executable Java platform which is nonfree, and
other companies do so too.</p>
<p>The free environment for Java is called IcedTea; the source code Sun freed
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
<p>To reliably ensure your Java programs run fine in a free environment, you
need to develop them using IcedTea. Theoretically the Java platforms should
-be compatible, but they are not compatible 100%.</p>
+be compatible, but they are not compatible 100 percent.</p>
<p>In addition, there are nonfree programs with “Java” in their
name, such as JavaFX, and there are nonfree Java packages you might find
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
href="http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/JSPA2.pdf";>http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/JSPA2.pdf</a>
and <a
href="http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr129/j2me_pb-1_0-fr-spec-license.html";>http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr129/j2me_pb-1_0-fr-spec-license.html</a>
-for examples).
+for examples.)
</p>
<p>
@@ -148,12 +148,12 @@
</p>
<p>
- In the early days of the Free Software Movement, it was impossible to avoid
+ In the early days of the free software movement, it was impossible to avoid
depending on nonfree programs. Before we had the GNU C compiler, every C
program (free or not) depended on a nonfree C compiler. Before we had the
GNU C library, every program depended on a nonfree C library. Before we had
Linux, the first free kernel, every program depended on a nonfree kernel.
-Before we had Bash, every shell script had to be interpreted by a nonfree
+Before we had BASH, every shell script had to be interpreted by a nonfree
shell. It was inevitable that our first programs would initially be hampered
by these dependencies, but we accepted this because our plan included
rescuing them subsequently. Our overall goal, a self-hosting GNU operating
@@ -187,12 +187,12 @@
<p>
We are trying to rescue the trapped Java programs, so if you like the Java
language, we invite you to help in developing GNU Classpath. Trying your
-programs with the the GCJ Compiler and GNU Classpath, and reporting any
-problems you encounter in classes already implemented, is also useful.
-However, finishing GNU Classpath will take time; if more nonfree libraries
-continue to be added, we may never have all the latest ones. So please don't
-put your free software in shackles. When you write an application program
-today, write it to run on free facilities from the start.
+programs with the GCJ Compiler and GNU Classpath, and reporting any problems
+you encounter in classes already implemented, is also useful. However,
+finishing GNU Classpath will take time; if more nonfree libraries continue
+to be added, we may never have all the latest ones. So please don't put your
+free software in shackles. When you write an application program today,
+write it to run on free facilities from the start.
</p>
<h3>ÐижÑе оÑе:</h3>
@@ -209,11 +209,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги наÑини за
-<a href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии (или
пÑедложениÑ) на е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -224,9 +225,9 @@
<p>Copyright © 2004, 2010 Richard Stallman</p>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -245,7 +246,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:08 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/java-trap.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/java-trap.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- philosophy/java-trap.fr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:31 -0000 1.26
+++ philosophy/java-trap.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:08 -0000 1.27
@@ -2,215 +2,197 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Libre mais entravé - Le Piège Java</title>
+<title>Free but Shackled - The Java Trap</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Libre mais entravé - Le Piège Java</h2>
+<h2>Free but Shackled - The Java Trap</h2>
<p>par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
<div class="announcement"><h3>Note</h3>
-<p>En décembre 2006, Sun est en train de <a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html";>republier sa
-plateforme Java sous licence GNU GPL</a>. Quand ce changement de licence
-sera achevé, nous nous attendons à ce que Java ne soit plus un
-piège. Cependant, le problème général
-décrit ici demeure important, car toute bibliothèque ou
-plateforme de programmation non-libre peut causer un problème
-similaire. Nous devons retenir la leçon de l'histoire de Java de
-sorte à éviter d'autres pièges à l'avenir.</p>
+<p>Since this article was first published, Sun has <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html";>relicensed</a>
+most of its Java platform reference implementation under the GNU General
+Public License, and there is now a free development environment for Java.
+Thus, the Java language as such is no longer a trap.</p>
+
+<p>You must be careful, however, because not every Java platform is free. Sun
+continues distributing an executable Java platform which is nonfree, and
+other companies do so too.</p>
+
+<p>The free environment for Java is called IcedTea; the source code Sun freed
+is included in that. So that is the one you should use. Many GNU/Linux
+distributions come with IcedTea, but some include nonfree Java platforms.</p>
+
+<p>To reliably ensure your Java programs run fine in a free environment, you
+need to develop them using IcedTea. Theoretically the Java platforms should
+be compatible, but they are not compatible 100 percent.</p>
+
+<p>In addition, there are nonfree programs with “Java” in their
+name, such as JavaFX, and there are nonfree Java packages you might find
+tempting but need to reject. So check the licenses of whatever packages you
+plan to use. If you use Swing, make sure to use the free version, which
+comes with IcedTea.</p>
+
+<p>Aside from those Java specifics, the general issue described here remains
+important, because any nonfree library or programming platform can cause a
+similar problem. We must learn a lesson from the history of Java, so we can
+avoid other traps in the future.</p>
-<p>Veuillez aussi consulter : <a href="javascript-trap.html">Le piège
-JavaScript</a></p>
+<p>Please also see: <a href="javascript-trap.html">The Javascript Trap</a>.</p>
</div>
<p>Le 12 avril 2004</p>
<p>
- Si votre programme est un logiciel libre, il est éthique par nature
-— Mais il y a un piège dont il faut se méfier. Bien
-qu'intrinsèque, la liberté de votre programme, peut être
-restreinte à cause de logiciels non-libres dont dépend votre
-programme. Comme ce problème est aujourd'hui le plus visible avec les
-programmes Java, nous l'avons nommé le Piège Java.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Un programme est un logiciel libre si ses utilisateurs possèdent
-certaines libertés fondamentales. En gros, il s'agit de : la
-liberté d'exécuter le programme, la liberté d'en
-étudier et modifier le code source, la liberté d'en
-redistribuer les fichiers source et binaires, et la liberté d'en
-publier des versions améliorées. (Voir <a
-href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html</a>).
-Qu'un programme donné soit un logiciel libre ne dépend que de
-la signification de sa licence.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Que le programme puisse être utilisé dans le Monde Libre,
-utilisé par des personnes qui entendent vivre en toute
-liberté, est une question plus compliquée. La seule licence du
-programme ne détermine pas cela, car aucun programme ne fonctionne en
-isolation totale. Chaque programme dépend d'autres programmes. Par
-exemple, un programme nécessite d'être compilé ou
-interprété, il dépend donc d'un compilateur ou d'un
-interpréteur. S'il est compilé en pseudo-code binaire, il
-dépend d'un interpréteur de pseudo-code. Qui plus est, pour
-s'exécuter il a besoin de bibliothèques, et il peut faire
-appel à d'autres programmes qui s'exécutent sous d'autres
-processus. Tous ces programmes sont des dépendances. Les
-dépendances peuvent être totalement indispensables à
-l'exécution du programme, ou juste nécessaires à
-certaines de ses fonctionnalités. D'une façon ou d'une autre,
-tout ou partie du programme ne peut pas fonctionner sans elles.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Que certaines des dépendances d'un programme ne soient pas libres,
-signifie que tout ou partie du programme ne peut s'exécuter sur un
-système totalement libre — Il est inutilisable dans le Monde
-Libre. Bien sûr, nous pouvons distribuer le programme et en avoir des
-copies sur nos machines, mais cela ne sert pas à grand chose s'il ne
-s'exécute pas. Ce programme est un logiciel libre, mais il est en
-fait entravé par des dépendances non-libres.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Ce problème peut se produire avec n'importe quel type de logiciel,
-n'importe quel langage. Par exemple, un programme libre qui ne fonctionne
-que sous Microsoft Windows est parfaitement inutilisable dans le Monde
-Libre. Mais des logiciels qui tourne sous GNU/Linux peuvent aussi être
-inutilisable lorsqu'ils dépendent d'autres logiciels non-libres. Par
-le passé, Motif (avant que nous ayons LessTif) et Qt (avant que ses
-développeurs n'en fassent un logiciel libre) étaient les
-causes principales de ce problème. La plupart des cartes vidéo
-3D ne fonctionnent pleinement qu'avec des pilotes non-libres, ceci pose
-également un problème. Mais en ce moment, la cause principale
-de ce problème est Java, parce que certaines personnes qui
-écrivent des logiciels libres pense que le langage Java est
-sexy. Aveuglés par leur attrait du langage, ils sous-estiment le
-problème des dépendances et tombent dans le Piège Java.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- L'implémentation Java de Sun est non-libre. Les bibliothèques
-Java standard sont aussi non-libres ; c'est une adaptation du code
-propriétaire de Sun. Les bibliothèques de base de Java sont
-non-libres aussi. Bien sûr, nous disposons d'implémentations
-libres de Java, comme le compilateur GNU pour Java (GCJ) et GNU Classpath,
-mais ils ne supportent pas encore toutes les fonctionnalités. Nous
-sommes encore en train de rattraper le retard.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Si vous développez un programme Java sur la plate-forme Java de Sun,
-vous êtes voués à utiliser des fonctionnalités
-Sun exclusives sans même vous en rendre compte. Vous pourriez les
-avoir utilisées pendant des mois avant même de vous en rendre
-compte et reprendre la tâche pourrait prendre plus de mois
-encore. Vous pourriez vous dire, « Recommencer demande trop de
-travail ». Alors votre programme sera tombé dans le
-Piège Java; il sera inutilisable dans le Monde Libre.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Le truc fiable pour éviter le Piège Java est de n'avoir qu'une
-implémentation libre de Java sur votre système. Ainsi, si vous
-utilisez une fonctionnalité ou une bibliothèque que le
-logiciel libre ne supporte pas encore, vous vous en rendrez compte
-immédiatement, et vous pourrez réécrire ce code tout de
-suite.
-</p>
-
-<p>
- Sun continue de créer des bibliothèques « de
-base » supplémentaires, et presque toutes celles-ci sont
-non-libres; dans bien des cas, même les spécifications de la
-bibliothèque sont des secrets commerciaux. De plus la dernière
-licence de Sun concernant ces spécifications interdit la publication
-d'une mise en œuvre partielle de ces spécifications. (Voir par
-exemple <a
+ If your program is free software, it is basically ethical—but there is
+a trap you must be on guard for. Your program, though in itself free, may be
+restricted by nonfree software that it depends on. Since the problem is most
+prominent today for Java programs, we call it the Java Trap.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ A program is free software if its users have certain crucial
+freedoms. Roughly speaking, they are: the freedom to run the program, the
+freedom to study and change the source, the freedom to redistribute the
+source and binaries, and the freedom to publish improved versions. (See <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>.)
+Whether any given program in source form is free software depends solely on
+the meaning of its license.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ Whether the program can be used in the Free World, used by people who mean
+to live in freedom, is a more complex question. This is not determined by
+the program's own license alone, because no program works in
+isolation. Every program depends on other programs. For instance, a program
+needs to be compiled or interpreted, so it depends on a compiler or
+interpreter. If compiled into byte code, it depends on a byte-code
+interpreter. Moreover, it needs libraries in order to run, and it may also
+invoke other separate programs that run in other processes. All of these
+programs are dependencies. Dependencies may be necessary for the program to
+run at all, or they may be necessary only for certain features. Either way,
+all or part of the program cannot operate without the dependencies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ If some of a program's dependencies are nonfree, this means that all or part
+of the program is unable to run in an entirely free system—it is
+unusable in the Free World. Sure, we could redistribute the program and have
+copies on our machines, but that's not much good if it won't run. That
+program is free software, but it is effectively shackled by its nonfree
+dependencies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ This problem can occur in any kind of software, in any language. For
+instance, a free program that only runs on Microsoft Windows is clearly
+useless in the Free World. But software that runs on GNU/Linux can also be
+useless if it depends on other nonfree software. In the past, Motif (before
+we had LessTif) and Qt (before its developers made it free software) were
+major causes of this problem. Most 3D video cards work fully only with
+nonfree drivers, which also cause this problem. But the major source of this
+problem today is Java, because people who write free software often feel
+Java is sexy. Blinded by their attraction to the language, they overlook the
+issue of dependencies and fall into the Java Trap.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ Sun's implementation of Java is nonfree. The standard Java libraries are
+nonfree also. We do have free implementations of Java, such as the <a
+href="http://gcc.gnu.org/java/";>GNU Compiler for Java</a> (GCJ) and <a
+href="/software/classpath">GNU Classpath</a>, but they don't support all the
+features yet. We are still catching up.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ Si vous développez un programme Java sur la plate-forme Java de Sun, vous
+êtes voués à utiliser des fonctionnalités Sun exclusives sans même vous en
+rendre compte. Vous pourriez les avoir utilisées pendant des mois avant même
+de vous en rendre compte et reprendre la tâche pourrait prendre plus de mois
+encore. Vous pourriez vous dire, « Recommencer demande trop de
+travail ». Alors votre programme sera tombé dans le Piège Java; il sera
+inutilisable dans le Monde Libre.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ Le truc fiable pour éviter le Piège Java est de n'avoir qu'une
+implémentation libre de Java sur votre système. Ainsi, si vous utilisez une
+fonctionnalité ou une bibliothèque que le logiciel libre ne supporte pas
+encore, vous vous en rendrez compte immédiatement, et vous pourrez réécrire
+ce code tout de suite.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ Sun continues to develop additional “standard” Java libraries,
+and nearly all of them are nonfree; in many cases, even a library's
+specification is a trade secret, and Sun's latest license for these
+specifications prohibits release of anything less than a full implementation
+of the specification. (See <a
href="http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/JSPA2.pdf";>http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/JSPA2.pdf</a>
-et <a
-href="http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr129/j2me_pb-1_0-fr-spec-license.html";>http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr129/j2me_pb-1_0-fr-spec-license.html</a>).
+and <a
+href="http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr129/j2me_pb-1_0-fr-spec-license.html";>http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr129/j2me_pb-1_0-fr-spec-license.html</a>
+for examples.)
</p>
<p>
- Heureusement, la licence de ces spécifications permet d'en publier
-une mise en œuvre en logiciel libre; ceux qui recevraient une telle
-bibliothèque peuvent être autorisés à la modifier
-et ne sont pas tenus d'en suivre les spécifications. Mais cette
-clause a pour effet d'interdire l'utilisation d'un modèle de
-développement collaboratif pour produire cette mise en œuvre
-libre. L'utilisation d'un tel modèle impliquerait la parution de
-versions incomplètes, ce qui est interdit aux personnes ayant lu les
-spécifications.
+ Fortunately, that specification license does permit releasing an
+implementation as free software; others who receive the library can be
+allowed to change it and are not required to adhere to the specification.
+But the requirement has the effect of prohibiting the use of a collaborative
+development model to produce the free implementation. Use of that model
+would entail publishing incomplete versions, something those who have read
+the spec are not allowed to do.
</p>
<p>
- Aux premiers jours du Mouvement du logiciel libre, il était
-impossible de ne pas dépendre de programme non-libres. Avant que nous
-ne disposions du compilateur GNU C, tous les programmes C (qu'il fussent
-libres ou non) dépendaient d'un compilateur C non-libre. Avant que
-nous ne disposions de la bibliothèque GNU C, tous les programmes
-dépendaient d'une bibliothèque C non-libre. Avant que nous ne
-disposions de Linux, le premier noyau libre, tous les programmes
-dépendaient d'un noyau non-libre. Avant que nous ne disposions de
-Bash, chaque script shell devait être exécuté par un
-interpréteur non-libre. Il était inévitable que nos
-premiers programmes soient initialement sous le joug de ces
-dépendances, mais ceci était acceptable car leur sauvetage
-ultérieur faisait partie de notre plan. Notre objectif global, un
-système d'exploitation autonome, comprenait des remplacements libres
-à toutes ces dépendances; si nous atteignions ce but, tous nos
-programmes seraient sauvés. Et c'est ce qui se produisit : avec
-le système GNU/Linux, nous pouvons à présent
-exécuter ces programmes sur des plates-formes libres.
+ In the early days of the free software movement, it was impossible to avoid
+depending on nonfree programs. Before we had the GNU C compiler, every C
+program (free or not) depended on a nonfree C compiler. Before we had the
+GNU C library, every program depended on a nonfree C library. Before we had
+Linux, the first free kernel, every program depended on a nonfree kernel.
+Before we had BASH, every shell script had to be interpreted by a nonfree
+shell. It was inevitable that our first programs would initially be hampered
+by these dependencies, but we accepted this because our plan included
+rescuing them subsequently. Our overall goal, a self-hosting GNU operating
+system, included free replacements for all those dependencies; if we reached
+the goal, all our programs would be rescued. Thus it happened: with the
+GNU/Linux system, we can now run these programs on free platforms.
</p>
<p>
- La situation est différente aujourd'hui. Nous disposons à
-présent de systèmes d'exploitation puissant et de nombreux
-d'outils de programmation libres. Quelle que soit la tâche que vous
-ayez à exécuter, vous pouvez le faire sur une plate-forme
-libre; il n'est plus nécessaire, même temporairement,
-d'accepter des dépendances non-libres. À ce jour, la raison
-principale pour laquelle les gens tombent dans le piège, est que cela
-ne leur vient pas à l'esprit. La plus simple des solutions concernant
-le Piège Java est d'apprendre au gens à ne pas tomber dedans.
+ The situation is different today. We now have powerful free operating
+systems and many free programming tools. Whatever job you want to do, you
+can do it on a free platform; there is no need to accept a nonfree
+dependency even temporarily. The main reason people fall into the trap today
+is because they are not thinking about it. The easiest solution to the
+problem is to teach people to recognize it and not fall into it.
</p>
<p>
- Afin de protéger votre code Java du Piège Java, installez un
-environnement de développement Java libre et utilisez-le. De
-façon générale, quel que soit le langage que vous
-utilisiez, ouvrez l'œil, et assurez-vous du statut libre des
-programmes dont dépend le code de vos programmes. La façon la
-plus simple de vérifier si ce programme est libre est de s'assurer
-qu'il possède une entrée dans le Répertoire des
-logiciels libres (<a
+ Afin de protéger votre code Java du Piège Java, installez un environnement
+de développement Java libre et utilisez-le. De façon générale, quel que
soit
+le langage que vous utilisiez, ouvrez l'œil, et assurez-vous du statut
+libre des programmes dont dépend le code de vos programmes. La façon la plus
+simple de vérifier si ce programme est libre est de s'assurer qu'il possède
+une entrée dans le Répertoire des logiciels libres (<a
href="http://www.fsf.org/directory";>http://www.fsf.org/directory</a>). Si un
-programme n'est pas dans ce répertoire, vous pouvez vérifier
-si la licence qui l'accompagne est dans la liste des licences de logiciels
-libres (<a
+programme n'est pas dans ce répertoire, vous pouvez vérifier si la licence
+qui l'accompagne est dans la liste des licences de logiciels libres (<a
href="/licenses/license-list.fr.html">http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.fr.html</a>).
</p>
<p>
- Nous sommes en train d'essayer de sauver les programmes Java
-piégés, alors si vous aimez le langage Java, nous vous
-invitons à nous aider à développer GNU Classpath. Vous
-pouvez aussi aider en essayant vos programmes avec le compilateur GCJ et GNU
-Classpath. Toutefois, cela prendra du temps pour terminer GNU Classpath; si
-d'autres bibliothèques non-libres continuent à y être
-ajoutées, il se peut que nous n'ayons jamais les plus
-récentes. Alors s'il vous plaît, ne placez pas d'entraves sur
-vos logiciels libres. Faites en sorte que l'application que vous
-écrivez en ce moment soit conçue pour fonctionner dans un
-environnement libre dès le départ.
+ We are trying to rescue the trapped Java programs, so if you like the Java
+language, we invite you to help in developing GNU Classpath. Trying your
+programs with the GCJ Compiler and GNU Classpath, and reporting any problems
+you encounter in classes already implemented, is also useful. However,
+finishing GNU Classpath will take time; if more nonfree libraries continue
+to be added, we may never have all the latest ones. So please don't put your
+free software in shackles. When you write an application program today,
+write it to run on free facilities from the start.
</p>
<h3>Voir également :</h3>
@@ -228,11 +210,12 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -242,11 +225,12 @@
de traductions de cet article.
</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2004 Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2010 Richard Stallman</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -259,7 +243,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:08 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/java-trap.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/java-trap.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- philosophy/java-trap.sr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:31 -0000 1.12
+++ philosophy/java-trap.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:09 -0000 1.13
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
Thus, the Java language as such is no longer a trap.</p>
<p>You must be careful, however, because not every Java platform is free. Sun
-continues distributing an excutable Java platform which is nonfree, and
+continues distributing an executable Java platform which is nonfree, and
other companies do so too.</p>
<p>The free environment for Java is called IcedTea; the source code Sun freed
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
<p>To reliably ensure your Java programs run fine in a free environment, you
need to develop them using IcedTea. Theoretically the Java platforms should
-be compatible, but they are not compatible 100%.</p>
+be compatible, but they are not compatible 100 percent.</p>
<p>In addition, there are nonfree programs with “Java” in their
name, such as JavaFX, and there are nonfree Java packages you might find
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@
href="http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/JSPA2.pdf";>http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/JSPA2.pdf</a>
and <a
href="http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr129/j2me_pb-1_0-fr-spec-license.html";>http://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr129/j2me_pb-1_0-fr-spec-license.html</a>
-for examples).
+for examples.)
</p>
<p>
@@ -146,12 +146,12 @@
</p>
<p>
- In the early days of the Free Software Movement, it was impossible to avoid
+ In the early days of the free software movement, it was impossible to avoid
depending on nonfree programs. Before we had the GNU C compiler, every C
program (free or not) depended on a nonfree C compiler. Before we had the
GNU C library, every program depended on a nonfree C library. Before we had
Linux, the first free kernel, every program depended on a nonfree kernel.
-Before we had Bash, every shell script had to be interpreted by a nonfree
+Before we had BASH, every shell script had to be interpreted by a nonfree
shell. It was inevitable that our first programs would initially be hampered
by these dependencies, but we accepted this because our plan included
rescuing them subsequently. Our overall goal, a self-hosting GNU operating
@@ -184,12 +184,12 @@
<p>
We are trying to rescue the trapped Java programs, so if you like the Java
language, we invite you to help in developing GNU Classpath. Trying your
-programs with the the GCJ Compiler and GNU Classpath, and reporting any
-problems you encounter in classes already implemented, is also useful.
-However, finishing GNU Classpath will take time; if more nonfree libraries
-continue to be added, we may never have all the latest ones. So please don't
-put your free software in shackles. When you write an application program
-today, write it to run on free facilities from the start.
+programs with the GCJ Compiler and GNU Classpath, and reporting any problems
+you encounter in classes already implemented, is also useful. However,
+finishing GNU Classpath will take time; if more nonfree libraries continue
+to be added, we may never have all the latest ones. So please don't put your
+free software in shackles. When you write an application program today,
+write it to run on free facilities from the start.
</p>
<h3>ÐогледаÑÑе и:</h3>
@@ -206,11 +206,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑаÑеÑе пиÑаÑа Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð¸ Ñа
ÐСС-ом и ÐÐУ-ом на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÐоÑÑоÑе и <a
-href="/contact/">дÑÑги наÑини да Ñе обÑаÑиÑе</a>
ÐСС-Ñ.<br />Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-ÑаÑеÑе неиÑпÑавне везе и дÑÑге иÑпÑавке
(или пÑедлоге) на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -221,9 +222,9 @@
<p>Copyright © 2004, 2010 Richard Stallman</p>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа,
-без надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз
ÑÑлов да Ñе оÑÑвано ово
-обавеÑÑеÑе.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -249,7 +250,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:09 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/javascript-trap.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/javascript-trap.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/javascript-trap.ar.html 16 Apr 2010 08:27:23 -0000 1.2
+++ philosophy/javascript-trap.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:09 -0000 1.3
@@ -9,22 +9,25 @@
<p>بÙÙÙ
<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>رÙتشارد ستÙÙÙ
Ù</a></p>
-<p><strong>Ùد Ùا تدر٠أÙ٠تشغ٠برÙ
جÙات غÙر Øرة
ÙÙÙ
Ùا عÙÙ ØاسÙبÙØ Ø¹Ø¨Ø±
-Ù
تصÙØÙ.</strong></p>
+<p><strong>You may be running nonfree programs on your computer every day
+without realizing it—through your web browser.</strong></p>
-<p>Ùعر٠Ù
جتÙ
ع اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة أ٠اÙبراÙ
ج
غÙر اÙØرة تسÙØ¡ ÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙرÙض بعضÙا
-باÙÙÙÙØ© تثبÙت اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
ØتÙØ±Ø©Ø ÙآخرÙÙ
ÙØ«ÙرÙÙ ÙعتبرÙÙ ÙÙص اÙØرÙØ© عÙبÙا
-ÙبÙرÙا Ù٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج. ÙØ«Ùر ÙÙ
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ
اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙعرÙÙ٠أ٠Ùذ٠اÙÙضÙØ© تÙطب٠عÙÙ
-اÙÙ
ÙØÙات اÙت٠تÙÙرÙا اÙÙ
تصÙØØ§ØªØ ÙØ£ÙÙا Ùد
تÙÙÙ Øرة ÙغÙر Øرة.</p>
-
-<p>بÙد أ٠اÙÙ
تصÙØات تشغ٠براÙ
ج غÙر Øرة أخرÙ
Ùا تسأÙ٠عÙÙا ب٠ÙÙا تعÙÙ
٠بÙجÙدÙاØ
-ÙÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج اÙت٠تØتÙÙÙا اÙصÙØات أ٠تتصÙ
بÙا. تÙÙتبت Ùذ٠اÙبراÙ
ج غاÙبÙا
-بجاÙاسÙØ±Ø¨ØªØ ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ù٠استخداÙ
Ùغات أخرÙ
Ø£ÙضÙا.</p>
-
-<p>ÙاÙت جاÙاسÙربت (اÙت٠تÙسÙ
Ù٠رسÙ
ÙÙا
ECMAscriptØ ÙÙ٠اÙÙÙÙÙ ÙÙØ· ÙستخدÙ
ÙÙ Ùذا
-اÙاسÙ
) تÙستخدÙ
ÙإضاÙØ© تجÙ
ÙÙات Ø·ÙÙÙØ© عÙÙ
صÙØات اÙÙØ¨Ø Ù
ث٠خصائص Ù
ساعÙدة ÙÙتصÙØ
-ÙاÙعرض. ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠تعتبر تÙ٠اÙ
تدادÙا ÙتعÙÙÙ
HTMLØ Ùا برÙ
جÙات ØÙÙÙØ© ÙØ£ÙÙا ÙÙست
-Ù
ؤثرة.</p>
+<p>In the free software community, the idea that nonfree programs mistreat
+their users is familiar. Some of us refuse entirely to install proprietary
+software, and many others consider nonfreedom a strike against the program.
+Many users are aware that this issue applies to the plug-ins that browsers
+offer to install, since they can be free or nonfree.</p>
+
+<p>But browsers run other nonfree programs which they don't ask you about or
+even tell you about—programs that web pages contain or link to. These
+programs are most often written in JavaScript, though other languages are
+also used.</p>
+
+<p>JavaScript (officially called ECMAScript, but few use that name) was once
+used for minor frills in web pages, such as cute but inessential navigation
+and display features. It was acceptable to consider these as mere
+extensions of HTML markup, rather than as true software; they did not
+constitute a significant issue.</p>
<p>ÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙع Ùا تزا٠تستخدÙ
جاÙاسÙربت
بتÙ٠اÙطرÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙ٠اÙبعض اÙآخر
ÙستخدÙ
Ùا ÙبراÙ
ج ÙبÙرة تÙÙÙ
بÙ
ÙاÙ
ÙØ«Ùرة.
ÙعÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ ØªÙÙزÙÙ Ù
ستÙدات
@@ -34,12 +37,13 @@
اÙÙ
صدر٠ÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ù
عÙÙ Ù٠اÙطرÙÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙضÙØ©
ÙتعدÙÙÙØ ÙÙ٠اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
ضغÙØ· ÙÙس ÙÙدÙا
Ù
صدرÙÙØ§Ø ÙاÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠اÙØÙÙÙÙ ÙØ°ÙÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج غÙر Ù
ØªØ§Ø ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ.</p>
-<p>Ùا تخبر٠اÙÙ
تصÙØات عادة Ø£ÙÙا تÙØÙ
Ù٠براÙ
ج جاÙاسÙØ±Ø¨ØªØ ÙÙÙ
عظÙ
اÙÙ
تصÙØات ÙسÙÙØ©
-Ù
عÙÙØ© ÙتعطÙ٠جاÙاسÙربت باÙÙÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙ Ùا
ÙÙجد Ù
تصÙØ ÙÙتش٠براÙ
ج جاÙاسÙربت
-اÙÙبÙرة غÙر اÙØرة. Øت٠ÙÙ ÙÙت عÙ٠عÙÙ
بÙØ°Ù
اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ©Ø ÙستÙاج٠اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
Ù
-اÙÙ
تاعب عÙد Ù
ØاÙÙØ© اÙتعر٠عÙ٠تÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج
ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
ØجبÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙ -ÙØت٠ÙÙ Ù
جتÙ
ع
-اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة- Ùا ÙعÙÙ
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠ع٠ÙØ°Ù
اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ©Ø Ùأ٠صÙ
ت اÙÙ
تصÙØات
-أخÙاÙا.</p>
+<p>Browsers don't normally tell you when they load JavaScript programs. Most
+browsers have a way to turn off JavaScript entirely, but none of them can
+check for JavaScript programs that are nontrivial and nonfree. Even if
+you're aware of this issue, it would take you considerable trouble to
+identify and then block those programs. However, even in the free software
+community most users are not aware of this issue; the browsers' silence
+tends to conceal it.</p>
<p>ÙÙ
Ù٠إصدار براÙ
ج جاÙاسÙربت ØØ±Ø©Ø Ø¹Ø¨Ø±
تÙزÙع اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدر٠تØت رخصة Øرة. ÙÙÙ
Øت٠Ù٠تÙÙر Ù
صدر اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙا تÙجد ÙسÙÙØ©
سÙÙØ© ÙتشغÙÙ Ùسخت٠اÙÙ
عدÙØ© بدÙا Ù
Ù
@@ -47,37 +51,44 @@
اÙÙ
عدÙØ© بدÙا Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙجÙدة Ù٠اÙصÙØØ©. Ø¥Ù
اÙأثر Ù
شاب٠Ùأثر اÙتÙÙزة
(Tivoization)Ø ØºÙر Ø£Ù Ù
عاÙجت٠أسÙ٠بÙØ«Ùر.</p>
-<p>بÙد أ٠جاÙاسÙربت ÙÙست اÙÙغة اÙÙØÙدة اÙتÙ
تستخدÙ
Ùا Ù
ÙاÙع اÙÙب ÙÙبراÙ
ج اÙتÙ
-ترسÙÙا ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ. ÙدعÙ
ÙÙاش اÙبرÙ
جة عبر
ÙÙع Ù
ÙÙسÙع Ù
٠جاÙاسÙربت. Ùجب Ø£Ù
-Ùدرس ÙضÙØ© ÙÙاش ÙÙتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
٠إعطاء ÙØµØ§Ø¦Ø Ù
ÙائÙ
٠بخصÙصÙØ ÙÙبد٠أ٠سÙÙرÙاÙت
-(Silverlight) Ùسبب Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© شبÙÙØ© بÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© ÙÙØ§Ø´Ø Ø¥Ùا
Ø£ÙÙا أسÙØ£ ÙØ£Ù Ù
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت
-تستخدÙ
Ù
ÙصتÙا تÙÙ ÙÙتراÙ
Ùز غÙر اÙØرة. ÙÙ
Ùؤد٠أ٠بدÙÙ Øر ÙسÙÙرÙاÙت Ù
ÙÙ
ت٠ÙÙ
-اÙعاÙÙ
اÙØر بدÙ٠أ٠ÙÙصاØب ببدائ٠Øرة
ÙÙتراÙ
Ùز.</p>
+<p>JavaScript is not the only language web sites use for programs sent to the
+user. Flash supports programming through an extended variant of
+JavaScript. We will need to study the issue of Flash to make suitable
+recommendations. Silverlight seems likely to create a problem similar to
+Flash, except worse, since Microsoft uses it as a platform for nonfree
+codecs. A free replacement for Silverlight does not do the job for the free
+world unless it normally comes with free replacement codecs.</p>
<p>برÙÙ
جات جاÙا Ø£ÙضÙا تعÙ
Ù Ù٠اÙÙ
تصÙØØ
Ùتسبب ÙÙس اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ©. بشÙ٠عاÙ
Ø Ø£Ù ÙظاÙ
برÙ
ج٠سÙسبب Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© شبÙÙØ© بÙØ°Ù. إ٠اÙ
تÙاÙ
بÙئة تشغÙÙ Øرة ÙÙبÙرÙÙ
ج Ùا ÙÙدÙ
ÙÙا
Ø¥Ùا Ù
Ùاج٠اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ©.</p>
-<p>Ø«Ù
Ø© ØرÙØ© ÙÙÙØ© تدع٠Ùأ٠تتÙاص٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙع Ù
ع
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠عبر اÙØ£ÙساÙ
-ÙاÙبرÙتÙÙÙÙات اÙØرة (اÙت٠ÙسÙ
ÙÙا اÙبعض "اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©")Ø Ø£Ù Ø§Ùت٠تÙØ«ÙÙÙا Ù
ÙØ´Ùر
-ÙÙÙجÙ
Ùع ØرÙØ© تÙÙÙØ°ÙØ§Ø ÙÙ
ع ÙجÙد اÙبراÙ
ج ÙÙ
صÙØات اÙÙØ¨Ø Ùإ٠تÙ٠اÙÙ
عاÙÙر
-ضرÙرÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙÙا ÙÙست Ù
ؤثرة. جاÙاسÙربت ÙÙسÙا
-ÙÙسÙ- ØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙا ÙÙزÙ
باÙضرÙرة Ø£Ù
-ÙÙÙ٠استخداÙ
Ùا Ù٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙع سÙØ¡Ø ÙÙÙ -ÙÙÙ
ا
Ø°ÙرÙا أعÙاÙ- Ùا ÙÙزÙ
Ø£ÙضÙا Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ
-Ù
ÙبÙÙÙا. عÙدÙ
ا ÙÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙع برÙاÙ
جÙا Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ø ÙÙا ÙÙÙ٠أ٠ÙÙÙ٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج
-Ù
ÙتÙبÙا بÙغة Ù
ÙÙØ«ÙÙØ© ÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø¨Ù Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ذات٠ØرÙØ£ Ø£ÙضÙا. Ùجب Ø£Ù
-ØªØµØ¨Ø ”تÙÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙØدÙا Ø¥ÙÙ
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
“ جزءÙا Ù
Ù Ù
عÙار
-سÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙع اÙسÙÙÙ
.</p>
-
-<p>Ø¥Ù Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© تØÙ
ÙÙ ÙتشغÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج غÙر اÙØرة
بصÙ
ت Ù٠إØد٠Ù
شاÙÙ "تطبÙÙات
-اÙÙب". Ø¥Ù Ù
صطÙØ "تطبÙÙ Ùب" اختÙرع ÙتجاÙÙ
اÙÙر٠اÙجÙÙر٠بÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج اÙتÙ
-تÙسÙÙÙ
ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙاÙبراÙ
ج اÙت٠تعÙ
٠عÙÙ
اÙخادÙÙ
Ø ,ÙÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙØ´Ùر Ø¥Ù٠برÙ
جÙØ©
-تعÙ
٠خصÙصÙا ÙÙ Ù
تصÙØ Ø§ÙعÙ
ÙÙØ ÙÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙØ´Ùر
Ø¥Ù٠برÙ
جÙØ© تعÙ
٠خصÙصÙا ÙÙ
-اÙخادÙÙ
. إ٠برÙ
جÙات جÙØ© اÙعÙ
ÙÙ ÙجÙØ© اÙخادÙÙ
Ùسببا٠ÙضاÙا أخÙاÙÙØ© Ù
ختÙÙØ©Ø ØتÙ
-ÙÙ ÙاÙا Ù
دÙ
ÙجÙÙ ÙÙÙ
Ù٠اÙÙÙ٠أÙÙÙ
ا جزآÙ
ÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙاØد. تتÙاÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ©
-Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© برÙ
جÙات جÙØ© اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ ÙسÙÙ ÙÙاÙØ´ Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ©
اÙخادÙÙ
ÙÙ Ù
ÙاÙØ© أخرÙ.</p>
+<p>A strong movement has developed that calls for web sites to communicate only
+through formats and protocols that are free (some say "open");
+that is to say, whose documentation is published and which anyone is free to
+implement. With the presence of programs in web pages, that criterion is
+necessary, but not sufficient. JavaScript itself, as a format, is free, and
+use of JavaScript in a web site is not necessarily bad. However, as we've
+seen above, it also isn't necessarily OK. When the site transmits a program
+to the user, it is not enough for the program to be written in a documented
+and unencumbered language; that program must be free, too. “Only free
+programs transmitted to the user” must become part of the criterion
+for proper behavior by web sites.</p>
+
+<p>Silently loading and running nonfree programs is one among several issues
+raised by "web applications". The term "web
+application" was designed to disregard the fundamental distinction
+between software delivered to users and software running on the server. It
+can refer to a specialized client program running in a browser; it can refer
+to specialized server software; it can refer to a specialized client program
+that works hand in hand with specialized server software. The client and
+server sides raise different ethical issues, even if they are so closely
+integrated that they arguably form parts of a single program. This article
+addresses only the issue of the client-side software. We are addressing the
+server issue separately.</p>
-<p>ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا اÙتعاÙ
Ù Ù
ع Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© براÙ
ج
جاÙاسÙربت غÙر اÙØرة ÙÙ Ù
ÙاÙع اÙÙØ¨Ø ÙÙا خطة
-عÙ
ÙÙØ©.</p>
+<p>In practical terms, how can we deal with the problem of nonfree JavaScript
+programs in web sites? Here's a plan of action.</p>
<p>بداÙØ© ÙØتاج Ø¥ÙÙ Ù
عÙار ÙتØدÙد براÙ
ج
جاÙاسÙربت اÙÙبÙرة. ÙبÙ
ا Ø£Ù "ÙبÙرة" Ù
سأÙØ©
ØÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø Ùإ٠عÙÙÙا تصÙ
ÙÙ
Ù
عÙار سÙÙ ÙعطÙ
Ùتائج جÙدة بدÙا Ù
Ù Ùضع إجابة Ù
Øددة
@@ -90,11 +101,12 @@
اÙÙب Ø£Ù ÙØ´Ùر Ø¥ÙÙ Ù
سار ÙÙد٠اÙÙ
صدرÙØ ÙÙÙ
ÙÙ
عبرÙا Ø£Ù ÙØ´Ùر Ø¥Ù٠رخصت٠أÙضÙا
باستخداÙ
تعÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙسÙÙ.</p>
-<p>ÙÙبغ٠عÙÙÙا آخÙرÙا Ø£Ù ÙÙغÙÙر Ù
تصÙØات
اÙÙب اÙØرة ÙتدعÙ
ØرÙØ© Ù
ستخدÙ
٠صÙØات
-اÙÙب اÙت٠تØتÙ٠جاÙاسÙربت. بداÙØ© Ùجب Ø£Ù
ØªØªØ§Ø ÙÙÙ
تصÙØات خاصÙØ© إخبار
-اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠بÙجÙد براÙ
ج جاÙاسÙربت ÙبÙرة
غÙر Øرة Ùب٠تشغÙÙÙا. ربÙ
ا ÙÙ
Ù٠تÙÙÙÙ
-<a href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/722";>NoScript</a>
-ÙÙدعÙ
Ø°ÙÙ.</p>
+<p>Finally, we need to change free browsers to support freedom for users of
+pages with JavaScript. First of all, browsers should be able to tell the
+user about nontrivial nonfree JavaScript programs, rather than running
+them. Perhaps <a
+href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/722";>NoScript</a> could
+be adapted to do this.</p>
<p>Ù
ستخدÙ
٠اÙÙ
تصÙØات بØاجة Ø£ÙضÙا Ø¥ÙÙ ÙسÙÙØ©
سÙÙØ© ÙتØدÙد ÙÙد جاÙاسÙربت ÙÙÙستخدÙ
<em>بدÙا</em> Ù
Ù ÙÙد جاÙاسÙربت اÙÙ
ÙجÙد Ù٠صÙØØ©
Ù
عÙÙØ©. (ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙÙ٠اÙÙÙد
@@ -105,11 +117,13 @@
ÙÙ
ÙاÙع ÙÙ
Ù٠عبرÙا تباد٠اÙتغÙÙرات. سÙÙ
ÙÙص٠Ù
شرÙع غÙ٠باÙÙ
ÙاÙع اÙÙ
ÙخصÙص
ÙÙتغÙÙرات اÙØرة ÙÙØ·.</p>
-<p>سÙ٠تÙÙ
ÙÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙخصائص براÙ
ج جاÙاسÙربت
Øرة Ù
٠أ٠تÙÙÙ Øرة بÙ
عÙÙ ØÙÙÙÙ
-ÙعÙ
ÙÙ. Ù٠تÙÙ٠جاÙاسÙربت عÙبة Ø£Ù
اÙ
ØرÙتÙاØ
ÙستÙÙÙ Ù
ث٠س٠ÙجاÙا اÙÙÙÙ
. سÙÙ
-ÙتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
٠رÙض ÙØت٠استبدا٠براÙ
ج جاÙاسÙربت
اÙÙبÙرة غÙر اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ØªÙ
اÙ
Ùا ÙÙ
ا ÙرÙض
-ÙÙستبد٠اÙØزÙ
غÙر اÙØرة اÙت٠ÙÙ
Ù٠تثبÙتÙا
باÙطرÙÙسة اÙعادÙØ©. ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠تبدأ
-ØÙÙÙا ØÙ
ÙتÙا ÙÙØ·Ùب Ù
Ù Ù
ÙاÙع اÙÙب أ٠تÙØرÙر
ÙÙد جاÙاسÙربت.</p>
+<p>These features will make it possible for a JavaScript program included in a
+web page to be free in a real and practical sense. JavaScript will no
+longer be a particular obstacle to our freedom—no more than C and Java
+are now. We will be able to reject and even replace the nonfree nontrivial
+JavaScript programs, just as we reject and replace nonfree packages that are
+offered for installation in the usual way. Our campaign for web sites to
+free their JavaScript can then begin.</p>
<p><strong>Ø´ÙرÙا Ù<a href="/people/people.html#mattlee">Matt Lee</a> Ù
<a
href="http://ejohn.org";>John Resig</a> عÙÙ Ù
ساعدتÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
صÙاغة Ù
عÙارÙا
@@ -128,9 +142,10 @@
<p>ÙÙإشارة Ø¥Ù٠رخصة ÙÙد جاÙاسÙربت اÙÙ
ÙضÙ
ÙÙ
Ù٠اÙصÙØØ©Ø ÙÙص٠بÙضع إخطار اÙرخصة
بÙÙ Ù
ÙاØظتÙ٠عÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙØÙ:</p>
-<pre dir="ltr"><!--TRANSLATORS: Do not translate these license notices. The
<pre>
- elements have dir="ltr" explicitly set to cater for RTL languages.-->
+<pre dir="ltr">
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Do not translate these license notices. The <pre>
+ elements have dir="ltr" explicitly set to cater for RTL languages.-->
@licstart The following is the entire license notice for the
JavaScript code in this page.
@@ -178,11 +193,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
بإÙ‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù ÙضÙÙ
-أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -209,7 +225,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/04/16 08:27:23 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:09 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -243,6 +259,10 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
<!-- French -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/javascript-trap.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/javascript-trap.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/javascript-trap.fa.html 16 Apr 2010 08:27:23 -0000 1.10
+++ philosophy/javascript-trap.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:09 -0000 1.11
@@ -9,27 +9,25 @@
<p>ÙÙشتÙÙ <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>رÛÚارد استاÙÙ
Ù</a></p>
-<p><strong>Ù
Ù
ک٠است بدÙ٠اÛÙÚ©Ù Ù
تÙج٠باشÛد Ùر
رÙز برÙاÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û ØºÛرآزاد را بÙ
-ÙاسطÙÙ Ù
رÙرگر Ùب Ø®Ùد بر رÙÛ Ú©Ø§Ù
Ù¾ÛÙترتاÙ
اجرا Ú©ÙÛد.</strong></p>
+<p><strong>You may be running nonfree programs on your computer every day
+without realizing it—through your web browser.</strong></p>
-<p>در جاÙ
عÙÙ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد اÛ٠عÙÛد٠ک٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û ØºÛر آزاد با کاربرا٠خÙد
-بد رÙØªØ§Ø±Û Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد کاÙ
Ùا Ø´Ùاخت٠شد٠است.
ØªØ¹Ø¯Ø§Ø¯Û Ø§Ø² Ù
ا ترجÛØ Ù
ÛâدÙÛÙ
ک٠ب٠طÙر
-کاÙ
٠از Ùصب ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û ØºÛرآزاد بر رÙÛ
کاÙ
Ù¾ÛÙتر Ø®Ùد اÙ
تÙاع ÙرزÛÙ
Ø Ù ØªØ¹Ø¯Ø§Ø¯
-بسÛØ§Ø±Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ ÙبÙد٠را Ø§Ø¹ØªØµØ§Ø¨Û Ø¨Ø± عÙÛ٠برÙاÙ
Ù Ù
ÛâداÙÙد. بسÛØ§Ø±Û Ø§Ø² کاربراÙ
-Ù
ÛâداÙÙد ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙضÙع دربارÙÙ
اÙزÙÙÙâÙاÛÛ (plugins) Ú©Ù Ù
رÙرگر Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ùصب ÙراÙÙ
-Ù
ÛâØ¢Ùرد ÙÛز صد٠Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙØ¯Ø Úرا ک٠آÙÙا ÙÛز Ù
ÛâتÙاÙÙد آزاد Ûا غÛرآزاد باشÙد.</p>
-
-<p>اÙ
ا Ù
رÙرگرÙا برÙاÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û ØºÛرآزاد دÛگرÛ
را ÙÛز اجرا Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد Ú©Ù ØØªÛ Ø¯Ø±Ø¨Ø§Ø±ÙÙ
-اجرا کرد٠آ٠از Ø´Ù
ا پرسش ÙÛز ÙÙ
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد Ûا
ØØªÛ Ø¨Ù Ø´Ù
ا دربارÙÙ ÙجÙدشا٠ÚÛزÛ
-ÙÙ
ÛâÚ¯ÙÛÙد—برÙاÙ
ÙâÙاÛÛ Ú©Ù ØµÙØات Ùب
درÙÙ Ø®Ùد دارÙد Ù Ûا ب٠آÙÙا Ù¾ÛÙÙد
-Ø®ÙردÙâاÙد. اÛ٠برÙاÙ
ÙâÙا Ù
عÙ
ÙÙا با
جاÙااسکرÛپت ÙÙشت٠Ù
ÛâØ´ÙÙØ¯Ø Ùر ÚÙد Ú©Ù
-زباÙâÙØ§Û Ø¯Ûگر ÙÛز Ù
Ùرد استÙاد٠Ùرار Ù
ÛâÚ¯ÛرÙد.</p>
-
-<p>جاÙااسکرÛپت (ک٠ب٠طÙر رسÙ
Û ECMAscript ÙاÙ
Ûد٠Ù
ÛâØ´ÙØ¯Ø Ø§Ù
ا Ú©Ù
تر Ú©Ø³Û Ø§Ø² اÛÙ
-ÙاÙ
استÙاد٠Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد) Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø§ÙÙÛ٠بار Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ØªØ¬Ù
ÙØ§ØªÛ Ú©ÙÚÚ© در صÙØات Ùب استÙاد٠شدØ
-ÙÙ
اÙÙد ÙابÙÛتâÙØ§Û ÙÙ
اÛØ´Û Ù Ø¬ÙÙÙâÙØ§Û Ø²Ûبا
اÙ
ا غÛر ضرÙرÛÙ Ù¾ÛÙÙدÙا Ù
-ÙÙرستâÙا. Ùاب٠ÙبÙ٠بÙد Ú©Ù Ø¨Ù Ø¬Ø§Û Ø§ÛÙÚ©Ù
Ø¢ÙÙا را ÛÚ© ÙرÙ
âاÙزار ب٠Øساب Ø¢ÙرÛÙ
Ø
-ÛÚ© تعÙ
ÛÙ
بر HTML بداÙÛÙ
Ø Ø¢ÙÙا Ù
ÙضÙع ÚÙدا٠Ù
ÙÙ
Û Ø¨Ù Øساب ÙÙ
ÛâØ¢Ù
دÙد.</p>
+<p>In the free software community, the idea that nonfree programs mistreat
+their users is familiar. Some of us refuse entirely to install proprietary
+software, and many others consider nonfreedom a strike against the program.
+Many users are aware that this issue applies to the plug-ins that browsers
+offer to install, since they can be free or nonfree.</p>
+
+<p>But browsers run other nonfree programs which they don't ask you about or
+even tell you about—programs that web pages contain or link to. These
+programs are most often written in JavaScript, though other languages are
+also used.</p>
+
+<p>JavaScript (officially called ECMAScript, but few use that name) was once
+used for minor frills in web pages, such as cute but inessential navigation
+and display features. It was acceptable to consider these as mere
+extensions of HTML markup, rather than as true software; they did not
+constitute a significant issue.</p>
<p>ØªØ¹Ø¯Ø§Ø¯Û Ø§Ø² ساÛتâÙا ÙÙÙز از جاÙااسکرÛپت بÙ
ÙÙ
ا٠صÙرت استÙاد٠Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙØ¯Ø Ø§Ù
ا
بعضÛâÙا از جاÙااسکرÛپت Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¨Ø±ÙاÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û Ù
ÙÙ
Û Ú©Ù Ú©Ø§Ø±ÙØ§Û Ø¨Ø²Ø±Ú¯ اÙجاÙ
Ù
ÛâدÙÙد
@@ -40,13 +38,13 @@
آ٠را ÙÛراÛØ´ Ú©Ø±Ø¯Ø Ø§Û٠کد٠ÙشردÙØ Ú©Ø¯ Ù
Ùبع
ÙÛØ³ØªØ Ù Ú©Ø¯ Ù
Ùبع ØÙÛÙÛ٠اÛ٠برÙاÙ
Ù
در دسترس کاربر Ùرار Ùدارد.</p>
-<p>Ù
عÙ
ÙÙا Ù
رÙرگرÙا ÙÙگاÙ
Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ú¯Ø²Ø§Ø±Û Ø¨Ø±ÙاÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û Ø¬Ø§ÙااسکرÛپت اطÙØ§Ø¹Û ÙÙ
ÛâدÙÙد. اکثر
-Ù
رÙرگرÙا رÙØ´Û Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ØºÛر Ùعا٠کردÙ
جاÙااسکرÛپت ب٠طÙر کاÙ
٠دارÙØ¯Ø Ø§Ù
ا
ÙÛÚâکداÙ
-از Ø¢ÙÙا برÙاÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û Ø¬Ø§ÙااسکرÛپت Ú©Ù Ú©ÙÚÚ© اÙ
ا با اÙÙ
ÛØªØ Ù ØºÛر آزاد ÙستÙد را
-ÙÙ
ÛâتÙاÙÙد Ø¨Ø±Ø±Ø³Û Ú©ÙÙد. ØØªÛ Ø§Ú¯Ø± Ø´Ù
ا از اÛÙ Ù
ÙضÙع با خبر باشÛØ¯Ø Ù¾Ûدا کرد٠Ù
-جÙÙÚ¯ÛØ±Û Ø§Ø² اÛ٠برÙاÙ
ÙâÙا پر دردسر Ø®ÙاÙد
بÙد. Ùر ÚÙØ¯Ø ØØªÛ Ø¯Ø± جاÙ
عÙÙ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
-آزاد ÙÛز اکثر کابرا٠از اÛÙ Ù
ÙضÙع Ù
Ø·Ùع
ÙÛستÙØ¯Ø Ø³Ú©Ùت٠Ù
رÙرگر Ù
ÙضÙع را Ù¾ÙÙاÙ
-Ùگا٠Ù
Ûâدارد.</p>
+<p>Browsers don't normally tell you when they load JavaScript programs. Most
+browsers have a way to turn off JavaScript entirely, but none of them can
+check for JavaScript programs that are nontrivial and nonfree. Even if
+you're aware of this issue, it would take you considerable trouble to
+identify and then block those programs. However, even in the free software
+community most users are not aware of this issue; the browsers' silence
+tends to conceal it.</p>
<p>Ù
ÛâتÙا٠ÛÚ© برÙاÙ
Ù٠جاÙااسکرÛپت را با
اÙتشار کد Ù
Ùبع Ø¢Ù Ù
طاب٠اجازÙâÙاÙ
ÙÙ
ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ù ØµÙرت ÛÚ© ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد
Ù
Ùتشر ساخت. اÙ
ا ØØªÛ Ø§Ú¯Ø± کد Ù
Ùبع
@@ -55,44 +53,44 @@
تغÛÛر ÛاÙØªÙ Ø¨Ù Ø¬Ø§Û Ø¢ÙÚ٠درÙ٠صÙØÙ ÙجÙد
Ø¯Ø§Ø±Ø¯Ø Ø¯Ø± اختÛار Ùرار ÙÙ
ÛâدÙÙد. تاثÛر
آ٠با tivoization Ùاب٠Ù
ÙاÛØ³Ù Ø§Ø³ØªØ Ø§Ú¯Ø± Ú٠غÙب٠بر
Ø¢Ù ÚÙدا٠ÙÙ
Ù
Ø´Ú©Ù ÙÛست.</p>
-<p>جاÙااسکرÛپت تÙÙا زباÙÛ ÙÛست Ú©Ù
ÙبâساÛتâÙا Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø§Ø±Ø³Ø§Ù Ø¨Ø±ÙاÙ
Ù Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù
-استÙاد٠Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد. Flash ÙابÙÛت برÙاÙ
ÙâÙÙÛسÛ
را ب٠ÙسÛÙÙÙ ÙÙØ¹Û Ø¬Ø§ÙااسکرÛپتÙ
-تÙسعÙâÛاÙت٠ÙراÙÙ
Ù
ÛâØ¢Ùرد. Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø§Ø±Ø§Ø¦ÙÙ
تÙصÛÙâÙاÛÛ Ù
Ùاسب در اÛ٠زÙ
ÛÙ٠اØتÛاج
-Ø¨Ù Ø¨Ø±Ø±Ø³Û Flash دارÛÙ
. ب٠Ùظر Ù
Ûâرسد Ú©Ù Silverlight
ÙÛز Ù
Ø´Ú©ÙÛ ÙÙ
اÙÙد Flash
-اÛجاد Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙØ¯Ø ØØªÛ Ø¨Ø¯ØªØ±Ø Úرا Ú©Ù Ù
اÛکرÙساÙت
از آ٠ب٠عÙÙا٠سکÙÛÛ Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û codecÙاÛ
-غÛرآزاد Ø®Ùد استÙاد٠Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد. ÛÚ© جاÛگزÛÙ
آزاد Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Silverlight Ù
ÙضÙع را براÛ
-جÙا٠آزاد ØÙ ÙÙ
ÛâÚ©Ùد Ù
گر اÛÙک٠جاÛگزÛÙÛ
آزاد Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø§ÛÙ codecÙا داشت٠باشد.</p>
+<p>JavaScript is not the only language web sites use for programs sent to the
+user. Flash supports programming through an extended variant of
+JavaScript. We will need to study the issue of Flash to make suitable
+recommendations. Silverlight seems likely to create a problem similar to
+Flash, except worse, since Microsoft uses it as a platform for nonfree
+codecs. A free replacement for Silverlight does not do the job for the free
+world unless it normally comes with free replacement codecs.</p>
<p>جاÙااپÙت ÙÛز درÙÙ Ù
رÙرگر اجرا Ù
ÛâØ´Ùد Ù Ù
Ùرد Ù
شابÙÛ Ø±Ø§ Ù
Ø·Ø±Ø Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد. ب٠طÙر
Ú©ÙÛØ Ùر ÙÙع سÛستÙ
٠اپÙت ÚÙÛÙ Ù
Ø´Ú©ÙÛ Ø±Ø§ دارا
است. داشت٠ÛÚ© Ù
ØÛØ· آزاد براÛ
Ø§Ø¬Ø±Ø§Û Ø§Ù¾ÙØªØ Ù
ا را تÙÙا تا جاÛÛ Ù¾ÛØ´ Ù
Ûâبرد
ک٠بتÙاÙÛÙ
با اÛÙ Ù
شک٠رÙبر٠شÙÛÙ
.</p>
-<p>جÙØ¨Ø´Û ÙدرتÙ
Ùد ب٠را٠اÙتاد٠است ک٠از
ÙبâساÛتâÙا تÙاضا Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد تÙÙا از طرÛÙ
-ÙرÙ
تâÙا ٠پرÙتکÙâÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ (بعضÛâÙا Ù
ÛâÚ¯ÙÛÙد "باز") ارتباط بر Ùرار
-Ú©ÙÙØ¯Ø ÙرÙ
تâÙا ٠پرÙتکÙâÙاÛÛ Ú©Ù Ù
ستÙدات
Ø®Ùد را Ù
Ùتشر ساختÙâاÙد Ù Ùر Ø´Ø®ØµÛ Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û
-Ù¾ÛادÙâØ³Ø§Ø²Û Ø¢ÙÙا آزاد است. با ØضÙر برÙاÙ
ÙâÙا در صÙØات ÙØ¨Ø ÚÙÛ٠ضÙØ§Ø¨Ø·Û Ø¶Ø±ÙرÛØ
-اÙ
ا ÙاکاÙÛ Ø§Ø³Øª. Ø®Ùد جاÙااسکرÛÙ¾ØªØ Ø¨Ù Ø¹ÙÙاÙ
ÛÚ© ÙرÙ
ØªØ Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ Ø§Ø³ØªØ Ù Ø§Ø³ØªÙاد٠از
-جاÙااسکرÛپت در ÙبâساÛتâÙا ÙزÙÙ
ا بد ÙÛست.
Ùر ÚÙØ¯Ø ÙÙ
اÙØ·Ùر Ú©Ù Ù¾ÛØ´ از اÛÙ
-دÛدÛÙ
Ø ÙزÙÙ
ا Ø®Ùب ÙÙ
ÙÛست. ÙÙگاÙ
Û Ú©Ù ÛÚ© ساÛت
برÙاÙ
ÙâØ§Û Ø±Ø§ Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø± ارساÙ
-Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙØ¯Ø ÙÙشت٠شد٠برÙاÙ
٠با ÛÚ© زبا٠ÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ù
Ù
ستÙØ¯Ø³Ø§Ø²Û Ø´Ø¯Ù Ø¨Ù ØªÙÙاÛÛ Ú©Ø§ÙÛ
-ÙÛØ³ØªØ Ø®Ùد برÙاÙ
Ù ÙÛز باÛد آزاد باشد.
”تÙÙا برÙاÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ ک٠براÛ
-کاربرا٠ارسا٠Ù
ÛâØ´ÙÙد“ باÛد Ø¨Ø®Ø´Û Ø§Ø²
ضابطÙ٠رÙتار صØÛØ Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ÙبâساÛتâÙا
-Ø´ÙÙد.</p>
-
-<p>Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ú¯Ø²Ø§Ø±Û Ù Ø§Ø¬Ø±Ø§Û Ø¨Ø±ÙاÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û ØºÛر آزاد در
سکÙت ÛÚ©Û Ø§Ø² ÚÙد Ù
ÙضÙØ¹Û Ø§Ø³Øª ک٠تÙسط
-"برÙاÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û Ùب" Ù
Ø·Ø±Ø Ø´Ø¯Ù Ø§Ø³Øª. ÙاÚÙÙ
"برÙاÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û Ùب" بÙ
-Ù
ÙظÙر Øذ٠تÙاÙتâÙØ§Û Ø§Ø³Ø§Ø³Û Ù
Ûا٠برÙاÙ
ÙâÙاÛÛ Ú©Ù Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø± ارسا٠Ù
ÛâØ´Ùد Ù
-برÙاÙ
ÙâÙاÛÛ Ú©Ù Ø¨Ø± رÙÛ Ø³Ø±Ùر در Øا٠اجرا
ÙستÙØ¯Ø Ù¾Ø¯Ûد Ø¢Ù
د٠است. اÛÙ ÙاÚÙ
-Ù
ÛâتÙاÙد ب٠ÛÚ© برÙاÙ
ÙÙ Ø§Ø®ØªØµØ§ØµÛ Ú©Ù Ø¨Ø± رÙÛ Ù
رÙرگر کاربر اجرا Ù
ÛâØ´Ùد اشار٠کÙدØ
-Ù
ÛâتÙاÙد ب٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ø§Ø®ØªØµØ§ØµÛ Ø³Ø±Ùر اشارÙ
Ú©ÙØ¯Ø Ù
ÛâتÙاÙد ب٠برÙاÙ
Ù٠اختصاصÛ
-سÙ
ت کاربر ٠برÙاÙ
ÙÙ Ø§Ø®ØªØµØ§ØµÛ Ø³Ù
ت سرÙر ک٠با
ÛکدÛگر ÙÙ
Ú©Ø§Ø±Û Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد اشارÙ
-Ú©Ùد. برÙاÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û Ø³Ù
ت کاربر ٠سÙ
ت سرÙر Ù
ÙضÙعات اخÙاÙÛ Ù
ختÙÙÛ Ø±Ø§ Ù
Ø·Ø±Ø Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙدØ
-ØØªÛ Ø§Ú¯Ø± Ø¢ÙÙا کاÙ
Ùا ترکÛب شد٠٠بتÙا٠گÙت Ú©Ù
برÙاÙ
ÙâØ§Û ÙاØد را تشکÛÙ
-دادÙâاÙد. اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠تÙÙا بر رÙÛ ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø³Ù
ت کاربر بØØ« Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد. Ù
ÙضÙع
-سرÙر ب٠صÙرت جداگاÙÙâØ§Û Ù
Ùرد بØØ« Ùرار
Ø®ÙاÙد گرÙت.</p>
+<p>A strong movement has developed that calls for web sites to communicate only
+through formats and protocols that are free (some say "open");
+that is to say, whose documentation is published and which anyone is free to
+implement. With the presence of programs in web pages, that criterion is
+necessary, but not sufficient. JavaScript itself, as a format, is free, and
+use of JavaScript in a web site is not necessarily bad. However, as we've
+seen above, it also isn't necessarily OK. When the site transmits a program
+to the user, it is not enough for the program to be written in a documented
+and unencumbered language; that program must be free, too. “Only free
+programs transmitted to the user” must become part of the criterion
+for proper behavior by web sites.</p>
+
+<p>Silently loading and running nonfree programs is one among several issues
+raised by "web applications". The term "web
+application" was designed to disregard the fundamental distinction
+between software delivered to users and software running on the server. It
+can refer to a specialized client program running in a browser; it can refer
+to specialized server software; it can refer to a specialized client program
+that works hand in hand with specialized server software. The client and
+server sides raise different ethical issues, even if they are so closely
+integrated that they arguably form parts of a single program. This article
+addresses only the issue of the client-side software. We are addressing the
+server issue separately.</p>
-<p>در عÙ
ÙØ ÚÚ¯ÙÙÙ Ù
ÛâتÙا٠با Ù
Ø´Ú©Ù٠برÙاÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û Ø¬Ø§ÙااسکرÛپت٠غÛر آزاد بر رÙÛ
-ÙبâساÛتâÙا بر Ø®Ùرد Ú©Ø±Ø¯Ø ÛÚ©Û Ø§Ø² رÙØ´âÙا
بدÛÙ Ùرار است.</p>
+<p>In practical terms, how can we deal with the problem of nonfree JavaScript
+programs in web sites? Here's a plan of action.</p>
<p>Ø§Ø¨ØªØ¯Ø§Ø Ø¨Ù Ø¶Ø§Ø¨Ø·ÙâØ§Û Ø¹Ù
ÙÛ Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¨Ø±ÙاÙ
ÙâÙاÛ
جاÙااسکرÛپت٠کÙÚÚ© اÙ
ا Ù٠بÛâاÙÙ
󯻯
ÙÛاز دارÛÙ
. Ù
ÙضÙع Ù
ÙÙ
آ٠است ک٠ضابطÙâاÛ
طراØÛ Ú©ÙÛÙ
Ú©Ù ÙتاÛج Ø®ÙØ¨Û Ø¨Ù Ø¯Ø³Øª
@@ -107,12 +105,12 @@
اشار٠کÙØ¯Ø Ù Ø¨ØªÙاÙد شاÙ
٠اجازÙâÙاÙ
ÙâاÛ
ÙÛز باشد ک٠با استÙاد٠از تÙضÛØات
درÙ٠کد Ù
شخص Ø´Ùد.</p>
-<p>در پاÛاÙØ ÙازÙ
است Ú©Ù Ù
رÙرگرÙØ§Û Ùب بÙ
Ú¯ÙÙÙâØ§Û ØªØºÛÛر Ù¾Ûدا Ú©ÙÙد ک٠از آزادÛ
-کاربرا٠در Ù
Ùاب٠صÙØØ§ØªÛ Ø¨Ø§ جاÙااسکرÛپت ØÙ
اÛت Ú©ÙÙد. Ù¾ÛØ´ از Ùر ÚÛØ²Ø Ù
رÙرگرÙا
-باÛد Ùادر باشÙد ک٠در عÙض اجرا کرد٠برÙاÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û Ø¬Ø§ÙااسکرÛپت٠غÛر آزاد Ù ÙÙ
-بÛâاÙÙ
ÛØªØ Ø¨Ù Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù Ø¯Ø± Ù
Ùردشا٠اخطار
دÙÙد. شاÛد بتÙا٠<a
-href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/722";>NoScript</a> را
-Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø§ÛÙ Ù
ÙظÙر تغÛÛر داد.</p>
+<p>Finally, we need to change free browsers to support freedom for users of
+pages with JavaScript. First of all, browsers should be able to tell the
+user about nontrivial nonfree JavaScript programs, rather than running
+them. Perhaps <a
+href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/722";>NoScript</a> could
+be adapted to do this.</p>
<p>ÙÙ
ÚÙÛ٠کاربرا٠Ù
رÙرگر ب٠رÙØ´Û Ø³Ø§Ø¯Ù ÙÛاز
دارÙد تا بتÙاÙÙد کد جاÙااسکرÛپت
جاÛگزÛÙÛ Ø±Ø§ Ù
شخص Ú©ÙÙد تا <em>ب٠جاÛ</em> کد Ù
ÙجÙد در صÙØ٠اجرا Ø´Ùد. (کد Ù
شخص
@@ -125,13 +123,13 @@
اÛ٠تغÛÛرات را ب٠اشتراک بگذارÙد. پرÙÚÙÙ
Ú¯Ù٠تÙ
اÛ٠دارد ساÛتâÙاÛÛ Ø±Ø§ Ù
عرÙÛ
Ú©Ùد ک٠تÙÙا ب٠تغÛÛرات آزاد تÙج٠دارÙد.</p>
-<p>اÛÙ ÙابÙÛتâÙا باعث Ù
ÛâØ´Ùد ک٠بتÙا٠برÙاÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û Ø¬Ø§ÙااسکرÛپت Ù
ÙجÙد در صÙØات Ùب
-را ب٠صÙرت Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Ø Ù Ø¨Ø§ رÙØ´Û Ø¹Ù
ÙÛ Ù ØÙÛÙÛ Ù
Ùتشر کرد. جاÙااسکرÛپت دÛگر ÛÚ© Ù
اÙع
-در برابر Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ù
ا ÙØ®ÙاÙد بÙد.—Ù٠بÛØ´ از
Ø¢ÙÚ٠اÙ
رÙز٠جاÙا Ù C ÙستÙد. Ù
ا
-Ù
ÛâتÙاÙÛÙ
برÙاÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û ØºÛر آزاد Ù Ù٠بÛâاÙÙ
Ûت جاÙااسکرÛپت را ÙپذÛرÛÙ
Ù Ûا ØتÛ
-Ø¢ÙÙا را جاÛگزÛ٠سازÛÙ
Ø Ø¯Ø±Ø³Øª ÙÙ
اÙØ·Ùر Ú©Ù
بستÙâÙØ§Û ÙرÙ
âاÙØ²Ø§Ø±Û ØºÛر آزاد را Ú©Ù
-Ù
ÙجÙد ÙستÙد جاÛگزÛÙ Ù
ÛâسازÛÙ
. سپس Ù
بارزÙÙ
Ù
ا Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø§ÛÙÚ©Ù ÙبâساÛتâÙا کد
-جاÙااسکرÛپت Ø®Ùد را آزاد سازÙØ¯Ø Ø¢ØºØ§Ø² Ø®ÙاÙد
شد.</p>
+<p>These features will make it possible for a JavaScript program included in a
+web page to be free in a real and practical sense. JavaScript will no
+longer be a particular obstacle to our freedom—no more than C and Java
+are now. We will be able to reject and even replace the nonfree nontrivial
+JavaScript programs, just as we reject and replace nonfree packages that are
+offered for installation in the usual way. Our campaign for web sites to
+free their JavaScript can then begin.</p>
<p><strong>Thank you to <a href="/people/people.html#mattlee">Matt Lee</a> and
<a href="http://ejohn.org";>John Resig</a> for their help in defining our
@@ -151,9 +149,10 @@
<p>Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ÙÙ
اÛØ´ داد٠اجازÙâÙاÙ
ÙÙ Ù
ربÙØ· ب٠کد
جاÙااسکرÛپت ک٠در صÙØ٠آÙ
د٠استØ
Ù¾ÛØ´ÙÙاد Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÛÙ
از اعÙاÙÛØ Ù
Ûا٠دÙ
ÛØ§Ø¯Ø¯Ø§Ø´ØªØ ÙÙ
اÙÙد اÛÙ ÙرÙ
استÙاد٠شÙد:</p>
-<pre dir="ltr"><!--TRANSLATORS: Do not translate these license notices. The
<pre>
- elements have dir="ltr" explicitly set to cater for RTL languages.-->
+<pre dir="ltr">
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Do not translate these license notices. The <pre>
+ elements have dir="ltr" explicitly set to cater for RTL languages.-->
@licstart The following is the entire license notice for the
JavaScript code in this page.
@@ -204,8 +203,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2010/04/16 08:27:23 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:09 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -267,6 +267,10 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
<!-- French -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/javascript-trap.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/javascript-trap.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- philosophy/javascript-trap.fr.html 29 Jun 2010 13:11:52 -0000 1.12
+++ philosophy/javascript-trap.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:09 -0000 1.13
@@ -9,29 +9,25 @@
<p>par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
-<p><strong>Vous exécutez peut-être des programmes non-libres sur votre
-ordinateur chaque jour sans même vous en apercevoir — par
-l'intermédiaire de votre navigateur Web.</strong></p>
-
-<p>Dans la communauté du logiciel libre, l'idée que les programmes non-libres
-maltraitent leurs utilisateurs est familière. Certains d'entre nous refusent
-totalement d'installer des logiciels propriétaires, et beaucoup d'autres
-considèrent que la non-liberté est une attaque contre le programme. Beaucoup
-d'utilisateurs sont conscients que ce problème s'applique aussi aux plugins
-que les navigateurs proposent d'installer, car ils peuvent être libres ou
-non-libres.</p>
-
-<p>Mais les navigateurs exécutent d'autres programmes non-libres pour lesquels
-ils ne demandent pas votre avis — des programmes que contiennent
-des pages Web ou vers lesquels elles lient. Ces programmes sont très souvent
-écrits en JavaScript, bien que d'autres langages puissent être utilisés.</p>
-
-<p>JavaScript (dont le nom officiel est ECMAscript, mais peu de gens utilisent
-ce nom) était autrefois utilisé pour faire des effets frivoles, certes jolis
-mais non-essentiels à la navigation et aux fonctionnalités d'affichage. Il
-était acceptable de les considérer comme de pures extensions du langage de
-balises HTML, plutôt que comme de vrais logiciels ; ils ne
-représentaient pas un problème significatif.</p>
+<p><strong>You may be running nonfree programs on your computer every day
+without realizing it—through your web browser.</strong></p>
+
+<p>In the free software community, the idea that nonfree programs mistreat
+their users is familiar. Some of us refuse entirely to install proprietary
+software, and many others consider nonfreedom a strike against the program.
+Many users are aware that this issue applies to the plug-ins that browsers
+offer to install, since they can be free or nonfree.</p>
+
+<p>But browsers run other nonfree programs which they don't ask you about or
+even tell you about—programs that web pages contain or link to. These
+programs are most often written in JavaScript, though other languages are
+also used.</p>
+
+<p>JavaScript (officially called ECMAScript, but few use that name) was once
+used for minor frills in web pages, such as cute but inessential navigation
+and display features. It was acceptable to consider these as mere
+extensions of HTML markup, rather than as true software; they did not
+constitute a significant issue.</p>
<p>Beaucoup de sites utilisent encore JavaScript de cette façon, mais certains
l'utilisent pour des programmes conséquents réalisant des travaux
@@ -43,14 +39,13 @@
compacté n'est pas du code source, et le vrai code source n'est pas
disponible pour l'utilisateur.</p>
-<p>Normalement, les navigateurs ne vous disent pas quand ils chargent des
-programmes JavaScript. La plupart des navigateurs ont un moyen de désactiver
-JavaScript totalement, mais aucun d'eux ne peut vérifier des programmes
-JavaScript qui ne sont pas triviaux et non-libres. Même si vous en êtes
-conscient, cela vous donnerait beaucoup de peine à identifier et bloquer ces
-programmes. Cependant, même au sein de la communauté du logiciel libre, la
-plupart des utilisateurs ne sont pas conscients de ce problème ; le
-silence des navigateurs tend à le dissimuler.</p>
+<p>Browsers don't normally tell you when they load JavaScript programs. Most
+browsers have a way to turn off JavaScript entirely, but none of them can
+check for JavaScript programs that are nontrivial and nonfree. Even if
+you're aware of this issue, it would take you considerable trouble to
+identify and then block those programs. However, even in the free software
+community most users are not aware of this issue; the browsers' silence
+tends to conceal it.</p>
<p>Il est possible de publier un programme JavaScript en tant que logiciel
libre, en distribuant le code source sous une licence de logiciel
@@ -61,51 +56,45 @@
celle délivrée par la page. L'effet est comparable à la Tivoïzation bien
que
moins difficile à outrepasser.</p>
-<p>JavaScript n'est pas le seul langage que les sites Web utilisent pour les
-programmes envoyés aux utilisateurs. Flash supporte la programmation par
-l'intermédiaire d'une variante étendue de JavaScript. Nous aurons besoin
-d'étudier le problème de Flash pour faire des recommandations
-appropriées. Silverlight semble créer un problème similaire à Flash,
excepté
-qu'il est pire, car Microsoft l'utilise comme plateforme pour des codecs
-non-libres. Un remplacement libre de Silverlight ne ferait pas l'affaire
-pour le monde du libre, Ã moins qu'il ne propose des codecs de remplacement
-libres.</p>
+<p>JavaScript is not the only language web sites use for programs sent to the
+user. Flash supports programming through an extended variant of
+JavaScript. We will need to study the issue of Flash to make suitable
+recommendations. Silverlight seems likely to create a problem similar to
+Flash, except worse, since Microsoft uses it as a platform for nonfree
+codecs. A free replacement for Silverlight does not do the job for the free
+world unless it normally comes with free replacement codecs.</p>
<p>Les applets Java s'exécutent aussi dans le navigateur et soulèvent des
problèmes similaires. En général, toute sorte d'applets système pose ce
genre de problème. Avoir un environnement d'exécution libre pour un applet
ne nous amène qu'un peu plus loin pour rencontrer le problème.</p>
-<p>Un fort mouvement s'est développé qui appelle les sites Web à ne
communiquer
-qu'avec des formats et des protocoles libres (certains disent
-« ouverts ») ; c'est-à -dire, dont la documentation est
-publiée et que chacun est libre de mettre en Åuvre. avec la présence de
-programmes dans les pages Web, ce critère est nécessaire mais pas
-suffisant. JavaScript lui-même, en tant que format, est libre et
-l'utilisation de JavaScript dans un site Web n'est pas nécessairement
-mauvais. Cependant, comme nous l'avons vu plus tôt, ce n'est pas
-nécessairement bon. Quand le site transmet un programme à l'utilisateur, il
-n'est pas suffisant pour le programme d'être écrit dans un langage documenté
-et libre d'entraves ; ce programme doit être libre aussi. « Seuls
-des programmes libres transmis aux utilisateurs » doivent faire partie
-du critère pour un comportement correct des sites Web.</p>
-
-<p>Le chargement et l'exécution silencieux de programmes non-libres est un des
-nombreux problèmes soulevés par les « applications Web ». Le
terme
-« application Web » a été conçu pour ne pas tenir compte de la
-distinction fondamentale entre un logiciel délivré aux utilisateurs et un
-logiciel s'exécutant sur un serveur. Il peut faire référence à un programme
-client spécialisé qui s'exécute dans un navigateur ; il peut faire
-référence à un logiciel serveur spécialisé ; il peut faire
référence Ã
-un programme client spécialisé qui travaille main dans la main avec un
-logiciel serveur spécialisé. Les côtés client et serveur soulèvent des
-problèmes éthiques différents, même s'ils sont si intimement intégrés que
-l'on pourrait dire qu'ils font partie d'un seul programme. Cet article ne
-traite que du problème du logiciel du côté client. Nous traiterons le
-problème du côté serveur séparément.</p>
+<p>A strong movement has developed that calls for web sites to communicate only
+through formats and protocols that are free (some say "open");
+that is to say, whose documentation is published and which anyone is free to
+implement. With the presence of programs in web pages, that criterion is
+necessary, but not sufficient. JavaScript itself, as a format, is free, and
+use of JavaScript in a web site is not necessarily bad. However, as we've
+seen above, it also isn't necessarily OK. When the site transmits a program
+to the user, it is not enough for the program to be written in a documented
+and unencumbered language; that program must be free, too. “Only free
+programs transmitted to the user” must become part of the criterion
+for proper behavior by web sites.</p>
+
+<p>Silently loading and running nonfree programs is one among several issues
+raised by "web applications". The term "web
+application" was designed to disregard the fundamental distinction
+between software delivered to users and software running on the server. It
+can refer to a specialized client program running in a browser; it can refer
+to specialized server software; it can refer to a specialized client program
+that works hand in hand with specialized server software. The client and
+server sides raise different ethical issues, even if they are so closely
+integrated that they arguably form parts of a single program. This article
+addresses only the issue of the client-side software. We are addressing the
+server issue separately.</p>
-<p>Pratiquement, comment pouvons-nous traiter le problème des programmes
-JavaScript non-libres dans les sites Web ? Voici un plan d'action.</p>
+<p>In practical terms, how can we deal with the problem of nonfree JavaScript
+programs in web sites? Here's a plan of action.</p>
<p>D'abord, nous avons besoin d'un critère pratique pour les programmes
JavaScript non-triviaux. Puisque « non-trivial » est une question
@@ -122,13 +111,12 @@
l'emplacement de son code source ainsi que sa licence, en utilisant des
commentaires stylés.</p>
-<p>Enfin, nous avons besoin de modifier les navigateurs libres pour qu'ils
-supportent la liberté des utilisateurs de pages avec JavaScript. Tout
-d'abord, les navigateurs doivent être en mesure de prévenir les utilisateurs
-au sujet des programmes JavaScript non-libres plutôt que de les
-exécuter. Peut-être que <a
-href="https://addons.mozilla.org/fr/firefox/addon/722";>NoScript</a> pourrait
-être adapté pour faire cela.</p>
+<p>Finally, we need to change free browsers to support freedom for users of
+pages with JavaScript. First of all, browsers should be able to tell the
+user about nontrivial nonfree JavaScript programs, rather than running
+them. Perhaps <a
+href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/722";>NoScript</a> could
+be adapted to do this.</p>
<p>Les utilisateurs de navigateur ont aussi besoin d'une fonctionnalité
pratique pour indiquer le code JavaScript à utiliser <em>à la place</em> du
@@ -142,18 +130,18 @@
comme les changements dans les sites de partage. Le Projet GNU aimerait
recommander les sites dédiés aux changements libres seulement.</p>
-<p>Ces fonctionnalités rendront possible pour un programme JavaScript inclus
-dans une page Web d'être réellement libre. JavaScript ne sera plus un
-obstacle particulier à notre liberté — pas plus que C et Java ne
-le sont maintenant. Nous serons capables de rejeter et même de remplacer les
-programmes JavaScript non-triviaux non-libres, tout comme nous avons rejeté
-et remplacé les paquetages non-libres pour les installations
-classiques. Notre campagne pour libérer le code JavaScript des sites Web
-peut alors commencer.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Merci à <a href="/people/people.html#mattlee">Matt Lee</a> et <a
-href="http://ejohn.org";>John Resig</a> pour leur aide pour la définition de
-notre proposition de critère.</strong></p>
+<p>These features will make it possible for a JavaScript program included in a
+web page to be free in a real and practical sense. JavaScript will no
+longer be a particular obstacle to our freedom—no more than C and Java
+are now. We will be able to reject and even replace the nonfree nontrivial
+JavaScript programs, just as we reject and replace nonfree packages that are
+offered for installation in the usual way. Our campaign for web sites to
+free their JavaScript can then begin.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Thank you to <a href="/people/people.html#mattlee">Matt Lee</a> and
+<a href="http://ejohn.org";>John Resig</a> for their help in defining our
+proposed criterion, and to David Parunakian for helping to make me aware of
+the problem.</strong></p>
<h3>Appendice : une convention pour publier des programmes JavaScript
libres</h3>
@@ -169,9 +157,10 @@
<p>Pour indiquer la licence du code JavaScript intégré dans la page, nous
recommandons de mettre la notice de licence entre deux notes de cette
forme : </p>
-<pre dir="ltr"><!--TRANSLATORS: Do not translate these license notices. The
<pre>
- elements have dir="ltr" explicitly set to cater for RTL languages.-->
+<pre dir="ltr">
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Do not translate these license notices. The <pre>
+ elements have dir="ltr" explicitly set to cater for RTL languages.-->
@licstart The following is the entire license notice for the
JavaScript code in this page.
@@ -179,15 +168,6 @@
@licend The above is the entire license notice
for the JavaScript code in this page.
-
-Traduction :
- @licstart Ce qui suit est la totalité de la notice de licence pour le
- code JavaScript de cette page.
- ...
- @licend Ce qui précède est la totalité de la notice de licence pour le
- code JavaScript de cette page.
-
-
</pre>
<p>Bien sûr, tout ceci doit être contenu dans un commentaire multiligne.</p>
@@ -215,26 +195,6 @@
section 4, provided you include this license notice and a URL
through which recipients can access the Corresponding Source.
-
-Traduction :
-
-
- Copyright (C) YYYY Développeur
-
- Le code JavaScript de cette page est un logiciel libre : vous pouvez
- le redistribuer et/ou le modifier selon les termes de la licence GNU
- General Public License (GNU GPL) telle que publiée par la Free Software
- Foundation, en version 3 de la licence, ou (à votre discrétion)
- toute version suivante. Le code est distribué SANS AUCUNE GARANTIE ;
- sans même la garantie implicite de MARCHANDABILITà ou d'ADÃQUATION
- à UN BUT PARTICULIER. Consulter la GNU GPL pour plus de détails.
-
- En tant que permission supplémentaire selon les termes de la GNU GPL
version 3 section 7, vous
- pouvez distribuer des formes « non-source (par ex., minimisé
ou compacté) de
- ce code sans la copie de la GNU GPL normalement requise
- section 4, attendu que vous incluez cette notice de licence et une URL
- par laquelle les destinataires peuvent accéder au code source
correspondant.
-
</pre>
Je remercie Jaffar Rumith pour avoir porté ce problème à mon attention.
@@ -249,11 +209,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>..
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -263,7 +224,7 @@
de traductions de cet article.
</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2009 Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>Cette Åuvre est licenciée sous les termes de la Creative Commons
Attribution-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. Pour voir une
@@ -282,7 +243,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/06/29 13:11:52 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:09 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -306,12 +267,20 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- Arabic -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
<!-- French -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.tr.html
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--- philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.tr.html 21 May 2010 08:25:41 -0000
1.3
+++ philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:09 -0000
1.4
@@ -213,8 +213,8 @@
</p>
<p>
-<strong>Lawrence Lessig</strong><br /> <strong>Hukuk Profesörü, Stanford
-Hukuk Fakültesi.</strong>
+<strong>Lawrence Lessig</strong><br />
+<strong>Professor of Law, Stanford Law School.</strong>
</p>
<h4><a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><i>Ãzgür
@@ -232,13 +232,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU hakkındaki sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> adresine gönderin.
FSF
-ile iletiÅime geçmenin <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır.<br
-/> Lütfen çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve diÄer düzeltmelerinizi (ya da
-önerilerinizi) <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -249,9 +248,9 @@
<p>Copyright 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>Bu makalenin tamamının kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve
daÄıtılmasına,
-ücret talep etmeksizin, herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar
-hakkıbildirisini korumak Åartıyla, dünya çapında izin verilmiÅtir.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -304,7 +303,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/05/21 08:25:41 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:09 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.sr.html
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1.17
+++ philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:09 -0000
1.18
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
<!--
<p>
+
<cite>Richard Stallman's response to Joe Barr's account of the FSF's
dealings with the Austin “Linux” users group.</cite></p>
-->
@@ -228,11 +229,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.sr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑаÑеÑе пиÑаÑа Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð¸ Ñа
ÐСС-ом и ÐÐУ-ом на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÐоÑÑоÑе и <a
-href="/contact/">дÑÑги наÑини да Ñе обÑаÑиÑе</a>
ÐСС-Ñ.<br />Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-ÑаÑеÑе неиÑпÑавне везе и дÑÑге иÑпÑавке
(или пÑедлоге) на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -242,9 +244,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-<b>ÐÑÑоÑÑка пÑава:</b><br />Copyright © 2002 Richard M.
Stallman<br
-/>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка без
-надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз ÑÑлов
да Ñе оÑÑвано ово обавеÑÑеÑе.
+Copyright © 2002 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -270,7 +274,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:09 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -308,6 +312,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Chinese(Simplified) -->
Index: philosophy/luispo-rms-interview.fr.html
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1.14
@@ -338,21 +338,20 @@
</p>
<blockquote><p>
- Pour un compte-rendu plus détaillé de l'avis de Stallman concernant le
-copyright appliqué à d'autres domaines que le logiciel, les lecteurs sont
-invités à se rendre sur le <a href="/home.fr.html">site Web de GNU</a> et
-sur le <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>site personnel</a> de Stallman. En
-particulier, les lecteurs pourraient vouloir consulter « <a
-href="/philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.fr.html">Copyright et
-mondialisation à l'âge des réseaux informatiques</a> » présenté Ã
-l'Institut de technologie du Massachusetts (MIT) Ã Cambridge, le 19 avril
-2001. En discutant de ces idées sur le copyright appliqué à d'autres
-domaines que le logiciel, Stallman a mentionné dans l'entretien :
-« Ce sont des idées qui me sont venues après avoir travaillé quelques
-années dans le logiciel libre. Des gens m'ont demandé « Comment
-appliquer ces idées à d'autres types d'information ? », alors dans
-les années 90, j'ai commencé à réfléchir à la question. Ce discours donne
-mon avis sur la question ».
+ For a more detailed accounting of Stallman's views regarding copyright
as
+extended to fields outside of software, readers are urged to go to the <a
+href="/home.html">GNU web site</a>, and to Stallman's <a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>personal site</a>. In particular, readers
+might want to look at “<a
+href="http://web.mit.edu/m-i-t/forums/copyright/index_transcript.html";>Copyright
+and Globalization in the Age of Computer Networks</a>” presented at
+the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts on 19
+April 2001. Discussing his views on copyright as extended to non-software
+fields, Stallman mentioned, in the interview, “Those are ideas that I
+came to after some years of working on free software. People asked me the
+question, ‘How do these ideas extend to other kinds of
+information,’ so in the 90s I started thinking about the
+question. This speech gives my thought on the question.”
</p></blockquote>
<p>
@@ -442,7 +441,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/19 08:42:34 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:09 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
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--- philosophy/mcvoy.fr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:31 -0000 1.9
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@@ -10,144 +10,123 @@
<p>par <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong></p>
<p>
-Pour la première fois de ma vie, je veux remercier Larry McVoy. Il a
-récemment éliminé une faiblesse majeure de la
-communauté du logiciel libre, en annonçant la fin de sa
-campagne de séduction à destination des projets de logiciel
-libre pour utiliser et promouvoir son logiciel non-libre. Bientôt, le
-développement de Linux n'utilisera plus ce programme et ne dispensera
-plus le message que les logiciels non-libres sont une bonne chose s'ils sont
-pratiques.
+For the first time in my life, I want to thank Larry McVoy. He recently
+eliminated a major weakness of the free software community, by announcing
+the end of his campaign to entice free software projects to use and promote
+his nonfree software. Soon, Linux development will no longer use this
+program, and no longer spread the message that nonfree software is a good
+thing if it's convenient.
</p>
<p>
-Ma gratitude est limitée, puisque c'était McVoy qui avait
-créé le problème en premier lieu. Mais
-j'apprécie toutefois sa décision de clarifier les choses.
+Ma gratitude est limitée, puisque c'était McVoy qui avait créé le problème
+en premier lieu. Mais j'apprécie toutefois sa décision de clarifier les
+choses.
</p>
<p>
-Il y a des milliers de programmes non-libres dont la plupart ne
-mérite pas d'attention particulière, si ce n'est de
-développer un programme alternatif libre. Ce qui a rendu ce
-programme, BitKeeper, infâme et dangereux, c'était son approche
-marketing invitant de grands projets de logiciels libres à
-l'utiliser, de manière à attirer d'autres utilisateurs
-payants.
+There are thousands of nonfree programs, and most merit no special
+attention, other than developing a free replacement. What made this
+program, BitKeeper, infamous and dangerous was its marketing approach:
+inviting high-profile free software projects to use it, so as to attract
+other paying users.
</p>
<p>
-McVoy a rendu le programme disponible gratuitement pour les
-développeurs de logiciels libres. Cela ne signifiait pas qu'il
-s'agissait d'un logiciel libre pour eux : ils avaient le
-privilège d'être dispensés de payer, mais ils devaient
-se dispenser de leur liberté. Ils avaient abandonné les
-libertés fondamentales qui définissent le logiciel
-libre : la liberté d'utiliser le programme comme vous le
-souhaitez et pour l'usage que vous voulez, la liberté
-d'étudier et de modifier le code source à votre convenance, la
-liberté de réaliser et de redistribuer des copies et la
-liberté de publier des versions modifiées.
+McVoy a rendu le programme disponible gratuitement pour les développeurs de
+logiciels libres. Cela ne signifiait pas qu'il s'agissait d'un logiciel
+libre pour eux : ils avaient le privilège d'être dispensés de payer,
+mais ils devaient se dispenser de leur liberté. Ils avaient abandonné les
+libertés fondamentales qui définissent le logiciel libre : la liberté
+d'utiliser le programme comme vous le souhaitez et pour l'usage que vous
+voulez, la liberté d'étudier et de modifier le code source à votre
+convenance, la liberté de réaliser et de redistribuer des copies et la
+liberté de publier des versions modifiées.
</p>
<p>
-Le mouvement pour le logiciel libre dit depuis quinze ans :
-« Pensez au discours libre, pas à l'entrée libre
-(gratuite) ». McVoy disait le contraire ; il invitait les
-développeurs à porter leur attention sur l'absence de prix au
-lieu de la liberté. Un activiste du logiciel libre aurait
-décliné cette suggestion, mais ceux dans notre
-communauté qui accordent plus d'intérêt à
-l'avantage technique qu'à la liberté et la communauté
-étaient susceptibles de l'accepter.
+The free software movement has said, “Think of ‘free
+speech,’ not ‘free beer’” since 1990. McVoy said
+the opposite; he invited developers to focus on the lack of monetary price,
+instead of on freedom. A free software activist would dismiss this
+suggestion, but those in our community who value technical advantage above
+freedom and community were susceptible to it.
</p>
<p>
Le grand triomphe de McVoy fut l'adoption de ce programme pour le
-développement de Linux. Aucun autre projet de logiciel libre n'est
-plus visible que Linux. C'est le noyau du système d'exploitation
-GNU/Linux, un composant essentiel, et les utilisateurs l'assimilent souvent
-par erreur au système tout entier. Comme McVoy l'avait sûrement
-prévu, l'utilisation de son programme pour le développement de
-Linux fit une énorme publicité pour son logiciel.
+développement de Linux. Aucun autre projet de logiciel libre n'est plus
+visible que Linux. C'est le noyau du système d'exploitation GNU/Linux, un
+composant essentiel, et les utilisateurs l'assimilent souvent par erreur au
+système tout entier. Comme McVoy l'avait sûrement prévu, l'utilisation de
+son programme pour le développement de Linux fit une énorme publicité pour
+son logiciel.
</p>
<p>
Ce fut, intentionnellement ou non, une puissante campagne de propagande
-politique, disant à la communauté du libre que les logiciels
-refusant la liberté sont acceptables aussi longtemps qu'ils sont
-pratiques. Si nous avions adopté cette attitude à
-l'égard d'Unix en 1984, où en serions nous aujourd'hui ?
-Nulle part. Si nous avions accepté d'utiliser Unix au lieu de nous
-atteler à le remplacer, rien de tel que le système GNU/Linux
+politique, disant à la communauté du libre que les logiciels refusant la
+liberté sont acceptables aussi longtemps qu'ils sont pratiques. Si nous
+avions adopté cette attitude à l'égard d'Unix en 1984, où en serions nous
+aujourd'hui ? Nulle part. Si nous avions accepté d'utiliser Unix au
+lieu de nous atteler à le remplacer, rien de tel que le système GNU/Linux
n'existerait.
</p>
<p>
-Bien sûr, les développeurs de Linux avaient des raisons
-pratiques pour avoir fait ce choix. Je ne débattrai pas de ces
-raisons, ils savent sûrement ce qui est pratique pour eux. Mais ils
-n'ont pas pris en compte, ou pas accordé d'importance, à la
-façon dont cela affecterait leur liberté… ou les
-efforts du reste de la communauté.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Un noyau libre, même un système d'exploitation
-entièrement libre, n'est pas suffisant pour utiliser votre ordinateur
-en toute liberté; nous avons besoin de logiciels libres pour tout le
-reste aussi. Des applications libres, des pilotes libres, des <abbr
-title="Basic Input/Output System">BIOS</abbr> libres : certains de ces
-projets affrontent de gros obstacles — le besoin de faire de
-l'ingénierie inverse pour les formats ou les protocoles ; faire
-pression sur les sociétés pour qu'elles les documentent ;
-contourner ou éliminer les menaces des brevets ; ou encore
-rentrer en concurrence avec un effet réseau. Le succès
-demandera de la fermeté et de la détermination. Un meilleur
-noyau est souhaitable, sans aucun doute, mais pas aux dépens de
-l'affaiblissement de l'élan pour libérer le reste du monde du
-logiciel.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Quand l'utilisation de son programme est devenu controversée, McVoy
-répondit avec détachement. Par exemple, il promit de rendre son
-logiciel libre si la société devait fermer. Hélas, cela
-ne changera rien tant que la société existe. Les
-développeurs de Linux répondirent par : « Nous
-basculerons vers un programme libre quand vous en développerez un
-meilleur ». C'était une façon indirecte de
-dire : « Nous avons mis le bazar, mais nous ne ferons pas le
-ménage ».
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Heureusement, tout le monde dans le projet de développement Linux ne
-considérait pas qu'un logiciel non-libre était acceptable et
-il y eut une pression constante pour une alternative libre. Finalement,
-Andrew Tridgell développa un programme coopératif libre et les
-développeurs de Linux n'eurent plus besoin d'utiliser un logiciel
-non-libre.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Tout d'abord, McVoy tempêta et menaça, puis choisit finalement
-de rentrer chez lui et de retirer ses billes : il retira la permission
-d'utilisation gracieuse de son logiciel pour les projets de logiciels libres
-et les développeurs de Linux utilisèrent un autre
-programme. Le programme qu'ils n'utilisent plus demeurera non-éthique
-aussi longtemps qu'il sera non-libre, mais ils n'en font plus la promotion
-en l'utilisant et ne donneront plus l'exemple aux autres de donner une basse
-priorité à la liberté. Nous pouvons commencer à
-oublier ce programme.
-</p>
-
-
-<p>
-Nous ne devrions pas oublier la leçon que nous en avons
-tiré : les programmes non-libres sont dangereux pour vous et
-pour votre communauté. Ne les laissez pas prendre place dans votre
-vie.
+Bien sûr, les développeurs de Linux avaient des raisons pratiques pour avoir
+fait ce choix. Je ne débattrai pas de ces raisons, ils savent sûrement ce
+qui est pratique pour eux. Mais ils n'ont pas pris en compte, ou pas accordé
+d'importance, à la façon dont cela affecterait leur liberté… ou les
+efforts du reste de la communauté.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Un noyau libre, même un système d'exploitation entièrement libre, n'est pas
+suffisant pour utiliser votre ordinateur en toute liberté; nous avons besoin
+de logiciels libres pour tout le reste aussi. Des applications libres, des
+pilotes libres, des <abbr title="Basic Input/Output System">BIOS</abbr>
+libres : certains de ces projets affrontent de gros obstacles —
+le besoin de faire de l'ingénierie inverse pour les formats ou les
+protocoles ; faire pression sur les sociétés pour qu'elles les
+documentent ; contourner ou éliminer les menaces des brevets ; ou
+encore rentrer en concurrence avec un effet réseau. Le succès demandera de
+la fermeté et de la détermination. Un meilleur noyau est souhaitable, sans
+aucun doute, mais pas aux dépens de l'affaiblissement de l'élan pour libérer
+le reste du monde du logiciel.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Quand l'utilisation de son programme est devenu controversée, McVoy répondit
+avec détachement. Par exemple, il promit de rendre son logiciel libre si la
+société devait fermer. Hélas, cela ne changera rien tant que la société
+existe. Les développeurs de Linux répondirent par : « Nous
+basculerons vers un programme libre quand vous en développerez un
+meilleur ». C'était une façon indirecte de dire : « Nous
+avons mis le bazar, mais nous ne ferons pas le ménage ».
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Fortunately, not everyone in Linux development considered a nonfree program
+acceptable, and there was continuing pressure for a free alternative.
+Finally Andrew Tridgell developed an interoperating free program, so Linux
+developers would no longer need to use a nonfree program.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+McVoy first blustered and threatened, but ultimately chose to go home and
+take his ball with him: he withdrew permission for gratis use by free
+software projects, and Linux developers will move to other software. The
+program they no longer use will remain unethical as long as it is nonfree,
+but they will no longer promote it, nor by using it teach others to give
+freedom low priority. We can begin to forget about that program.
+</p>
+
+
+<p>
+We should not forget the lesson we have learned from it: Nonfree programs
+are dangerous to you and to your community. Don't let them get a place in
+your life.
</p>
@@ -162,11 +141,12 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -177,9 +157,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2005 Richard M. Stallman <br />La reproduction exacte et la
-distribution intégrale de cet article est permise sur n'importe quel support
-d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit préservée.
+Copyright © 2005 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -192,7 +175,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -212,7 +195,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right, cf. -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- English -->
@@ -221,6 +205,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/mcvoy.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/mcvoy.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/mcvoy.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.fr.html,v
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retrieving revision 1.19
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--- philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.fr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:31 -0000
1.18
+++ philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:10 -0000
1.19
@@ -11,136 +11,124 @@
<p>par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
-<i>Note : Microsoft a adopté une politique différente en 2006, donc les
-détails discutés sur cette page n'ont maintenant qu'une signification
-historique. Cela ne signifie pas que le problème du brevet sur OOXML a
-disparu. <a
+<i>This article was written in July 2005. Microsoft adopted a different
+policy in 2006, so the specific policies described below and the specific
+criticisms of them are only of historical significance. The overall problem
+remains, however: <a
href="http://www.grokdoc.net/index.php/EOOXML_objections#Patent_rights_to_implement_the_Ecma_376_specification_have_not_been_granted";>
-La nouvelle politique astucieusement formulée de Microsoft ne donne pas Ã
-tout le monde la permission claire de mettre en Åuvre OOXML.</a> </i>
+Microsoft's cunningly worded new policy does not give anyone clear
+permission to implement OOXML.</a> </i>
-<p>Les législateurs européens qui soutiennent les brevets
-logiciels affirment souvent que ceux-ci ne nuiraient pas aux logiciels
-libres (ou « open source »). Les avocats de Microsoft
-ont bien l'intention de prouver qu'ils se trompent.</p>
+<p>Les législateurs européens qui soutiennent les brevets logiciels affirment
+souvent que ceux-ci ne nuiraient pas aux logiciels libres (ou « open
+source »). Les avocats de Microsoft ont bien l'intention de prouver
+qu'ils se trompent.</p>
<p>En 1998, des documents internes ayant fait l'objet de fuites indiquaient que
-Microsoft considérait le système d'exploitation libre
-GNU/Linux (désigné dans ces documents par
-« Linux ») comme le principal concurrent de Windows,
-et envisageait d'utiliser des brevets et des formats de fichiers secrets
-pour freiner notre progression.</p>
-
-<p>Microsoft a une telle position sur le marché, qu'il peut souvent
-imposer de nouvelles normes à sa guise. Il lui suffit de faire
-breveter une idée mineure, de concevoir un format de fichier, un
-langage de programmation, ou un protocole de communication basé
-dessus, puis de faire pression sur les utilisateurs pour qu'ils
-l'adoptent. Alors nous dans la communauté du libre n'avons plus le
-droit de fournir un logiciel qui fasse ce que veulent ces
-utilisateurs ; ils ont les mains liées par Microsoft et nous
-avons les mains liées pour leur proposer nos services.</p>
-<p>Auparavant Microsoft avait essayé de faire adopter son système
-anti-spam breveté comme une norme Internet, afin d'empêcher les
-logiciels libres de gérer le courrier électronique. La
-commission concernée a rejeté cette proposition, mais
-Microsoft a déclaré qu'il allait essayer de convaincre les
-grands fournisseurs d'accès d'utiliser ce système
-malgré tout.</p>
-
-<p>Maintenant Microsoft essaie de faire la même chose avec les fichiers
-Word.</p>
-
-<p>Il y a quelques années, Microsoft a abandonné son format
-documenté de sauvegarde des documents et a adopté un nouveau
-format secret. Cependant, les développeurs de traitement de textes
-libres tels que Abiword et OpenOffice.org ont expérimenté
-assidûment pendant des années pour étudier ce format, et
-maintenant ces programmes peuvent lire la plupart des fichiers Word. Mais
-Microsoft n'a pas dit son dernier mot.</p>
+Microsoft considérait le système d'exploitation libre GNU/Linux (désigné
+dans ces documents par « Linux ») comme le principal concurrent de
+Windows, et envisageait d'utiliser des brevets et des formats de fichiers
+secrets pour freiner notre progression.</p>
+
+<p>Microsoft a une telle position sur le marché, qu'il peut souvent imposer de
+nouvelles normes à sa guise. Il lui suffit de faire breveter une idée
+mineure, de concevoir un format de fichier, un langage de programmation, ou
+un protocole de communication basé dessus, puis de faire pression sur les
+utilisateurs pour qu'ils l'adoptent. Alors nous dans la communauté du libre
+n'avons plus le droit de fournir un logiciel qui fasse ce que veulent ces
+utilisateurs ; ils ont les mains liées par Microsoft et nous avons les
+mains liées pour leur proposer nos services.</p>
+<p>Previously Microsoft tried to get its patented scheme for spam blocking
+adopted as an Internet standard, so as to exclude free software from
+handling email. The standards committee in charge rejected the proposal, but
+Microsoft said it would try to convince large <abbr title="Internet service
+provider">ISP</abbr>s to use the scheme anyway.</p>
+
+<p>Maintenant Microsoft essaie de faire la même chose avec les fichiers
Word.</p>
+
+<p>Il y a quelques années, Microsoft a abandonné son format documenté de
+sauvegarde des documents et a adopté un nouveau format secret. Cependant,
+les développeurs de traitement de textes libres tels que Abiword et
+OpenOffice.org ont expérimenté assidûment pendant des années pour étudier
ce
+format, et maintenant ces programmes peuvent lire la plupart des fichiers
+Word. Mais Microsoft n'a pas dit son dernier mot.</p>
<p>La prochaine version de Microsoft Word utilisera des formats qui mettent en
-œuvre une technique sur laquelle Microsoft prétend
-détenir un brevet. Microsoft offre une licence gratuite pour
-certaines conditions d'utilisation, mais elle est tellement limitée
-qu'elle n'autorise pas les logiciels libres. On peut voir cette licence
-sur : <a
+œuvre une technique sur laquelle Microsoft prétend détenir un
+brevet. Microsoft offre une licence gratuite pour certaines conditions
+d'utilisation, mais elle est tellement limitée qu'elle n'autorise pas les
+logiciels libres. On peut voir cette licence sur : <a
href="http://www.microsoft.com/mscorp/ip/format/xmlpatentlicense.asp";>http://www.microsoft.com/mscorp/ip/format/xmlpatentlicense.asp</a>.</p>
-<p>Les logiciels libres sont définis comme des logiciels qui respectent
-quatre libertés fondamentales : (0) la liberté d'utiliser
-le logiciel comme bon vous semble, (1) la liberté d'étudier le
-code source et de le modifier pour faire ce que vous voulez, (2) la
-liberté de faire et de redistribuer des copies, (3) la liberté
-de publier les versions modifiées. Seuls les programmeurs peuvent
-exercer directement les libertés 1 et 3, mais tous les utilisateurs
-peuvent exercer les libertés 0 et 2, et tous les utilisateurs
-bénéficient des modifications que les programmeurs
-écrivent et publient.</p>
-
-<p>Le fait de distribuer une application sous licence de Microsoft interdit la
-plupart des modifications possibles du logiciel. La liberté 3 qui
-permet la publication des versions modifiées n'étant pas
-respectée, ce ne serait pas un logiciel libre. (Je pense que ce ne
-serait pas « open source » non plus, puisque cette
-définition est similaire; mais elle n'est pas identique et je ne peux
-pas parler pour les défenseurs de l'open source).</p>
-
-<p>La licence Microsoft impose également d'inclure une mention bien
-précise. Cette exigence en elle-même n'empêcherait pas le
-programme d'être libre. Il est normal que les logiciels libres
-affichent des termes de licence qui ne peuvent être modifiés,
-et cette mention pourrait être incluse dans l'un d'entre eux. Cette
-mention est orientée et ambiguë puisqu'elle utilise les termes
-« propriété intellectuelle », mais on
-n'est pas obligé d'approuver cette mention ni même d'en tenir
-compte, on doit seulement l'inclure. Le développeur du logiciel
-pourrait annuler son effet trompeur avec un avertissement du genre :
-« La mention suivante est fallacieuse et nous est imposée
-par Microsoft; attention il s'agit de propagande. Voir <a
-href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html</a>
-pour en savoir plus ».</p>
-
-<p>Cependant, l'obligation d'inclure un texte précis est vraiment
-astucieuse, parce que toute personne qui le fait accepte explicitement les
-restrictions imposées par la licence Microsoft. Le programme qui en
-résulte n'est de toute évidence pas un logiciel libre.</p>
-
-<p>Certaines licences de logiciels libres, comme la très populaire GNU
-GPL (General Public Licence), interdisent la publication d'une version
-modifiée si celle-ci ne constitue pas à son tour un logiciel
-libre. (Nous appelons cela la clause de « liberté ou la
-mort », puisqu'elle garantit que le programme restera libre ou
-disparaîtra). L'application de la licence Microsoft à un
-programme sous licence GNU GPL violerait la licence de ce programme ;
-ce serait illégal. De nombreuses autres licences de logiciels libres
-autorisent les versions modifiées non-libres. Il ne serait pas
-illégal de modifier un tel programme et de publier la version
-modifiée sous licence Microsoft. Mais cette version modifiée,
-avec sa licence modifiée, ne serait pas un logiciel libre.</p>
-
-<p>Le brevet Microsoft qui couvre le nouveau format Word est un brevet
-américain. Il ne contraint personne en Europe; les Européens
-sont libres de créer et d'utiliser des logiciels qui peuvent lire ce
-format. Les Européens qui développent ou utilisent des
-logiciels bénéficient aujourd'hui d'un avantage sur les
-Américains : les Américains peuvent être poursuivis
-pour viol de brevet en raison de leurs activités logicielles aux USA,
-mais les Européens ne peuvent pas être poursuivis pour leurs
-activités en Europe. Les Européens peuvent déjà
-obtenir des brevets américains sur les logiciels et poursuivre des
-Américains, mais les Américains ne peuvent pas obtenir de
-brevets européens sur les logiciels si l'Europe ne les autorise pas.</p>
-
-<p>Tout cela changera si le Parlement Européen autorise les brevets
-logiciels. Microsoft sera l'un des milliers de titulaires de brevets
-logiciels qui feront valoir leurs brevets en Europe pour y poursuivre les
-développeurs de logiciels et les utilisateurs d'ordinateurs. Sur
-environ 50.000 brevets logiciels réputés illégaux
-délivrés par l'Office Européen des Brevets, environ 80%
-n'appartiennent pas à des Européens. Il faut que le vote du
-Parlement Européen confirme l'illégalité de ces
-brevets, et garantisse la protection des Européens.</p>
+<p>Les logiciels libres sont définis comme des logiciels qui respectent quatre
+libertés fondamentales : (0) la liberté d'utiliser le logiciel comme
+bon vous semble, (1) la liberté d'étudier le code source et de le modifier
+pour faire ce que vous voulez, (2) la liberté de faire et de redistribuer
+des copies, (3) la liberté de publier les versions modifiées. Seuls les
+programmeurs peuvent exercer directement les libertés 1 et 3, mais tous les
+utilisateurs peuvent exercer les libertés 0 et 2, et tous les utilisateurs
+bénéficient des modifications que les programmeurs écrivent et publient.</p>
+
+<p>Distributing an application under Microsoft's patent license imposes license
+terms that prohibit most possible modifications of the software. Lacking
+freedom 3, the freedom to publish modified versions, it would not be free
+software. (I think it could not be “open source” software
+either, since that definition is similar; but it is not identical, and I
+cannot speak for the advocates of open source.)</p>
+
+<p>The Microsoft license also requires inclusion of a specific statement. That
+requirement would not in itself prevent the program from being free: it is
+normal for free software to carry license notices that cannot be changed,
+and this statement could be included in one of them. The statement is biased
+and confusing, since it uses the term “intellectual property”;
+fortunately, one is not required to endorse the statement as true or even
+meaningful, only to include it. The software developer could cancel its
+misleading effect with a disclaimer like this: “The following
+misleading statement has been imposed on us by Microsoft; please be advised
+that it is propaganda. See <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.html</a> for more explanation.”</p>
+
+<p>Cependant, l'obligation d'inclure un texte précis est vraiment astucieuse,
+parce que toute personne qui le fait accepte explicitement les restrictions
+imposées par la licence Microsoft. Le programme qui en résulte n'est de
+toute évidence pas un logiciel libre.</p>
+
+<p>Some free software licenses, such as the most popular GNU General Public
+License (GNU GPL), forbid publication of a modified version if it isn't free
+software in the same way. (We call that the “liberty or death”
+clause, since it ensures the program will remain free or die.) To apply
+Microsoft's license to a program under the GNU GPL would violate the
+program's license; it would be illegal. Many other free software licenses
+permit nonfree modified versions. It wouldn't be illegal to modify such a
+program and publish the modified version under Microsoft's patent
+license. But that modified version, with its modified license, wouldn't be
+free software.</p>
+
+<p>Microsoft's patent covering the new Word format is a US patent. It doesn't
+restrict anyone in Europe; Europeans are free to make and use software that
+can read this format. Europeans that develop or use software currently enjoy
+an advantage over Americans: Americans can be sued for patent infringement
+for their software activities in the US, but the Europeans cannot be sued
+for their activities in Europe. Europeans can already get US software
+patents and sue Americans, but Americans cannot get European software
+patents if Europe doesn't allow them.
+</p>
+
+<p>All that will change if the European Parliament authorizes software
+patents. Microsoft will be one of thousands of foreign software patent
+holders that will bring their patents over to Europe to sue the software
+developers and computer users there. Of the 50,000-odd putatively invalid
+software patents issued by the European Patent Office, around 80 percent do
+not belong to Europeans. The European Parliament should vote to keep these
+patents invalid, and keep Europeans safe.</p>
+
+<p>
+[2009 note]: the EU directive to allow software patents was rejected, but
+the European Patent Office has continued issuing them and some countries
+treat them as valid. See <a href="http://ffii.org";> ffii.org</a> for more
+information and to participate in the campaign against software patents in
+Europe.
+</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -153,11 +141,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -168,9 +157,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2005 Richard Stallman <br />La reproduction exacte et la
-distribution intégrale de cet article est permise sur n'importe quel support
-d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit préservée.
+Copyright © 2005, 2009 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -183,7 +175,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/microsoft-old.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/microsoft-old.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/microsoft-old.ar.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:32 -0000 1.3
+++ philosophy/microsoft-old.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:10 -0000 1.4
@@ -63,8 +63,9 @@
<p>Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -76,8 +77,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙ
دخÙØ© اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù
Ùجازة ÙÙ Ù٠أÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠أرباØØ
-Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ù
ع Ùضع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاØظة Ù٠عÙÙ
اÙاعتبار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:32 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -143,10 +145,10 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
-<!-- polski -->
+<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
</ul>
Index: philosophy/microsoft-old.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/microsoft-old.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/microsoft-old.fr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:32 -0000 1.3
+++ philosophy/microsoft-old.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:10 -0000 1.4
@@ -78,8 +78,9 @@
<p>Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -93,9 +94,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:32 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -160,10 +161,10 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
-<!-- polski -->
+<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
</ul>
Index: philosophy/microsoft-old.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/microsoft-old.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/microsoft-old.ml.html 29 Jul 2010 16:27:24 -0000 1.4
+++ philosophy/microsoft-old.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:10 -0000 1.5
@@ -73,12 +73,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ml.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ -നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
à´àµà´¨àµ -വിനൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ </a>.
<br
-/>à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯ à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµàµ നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> à´à´¨àµà´¨
-വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
+<p>Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -89,9 +89,9 @@
<p>
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´ © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2007,
2008, 2009 à´«àµà´°àµ
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´«àµà´£àµà´àµà´·à´¨àµâ</p>
-<p>à´ à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµà´,à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶
à´àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨
-നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ, സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£
à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ പദാനàµà´ªà´¦
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´ , à´à´¤àµ
-മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2010/07/29 16:27:24 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
</ul>
Index: philosophy/microsoft.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/microsoft.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/microsoft.ar.html 25 May 2010 20:25:55 -0000 1.8
+++ philosophy/microsoft.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:10 -0000 1.9
@@ -46,12 +46,14 @@
ÙÙ
ÙÙا: تصÙ
ÙÙ
برÙتÙÙÙÙات ÙØ£Ùسا٠Ù
ÙÙات سرÙØ©
ÙاØتÙار اÙØ®ÙارزÙ
Ùات ÙاÙÙ
زاÙا
اÙبرÙ
جÙØ© ببراءة اÙاختراع.</p>
-<p>ÙÙ
تÙ٠سÙاسات اÙإعاÙØ© جدÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙÙ
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت
ÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠شرÙات اÙبراÙ
ج اÙأخر٠تÙÙÙ
-بذÙÙ Ù
ÙØ° سÙÙات. ÙÙد أعاÙتÙا ÙØ«ÙرÙا اÙسرÙØ©
Ùبراءات اÙØ§Ø®ØªØ±Ø§Ø¹Ø ÙÙد تÙÙ٠أÙثر
-ضررÙا Ù٠اÙÙ
ستÙبÙ. Ùا٠Ùد٠اÙشرÙات اÙأساسÙ
Ù
Øاربة بعضÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙÙا أصبØÙا
-اÙÙدÙ. Ø¥Ù Ù
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت تستخدÙ
براءات
اÙاختراع بشÙÙ Ù
باشر <a
-href="http://press.redhat.com/2009/09/09/microsoft-and-patent-trolls/";>ÙÙ
اÙجÙ
Ø©
-Ù
جتÙ
ع اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</a>Ø ÙÙ
جتÙ
عÙا ÙØاÙÙ
اÙدÙاع ع٠ÙÙسÙ.</p>
+<p>These obstructionist policies were not new: Microsoft, and many other
+software companies, had been doing them for years. Secrecy and patents have
+obstructed us greatly, and they may be more damaging in the future. For the
+most part, the companies' main motivation in doing these things is to attack
+each other; now, it seems, we are specifically targeted. Microsoft is using
+its patents directly to <a
+href="http://press.redhat.com/2009/09/09/microsoft-and-patent-trolls/";>
+attack the free software community</a>, and our community is fighting back.</p>
<p>ÙÙ٠براءات اختراع Ù
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت ÙÙست ÙØدÙا
اÙت٠تتÙددÙا (ÙتÙدد Ù
Ø·Ùر٠اÙبراÙ
ج
ÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙا عÙ
ÙÙ
Ùا)Ø Ùا تÙس٠اÙضرر اÙØ°Ù
Ø£ÙØÙت٠براءة اختراع MP3Ø ÙÙذا ÙØ¥Ù
@@ -89,11 +91,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
بإÙ‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù ÙضÙÙ
-أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+<p>Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -102,10 +105,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 1997Ø 1998Ø 1999Ø 2000Ø 2007Ø 2008Ø 2009 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
-اÙØرة</p>
-<p>ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù
ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ· بدÙ٠رسÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø· إبÙاء
-Ùذا اÙإخطار.
+Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -119,7 +123,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/05/25 20:25:55 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -153,6 +157,10 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Malayalam -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/microsoft.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/microsoft.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- philosophy/microsoft.ml.html 4 May 2010 08:25:51 -0000 1.6
+++ philosophy/microsoft.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:10 -0000 1.7
@@ -55,11 +55,11 @@
file formats, and patenting algorithms and software features.</p>
<p>These obstructionist policies were not new: Microsoft, and many other
-software companies, had been doing them for years now. Secrecy and patents
-have obstructed us greatly, and they may be more damaging in the future.
-For the most part, the companies' main motivation in doing these things is
-to attack each other; now, it seems, we are specifically targeted.
-Microsoft is using its patents directly to <a
+software companies, had been doing them for years. Secrecy and patents have
+obstructed us greatly, and they may be more damaging in the future. For the
+most part, the companies' main motivation in doing these things is to attack
+each other; now, it seems, we are specifically targeted. Microsoft is using
+its patents directly to <a
href="http://press.redhat.com/2009/09/09/microsoft-and-patent-trolls/";>
attack the free software community</a>, and our community is fighting back.</p>
@@ -104,8 +104,9 @@
<p>Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -115,11 +116,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software
-Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>à´ à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµà´,à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶
à´àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨
-നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ, സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£
à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ പദാനàµà´ªà´¦
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´ , à´à´¤àµ
-മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2010/05/04 08:25:51 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -165,6 +166,10 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Malayalam -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Mauvaise interprétation du droit d'auteur - GNU Project - Free
-Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<title>Mauvaise interprétation du droit d'auteur - GNU Project - Free Software
+Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Mauvaise interprétation du droit d'auteur — Une série
d'erreurs</h2>
+<h2>Mauvaise interprétation du droit d'auteur — Une série
d'erreurs</h2>
<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
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@@ -17,754 +17,641 @@
<p>par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
<p>
-Quelque chose d'étrange et de dangereux est en train d'arriver dans
-la loi sur le droit d'auteur. Dans la Constitution américaine, le
-droit d'auteur existe au bénéfice des utilisateurs —
-ceux qui lisent les livres, écoutent de la musique, regardent des
-films ou utilisent des logiciels — non pour l'intérêt des
-éditeurs ou des auteurs. Cependant, alors que les gens tendent de
-plus en plus à rejeter et transgresser le droit d'auteur qui leur est
-imposé « pour leur propre
-bénéfice », le gouvernement ajoute plus de
-restrictions, et essaie d'effrayer le public pour qu'il rentre dans le rang,
-avec de nouvelles sanctions sévères.</p>
-<p>
-Comment la politique de droit d'auteur en est-elle arrivée à
-être diamétralement opposée à son intention
-déclarée ? Et comment pouvons-nous la ramener en phase
-avec cette intention ? Pour comprendre, nous devons commencer par
-regarder aux sources de la loi sur le droit d'auteur des
-États-Unis : la Constitution américaine.</p>
-
-<h3>Le droit d'auteur dans la Constitution américaine</h3>
-<p>
-Quand la Constitution américaine fut rédigée,
-l'idée que les auteurs seraient autorisés à un monopole
-sur le droit d'auteur fut proposée — et rejetée. Les
-fondateurs de notre pays adoptèrent un principe différent, que
-le droit d'auteur n'est pas un droit naturel des auteurs, mais une
-concession artificielle qui leur est faite dans l'intérêt du
-progrès. La Constitution donne la permission d'un
-système de droit d'auteur avec ce paragraphe (Article I, Section
-8) :</p>
+Quelque chose d'étrange et de dangereux est en train d'arriver dans la loi
+sur le droit d'auteur. Dans la Constitution américaine, le droit d'auteur
+existe au bénéfice des utilisateurs — ceux qui lisent les livres,
+écoutent de la musique, regardent des films ou utilisent des logiciels
+— non pour l'intérêt des éditeurs ou des auteurs. Cependant, alors que
+les gens tendent de plus en plus à rejeter et transgresser le droit d'auteur
+qui leur est imposé « pour leur propre bénéfice », le
gouvernement
+ajoute plus de restrictions, et essaie d'effrayer le public pour qu'il
+rentre dans le rang, avec de nouvelles sanctions sévères.</p>
+<p>
+Comment la politique de droit d'auteur en est-elle arrivée à être
+diamétralement opposée à son intention déclarée ? Et comment
+pouvons-nous la ramener en phase avec cette intention ? Pour
+comprendre, nous devons commencer par regarder aux sources de la loi sur le
+droit d'auteur des Ãtats-Unis : la Constitution américaine.</p>
+
+<h3>Le droit d'auteur dans la Constitution américaine</h3>
+<p>
+Quand la Constitution américaine fut rédigée, l'idée que les auteurs
+seraient autorisés à un monopole sur le droit d'auteur fut proposée —
+et rejetée. Les fondateurs de notre pays adoptèrent un principe différent,
+que le droit d'auteur n'est pas un droit naturel des auteurs, mais une
+concession artificielle qui leur est faite dans l'intérêt du progrès. La
+Constitution donne la permission d'un système de droit d'auteur avec
+ce paragraphe (Article I, Section 8) :</p>
<blockquote><p>
-[Le Congrès aura le pouvoir] De promouvoir le progrès de la
-science et des arts utiles, en assurant pour un temps limité, aux
-auteurs et inventeurs, un droit exclusif sur leurs écrits et
-découvertes respectifs ;
+[Congress shall have the power] to promote the Progress of Science and the
+useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the
+exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-La Cour Suprême a affirmé à maintes reprises que la
-promotion du progrès signifie que les travaux couverts par le droit
-d'auteur bénéficient aux utilisateurs. Par exemple, dans
-<em>Fox Film contre Doyal</em>, la cour a statué :</p>
+La Cour Suprême a affirmé à maintes reprises que la promotion du progrès
+signifie que les travaux couverts par le droit d'auteur bénéficient aux
+utilisateurs. Par exemple, dans <em>Fox Film contre Doyal</em>, la cour a
+statué :</p>
<blockquote><p>
-Le seul intérêt des États-Unis et l'objet premier de
-conférer le monopole [du droit d'auteur] reposent sur les
-bénéfices généraux tirés du travail des
+Le seul intérêt des Ãtats-Unis et l'objet premier de conférer le monopole
+[du droit d'auteur] reposent sur les bénéfices généraux tirés du travail
des
auteurs par le public.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-Cette décision fondamentale explique pourquoi le droit d'auteur n'est
-pas <b>requis</b> par la Constitution, seulement <b>permis</b> comme une
-option — et pourquoi il est supposé durer un « temps
-limité ». Si le droit d'auteur était un droit
-naturel, quelque chose que les auteurs ont parce qu'ils le méritent,
-rien ne pourrait justifier que ce droit se termine après un certain
-temps, pas plus que la maison de quiconque deviendrait
-propriété publique après un certain laps de temps
-après sa construction.</p>
-
-<h3>Le « marchandage du droit d'auteur »</h3>
-<p>
-Le système du droit d'auteur fonctionne en fournissant des
-privilèges et donc bénéficie aux éditeurs et aux
-auteurs; mais il ne le fait pas pour leur intérêt. Il le fait
-plutôt pour modifier leur comportement : pour donner une
-motivation aux auteurs d'écrire plus et de publier plus. En fait, le
-gouvernement utilise les droits naturels du public, en son nom, comme
-contrepartie d'un marché pour apporter au public plus d'œuvres
-publiées. Les érudits en droit appelle ce concept
-« le marchandage du droit d'auteur ». C'est comme
-l'achat par le gouvernement d'une autoroute ou d'un avion en utilisant
-l'argent du contribuable, excepté que le gouvernement utilise notre
-liberté au lieu de notre argent.</p>
+Cette décision fondamentale explique pourquoi le droit d'auteur n'est pas
+<b>requis</b> par la Constitution, seulement <b>permis</b> comme une option
+— et pourquoi il est supposé durer un « temps limité ». Si
+le droit d'auteur était un droit naturel, quelque chose que les auteurs ont
+parce qu'ils le méritent, rien ne pourrait justifier que ce droit se termine
+après un certain temps, pas plus que la maison de quiconque deviendrait
+propriété publique après un certain laps de temps après sa
construction.</p>
+
+<h3>Le « marchandage du droit d'auteur »</h3>
+<p>
+Le système du droit d'auteur fonctionne en fournissant des privilèges et
+donc bénéficie aux éditeurs et aux auteurs; mais il ne le fait pas pour leur
+intérêt. Il le fait plutôt pour modifier leur comportement : pour
+donner une motivation aux auteurs d'écrire plus et de publier plus. En fait,
+le gouvernement utilise les droits naturels du public, en son nom, comme
+contrepartie d'un marché pour apporter au public plus d'œuvres
+publiées. Les érudits en droit appelle ce concept « le marchandage du
+droit d'auteur ». C'est comme l'achat par le gouvernement d'une
+autoroute ou d'un avion en utilisant l'argent du contribuable, excepté que
+le gouvernement utilise notre liberté au lieu de notre argent.</p>
<p>
Mais le marchandage tel qu'il existe effectivement, est-il une bonne
tractation pour le public ? Beaucoup d'autres alternatives de
-négociation sont possibles ; laquelle est la meilleure ?
-Chaque problème de la politique du droit d'auteur réside dans
-cette question. Si nous interprétons mal la nature de la question,
-nous aurons tendance à décider des solutions de façon
-incorrecte.</p>
+négociation sont possibles ; laquelle est la meilleure ? Chaque
+problème de la politique du droit d'auteur réside dans cette question. Si
+nous interprétons mal la nature de la question, nous aurons tendance Ã
+décider des solutions de façon incorrecte.</p>
<p>
La Constitution autorise l'octroi du pouvoir du droit d'auteur aux
-auteurs. En pratique, les auteurs cèdent, en général,
-leurs droits aux éditeurs ; habituellement, ce sont les
-éditeurs, pas les auteurs, qui exercent ce pouvoir et obtiennent la
-plupart des bénéfices, bien que les auteurs en obtiennent une
-petite part. Par conséquent, ce sont généralement les
-éditeurs qui font du lobbying pour augmenter le pouvoir du droit
-d'auteur. Pour refléter au mieux la réalité du droit
-d'auteur plutôt que son mythe, cet article se réfère aux
-éditeurs plutôt qu'aux auteurs comme les détenteurs de
-droits d'auteur. Il fait aussi référence aux utilisateurs
-d'œuvres couvertes par droits d'auteur comme
-« lecteurs », même si leur utilisation ne
-signifie pas forcément une lecture, car « les
-utilisateurs » est un terme vague et abstrait.</p>
-
-<h3>a première erreur : « établir
-l'équilibre »</h3>
-<p>
-Le marchandage du droit d'auteur place le public d'abord : le
-bénéfice pour les lecteurs est une fin en soi; les
-bénéfices (s'il y en a) pour les éditeurs sont
-seulement un moyen pour arriver à cette fin. Les
-intérêts des lecteurs et les intérêts des
-éditeurs sont qualitativement inégaux en priorité. La
-première étape dans la mauvaise interprétation au sujet
-du droit d'auteur est l'élévation des éditeurs au
-même rang d'importance que les lecteurs.</p>
-<p>
-Il est souvent dit que la loi américaine sur le droit d'auteur entend
-« établir l'équilibre » entre les
-intérêts des éditeurs et des lecteurs. Ceux qui citent
-cette interprétation la présente comme une reformulation de la
-position de base fixée dans la Constitution; en d'autres
-termes, elle est supposée être équivalente au
-marchandage du droit d'auteur.</p>
-<p>
-Mais les deux interprétations sont loin d'être
-équivalentes; elles sont différentes conceptuellement ainsi
-que dans leurs implications. Le concept de l'équilibre suppose que
-les intérêts des lecteurs et des éditeurs se
-différencient en importance seulement quantitativement, dans le
+auteurs. En pratique, les auteurs cèdent, en général, leurs droits aux
+éditeurs ; habituellement, ce sont les éditeurs, pas les auteurs, qui
+exercent ce pouvoir et obtiennent la plupart des bénéfices, bien que les
+auteurs en obtiennent une petite part. Par conséquent, ce sont généralement
+les éditeurs qui font du lobbying pour augmenter le pouvoir du droit
+d'auteur. Pour refléter au mieux la réalité du droit d'auteur plutôt que
son
+mythe, cet article se réfère aux éditeurs plutôt qu'aux auteurs comme les
+détenteurs de droits d'auteur. Il fait aussi référence aux utilisateurs
+d'œuvres couvertes par droits d'auteur comme « lecteurs »,
+même si leur utilisation ne signifie pas forcément une lecture, car
+« les utilisateurs » est un terme vague et abstrait.</p>
+
+<h3>a première erreur : « établir l'équilibre »</h3>
+<p>
+Le marchandage du droit d'auteur place le public d'abord : le bénéfice
+pour les lecteurs est une fin en soi; les bénéfices (s'il y en a) pour les
+éditeurs sont seulement un moyen pour arriver à cette fin. Les intérêts des
+lecteurs et les intérêts des éditeurs sont qualitativement inégaux en
+priorité. La première étape dans la mauvaise interprétation au sujet du
+droit d'auteur est l'élévation des éditeurs au même rang d'importance que
+les lecteurs.</p>
+<p>
+Il est souvent dit que la loi américaine sur le droit d'auteur entend
+« établir l'équilibre » entre les intérêts des éditeurs et des
+lecteurs. Ceux qui citent cette interprétation la présente comme une
+reformulation de la position de base fixée dans la Constitution; en
+d'autres termes, elle est supposée être équivalente au marchandage du droit
+d'auteur.</p>
+<p>
+Mais les deux interprétations sont loin d'être équivalentes; elles sont
+différentes conceptuellement ainsi que dans leurs implications. Le concept
+de l'équilibre suppose que les intérêts des lecteurs et des éditeurs se
+différencient en importance seulement quantitativement, dans le
<em>poids</em> que nous leur donnons, et dans les cas auxquels ils
-s'appliquent. Le terme « parties prenantes » est
-souvent utilisé pour formuler le problème de cette
-façon; il suppose que toutes sortes d'intérêts dans une
-décision politique sont d'égale importance. Cette vision des
-choses rejette la distinction qualitative entre les intérêts
-des lecteurs et des éditeurs qui est à l'origine de la
-participation du gouvernement au marchandage du droit d'auteur.</p>
-<p>
-Les conséquences de cette altération ne sont pas
-négligeables, car la grande protection du public dans le marchandage
-du droit d'auteur — l'idée que les privilèges de droit
-d'auteur ne se justifient qu'au nom des lecteurs, jamais au nom des
-éditeurs — est abandonnée par l'interprétation de
-« l'équilibre ». Puisque l'intérêt
-des éditeurs est considéré comme une fin en soi, il
-peut justifier des privilèges de droit d'auteur; en d'autres termes,
-le concept de « l'équilibre » dit que les
-privilèges peuvent être justifiés en d'autre nom que
-celui du public.</p>
-<p>
-En pratique, la conséquence du concept de
-« l'équilibre » est d'outrepasser la charge de
-la justification pour les changements dans la loi sur le droit d'auteur. Le
-marchandage du droit d'auteur met à la charge des éditeurs de
-convaincre les lecteurs de céder certaines libertés. Le
-concept de l'équilibre révoque cette charge, pour ainsi dire,
-car il n'y a généralement pas de doute que les éditeurs
-profiteraient de privilèges supplémentaires. Aussi, à
-moins que le préjudice pour les lecteurs ne soit avéré,
-suffisant pour « compenser » ce
-bénéfice, nous sommes amenés à conclure que les
-éditeurs sont autorisés à obtenir presque tous les
-privilèges qu'ils réclament.</p>
-<p>
-Puisque l'idée « d'établir
-l'équilibre » entre les éditeurs et les lecteurs
-dénie la primauté des lecteurs à laquelle ils sont
-habilités, nous devons la rejeter.</p>
-
-<h3>Équilibrer contre quoi ?</h3>
-<p>
-Quand le gouvernement achète quelque chose pour le public, il agit
-pour le compte du public; sa responsabilité est d'obtenir la
-meilleure négociation possible — meilleure pour le public, pas
-pour l'autre partie prenante du contrat.</p>
-<p>
-Par exemple, lorsqu'il signe des contrats avec des sociétés de
-construction pour construire des autoroutes, le gouvernement vise à
-dépenser le moins possible de l'argent public. Les agences du
-gouvernement font des appels d'offres pour faire baisser le prix.</p>
-<p>
-En pratique, le prix ne peut être nul, car les entrepreneurs ne feront
-pas d'offres si basses. Bien qu'ils ne soient pas assujettis à une
-considération particulière, Ils ont les mêmes droits que
-les citoyens dans une société libre, y compris celui de
-refuser des contrats désavantageux; même l'offre la plus basse
-sera largement suffisante pour un entrepreneur pour faire de l'argent. Donc,
-il y a en effet un équilibre, en quelque sorte. Mais il ne s'agit pas
-d'un équilibre délibéré de deux
-intérêts, chacun revendiquant une considération
-spéciale. Il s'agit d'un équilibre entre un objectif public et
-les forces du marché. Le gouvernement essaie d'obtenir pour les
+s'appliquent. Le terme « parties prenantes » est souvent utilisé
+pour formuler le problème de cette façon; il suppose que toutes sortes
+d'intérêts dans une décision politique sont d'égale importance. Cette
vision
+des choses rejette la distinction qualitative entre les intérêts des
+lecteurs et des éditeurs qui est à l'origine de la participation du
+gouvernement au marchandage du droit d'auteur.</p>
+<p>
+Les conséquences de cette altération ne sont pas négligeables, car la grande
+protection du public dans le marchandage du droit d'auteur — l'idée
+que les privilèges de droit d'auteur ne se justifient qu'au nom des
+lecteurs, jamais au nom des éditeurs — est abandonnée par
+l'interprétation de « l'équilibre ». Puisque l'intérêt des
+éditeurs est considéré comme une fin en soi, il peut justifier des
+privilèges de droit d'auteur; en d'autres termes, le concept de
+« l'équilibre » dit que les privilèges peuvent être justifiés
en
+d'autre nom que celui du public.</p>
+<p>
+En pratique, la conséquence du concept de « l'équilibre » est
+d'outrepasser la charge de la justification pour les changements dans la loi
+sur le droit d'auteur. Le marchandage du droit d'auteur met à la charge des
+éditeurs de convaincre les lecteurs de céder certaines libertés. Le concept
+de l'équilibre révoque cette charge, pour ainsi dire, car il n'y a
+généralement pas de doute que les éditeurs profiteraient de privilèges
+supplémentaires. Aussi, à moins que le préjudice pour les lecteurs ne soit
+avéré, suffisant pour « compenser » ce bénéfice, nous sommes
+amenés à conclure que les éditeurs sont autorisés à obtenir presque tous
les
+privilèges qu'ils réclament.</p>
+<p>
+Puisque l'idée « d'établir l'équilibre » entre les éditeurs et
les
+lecteurs dénie la primauté des lecteurs à laquelle ils sont habilités, nous
+devons la rejeter.</p>
+
+<h3>Ãquilibrer contre quoi ?</h3>
+<p>
+Quand le gouvernement achète quelque chose pour le public, il agit pour le
+compte du public; sa responsabilité est d'obtenir la meilleure négociation
+possible — meilleure pour le public, pas pour l'autre partie prenante
+du contrat.</p>
+<p>
+Par exemple, lorsqu'il signe des contrats avec des sociétés de construction
+pour construire des autoroutes, le gouvernement vise à dépenser le moins
+possible de l'argent public. Les agences du gouvernement font des appels
+d'offres pour faire baisser le prix.</p>
+<p>
+En pratique, le prix ne peut être nul, car les entrepreneurs ne feront pas
+d'offres si basses. Bien qu'ils ne soient pas assujettis à une considération
+particulière, Ils ont les mêmes droits que les citoyens dans une société
+libre, y compris celui de refuser des contrats désavantageux; même l'offre
+la plus basse sera largement suffisante pour un entrepreneur pour faire de
+l'argent. Donc, il y a en effet un équilibre, en quelque sorte. Mais il ne
+s'agit pas d'un équilibre délibéré de deux intérêts, chacun revendiquant
une
+considération spéciale. Il s'agit d'un équilibre entre un objectif public et
+les forces du marché. Le gouvernement essaie d'obtenir pour les
contribuables automobilistes la meilleure transaction qu'il peut dans le
-contexte d'une société libre et d'un marché libre.</p>
+contexte d'une société libre et d'un marché libre.</p>
<p>
-Dans le marchandage du droit d'auteur, le gouvernement dépense notre
-liberté au lieu de notre argent. La liberté est plus
-précieuse que l'argent, aussi, la responsabilité du
-gouvernement pour dépenser notre liberté avec sagesse et
-parcimonie est par conséquent même plus grande que sa
-responsabilité pour dépenser notre argent. Les gouvernements
-ne doivent jamais mettre les intérêts des éditeurs
-sur le même pied d'égalité que la liberté
-publique.</p>
-
-<h3>Pas « équilibre » mais
-« compromis »</h3>
-<p>
-L'idée d'équilibre des intérêts des lecteurs
-contre les intérêts des éditeurs est la mauvaise voie
-pour juger de la politique du droit d'auteur, mais il y a en effet deux
-intérêt à soupeser : deux intérêts<b>
-des lecteurs</b>. Les lecteurs ont un intérêt dans leur propre
-liberté en utilisant des œuvres publiées; selon les
-circonstances, ils peuvent aussi avoir un intérêt en
-encourageant la publication par un système d'incitation.</p>
-<p>
-Le mot « équilibre », dans les discussions sur
-les droits d'auteur, est devenu un raccourci pour l'idée
-« d'établir un équilibre » entre les
-lecteurs et les éditeurs. Pour cette raison, utiliser le mot
-« équilibre » en ce qui concerne les deux
-intérêts des lecteurs sèmerait la confusion — nous
-avons besoin d'un autre terme.</p>
-<p>
-En général, quand une partie a deux buts en conflit
-partiellement, et ne peut atteindre complètement aucun d'eux, nous
-appelons cela un « compromis ». Par conséquent,
-plutôt que de parler « d'établir le bon
-équilibre » entre parties, nous parlerons de
-« trouver le bon compromis entre dépenser notre
-liberté et la garder ».</p>
+Dans le marchandage du droit d'auteur, le gouvernement dépense notre liberté
+au lieu de notre argent. La liberté est plus précieuse que l'argent, aussi,
+la responsabilité du gouvernement pour dépenser notre liberté avec sagesse
+et parcimonie est par conséquent même plus grande que sa responsabilité pour
+dépenser notre argent. Les gouvernements ne doivent jamais mettre les
+intérêts des éditeurs sur le même pied d'égalité que la liberté
publique.</p>
+
+<h3>Pas « équilibre » mais « compromis »</h3>
+<p>
+L'idée d'équilibre des intérêts des lecteurs contre les intérêts des
+éditeurs est la mauvaise voie pour juger de la politique du droit d'auteur,
+mais il y a en effet deux intérêt à soupeser : deux intérêts<b> des
+lecteurs</b>. Les lecteurs ont un intérêt dans leur propre liberté en
+utilisant des œuvres publiées; selon les circonstances, ils peuvent
+aussi avoir un intérêt en encourageant la publication par un système
+d'incitation.</p>
+<p>
+Le mot « équilibre », dans les discussions sur les droits
+d'auteur, est devenu un raccourci pour l'idée « d'établir un
+équilibre » entre les lecteurs et les éditeurs. Pour cette raison,
+utiliser le mot « équilibre » en ce qui concerne les deux
intérêts
+des lecteurs sèmerait la confusion — nous avons besoin d'un autre
+terme.</p>
+<p>
+En général, quand une partie a deux buts en conflit partiellement, et ne
+peut atteindre complètement aucun d'eux, nous appelons cela un
+« compromis ». Par conséquent, plutôt que de parler
+« d'établir le bon équilibre » entre parties, nous parlerons de
+« trouver le bon compromis entre dépenser notre liberté et la
+garder ».</p>
+
+<p>
+(Here is <a
+href="http://www.juliansanchez.com/2011/02/04/the-trouble-with-balance-metaphors/";>
+another critique of "balance"</a>.)</p>
<h3>La seconde erreur : maximiser le rendement</h3>
<p>
-La seconde erreur dans la politique du droit d'auteur consiste à
-adopter l'objectif de maximiser — pas seulement d'augmenter — le
-nombre d'œuvres publiées. Le concept erroné
-« d'établir l'équilibre »
-élevaient les éditeurs à parité avec les
-lecteurs; cette seconde erreur les place bien au-dessus des lecteurs.</p>
-<p>
-Quand nous achetons quelque chose, nous n'achetons
-généralement pas toute la quantité en stock ou le
-modèle le plus cher. Au lieu de cela, nous conservons des fonds pour
-d'autres achats, en achetant seulement ce dont nous avons besoin pour chaque
-bien particulier, en choisissant un modèle de qualité
-suffisante plutôt que de la meilleure qualité. Le principe des
-rendements décroissants suggère que dépenser tout notre
-argent pour un bien particulier est vraisemblablement une répartition
-des ressources inefficace; nous choisissons généralement de
-garder de l'argent pour une autre utilisation.</p>
-<p>
-Les rendements décroissants s'appliquent au droit d'auteur comme
-à n'importe quel autre achat. Les premières libertés
-que nous devrions négocier sont celles qui nous manquerons le moins,
-tout en donnant le plus grand encouragement à la
-publication. À mesure que nous négocions des libertés
+La seconde erreur dans la politique du droit d'auteur consiste à adopter
+l'objectif de maximiser — pas seulement d'augmenter — le nombre
+d'œuvres publiées. Le concept erroné « d'établir
+l'équilibre » élevaient les éditeurs à parité avec les lecteurs;
cette
+seconde erreur les place bien au-dessus des lecteurs.</p>
+<p>
+Quand nous achetons quelque chose, nous n'achetons généralement pas toute la
+quantité en stock ou le modèle le plus cher. Au lieu de cela, nous
+conservons des fonds pour d'autres achats, en achetant seulement ce dont
+nous avons besoin pour chaque bien particulier, en choisissant un modèle de
+qualité suffisante plutôt que de la meilleure qualité. Le principe des
+rendements décroissants suggère que dépenser tout notre argent pour un bien
+particulier est vraisemblablement une répartition des ressources inefficace;
+nous choisissons généralement de garder de l'argent pour une autre
+utilisation.</p>
+<p>
+Les rendements décroissants s'appliquent au droit d'auteur comme à n'importe
+quel autre achat. Les premières libertés que nous devrions négocier sont
+celles qui nous manquerons le moins, tout en donnant le plus grand
+encouragement à la publication. à mesure que nous négocions des libertés
additionnelles qui touchent notre vie quotidienne, nous trouvons que chaque
-négociation est un plus grand sacrifice que le
-précédent, alors qu'elle apporte un plus petit accroissement
-de l'activité littéraire. Bien avant que l'accroissement ne
-devienne nul, nous pouvons tout à fait dire que cela ne vaut
-pas le prix de cet accroissement; nous pourrions alors établir un
-marchandage dont le résultat global serait d'augmenter le nombre de
-publications,mais pas en le poussant à l'extrême.</p>
+négociation est un plus grand sacrifice que le précédent, alors qu'elle
+apporte un plus petit accroissement de l'activité littéraire. Bien avant que
+l'accroissement ne devienne nul, nous pouvons tout à fait dire que
+cela ne vaut pas le prix de cet accroissement; nous pourrions alors établir
+un marchandage dont le résultat global serait d'augmenter le nombre de
+publications,mais pas en le poussant à l'extrême.</p>
<p>
Accepter l'objectif de maximiser la publication rejette par avance toutes
-ces négociations plus sages et plus avantageuses — il dicte que
-le public doit céder presque toutes ses libertés pour utiliser
-des œuvres publiées, seulement pour un petit peu plus de
-publication.</p>
+ces négociations plus sages et plus avantageuses — il dicte que le
+public doit céder presque toutes ses libertés pour utiliser des œuvres
+publiées, seulement pour un petit peu plus de publication.</p>
-<h3>La rhétorique de la maximisation</h3>
+<h3>La rhétorique de la maximisation</h3>
<p>
En pratique, l'objectif de maximiser la publication sans tenir compte de ce
-que cela coûte pour la liberté est soutenu par une
-rhétorique très répandue qui affirme que la copie
-publique est illégitime, injuste et mauvaise
-intrinsèquement. Par exemple, les éditeurs appellent les gens
-qui copient « pirates », un terme diffamatoire
-conçu pour assimiler le partage de l'information avec votre voisin
-à l'attaque d'un bateau. (Ce terme diffamatoire était
-autrefois utilisé par les auteurs pour décrire les
-éditeurs qui avaient trouvé des voies légales pour
-publier des éditions non autorisées; son usage moderne par les
-éditeurs est presque tout le contraire). Cette rhétorique
-rejette directement la base constitutionnelle du droit d'auteur, mais se
-présente elle-même comme représentante de la tradition
-incontestée du système légal américain.</p>
-<p>
-La rhétorique du « pirate » est typiquement
-acceptée car elle inonde les médias de sorte que peu de gens
-réalisent qu'elle est radicale. C'est efficace car, si la copie par
-le public est fondamentalement illégitime, nous ne pouvons pas
-objecter à la demande des éditeurs que nous abdiquions notre
-liberté pour ce faire. En d'autres termes, quand le public est
-défié de montrer pourquoi les éditeurs ne devraient pas
-recevoir de pouvoir supplémentaire, la raison la plus importante de
-toutes — « Nous voulons copier » — est
-disqualifiée d'avance.</p>
+que cela coûte pour la liberté est soutenu par une rhétorique très
répandue
+qui affirme que la copie publique est illégitime, injuste et mauvaise
+intrinsèquement. Par exemple, les éditeurs appellent les gens qui copient
+« pirates », un terme diffamatoire conçu pour assimiler le partage
+de l'information avec votre voisin à l'attaque d'un bateau. (Ce terme
+diffamatoire était autrefois utilisé par les auteurs pour décrire les
+éditeurs qui avaient trouvé des voies légales pour publier des éditions non
+autorisées; son usage moderne par les éditeurs est presque tout le
+contraire). Cette rhétorique rejette directement la base constitutionnelle
+du droit d'auteur, mais se présente elle-même comme représentante de la
+tradition incontestée du système légal américain.</p>
+<p>
+La rhétorique du « pirate » est typiquement acceptée car elle
+inonde les médias de sorte que peu de gens réalisent qu'elle est
+radicale. C'est efficace car, si la copie par le public est fondamentalement
+illégitime, nous ne pouvons pas objecter à la demande des éditeurs que nous
+abdiquions notre liberté pour ce faire. En d'autres termes, quand le public
+est défié de montrer pourquoi les éditeurs ne devraient pas recevoir de
+pouvoir supplémentaire, la raison la plus importante de toutes —
+« Nous voulons copier » — est disqualifiée d'avance.</p>
<p>
Cela ne laisse aucun moyen d'argumenter contre l'augmentation de pouvoir du
-droit d'auteur excepté l'utilisation d'enjeux secondaires. De ce
-fait, l'opposition à des pouvoirs de droits d'auteur plus forts
-aujourd'hui, ne cite presque exclusivement que des enjeux secondaires, et
-n'ose jamais citer la liberté de distribuer des copies comme une
-valeur publique légitime.</p>
-<p>
-En pratique, le principe de maximisation permet aux éditeurs pour
-argumenter que « Une certaine pratique réduit nos ventes
-— ou nous pensons que cela pourrait être le cas — aussi,
-nous supposons que cela diminue la publication en proportion inconnue, et
-par conséquent, cette pratique doit être
-interdite ». Nous sommes amenés à la conclusion
-inadmissible que le bien public se mesure à l'aune des ventes des
-éditeurs : Ce qui est bon pour General Media est bon pour les
-États-Unis.</p>
-
-<h3>La troisième erreur : maximiser le pouvoir des
éditeurs</h3>
-<p>
-Une fois que les éditeurs auront obtenu l'assentiment à
-l'objectif politique de maximiser le rendement de la publication à
-n'importe quel coût, leur prochaine étape sera de conclure que
-cela requiert de leur donner le maximum de pouvoirs possible — en
-faisant couvrir par le droit d'auteur chaque utilisation imaginable d'une
-œuvre, ou en appliquant quelque autre instrument juridique tel que les
-licences « sous plastique » à l'effet
-équivalent. Cet objectif, qui entraîne l'abolition de
-« l'usage raisonnable » et le « le droit de
-la première vente », est martelé à tous les
-niveaux possibles du gouvernement, des États-Unis aux instances
-internationales.</p>
-<p>
-Cette démarche est erronée car des règles strictes sur
-le droit d'auteur empêchent le création de nouvelles
-œuvres utiles. Par exemple, Shakespeare empruntait les intrigues de
-quelques unes de ses pièces d'autres pièces
-publiées quelques dizaines d'années auparavant, aussi, si la
-loi actuelle sur le droit d'auteur avait été en application,
-ses pièces auraient été illégales.</p>
-<p>
-Même si nous voulions le plus grand taux de publication possible, sans
-tenir compte de ce que cela coûterait au public, maximiser le pouvoir
-des éditeurs serait un mauvais moyen d'y parvenir. Comme moyen de
-promouvoir le progrès, ce serait auto-destructeur.</p>
-
-<h3>Les conséquences de ces trois erreurs</h3>
-<p>
-La tendance actuelle dans la législation sur le droit d'auteur est de
-donner aux éditeurs des pouvoirs plus étendus sur des
-périodes plus longues. Le concept de base du droit d'auteur, tel
-qu'il ressort déformé de la suite des erreurs commises, offre
-rarement une base pour dire non. Les législateurs font semblant de
-s'interesser à l'idée que le droit d'auteur doive servir le
-public, alors qu'en fait, il donne aux éditeurs tout ce qu'ils
-demandent.</p>
-<p>
-Par exemple, voici ce que dit le sénateur Hatch en présentant
-S. 483, un projet de loi de 1995 pour augmenter le bail du droit d'auteur de
-vingt ans :</p>
+droit d'auteur excepté l'utilisation d'enjeux secondaires. De ce fait,
+l'opposition à des pouvoirs de droits d'auteur plus forts aujourd'hui, ne
+cite presque exclusivement que des enjeux secondaires, et n'ose jamais citer
+la liberté de distribuer des copies comme une valeur publique légitime.</p>
+<p>
+En pratique, le principe de maximisation permet aux éditeurs pour argumenter
+que « Une certaine pratique réduit nos ventes — ou nous pensons
+que cela pourrait être le cas — aussi, nous supposons que cela diminue
+la publication en proportion inconnue, et par conséquent, cette pratique
+doit être interdite ». Nous sommes amenés à la conclusion inadmissible
+que le bien public se mesure à l'aune des ventes des éditeurs : Ce qui
+est bon pour General Media est bon pour les Ãtats-Unis.</p>
+
+<h3>La troisième erreur : maximiser le pouvoir des éditeurs</h3>
+<p>
+Une fois que les éditeurs auront obtenu l'assentiment à l'objectif politique
+de maximiser le rendement de la publication à n'importe quel coût, leur
+prochaine étape sera de conclure que cela requiert de leur donner le maximum
+de pouvoirs possible — en faisant couvrir par le droit d'auteur chaque
+utilisation imaginable d'une œuvre, ou en appliquant quelque autre
+instrument juridique tel que les licences « sous plastique » Ã
+l'effet équivalent. Cet objectif, qui entraîne l'abolition de « l'usage
+raisonnable » et le « le droit de la première vente », est
+martelé à tous les niveaux possibles du gouvernement, des Ãtats-Unis aux
+instances internationales.</p>
+<p>
+Cette démarche est erronée car des règles strictes sur le droit d'auteur
+empêchent le création de nouvelles œuvres utiles. Par exemple,
+Shakespeare empruntait les intrigues de quelques unes de ses pièces
+d'autres pièces publiées quelques dizaines d'années auparavant, aussi, si la
+loi actuelle sur le droit d'auteur avait été en application, ses pièces
+auraient été illégales.</p>
+<p>
+Même si nous voulions le plus grand taux de publication possible, sans tenir
+compte de ce que cela coûterait au public, maximiser le pouvoir des éditeurs
+serait un mauvais moyen d'y parvenir. Comme moyen de promouvoir le progrès,
+ce serait auto-destructeur.</p>
+
+<h3>Les conséquences de ces trois erreurs</h3>
+<p>
+La tendance actuelle dans la législation sur le droit d'auteur est de donner
+aux éditeurs des pouvoirs plus étendus sur des périodes plus longues. Le
+concept de base du droit d'auteur, tel qu'il ressort déformé de la suite des
+erreurs commises, offre rarement une base pour dire non. Les législateurs
+font semblant de s'interesser à l'idée que le droit d'auteur doive servir le
+public, alors qu'en fait, il donne aux éditeurs tout ce qu'ils demandent.</p>
+<p>
+Par exemple, voici ce que dit le sénateur Hatch en présentant S. 483, un
+projet de loi de 1995 pour augmenter le bail du droit d'auteur de vingt
+ans :</p>
<blockquote><p>
-Je crois que nous en sommes arrivés maintenant au point sur la
-question de savoir si la période actuelle du droit d'auteur
-protège de façon adéquate les intérêts des
-auteurs et sur sa question relative de savoir si la durée de
-protection fournit une motivation suffisante pour la création de
+Je crois que nous en sommes arrivés maintenant au point sur la question de
+savoir si la période actuelle du droit d'auteur protège de façon adéquate
+les intérêts des auteurs et sur sa question relative de savoir si la durée
+de protection fournit une motivation suffisante pour la création de
nouvelles œuvres d'auteurs.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-Ce projet de loi étendait le droit d'auteur sur les œuvres
-déjà publiées écrites depuis les années
-1920. Cette modification était un cadeau aux éditeurs sans
-bénéfice possible pour le public, puisqu'il y a aucun moyen
-d'augmenter rétroactivement le nombre de livres publiés
-jusqu'à lors. Cependant, cela vaut au public une liberté qui
-est significative aujourd'hui — la liberté de redistribuer des
-livres de cette période.</p>
-<p>
-Le projet de loi étendait aussi les droits d'auteur d'œuvres
-à venir. Pour les œuvres destinées à la location,
-le droit d'auteur durerait quatre-vingt-quinze ans au lieu des
-soixante-quinze ans actuels. Théoriquement, cela aurait
-augmenté l'incitation à écrire de nouvelles
-œuvres; mais tout éditeur qui aurait réclamé le
-besoin de cette surprime, devrait justifier la revendication avec des
-projections de bilans dans 75.</p>
-<p>
-Inutile de dire que le Congrès n'a pas remis en question les
-arguments des éditeurs : une loi étendant le droit
-d'auteur fut promulguée en 1998. Elle fut appelée Sonny Bono
-Copyright Term Extension Act, d'après le nom de l'un de ses soutiens
-qui mourut un peu plus tôt cette année-là. Sa veuve, qui
-bénéficiait du reste de sa période de droit d'auteur,
-fit cette déclaration :</p>
+Ce projet de loi étendait le droit d'auteur sur les œuvres déjÃ
+publiées écrites depuis les années 1920. Cette modification était un cadeau
+aux éditeurs sans bénéfice possible pour le public, puisqu'il y a aucun
+moyen d'augmenter rétroactivement le nombre de livres publiés jusqu'Ã
+lors. Cependant, cela vaut au public une liberté qui est significative
+aujourd'hui — la liberté de redistribuer des livres de cette
période.</p>
+<p>
+Le projet de loi étendait aussi les droits d'auteur d'œuvres Ã
+venir. Pour les œuvres destinées à la location, le droit d'auteur
+durerait quatre-vingt-quinze ans au lieu des soixante-quinze ans
+actuels. Théoriquement, cela aurait augmenté l'incitation à écrire de
+nouvelles œuvres; mais tout éditeur qui aurait réclamé le besoin de
+cette surprime, devrait justifier la revendication avec des projections de
+bilans dans 75.</p>
+<p>
+Needless to say, Congress did not question the publishers' arguments: a law
+extending copyright was enacted in 1998. It was officially called the Sonny
+Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, named after one of its sponsors who died
+earlier that year. We usually call it the Mickey Mouse Copyright Act, since
+we presume its real motive was to prevent the copyright on the appearance of
+Mickey Mouse from expiring. Bono's widow, who served the rest of his term,
+made this statement:</p>
<blockquote><p>
-En fait, Sonny voulait que le droit d'auteur dure à jamais. J'ai
-été informée par la direction qu'un tel changement
-violerait la Constitution. Je vous invite tous à travailler avec moi
-pour renforcer les lois sur le droit d'auteur par tous les moyens à
-notre disposition. Comme vous le savez, il y a aussi la proposition de Jack
-Valenti pour que cela dure à jamais moins un jour. Peut-être
-que la commission examinera cette proposition au prochain Congrès.
+Actually, Sonny wanted the term of copyright protection to last forever. I
+am informed by staff that such a change would violate the Constitution. I
+invite all of you to work with me to strengthen our copyright laws in all of
+the ways available to us. As you know, there is also Jack Valenti's proposal
+for term to last forever less one day. Perhaps the Committee may look at
+that next Congress.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-La Cour suprême a consenti à auditionner une affaire qui
-cherchait à renverser la loi sur le fondement que l'extension
-rétroactive échouait à servir le but de la Constitution
-sur la promotion du progrès.</p>
-<p>
-Une autre loi, passée en 1997, a rendu criminel de faire plusieurs
-copies de n'importe quelle œuvre publiée, même si c'est
-pour faire plaisir à vos amis. Auparavant, ce n'était pas du
-tout un crime aux États-Unis.</p>
+La Cour suprême a consenti à auditionner une affaire qui cherchait Ã
+renverser la loi sur le fondement que l'extension rétroactive échouait Ã
+servir le but de la Constitution sur la promotion du progrès.</p>
+<p>
+Une autre loi, passée en 1997, a rendu criminel de faire plusieurs copies de
+n'importe quelle œuvre publiée, même si c'est pour faire plaisir à vos
+amis. Auparavant, ce n'était pas du tout un crime aux Ãtats-Unis.</p>
<p>
Une loi encore pire, la Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) (loi sur le
-droit d'auteur du millénaire numérique), a été
-conçue pour ranimer la protection contre la copie (ce que
-détestent les utilisateurs d'ordinateurs) en rendant criminel de
-casser la protection contre la copie, ou même de publier toute
-information sur le moyen de casser cette protection. Cette loi devrait
-s'appeler « Domination by Media Corporations Act » (la
-loi sur la domination par les compagnies de médias) parce qu'elle
-offre effectivement aux éditeurs la chance d'écrire leur
-propre loi sur le droit d'auteur. Elle dit qu'ils peuvent imposer toute
-restriction quelle que soit sur l'utilisation de l'œuvre, et ces
-restrictions prennent force de loi pour peu que l'œuvre contienne un
-moyen d'encryptage ou de gestionnaire de licence pour les faire respecter.</p>
-<p>
-Un des arguments proposés pour ce projet de loi était que cela
-mettrait en œuvre un récent traité pour augmenter les
-pouvoirs du droit d'auteur. Le traité fut promulgué par
-l'Organisation mondiale de la <a
-href="not-ipr.fr.html">propriété intellectuelle</a> (OMPI), un
-organisme dominé par les intérêts des détenteurs
-de droits d'auteurs et de brevets, avec l'aide de la pression exercée
-par l'administration Clinton; puisque le traité n'augmente que le
-pouvoir du droit d'auteur, qu'il serve l'intérêt du public dans
-n'importe quel pays semble douteux. En tout cas, le projet de loi allait
-bien au-delà de ce que requérait le traité.</p>
-<p>
-Les bibliothèques furent un des piliers de l'opposition à ce
-projet de loi, spécialement pour les aspects qui bloquent les formes
-de copie qui sont considérées comme « usage
-raisonnable ». Comment les éditeurs ont-ils
-répondu ? L'ancien député Pat Schroeder,
-maintenant lobbyiste pour l'Association des éditeurs
-américains, dit que les éditeurs « ne pourraient
-pas vivre avec ce que [les bibliothèques]
-demandent ». Puisque les bibliothèques demandaient
-seulement de préserver une partie du status quo, on pourrait
-répondre en se demandant comment les éditeurs ont
-survécu jusqu'à ce jour.</p>
-<p>
-Le membre du Congrès Barney Frank, lors d'une rencontre avec moi et
-d'autres opposés à ce projet de loi, montra combien la vision
-du droit d'auteur de la Constitution américaine avait
-été dédaignée. Il dit que ces nouveaux pouvoirs,
-appuyés par des peines criminelles, étaient nécessaires
-et urgents car « l'industrie du film était
-inquiète », tout autant que « l'industrie de la
-musique » et d'autres « industries ».
-Je lui demandais, « Mais est-ce dans l'intérêt du
-public ? » Sa réponse fut :
-« Pourquoi parlez-vous de l'intérêt du public ?
-Ces gens créatifs n'ont pas à abandonner leurs droits dans
-l'intérêt du
-public ! ». « L'industrie» a
-été assimilée aux «gens
-créatifs » qu'elle emploie, le droit d'auteur a
-été traité comme lui revenant de droit, et la
-Constitution a été mise sens dessus dessous.</p>
-<p>
-La DMCA a été promulguée en 1998. Elle dit que l'usage
-raisonnable demeure pour la forme légitime, mais autorise les
-éditeurs à interdire tout logiciel ou matériel avec
-lesquels vous pourriez le faire. En fait, l'usage raisonnable est interdit.</p>
-<p>
-En se fondant sur cette loi, l'industrie du film a imposé une censure
-sur le logiciel libre pour la lecture des DVD, et même sur
-l'information de la façon dont on les lit. En avril 2001, le
-professeur Edward Felten de l'université de Princeton fut
-intimidé par des poursuites judiciaires par la Recording Industry
-Association of America (RIAA) (Association de l'industrie de
-l'enregistrement d'Amérique) pour retirer un document scientifique
-exposant ce qu'il avait appris au sujet d'une proposition de système
-d'encryptage pour restreindre l'accès à de la musique
-enregistrée.</p>
-<p>
-Nous commençons aussi à voir des livres électroniques
-qui retirent aux lecteurs beaucoup de leurs libertés traditionnelles
-— par exemple, la liberté de prêter un livre à un
-ami, de le vendre à un bouquiniste, de l'emprunter à une
-bibliothèque, de l'acheter sans donner son nom à une banque de
-données d'une société, et même la liberté
-de le lire deux fois. Les livres cryptés limitent
-généralement toutes ces activités — vous ne
-pouvez les lire qu'avec un logiciel de décryptage spécial
-conçu pour vous enfermer.</p>
-<p>
-Je n'achèterai jamais un de ces livres cryptés et
-verrouillés, et j'espère que vous les rejetterez aussi. Si un
-livre électronique ne vous donne pas les mêmes libertés
-qu'un livre papier traditionnel, ne l'acceptez pas !</p>
-<p>
-Quiconque réalise indépendamment un logiciel qui peut lire des
-livres électroniques cryptés risque des poursuites. Un
-programmeur russe, Dmitry Sklyarov, a été arrêté
-en 2001 alors qu'il visitait les États-Unis pour parler à une
-conférence, car il avait écrit un tel programme en Russie,
-où il était légal de le faire. Maintenant la Russie
-prépare également une loi pour l'interdire, et l'Union
-européenne en a adopté une récemment.</p>
-<p>
-Le marché de masse des livres électroniques a
-été jusqu'à présent un échec commercial,
-pas parce que les lecteurs ont choisi de défendre leurs
-libertés; ils ne sont pas attrayants pour d'autres raisons, comme le
-fait que les écrans d'ordinateurs ne sont pas des surfaces
-agréables pour lire. Nous ne pouvons pas compter sur cet heureux
-accident pour nous protéger sur le long terme; la prochaine tentative
-pour promouvoir les livres électroniques utilisera le
-« papier électronique » — des objets
-ressemblant à des livres dans lesquels des livres
-électroniques cryptés et restrictifs peuvent être
-téléchargés. Si cette surface à l'apparence du
-papier se révèle plus attrayantes que les écrans
-d'affichage, nous auront à défendre notre liberté afin
-de la conserver. Pendant ce temps, les livres électroniques font des
-incursions dans certains créneaux : l'université de New York
-et d'autres écoles dentaires demandent à leurs
-étudiants d'acheter leur manuels sous la forme de livres
-électroniques restrictifs.</p>
-<p>
-Les sociétés de médias ne sont pas satisfaites
-cependant. En 2001, le sénateur Hollings (investi par Disney) a
-proposé un projet de loi appelé « Security Systems
-Standards and Certification Act » (SSSCA)<a
-href="#footnote1">[1]</a> (loi sur les standards des systèmes de
-sécurité et certification), qui voudrait que tous les
-ordinateurs (et les autres appareils d'enregistrement numérique et de
-lecture) aient des systèmes de restrictions de copie rendus
-obligatoires par le gouvernement. Ceci est leur but ultime, mais la
-première étape de leur plan est d'interdire tout
-équipement qui puisse mettre au point la télévision
-haute définition (HDTV) numérique à moins que celui-ci
-soit conçu pour qu'il soit impossible au public de le
-« fausser » (c'est-à-dire, de le modifier pour
-son propre usage). Puisque le logiciel libre est du logiciel que les
-utilisateurs peuvent modifier, nous sommes là en face, pour la
-première fois, d'un projet de loi qui interdit explicitement le
-logiciel libre pour certains travaux. L'interdiction d'autres travaux suivra
-sûrement. Si la FCC adopte cette réglementation, des logiciels
-libres existants tels que GNU Radio seraient censurés.</p>
+droit d'auteur du millénaire numérique), a été conçue pour ranimer la
+protection contre la copie (ce que détestent les utilisateurs d'ordinateurs)
+en rendant criminel de casser la protection contre la copie, ou même de
+publier toute information sur le moyen de casser cette protection. Cette loi
+devrait s'appeler « Domination by Media Corporations Act » (la loi
+sur la domination par les compagnies de médias) parce qu'elle offre
+effectivement aux éditeurs la chance d'écrire leur propre loi sur le droit
+d'auteur. Elle dit qu'ils peuvent imposer toute restriction quelle que soit
+sur l'utilisation de l'œuvre, et ces restrictions prennent force de
+loi pour peu que l'œuvre contienne un moyen d'encryptage ou de
+gestionnaire de licence pour les faire respecter.</p>
+<p>
+Un des arguments proposés pour ce projet de loi était que cela mettrait en
+œuvre un récent traité pour augmenter les pouvoirs du droit
+d'auteur. Le traité fut promulgué par l'Organisation mondiale de la <a
+href="not-ipr.fr.html">propriété intellectuelle</a> (OMPI), un organisme
+dominé par les intérêts des détenteurs de droits d'auteurs et de brevets,
+avec l'aide de la pression exercée par l'administration Clinton; puisque le
+traité n'augmente que le pouvoir du droit d'auteur, qu'il serve l'intérêt du
+public dans n'importe quel pays semble douteux. En tout cas, le projet de
+loi allait bien au-delà de ce que requérait le traité.</p>
+<p>
+Libraries were a key source of opposition to this bill, especially to the
+aspects that block the forms of copying that are considered fair use. How
+did the publishers respond? Former representative Pat Schroeder, now a
+lobbyist for the Association of American Publishers, said that the
+publishers “could not live with what [the libraries were] asking
+for.” Since the libraries were asking only to preserve part of the
+status quo, one might respond by wondering how the publishers had survived
+until the present day.</p>
+<p>
+Le membre du Congrès Barney Frank, lors d'une rencontre avec moi et d'autres
+opposés à ce projet de loi, montra combien la vision du droit d'auteur de la
+Constitution américaine avait été dédaignée. Il dit que ces nouveaux
+pouvoirs, appuyés par des peines criminelles, étaient nécessaires et urgents
+car « l'industrie du film était inquiète », tout autant que
+« l'industrie de la musique » et d'autres
+« industries ». Je lui demandais, « Mais est-ce dans
+l'intérêt du public ? » Sa réponse fut : « Pourquoi
+parlez-vous de l'intérêt du public ? Ces gens créatifs n'ont pas Ã
+abandonner leurs droits dans l'intérêt du
+public ! ». « L'industrie» a été assimilée aux «gens
+créatifs » qu'elle emploie, le droit d'auteur a été traité comme lui
+revenant de droit, et la Constitution a été mise sens dessus dessous.</p>
+<p>
+La DMCA a été promulguée en 1998. Elle dit que l'usage raisonnable demeure
+pour la forme légitime, mais autorise les éditeurs à interdire tout logiciel
+ou matériel avec lesquels vous pourriez le faire. En fait, l'usage
+raisonnable est interdit.</p>
+<p>
+En se fondant sur cette loi, l'industrie du film a imposé une censure sur le
+logiciel libre pour la lecture des DVD, et même sur l'information de la
+façon dont on les lit. En avril 2001, le professeur Edward Felten de
+l'université de Princeton fut intimidé par des poursuites judiciaires par la
+Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) (Association de l'industrie
+de l'enregistrement d'Amérique) pour retirer un document scientifique
+exposant ce qu'il avait appris au sujet d'une proposition de système
+d'encryptage pour restreindre l'accès à de la musique enregistrée.</p>
+<p>
+Nous commençons aussi à voir des livres électroniques qui retirent aux
+lecteurs beaucoup de leurs libertés traditionnelles — par exemple, la
+liberté de prêter un livre à un ami, de le vendre à un bouquiniste, de
+l'emprunter à une bibliothèque, de l'acheter sans donner son nom à une
+banque de données d'une société, et même la liberté de le lire deux
+fois. Les livres cryptés limitent généralement toutes ces activités —
+vous ne pouvez les lire qu'avec un logiciel de décryptage spécial conçu pour
+vous enfermer.</p>
+<p>
+Je n'achèterai jamais un de ces livres cryptés et verrouillés, et j'espère
+que vous les rejetterez aussi. Si un livre électronique ne vous donne pas
+les mêmes libertés qu'un livre papier traditionnel, ne l'acceptez
pas !</p>
+<p>
+Quiconque réalise indépendamment un logiciel qui peut lire des livres
+électroniques cryptés risque des poursuites. Un programmeur russe, Dmitry
+Sklyarov, a été arrêté en 2001 alors qu'il visitait les Ãtats-Unis pour
+parler à une conférence, car il avait écrit un tel programme en Russie, où
+il était légal de le faire. Maintenant la Russie prépare également une loi
+pour l'interdire, et l'Union européenne en a adopté une récemment.</p>
+<p>
+Le marché de masse des livres électroniques a été jusqu'à présent un
échec
+commercial, pas parce que les lecteurs ont choisi de défendre leurs
+libertés; ils ne sont pas attrayants pour d'autres raisons, comme le fait
+que les écrans d'ordinateurs ne sont pas des surfaces agréables pour
+lire. Nous ne pouvons pas compter sur cet heureux accident pour nous
+protéger sur le long terme; la prochaine tentative pour promouvoir les
+livres électroniques utilisera le « papier électronique » —
+des objets ressemblant à des livres dans lesquels des livres électroniques
+cryptés et restrictifs peuvent être téléchargés. Si cette surface Ã
+l'apparence du papier se révèle plus attrayantes que les écrans d'affichage,
+nous auront à défendre notre liberté afin de la conserver. Pendant ce temps,
+les livres électroniques font des incursions dans certains créneaux :
+l'université de New York et d'autres écoles dentaires demandent à leurs
+étudiants d'acheter leur manuels sous la forme de livres électroniques
+restrictifs.</p>
+<p>
+Les sociétés de médias ne sont pas satisfaites cependant. En 2001, le
+sénateur Hollings (investi par Disney) a proposé un projet de loi appelé
+« Security Systems Standards and Certification Act » (SSSCA)<a
+href="#footnote1">[1]</a> (loi sur les standards des systèmes de sécurité et
+certification), qui voudrait que tous les ordinateurs (et les autres
+appareils d'enregistrement numérique et de lecture) aient des systèmes de
+restrictions de copie rendus obligatoires par le gouvernement. Ceci est leur
+but ultime, mais la première étape de leur plan est d'interdire tout
+équipement qui puisse mettre au point la télévision haute définition (HDTV)
+numérique à moins que celui-ci soit conçu pour qu'il soit impossible au
+public de le « fausser » (c'est-à -dire, de le modifier pour son
+propre usage). Puisque le logiciel libre est du logiciel que les
+utilisateurs peuvent modifier, nous sommes là en face, pour la première
+fois, d'un projet de loi qui interdit explicitement le logiciel libre pour
+certains travaux. L'interdiction d'autres travaux suivra sûrement. Si la FCC
+adopte cette réglementation, des logiciels libres existants tels que GNU
+Radio seraient censurés.</p>
<p>
-Bloquer ces projets de lois et réglementations requiert une action
+Bloquer ces projets de lois et réglementations requiert une action
politique.<a href="#footnote2">[2]</a></p>
<h3>Trouver le bon marchandage</h3>
<p>
-Quelle est la méthode appropriée pour décider de la
-politique du droit d'auteur ? Si le droit d'auteur est un marchandage
-fait pour le compte du public, il devrait servir l'intérêt du
-public avant tout. Le devoir du gouvernement en vendant la liberté du
-public est de vendre seulement ce qui doit l'être, et de le vendre le
-plus chèrement possible. À tout le moins, nous devrions
-réduire autant que possible l'extension de droit d'auteur tout en
-maintenant un niveau comparable de publication.</p>
-<p>
-Puisque nous ne pouvons pas trouver ce prix minimum à la
-liberté par des appels d'offres, comme nous le faisons pour des
-projets de construction, comment pouvons-nous le trouver ?</p>
-<p>
-Une des méthodes possibles est de réduire les
-privilèges du droit d'auteur par paliers, et d'observer les
-résultats. En voyant si et dans quelles mesures les diminutions de
-publication surviennent, nous apprendrons quel pouvoir de droit d'auteur est
-réellement nécessaire pour réaliser les objectifs du
-public. Nous devons juger cela par une observation factuelle, pas par
-ce que nous prédisent les éditeurs, car ils ont toutes
-les motivations pour faire des prédictions exagérées de
-ruine si leurs pouvoirs sont réduits d'une quelconque façon.</p>
-<p>
-La politique du droit d'auteur inclut plusieurs aspects indépendants,
-qui peuvent être ajustés séparément. Après
-avoir trouvé le minimum nécessaire pour un aspect politique,
-il est encore possible de réduire d'autres aspects du droit d'auteur
-tout en maintenant le niveau de publication désiré.</p>
-<p>
-Un aspect important du droit d'auteur est sa durée, laquelle est
-maintenant typiquement de l'ordre du siècle. Réduire le
-monopole de la copie à dix ans, en partant de la date à
-laquelle l'œuvre est publiée, serait une bonne première
-étape. Un autre aspect du droit d'auteur, qui couvre la fabrication
-des œuvres dérivées, pourrait continuer sur une
-période plus longue.</p>
+Quelle est la méthode appropriée pour décider de la politique du droit
+d'auteur ? Si le droit d'auteur est un marchandage fait pour le compte
+du public, il devrait servir l'intérêt du public avant tout. Le devoir du
+gouvernement en vendant la liberté du public est de vendre seulement ce qui
+doit l'être, et de le vendre le plus chèrement possible. à tout le moins,
+nous devrions réduire autant que possible l'extension de droit d'auteur tout
+en maintenant un niveau comparable de publication.</p>
+<p>
+Puisque nous ne pouvons pas trouver ce prix minimum à la liberté par des
+appels d'offres, comme nous le faisons pour des projets de construction,
+comment pouvons-nous le trouver ?</p>
+<p>
+Une des méthodes possibles est de réduire les privilèges du droit d'auteur
+par paliers, et d'observer les résultats. En voyant si et dans quelles
+mesures les diminutions de publication surviennent, nous apprendrons quel
+pouvoir de droit d'auteur est réellement nécessaire pour réaliser les
+objectifs du public. Nous devons juger cela par une observation factuelle,
+pas par ce que nous prédisent les éditeurs, car ils ont toutes les
+motivations pour faire des prédictions exagérées de ruine si leurs pouvoirs
+sont réduits d'une quelconque façon.</p>
+<p>
+La politique du droit d'auteur inclut plusieurs aspects indépendants, qui
+peuvent être ajustés séparément. Après avoir trouvé le minimum
nécessaire
+pour un aspect politique, il est encore possible de réduire d'autres aspects
+du droit d'auteur tout en maintenant le niveau de publication désiré.</p>
+<p>
+Un aspect important du droit d'auteur est sa durée, laquelle est maintenant
+typiquement de l'ordre du siècle. Réduire le monopole de la copie à dix ans,
+en partant de la date à laquelle l'œuvre est publiée, serait une bonne
+première étape. Un autre aspect du droit d'auteur, qui couvre la fabrication
+des œuvres dérivées, pourrait continuer sur une période plus
longue.</p>
<p>
Pourquoi partir de la date de publication ? Parce que le droit d'auteur sur
-les œuvres non publiées ne limitent pas directement la
-liberté des lecteurs; que nous soyons libres de copier une
-œuvre est discutable quand nous n'avons pas de copies. Aussi, donner
-une plus longue période pour faire publier une œuvre n'est pas
-préjudiciable. Les auteurs (qui possèdent
-généralement le droit d'auteur avant publication) choisissent
-rarement de retarder la publication seulement pour repousser le terme de
-leur droit d'auteur.</p>
-<p>
-Pourquoi dix ans ? Parce que c'est une proposition sûre; nous
-pouvons être assurés pour des raisons pratiques que cette
-réduction aurait un impact minime sur la viabilité globale de
-la publication aujourd'hui. Dans la plupart des médias et des genres,
-les œuvres qui ont du succès sont très rentables en
-seulement quelques années, et même les œuvres à
-succès ne sont habituellement plus publiées bien avant dix
-ans. Même pour les œuvres de référence, dont
-l'utilité peut aller jusqu'à plusieurs décennies, dix
-ans de droit d'auteur suffiraient : des éditions mises à
-jour sont publiées régulièrement, et beaucoup de
-lecteurs achèteront la publication sous droit d'auteur plutôt
-qu'une copie vieille de dix ans du domaine public.</p>
-<p>
-Dix ans peuvent être encore plus longs que nécessaire; une fois
-les choses établies, nous pourrions essayer une autre
-réduction pour ajuster le système. À une table ronde
-sur le droit d'auteur lors d'une convention littéraire, où je
-proposais le bail de dix ans, un célèbre auteur de fiction
-assis à côté de moi objecta avec
-véhémence, disant que toute proposition au-delà de cinq
-ans était intolérable.</p>
-<p>
-Mais nous n'avons pas à appliquer la même durée à
-toutes les sortes d'œuvres. Maintenir la plus grande uniformité
-dans la politique du droit d'auteur n'est pas crucial pour
-l'intérêt public, et la loi sur le droit d'auteur a
-déjà beaucoup d'exceptions pour des usages et des
-médias spécifiques. Il serait absurde de payer pour chaque
-projet d'autoroute le taux nécessaire pour les projets les plus
-difficiles dans les régions les plus chères du pays; il serait
-également absurde de « payer » le plus grand
-prix en terme de liberté pour toutes les sortes d'art, que nous
-trouvons nécessaire pour un art en particulier.</p>
-<p>
-Aussi, peut-être que les romans, les dictionnaires, les logiciels, les
-chansons, les symphonies et les films devraient avoir des durées de
-droit d'auteur différentes, de sorte que nous puissions
-réduire la durée pour chaque type d'œuvre à ce
-qui est nécessaire pour tant d'œuvres à
-publier. Peut-être que les films de plus d'une heure pourraient avoir
-un droit d'auteur de vingt ans, à cause des dépenses pour les
-produire. Dans mon propre domaine, la programmation de logiciels, trois ans
-devraient suffire, car les cycles de production, sont même plus courts
-que cela.</p>
+les œuvres non publiées ne limitent pas directement la liberté des
+lecteurs; que nous soyons libres de copier une œuvre est
+discutable quand nous n'avons pas de copies. Aussi, donner une plus longue
+période pour faire publier une œuvre n'est pas préjudiciable. Les
+auteurs (qui possèdent généralement le droit d'auteur avant publication)
+choisissent rarement de retarder la publication seulement pour repousser le
+terme de leur droit d'auteur.</p>
+<p>
+Pourquoi dix ans ? Parce que c'est une proposition sûre; nous pouvons
+être assurés pour des raisons pratiques que cette réduction aurait un impact
+minime sur la viabilité globale de la publication aujourd'hui. Dans la
+plupart des médias et des genres, les œuvres qui ont du succès sont
+très rentables en seulement quelques années, et même les œuvres Ã
+succès ne sont habituellement plus publiées bien avant dix ans. Même pour
+les œuvres de référence, dont l'utilité peut aller jusqu'à plusieurs
+décennies, dix ans de droit d'auteur suffiraient : des éditions mises Ã
+jour sont publiées régulièrement, et beaucoup de lecteurs achèteront la
+publication sous droit d'auteur plutôt qu'une copie vieille de dix ans du
+domaine public.</p>
+<p>
+Dix ans peuvent être encore plus longs que nécessaire; une fois les choses
+établies, nous pourrions essayer une autre réduction pour ajuster le
+système. à une table ronde sur le droit d'auteur lors d'une convention
+littéraire, où je proposais le bail de dix ans, un célèbre auteur de
fiction
+assis à côté de moi objecta avec véhémence, disant que toute proposition
+au-delà de cinq ans était intolérable.</p>
+<p>
+Mais nous n'avons pas à appliquer la même durée à toutes les sortes
+d'œuvres. Maintenir la plus grande uniformité dans la politique du
+droit d'auteur n'est pas crucial pour l'intérêt public, et la loi sur le
+droit d'auteur a déjà beaucoup d'exceptions pour des usages et des médias
+spécifiques. Il serait absurde de payer pour chaque projet d'autoroute le
+taux nécessaire pour les projets les plus difficiles dans les régions les
+plus chères du pays; il serait également absurde de « payer » le
+plus grand prix en terme de liberté pour toutes les sortes d'art, que nous
+trouvons nécessaire pour un art en particulier.</p>
+<p>
+Aussi, peut-être que les romans, les dictionnaires, les logiciels, les
+chansons, les symphonies et les films devraient avoir des durées de droit
+d'auteur différentes, de sorte que nous puissions réduire la durée pour
+chaque type d'œuvre à ce qui est nécessaire pour tant d'œuvres Ã
+publier. Peut-être que les films de plus d'une heure pourraient avoir un
+droit d'auteur de vingt ans, à cause des dépenses pour les produire. Dans
+mon propre domaine, la programmation de logiciels, trois ans devraient
+suffire, car les cycles de production, sont même plus courts que cela.</p>
<p>
Un autre aspect du droit d'auteur est l'extension de l'usage
raisonnable : la reproduction de tout ou partie d'une œuvre
-publiée qui est légalement permise même si elle est
-couverte par le droit d'auteur. La première étape naturelle en
-réduisant cet aspect du pouvoir du droit d'auteur, est de permettre
-la copie et la distribution privée et occasionnelle, à but non
-commercial, en petite quantité pour les particuliers. Ceci
-éliminerait l'intrusion de la police de droit d'auteur dans la vie
-privée des gens, mais aurait probablement peu d'effet sur les ventes
-d'œuvres publiées. (Il peut être nécessaire de
-prendre d'autres dispositions juridiques pour s'assurer que les licences
-sous plastique ne puissent pas être utilisées pour se
-substituer au droit d'auteur en restreignant de telles
-copies). L'expérience de Napster montre que nous devrions aussi
-permettre la reproduction et la distribution non commerciale au public
- quand tant de gens veulent copier et partager, et trouvent cela
-utile, seules des mesures draconiennes les arrêteront, et le public
-mérite ce qu'il veut.</p>
-<p>
-Pour les romans, et en général pour les œuvres
-destinées au divertissement, la redistribution non commerciale peut
-être une liberté suffisante pour les lecteurs. Les logiciels
-étant utilisés à des fins fonctionnelles (pour
-effectuer des tâches), appellent à des libertés
-supplémentaires, y compris celle de publier une version
-améliorée. Voir « Définition du logiciel
-libre », dans ce livre, pour une explication des libertés
-que les utilisateurs de logiciels devraient avoir. Mais ce peut être
-un compromis acceptable que d'avoir ces libertés universellement
-disponibles après un délai de deux à trois ans à
-compter de la date de publication du logiciel.</p>
-<p>
-Des changements comme ceux-ci pourraient amener le droit d'auteur à
-être en phase avec les souhaits du public pour utiliser la technologie
-numérique pour copier. Les éditeurs trouveront ces
-propositions sans aucun doute
-« déséquilibrées »; ils pourront
-menacer de retirer leurs billes du jeu et de rentrer chez eux, mais ils ne
-le feront sûrement pas, car le jeu restera profitable et qu'il n'y
-aura pas d'autres choix.</p>
-<p>
-Considérant les réductions de pouvoir du droit d'auteur, nous
-devons nous assurer que les sociétés de médias ne les
-remplaceront pas tout simplement par un contrat de licence utilisateur. Il
-serait nécessaire d'interdire l'utilisation de contrats qui
-appliquent des restrictions sur la copie qui vont au-delà de celles
-comprises dans le droit d'auteur. De telles limitations sur ce que
-peuvent demander des contrats non négociés de marché de
-masse sont prévues dans une partie standard du système
-légal américain.</p>
+publiée qui est légalement permise même si elle est couverte par le droit
+d'auteur. La première étape naturelle en réduisant cet aspect du pouvoir du
+droit d'auteur, est de permettre la copie et la distribution privée et
+occasionnelle, à but non commercial, en petite quantité pour les
+particuliers. Ceci éliminerait l'intrusion de la police de droit d'auteur
+dans la vie privée des gens, mais aurait probablement peu d'effet sur les
+ventes d'œuvres publiées. (Il peut être nécessaire de prendre d'autres
+dispositions juridiques pour s'assurer que les licences sous plastique ne
+puissent pas être utilisées pour se substituer au droit d'auteur en
+restreignant de telles copies). L'expérience de Napster montre que nous
+devrions aussi permettre la reproduction et la distribution non commerciale
+au public quand tant de gens veulent copier et partager, et trouvent
+cela utile, seules des mesures draconiennes les arrêteront, et le public
+mérite ce qu'il veut.</p>
+<p>
+Pour les romans, et en général pour les œuvres destinées au
+divertissement, la redistribution non commerciale peut être une liberté
+suffisante pour les lecteurs. Les logiciels étant utilisés à des fins
+fonctionnelles (pour effectuer des tâches), appellent à des libertés
+supplémentaires, y compris celle de publier une version améliorée. Voir
+« Définition du logiciel libre », dans ce livre, pour une
+explication des libertés que les utilisateurs de logiciels devraient
+avoir. Mais ce peut être un compromis acceptable que d'avoir ces libertés
+universellement disponibles après un délai de deux à trois ans à compter de
+la date de publication du logiciel.</p>
+<p>
+Des changements comme ceux-ci pourraient amener le droit d'auteur à être en
+phase avec les souhaits du public pour utiliser la technologie numérique
+pour copier. Les éditeurs trouveront ces propositions sans aucun doute
+« déséquilibrées »; ils pourront menacer de retirer leurs billes
+du jeu et de rentrer chez eux, mais ils ne le feront sûrement pas, car le
+jeu restera profitable et qu'il n'y aura pas d'autres choix.</p>
+<p>
+Considérant les réductions de pouvoir du droit d'auteur, nous devons nous
+assurer que les sociétés de médias ne les remplaceront pas tout simplement
+par un contrat de licence utilisateur. Il serait nécessaire d'interdire
+l'utilisation de contrats qui appliquent des restrictions sur la copie qui
+vont au-delà de celles comprises dans le droit d'auteur. De telles
+limitations sur ce que peuvent demander des contrats non négociés de
+marché de masse sont prévues dans une partie standard du système légal
+américain.</p>
<h3>Remarque personnelle</h3>
<p>
-Je suis un concepteur de logiciels, pas un universitaire. Je me suis
-intéressé aux problèmes de droits d'auteur car il n'y a
-pas moyen de les éviter dans le monde des réseaux
-d'ordinateurs<a href="#footnote3">[3]</a>. En tant qu'utilisateur
-d'ordinateurs et de réseaux depuis trente ans, je peux évaluer
-les libertés que nous avons perdues, et celles que nous pourrions
-perdre bientôt. En tant qu'auteur, je peux rejeter la mystique
-romantique de l'auteur en tant que créateur semi-divin, souvent
-citée par les éditeurs pour justifier des pouvoirs de droits
-d'auteurs accrus pour les auteurs, lesquels signeront leur renonciation
-à ces droits au bénéfice des éditeurs.</p>
+I am a software designer, not a legal scholar. I've become concerned with
+copyright issues because there's no avoiding them in the world of computer
+networks, such as the Internet. As a user of computers and networks for 30
+years, I value the freedoms that we have lost, and the ones we may lose
+next. As an author, I can reject the romantic mystique of the author as
+semidivine <a href="words-to-avoid.html#Creator">creator</a>, often cited by
+publishers to justify increased copyright powers for authors—powers
+which these authors will then sign away to publishers.</p>
<p>
En grande partie, cet article repose sur des faits et des arguments que vous
-pouvez vérifier, et des propositions sur lesquelles vous pouvez vous
-faire votre propre opinion. Mais je vous demande d'accepter un seule chose
-de mon discours : que les auteurs comme moi ne méritent pas de
-pouvoirs spéciaux à votre détriment. Si vous voulez me
-récompenser plus tard, pour des logiciels ou des livres que j'aurais
-écrits, j'accepterai volontiers un chèque — mais s'il
-vous plaît, n'abandonnez pas votre liberté en mon nom.</p>
+pouvez vérifier, et des propositions sur lesquelles vous pouvez vous faire
+votre propre opinion. Mais je vous demande d'accepter un seule chose de mon
+discours : que les auteurs comme moi ne méritent pas de pouvoirs
+spéciaux à votre détriment. Si vous voulez me récompenser plus tard, pour
+des logiciels ou des livres que j'aurais écrits, j'accepterai volontiers un
+chèque — mais s'il vous plaît, n'abandonnez pas votre liberté en mon
+nom.</p>
<h4>Notes de bas de page</h4>
<ol>
<li>
-<a name="footnote1"></a> Depuis renommé pour l'imprononçable
-CBDTPA, pour lequel un bon moyen mnémotechnique est,
-« Consume, But Don't Try Programming Anything »,
-(Consomme, mais n'essaie pas de programmer quoi que ce soit), mais il
-signifie vraiment « Consumer Broadband and Digital Television
-Promotion Act » (loi sur la promotion pour la
-télévision numérique à large bande du
-consommateur).</li>
+<a id="footnote1"></a>Since renamed to the unpronounceable CBDTPA, for which
+a good mnemonic is “Consume, But Don't Try Programming
+Anything,” but it really stands for the “Consumer Broadband and
+Digital Television Promotion Act.”</li>
<li>
<a name="footnote2"></a> Si vous voulez aider, je vous recommande les sites
web <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>, <a
href="http://publicknowledge.org/";>publicknowledge.org</a> et <a
href="http://www.eff.org";>www.eff.org</a>.</li>
-<li>
-<a name="footnote3"></a>Internet étant le plus grand des
-réseaux d'ordinateurs du monde.</li>
</ol>
<hr />
<h4>Cet essai est disponible dans <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Logiciel
-libre, société libre : les essais choisis de Richard
+libre, société libre : les essais choisis de Richard
M. Stallman</cite></a>.</h4>
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
@@ -785,9 +672,11 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -801,9 +690,10 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -816,7 +706,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/01/07 21:27:01 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -825,20 +715,20 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traductions de cette page</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- English -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">English</a> [en]</li>
@@ -854,6 +744,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.tr.html 7 Jan 2010 21:27:01
-0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:10
-0000 1.2
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@
gibi farklı bir dayanak noktasını benimsemiÅtir. Anayasa, aÅaÄıdaki
paragrafla bir telif hakkı sistemine izin vermektedir (Madde I, Bölüm
8):</p>
<blockquote><p>
-[Kongre Åu güce sahip olmalıdır:] ilgili yazılarına ve keÅiflerine özel
-hakkı tanıyarak ve sınırlı zamanlar için yazarları ve mucitleri
koruyarak
-bilimin ve yararlı sanatların geliÅmesine yardımcı olmalıdır.
+[Congress shall have the power] to promote the Progress of Science and the
+useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the
+exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
Yüksek Mahkeme tekrar tekrar bildirmiÅtir ki, telif hakkına sahip
@@ -194,6 +194,11 @@
bozulması"ndan konuÅmak yerine, "özgürlüÄümüzü harcama ve koruma
arasında
doÄru alıÅveriÅin saÄlanması" lafını kullanmalıyız.</p>
+<p>
+(Here is <a
+href="http://www.juliansanchez.com/2011/02/04/the-trouble-with-balance-metaphors/";>
+another critique of "balance"</a>.)</p>
+
<h3>Ä°kinci hata: tek bir sonucun maksimize edilmesi</h3>
<p>
Telif hakkı politikasındaki ikinci hata, yayınlanan çalıÅmaların
sayısının,
@@ -318,19 +323,21 @@
yayıncı, 2075 yılı için planlanmıŠbilanço föyleriyle bu iddiayı
kanıtlamalıdır. </p>
<p>
-Söylememize gerek yok ki, kongre, yayıncıların iddialarını
-sorgulamamaktaydı: telif hakkının kapsamını geniÅleten bu kanun 1998
yılında
-çıkarıldı. Bu kanun, sponsorlarından biri olan ve yasa çıkarılmadan
önce
-ölen Sonny Bono Telif Hakkı Dönem GeniÅletme Hareketi olarak
-adlandırıldı. Onun iÅlerine bakan eÅi ise Åu ifadede bulundu:</p>
+Needless to say, Congress did not question the publishers' arguments: a law
+extending copyright was enacted in 1998. It was officially called the Sonny
+Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, named after one of its sponsors who died
+earlier that year. We usually call it the Mickey Mouse Copyright Act, since
+we presume its real motive was to prevent the copyright on the appearance of
+Mickey Mouse from expiring. Bono's widow, who served the rest of his term,
+made this statement:</p>
<blockquote><p>
-Gerçekte Sonny telif hakkının sonsuza kadar sürmesini isterdi. Ekip bana bu
-gibi bir deÄiÅikliÄin Anayasaya zarar vereceÄini söyledi. Telif hakkı
-kanunlarımızı güçlendirmek için, hepinizi benimle birlikte çalıÅmaya
davet
-ediyorum. BildiÄiniz gibi, ayrıca Jack Valenti de telif hakkının sonsuza
-kadar olması gerektiÄini teklif etmektedir. Belki de komite, sonraki
-kongrede bu hususu ele alabilir.
+Actually, Sonny wanted the term of copyright protection to last forever. I
+am informed by staff that such a change would violate the Constitution. I
+invite all of you to work with me to strengthen our copyright laws in all of
+the ways available to us. As you know, there is also Jack Valenti's proposal
+for term to last forever less one day. Perhaps the Committee may look at
+that next Congress.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
Yüksek Mahkeme, Anayasanın ilerleme hedefine hizmet eden geçmiÅe dönük
@@ -362,14 +369,14 @@
Åüpheliydi. Her durumda, kanun tasarısı, anlaÅmanın gerektirdiÄinin
üstüne
çıktı.</p>
<p>
-Kütüphaneler, bu yasa tasarısına, özellikle, “adil kullanım”
-olarak deÄerlendirilen kopyalama biçimlerini engelleyen konulara karÅı
-konulmasına iliÅkin kilit kaynaktı. Yayıncılar bu duruma nasıl tepki
verdi?
-Eski temsilci, günümüzde Amerikan Yayıncılar BirliÄi için lobici olan
Pat
-Schroeder, yayıncıların “[kütüphanelerin] istediÄi Åeyle
-yaÅayamayacaÄını“ söyledi. Kütüphanelerin yalnızca mevcut
durumun bir
-kısmını korumak istediklerinden, yayıncıların, günümüze kadar
yaÅamlarını
-nasıl sürdürdüklerini merak edebiliriz.</p>
+Libraries were a key source of opposition to this bill, especially to the
+aspects that block the forms of copying that are considered fair use. How
+did the publishers respond? Former representative Pat Schroeder, now a
+lobbyist for the Association of American Publishers, said that the
+publishers “could not live with what [the libraries were] asking
+for.” Since the libraries were asking only to preserve part of the
+status quo, one might respond by wondering how the publishers had survived
+until the present day.</p>
<p>
Bu yasa tasarısına karÅı olan benimle ve diÄerleriyle yapılan bir
görüÅmede,
kongre üyesi Barney Frank, A.B.D. Anayasasının telif hakkına bakıÅ
açısının
@@ -570,15 +577,14 @@
<h3>KiÅisel bir not</h3>
<p>
-Ben resmi olarak bir bilim adamı deÄil, bir yazılım tasarımcısıyım.
Telif
-hakkı konularıyla aÅina oldum çünkü Ä°nternet dünyasında bunlardan
kaçmanın
-yolu yoktur. Otuz yıldır bilgisayar ve İnternet<a href="#footnote3">[3]</a>
-kullanan biri olarak, kaybetmiÅ olduÄum ve ileride kaybedebileceÄim
-özgürlüklere deÄer veriyorum. Bir yazar olarak, genelde yayıncılar
-tarafından yazarların telif hakkı gücünü, ki daha sonra yazar tarafından
-yayıncılara devredilmektedir, arttırmak için yazarlara atfedilmiŠolan
yarı
-ilahi <a href="words-to-avoid.html#Creator">yaratıcı</a> romantik esrarı
-reddedebilirim.</p>
+I am a software designer, not a legal scholar. I've become concerned with
+copyright issues because there's no avoiding them in the world of computer
+networks, such as the Internet. As a user of computers and networks for 30
+years, I value the freedoms that we have lost, and the ones we may lose
+next. As an author, I can reject the romantic mystique of the author as
+semidivine <a href="words-to-avoid.html#Creator">creator</a>, often cited by
+publishers to justify increased copyright powers for authors—powers
+which these authors will then sign away to publishers.</p>
<p>
Bu yazının çoÄunluÄu, kontrol edebileceÄiniz gerçeklerden ve
nedenlerden ve
üzerinde kendi fikirlerinizi oluÅturabileceÄiniz tekliflerden
@@ -590,18 +596,15 @@
<h4>Dipnotlar</h4>
<ol>
<li>
-<a id="footnote1"></a>Telaffuz edilemeyen CBDTPA olarak adı
-deÄiÅtirilmiÅtir, “Tüket Ama HiçbirÅey Programlamaya
ÃalıÅma'nın"
-(Consume, But Donât Try Programming Anything)” kısaltması olarak
-akılda tutulabilir ancak aslında “Tüketici GeniÅ Bant ve Dijital
-Televizyon Promosyon Hareketinin” kısaltmasıdır.</li>
+<a id="footnote1"></a>Since renamed to the unpronounceable CBDTPA, for which
+a good mnemonic is “Consume, But Don't Try Programming
+Anything,” but it really stands for the “Consumer Broadband and
+Digital Television Promotion Act.”</li>
<li>
<a id="footnote2"></a>Yardım etmek isterseniz, <a
href="http://defectivebydesign.org";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>, <a
href="http://publicknowledge.org";>publicknowledge.org</a> ve <a
href="http://www.eff.org";>www.eff.org</a>.</li>
-<li>
-<a id="footnote3"></a>Ä°nternet, dünyadaki bilgisayar aÄlarının en
büyüÄüdür.</li>
</ol>
<hr />
@@ -627,12 +630,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır. Lütfen
-çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -644,9 +647,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>Bu makalenin tamamının kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve
daÄıtılmasına,
-ücret talep etmeksizin, herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı
-bildirisini korumak Åartıyla, dünya çapında izin verilmiÅtir.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -699,7 +702,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/01/07 21:27:01 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -709,20 +712,20 @@
<h4>Bu sayfanın diÄer dillere <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">çevirileri</a>:</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- English -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">English</a> [en]</li>
@@ -738,6 +741,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.zh-cn.html 3 May 2011 00:27:50
-0000 1.5
+++ philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.zh-cn.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:10
-0000 1.6
@@ -78,6 +78,11 @@
<p>
æ¦æ¬èµ·æ¥ï¼å½ä¸ä¸ªä¸ªä½æç»ç»æç两个ç¸äºå²çªçç®æ
ï¼å¹¶ä¸ä¸è½åæ¶å®å
¨å®ç°ä»ä»¬ï¼æ们称è¿å
¶ä¸éè¦è¿è¡“妥å”ãå¦æ¤çè¯ï¼æ们æ好说“å¨æ¯å¦æ¶è´¹æ们èªç±çé®é¢ä¸ï¼æ¾ä¸ªå¦¥åçæ¹æ¡”ï¼èéå¨ç»ç»ä¹é´“寻æ±ä¸ä¸ªå¹³è¡¡”</p>
+<p>
+(Here is <a
+href="http://www.juliansanchez.com/2011/02/04/the-trouble-with-balance-metaphors/";>
+another critique of "balance"</a>.)</p>
+
<h3>é误äºï¼äº§åºæ大å</h3>
<p>
第äºä¸ªé误æ¯å¯¹çæç®ççæ²è§£ãçæ常常被误以为æ¯ä¸ºäºæ大ååºçä½åçæ°éï¼èéä»
ä»
æ¯å¢å
å®ä»¬çæ°éã“寻æ±å¹³è¡¡”çè§ç¹éå¨æåºçåçéè¦æ§æåå°äºä¸è¯»è
çéè¦æ§çåçå°ä½ãèè¿ç¬¬äºä¸ªé误ï¼åå°åºçåå驾äºè¯»è
ä¹ä¸ã</p>
@@ -284,7 +289,9 @@
<p>
çæææ © 2002, 2003, 2007 èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼.
</p>
-<p>å
许åç§å½¢å¼çåæ转载ï¼ä½éä¿ççæ声æåæ¬å£°æã
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -296,7 +303,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
æ´æ°ï¼
-$Date: 2011/05/03 00:27:50 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.fr.html 1 Jul 2011 00:31:34 -0000 1.7
+++ philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:10 -0000 1.8
@@ -297,12 +297,13 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -316,9 +317,10 @@
Copyright © 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage sans contrepartie financière,
-pourvu que cette notice soit préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -331,7 +333,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/01 00:31:34 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/my_doom.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/my_doom.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/my_doom.fa.html 15 Jan 2010 09:26:55 -0000 1.4
+++ philosophy/my_doom.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:11 -0000 1.5
@@ -102,8 +102,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -116,9 +117,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2004, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>ÙسخÙâØ¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÙ
٠ب٠کÙÙ
٠٠تÙزÛع ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در سراسر جÙا٠٠در Ùر
-رساÙÙâاÛØ Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠پرداخت Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز Ù
جاز Ù
ÛâØ¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø§ اÛ٠شرط ک٠اÛ٠اعÙاÙ/ØÙ
-اÙ
تÛاز ØÙظ Ø´Ùد.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2010/01/15 09:26:55 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/no-word-attachments.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/no-word-attachments.fa.html 15 Jan 2010 09:26:55 -0000
1.4
+++ philosophy/no-word-attachments.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:11 -0000
1.5
@@ -72,11 +72,11 @@
<p>
When you receive a Word file, if you think of that as an isolated event, it
-is natural to try to cope by finding a way to read it. But as an instance
-of a pernicious systematic practice, it calls for a different approach.
-Managing to read the file is treating a symptom of an epidemic disease; what
-we really want to do is stop the disease from spreading. That means we must
-convince people not to send or post Word documents.</p>
+is natural to try to cope by finding a way to read it. Considered as an
+instance of a pernicious systematic practice, it calls for a different
+approach. Managing to read the file is treating a symptom of an epidemic
+disease; what we really want to do is stop the disease from spreading. That
+means we must convince people not to send or post Word documents.</p>
<p>
بدÛÙ Ù
ÙظÙر شرÙع ب٠پاسخâÚ¯ÙÛÛ Ø¨Ù Ù¾ÛÙستâÙاÛ
Word با ارسا٠ÛÚ© Ù¾ÛغاÙ
Ù
ÙدباÙÙ
@@ -87,11 +87,11 @@
بسÛØ§Ø±Û Ø§Ø² Ø¢Ùا٠ÙاÛÙâÙØ§Û Word را Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¯ÛگراÙ
ÙÛز ارسا٠ÙØ®ÙاÙÙد کرد.</p>
<p>
-اگر تÙ
اÙ
Û Ø§Ùراد اÛ٠کار را اÙجاÙ
دÙÙدØ
تاثÛر گستردÙâØªØ±Û Ø®ÙاÙد داشت. اشخاصÛ
-Ú©Ù ÛÚ© Ù¾ÛغاÙ
Ù
ÙدباÙ٠را ÙدÛد Ù
ÛâÚ¯ÛرÙØ¯Ø Ù
Ù
Ú©Ù
است با درÛاÙت ÚÙÛÙ Ù¾ÛغاÙ
Û Ø§Ø² طرÙ
-اÙراد Ù
ختÙÙØ Ø¹Ø§Ø¯Øª Ø®Ùد را تغÛÛر دÙÙد. اگر
اÛÙ Ù
ÙضÙع را با Ùر Ø´Ø®ØµÛ Ú©Ù Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ù
ا
-ÙاÛÙâÙØ§Û Word ارسا٠Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد Ù
Ø·Ø±Ø Ú©ÙÛÙ
Ø Ù
Ù
Ú©Ù
است بتÙاÙÛÙ
”Ù¾ÛÙست Word
-ارسا٠ÙÚ©ÙÛد“ را ب٠ÛÚ© رÙتار اجتÙ
اعÛÙ
اÛÙترÙØªÛ ØªØ¨Ø¯ÛÙ Ú©ÙÛÙ
.</p>
+If we all do this, we will have a much larger effect. People who disregard
+one polite request may change their practice when they receive multiple
+polite requests from various people. We may be able to give <em>Don't send
+Word format!</em> the status of netiquette, if we start systematically
+raising the issue with everyone who sends us Word files.</p>
<p>
Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¢Ù
Ø¯Ø³Ø§Ø²Û Ø§Û٠رÙØ´Ø Ù
ÛâتÙا٠ÛÚ© پاسخ
از Ùب٠آÙ
اد٠شد٠را Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø§Ø±Ø³Ø§Ù ÙÙرÛ
@@ -158,12 +158,12 @@
<p>
<em>Receiving Word documents is bad for you because they can carry viruses
-(see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_virus). Sending Word documents is
-bad for you because a Word document normally includes hidden information
-about the author, enabling those in the know to pry into the author's
-activities (maybe yours). Text that you think you deleted may still be
-embarrassingly present. See
-http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3154479.stm for more info. </em></p>
+(see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_virus_(computing)). Sending Word
+documents is bad for you because a Word document normally includes hidden
+information about the author, enabling those in the know to pry into the
+author's activities (maybe yours). Text that you think you deleted may
+still be embarrassingly present. See
+http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3154479.stm for more info.</em></p>
<p>
<em>اÙ
ا Ùراتر از تÙ
اÙ
اÛÙ Ù
ÙØ§Ø±Ø¯Ø Ø§Ø±Ø³Ø§Ù Ù
ستÙدات Word Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¯Ûگرا٠آÙا٠را تØت
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@
<p>
<em>Your computer may also have a program to convert to PDF format. Select
-File => Print. Scroll through available printers and select the PDF
+File, then Print. Scroll through available printers and select the PDF
converter. Click on the Print button and enter a name for the PDF file when
requested.</em></p>
@@ -229,8 +229,8 @@
<hr />
<p>
-<em>ÙØ·Ùا از ارسا٠پÛÙستâÙØ§Û Word Ù Ûا PowerPoint بÙ
Ù
Ù Ø®ÙØ¯Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÛد.<br
-/>http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html را
ببÛÙÛد.</em></p>
+<em>Please avoid sending me Word or PowerPoint attachments.<br />
+See http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html</em></p>
<hr />
@@ -266,8 +266,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -278,9 +279,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2002, 2007 Richard M. Stallman <br />ÙسخÙâبردارÛ
Ú©ÙÙ
٠بÙ
-Ú©ÙÙ
٠٠تÙزÛع ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در سراسر جÙا٠٠در
Ùر رساÙÙâاÛØ Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠پرداخت ØÙ
-اÙ
تÛاز Ù
جاز Ù
ÛâØ¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø§ اÛ٠شرط ک٠اÛÙ
اعÙاÙ/Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز ØÙظ Ø´Ùد.
+Copyright © 2002, 2007 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -292,7 +295,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2010/01/15 09:26:55 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/no-word-attachments.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- philosophy/no-word-attachments.fr.html 30 Jun 2010 12:16:45 -0000
1.26
+++ philosophy/no-word-attachments.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:11 -0000
1.27
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Finissons-en avec les pièces jointes Word - GNU Project - Free
-Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<title>Finissons-en avec les pièces jointes Word - GNU Project - Free Software
+Foundation (FSF)</title>
<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, générale, publique, licence, gpl,
licence publique générale, liberté, logiciel, pouvoir, droits, word, pièce
jointe, pièce jointe word, microsoft" />
@@ -13,31 +13,28 @@
cette pratique." />
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Finissons-en avec les pièces jointes Word !</h2>
+<h2>Finissons-en avec les pièces jointes Word !</h2>
<p>par <strong>Richard M. Stallman, janvier 2002</strong>
</p>
<p>
-N'en avez-vous pas assez de recevoir des documents Word dans vos
-courriels ? Les documents Word sont ennuyeux, certes, mais pire encore,
-ils gênent le passage des gens aux logiciels libres. Peut-être
-pouvons-nous mettre fin à ces pratiques grâce à un
-simple effort collectif ? Tout ce que nous avons à faire, c'est
-demander à chaque personne qui nous envoie un document Word de
-reconsidérer sa façon de procéder.</p>
+Don't you just hate receiving Word documents in email messages? Word
+attachments are annoying, but, worse than that, they impede people from
+switching to free software. Maybe we can stop this practice with a simple
+collective effort. All we have to do is ask each person who sends us a Word
+file to reconsider that way of doing things.</p>
<p>
La plupart des utilisateurs d'ordinateurs utilisent Microsoft Word. C'est
-bien dommage pour eux, puisque Word est un logiciel propriétaire, et
-prive donc ses utilisateurs de la liberté de l'étudier, de le
-modifier, de le copier et de le redistribuer. Et, du fait que Microsoft
-change le format de fichier Word lors des changements de version, ses
-utilisateurs sont prisonniers d'un cercle vicieux qui les contraint à
-acheter chaque mise à jour, qu'ils désirent changer ou
-non. Ils pourront même s'apercevoir, dans quelques années, que
-les documents Word qu'ils rédigent aujourd'hui ne pourront plus
-être lus avec la version de Word qu'ils utiliseront alors.</p>
+bien dommage pour eux, puisque Word est un logiciel propriétaire, et prive
+donc ses utilisateurs de la liberté de l'étudier, de le modifier, de le
+copier et de le redistribuer. Et, du fait que Microsoft change le format de
+fichier Word lors des changements de version, ses utilisateurs sont
+prisonniers d'un cercle vicieux qui les contraint à acheter chaque mise Ã
+jour, qu'ils désirent changer ou non. Ils pourront même s'apercevoir, dans
+quelques années, que les documents Word qu'ils rédigent aujourd'hui ne
+pourront plus être lus avec la version de Word qu'ils utiliseront alors.</p>
<p>
Mais cela nous porte atteinte quand ils supposent que nous utilisons Word
@@ -45,115 +42,101 @@
documents au format Word. Certains publient ou postent des documents au
format Word. Des organisations n'acceptent que les fichiers au format
Word : quelqu'un m'a dit qu'il n'avait pas pu postuler pour un travail
-parce que les curriculum vitae devaient être au format
-Word. Même des gouvernements imposent parfois l'usage du format Word
-aux citoyens, ce qui est franchement déplacé.</p>
-
-<p>
-Recevoir des documents Word est bien sûr une gêne et un obstacle
-pour nous, utilisateurs de systèmes d'exploitation libres. Mais le
-pire est encore l'envoi de documents Word à des personnes qui
-franchiraient peut-être le pas vers des systèmes libres :
-ces personnes hésitent car elles pensent devoir disposer de Word pour
-lire les fichiers Word qu'elles reçoivent. Cette pratique de
-l'utilisation du format fermé de Word pour les échanges
-gêne la croissance de notre communauté et le rayonnement de la
-liberté. Et bien que nous ayons conscience de l'ennui occasionnel que
-constitue la réception d'un document Word, ce mal constant et
-persistant infligé à notre communauté n'atteint
-généralement pas notre attention. Pourtant, il se manifeste
-tout le temps.</p>
-
-<p>
-Beaucoup d'utilisateurs GNU qui reçoivent des documents Word essaient
-de trouver des moyens pour les lire. Vous pouvez essayer de trouver le texte
-en ASCII en parcourant le fichier. Aujourd'hui, les logiciels libres peuvent
-lire certains documents Word, mais pas tous (le format est secret et n'a pas
-encore été totalement décodé). Et pire encore,
-Microsoft peut le changer à tout moment.</p>
-
-<p>
-Et le pire, c'est qu'il l'a déjà fait. Microsoft Office 2007
-utilise le format breveté OOXML par défaut. (C'est celui que
-Microsoft a réussi à faire déclarer comme
-« standard ouvert » par manipulation politique et en
-infiltrant les comités de standards). Microsoft offre une licence
+parce que les curriculum vitae devaient être au format Word. Même des
+gouvernements imposent parfois l'usage du format Word aux citoyens, ce qui
+est franchement déplacé.</p>
+
+<p>
+Recevoir des documents Word est bien sûr une gêne et un obstacle pour nous,
+utilisateurs de systèmes d'exploitation libres. Mais le pire est encore
+l'envoi de documents Word à des personnes qui franchiraient peut-être le pas
+vers des systèmes libres : ces personnes hésitent car elles pensent
+devoir disposer de Word pour lire les fichiers Word qu'elles
+reçoivent. Cette pratique de l'utilisation du format fermé de Word pour les
+échanges gêne la croissance de notre communauté et le rayonnement de la
+liberté. Et bien que nous ayons conscience de l'ennui occasionnel que
+constitue la réception d'un document Word, ce mal constant et persistant
+infligé à notre communauté n'atteint généralement pas notre
+attention. Pourtant, il se manifeste tout le temps.</p>
+
+<p>
+Many GNU users who receive Word documents try to find ways to handle them.
+You can manage to find the somewhat obfuscated ASCII text in the file by
+skimming through it. Free software today can read most Word documents, but
+not all—the format is secret and has not been entirely decoded. Even
+worse, Microsoft can change it at any time.</p>
+
+<p>
+Et le pire, c'est qu'il l'a déjà fait. Microsoft Office 2007 utilise le
+format breveté OOXML par défaut. (C'est celui que Microsoft a réussi Ã
faire
+déclarer comme « standard ouvert » par manipulation politique et
+en infiltrant les comités de standards). Microsoft offre une licence
gratuite pour OOXML dont les termes ne permettent pas de mises en
-œuvre libres. Nous allons par conséquent commencer à
-recevoir des fichiers Word dans un format que les programmes libres ne sont
-pas autorisés à lire.</p>
-
-<p>
-Quand vous recevez un document Word, si vous pensez que cela constitue un
-événement isolé, il est normal d'essauer de trouver un
-moyen pour le lire. Mais quand vous y reconnaissez la manifestation d'une
-pratique pernicieuse et systématique, une approche différente
-s'impose. S'arranger pour lire le fichier revient à traiter les
-symptômes d'un maladie épidémique. Ce que nous voulons
-vraiment, c'est arrêter la propagation de la maladie. Cela signifie
-que nous devons convaincre les gens de ne plus envoyer ou poster des
-documents Word.</p>
-
-<p>
-J'ai pris l'habitude de répondre aux pièces jointes Word par
-un message poli expliquant pourquoi il est mauvais d'envoyer des fichiers
-Word, et priant la personne de renvoyer le document dans un format qui ne
-soit pas secret. Cela fait bien moins de travail que d'essayer de lire le
-texte dans l'ASCII abscons d'un fichier Word. Et il se trouve souvent des
-gens pour comprendre le problème, et beaucoup disent qu'ils
-n'enverront plus de documents Word aux autres.</p>
-
-<p>
-Si nous nous y mettons tous, notre impact sera plus important. Les gens qui
-ignorent un message poli peuvent changer de comportement quand ils en
-reçoivent plusieurs, venant de personnes
-différentes. Peut-être même pouvons-nous donner aux mots
-« N'envoyez pas au format Word » le statut de
-règle de netiquette, si nous soulevons systématiquement le
-problème avec tous ceux qui nous envoient des fichiers Word ?</p>
-
-<p>
-Pour rendre cet effort efficace, vous voudrez sans doute développer
-une réponse « de série », que vous
-pourrez envoyer rapidement à chaque fois que nécessaire. J'ai
-donc inclus ci-dessous deux exemples : la version que j'ai
-utilisée récemment, suivie d'une nouvelle version qui apprend
-à un utilisateur de Word comment convertir vers d'autres formats
-utiles. Ils sont suivis par plusieurs suggestions envoyées par
-d'autres personnes.</p>
-
-<p>
-Vous pouvez utiliser ces réponses telles quelles si vous le
-désirez, vous pouvez les personnaliser, ou encore écrire les
-vôtres. Essayez autant que possible de construire une réponse
-qui corresponde à vos opinions et à votre
-personnalité : si les réponses sont personnalisées
-et toutes différentes, cela rendra la campagne plus efficace.</p>
-
-<p>
-Ces réponses sont destinées à des personnes physiques
-ayant envoyé des fichiers Word. Quand vous rencontrez une
-organisation qui impose l'utilisation du format Word, une réponse
-d'un autre type s'impose ; vous pouvez alors soulevez le
-problème de l'équité, qui ne s'appliquerait pas pour
-des actions individuelles.</p>
-
-<p>
-Certains recruteurs demandent les CV au format Word. Étonnament,
-certains recruteurs le font même lorsqu'ils cherchent quelqu'un pour
-un travail dans le logiciel libre.(Quiconque utilisent ces recruteurs pour
-pourvoir un travail dans le logiciel libre n'obtiendra vraisemblablement pas
-un employé compétent). Pour aider à changer cette
-pratique, vous pouvez mettre un lien vers cette page dans votre CV, à
-côté des liens vers les autres formats de votre CV. Quiconque
-cherche une version Word du CV lira probablement cette page.</p>
-
-<p>
-Cette page parle des pièces jointes Word, puisqu'elles représentent
-de loin le cas le plus courant. Cependant, les mêmes problèmes
-s'appliquent aux autres formats propriétaires, comme PowerPoint et
-Excel. Veuillez adapter les réponses pour couvrir ces cas aussi, si
-vous le désirez.</p>
+œuvre libres. Nous allons par conséquent commencer à recevoir des
+fichiers Word dans un format que les programmes libres ne sont pas autorisés
+Ã lire.</p>
+
+<p>
+When you receive a Word file, if you think of that as an isolated event, it
+is natural to try to cope by finding a way to read it. Considered as an
+instance of a pernicious systematic practice, it calls for a different
+approach. Managing to read the file is treating a symptom of an epidemic
+disease; what we really want to do is stop the disease from spreading. That
+means we must convince people not to send or post Word documents.</p>
+
+<p>
+J'ai pris l'habitude de répondre aux pièces jointes Word par un message poli
+expliquant pourquoi il est mauvais d'envoyer des fichiers Word, et priant la
+personne de renvoyer le document dans un format qui ne soit pas secret. Cela
+fait bien moins de travail que d'essayer de lire le texte dans l'ASCII
+abscons d'un fichier Word. Et il se trouve souvent des gens pour comprendre
+le problème, et beaucoup disent qu'ils n'enverront plus de documents Word
+aux autres.</p>
+
+<p>
+If we all do this, we will have a much larger effect. People who disregard
+one polite request may change their practice when they receive multiple
+polite requests from various people. We may be able to give <em>Don't send
+Word format!</em> the status of netiquette, if we start systematically
+raising the issue with everyone who sends us Word files.</p>
+
+<p>
+Pour rendre cet effort efficace, vous voudrez sans doute développer une
+réponse « de série », que vous pourrez envoyer rapidement Ã
chaque
+fois que nécessaire. J'ai donc inclus ci-dessous deux exemples : la
+version que j'ai utilisée récemment, suivie d'une nouvelle version qui
+apprend à un utilisateur de Word comment convertir vers d'autres formats
+utiles. Ils sont suivis par plusieurs suggestions envoyées par d'autres
+personnes.</p>
+
+<p>
+Vous pouvez utiliser ces réponses telles quelles si vous le désirez, vous
+pouvez les personnaliser, ou encore écrire les vôtres. Essayez autant que
+possible de construire une réponse qui corresponde à vos opinions et à votre
+personnalité : si les réponses sont personnalisées et toutes
+différentes, cela rendra la campagne plus efficace.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ces réponses sont destinées à des personnes physiques ayant envoyé des
+fichiers Word. Quand vous rencontrez une organisation qui impose
+l'utilisation du format Word, une réponse d'un autre type s'impose ;
+vous pouvez alors soulevez le problème de l'équité, qui ne s'appliquerait
+pas pour des actions individuelles.</p>
+
+<p>
+Some recruiters ask for resumes in Word format. Ludicrously, some
+recruiters do this even when looking for someone for a free software job.
+(Anyone using those recruiters for free software jobs is not likely to get a
+competent employee.) To help change this practice, you can put a link to
+this page into your resume, next to links to other formats of the resume.
+Anyone hunting for a Word version of the resume will probably read this
+page.</p>
+
+<p>
+Cette page parle des pièces jointes Word, puisqu'elles représentent de loin
+le cas le plus courant. Cependant, les mêmes problèmes s'appliquent aux
+autres formats propriétaires, comme PowerPoint et Excel. Veuillez adapter
+les réponses pour couvrir ces cas aussi, si vous le désirez.</p>
<p>
En nombre, et simplement en demandant, nous pouvons changer les choses.</p>
@@ -161,158 +144,138 @@
<hr />
<p>
-<em>Vous m'avez envoyé une pièce jointe au format Microsoft
-Word, format propriétaire et tenu secret, ce qui fait que je ne peux
-le lire. Si vous me l'envoyez au format texte brut, HTML ou PDF, je serai
-alors en mesure d'en prendre connaissance.</em></p>
+<em>Vous m'avez envoyé une pièce jointe au format Microsoft Word, format
+propriétaire et tenu secret, ce qui fait que je ne peux le lire. Si vous me
+l'envoyez au format texte brut, HTML ou PDF, je serai alors en mesure d'en
+prendre connaissance.</em></p>
<p>
<em>Envoyer aux gens des documents au format Word est mauvais, parce que
-cela les force à utiliser des logiciels de Microsoft. Vous vous
-constituez ainsi pilier du monopole de Microsoft. Ce problème
-précis constitue un obstacle majeur à l'adoption massive de
-GNU/Linux. Pourriez-vous, s'il vous plaît, reconsidérer
-l'utilisation du format Word pour communiquer avec les autres ?</em></p>
+cela les force à utiliser des logiciels de Microsoft. Vous vous constituez
+ainsi pilier du monopole de Microsoft. Ce problème précis constitue un
+obstacle majeur à l'adoption massive de GNU/Linux. Pourriez-vous, s'il vous
+plaît, reconsidérer l'utilisation du format Word pour communiquer avec les
+autres ?</em></p>
<hr />
<p>
-<em>Vous m'avez envoyé une pièce jointe au format Microsoft
-Word, format propriétaire et tenu secret, ce qui fait que je ne peux
-le lire. Si vous me l'envoyez au format texte brut, HTML ou PDF, je serai
-alors en mesure d'en prendre connaissance.</em></p>
+<em>Vous m'avez envoyé une pièce jointe au format Microsoft Word, format
+propriétaire et tenu secret, ce qui fait que je ne peux le lire. Si vous me
+l'envoyez au format texte brut, HTML ou PDF, je serai alors en mesure d'en
+prendre connaissance.</em></p>
<p>
<em>La diffusion de documents au format Word est mauvaise pour vous et pour
-les autres. Vous ne pouvez être sûr de la manière dont
-ils seront affichés si quelqu'un les regarde avec une version
-différente de Word ; ils peuvent même ne pas fonctionner
-du tout.</em></p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Recevoir des documents Word est mauvais pour vous : ils peuvent
-servir de vecteurs à la propagation de virus (voir <a
-href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-virus";>http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-virus</a>).
-Envoyer des documents Word est mauvais pour vous, parce que ces documents
-incorporent normalement des informations cachées sur l'auteur,
-permettant à ceux qui le savent de se pencher dans les activés
-de l'auteur (peut-être les vôtres), le texte que vous croyez
-avoir effacé pouvant être encore présent, pour votre
-plus grand embarras.<a
-href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3154479.stm";>Voir
-http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3154479.stm</a> pour plus
-d'informations</em>.</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Mais par dessus tout, envoyer aux gens des documents Word les force
-à utiliser des produits Microsoft et leur interdit tout autre
-choix. Dans les faits, vous vous constituez ainsi pilier du monopole de
-Microsoft. Cette pratique constitue un obstacle majeur pour une large
-adoption du logiciel libre. Pourriez-vous s'il vous plaît, utiliser
-autre chose que des documents Word pour communiquer avec les
-autres ?</em></p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Il est aisé de convertir le fichier en HTML depuis Word. Ouvrez
-le document, « cliquez » sur
-« Fichier », puis « Enregistrer
-sous », et dans la boîte de dialogue
-« Enregistrer au format » au bas de la boîte,
-choisissez « Document HTML » ou « Page
-Web ». Puis choisissez
-« Enregistrer ». Vous pouvez alors attacher le nouveau
-document HTML à la place du document Word. Notez que Word change de
-façon imprévisible ; si vous observez des noms
-légèrement différents pour les choix de menu, merci de
-les essayer.</em></p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Convertir en texte brut se fait quasiment de la même
-manière : au lieu de « Document HTML »,
-choisissez « Texte seulement » dans
-« Enregistrer au format ».</em></p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Un programme de conversion au format pdf peut aussi être
-disponible sur votre ordinateur. Sélectionnez « Fichier >
-Imprimer ». Parcourez les différentes imprimantes
-disponibles et sélectionnez le « Convertisseur
-pdf ». Cliquez sur le bouton «Imprimer» et, quand la
-boîte de dialogue vous le demande, entrez un nom pour le ficher
-pdf.</em></p>
+les autres. Vous ne pouvez être sûr de la manière dont ils seront affichés
+si quelqu'un les regarde avec une version différente de Word ; ils
+peuvent même ne pas fonctionner du tout.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Receiving Word documents is bad for you because they can carry viruses
+(see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_virus_(computing)). Sending Word
+documents is bad for you because a Word document normally includes hidden
+information about the author, enabling those in the know to pry into the
+author's activities (maybe yours). Text that you think you deleted may
+still be embarrassingly present. See
+http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3154479.stm for more info.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Mais par dessus tout, envoyer aux gens des documents Word les force Ã
+utiliser des produits Microsoft et leur interdit tout autre choix. Dans les
+faits, vous vous constituez ainsi pilier du monopole de Microsoft. Cette
+pratique constitue un obstacle majeur pour une large adoption du logiciel
+libre. Pourriez-vous s'il vous plaît, utiliser autre chose que des documents
+Word pour communiquer avec les autres ?</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Il est aisé de convertir le fichier en HTML depuis Word. Ouvrez le
+document, « cliquez » sur « Fichier », puis
+« Enregistrer sous », et dans la boîte de dialogue
+« Enregistrer au format » au bas de la boîte, choisissez
+« Document HTML » ou « Page Web ». Puis choisissez
+« Enregistrer ». Vous pouvez alors attacher le nouveau document
+HTML à la place du document Word. Notez que Word change de façon
+imprévisible ; si vous observez des noms légèrement différents pour
les
+choix de menu, merci de les essayer.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Convertir en texte brut se fait quasiment de la même manière : au
+lieu de « Document HTML », choisissez « Texte
+seulement » dans « Enregistrer au format ».</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Your computer may also have a program to convert to PDF format. Select
+File, then Print. Scroll through available printers and select the PDF
+converter. Click on the Print button and enter a name for the PDF file when
+requested.</em></p>
<p>
<em>Consulter <a
href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fr.html";>http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fr.html</a>
-pour plus d'informations sur ce problème.</em></p>
+pour plus d'informations sur ce problème.</em></p>
<hr />
<p>
-Voici une autre approche, proposée par Bob Chassell. Elle
-nécessite que vous l'éditiez pour votre exemple, et elle
-requiert que vous disposiez d'un système pour extraire le contenu et
-en déterminer la longueur.</p>
+Voici une autre approche, proposée par Bob Chassell. Elle nécessite que vous
+l'éditiez pour votre exemple, et elle requiert que vous disposiez d'un
+système pour extraire le contenu et en déterminer la longueur.</p>
<hr />
<p>
<em>Je suis surpris. Pourquoi avez-vous choisi de m'envoyer 876 377 octets
-dans votre dernier message, alors que le contenu utile se réduit
-à seulement 27 133 octets ?</em></p>
+dans votre dernier message, alors que le contenu utile se réduit à seulement
+27 133 octets ?</em></p>
+
+<p>
+<em>Vous m'avez envoyé cinq fichiers au format .doc, non-standard, dense et
+tenu secret par Microsoft, plutôt que dans le format texte pur,
+international, public et plus efficace.</em></p>
<p>
-<em>Vous m'avez envoyé cinq fichiers au format .doc, non-standard,
-dense et tenu secret par Microsoft, plutôt que dans le format texte
-pur, international, public et plus efficace.</em></p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Microsoft peut (et l'a fait récemment au Kenya et au
-Brésil) disposer de forces de polices locales pour faire respecter
-des lois qui interdisent aux étudiants d'analyser le code, qui
-interdisent à des entrepreneurs de construire de nouvelles
-sociétés, et qui interdisent à des professionnels
-d'offrir leurs services. S'il vous plaît, n'apportez pas votre soutien
-à ces actions !</em></p>
+<em>Microsoft peut (et l'a fait récemment au Kenya et au Brésil) disposer de
+forces de polices locales pour faire respecter des lois qui interdisent aux
+étudiants d'analyser le code, qui interdisent à des entrepreneurs de
+construire de nouvelles sociétés, et qui interdisent à des professionnels
+d'offrir leurs services. S'il vous plaît, n'apportez pas votre soutien à ces
+actions !</em></p>
<hr />
<p>
-John D. Ramsdell suggère de décourager l'utilisation de
-pièces jointes dans un format propriétaire en émettant
-une remarque dans leur fichier de <kbd>signature</kbd> :</p>
+John D. Ramsdell suggests people discourage the use of proprietary
+attachments by making a small statement in their <kbd>.signature</kbd>
file:</p>
<hr />
<p>
-<em>S'il vous plaît, évitez de m'envoyer des pièces
-jointes au format Word ou PowerPoint.<br />Voir <a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fr.html";>http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fr.html</a></em></p>
+<em>Please avoid sending me Word or PowerPoint attachments.<br />
+See http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html</em></p>
<hr />
<p>
-<a href="/philosophy/papadopoulos-response.fr.html">Voici la lettre de
-réponse</a> d'Alexandros Papadopoulos à un email avec une
-pièce jointe Word.</p>
+<a href="/philosophy/papadopoulos-response.html">Here is a response
+letter</a> by Alexandros Papadopoulos to an email message with a Word
+attachment.</p>
<hr />
<p>
-Kevin Cole de la Gallaudet University à Washington, D.C <a
-href="/philosophy/kevin-cole-response.fr.html">envoie ce message de
-réponse automatique</a> chaque fois qu'il reçoit une
-pièce jointe Word. (Je pense qu'il est préférable
-d'envoyer des réponses individualisées car les destinataires
-les percevront mieux).</p>
+Kevin Cole of the Gallaudet University in Washington, DC, <a
+href="/philosophy/kevin-cole-response.html">sends out this automatic reply
+message</a> whenever he receives a word attachment. (I think it is better
+to send the responses by hand, and make it clear that you have done so,
+because people will receive them better.)</p>
<hr />
<p>
-Le Père Martin Sylvester offre <a
-href="/philosophy/sylvester-response.fr.html">une réponse plus
-longue</a> qui ajoute le concept de manque de courtoisie d'envoyer des
-fichiers joint Word à un destinataire quand on ignore s'il est
-capable de les lire.</p>
+Le Père Martin Sylvester offre <a
+href="/philosophy/sylvester-response.fr.html">une réponse plus longue</a>
+qui ajoute le concept de manque de courtoisie d'envoyer des fichiers joint
+Word à un destinataire quand on ignore s'il est capable de les lire.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -325,10 +288,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -339,9 +304,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2002, 2007 Richard M. Stallman <br />La reproduction exacte
-et la distribution intégrale de cet article est permise sur n'importe quel
-support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit préservée.
+Copyright © 2002, 2007 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -354,7 +322,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/06/30 12:16:45 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/not-ipr.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/not-ipr.ar.html 15 Dec 2010 09:28:31 -0000 1.3
+++ philosophy/not-ipr.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:11 -0000 1.4
@@ -19,11 +19,15 @@
</p>
<p>
-ÙÙÙ٠اÙأستاذ Mark LemleyØ Ø£Ø³ØªØ§Ø° ÙÙÙØ© اÙÙاÙÙÙ ÙÙ
ستاÙدÙÙØ±Ø¯Ø Ø£Ù Ø§Ùتشار Ù
صطÙØ
-”Ù
ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙرÙØ©“ Ùاتج ع٠عادة عÙبت عاÙ
1967 اÙذ٠تأسست ÙÙÙ Ù
ÙظÙ
Ø©
-”اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙÙÙرÙØ©“ اÙعاÙÙ
ÙØ© (WIPO)Ø
ÙØ£ØµØ¨Ø Ø´Ø§Ø¦Ø¹Ùا جدÙا Ù٠اÙسÙÙات
-اÙÙÙÙÙØ© اÙÙ
اضÙØ© ÙÙØ·. (تعد WIPO رسÙ
ÙÙا Ù
ÙظÙ
Ø©
تابعة ÙÙØ£Ù
Ù
اÙÙ
تØØ¯Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙا ÙÙ
-اÙØÙÙÙØ© تÙ
Ø«Ù ØاÙ
ÙÙ ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر Ùبراءات
اÙاختراع ÙاÙعÙاÙ
ات اÙتجارÙØ©.)
+According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School, the
+widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is a fashion
+that followed the 1967 founding of the World “Intellectual
+Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
+years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
+interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.) Wide use
+dates from <a
+href="http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=1";>around
+1990</a>. (<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">Local image copy</a>)
</p>
<p>
@@ -161,10 +165,10 @@
اÙÙÙاÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙصÙØ© (تÙ
اÙ
Ùا) ÙØ³ØªØªØ§Ø ÙÙ Ùرصة
اÙدراسة اÙصائبة.
</p>
-<p>
-ÙعÙدÙ
ا ÙØÙÙ Ù
Ùعد إعادة تشÙÙÙ WIPOØ <a
-href="http://www.fsfe.org/documents/wiwo.html";>ÙدعÙÙا (ضÙ
٠أشÙاء
أخرÙ) ÙطاÙب
-بتغÙÙر اسÙ
Ùا</a>.
+<p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a
+href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html";>one proposal for changing
+the name and substance of WIPO</a>.
+
</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -177,11 +181,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
بإÙ‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù ÙضÙÙ
-أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -190,8 +195,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 2004Ø 2006 رÙتشارد ستÙÙÙ
ا٠<br />
اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ
-ÙÙ
دخÙØ© اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù
Ùجاز بدÙ٠رسÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·
بشرط إبÙاء Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاØظة.
+Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -205,7 +213,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/12/15 09:28:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/not-ipr.el.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.el.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/not-ipr.el.html 27 Mar 2011 00:28:20 -0000 1.10
+++ philosophy/not-ipr.el.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:11 -0000 1.11
@@ -249,8 +249,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010 Richard M. Stallman
<br />
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted
-worldwide without royalty in any medium provided this notice is preserved.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -265,7 +266,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÎνημεÏÏθηκε:
-$Date: 2011/03/27 00:28:20 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/not-ipr.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/not-ipr.ml.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:33 -0000 1.10
+++ philosophy/not-ipr.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:11 -0000 1.11
@@ -22,14 +22,15 @@
</p>
<p>
-à´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´³àµâ à´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¨àµâà´«àµà´¡àµ à´²àµ
à´¸àµà´àµà´³à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³, à´ªàµà´°àµà´¾à´«à´¸àµà´¸à´°àµâ
മാരàµâà´àµà´àµ à´²àµà´à´²àµ -à´¯àµà´àµ
-à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ, 1967-à´²àµâ à´²àµà´
“à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´ à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµàµ”
à´¸à´à´à´à´¨(World
-“Intellectual Property” Organisation)
à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´ªà´¿à´¤à´®à´¾à´¯à´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
-à´¤àµà´à´°àµâà´àµà´à´¯à´¾à´¯à´¿à´¯àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´¯ à´ªàµà´¾à´¤àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´£à´¤à´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ, “à´¬àµà´¦àµà´§à´¿à´
à´¸àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµàµ” à´à´¨àµà´¨
-à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ പരà´àµà´àµà´¯àµà´³àµà´³
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ à´à´¾à´°à´£à´, à´
à´¤àµà´¤à´¨àµà´¨àµ
വളരൠസാധാരണമായതàµàµ à´
-à´
à´àµà´¤àµà´¤ വരàµâà´·à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²à´¾à´£àµàµ. (WIPO
à´à´°àµ à´¯àµà´à´¨àµâ à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´ªà´¨à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ, à´ªà´àµà´·àµ
വാസàµà´¤à´µà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ
-à´
à´µ, à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´,à´ªàµà´±àµà´±à´¨àµà´±àµ,
à´àµà´°àµà´¡àµâമാരàµâà´àµà´àµàµ à´¤àµà´à´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´µ
à´àµà´µà´¶à´®àµà´³àµà´³à´µà´°àµà´àµ
-താതàµà´ªà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ
നിലà´àµà´¾à´³àµà´³àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ.)
+According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School, the
+widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is a fashion
+that followed the 1967 founding of the World “Intellectual
+Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
+years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
+interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.) Wide use
+dates from <a
+href="http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=1";>around
+1990</a>. (<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">Local image copy</a>)
</p>
<p>
@@ -215,10 +216,10 @@
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµâ നിà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´à´µà´¯àµ
നനàµà´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿ നിരàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³
à´à´°à´µà´¸à´°à´ à´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´.
</p>
-<p>
-WIPO-à´¯àµà´àµ à´ªàµà´¨à´°àµâനിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¾à´£à´¤àµà´¤àµ
à´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´£àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ, മറàµà´±àµ
à´à´¾à´°àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµ
-<a
href="http://www.fsfeurope.org/documents/wiwo.html";>നമàµà´àµà´à´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
-à´ªàµà´°àµà´®à´¾à´±àµà´±à´¾à´¨àµâ à´à´¹àµà´µà´¾à´¨à´
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´¾à´</a>
+<p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a
+href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html";>one proposal for changing
+the name and substance of WIPO</a>.
+
</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -231,12 +232,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ -നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµ
-വിനൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ </a>.
<br
-/>à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯ à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµàµ നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> à´à´¨àµà´¨
-വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -245,10 +246,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´ © 2004, 2006
റിà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâഡൠസàµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâമാനàµâ
<br />à´
-à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµàµ
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨ നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ,
സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£
-à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ പദാനàµà´ªà´¦
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´, à´à´¤àµ
മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
-à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -260,7 +262,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:33 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -308,10 +310,14 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/not-ipr.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- philosophy/not-ipr.pt-br.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:33 -0000 1.7
+++ philosophy/not-ipr.pt-br.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:11 -0000 1.8
@@ -11,62 +11,63 @@
<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
<p>
-Virou moda atirar copyright, patentes e marcas - três entidades separadas e
-diferentes envolvendo três conjuntos de leis separados e diferentes - dentro
-da mesma panela e chamar isso de "Propriedade Intelectual". O termo
-distorcido e confuso não surgiu por acidente. Companhias que lucram com a
-confusão o promovem. E o meio mais claro para sair da confusão é rejeitar
-inteiramente o termo.
+It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and
+trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three
+separate and different sets of laws—plus a dozen other laws into one
+pot and call it “intellectual property”. The distorting and
+confusing term did not become common by accident. Companies that gain from
+the confusion promoted it. The clearest way out of the confusion is to
+reject the term entirely.
</p>
<p>
-De acordo com o professor Mark Lemley, da Stanford Law School, o uso
-generalizado do termo "propriedade inteletual" é uma moda que seguiu a
-fundação da OMPI, a Organização Mundial de "Propriedade Intelectual" em
-1967, mas apenas recentemente começou a ser comumente utilizado. (OMPI é
-formalmente uma organização das Nações Unidas, mas de fato representa o
-interesse de detentores de copyrights, patentes e marcas.)
+According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School, the
+widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is a fashion
+that followed the 1967 founding of the World “Intellectual
+Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
+years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
+interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.) Wide use
+dates from <a
+href="http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=1";>around
+1990</a>. (<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">Local image copy</a>)
</p>
<p>
-O termo carrega uma distorção que não é difÃcil de descobrir: sugere
pensar
-sobre copyright, patentes e marcas por analogia aos direitos de propriedade
-de objetos fÃsicos. (Tal analogia é discrepante da filosofia do direito da
-lei de copyright, ou da lei de patentes e da lei de marcas, mas só os
-especialistas sabem disso). Estas leis são, de fato, pouco semelhantes Ã
-lei de propriedade sobre coisas fÃsicas, mas o uso desse termo conduz os
-legisladores a alterá-las para ficarem mais parecidas. Dado que a alteração
-interessa às empresas que exercem o poder de copyright, marcas e patentes, a
-distorção da "propriedade intelectual" lhes serve bem.
+The term carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking about
+copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property rights for
+physical objects. (This analogy is at odds with the legal philosophies of
+copyright law, of patent law, and of trademark law, but only specialists
+know that.) These laws are in fact not much like physical property law, but
+use of this term leads legislators to change them to be more so. Since that
+is the change desired by the companies that exercise copyright, patent and
+trademark powers, the bias introduced by the term “intellectual
+property” suits them.
</p>
<p>
-Esta distorção já daria motivos suficientes para rejeitar o termo e as
-pessoas recorrentemente me pedem para propor algum outro nome para a
-categoria geral - ou propõem suas próprias alternativas (geralmente
-engraçadas). As sugestões incluem IMPs, de "Imposed Monopoly Privileges"
-(em português, Privilégios de Monopólio Impostos) e GOLEMs, de
-"Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies" (Monopólios Legalmente
-Sustentados Originados por Governos). Alguns falam de "regimes de direitos
-exclusivos", mas se referir à restrições como "direitos" é duplipensar
-também.
+The bias is reason enough to reject the term, and people have often asked me
+to propose some other name for the overall category—or have proposed
+their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions include IMPs, for
+Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for Government-Originated Legally
+Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of “exclusive rights regimes”,
+but referring to restrictions as “rights” is doublethink too.
</p>
<p>
-Alguns desses nomes alternativos seriam um avanço, mas seria um engano
-substituir "propriedade intelectual" por qualquer outro termo. Um nome
-diferente não atingiria o problema profundo do conceito: sua
-sobre-generalização. Não há uma coisa unificada tal como supõe
"propriedade
-intelectual" - isso é uma miragem. O único motivo pelo qual as pessoas
-pensam que ele faz sentido, como uma categoria coerente, vem da impressão
-gerada pela disseminação do uso do termo.
+Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a mistake
+to replace “intellectual property” with any other term. A
+different name will not address the term's deeper problem:
+overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as “intellectual
+property”—it is a mirage. The only reason people think it makes
+sense as a coherent category is that widespread use of the term has misled
+them.
</p>
<p>
-A locução "propriedade intelectual" é, ma melhor das hipóteses, um apanhado
-que embola leis dÃspares. Quem não é advogado e ouve esses termos,
-aplicados a várias legisações, tende a supor que elas se baseiam em um
-princÃpio comum e que funcionam de maneiras semelhantes.
+The term “intellectual property” is at best a catch-all to lump
+together disparate laws. Nonlawyers who hear one term applied to these
+various laws tend to assume they are based on a common principle and
+function similarly.
</p>
<p>
@@ -77,94 +78,90 @@
</p>
<p>
-A lei de copyright foi projetada para promover a autoria e a arte, e é
-atinente aos detalhes de expressão de um trabalho. A lei de patentes visava
-favorecer a publicação de idéias úteis, ao preço de dar àquele que as
-publica um monopólio temporário sobre elas - um preço que pode ser melhor
-pagar em alguns campos, mas não em outros.
+Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the
+details of expression of a work. Patent law was intended to promote the
+publication of useful ideas, at the price of giving the one who publishes an
+idea a temporary monopoly over it—a price that may be worth paying in
+some fields and not in others.
</p>
<p>
-A lei de marcas, ao contrário, não pretendia apoiar nenhum maneira
-particular de atuar, mas simplesmente permitir aos compradores saber o que
-estão comprando. Os legisladores, sob a influência da "propriedade
-intelectual", porém, transformaram-na em um esquema para propiciar
-incentivos à propaganda comercial.
+Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular way
+of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.
+Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual
+property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
+incentives for advertising.
</p>
<p>
-Já que as leis se desenvolveram independentemente, elas são diferentes em
-cada detalhe, da mesma maneira que são diferentes em seus metódos e
-propósitos básicos. Portanto, se você aprender algum fato sobre a lei do
-copyright, você será sábio ao supor que a lei das patentes é diferente.
-Você raramente estará errado!
+Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every
+detail, as well as in their basic purposes and methods. Thus, if you learn
+some fact about copyright law, you'd be wise to assume that patent law is
+different. You'll rarely go wrong!
</p>
<p>
-As pessoas geralmente dizem "propriedade intelectual" quando realmente
-querem dizer algo de uma categoria maior ou menor. Por exemplo, paÃses
-ricos impõem frequentemente leis injustas a paÃses pobres para
-escorchar-lhes o dinheiro. Algumas dessas leis são leis de "propriedade
-intelectual", algumas outras não; entretanto, crÃticos dessa prática
-geralmente se prendem a esse termo porque este se tornou familiar a eles.
-Ao usá-lo, eles deturpam a natureza da questão. Seria melhor utilizar um
-termo exato, como "colonização legislativa", que vai direto ao cerne da
-questão.
+People often say “intellectual property” when they really mean
+some larger or smaller category. For instance, rich countries often impose
+unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of them. Some of these
+laws are “intellectual property” laws, and others are not;
+nonetheless, critics of the practice often grab for that label because it
+has become familiar to them. By using it, they misrepresent the nature of
+the issue. It would be better to use an accurate term, such as
+“legislative colonization”, that gets to the heart of the
+matter.
</p>
<p>
-Os leigos não estão sós quando se confundem com esse termo. Até mesmo
-professores de direito que ensinam essas leis são atraÃdos e distraÃdos pela
-sedução do termo "propriedade intelectual", e fazem afirmações genéricas
que
-entram em conflito com fatos que eles próprios conhecem. Um professor, por
-exemplo, escreveu em 2006:
+Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law professors
+who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the seductiveness of the
+term “intellectual property”, and make general statements that
+conflict with facts they know. For example, one professor wrote in 2006:
</p>
<blockquote><p>
-Ao contrário de seus descendentes que agoram trabalham a base da WIPO, os
-formatadores da constituição estadunidense tinham uma atitude de princÃpios
-e pró-competitiva para a propriedade intelectual. Eles sabiam que os
-direitos poderiam ser necessários, mas... eles ataram as mãos do congresso,
-restringindo seu poder de várias maneiras.
+Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers of the
+US constitution had a principled, procompetitive attitude to intellectual
+property. They knew rights might be necessary, but…they tied
+congress's hands, restricting its power in multiple ways.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-Essa afirmação se refere ao artigo 1, seção 8, clásula 8 da
Constituição dos
-EUA, que autoriza a lei do copyright e a lei das patentes. Essa cláusula,
-entretanto, não tem nada a ver com a lei de marcas. O termo "propriedade
-intelectual" levou o professor a uma falsa generalização.
+That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
+Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That clause,
+though, has nothing to do with trademark law or various others. The term
+“intellectual property” led that professor to make false
+generalization.
</p>
<p>
-O termo "propriedade intelectual" também leva a um pensamento simplista.
-Ele leva as pessoas a focarem em uma pobre similaridade que essas diferentes
-leis têm em sua forma - elas criam privilégios artificiais para certas
-partes - e não percerber os detalhes que formam sua substância: as
-restrições especÃficas que cada lei impõe sobre o público, e as
-consequências que resultam daÃ. O foco simplista na forma encoraja uma
-abordagem "economÃstica" para todas essas questões.
+The term “intellectual property” also leads to simplistic
+thinking. It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form that
+these disparate laws have—that they create artificial privileges for
+certain parties—and to disregard the details which form their
+substance: the specific restrictions each law places on the public, and the
+consequences that result. This simplistic focus on the form encourages an
+“economistic” approach to all these issues.
</p>
<p>
-A economia opera aqui, como geralmente o faz, como um veÃculo para
-suposições não-examinadas. Dentre estas estão incluÃdas suposições
sobre
-valores, como a de que a quantidade de produção conta, enquanto a liberdade
-e o estilo de vida não, e suposições factuais que são em sua maioria
falsas,
-como a de que o copyright sobre música favorece os músicos, ou de que as
-patentes de remédios apóiam a pesquisa para salvar vidas.
+Economics operates here, as it often does, as a vehicle for unexamined
+assumptions. These include assumptions about values, such as that amount of
+production matters while freedom and way of life do not, and factual
+assumptions which are mostly false, such as that copyrights on music
+supports musicians, or that patents on drugs support life-saving research.
</p>
<p>
-Outro problema é que, no nÃvel de detalhe de "propriedade intelectual", os
-assuntos especÃficos levantados pelas várias leis se tornam quase
-invisÃveis. Esses assuntos emergem das especificidades de cada lei -
-precisamente o que o termo "propriedade intelectual" faz as pessoas
-ignorarem. Por exemplo, uma questão relacionada a lei do copyright é se o
-compartilhamento de música deve ser permitido. A lei de patentes não tem
-nada a ver com isso. A lei de patentes traz questões como a de se se deve
-permitir a paÃses pobres produzir drogas que salvam vidas e vendê-las a um
-preço baixo para salvar vidas. A lei de copyright não tem nada a ver com
-tal questão.
+Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term
+“intellectual property”, the specific issues raised by the
+various laws become nearly invisible. These issues arise from the specifics
+of each law—precisely what the term “intellectual
+property” encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue
+relating to copyright law is whether music sharing should be allowed; patent
+law has nothing to do with this. Patent law raises issues such as whether
+poor countries should be allowed to produce life-saving drugs and sell them
+cheaply to save lives; copyright law has nothing to do with such matters.
</p>
<p>
@@ -176,27 +173,27 @@
</p>
<p>
-Portanto, qualquer opinião sobre "a questão da propriedade intelectual" e
-qualquer generalização sobre essa suposta categoria são quase que certamente
-bobas. Se você pensar que todas essas leis são uma só questão, você
tenderá
-a escolher suas opiniões de uma gama de generalizações excessivas, nenhuma
-das quais de qualquer valor.
+Thus, any opinions about “the issue of intellectual property”
+and any generalizations about this supposed category are almost surely
+foolish. If you think all those laws are one issue, you will tend to choose
+your opinions from a selection of sweeping overgeneralizations, none of
+which is any good.
</p>
<p>
-Se você quer pensar claramente sobre as questões levantadas por patentes,
-copyrights ou marcas, o primeiro passo é esquecer a idéia de embolá-los, e
-tratá-los como tópicos separados. O segundo passo é rejeitar as
-perspectivas estreitas e o quadro simplista que o termo "propriedade
-intelectual" sugere. Considere cada uma dessas questões separadamente, em
-suas totalidades, e você terá uma chance de considerá-las de maneira
-correta.
-</p>
+If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or
+copyrights, or trademarks, or various other different laws, the first step
+is to forget the idea of lumping them together, and treat them as separate
+topics. The second step is to reject the narrow perspectives and simplistic
+picture the term “intellectual property” suggests. Consider
+each of these issues separately, in its fullness, and you have a chance of
+considering them well.
+</p>
+
+<p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a
+href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html";>one proposal for changing
+the name and substance of WIPO</a>.
-<p>
-E quanto a reformar a OMPI, entre outras coisas, <a
-href="http://www.fsfeurope.org/documents/wiwo.html";>vamos pedir a mudança do
-seu nome</a>.
</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -211,8 +208,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
@@ -223,9 +221,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2004, 2006 Richard M. Stallman<br />Permite-se mundialmente a
-cópia e distribuição este artigo integral sem <em>royalties</em> em qualquer
-meio desde que esta nota seja preservada.
+Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Atualizado:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:33 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -285,10 +285,14 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/not-ipr.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/not-ipr.ro.html 21 Jun 2011 00:30:16 -0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/not-ipr.ro.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:11 -0000 1.2
@@ -234,8 +234,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010 Richard M. Stallman
<br />
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted
-worldwide without royalty in any medium provided this notice is preserved.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -247,7 +248,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Actualizat:
-$Date: 2011/06/21 00:30:16 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/not-ipr.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/not-ipr.sr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:33 -0000 1.9
+++ philosophy/not-ipr.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:11 -0000 1.10
@@ -11,22 +11,25 @@
<p>од <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>РиÑаÑда Ð.
СÑалмана</a></p>
<p>
-ÐоÑÑало Ñе помодно да Ñе ÑиÑÑем аÑÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑава<sup><a
-href="#TransNote1">[1]</a></sup>, паÑенÑи и Ñобне маÑке,
ÑÑи одвоÑене и
-ÑазлиÑиÑе ÑÑваÑи коÑе Ñе ÑиÑÑ ÑÑи одвоÑене
и ÑазлиÑиÑе гÑÑпе закона,
-ÑÑавÑаÑÑ Ñ Ð¸ÑÑи ÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð¸ називаÑÑ
âинÑелекÑÑалном ÑвоÑиномâ. ÐваÑ
иÑкÑивÑени и
-збÑÑÑÑÑÑи изÑаз ниÑе наÑÑао ÑлÑÑаÑно.
ÐанÑиÑале ÑÑ Ð³Ð° ÑиÑме коÑе ÑÑ Ð½Ð°
-добиÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð±Ð¾Ð³ Ñе забÑне. ÐаÑÑиÑÑиÑи пÑÑ Ð¸Ð·
Ñе забÑне Ñе да Ñе ÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ñаз
-одбаÑи Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑпÑноÑÑи.
+It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and
+trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three
+separate and different sets of laws—plus a dozen other laws into one
+pot and call it “intellectual property”. The distorting and
+confusing term did not become common by accident. Companies that gain from
+the confusion promoted it. The clearest way out of the confusion is to
+reject the term entirely.
</p>
<p>
-ÐÑема пÑоÑеÑоÑÑ ÐаÑÐºÑ ÐемлиÑÑ (<em>Mark
Lemley</em>), коÑи Ñе Ñада пÑоÑеÑоÑ
-СÑанÑоÑдÑке пÑавне Ñколе, ÑиÑоко пÑиÑ
ваÑена ÑпоÑÑеба изÑаза âинÑелекÑÑална
-ÑвоÑинаâ Ñе мода коÑа Ñе поÑледиÑа
оÑниваÑа СвеÑÑке оÑганизаÑиÑе за
-âинÑелекÑÑÐ°Ð»Ð½Ñ ÑвоÑинÑâ 1967., а коÑа Ñе
омаÑовÑена Ñек недавно. (СÐÐС Ñе
-ÑоÑмално оÑганизаÑиÑа УÐ-а, али Ñ ÑÑваÑи
заÑÑÑпа инÑеÑеÑе ноÑилаÑа аÑÑоÑÑкиÑ
-пÑава, паÑенаÑа и ÑобниÑ
маÑки.)
+According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School, the
+widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is a fashion
+that followed the 1967 founding of the World “Intellectual
+Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
+years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
+interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.) Wide use
+dates from <a
+href="http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=1";>around
+1990</a>. (<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">Local image copy</a>)
</p>
<p>
@@ -113,18 +116,18 @@
</p>
<blockquote><p>
-Ðа ÑÐ°Ð·Ð»Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¾Ð´ ÑиÑ
овиÑ
поÑомака, коÑи Ñе
Ñада баве маÑе знаÑаÑним поÑловима Ñ
-СÐÐС-Ñ, оÑниваÑи УÑÑава СÐÐ ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ñедовали
пÑинÑипиÑелни, ÑакмиÑаÑÑки ÑÑав
-пÑема инÑелекÑÑÐ°Ð»Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑвоÑини. Ðни ÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸
да би пÑава могла да бÑдÑ
-поÑÑебна, али Ñхвезали ÑÑке конгÑеÑÑ,
огÑаниÑаваÑÑÑи Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð° виÑе
-наÑина.
+Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers of the
+US constitution had a principled, procompetitive attitude to intellectual
+property. They knew rights might be necessary, but…they tied
+congress's hands, restricting its power in multiple ways.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-Ðва изÑава Ñе одноÑи на Ñлан 1, ÑекÑиÑÑ 8,
ÑаÑÐºÑ 8 УÑÑава СÐÐ, коÑа
-овлаÑÑÑÑе закон о аÑÑоÑÑким пÑавима и
закон о паÑенÑима. ÐеÑÑÑим, Ñа ÑаÑка
-нема никакве везе Ñа законом о Ñобним
маÑкама. ÐзÑаз âинÑелекÑÑална ÑвоÑинаâ
-Ñе навео Ñог пÑоÑеÑоÑа на погÑеÑно
ÑопÑÑаваÑе.
+That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
+Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That clause,
+though, has nothing to do with trademark law or various others. The term
+“intellectual property” led that professor to make false
+generalization.
</p>
<p>
@@ -174,18 +177,19 @@
</p>
<p>
-Уколико желиÑе да ÑаÑно ÑазмиÑÑаÑе о
пиÑаÑима коÑа покÑеÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑи, ÑиÑÑем
-аÑÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑава или Ñобне маÑке, пÑви
коÑак Ñе да забоÑавиÑе на идеÑÑ Ð¾
-ÑÑавÑаÑÑ ÑвиÑ
ÑиÑ
Ñ Ð¸ÑÑи коÑ, и да иÑ
поÑмаÑÑаÑе као одвоÑене Ñеме. ÐÑÑги
-коÑак Ñе да одбаÑиÑе ÑÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð·ÑÑÑ Ð¸
ÑпÑоÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ÐµÑе изÑаз
-âинÑелекÑÑална ÑвоÑинаâ. РазмаÑÑаÑÑе
Ñвако од овиÑ
пиÑаÑа одвоÑено и Ñ
-поÑпÑноÑÑи, и биÑеÑе на добÑом пÑÑÑ Ð´Ð° иÑ
иÑпÑавно ÑÑ
ваÑиÑе.
+If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or
+copyrights, or trademarks, or various other different laws, the first step
+is to forget the idea of lumping them together, and treat them as separate
+topics. The second step is to reject the narrow perspectives and simplistic
+picture the term “intellectual property” suggests. Consider
+each of these issues separately, in its fullness, and you have a chance of
+considering them well.
</p>
-<p>
-And when it comes to reforming WIPO, among other things <a
-href="http://www.fsfe.org/documents/wiwo.html";>let's call for changing its
-name</a>.
+<p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a
+href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html";>one proposal for changing
+the name and substance of WIPO</a>.
+
</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -206,11 +210,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑаÑеÑе пиÑаÑа Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð¸ Ñа
ÐСС-ом и ÐÐУ-ом на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÐоÑÑоÑе и <a
-href="/contact/">дÑÑги наÑини да Ñе обÑаÑиÑе</a>
ÐСС-Ñ.<br />Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-ÑаÑеÑе неиÑпÑавне везе и дÑÑге иÑпÑавке
(или пÑедлоге) на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -220,9 +225,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-<b>ÐÑÑоÑÑка пÑава:</b><br />Copyright © 2004, 2006 Richard
M. Stallman
-<br /> Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted
-worldwide without royalty in any medium provided this notice is preserved.
+Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -248,7 +255,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:33 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -296,10 +303,14 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/not-ipr.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/not-ipr.zh-cn.html 15 Dec 2010 09:28:31 -0000 1.4
+++ philosophy/not-ipr.zh-cn.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:12 -0000 1.5
@@ -16,8 +16,15 @@
</p>
<p>
-æç
§ç°ä»»èäºæ¯å¦ç¦å¤§å¦æ³å¦é¢ç Mark Lemley
ææç说æ³ï¼“ç¥è¯äº§æ”è¿ä¸æ¯è¯çæµè¡å§äº 1967
-å¹´ä¸çç¥è¯äº§æç»ç»ï¼WIPOï¼æç«ä¹åãæè¿å
年对è¿ä¸ªè¯æ±ç使ç¨åè¶æ¥è¶é¢ç¹ãï¼ä¸çç¥è¯äº§æç»ç»ä»å±äºèåå½ï¼ä½å®é
ä¸å´æ¯ä»£è¡¨ççæãä¸å©ååæ ææè
çå©çãï¼
+According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School, the
+widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is a fashion
+that followed the 1967 founding of the World “Intellectual
+Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
+years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
+interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.) Wide use
+dates from <a
+href="http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=1";>around
+1990</a>. (<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">Local image copy</a>)
</p>
<p>
@@ -101,9 +108,10 @@
åå¦ä½ å¸ææ¸
æ°å°æèä¸å©é®é¢ãçæé®é¢ãåæ
é®é¢ææ¯å
¶ä»æ³å¾ç¸å
³çé®é¢ï¼é£ä¹ç¬¬ä¸æ¥è¦åçï¼å°±æ¯å°è¯ä¸è¦æå®ä»¬æ
åå¨ä¸èµ·ï¼åºè¯¥æå®ä»¬å½ä½ä¸åçé®é¢ï¼åå¼å¯¹å¾
ã第äºæ¥ï¼åæ¯è¦æç»æ¥å籓ç¥è¯äº§æ”è¿è¯æè¿°çé£ä¸ªçéå纯çä¸çãä¸åé®é¢åºå对å¾
ï¼æ¯ä¸ç¹é½èèå°ï¼è¿æ ·ä½
ææå¯è½å¯¹å®ä»¬ææ´æ·±å»ç认è¯ã
</p>
-<p>
-å¦å¤ï¼è¿ä¹æ¯æ¶åå»æ¹é
ä¸çç¥è¯äº§æç»ç»ï¼WIPOï¼äºï¼ä¼å¤ä»»å¡å½ä¸ï¼ <a
-href="http://www.fsfe.org/documents/wiwo.html";>让æ们å
å¼åå®æ¹å</a>
å§ã
+<p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a
+href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html";>one proposal for changing
+the name and substance of WIPO</a>.
+
</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -120,10 +128,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-请å°æå
³èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼ä¸ GNU
çæ¥è¯¢ä¸é®é¢ï¼ä»¥è±è¯ï¼åéå°<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>ãæ¨ä¹å¯ä»¥éè¿<a
-href="/contact/">å
¶å®æ¹æ³</a>èç³»èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼ãåç°ä»»ä½é误åé¾æ¥æå
¶å®éè¦æ´æ£çå°æ¹ï¼æä»»ä½å»ºè®®ï¼ï¼è¯·åéé®ä»¶è³<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>ã
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -132,8 +142,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-çæææ © 2004, 2006 Richard M. Stallman <br />
-æ¬æå
许å¨ä¸åæ´å
容çåæä¸æ é使ç¨è´¹çå
¨æå¤å¶ååå¸å¨å
¨çä»»ä½åªä½ï¼ä½éä¿çæ¤æ³¨è®°åçæ声æã
+Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -146,7 +159,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
æåæ´æ°
-$Date: 2010/12/15 09:28:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.20
retrieving revision 1.21
diff -u -b -r1.20 -r1.21
--- philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.bg.html 16 May 2010 20:25:32
-0000 1.20
+++ philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:12
-0000 1.21
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
system</a>. Most of these users, however, have never heard of the ethical
reasons for which we developed this system and built the free software
community, because nowadays this system and community are more often spoken
-of as “open source,”, attributing them to a different philosophy
+of as “open source”, attributing them to a different philosophy
in which these freedoms are hardly mentioned.</p>
<p>ÐвижениеÑо за Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ñе е
боÑило за ÑвободаÑа на компÑÑÑÑниÑе
@@ -232,15 +232,14 @@
ÑÑед ÑобÑÑвениÑеÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, и нÑкои оÑ
поддÑÑжниÑиÑе на оÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð´
иÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð° ги ÑеализиÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸ в ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ñ
оÑвоÑен код.</p>
-<p>Ðод наÑиÑка на Ñилмови и звÑкозапиÑни
компании, ÑоÑÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе по-ÑеÑÑо Ñе
-пÑоекÑиÑа ÑпеÑиално за да огÑаниÑава
пÑаваÑа на ползваÑиÑе го. Тази
-злонамеÑена ÑеÑ
Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ðµ познаÑа каÑо
âÑиÑÑово ÑпÑавление на огÑаниÑениÑÑаâ
-(DRM) (вижÑе <a
-href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>), и по дÑÑ
е
-анÑиÑезаÑа на ÑвободаÑа, коÑÑо ÑвободниÑ
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ñе ÑÑÑеми да оÑигÑÑи. Рне
-Ñамо по дÑÑ
â понеже ÑелÑа на DRM е да погази
ÑвободаÑа ви, ÑазÑабоÑÑиÑиÑе
-на DRM Ñе опиÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° напÑавÑÑ ÑÑÑдно,
невÑзможно и доÑи незаконно за Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-пÑоменÑÑе ÑоÑÑÑеÑа, койÑо ÑеализиÑа DRM.</p>
+<p>Under pressure from the movie and record companies, software for individuals
+to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict them. This
+malicious feature is known as Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) (see <a
+href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>) and is the
+antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims to provide. And
+not just in spirit: since the goal of DRM is to trample your freedom, DRM
+developers try to make it hard, impossible, or even illegal for you to
+change the software that implements the DRM.</p>
<p>ÐÑпÑеки Ñова нÑкои поддÑÑжниÑи на
оÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð´ пÑедложиÑ
а ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ñ âDRM Ñ
оÑвоÑен кодâ. ÐдеÑÑа им е, Ñе ÑÑез
пÑбликÑванеÑо на изÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð´ на
@@ -321,21 +320,20 @@
казваÑе âÑвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑâ вмеÑÑо
âÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ñ Ð¾ÑвоÑен кодâ, вие помагаÑе на
наÑеÑо наÑинание.</p>
-<h4>Ðележки</h4>
+<h4>Notes</h4>
<p>
-СÑаÑиÑÑа на Ðжо ÐÐ°Ñ <a
-href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>âÐивей и
-лиÑензиÑайâ<sup><a href="#TransNote3">3</a></sup></a>
пÑедÑÑÐ°Ð²Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñе
-вÑзгледи по Ñози вÑпÑоÑ.</p>
+Joe Barr's article, <a
+href="http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4";>“Live and let
+license,”</a> gives his perspective on this issue.</p>
<p>
-<a href="http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>ÐокладÑÑ
за
-моÑиваÑиÑÑа на ÑазÑабоÑÑиÑиÑе на Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a> Ð¾Ñ ÐаÑ
ани и УлÑ
-ÑвÑÑди, Ñе знаÑиÑелна ÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÑ
Ñа
моÑивиÑани Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñзгледа, Ñе ÑоÑÑÑеÑÑÑ
-ÑÑÑбва да е Ñвободен. Това е вÑпÑеки ÑакÑа,
Ñе Ñе Ñа изÑледвали
-ÑазÑабоÑÑиÑи Ð¾Ñ SourceForge, ÑайÑ, койÑо не
поддÑÑжа вÑзгледа, Ñе Ñова е
-еÑиÑен вÑпÑоÑ.</p>
+Lakhani and Wolf's <a
+href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>paper
+on the motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable
+fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This is
+despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site
+that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -361,16 +359,19 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.bg.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Ðма и дÑÑги
наÑини за <a
-href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
-<p>ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 2007 РиÑаÑд СÑолман <br />
ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и
-ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа
позволени за вÑеки Ñип ноÑиÑел, ÑÑига
-Ñази бележка да бÑде запазена.
+<p>Copyright © 2007, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -389,7 +390,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/05/16 20:25:32 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -426,6 +427,10 @@
<li><a hreflang="ml"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a hreflang="nl"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a hreflang="pl"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<li><a hreflang="pl"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
<li><a hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
Index: philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fa.html 17 Jan 2011 01:27:52
-0000 1.12
+++ philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:12
-0000 1.13
@@ -310,16 +310,17 @@
<h4>ÛادداشتâÙا</h4>
<p>
-âج٠بار Ù
ÙاÙÙâØ§Û Ø¨Ø§ ÙاÙ
<a
-href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>زÙدگÛ
Ú©ÙÛد Ù
-آزاد باشÛد</a> ÙÙشت٠است ک٠دÛدگا٠ا٠را در
رابط٠با اÛÙ Ù
ÙضÙع بÛا٠Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد.</p>
+Joe Barr's article, <a
+href="http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4";>“Live and let
+license,”</a> gives his perspective on this issue.</p>
<p>
-â<a
href="http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>ÛادداشتÛ
-دربارÙâÛ Ø§ÙÚ¯ÛزÙâÛ ØªÙسعÙâدÙÙدگا٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد</a> از ÙÙÙ Ù ÙاخاÙÛ Ø¨ÛاÙ
-Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد Ú©Ù ÛÚ© بخش Ùاب٠تÙج٠ب٠ÙسÛÙÙâÛ Ø§ÛÙ
دÛدگا٠ک٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزار باÛد آزاد
-Ø¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø ØªØ´ÙÛ٠شدÙâاÙد. اÙبت٠باÛد تÙج٠کرد
ک٠آÙÙا تÙسعÙâدÙÙدگا٠SourceForge
-را Ø¨Ø±Ø±Ø³Û Ú©Ø±Ø¯ÙâاÙØ¯Ø Ø³Ø§ÛØªÛ Ú©Ù Ø¯ÛدگاÙÙ
اخÙاÙÛ Ø¨Ùد٠اÛÙ Ù
بØØ« را ØÙ
اÛت ÙÙ
ÛâÚ©Ùد.</p>
+Lakhani and Wolf's <a
+href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>paper
+on the motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable
+fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This is
+despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site
+that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -331,16 +332,19 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fa.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÙØ·Ùا سÙاÙات ٠پرسشâÙØ§Û Ø®Ùد در رابط٠با Ú¯ÙÙ
٠بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ را بÙ
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> ارساÙ
Ú©ÙÛد. ÙÙ
ÚÙÛÙ <a
-href="/contact/">راÙâÙØ§Û Ø¯ÛÚ¯Ø±Û Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ØªÙ
اس</a> با
بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ ÙجÙد
-دارد. <br /> ÙØ·Ùا ÙÛÙÚ©âÙØ§Û Ø®Ø±Ø§Ø¨ Ù Ûا Ù
Ø´Ú©Ùات
دÛگر Ûا Ù¾ÛØ´ÙÙادات Ø®Ùد را ب٠<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> ارسا٠کÙÛد.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
-<p>âCopyright © 2007 Richard Stallman <br /> Ùسخ٠بردارÛ
Ú©ÙÙ
٠ب٠کÙÙ
Ù Ù
-تÙزÛع ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در در سراسر جÙا٠٠در Ùر
رساÙÙâاÛØ Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠پرداخت Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز
-Ù
جاز Ù
ÛâØ¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ù Ø´Ø±Ø·Û Ú©Ù Ø§Û٠اعÙاÙ/Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز ØÙظ Ø´Ùد.
+<p>Copyright © 2007, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -352,7 +356,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2011/01/17 01:27:52 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ml.html 1 Oct 2010 16:27:15
-0000 1.14
+++ philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:13
-0000 1.15
@@ -382,19 +382,17 @@
<h4>Notes</h4>
<p>
-à´àµ ബാരàµâ(Joe Barr) à´à´´àµà´¤à´¿à´¯<a
-href="http://www.itworld/com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/ ">
“ലിവàµ
-à´à´¨àµà´±àµ à´²àµà´±àµà´±àµ à´²àµà´¸à´¨àµâസൔ</a>à´
വിഷയതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ à´
à´¦àµà´¦àµà´¹à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´à´¾à´´àµà´à´ªàµà´ªà´¾à´àµàµ
-à´µàµà´¯à´àµà´¤à´®à´¾à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.</p>
+Joe Barr's article, <a
+href="http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4";>“Live and let
+license,”</a> gives his perspective on this issue.</p>
<p>
-à´²à´à´¾à´¨à´¿ (Lakhani)-à´¯àµà´àµà´¯àµà´
à´µàµà´³àµâà´«àµ(Wolf)-à´¨àµà´±àµà´¯àµà´ <a
-href="http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.pdf ">
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¾à´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´àµà´¦à´¨à´¤àµà´¤àµ പറàµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´³àµà´³
à´ªàµà´°à´¬à´¨àµà´§à´ </a>
-പറയàµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ à´à´£àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´¯ à´à´°àµ
വിà´à´¾à´à´ à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´à´¾à´°àµâ
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
-à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´®àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´à´¶à´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ നിനàµà´¨àµàµ
à´ªàµà´°à´àµà´¦à´¨à´®àµà´³àµâà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´à´µà´°à´¾à´£àµàµ
-à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´£àµàµ, à´
à´¤àµà´ à´
വരàµâ
നിരàµà´àµà´·à´¿à´àµà´à´¤àµàµ, à´¨àµà´¤à´¿à´à´®à´¾à´¯
à´à´¾à´´àµà´à´ªàµà´ªà´¾à´à´¿à´¨àµ
പിനàµâതാà´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
-à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµà´«àµà´°àµâà´àµ à´à´¨àµà´¨ à´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´¿à´²àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´à´°àµà´¯à´¾à´£àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµà´.</p>
+Lakhani and Wolf's <a
+href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>paper
+on the motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable
+fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This is
+despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site
+that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -406,18 +404,19 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ml.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ -നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµ
-വിനൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ </a>.
<br
-/>à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯ à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµàµ നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> à´à´¨àµà´¨
-വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
-<p>à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´ © 2007, 2010
റിà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâഡൠസàµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâമാനàµâ<br
/>à´
-à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµà´,à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶
à´àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨ നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ,
-സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£ à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
പദാനàµà´ªà´¦ à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´
à´²àµà´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´µà´¿à´àµà´¯àµà´, à´à´¤àµ
-മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+<p>Copyright © 2007, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -430,7 +429,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2010/10/01 16:27:15 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:13 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ro.html 23 Sep 2010 08:26:45
-0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ro.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:13
-0000 1.2
@@ -319,20 +319,20 @@
tare ca oricând. De fiecare datÄ când spuneÈi âsoftware liberâ în loc
de
âsursÄ deschisÄâ, contribuiÈi la campania noastrÄ.</p>
-<h4>Note de subsol</h4>
+<h4>Notes</h4>
<p>
-Articolul lui Joe Barr's, <a
-href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>âLive and let
-licenseâ</a>, oferÄ perspectiva lui în aceastÄ chestiune.</p>
+Joe Barr's article, <a
+href="http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4";>“Live and let
+license,”</a> gives his perspective on this issue.</p>
<p>
-<a href="http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>Articolul lui
-Lakhani Èi Wolf despre motivaÈia dezvoltatorilor de software liber</a> spune
-cÄ o fracÈiune considerabilÄ sunt motivaÈi de punctul de vedere cÄ
-software-ul trebuie sÄ fie liber. Aceasta deÈi ei au studiat dezvoltatorii
-de pe SourceForge, un site care nu împÄrtÄÈeÈte ideea cÄ aceasta este o
-problemÄ eticÄ.</p>
+Lakhani and Wolf's <a
+href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>paper
+on the motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable
+fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This is
+despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site
+that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -346,14 +346,17 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+VÄ rugÄm sÄ semnalaÈi legÄturile rupte Èi alte corecturi sau sugestii la
<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2007, 2010 Richard Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and
-distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium, provided
-this notice is preserved.
+<p>Copyright © 2007, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -365,7 +368,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ActualizatÄ:
-$Date: 2010/09/23 08:26:45 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:13 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -404,6 +407,8 @@
<li><a hreflang="nl"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a hreflang="pl"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<li><a hreflang="pl"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
<li><a hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
Index: philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.tr.html 16 May 2010 20:25:32
-0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:13
-0000 1.2
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
system</a>. Most of these users, however, have never heard of the ethical
reasons for which we developed this system and built the free software
community, because nowadays this system and community are more often spoken
-of as “open source,”, attributing them to a different philosophy
+of as “open source”, attributing them to a different philosophy
in which these freedoms are hardly mentioned.</p>
<p>Ãzgür yazılım hareketi bilgisayar kullanıcılarının özgürlüÄü
için 1983'ten
@@ -222,16 +222,14 @@
yazılımlarda oldukça yaygındır, ve bazı açık kaynak destekçileri bu
özellikleri açık kaynak programlarda da gerçekleÅtirmek istemektedir.</p>
-<p>Film ve kayıt Åirketlerinin baskısı altında, bireyler için
yazılımlar gün
-geçtikçe artan Åekilde kullanıcıları kısıtlamak üzere
tasarlanmaktadır. Bu
-kötü niyetli özellik "Sayısal Kısıtlamalar Yönetimi - Digital
Restrictions
-Management (DRM)" (<a
-href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a> adresini
-ziyaret edin) olarak bilinmektedir ve bu özellik özgür yazılımın
saÄlamak
-istediÄi özgürlük ruhunun antitezidir. Sadece ruhun deÄil: DRM'in hedefi
-özgürlüÄünü ayaklar altına almak olduÄundan, DRM geliÅtiricileri DRM
-gerçekleÅtiren yazılımı deÄiÅtirmenizi oldukça zorlaÅtırmakta,
-imkansızlaÅtırmakta ve hatta yasadıÅı hale getirmektedir.</p>
+<p>Under pressure from the movie and record companies, software for individuals
+to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict them. This
+malicious feature is known as Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) (see <a
+href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>) and is the
+antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims to provide. And
+not just in spirit: since the goal of DRM is to trample your freedom, DRM
+developers try to make it hard, impossible, or even illegal for you to
+change the software that implements the DRM.</p>
<p>Yine de bazı açık kaynak destekçileri "açık kaynak DRM" yazılım
önermiÅlerdir. Fikirleri Åudur eÄer ÅifrelenmiÅ ortama eriÅiminizi
@@ -304,20 +302,20 @@
kaynak" yerine "özgür yazılım" dediÄinizde mücadelemize yardımcı olmuÅ
olursunuz.</p>
-<h4>Dipnotlar</h4>
+<h4>Notes</h4>
<p>
-Joe Barr'ın yazısı, <a
-href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>“Live and
-let license,”</a> bu konu üzerine bir bakıŠaçısı sunmaktadır.</p>
+Joe Barr's article, <a
+href="http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4";>“Live and let
+license,”</a> gives his perspective on this issue.</p>
<p>
-Lakhani ve Wolf'un <a
-href="http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>özgür yazılım
-geliÅtiricilerinin güdüsü üzerine bildirisi</a> önemli oranda bir kesimin
-yazılımın özgür olması gerektiÄi görüÅüyle güdülendiÄini
belirtmektedir. Bu
-sonuç, konuyu etik bir konu olarak ele alan görüÅü desteklemeyen
SourceForge
-üzerindeki geliÅtiricilerin incelendiÄi gerçeÄine raÄmendir.</p>
+Lakhani and Wolf's <a
+href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>paper
+on the motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable
+fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This is
+despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site
+that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -329,19 +327,19 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.tr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU hakkındaki sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> adresine gönderin.
FSF
-ile iletiÅime geçmenin <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır.<br
-/> Lütfen çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve diÄer düzeltmelerinizi (ya da
-önerilerinizi) <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2007 Richard Stallman <br /> Bu makalenin tamamının
-kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve daÄıtılmasına, ücret talep
etmeksizin,
-herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı bildirisini korumak Åartıyla,
-dünya çapında izin verilmiÅtir.
+<p>Copyright © 2007, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -374,7 +372,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/05/16 20:25:32 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:13 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -412,6 +410,10 @@
<li><a hreflang="ml"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a hreflang="nl"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a hreflang="pl"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<li><a hreflang="pl"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
<li><a hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
Index: philosophy/philosophy.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/philosophy.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- philosophy/philosophy.ar.html 31 Dec 2010 17:28:05 -0000 1.16
+++ philosophy/philosophy.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:13 -0000 1.17
@@ -16,6 +16,12 @@
<p>اÙÙ
Ùاد اÙÙ
ÙØ´Ùرة اÙغÙر Ù
عÙÙØ© ÙÙصØاÙØ©Ø ÙÙا
Ø£Øدث اÙÙ
Ùاد اÙÙ
ÙØ´Ùرة ع٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة ÙÙ
شرÙع غÙÙ.</p>
<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">Europe's “unitary
+patent” could mean unlimited software patents</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html">Keep control of
+your computing, so it doesn't control you!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">The Danger of
E-Books</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/practical.html">The advantages of free
software</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.html">إعادة تÙÙÙÙ
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر :
Ùجب أ٠تسÙد اÙعاÙ
Ø©</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/university.html">اÙاÙراج ع٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ø¥Ù ÙÙت تعÙ
Ù
@@ -54,12 +60,17 @@
“ااÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©“ ع٠اÙÙÙطة
اÙأساسÙØ© ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</a></li>
</ul>
-<h3>اÙÙ
زÙد Ù
Ù Ù
ÙاÙات اÙÙÙسÙØ©</h3>
+<h3>Further Resources</h3>
-<p>ÙدÙÙا اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙات Ø£Ùثر Ù
Ù
ا ÙÙ
ÙÙ
اØتÙاء٠عÙ٠صÙØØ© ÙاØدة. ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙعثÙر
-عÙÙÙا عÙ٠صÙØات ترتبط ÙÙا.</p>
+<p>We have many more than can fit on a single page. You can find more linked
+here.</p>
<ul>
+
+<li id="Recordings"><a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org";> Audio and video
recordings</a>. Here
+you can watch video or listen to audio recordings of speeches and other
+events from the Free Software Foundation or the GNU project.</li>
+
<li id="EssaysAndArticles">.تعدد Ùذ٠اÙصÙØØ© سÙسÙØ© Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙات اÙت٠تص٠ÙÙسÙØ© ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ø
ÙاÙت٠Ù٠اÙداÙع ÙتÙÙ
ÙتÙا ÙÙظاÙ
تشغÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة غÙÙ</li>
@@ -94,11 +105,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥ÙâإسâØ¥Ù ÙاستÙسارات غÙ٠إÙÙ
<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ٠اÙضا٠<a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a> باÙØ¥ÙâإسâØ¥Ù.
<br /> Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرسÙ
-اÙرÙابط اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات أ٠اÙتراØات
Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -109,8 +121,9 @@
<p>
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر Ù
ØÙÙظة © 1996 Ø 1997 Ø 1998 Ø 1999 Ø 2000
Ø 2001 Ø 2002 Ø
2003 Ø 2004 Ø 2005 Ø 2006 Ø 2007 Ø 2008 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ØدÙدة Ø</p>
-<p>اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙ
دخÙØ© اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù
Ùجازة ب٠Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ· Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø· اÙÙ
ØاÙظة
-عÙÙ Ùذا اÙإشعار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -125,7 +138,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
:تØدÙØ«
-$Date: 2010/12/31 17:28:05 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:13 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/philosophy.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/philosophy.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.39
retrieving revision 1.40
diff -u -b -r1.39 -r1.40
--- philosophy/philosophy.bg.html 11 May 2010 08:25:36 -0000 1.39
+++ philosophy/philosophy.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:13 -0000 1.40
@@ -10,25 +10,32 @@
<p>Our development of the GNU free software operating system is motivated by
the philosophy of the free software movement. This page provides an
-introduction to that philosopy, links to the latest articles we have on the
+introduction to that philosophy, links to the latest articles we have on the
subject, and links to further resources.</p>
<h3 id="new">Latest Articles</h3>
<p>Hot off the presses, here are the latest published articles on free software
and the GNU project.</p>
<ul>
- <li> <a
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">Europe's “unitary
+patent” could mean unlimited software patents</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html">Keep control of
+your computing, so it doesn't control you!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">The Danger of
E-Books</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/practical.html">The advantages of free
software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html">When a Company Asks For
Your
+Copyright</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.html">GNU & The Free
+Software Foundation - Engineering Tech Talk at Google</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman";>Digital
economy bill: One clown giveth and the other clown taketh away</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Who does
that
-server really serve?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Who Does
That
+Server Really Serve?</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html">Why I Will Not Sign
the
Public Domain Manifesto</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">On Selling Exceptions to
the
GNU GPL</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html">Lest CodePlex
perplex</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.html">The Danger of
Software
-Patents</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="aboutfs">ÐÑноÑно ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</h3>
@@ -61,12 +68,17 @@
кодâ пÑопÑÑка най-важноÑо за ÑвободниÑ
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a></li>
</ul>
-<h3>Links to more philosophy articles</h3>
+<h3>Further Resources</h3>
-<p>We have many more articles than can fit on a single page. You can find them
-on the pages linked here.</p>
+<p>We have many more than can fit on a single page. You can find more linked
+here.</p>
<ul>
+
+<li id="Recordings"><a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org";> Audio and video
recordings</a>. Here
+you can watch video or listen to audio recordings of speeches and other
+events from the Free Software Foundation or the GNU project.</li>
+
<li id="EssaysAndArticles"><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html">
Essays and articles.</a> A
series of articles describing the philosophy of the free software movement,
which is the motivation for our development of the free software operating
@@ -114,8 +126,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -128,9 +141,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -149,7 +162,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/05/11 08:25:36 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:13 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -230,6 +243,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
</ul>
Index: philosophy/philosophy.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/philosophy.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.31
retrieving revision 1.32
diff -u -b -r1.31 -r1.32
--- philosophy/philosophy.ca.html 11 May 2010 08:25:36 -0000 1.31
+++ philosophy/philosophy.ca.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:13 -0000 1.32
@@ -10,26 +10,34 @@
<p>La filosofia del moviment pel programari lliure ha motivat el
desenvolupament del nostre sistema operatiu lliure GNU. En aquesta pà gina
-trobareu una introducció a aquesta filosofia i enllaços als darrers articles
-sobre el tema i a altres recursos.</p>
+trobareu una introducció a aquesta filosofia, enllaços als darrers articles
+sobre el tema i enllaços altres recursos.</p>
<h3 id="new">Darrers articles</h3>
<p>Aquà teniu els últims articles publicats sobre el programari lliure i el
projecte GNU, acabats de sortir de la impremta.</p>
<ul>
- <li> <a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman";>Digital
-economy bill: One clown giveth and the other clown taketh away</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">Europe's “unitary
+patent” could mean unlimited software patents</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html">Keep control of
+your computing, so it doesn't control you!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">Els perills del llibre
+electrònic</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/practical.html">Els avantatges del programari
+lliure</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html">Què fer quan una
companyia et
+demana el copyright</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.html">GNU i la Free Software
+Foundation: conferència a Google</a></li>
+ <li><a
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman";>Llei
+d'economia digital: un pallasso la fa i un altre la desfà </a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">A qui
serveix
realment aquest servidor?</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html">Per què no signaré
el
Manifest del Domini Púbic</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">Sobre la venda
d'excepcions a
la Llicència GPL de GNU</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html">Que CodePlex no et deixi
-perplex</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.html">El perill de les
-patents de programari</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="aboutfs">Sobre el programari lliure</h3>
@@ -62,12 +70,18 @@
Obert" dissol l'essència del Programari Lliure</a></li>
</ul>
-<h3>Enllaços a més articles de filosofia</h3>
+<h3>Més recursos</h3>
-<p>Tenim molts més articles dels que podem encabir en una pà gina. Els
trobareu
+<p>Tenim molt més material del que podem encabir en una pà gina. En trobareu
més
a les següents seccions.</p>
<ul>
+
+<li id="Recordings"><a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org";> Enregistraments d'Ã
udio i
+vÃdeo</a>. Aquà podreu veure vÃdeos o escoltar enregistraments de
+conferències i altres esdeveniments de la Free Software Foundation i el
+Projecte GNU.</li>
+
<li id="EssaysAndArticles"><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.ca.html">
Assaigs i articles.</a>
Una sèrie d'articles que descriuen la filosofia del moviment pel programari
lliure, la qual ens impulsa a desenvolupar el sistema operatiu lliure GNU.</li>
@@ -108,9 +122,10 @@
<p>
Envieu les vostres preguntes sobre la FSF i GNU a <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>. També hi ha <a
-href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la
-FSF. <br />Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o
-suggeriments a <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>.
+href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la FSF.
+<br />
+Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o suggeriments a <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -124,21 +139,23 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en
-qualsevol medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que es conservi aquesta nota.
+<p>Aquesta pà gina es troba sota la <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ca";>Llicència
+Creative Commons Reconeixement-SenseObraDerivada 3.0 Estats Units
+d'Amèrica</a>.
</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-Darrera actualització: <a href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 5
-d'abril de 2010.</div>
+Darrera actualització: <a href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 25 de
+juliol de 2011.</div>
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2010/05/11 08:25:36 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:13 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -219,6 +236,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
</ul>
Index: philosophy/philosophy.el.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/philosophy.el.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/philosophy.el.html 27 Mar 2011 00:28:20 -0000 1.8
+++ philosophy/philosophy.el.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:13 -0000 1.9
@@ -17,6 +17,11 @@
<p>ÎεÏÏά αÏÏ ÏÎ¹Ï ÏÏÎÏÏεÏ, ÎµÎ´Ï ÎµÎ¯Î½Î±Î¹ Ïα Ïιο
ÏÏÏÏÏαÏα δημοÏιεÏ
μÎνα άÏθÏα ÏÏεÏικά
με Ïο ελεÏθεÏο λογιÏÎ¼Î¹ÎºÏ ÎºÎ±Î¹ Ïο ÎÏγο GNU.</p>
<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">Europe's “unitary
+patent” could mean unlimited software patents</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html">Keep control of
+your computing, so it doesn't control you!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">The Danger of
E-Books</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/practical.html">Τα ÏλεονεκÏήμαÏα
ÏοÏ
ÎλεÏθεÏοÏ
ÎογιÏμικοÏ</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html">ÎÏαν μια
εÏαιÏεία ζηÏά Ïα
@@ -66,12 +71,17 @@
ÎογιÏμικοÏ</a></li>
</ul>
-<h3>ΣÏνδεÏμοι Ïε ÏεÏιÏÏÏÏεÏα άÏθÏα
ÏιλοÏοÏίαÏ</h3>
+<h3>Further Resources</h3>
-<p>ÎÏοÏ
με ÏÎ¿Î»Ï ÏεÏιÏÏÏÏεÏα άÏθÏα αÏÏ Î±Ï
Ïά
ÏοÏ
μÏοÏοÏν να ÏÏÏÎÏοÏ
ν Ïε μία μÏνο
-Ïελίδα. ÎÏοÏείÏε να Ïα βÏείÏε ÏÏÎ¹Ï ÏελίδεÏ
ÏοÏ
ÏÏ
νδÎονÏαι αÏÏ ÎµÎ´Ï.</p>
+<p>We have many more than can fit on a single page. You can find more linked
+here.</p>
<ul>
+
+<li id="Recordings"><a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org";> Audio and video
recordings</a>. Here
+you can watch video or listen to audio recordings of speeches and other
+events from the Free Software Foundation or the GNU project.</li>
+
<li id="EssaysAndArticles"><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html">
Îοκίμια και άÏθÏα.</a> Îια
ÏειÏά αÏÏ Î¬ÏθÏα ÏοÏ
ÏεÏιγÏάÏοÏ
ν Ïη
ÏιλοÏοÏία ÏοÏ
κινήμαÏÎ¿Ï ÎµÎ»ÎµÏθεÏοÏ
λογιÏμικοÏ, Ïο οÏοίο είναι η ÏθηÏη για Ïην
ανάÏÏÏ
ξη αÏÏ ÎµÎ¼Î¬Ï ÏοÏ
ελεÏθεÏοÏ
@@ -130,8 +140,9 @@
<p>
ΠνεÏ
μαÏικά δικαιÏμαÏα © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,
2001, 2002, 2003,
2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 ÎδÏÏ
μα ÎλεÏθεÏοÏ
ÎογιÏμικοÏ, Inc.</p>
-<p>ÎÏιÏÏÎÏεÏαι η καÏά λÎξη ανÏιγÏαÏή και
διανομή ÏλοÏ
αÏ
ÏÎ¿Ï ÏοÏ
άÏθÏοÏ
Ïε κάθε
-μÎÏο, με Ïην ÏÏοÏÏÏθεÏη ÏÏι αÏ
Ïή η
ειδοÏοίηÏη διαÏηÏείÏαι.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -144,7 +155,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÎνημεÏÏθηκε:
-$Date: 2011/03/27 00:28:20 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:13 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/philosophy.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/philosophy.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.87
retrieving revision 1.88
diff -u -b -r1.87 -r1.88
--- philosophy/philosophy.fr.html 11 May 2010 08:25:37 -0000 1.87
+++ philosophy/philosophy.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:14 -0000 1.88
@@ -8,39 +8,45 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
<h2>Philosophie du Projet GNU</h2>
-<p>Notre développement du système d'exploitation libre GNU est motivé par la
-philosophie de mouvement du logiciel libre. Cette page fournit une
-introduction à cette philosophy, des liens vers les derniers articles sur le
-sujet et des liens vers d'autres ressources.</p>
+<p>Our development of the GNU free software operating system is motivated by
+the philosophy of the free software movement. This page provides an
+introduction to that philosophy, links to the latest articles we have on the
+subject, and links to further resources.</p>
<h3 id="new">Derniers articles</h3>
<p>Sortis des presses, voici les derniers articles publiés sur les logiciels
libres et le projet GNU.</p>
<ul>
- <li> <a
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">Europe's “unitary
+patent” could mean unlimited software patents</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html">Keep control of
+your computing, so it doesn't control you!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">The Danger of
E-Books</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/practical.html">The advantages of free
software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html">When a Company Asks For
Your
+Copyright</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.html">GNU & The Free
+Software Foundation - Engineering Tech Talk at Google</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman";>Digital
economy bill: One clown giveth and the other clown taketh away</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Who does
that
-server really serve?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Who Does
That
+Server Really Serve?</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html">Why I Will Not Sign
the
Public Domain Manifesto</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">On Selling Exceptions to
the
GNU GPL</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html">Lest CodePlex
perplex</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.html">Le danger des
brevets
-logiciels</a></li>
</ul>
-<h3 id="aboutfs">À propos du logiciel libre</h3>
+<h3 id="aboutfs">Ã propos du logiciel libre</h3>
<p>
-Le logiciel libre est une question de liberté : tout le monde
-devrait pouvoir être libre d'utiliser des logiciels de toutes les
-façons qui sont utiles socialement. Le logiciel diffère des
-objets matériels (tels que des chaises, des sandwiches et de
-l'essence) en ce qu'il peut être copié et modifié
-beaucoup plus facilement. Ces possibilités rendent le logiciel aussi
-utile qu'il peut l'être; nous croyons que les utilisateurs de
-logiciels devraient pouvoir les utiliser.</p>
+Le logiciel libre est une question de liberté : tout le monde devrait
+pouvoir être libre d'utiliser des logiciels de toutes les façons qui sont
+utiles socialement. Le logiciel diffère des objets matériels (tels que des
+chaises, des sandwiches et de l'essence) en ce qu'il peut être copié et
+modifié beaucoup plus facilement. Ces possibilités rendent le logiciel aussi
+utile qu'il peut l'être; nous croyons que les utilisateurs de logiciels
+devraient pouvoir les utiliser.</p>
<!-- I don't think it's good idea to link specific translation -->
<!-- (e.g. foo.fr.html) from here. It would be better to link them -->
@@ -49,8 +55,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">Qu'est-ce qu'un logiciel
libre ?</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.fr.html">Pourquoi les logiciels ne
devraient
-pas avoir de propriétaires</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.fr.html">Copyleft : Idéalisme
+pas avoir de propriétaires</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.fr.html">Copyleft : Idéalisme
pragmatique</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc.fr.html">Pourquoi les logiciels libres ont
besoin de manuels libres</a></li>
@@ -62,16 +68,21 @@
histoire dystopienne</a> par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html">Pourquoi
-l'« open source » passe à côté du
-problème que soulève le logiciel libre ?</a></li>
+l'« open source » passe à côté du problème que soulève le
logiciel
+libre ?</a></li>
</ul>
-<h3>Liens vers d'autres articles</h3>
+<h3>Further Resources</h3>
-<p>Nous avons beaucoup d'articles qui tiennent sur une seule page. Vous pouvez
-les trouver sur les pages liées ici.</p>
+<p>We have many more than can fit on a single page. You can find more linked
+here.</p>
<ul>
+
+<li id="Recordings"><a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org";> Audio and video
recordings</a>. Here
+you can watch video or listen to audio recordings of speeches and other
+events from the Free Software Foundation or the GNU project.</li>
+
<li id="EssaysAndArticles"><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.fr.html">Essais et
articles</a>. Cette page recense une série d'articles décrivant la
philosophie du mouvement pour le logiciel libre, qui est la motivation de
@@ -98,8 +109,8 @@
<a id="TOCFreedomOrganizations">Nous</a> <a
id="FreedomOrganizations">conservons</a> aussi une liste d'<a
href="/links/links.fr.html#FreedomOrganizations">organisations qui oeuvrent
-pour la liberté dans le développement informatique et les
-communications électroniques</a>.</p>
+pour la liberté dans le développement informatique et les communications
+électroniques</a>.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -112,9 +123,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -128,9 +141,10 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -143,7 +157,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/05/11 08:25:37 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:14 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -224,6 +238,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
</ul>
Index: philosophy/philosophy.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/philosophy.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- philosophy/philosophy.pt-br.html 11 May 2010 08:25:39 -0000 1.13
+++ philosophy/philosophy.pt-br.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:14 -0000 1.14
@@ -10,25 +10,32 @@
<p>Our development of the GNU free software operating system is motivated by
the philosophy of the free software movement. This page provides an
-introduction to that philosopy, links to the latest articles we have on the
+introduction to that philosophy, links to the latest articles we have on the
subject, and links to further resources.</p>
<h3 id="new">Latest Articles</h3>
<p>Hot off the presses, here are the latest published articles on free software
and the GNU project.</p>
<ul>
- <li> <a
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">Europe's “unitary
+patent” could mean unlimited software patents</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html">Keep control of
+your computing, so it doesn't control you!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">The Danger of
E-Books</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/practical.html">The advantages of free
software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html">When a Company Asks For
Your
+Copyright</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.html">GNU & The Free
+Software Foundation - Engineering Tech Talk at Google</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman";>Digital
economy bill: One clown giveth and the other clown taketh away</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Who does
that
-server really serve?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Who Does
That
+Server Really Serve?</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html">Why I Will Not Sign
the
Public Domain Manifesto</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">On Selling Exceptions to
the
GNU GPL</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html">Lest CodePlex
perplex</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.html">The Danger of
Software
-Patents</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="aboutfs">Sobre Programas Livres</h3>
@@ -59,12 +66,17 @@
Source” misses the point of Free Software</a></li>
</ul>
-<h3>Links to more philosophy articles</h3>
+<h3>Further Resources</h3>
-<p>We have many more articles than can fit on a single page. You can find them
-on the pages linked here.</p>
+<p>We have many more than can fit on a single page. You can find more linked
+here.</p>
<ul>
+
+<li id="Recordings"><a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org";> Audio and video
recordings</a>. Here
+you can watch video or listen to audio recordings of speeches and other
+events from the Free Software Foundation or the GNU project.</li>
+
<li id="EssaysAndArticles"><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html">
Essays and articles.</a> A
series of articles describing the philosophy of the free software movement,
which is the motivation for our development of the free software operating
@@ -106,8 +118,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -120,8 +133,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Permite-se mundialmente a cópia e distribuição integrais deste artigo em
-qualquer meio, desde que este aviso seja preservado.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -133,7 +147,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Atualizado:
-$Date: 2010/05/11 08:25:39 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:14 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -214,6 +228,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
</ul>
Index: philosophy/philosophy.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/philosophy.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- philosophy/philosophy.ro.html 9 Dec 2010 01:27:36 -0000 1.14
+++ philosophy/philosophy.ro.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:14 -0000 1.15
@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@
<p>De-abia au vÄzut lumina tiparului: iatÄ articolele cel mai recent
publicate
despre software liber Èi proiectul GNU.</p>
<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">Europe's “unitary
+patent” could mean unlimited software patents</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html">Keep control of
+your computing, so it doesn't control you!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">The Danger of
E-Books</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/practical.html">The advantages of free
software</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html">Când o companie vÄ cere
copyright-ul dvs.</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.html">GNU Èi FundaÈia
pentru
@@ -64,12 +70,17 @@
deschisÄâ pierde ideea centralÄ a software-ului liber</a></li>
</ul>
-<h3>LegÄturi cÄtre alte articole filozofice</h3>
+<h3>Further Resources</h3>
-<p>Avem mult mai multe articole decât pot încÄpea pe o singurÄ paginÄ. Le
-puteÈi gÄsi pe paginile legate mai jos.</p>
+<p>We have many more than can fit on a single page. You can find more linked
+here.</p>
<ul>
+
+<li id="Recordings"><a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org";> Audio and video
recordings</a>. Here
+you can watch video or listen to audio recordings of speeches and other
+events from the Free Software Foundation or the GNU project.</li>
+
<li id="EssaysAndArticles"><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.ro.html">Eseuri Èi articole.</a> O
serie de articole care descriu filozofia miÈcÄrii pentru software liber,
motivaÈia pentru care dezvoltÄm sistemul de operare GNU ca software
liber.</li>
@@ -109,10 +120,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ro.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-VÄ rugÄm sÄ adresaÈi întrebÄrile dumneavoastrÄ despre FSF Èi GNU la <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ExistÄ Èi <a
-href="/contact/">alte modalitÄÈi pentru a lua contact</a> cu FSF. <br /> VÄ
-rugÄm sÄ semnalaÈi legÄturile rupte Èi alte corecturi sau sugestii la <a
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+VÄ rugÄm sÄ semnalaÈi legÄturile rupte Èi alte corecturi sau sugestii la
<a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -125,8 +137,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Copierea Èi distribuirea acestui articol în mod textual sunt permise sub
-orice formÄ, cu condiÈia pÄstrÄrii acestei note.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -139,7 +152,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ActualizatÄ:
-$Date: 2010/12/09 01:27:36 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:14 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/philosophy.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/philosophy.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.37
retrieving revision 1.38
diff -u -b -r1.37 -r1.38
--- philosophy/philosophy.sr.html 11 May 2010 08:25:39 -0000 1.37
+++ philosophy/philosophy.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:15 -0000 1.38
@@ -10,25 +10,32 @@
<p>Our development of the GNU free software operating system is motivated by
the philosophy of the free software movement. This page provides an
-introduction to that philosopy, links to the latest articles we have on the
+introduction to that philosophy, links to the latest articles we have on the
subject, and links to further resources.</p>
<h3 id="new">Latest Articles</h3>
<p>Hot off the presses, here are the latest published articles on free software
and the GNU project.</p>
<ul>
- <li> <a
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">Europe's “unitary
+patent” could mean unlimited software patents</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html">Keep control of
+your computing, so it doesn't control you!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">The Danger of
E-Books</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/practical.html">The advantages of free
software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html">When a Company Asks For
Your
+Copyright</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.html">GNU & The Free
+Software Foundation - Engineering Tech Talk at Google</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman";>Digital
economy bill: One clown giveth and the other clown taketh away</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Who does
that
-server really serve?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Who Does
That
+Server Really Serve?</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html">Why I Will Not Sign
the
Public Domain Manifesto</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">On Selling Exceptions to
the
GNU GPL</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html">Lest CodePlex
perplex</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.html">The Danger of
Software
-Patents</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="aboutfs">Ð Ñлободном ÑоÑÑвеÑÑ</h3>
@@ -60,12 +67,17 @@
âоÑвоÑени извоÑни кодâ избегнÑÑа ÑÑÑÑина
Ñлободног ÑоÑÑвеÑа</a></li>
</ul>
-<h3>Links to more philosophy articles</h3>
+<h3>Further Resources</h3>
-<p>We have many more articles than can fit on a single page. You can find them
-on the pages linked here.</p>
+<p>We have many more than can fit on a single page. You can find more linked
+here.</p>
<ul>
+
+<li id="Recordings"><a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org";> Audio and video
recordings</a>. Here
+you can watch video or listen to audio recordings of speeches and other
+events from the Free Software Foundation or the GNU project.</li>
+
<li id="EssaysAndArticles"><a href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html">
Essays and articles.</a> A
series of articles describing the philosophy of the free software movement,
which is the motivation for our development of the free software operating
@@ -110,8 +122,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -124,9 +137,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа,
-без надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз
ÑÑлов да Ñе оÑÑвано ово
-обавеÑÑеÑе.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -152,7 +165,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2010/05/11 08:25:39 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:15 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -233,6 +246,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
</ul>
Index: philosophy/philosophy.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/philosophy.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/philosophy.zh-cn.html 30 Sep 2010 00:27:27 -0000 1.5
+++ philosophy/philosophy.zh-cn.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:15 -0000 1.6
@@ -13,10 +13,16 @@
<h3 id="new">ææ°æç« </h3>
<p>以ä¸æ¯ææ°å表çæå
³èªç±è½¯ä»¶å GNU å·¥ç¨çæç« ã</p>
<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">Europe's “unitary
+patent” could mean unlimited software patents</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/keep-control-of-your-computing.html">Keep control of
+your computing, so it doesn't control you!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">The Danger of
E-Books</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/practical.html">The advantages of free
software</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/assigning-copyright.html">When a Company Asks For
Your
-Copyright</a></li>
+Copyright (è±æ)</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.html">GNU & The Free
-Software Foundation - Engineering Tech Talk at Google</a></li>
+Software Foundation - Engineering Tech Talk at Google </a></li>
<li><a
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman";>Digital
economy bill: One clown giveth and the other clown taketh away
ï¼è±æï¼</a></li>
@@ -50,11 +56,17 @@
Source” misses the point of Free Software</a></li>
</ul>
-<h3>æ´å¤ GNU å²å¦æç« </h3>
+<h3>Further Resources</h3>
-<p>æ们æ太å¤çæç« ä¸è½å¨è¿ä¸ä¸ªé¡µé¢ä¸å
¨é¨ååºï¼æ¨å¯ä»¥å¨ä¸é¢çé¾æ¥ä¸æ¾å°å®ä»¬ã</p>
+<p>We have many more than can fit on a single page. You can find more linked
+here.</p>
<ul>
+
+<li id="Recordings"><a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org";> Audio and video
recordings</a>. Here
+you can watch video or listen to audio recordings of speeches and other
+events from the Free Software Foundation or the GNU project.</li>
+
<li id="EssaysAndArticles"><a
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html">éç¬ä¸æç« ï¼</a>
ä¸ç³»åä»ç»èªç±è½¯ä»¶è¿å¨å²å¦çæç« ãèªç±è½¯ä»¶è¿å¨æ¯å¼å
GNU èªç±æä½ç³»ç»çç²¾ç¥åºç¡ã</li>
@@ -87,10 +99,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.zh-cn.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-请å°æå
³èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼ä¸ GNU
çæ¥è¯¢ä¸é®é¢ï¼ä»¥è±è¯ï¼åéå°<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ãæ¨ä¹å¯ä»¥éè¿ <a
-href="/contact/">å
¶å®æ¹æ³</a> èç³»èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼ã <br
/>åç°ä»»ä½é误åé¾æ¥æå
¶å®éè¦æ´æ£çå°æ¹ï¼æä»»ä½å»ºè®®ï¼ï¼è¯·åéé®ä»¶è³
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ã
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -101,7 +115,9 @@
<p>
çæææ © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006,
2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼</p>
-<p>æ¬æå
许å¨ä¸åæ´å
容çåæä¸æ é使ç¨è´¹çå
¨æå¤å¶ååå¸å¨å
¨çä»»ä½åªä½ï¼ä½éä¿çæ¤æ³¨è®°åçæ声æã
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -114,7 +130,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
æåæ´æ°ï¼
-$Date: 2010/09/30 00:27:27 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:15 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/pirate-party.cs.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/pirate-party.cs.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/pirate-party.cs.html 27 Jul 2010 16:27:15 -0000 1.3
+++ philosophy/pirate-party.cs.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:15 -0000 1.4
@@ -103,7 +103,6 @@
jako ta už zmÃnÄná. AÅ¥ tak Äi onak, Å¡védská Pirátská strana by
mÄla pÅedejÃt
uvalenà hendikepu na hnutà ochraÅujÃcà veÅejnosti pÅed záškodnickými
obry.</p>
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -112,12 +111,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.cs.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-
<p>
-Dotazy ohlednÄ FSF a GNU na <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Jsou zde také
dalšà <a
-href="/contact/">možnosti</a>, jak FSF kontaktovat. <br /> NefungujÃcÃodkazy
-a jiné opravy a návrhy posÃlejte na <a
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -146,7 +145,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizováno:
-$Date: 2010/07/27 16:27:15 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:15 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -172,6 +171,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -182,6 +183,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/pirate-party.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/pirate-party.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/pirate-party.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/pirate-party.de.html 3 Aug 2011 08:36:57 -0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/pirate-party.de.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:15 -0000 1.2
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualisierung:
-$Date: 2011/08/03 08:36:57 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:15 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -190,6 +190,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/pirate-party.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/pirate-party.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/pirate-party.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/pirate-party.fr.html 26 Jun 2011 00:31:20 -0000 1.8
+++ philosophy/pirate-party.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:15 -0000 1.9
@@ -120,7 +120,6 @@
spécifique lorsqu'il se propose de défendre la population contre les géants
prédateurs.</p>
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -129,7 +128,6 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
@@ -167,7 +165,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/06/26 00:31:20 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:15 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -193,6 +191,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -203,6 +203,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/pirate-party.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/practical.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/practical.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/practical.pt-br.html 14 Mar 2011 00:28:20 -0000 1.3
+++ philosophy/practical.pt-br.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:15 -0000 1.4
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>As Vantagens do Software Livre — O Projeto GNU e a Fundação
para o
-Software Livre (FSF)</title>
+<title>The advantages of free software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
+(FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>As Vantagens do Software Livre</h2>
<p>por <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
-
<p><strong>Gente de fora do Movimento Software Livre frequentemente pergunta
sobre as vantagens práticas do Software Livre. à uma pergunta
curiosa.</strong></p>
@@ -36,7 +34,6 @@
você não precisará perguntar quais vantagens práticas o Software Livre
tem.</p>
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -60,8 +57,9 @@
<p>Copyright © 2010 Richard Stallman
<br />
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any
-medium, provided this notice is preserved.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -72,7 +70,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Atualizado:
-$Date: 2011/03/14 00:28:20 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:15 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -100,6 +98,8 @@
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
-->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/practical.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/practical.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
Index: philosophy/practical.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/practical.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/practical.zh-cn.html 5 May 2011 08:28:34 -0000 1.2
+++ philosophy/practical.zh-cn.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:15 -0000 1.3
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-cn.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>èªç±è½¯ä»¶çå¥½å¤ — GNUå·¥ç¨ —
èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼ï¼FSFï¼</title>
+<title>The advantages of free software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
+(FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-cn.html" -->
<h2>èªç±è½¯ä»¶ç好å¤</h2>
<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong> è</p>
-
<p><strong>ä¸äºè§£èªç±è½¯ä»¶è¿å¨ç人常常ä¼é®ï¼èªç±è½¯ä»¶å°åºæä»ä¹å®é
ç好å¤ãå
¶å®è¿æ¯ä¸ªæºå¥æªçé®é¢</strong></p>
<p>éèªç±è½¯ä»¶ä¹æ以ä¸å¥½ï¼æ¯å 为å®é»ç¢äºä½
çèªç±ãé£ä¹ï¼é®èªç±è½¯ä»¶ç©¶ç«æä»ä¹å®é
好å¤æä¼å¿ï¼å°±å¥½åå¨é®ä¸è¢«æéæ·èµ·æ¥æä»ä¹å®é
好å¤ä¸æ
·ã说起æ¥ï¼ä¸è¢«æ·ä½ç¡®å®æ好å¤ï¼</p>
@@ -28,7 +27,6 @@
<p>çå°ä½ æ³æç½ï¼éèªç±è½¯ä»¶å¯¹ä½
çèªç±æå³çä»ä¹ï¼æ³æç½éèªç±è½¯ä»¶å°åºæ
¹å¿ä¸æ¯ä¸ªä»ä¹ä¸è¥¿ï¼ä½ ä¹å°±ç¨ä¸çé®èªç±è½¯ä»¶ç©¶ç«æå¥å®é
好å¤äºã</p>
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -49,7 +47,9 @@
<p>çæææ © 2010 Richard M. Stallman ã
<br />
-æ¬æå
许å¨ä¸åæ´å
容çåæä¸æ é使ç¨è´¹çå
¨æå¤å¶ååå¸å¨å
¨çä»»ä½åªä½ï¼ä½éä¿çæ¤æ³¨è®°åçæ声æ
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
æåæ´æ°
-$Date: 2011/05/05 08:28:34 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:15 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -88,6 +88,8 @@
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
-->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/practical.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/practical.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
Index: philosophy/pragmatic.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/pragmatic.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/pragmatic.ar.html 20 Feb 2011 17:27:37 -0000 1.2
+++ philosophy/pragmatic.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:15 -0000 1.3
@@ -162,8 +162,9 @@
<p>
Ø٠اÙÙسخ © 1998Ø 2003 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
اÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ</p>
-<p>Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ادة بÙاÙ
ÙÙا ØرÙÙا Ù
سÙ
ÙØ Ø¨Ù Ù٠جÙ
Ùع Ø£ÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
بدÙ٠أÙ
-Ùساطة بأخذ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاØظة Ù Ù
ÙاØظة اÙØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© Ù٠اÙاعتبار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2011/02/20 17:27:37 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:15 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -206,6 +207,8 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!--Arabic-->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
Index: philosophy/pragmatic.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/pragmatic.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/pragmatic.bg.html 6 Jan 2010 21:26:29 -0000 1.2
+++ philosophy/pragmatic.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:15 -0000 1.3
@@ -109,11 +109,11 @@
вÑзнамеÑÑвал пÑез ÑÑлоÑо вÑеме, и кодÑÑ
намиÑа мÑÑÑо в ÑледваÑоÑо издание на
ÑоÑÑÑеÑа.</p>
<p>
-ÐбÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑблиÑен лиÑенз на GNU не е âдобÑоÑо
ÑаÑенÑеâ. Той казва âнеâ на
-нÑкои Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÑаÑа, коиÑо Ñ
оÑаÑа понÑкога
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да бÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑивлеÑени в обÑноÑÑÑа на
-ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑâ.</p>
+The GNU GPL is not Mr. Nice Guy. It says no to some of the things that
+people sometimes want to do. There are users who say that this is a bad
+thing—that the GPL “excludes” some proprietary software
+developers who “need to be brought into the free software
+community.”</p>
<p>
ÐÑÑинаÑа е, Ñе не ние изолиÑаме ÑÑÑ
оÑ
наÑаÑа обÑноÑÑ, а Ñе Ñами избиÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð°
не Ñе пÑиÑÑединÑÑ. РеÑавайки да пиÑаÑ
ÑобÑÑвениÑеÑки ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, Ñе ÑеÑÐ°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
@@ -179,11 +179,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.bg.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Ðма и дÑÑги
наÑини за <a
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изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -194,9 +195,9 @@
<p>
ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 1998, 2003 ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</p>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -216,7 +217,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/01/06 21:26:29 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:15 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -245,6 +246,8 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!--Arabic-->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
@@ -277,6 +280,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: philosophy/pragmatic.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/pragmatic.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/pragmatic.fa.html 6 Jan 2010 21:26:30 -0000 1.5
+++ philosophy/pragmatic.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:15 -0000 1.6
@@ -95,11 +95,11 @@
ÙÛÚ Ùج٠آ٠را Ù
Ùتشر ÙÚ©Ùد. تÙرÛبا ÙÙ
Ûش٠رئÛس
اجاز٠Ù
ÛâدÙد برÙاÙ
ÙâÙÙÛس Ø¢ÙÚ٠را
Ù
ÛâØ®Ùاست٠است اÙجاÙ
دÙØ¯Ø Ù Ú©Ø¯ در ÙسخÙ٠بعد
Ùرار Ù
ÛâÚ¯Ûرد.</p>
<p>
-GNU GPL ÛÚ© Ø¢ÙØ§Û Ù
ؤدب ÙÛست. GPL Ø¨Ù Ø¨Ø¹Ø¶Û Ø§Ø² کارÙاÛÛ
Ú©Ù Ù
ردÙ
Ù
ÛâØ®ÙاÙÙد اÙجاÙ
-دÙÙد ”ÙÙ“ Ù
ÛâÚ¯ÙÛد. ØªØ¹Ø¯Ø§Ø¯Û Ø§Ø² کاربراÙ
Ù
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اÙع ÙرÙد“ بعضÛ
تÙسعÙâدÙÙدگا٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙاÛ
-Ø§Ø®ØªØµØ§ØµÛ Ú©Ù ”ÙازÙ
است ب٠جاÙ
عÙÙ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد Ø¢Ùرد٠شÙÙد“
-Ù
ÛâØ´Ùد.</p>
+The GNU GPL is not Mr. Nice Guy. It says no to some of the things that
+people sometimes want to do. There are users who say that this is a bad
+thing—that the GPL “excludes” some proprietary software
+developers who “need to be brought into the free software
+community.”</p>
<p>
اÙ
ا Ù
ا Ù
اÙع ÙرÙد Ø¢ÙÙا ب٠جاÙ
عÙÙ Ø®Ùد ÙÛستÛÙ
Ø
Ø¢ÙÙا Ø®Ùد Ø®ÙاستÙâاÙد Ú©Ù Ùارد
ÙØ´ÙÙد. تصÙ
ÛÙ
Ø¢ÙÙا Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø³Ø§Ø®Øª ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
Ø§Ø®ØªØµØ§ØµÛ ØªØµÙ
ÛÙ
Û Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ùارد Ùشد٠بÙ
@@ -164,8 +164,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -177,9 +178,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1998, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>ÙسخÙâØ¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÙ
٠ب٠کÙÙ
٠٠تÙزÛع ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در سراسر جÙا٠٠در Ùر
-رساÙÙâاÛØ Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠پرداخت Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز Ù
جاز Ù
ÛâØ¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø§ اÛ٠شرط ک٠اÛ٠اعÙاÙ/ØÙ
-اÙ
تÛاز ØÙظ Ø´Ùد.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2010/01/06 21:26:30 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:15 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -220,6 +221,8 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!--Arabic-->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
@@ -252,6 +255,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: philosophy/pragmatic.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/pragmatic.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/pragmatic.ml.html 25 Sep 2010 00:28:19 -0000 1.9
+++ philosophy/pragmatic.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:15 -0000 1.10
@@ -196,12 +196,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ml.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ -നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµ
-വിനൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ </a>.
<br
-/>à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯ à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµàµ നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> à´à´¨àµà´¨
-വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -211,10 +211,9 @@
<p>
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´ © 1998, 2003 à´«àµà´°àµ
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´«àµà´£àµà´àµà´·à´¨àµâ,à´à´¨àµâà´àµ.</p>
-<p>à´ à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµà´,à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶
à´àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨
-നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ, സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£
à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ പദാനàµà´ªà´¦
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´
-à´²àµà´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´µà´¿à´àµà´¯àµà´, à´à´¤àµ
മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ
-à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -226,7 +225,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ
-$Date: 2010/09/25 00:28:19 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:15 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -255,6 +254,8 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!--Arabic-->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
Index: philosophy/pragmatic.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/pragmatic.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/pragmatic.ro.html 25 Sep 2010 00:28:19 -0000 1.2
+++ philosophy/pragmatic.ro.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:15 -0000 1.3
@@ -166,11 +166,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ro.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-VÄ rugÄm sÄ adresaÈi întrebÄrile dumneavoastrÄ despre FSF Èi GNU la <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ExistÄ Èi <a
-href="/contact/">alte modalitÄÈi pentru a lua contact</a> cu FSF. <br/> VÄ
-rugÄm sÄ semnalaÈi legÄturile rupte Èi alte corecturi sau sugestii la <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -181,9 +182,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1998, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Copierea Èi distribuirea verbatim ale acestui articol sunt permise sub
orice
-formÄ, fÄrÄ platÄ pentru drepturi de autor, cu condiÈia pÄstrÄrii
acestei
-note.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -195,7 +196,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ActualizatÄ:
-$Date: 2010/09/25 00:28:19 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:15 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -224,6 +225,8 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!--Arabic-->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
Index: philosophy/pragmatic.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/pragmatic.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/pragmatic.tr.html 7 Jan 2010 21:27:01 -0000 1.3
+++ philosophy/pragmatic.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:16 -0000 1.4
@@ -98,11 +98,11 @@
yaymamak. Hemen hemen çoÄu zaman, programcının istediÄi gibi davranmasına
izin verir ve kod, sonraki daÄıtıma girer.</p>
<p>
-GNU GPL Ä°yi Adam [:Mr. Nice Guy] deÄildir. Ä°nsanların yapmak istedikleri
-Åeylere bazen “hayır” der. Bunun kötü bir Åey olduÄunu
söyleyen
-kullanıcılar vardır. GPL, “özgür yazılım topluluÄuna sokulması
-gereken” bazı özel mülk yazılım geliÅtiricilerini
“dıÅarıda
-tutmaktadır.”</p>
+The GNU GPL is not Mr. Nice Guy. It says no to some of the things that
+people sometimes want to do. There are users who say that this is a bad
+thing—that the GPL “excludes” some proprietary software
+developers who “need to be brought into the free software
+community.”</p>
<p>
Ancak bu geliÅtiricileri topluluÄumuzun dıÅında bırakan biz deÄiliz;
girmemeyi onlar tercih etmektedir. Yazılımı özel mülk kılma kararları,
@@ -167,12 +167,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.tr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır. Lütfen
-çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -183,8 +183,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1998, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Bu makalenin kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve daÄıtılmasına bu
uyarının
-belirtilmesi durumunda izin verilmektedir.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -237,7 +238,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/01/07 21:27:01 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -267,6 +268,8 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!--Arabic-->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
@@ -299,6 +302,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: philosophy/push-copyright-aside.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- philosophy/push-copyright-aside.bg.html 29 Apr 2010 08:26:19 -0000
1.6
+++ philosophy/push-copyright-aside.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:16 -0000
1.7
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (ФСС)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
-<h2>ÐаÑкаÑа ÑÑÑбва да âоÑÑÑÑани Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑÑÑ Ñиâ
авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво</h2>
+<h2>Science must push copyright aside</h2>
<p>Ð¾Ñ <strong>РиÑаÑд Ð. СÑолман</strong></p>
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@
many people interested in Free Software want to know more about how the
principles can be applied to areas other than software.</em></p>
-<p><em>Тази ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñе поÑви в <em>âÐейÑÑÑ
ÑебдибейÑÑâ</em> пÑез 2001 г.</em></p>
+<p>(This article appeared in <em>Nature</em> magazine's <b>web</b>debates forum
+in 2001.)</p>
<p>ÐавÑÑно вÑеки знае, Ñе наÑÑнаÑа
лиÑеÑаÑÑÑа ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑва, за да
ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанÑва
наÑÑно знание, и Ñе наÑÑниÑе ÑпиÑаниÑ
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ°Ñо пÑоводниÑи на Ñози
@@ -36,13 +37,12 @@
авÑоÑи или ÑиÑаÑели на ÑÑаÑииÑе. Ð Ñези
пÑавила добÑе паÑвали на ÑÑлаÑа
ÑиÑÑема.</p>
-<p>СÑвÑеменнаÑа ÑеÑ
Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° наÑÑни
пÑбликаÑии обаÑе е СвеÑовнаÑа мÑежа.
-ÐÑзниква вÑпÑоÑÑÑ, какви пÑавила биÑ
а
гаÑанÑиÑали вÑзможно най-ÑиÑокоÑо
-ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение на наÑÑниÑе ÑÑаÑии и
Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÐÑежаÑа? СÑаÑииÑе ÑÑÑбва да
-бÑÐ´Ð°Ñ ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанÑвани в
неÑобÑÑвениÑеÑки Ñайлови ÑоÑмаÑи и да
пÑедоÑÑавÑÑ
-на вÑиÑки Ñ
оÑа оÑвоÑен доÑÑÑп. РвÑеки
Ñовек ÑÑÑбва да има пÑавоÑо да им
-пÑави âогледални копиÑâ, Ñ.е. да
пÑепÑбликÑва доÑловни веÑÑии Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ
одÑÑо
-пÑизнание на авÑоÑÑÑвоÑо.</p>
+<p>The modern technology for scientific publishing, however, is the World Wide
+Web. What rules would best ensure the maximum dissemination of scientific
+articles, and knowledge, on the web? Articles should be distributed in
+nonproprietary formats, with open access for all. And everyone should have
+the right to “mirror” articles—that is, to republish them
+verbatim with proper attribution.</p>
<p>Тези пÑавила Ñледва да Ñа пÑиложими
какÑо кÑм минали, Ñака и кÑм бÑдеÑи
ÑÑаÑии, когаÑо Ñе Ð±Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанÑвани в
елекÑÑонен вид. Ðо нÑма кÑиÑиÑна
@@ -74,13 +74,12 @@
наÑоваÑванеÑо на мÑÐµÐ¶Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ ÑÑаÑик и Ñе
оÑигÑÑи по-бÑÑз доÑÑÑп, каÑо
ÑÑÑевÑеменно Ñе пÑедпази наÑÑниÑе аÑÑ
иви
Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑиденÑни загÑби.</p>
-<p>ÐздаÑелиÑе ÑÑÑо изÑÑкваÑ, Ñе Ñ
оноÑаÑиÑе
за ÑедакÑоÑиÑе изиÑÐºÐ²Ð°Ñ ÑакÑа за
-доÑÑÑпа. Ðека да пÑиемем, Ñе ÑÑÑдÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑедакÑоÑиÑе ÑÑÑбва да Ñе заплаÑа; но
-пак, заÑади Ñова копÑе нÑма нÑжда да Ñе Ñие
ÑÑл балÑон. РазÑ
одиÑе за
-ÑедакÑиÑане на една обикновена ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа
Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ 1% и 3% Ð¾Ñ ÑазÑ
одиÑе за
-ÑинанÑиÑане на изÑледванеÑо, коеÑо ÑÑои
зад неÑ. Толкова ниÑÑк пÑоÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°
-Ñози ÑазÑ
од едва ли може да ÑлÑжи за
опÑавдание за пÑеÑкиÑе пÑед
-използванеÑо на ÑезÑлÑаÑиÑе.</p>
+<p>Publishers also argue that paying the editors requires charging for access.
+Let us accept the assumption that editors must be paid; this tail need not
+wag the dog. The cost of editing for a typical paper is between 1 percent
+and 3 percent of the cost of funding the research to produce it. Such a
+small percentage of the cost can hardly justify obstructing the use of the
+results.</p>
<p>ÐмеÑÑо Ñова, ÑазÑ
одиÑе по ÑедакÑиÑанеÑо
Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° Ñе покÑиваÑ, напÑимеÑ, под
ÑоÑмаÑа на ÑакÑа за ÑÑÑаниÑа Ð¾Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑиÑе,
коиÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ги Ð²Ð·ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ
@@ -104,9 +103,14 @@
пÑоÑивоÑеÑие и ÑазÑ
иÑение аÑÑ
ивиÑе да Ñе
ÑиÑÑовизиÑаÑ, а доÑÑÑпÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑÑÑ
да
Ñе огÑаниÑава.</p>
-<p>ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑиÑÑа на СÐЩ казва, Ñе
авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑва, за да
âнаÑÑÑÑава
-пÑогÑеÑа на наÑкаÑаâ. Ðла когаÑо Ñо
запоÑне да ÑпÑва пÑогÑеÑа, наÑкаÑа
-ÑÑÑбва да оÑÑÑÑани авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво оÑ
пÑÑÑ Ñи.</p>
+<p>The US Constitution says that copyright exists “to promote the
+Progress of Science”. When copyright impedes the progress of science,
+science must push copyright out of the way.</p>
+
+<p>Some universities have adopted policies to thwart the journal publishers'
+power. For instance, here is MIT's.<br/>
+<a
+href="http://info-libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-open-access/open-access-at-mit/mit-open-access-policy/";>http://info-libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-open-access/open-access-at-mit/mit-open-access-policy/</a></p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -117,11 +121,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.bg.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги наÑини за
-<a href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -131,9 +136,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 2001 РиÑаÑд Ð. СÑолман <br />
ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и
-ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа
позволени за вÑеки Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда
-Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази
бележка да бÑде запазена.
+Copyright © 2001 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -153,7 +160,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/04/29 08:26:19 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.html 29 Apr 2010 08:26:19 -0000
1.13
+++ philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:16 -0000
1.14
@@ -2,13 +2,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>La science doit « mettre le droit d'auteur de
-côté » - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
-(FSF)</title>
+<title>La science doit « mettre le droit d'auteur de côté » -
GNU Project
+- Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>La science doit « mettre le droit d'auteur de
-côté »</h2>
+<h2>Science must push copyright aside</h2>
<p>par <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong></p>
@@ -20,113 +18,102 @@
many people interested in Free Software want to know more about how the
principles can be applied to areas other than software.</em></p>
-<p><em>Cet article est paru dans <em>Nature Webdebates</em> en 2001</em></p>
+<p>(This article appeared in <em>Nature</em> magazine's <b>web</b>debates forum
+in 2001.)</p>
-<p>Il devrait être évident pour tout un chacun que la
-littérature scientifique est faite pour diffuser les connaissances
-scientifiques, et que les revues scientifiques existent pour faciliter ce
-travail. Par conséquent les règles d'utilisation de la
-littérature scientifique devraient être de nature à
-aider à atteindre cet objectif.</p>
-
-<p>Les règles actuelles, appelées droit d'auteur, ont
-été établies à l'époque de la presse
-écrite, une méthode de publication de masse
-inévitablement centralisée. Dans un contexte de presse
-écrite, le droit d'auteur sur les articles de revues n'était
-une contrainte que pour les éditeurs — les obligeant à
-obtenir une autorisation avant de publier un article — et les
-plagiaires potentiels. Elle aidait les revues à fonctionner et
-à faire circuler les connaissances, sans gêner le travail utile
-des scientifiques ou des étudiants, qu'ils soient lecteurs ou auteurs
-d'articles. Ces règles conviennent bien à ce système.</p>
-
-<p>Mais la technique actuelle de publication scientifique est le Web. Quelles
-sont les règles susceptibles d'assurer une diffusion maximale des
-articles et connaissances scientifiques sur le Web ? Il faudrait que
-les articles soient diffusés sous des formats
-non-propriétaires, en accès libre pour tous. Et chacun devrait
-avoir le droit de placer les articles sur un site
-« miroir », c'est-à-dire de les republier
-intégralement en indiquant correctement la source.</p>
-
-<p>Ces règles devraient s'appliquer aussi bien aux anciens articles
-qu'aux nouveaux, lorsqu'ils sont diffusés sous forme
-électronique. Mais il n'y a pas de nécessité vitale
-à modifier le système actuel de droits d'auteur en ce qui
-concerne la publication des revues sur papier parce qu'il n'y a pas de
-problème dans ce domaine.</p>
+<p>Il devrait être évident pour tout un chacun que la littérature
scientifique
+est faite pour diffuser les connaissances scientifiques, et que les revues
+scientifiques existent pour faciliter ce travail. Par conséquent les règles
+d'utilisation de la littérature scientifique devraient être de nature Ã
+aider à atteindre cet objectif.</p>
+
+<p>Les règles actuelles, appelées droit d'auteur, ont été établies Ã
l'époque
+de la presse écrite, une méthode de publication de masse inévitablement
+centralisée. Dans un contexte de presse écrite, le droit d'auteur sur les
+articles de revues n'était une contrainte que pour les éditeurs — les
+obligeant à obtenir une autorisation avant de publier un article — et
+les plagiaires potentiels. Elle aidait les revues à fonctionner et à faire
+circuler les connaissances, sans gêner le travail utile des scientifiques ou
+des étudiants, qu'ils soient lecteurs ou auteurs d'articles. Ces règles
+conviennent bien à ce système.</p>
+
+<p>The modern technology for scientific publishing, however, is the World Wide
+Web. What rules would best ensure the maximum dissemination of scientific
+articles, and knowledge, on the web? Articles should be distributed in
+nonproprietary formats, with open access for all. And everyone should have
+the right to “mirror” articles—that is, to republish them
+verbatim with proper attribution.</p>
+
+<p>Ces règles devraient s'appliquer aussi bien aux anciens articles qu'aux
+nouveaux, lorsqu'ils sont diffusés sous forme électronique. Mais il n'y a
+pas de nécessité vitale à modifier le système actuel de droits d'auteur en
+ce qui concerne la publication des revues sur papier parce qu'il n'y a pas
+de problème dans ce domaine.</p>
<p>Malheureusement, il semble que tout le monde ne soit pas d'accord avec les
-évidences exprimées au début de cet article. De
-nombreux éditeurs de revues semblent croire que l'objectif de la
-littérature scientifique est de leur permettre de publier des revues
-afin de recueillir des abonnements de scientifiques et
-d'étudiants. Partager un tel point de vue c'est
-« confondre la fin et les moyens ».</p>
-
-<p>Leur approche consiste à restreindre l'accès à la
-simple consultation de la littérature scientifique à ceux qui
-veulent et peuvent payer pour cela. Ils utilisent le droit d'auteur, qui est
-toujours en vigueur malgré son inadaptation aux réseaux
-informatiques, comme excuse pour dissuader les scientifiques de choisir de
-nouvelles règles.</p>
-
-<p>Dans l'intérêt de la coopération scientifique et de
-l'avenir de l'humanité, nous devons refuser cette approche à
-la base — non seulement les systèmes d'obstruction qui ont
-été mis en place, mais aussi les mauvaises priorités
-qui les ont inspirés.</p>
-
-<p>Les éditeurs de revues affirment parfois que la mise à
-disposition en ligne nécessite des serveurs puissants, et qu'ils sont
-obligés de faire payer l'accès pour financer ces serveurs. Ce
-« problème » est une conséquence de sa
-propre « solution ». Que l'on donne à chacun la
-liberté de publier sur un site miroir, et les bibliothèques du
-monde entier vont créer des sites miroirs pour faire face à la
-demande. Cette solution décentralisée réduira la bande
-passante du réseau et assurera un accès plus rapide, tout en
-protégeant les données universitaires contre une perte
+évidences exprimées au début de cet article. De nombreux éditeurs de revues
+semblent croire que l'objectif de la littérature scientifique est de leur
+permettre de publier des revues afin de recueillir des abonnements de
+scientifiques et d'étudiants. Partager un tel point de vue c'est
+« confondre la fin et les moyens ».</p>
+
+<p>Leur approche consiste à restreindre l'accès à la simple consultation de
la
+littérature scientifique à ceux qui veulent et peuvent payer pour cela. Ils
+utilisent le droit d'auteur, qui est toujours en vigueur malgré son
+inadaptation aux réseaux informatiques, comme excuse pour dissuader les
+scientifiques de choisir de nouvelles règles.</p>
+
+<p>Dans l'intérêt de la coopération scientifique et de l'avenir de
l'humanité,
+nous devons refuser cette approche à la base — non seulement les
+systèmes d'obstruction qui ont été mis en place, mais aussi les mauvaises
+priorités qui les ont inspirés.</p>
+
+<p>Les éditeurs de revues affirment parfois que la mise à disposition en
ligne
+nécessite des serveurs puissants, et qu'ils sont obligés de faire payer
+l'accès pour financer ces serveurs. Ce « problème » est une
+conséquence de sa propre « solution ». Que l'on donne à chacun la
+liberté de publier sur un site miroir, et les bibliothèques du monde entier
+vont créer des sites miroirs pour faire face à la demande. Cette solution
+décentralisée réduira la bande passante du réseau et assurera un accès
plus
+rapide, tout en protégeant les données universitaires contre une perte
accidentelle.</p>
-<p>Les éditeurs disent aussi qu'il faut un accès payant pour
-rémunérer les rédacteurs. Admettons qu'il faille payer
-les rédacteurs; c'est l'arbre qui cache la forêt. Les frais de
-rédaction pour un article moyen varient entre 1% et 3% du coût
-nécessaire à la recherche qui l'a suscité. Un si petit
-pourcentage ne justifie pas que l'on fasse obstruction à
-l'utilisation des résultats.</p>
-
-<p>Au lieu de cela, les frais de rédaction pourraient être
-couverts, par exemple, par des frais à la page pour les auteurs, qui
-pourraient les faire financer par les commanditaires de la recherche. Ces
-commanditaires ne devraient pas s'y opposer dans la mesure où ils
-financent déjà lourdement cette publication par
-l'intermédiaire des frais que constitue l'abonnement de la
-bibliothèque universitaire à la revue. En changeant le
-modèle économique (transfert des frais de publication vers les
-commanditaires de la recherche), on peut éliminer le besoin apparent
-de restreindre la consultation. L'auteur occasionnel qui n'est pas
-affilié à une institution ou une entreprise, et qui n'a pas de
-commanditaire pour sa recherche, pourrait être dispensé de
-frais de page, qui seraient répercutés sur les auteurs
-soutenus par des institutions.</p>
-
-<p>Une autre justification pour faire payer l'accès aux publications en
-ligne c'est de dire qu'il faut financer la conversion des archives
-imprimées au format électronique. Ce travail doit être
-fait, mais il nous faut trouver des alternatives qui ne remettent pas en
-cause le libre accès au résultat. Le travail lui-même ne
-sera pas plus difficile, ni plus coûteux. Il est contre-productif de
-numériser des archives et de gâcher le résultat de ce
-travail en en restreignant l'accès.</p>
-
-<p>La Constitution des États-Unis dit que le droit d'auteur existe
-« pour promouvoir les progrès de la
-science ». Quand les droits d'auteur freinent les progrès
-de la science, la science doit mettre le droit d'auteur de
-côté.</p>
+<p>Publishers also argue that paying the editors requires charging for access.
+Let us accept the assumption that editors must be paid; this tail need not
+wag the dog. The cost of editing for a typical paper is between 1 percent
+and 3 percent of the cost of funding the research to produce it. Such a
+small percentage of the cost can hardly justify obstructing the use of the
+results.</p>
+
+<p>Au lieu de cela, les frais de rédaction pourraient être couverts, par
+exemple, par des frais à la page pour les auteurs, qui pourraient les faire
+financer par les commanditaires de la recherche. Ces commanditaires ne
+devraient pas s'y opposer dans la mesure où ils financent déjà lourdement
+cette publication par l'intermédiaire des frais que constitue l'abonnement
+de la bibliothèque universitaire à la revue. En changeant le modèle
+économique (transfert des frais de publication vers les commanditaires de la
+recherche), on peut éliminer le besoin apparent de restreindre la
+consultation. L'auteur occasionnel qui n'est pas affilié à une institution
+ou une entreprise, et qui n'a pas de commanditaire pour sa recherche,
+pourrait être dispensé de frais de page, qui seraient répercutés sur les
+auteurs soutenus par des institutions.</p>
+
+<p>Une autre justification pour faire payer l'accès aux publications en ligne
+c'est de dire qu'il faut financer la conversion des archives imprimées au
+format électronique. Ce travail doit être fait, mais il nous faut trouver
+des alternatives qui ne remettent pas en cause le libre accès au
+résultat. Le travail lui-même ne sera pas plus difficile, ni plus
+coûteux. Il est contre-productif de numériser des archives et de gâcher le
+résultat de ce travail en en restreignant l'accès.</p>
+
+<p>The US Constitution says that copyright exists “to promote the
+Progress of Science”. When copyright impedes the progress of science,
+science must push copyright out of the way.</p>
+
+<p>Some universities have adopted policies to thwart the journal publishers'
+power. For instance, here is MIT's.<br/>
+<a
+href="http://info-libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-open-access/open-access-at-mit/mit-open-access-policy/";>http://info-libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-open-access/open-access-at-mit/mit-open-access-policy/</a></p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -138,11 +125,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -153,9 +141,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2001 Richard M. Stallman <br />La reproduction exacte et la
-distribution intégrale de cet article est permise sur n'importe quel support
-d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit préservée.
+Copyright © 2001 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -168,7 +159,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/04/29 08:26:19 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/push-copyright-aside.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/push-copyright-aside.pl.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:34 -0000
1.2
+++ philosophy/push-copyright-aside.pl.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:16 -0000
1.3
@@ -1,208 +1,216 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-2" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="pl" lang="pl">
-
-<head>
-<title>Nauka musi "odsun±æ na bok prawa autorskie"</title>
- <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-2"
/>
- <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gnu.css" />
- <link rev="made" href="mailto:address@hidden"; />
- <link rev="translated" href="mailto:address@hidden"; />
- <!-- transl.: Miko³aj Sitarz -->
-</head>
-<body>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pl.html" -->
-<p><a href="#translations">T³umaczenia</a> tej strony</p>
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>Nauka musi „odsunÄ
Ä na bok prawa autorskie“ -
Projekt GNU -
+Fundacja wolnego oprogramowania (FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
+<h2>Nauka musi odsunÄ
Ä na bok prawa autorskie</h2>
+
+<p><strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong></p>
+
+<p><em>Wiele argumentów prowadzÄ
cych do tego, że wolnoÅÄ
+oprogramowania musi byÄ uniwersalna, czÄsto ma zastosowanie do innych
+form prac twórczych, choÄ na odmienne sposoby. Ten esej dotyczy
+stosowania zasad zwiÄ
zanych z wolnoÅciÄ
oprogramowania do obszaru
+literatury. Ogólnie, takie kwestie sÄ
niezależne od wolnoÅci
+oprogramowania, ale umieszczamy tutaj eseje tego rodzaju,
+ponieważ wiele osób zainteresowanych wolnym oprogramowaniem chce
+wiedzieÄ wiÄcej o tym, jak zasady te mogÄ
byÄ stosowane do innych
+obszarów niż oprogramowanie.</em></p>
+
+<p>(Ten artykuÅ ukazaÅ siÄ na forum <b>web</b>debates czasopisma
+<em>Nature</em> w 2001 roku.)</p>
+
+<p>Stwierdzenie, iż literatura naukowa istnieje po to, by
rozpowszechniaÄ
+naukowÄ
wiedzÄ, a naukowe czasopisma istniejÄ
po to, by ten proces
+uÅatwiaÄ powinno byÄ truizmem. Dlatego też reguÅy korzystania
+z literatury naukowej powinny byÄ ustalone tak, aby pomóc ten cel
+osiÄ
gnÄ
Ä.</p>
+
+<p>Zasady obowiÄ
zujÄ
ce obecnie, znane jako prawa autorskie, zostaÅy ustalone
+w epoce prasy drukarskiej, z natury rzeczy scentralizowanej metody
+masowej produkcji kopii. W ówczesnym Årodowisku opartym na druku,
+prawo autorskie, którym objÄto wówczas artykuÅy naukowe, ograniczaÅo
jedynie
+wydawców periodyków naukowych – przez naÅożenie na nich
+obowiÄ
zku uzyskania zezwolenia na publikacjÄ artykuÅu –
+oraz ewentualnych plagiatorów. PomagaÅo to w funkcjonowaniu
+czasopism i rozpowszechnianiu wiedzy, nie przeszkadzajÄ
c
+w użytecznej pracy naukowców czy studentów, zarówno piszÄ
cych
jak
+i czytajÄ
cych artykuÅy. ReguÅy te byÅy odpowiednie dla tego
systemu.</p>
+
+<p>Niemniej jednak, wspóÅczesna technika publikacji naukowych to sieÄ
+www. Jakie reguÅy najlepiej zapewniÅyby maksymalne rozpowszechnianie
+artykuÅów naukowych i wiedzy w Internecie? ArtykuÅy powinny byÄ
+rozpowszechniane w niewÅasnoÅciowych formatach, z dostÄpem dla
+wszystkich. I każdy powinien mieÄ prawo
+do „mirrorowania” artykuÅów – to jest
+do publikacji ich dosÅownych kopii z odpowiedniÄ
informacjÄ
o
+autorstwie.</p>
+
+<p>Te normy powinny obowiÄ
zywaÄ zarówno w przypadku starych jak
+i przyszÅych artykuÅów, gdy sÄ
one rozpowszechniane w formie
+elektronicznej. Nie ma jednak zasadniczej potrzeby, aby zmieniaÄ
+obecny system praw autorskich dotyczÄ
cy publikowania pism naukowych
+na papierze, gdyż to nie ich dotyczy problem.</p>
+
+<p>Niestety, wyglÄ
da na to że nie wszyscy zgadzajÄ
siÄ
+z truizmami zaczynajÄ
cymi ten artykuÅ. Wielu wydawców wydaje siÄ
+wierzyÄ, że celem literatury naukowej jest umożliwienie im wydawania
+periodyki i pobieraÄ opÅaty za prenumeratÄ od naukowców
+i studentów. Tego typu myÅlenie jest znane jako “mylenie
+przyczyny ze skutkiem”.</p>
+
+<p>Wydawcy z tym podejÅciem ograniczajÄ
dostÄp do literatury
+naukowej, udostÄpniajÄ
c jÄ
– nawet tylko
+do czytania – tylko tym, których staÄ i chcÄ
za to
+zapÅaciÄ. UżywajÄ
przepisów prawa autorskiego, które nadal obowiÄ
zuje,
mimo
+iż jest nieadekwatne dla sieci komputerowych, jako wymówki, która ma
+powstrzymaÄ naukowców przed ustaleniem nowych reguÅ.</p>
+
+<p>Dla dobra naukowej wspóÅpracy i przyszÅoÅci ludzkoÅci, musimy
odrzuciÄ
+to podejÅcie od samych jego korzeni – nie tylko utrudniajÄ
ce
+systemy, który ustanowiono, ale też bÅÄdne priorytety leżÄ
ce
u ich
+podstaw.</p>
+
+<p>Wydawcy czasopism twierdzÄ
czasami, że dostÄp online wymaga drogich
+serwerów o dużej mocy i z tego powodu muszÄ
za dostÄp
do nich
+pobieraÄ opÅaty. Ten „problem” jest konsekwencjÄ
samego
+przyjÄtego „rozwiÄ
zania”. Dajmy każdemu możliwoÅÄ tworzenia
+mirrorów, a biblioteki zacznÄ
pojawiaÄ siÄ na caÅym Åwiecie,
+zaspokajajÄ
c popyt. Zdecentralizowane rozwiÄ
zanie zredukuje wymaganÄ
+przepustowoÅÄ sieci oraz umożliwi szybszy dostÄp, jednoczeÅnie
chroniÄ
c
+naukowy zapis od przypadkowej utraty.</p>
+
+<p>Wydawcy również utrzymujÄ
, że pÅacenie redaktorom wymaga
pobierania
+opÅat za dostÄp. Przyjmijmy zaÅożenie, że redaktorzy muszÄ
byÄ
+opÅacani, ale nie trzeba stawiaÄ sprawy na gÅowie. Koszty
+redakcyjne dla typowego artykuÅu mieszczÄ
siÄ pomiÄdzy 1 a 3 procent
+kosztów badaÅ potrzebnych do jego wytworzenia. Trudno wyjaÅniÄ
+blokowanie dostÄpu do wyników badaÅ, z powodu tak maÅego odsetku
+kosztów.</p>
+
+<p>Zamiast tego, Årodki przeznaczone na koszta redakcyjne mogÄ
pochodziÄ
+na przykÅad z opÅat wnoszonych przez autorów, którzy z kolei
+mogÄ
je przerzuciÄ na sponsorów badaÅ. Sponsorzy nie powinni mieÄ nic
+przeciwko temu, wziÄ
wszy pod uwagÄ fakt, że obecnie pÅacÄ
+za publikacje w bardziej nieefektywny sposób – ponoszÄ
c
+koszta subskrypcji czasopism przez biblioteki uniwersyteckie. ZmieniajÄ
c
+model ekonomii na taki, który obciÄ
ża kosztami redakcyjnymi sponsorów
+badaÅ, możemy usunÄ
Ä pozornÄ
potrzebÄ ograniczania dostÄpu. Sporadycznie
+publikujÄ
cy autorzy, którzy nie sÄ
stowarzyszeni z żadnÄ
instytucjÄ
+czy przedsiÄbiorstwem i nie majÄ
sponsora swoich badaÅ, mogliby
+byÄ zwolnieni z opÅat za publikacjÄ, a koszta przerzucone
+na autorów instytucjonalnych.</p>
+
+<p>Innym uzasadnieniem dla pobierania opÅat za dostÄp do publikacji
+online sÄ
fundusze potrzebne na konwersjÄ archiwów drukowanych
+czasopism na wersje elektroniczne. Ta praca musi byÄ wykonana,
+ale powinniÅmy poszukaÄ alternatywnej drogi jej opÅacenia. Takiej,
+która nie wymaga blokowania dostÄpu do wyników. Ta praca sama
+w sobie nie bÄdzie trudniejsza ani bardziej kosztowna. Daremne
+jest skanowanie archiwów i marnowanie wyniku poprzez ograniczenie
+dostÄpu do nich.</p>
+
+<p>Konstytucja USA mówi, że prawo autorskie istnieje, „aby
popieraÄ
+rozwój nauki”. Gdy prawo autorskie utrudnia postÄp nauki, nauka musi
+usunÄ
Ä prawo autorskie ze swojej drogi.</p>
+
+<p>Some universities have adopted policies to thwart the journal publishers'
+power. For instance, here is MIT's.<br/>
+<a
+href="http://info-libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-open-access/open-access-at-mit/mit-open-access-policy/";>http://info-libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-open-access/open-access-at-mit/mit-open-access-policy/</a></p>
-<h2>Nauka musi „odsun±æ na bok prawa autorskie”</h2>
+<div style="font-size: small;">
-<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.pl.html">
-<img src="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
- alt=" [rysunek: filozofuj±ca GNU] "
- width="160" height="200" /></a>
-</p>
-
-
-<hr />
-
-<p>
-<em>Artyku³ ukaza³ siê w Nature Webdebates, w roku 2001.</em>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Stwierdzenie, i¿ literatura naukowa istnieje po to, by rozpowszechniaæ
-naukow± wiedzê, a naukowe czasopisma istniej± po to, by ten proces
-u³atwiaæ — jest w zasadzie truizmem. Dlatego te¿ regu³y
-korzystania z literatury naukowej powinny byæ ustalone tak, aby
-pomóc ten cel osi±gn±æ.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Zasady obowi±zuj±ce obecnie, znane jako copyright, zosta³y ustalone
w epoce
-prasy drukarskiej, z natury rzeczy zcentralizowanej metody masowej
produkcji
-kopii. Prawo autorskie, którym objêto wówczas artyku³y naukowe, ogranicza³o
-jedynie wydawców periodyków naukowych —- przez na³o¿enie na nich
-obowi±zku uzyskania pozwolenia na publikacjê artyku³u — oraz
ewentualnych
-plagiatorów. Pomaga³o to w funkcjonowaniu czasopism i rozpowszechniu
-wiedzy, nie przeszkadzaj±c w u¿ytecznej pracy naukowców czy studentów,
-zarówno pisz±cych jak i czytaj±cych artyku³y. Regu³y te by³y odpowiednie
-dla tego systemu.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Niemniej jednak, wspó³czesna technika publikacji naukowych to WWW. Jakie
-regu³y by³yby najlepsze do tego, by zapewniæ jak najlepsze rozpowszechnianie
-naukowych artyku³ów i wiedzy w Internecie? Artyku³y powinny byæ
-rozpowszechniane w formatach, które nie s± prawnie zastrze¿one i byæ
-swobodnie dostêpne dla wszystkich. I ka¿dy powinien mieæ prawo do ich
-„mirrorowania”, czyli publikacji ich dos³ownych kopii
z odpowiedni±
-informacj± o autorstwie.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Te normy powinny obowi±zywaæ zarówno w przypadku starych jak i przysz³ych
-artyku³ów, gdy s± one rozpowszechniane w formie elektronicznej. Nie ma
jednak
-zasadniczej potrzeby, aby zmieniaæ obecny system praw autorskich,
-dotycz±cy publikowania pism naukowych na papierze, gdy¿ to nie ich dotyczy
-problem.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Niestety, wygl±da na to ¿e nie wszyscy zgadzaj± siê z truizmem zaczynaj±cym
-ten artyku³.
-Wygl±da na to, ¿e wielu wydawców jest przekonanych, ¿e literatura
-naukowa istnieje po to, ¿eby mogli wydawaæ swoje periodyki i pobieraæ
-op³aty za prenumeratê od naukowców i studentów. Tego typu my¶lenie
-nazywane jest „myleniem przyczyny ze skutkiem”.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Wydawcy z tym podej¶ciem ograniczaj± dostêp do literatury naukowej,
-udostêpniaj±c j± — nawet tylko do czytania — tylko tym,
-których staæ i chc± za to zap³aciæ.
-U¿ywaj± przepisów prawa autorskiego wci±¿ obowi±zuj±cych, pomimo i¿ jest
-nieadekwatne dla sieci komputerowych, jako wymówki, która ma powstrzymaæ
-naukowców przed ustaleniem nowych regu³.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Dla dobra naukowej wspó³pracy i przysz³o¶ci ludzko¶ci, musimy odrzuciæ to
-podej¶cie od samych jego korzeni — nie tylko utrudniaj±cy system,
-który ustanowiono, ale te¿ b³êdne priorytety le¿±ce u jego podstaw.
-</p>
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.pl.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
<p>
-Wydawcy czasopism twierdz± czasami, ¿e dostêp online wymaga drogich serwerów
-o du¿ej mocy i z tego powodu musz± za dostêp do nich pobieraæ
-op³aty. Ten „problem” jest konsekwencj± samego przyjêtego
-„rozwi±zania”. Dajmy ka¿demu mo¿liwo¶æ tworzenia mirrorów,
-a biblioteki zaczn± pojawiaæ siê na ca³ym ¶wiecie, zaspokajaj±c popyt.
-Zdecentralizowane rozwi±zanie zredukuje wymagan± przepustowo¶æ sieci oraz
-umo¿liwi szybszy dostêp, jednocze¶nie chroni±c naukowy zapis od przypadkowej
-utraty.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
-Wydawcy argumentuj± równie¿, ¿e p³acenie redaktorom wymaga pobierania op³at
-za dostêp. Przyjmijmy za³o¿enie, ¿e redaktorzy musz± byæ op³acani; ten ogon nie
-mo¿e merdaæ psem. Koszty redakcyjne dla typowego czasopisma mieszcz± siê
-pomiêdzy 1% a 3% kosztów badañ potrzebnych do jego wytworzenia. Trudno
-wyja¶niæ blokowanie dostêpu do wyników badañ, tak ma³ym odsetkiem kosztów.
+Aby zapoznaÄ siÄ z informacjami dotyczÄ
cymi tÅumaczenia
+i koordynowania tÅumaczeÅ artykuÅów, proszÄ odwiedziÄ stronÄ <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">tÅumaczeÅ</a>. <br />
+Komentarze odnoÅnie tÅumaczenia polskiego oraz zgÅoszenia dotyczÄ
ce
+chÄci wspóÅpracy w tÅumaczeniu prosimy kierowaÄ na adres <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>.
</p>
<p>
-Zamiast tego, ¶rodki przeznaczone na koszta redakcyjne, mog± pochodziæ na
-przyk³ad z op³at wnoszonych przez autorów, którzy z kolei mog± je
przerzuciæ
-na sponsorów badañ. Sponsorzy nie powinni mieæ nic przeciwko temu, wzi±wszy pod
-uwagê fakt, ¿e obecnie p³ac± za publikacje w bardziej nieefektywny
-sposób — ponosz±c koszta subskrypcji czasopism przez biblioteki
-uniwersyteckie. Zmieniaj±c ekonomiczny model na taki, który obci±¿a kosztami
-redakcyjnymi sponsorów badañ, mo¿emy usun±æ pozorn± potrzebê ograniczania
dostêpu.
-Sporadycznie publikuj±cy autorzy, którzy nie s± stowarzyszeni z ¿adn±
-instytucj± czy przedsiêbiorstwem i nie maj± sponsora swoich badañ, mogliby
-byæ zwolnieni z op³at za publikacjê, a koszta przerzucone na autorów
-instytucjonalnych.
+Copyright © 2001 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
-<p>
-Innym uzasadnieniem dla pobierania op³at za dostêp do publikacji online
-s± fundusze potrzebne na konwersjê archiwów drukowanych czasopism na wersje
-elektroniczne. Ta praca powinna zostaæ wykonana, ale powinni¶my poszukaæ
-alternatywnej drogi jej op³acenia, takiej która nie wymaga blokowania dostêpu
-do wyników. Ta praca sama w sobie nie bêdzie ju¿ w przysz³o¶ci trudna
-ani kosztowna. Daremne jest zeskanowywanie archiwów i wyrzucanie
rezultatów
-poprzez ograniczenie dostêpu do nich.
-</p>
-<p>
-Konstytucja USA mówi, ¿e prawo autorskie istnieje, „aby popieraæ rozwój
-nauki”. Gdy prawo autorskie utrudnia postêp nauki, nauka musi usun±æ
-prawo autorskie ze swojej drogi.
-</p>
+<div class="translators-credits">
-<hr />
-<p><b><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.pl.html">Inne teksty</a></b></p>
-<hr />
-
-<div class="translations">
-<p><a id="translations"></a>
-<b>T³umaczenia tej strony</b>:<br />
-
-[
- <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.xhtml">English</a>
-| <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.es.xhtml">Español</a>
-| <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.xhtml">Français</a>
-| <a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.pl.xhtml">polski</a>
-]
-</p>
-</div>
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+TÅumaczenie: Mikolaj Sitarz 2005, PaweÅ RóżaÅski 2010, Jan Owoc 2011;
+poprawki: Marcin Wolak 2011.</div>
+ <p>
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+Aktualizowane:
-<div class="copyright">
-<p>
-Powrót do <a href="/home.pl.html">strony g³ównej Projektu GNU</a>.
-</p>
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:16 $
-<p>
-Pytania dotycz±ce GNU i FSF prosimy kierowaæ na adres
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-Istniej± tak¿e
-<a href="/home.pl.html#ContactInfo">inne sposoby skontaktowania siê</a>
-z FSF.
-<br />
-Informacje o niedzia³aj±cych odno¶nikach oraz inne poprawki
-(lub propozycje) prosimy wysy³aæ na adres
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-</p>
-<p>
-Copyright (C) 2001 Richard Stallman
-<br />
-Verbatim copying and redistribution of this entire article are permitted
-in any medium provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved.
-<br />
-Zezwala siê na wykonywanie i dystrybucjê wiernych kopii tego tekstu,
-niezale¿nie od no¶nika, pod warunkiem zachowania informacji o prawach
-autorskich oraz niniejszego zezwolenia.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-T³umaczenie:
-<a href="/server/standards/README.Polish-translation.pl.html"><em>Grupa
t³umaczy witryny Projektu GNU</em></a>
-(<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>).
-<br />
-</p>
-<p>
-Aktualizowane:
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:34 $ $Author: jsowoc $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
+<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+<div id="translations">
+<h4>TÅumaczenia tej strony</h4>
+
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
+<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
+<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
+<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
+<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- Bulgarian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
+<!-- English -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
+<!-- French -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Turkish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/push-copyright-aside.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/push-copyright-aside.tr.html 29 Apr 2010 08:26:19 -0000
1.2
+++ philosophy/push-copyright-aside.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:16 -0000
1.3
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
Vakfı (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.tr.html" -->
-<h2>Bilim, Telif Hakkını Bir Kenara 'İtmelidir'</h2>
+<h2>Science must push copyright aside</h2>
<p>Yazan: <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong></p>
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@
many people interested in Free Software want to know more about how the
principles can be applied to areas other than software.</em></p>
-<p><em>Bu yazı 2001'de <em>Nature Webdebates</em>'de
yayınlanmıÅtır</em></p>
+<p>(This article appeared in <em>Nature</em> magazine's <b>web</b>debates forum
+in 2001.)</p>
<p>Bilimsel literatürün bilimsel bilgiyi yaymak ve bilimsel dergilerin bu
süreci kolaylaÅtırmak için var olduÄu herkes tarafından bilinen bir
@@ -35,12 +36,12 @@
dergilerin bilgiyi iÅletmesine ve yaymasına yardımcı oldu. Bu kurallar söz
konusu sisteme uygundur.</p>
-<p>Ancak bilimsel yayınların yayınlanması için kullanılan modern
teknoloji,
-World Wide Webâdir. Web üzerinde bilimsel makalelerin ve bilginin en iyi
-Åekilde daÄıtılmasını hangi kurallar saÄlayacaktır? Makaleler, herkes
için
-eriÅimi saÄlayan özel mülk olmayan biçimlerde daÄıtılmalıdır. Ve
herkes
-makaleleri âyansıtmaâ hakkına sahip olmalıdır; baÅka bir deyiÅle,
uygun
-atıfla bu makaleleri aynen yeniden yayınlama hakkına sahip olmalıdır. </p>
+<p>The modern technology for scientific publishing, however, is the World Wide
+Web. What rules would best ensure the maximum dissemination of scientific
+articles, and knowledge, on the web? Articles should be distributed in
+nonproprietary formats, with open access for all. And everyone should have
+the right to “mirror” articles—that is, to republish them
+verbatim with proper attribution.</p>
<p>Bu kurallar, elektronik biçimde daÄıtıldıklarında gelecekteki ve
geçmiÅteki
makalelere uygulanmalıdır. Ancak dergilerin kaÄıt yayınına uygulandıÄı
@@ -72,13 +73,12 @@
koruma saÄlarken, Ä°nternet bant geniÅliÄi ihtiyaçlarını azaltacak ve
daha
hızlı eriÅim saÄlayacaktır. </p>
-<p>Yayıncılar ayrıca yayına hazırlayanlara [:editor] para ödenmesinin,
eriÅim
-için ücret alınmasını gerektirdiÄini söylemektedir. Yayına
hazırlayanlara
-ücret ödenmesi gerektiÄi varsayımını kabul edelim; bu durum bizi
-zorlamaz. Tipik bir makale için maliyet, araÅtırmayı üretmek için gerekli
-finansmanın maliyetinin % 1âi ilâ % 3âü arasındadır. Maliyetin bu
gibi küçük
-bir yüzdesi, sonuçların kullanımının engellenmesini oldukça zor haklı
-gösterebilir.</p>
+<p>Publishers also argue that paying the editors requires charging for access.
+Let us accept the assumption that editors must be paid; this tail need not
+wag the dog. The cost of editing for a typical paper is between 1 percent
+and 3 percent of the cost of funding the research to produce it. Such a
+small percentage of the cost can hardly justify obstructing the use of the
+results.</p>
<p>Bunun yerine, yayına hazırlamanın maliyeti telafi edilebilir, örneÄin,
bu,
bunları, araÅtırma sponsorlarına aktarabilen yazarlara sayfa ücretleri
@@ -99,9 +99,14 @@
sayısal hale getirilmesi ve eriÅimin kısıtlanmasıyla bunların çöpe
atılması
kötü bir durumdur.</p>
-<p>ABD Anayasası, telif hakkının amacının âbilimin ilerlemesini
desteklemekâ
-olduÄunu söylemektedir. Telif hakkı bilimin ilerlemesine engel olduÄunda,
-bilim, telif hakkını bir kenara itmelidir.</p>
+<p>The US Constitution says that copyright exists “to promote the
+Progress of Science”. When copyright impedes the progress of science,
+science must push copyright out of the way.</p>
+
+<p>Some universities have adopted policies to thwart the journal publishers'
+power. For instance, here is MIT's.<br/>
+<a
+href="http://info-libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-open-access/open-access-at-mit/mit-open-access-policy/";>http://info-libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-open-access/open-access-at-mit/mit-open-access-policy/</a></p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -112,12 +117,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.tr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır. Lütfen
-çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -127,10 +132,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2001 Richard M. Stallman <br /> Bu makalenin tamamının
-kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve daÄıtılmasına, ücret talep
etmeksizin,
-herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı bildirisini korumak Åartıyla,
-dünya çapında izin verilmiÅtir.
+Copyright © 2001 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -183,7 +189,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/04/29 08:26:19 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/right-to-read.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/right-to-read.ar.html 27 Jan 2011 01:28:47 -0000 1.5
+++ philosophy/right-to-read.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:16 -0000 1.6
@@ -239,9 +239,9 @@
<li><a href="http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm";>Sold Out</a>,
James
Boyle, New York Times, 31 March 1996</li>
- <li>Public Data or Private Data, Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996. ÙاÙت
تÙجد ÙصÙØ© ÙÙØ
-ÙÙÙ ÙاشÙط٠بÙست Ùررت أخذ رسÙÙ
Ù
٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙØ°Ù ÙÙرؤÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙات عÙÙ Ù
ÙÙعÙاØ
-ÙÙذا ÙررÙا Ø£Ù ÙزÙ٠اÙÙصÙØ©.</li>
+ <li><a
+href="http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html";>Public
+Data or Private Data</a>, Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996. </li>
<li><a href="http://www.public-domain.org/";>Union for the Public
Domain</a>—Ù
ÙظÙ
Ø© تÙد٠إÙÙ Ù
ÙاÙÙ
Ø© Ùاستعادة
تÙسÙع ÙÙØ© ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر Ùبراءة
@@ -296,11 +296,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
بإÙ‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù ÙضÙÙ
-أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -309,8 +310,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 1996 رÙتشارد Ø¥Ù
ستÙÙÙ
Ù <br /> ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ©
-ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ· ÙبدÙ٠أرباØØ Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø·
إبÙاء Ùذا اÙإخطار.
+Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -325,7 +329,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2011/01/27 01:28:47 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/right-to-read.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- philosophy/right-to-read.bg.html 17 May 2010 08:25:30 -0000 1.19
+++ philosophy/right-to-read.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:16 -0000 1.20
@@ -156,7 +156,8 @@
<h3 id="AuthorsNote">Ðележка на авÑоÑа</h3>
-<p>Тази бележка бе обновена пÑез 2007 г.</p>
+<p>[This note has been updated several times since the first publication of the
+story.]</p>
<p>
ÐÑавоÑо да ÑеÑÐµÑ Ðµ биÑка, коÑÑо Ñе води
днеÑ<sup><a
@@ -192,14 +193,13 @@
влаÑÑ, опаÑноÑÑÑа оÑново е виÑока.</p>
<p>
-ÐÑез 2001 г. СÐЩ запоÑнаÑ
а да използваÑ
ÐмеÑиканÑкаÑа зона за Ñвободна
-ÑÑÑÐ³Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ (Free Trade Area of the Americas â FTAA), за да
Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ ÑÑÑиÑе
-пÑавила вÑв вÑиÑки дÑÑжави Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ñо
полÑкÑлбо. FTAA е едно оÑ
-Ñ. наÑ. ÑпоÑазÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° âÑвободна
ÑÑÑговиÑâ, коеÑо вÑÑÑноÑÑ Ðµ ÑÑздадено, за
-да даде на бизнеÑа по-голÑм конÑÑол над
демокÑаÑиÑниÑе пÑавиÑелÑÑва.
-ÐалаганеÑо на закони каÑо DMCA (ÐÐÐЦХ) е
ÑипиÑно в Ñози дÑÑ
. FTAA бе
-еÑекÑивно оÑблÑÑнаÑа Ð¾Ñ ÐÑла, пÑезиденÑÑÑ
на ÐÑазилиÑ, койÑо оÑÑ
вÑÑли
-изиÑкванеÑо за ÐÐÐЦХ и дÑÑги.</p>
+In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed Free Trade Area of the
+Americas (FTAA) treaty to impose the same rules on all the countries in the
+Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called free trade treaties,
+which are actually designed to give business increased power over democratic
+governments; imposing laws like the DMCA is typical of this spirit. The
+FTAA was effectively killed by Lula, President of Brazil, who rejected the
+DMCA requirement and others.</p>
<p>
ÐÑÑогава, СÐЩ Ñа наложили подобни
изиÑÐºÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÑани каÑо ÐвÑÑÑÐ°Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
@@ -232,14 +232,12 @@
поÑÑебиÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ðµ да пÑави ÑÑÑ ÑобÑÑвениÑ
Ñи компÑÑÑÑ.</p>
<p>
-âÐиÑÑаâ пÑедоÑÑÐ°Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð° âÐайкÑоÑоÑÑâ и
допÑлниÑелна влаÑÑ. ÐапÑимеÑ,
-âÐайкÑоÑоÑÑâ наÑилÑÑвено може да
инÑÑалиÑÐ°Ñ Ð°ÐºÑÑализаÑии на ÑиÑÑемаÑа, и
-Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° наÑедÑÑ Ð½Ð° вÑиÑки маÑини Ñ
инÑÑалиÑана âÐиÑÑаâ да оÑÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-заÑедÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ñеделен дÑÐ°Ð¹Ð²ÐµÑ Ð·Ð° нÑкакво
ÑÑÑÑойÑÑво. ÐÑновнаÑа Ñел на
-множеÑÑвоÑо огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° âÐиÑÑаâ е да
наложи DRM (âЦиÑÑово ÑпÑавление на
-огÑаниÑениÑÑаâ), коеÑо поÑÑебиÑелиÑе да
не Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° избегнаÑ. ÐаплаÑ
аÑа оÑ
-DRM е пÑиÑинаÑа, поÑади коÑÑо запоÑнаÑ
ме
кампаниÑÑа <a
-href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>.</p>
+Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for instance, Microsoft can
+forcibly install upgrades, and it can order all machines running Vista to
+refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of Vista's many
+restrictions is to impose DRM (Digital Restrictions Management) that users
+can't overcome. The threat of DRM is why we have established the <a
+href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";> Defective by Design</a> campaign.</p>
<p>
ÐогаÑо Ñази иÑÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÑе напиÑана, ÐÐС
заплаÑваÑе малкиÑе доÑÑавÑиÑи на
@@ -251,15 +249,13 @@
койÑо им даваÑе влаÑÑÑа, коÑÑо иÑкаÑ
а.</p>
<p>
-ÐÐС вÑÑÑноÑÑ Ðµ ÐÑоÑиаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° пÑбликÑваÑиÑе
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ. Ð¢Ñ Ðµ измеÑÑена в
-полиÑейÑкаÑа Ñи ÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð¡ÑÑза на
издаÑелиÑе на Ð±Ð¸Ð·Ð½ÐµÑ ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (Business
-Software Alliance â BSA). ÐÐ½ÐµÑ BSA не Ñа оÑиÑиално
полиÑейÑко
-подÑазделение, но неоÑиÑиално дейÑÑваÑ
каÑо Ñакова. ÐаÑо Ð¸Ð·Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑоди,
-коиÑо напомнÑÑ Ð·Ð° нÑкогаÑÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¡ÑвеÑÑки
ÑÑÑз, Ñе наÑÑÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñ
оÑаÑа да пÑедаваÑ
-колегиÑе и пÑиÑÑелиÑе Ñи. ÐÐ°Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° BSA,
ÑелÑÑа да вÑее ÑÑÑаÑ
и пÑоведена
-в ÐÑженÑина пÑез 2001 г., оÑпÑавÑÑе
завоалиÑни заплаÑ
и, Ñе Ñ
оÑаÑа, коиÑо
-ÑподелÑÑ ÑоÑÑÑеÑ, Ñе бÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñилвани в
заÑвоÑиÑе<sup><a
-href="#TransNote7">7</a></sup>.</p>
+The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association, has been
+replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance. The BSA
+is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts like one.
+Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people
+to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in
+Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people sharing software
+would be raped.</p>
<p>
ÐпиÑанаÑа по-гоÑе полиÑика за ÑигÑÑноÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑа не е измиÑлена.
@@ -289,9 +285,11 @@
<h3 id="References">ÐÑепÑаÑки</h3>
<ul>
- <li>ÐÑлаÑа книга на админиÑÑÑаÑиÑÑа: Ðкип
за инÑоÑмаÑионнаÑа инÑÑаÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑа,
-инÑелекÑÑалнаÑа ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑ Ð¸
наÑионалнаÑа инÑоÑмаÑионна
инÑÑаÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑа:
-Ðоклад на ÑабоÑнаÑа гÑÑпа за пÑаваÑа на
инÑелекÑÑална ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑ (1995).</li>
+ <li>The administration's “White Paper”: Information
Infrastructure
+Task Force, Intellectual Property [<a
+href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">sic</a>] and the National Information
+Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property
+[sic] Rights (1995).</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html";>ÐбÑÑнение
@@ -301,9 +299,9 @@
<li><a
href="http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm";>ÐÑодадено</a>,
ÐÐ¶ÐµÐ¹Ð¼Ñ Ðойл, в. âÐÑ ÐоÑк ТаймÑâ, 31 маÑÑ 1996
г.</li>
- <li>ÐбÑеÑÑвени данни или ÑаÑÑни данни, в.
âÐаÑингÑон поÑÑâ, 4 ноемвÑи 1996 г.
-След каÑо Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑника ÑеÑиÑ
а да ÑакÑÑваÑ
поÑÑебиÑелиÑе, коиÑо иÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑеÑаÑ
-ÑÑаÑии по ÐнÑеÑнеÑ, маÑ
наÑ
ме Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзкаÑа кÑм Ñози изÑоÑник.</li>
+ <li><a
+href="http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html";>Public
+Data or Private Data</a>, Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996. </li>
<li><a href="http://www.public-domain.org/";>Ðбединение за
обÑеÑÑвено
доÑÑоÑние</a><sup><a href="#TransNote9">9</a></sup> â
оÑганизаÑиÑ, коÑÑо Ñе
@@ -401,11 +399,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Ðма и дÑÑги
наÑини за <a
-href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -415,9 +414,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 1996 РиÑаÑд СÑолман <br />
ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и
-ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа
позволени за вÑеки Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда
-Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази
бележка да бÑде запазена.
+Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -436,7 +437,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/05/17 08:25:30 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/right-to-read.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/right-to-read.ca.html 23 Dec 2010 17:29:37 -0000 1.5
+++ philosophy/right-to-read.ca.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:16 -0000 1.6
@@ -303,10 +303,9 @@
<li><a href="http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm";>Sold Out</a>,
James
Boyle, New York Times, 31 de març de 1996</li>
- <li>Public Data or Private Data, Washington Post, 4 de novembre de 1996. El
-nostre web tenia un enllaç a aquest article, però el Washington Post ha
-decidit fer pagar als usuaris que volen llegir articles del seu web, de
-manera que hem decidit eliminar l'enllaç.</li>
+ <li><a
+href="http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html";>Public
+Data or Private Data</a>, Washington Post, 4 de novembre de 1996. </li>
<li><a href="http://www.public-domain.org/";>Union for the Public
Domain</a>—una entitat que té com a objectiu frenar i invertir
@@ -357,9 +356,9 @@
<p>
Envieu les vostres preguntes sobre la FSF i GNU a <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. També hi ha <a
-href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la
-FSF. <br />Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o
-suggeriments a <a
+href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la FSF.
+<br />
+Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o suggeriments a <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
@@ -372,9 +371,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman <br /> Es
-permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en qualsevol
-medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que es conservi aquesta nota.
+Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+Aquesta pà gina es troba sota la <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ca";>Llicència
+Creative Commons Reconeixement-SenseObraDerivada 3.0 Estats Units
+d'Amèrica</a>.
</p>
@@ -387,7 +389,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2010/12/23 17:29:37 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/right-to-read.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/right-to-read.fa.html 17 May 2010 08:25:30 -0000 1.9
+++ philosophy/right-to-read.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:16 -0000 1.10
@@ -148,7 +148,8 @@
<h3 id="AuthorsNote">Ûادداشت ÙÙÛسÙدÙ</h3>
-<p>اÛÙ Ûادداشت در سا٠۲۰۰۷ ب٠رÙز شد٠است.</p>
+<p>[This note has been updated several times since the first publication of the
+story.]</p>
<p>
The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may take 50
@@ -181,11 +182,11 @@
<p>
In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed Free Trade Area of the
Americas (FTAA) treaty to impose the same rules on all the countries in the
-Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called “free
-trade” treaties, which are actually designed to give business
-increased power over democratic governments; imposing laws like the DMCA is
-typical of this spirit. The FTAA was effectively killed by Lula, President
-of Brazil, who rejected the DMCA requirement and others.</p>
+Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called free trade treaties,
+which are actually designed to give business increased power over democratic
+governments; imposing laws like the DMCA is typical of this spirit. The
+FTAA was effectively killed by Lula, President of Brazil, who rejected the
+DMCA requirement and others.</p>
<p>
Since then, the US has imposed similar requirements on countries such as
@@ -225,7 +226,7 @@
refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of Vista's many
restrictions is to impose DRM (Digital Restrictions Management) that users
can't overcome. The threat of DRM is why we have established the <a
-href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";> DefectiveByDesign.org</a> campaign.</p>
+href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";> Defective by Design</a> campaign.</p>
<p>
When this story was first written, the SPA was threatening small Internet
@@ -236,11 +237,11 @@
the DMCA, which gave them the power they sought.</p>
<p>
-The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publisher's Association, has
-been replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance.
-The BSA is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts like
-one. Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites
-people to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in
+The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association, has been
+replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance. The BSA
+is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts like one.
+Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people
+to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in
Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people sharing software
would be raped.</p>
@@ -269,8 +270,11 @@
<h3 id="References">Ù
راجع</h3>
<ul>
- <li>گزارش ÙÛئت دÙÙت: زÛرسازÛ٠اطÙØ§Ø¹Ø§ØªØ Ù
ØصÙÙات ÙÙØ´Ù
Ùد ٠زÛرسازÛ٠اطÙاعات٠Ù
ÙÛ:
-گزارش٠اÙجÙ
Ù٠تØÙÛ٠بر رÙÛ ÙÙاÙÛÙÙ Ù
ØصÙÙات
ÙÙØ´Ù
Ùد (Û±Û¹Û¹Ûµ).</li>
+ <li>The administration's “White Paper”: Information
Infrastructure
+Task Force, Intellectual Property [<a
+href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">sic</a>] and the National Information
+Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property
+[sic] Rights (1995).</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html";>تÙصÛÙÛ
بر گزارش ÙÛئت دÙÙت: تصرÙÙ Ú©Ù¾ÛâراÛت</a>Ø Pamela
SamuelsonØ WiredØ ÚÙئ٠۱۹۹۶</li>
@@ -278,10 +282,9 @@
<li><a href="http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm";>ÙرÙختÙ
شد</a>Ø
James BoyleØ ÙÛÙÛÙرک تاÛÙ
Ø²Ø Û³Û± Ù
ارس ۱۹۹۶</li>
- <li>اطÙاعات عÙ
ÙÙ
Û Ûا اطÙاعات Ù
ØرÙ
اÙÙØ
ÙاشÙÚ¯ØªÙ Ù¾Ø³ØªØ Û´ ÙÙاÙ
بر Û±Û¹Û¹Û¶. سابÙا Ù¾ÛÙÙدÛ
-ب٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙÙ Ùرار داد٠بÙدÛÙ
. اÙ
ا ÙاشÙگتÙ
پست تصÙ
ÛÙ
گرÙت Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ù
طاÙعÙÙ
-Ù
ÙاÙØ§ØªÛ Ú©Ù Ø¨Ø± رÙÛ ÙبâساÛت Ùرار دارÙØ¯Ø Ø§Ø²
کاربرا٠ÙزÛÙ٠درÛاÙت Ú©Ùد. بÙابراÛÙ
-تصÙ
ÛÙ
گرÙتÛÙ
ک٠اÛÙ Ù¾ÛÙÙد را ØØ°Ù Ú©ÙÛÙ
.</li>
+ <li><a
+href="http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html";>Public
+Data or Private Data</a>, Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996. </li>
<li><a href="http://www.public-domain.org/";>اتØادÛÙ٠استÙادÙÙ
ÙÙ
گاÙÛ</a>—سازÙ
اÙÛ Ú©Ù Ùد٠آ٠Ù
ÙاÙÙ
ت در
برابر گسترش بÛØ´ از Øد٠ÙدرتÙ
@@ -331,8 +334,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -343,9 +347,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1996 Richard Stallman <br /> ÙØ³Ø®Ù Ø¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÙ
Ù
ب٠کÙÙ
Ù Ù
-تÙزÛع ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در سراسر جÙا٠٠در Ùر
رساÙÙâاÛØ Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠پرداخت Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز
-Ù
جاز Ù
ÛâØ¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø§ اÛ٠شرط ک٠اÛ٠اعÙاÙ/Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز ØÙظ Ø´Ùد.
+Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -357,7 +363,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2010/05/17 08:25:30 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/right-to-read.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.36
retrieving revision 1.37
diff -u -b -r1.36 -r1.37
--- philosophy/right-to-read.fr.html 17 May 2010 08:25:30 -0000 1.36
+++ philosophy/right-to-read.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:16 -0000 1.37
@@ -11,351 +11,304 @@
par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
<p>
-<em>Cet article a été publié dans la parution de
-février 1997 de Communications of the ACM (volume 40, numéro
-2).</em></p>
+<em>Cet article a été publié dans la parution de février 1997 de
+Communications of the ACM (volume 40, numéro 2).</em></p>
<blockquote><p>
- Extrait de « The Road to Tycho », une
collection
-d'articles sur les antécédents de la Révolution
-lunaire, publiée à Luna City en 2096.
+ Extrait de « The Road to Tycho », une collection
d'articles sur
+les antécédents de la Révolution lunaire, publiée à Luna City en 2096.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-Pour Dan Halbert, la route vers Tycho commença à
-l'université — quand Lissa Lenz lui demanda de lui prêter
-son ordinateur. Le sien était en panne, et à moins qu'elle
-puisse en emprunter un autre, elle échouerait son projet de
-mi-session. Il n'y avait personne d'autre à qui elle osait demander,
-à part Dan.</p>
-
-<p>
-Ceci posa un dilemme à Dan. Il se devait de l'aider — mais s'il
-lui prêtait son ordinateur, elle pourrait lire ses livres. À
-part le fait que vous pouviez aller en prison pour plusieurs années
-pour avoir laissé quelqu'un lire vos livres, l'idée même
-le choqua au départ. Comme à tout le monde, on lui avait
-enseigné dès l'école primaire que partager des livres
-était malicieux et immoral — une chose que seuls les pirates
-font.</p>
-
-<p>
-Et il était improbable que la SPA — la Software Protection
-Authority — manquerait de le pincer. Dans ses cours sur les logiciels,
-Dan avait appris que chaque livre avait un moniteur de copyright qui
-rapportait quand et où il était lu, et par qui, à la
-Centrale des licences. (Elle utilisait ces informations pour attraper les
-lecteurs pirates, mais aussi pour vendre des renseignements personnels
-à des détaillants.) La prochaine fois que son ordinateur
-serait en réseau, la Centrale des licences se rendrait compte. Dan,
-comme propriétaire d'ordinateur, subirait les punitions les plus
-sévères — pour ne pas avoir tout tenté pour
-éviter le délit.</p>
+Pour Dan Halbert, la route vers Tycho commença à l'université — quand
+Lissa Lenz lui demanda de lui prêter son ordinateur. Le sien était en panne,
+et à moins qu'elle puisse en emprunter un autre, elle échouerait son projet
+de mi-session. Il n'y avait personne d'autre à qui elle osait demander, Ã
+part Dan.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ceci posa un dilemme à Dan. Il se devait de l'aider — mais s'il lui
+prêtait son ordinateur, elle pourrait lire ses livres. à part le fait que
+vous pouviez aller en prison pour plusieurs années pour avoir laissé
+quelqu'un lire vos livres, l'idée même le choqua au départ. Comme à tout le
+monde, on lui avait enseigné dès l'école primaire que partager des livres
+était malicieux et immoral — une chose que seuls les pirates font.</p>
+
+<p>
+Et il était improbable que la SPA — la Software Protection Authority
+— manquerait de le pincer. Dans ses cours sur les logiciels, Dan avait
+appris que chaque livre avait un moniteur de copyright qui rapportait quand
+et où il était lu, et par qui, à la Centrale des licences. (Elle utilisait
+ces informations pour attraper les lecteurs pirates, mais aussi pour vendre
+des renseignements personnels à des détaillants.) La prochaine fois que son
+ordinateur serait en réseau, la Centrale des licences se rendrait
+compte. Dan, comme propriétaire d'ordinateur, subirait les punitions les
+plus sévères — pour ne pas avoir tout tenté pour éviter le
délit.</p>
<p>
-Bien sûr, Lissa n'avait pas nécessairement l'intention de lire
-ses livres. Elle pourrait ne vouloir l'ordinateur que pour écrire son
+Bien sûr, Lissa n'avait pas nécessairement l'intention de lire ses
+livres. Elle pourrait ne vouloir l'ordinateur que pour écrire son
projet. Mais Dan savait qu'elle venait d'une famille de classe moyenne et
-qu'elle arrivait difficilement à payer ses frais de scolarité,
-sans compter ses frais de lecture. Lire les livres de Dan pourrait
-être sa seule façon d'obtenir son diplôme. Il comprenait
-cette situation; lui-même avait eu à emprunter pour payer pour
-tous les articles scientifiques qu'il avait eu à lire. (10% de ces
-frais allaient aux chercheurs qui écrivaient ces articles; puisque
-Dan visait une carrière académique, il pouvait espérer
-que si ses propres articles scientiques étaient souvent lus, il
-gagnerait un revenu suffisant pour rembourser sa dette).</p>
-
-<p>
-Par la suite, Dan apprendrait qu'il y eut un temps où n'importe qui
-pouvait aller à la bibliothèque et lire des articles de
-journaux, et même des livres, sans avoir à payer. Il y avait
-des universitaires indépendants qui lisaient des milliers de pages
-sans subventions des bibliothèques gouvernementales. Maisdans les
-années 1990, les éditeurs aussi bien commerciaux qu'à
-but non lucratif avaient commencé à facturer
-l'accès. En 2047, les bibliothèques offrant un accès
-public gratuit à la littérature scientifique n'étaient
-qu'un pâle souvenir.</p>
-
-<p>
-Il y avait des façons, bien sûr, de contourner la SPA et la
-Centrale des licences. Elles étaient elles-mêmes
-illégales. Dan avait eu un compagnon de classe dans son cours sur les
-logiciels, Frank Martucci, qui avait obtenu un outil illégal de
-déboguage, et l'avait utilisé pour outrepasser le code du
-moniteur de copyright quand il lisait des livres. Mais il en avait
-parlé à trop d'amis, et l'un d'eux l'a dénoncé
-auprès de la SPA pour une récompense (des étudiants
-criblés de dettes pouvaient facilement être tentés par
-la trahison). En 2047, Frank était en prison, non pas pour lecture
-pirate, mais pour possession d'un débogueur.</p>
-
-<p>
-Dan apprendrait plus tard qu'il y eut un temps où n'importe qui
-pouvait posséder des outils de déboguage. Il y avait
-même des outils de déboguage disponibles gratuitement sur des
-CD ou qu'on pouvait télécharger du Net. Mais des usagers
-ordinaires commencèrent à s'en servir pour outrepasser les
-moniteurs de copyright, et finalement un juge a décidé que
-c'était devenu leur principale utilisation en pratique. Ceci voulait
-dire qu'ils étaient illégaux; les développeurs de ces
-débogueurs furent envoyés en prison.</p>
-
-<p>
-Les programmeurs avaient encore besoin d'outils pour déboguer, bien
-sûr, mais les vendeurs de débogueurs en 2047 ne distribuaient
-que des copies numérotées, et seulement à des
-programmeurs officiellement licenciés et soumis. Le débogueur
-que Dan utilisait dans son cours sur les logiciels était gardé
-derrière un garde-barrière spécial afin qu'il ne puisse
-servir que pour les exercices du cours.</p>
-
-<p>
-Il était aussi possible de contourner les moniteurs de copyright en
-installant un noyau système modifié. Dan apprendrait
-finalement l'existence de noyaux libres, et même de systèmes
-d'exploitation entièrement libres, qui avaient existé au
-tournant du siècle. Mais non seulement étaient-ils
-illégaux, comme les débogueurs, mais vous ne pouviez en
-installer un, si vous en aviez un, sans connaître le mot de passe de
-l'usager superviseur de votre ordinateur. Or, ni le FBI ni l'Aide technique
-Microsoft ne vous le révèlerait.</p>
-
-<p>
-Dan conclut qu'il ne pouvait simplement prêter son ordinateur à
-Lissa. Mais il ne pouvait refuser de l'aider, car il l'aimait. Chaque chance
-de lui parler le remplissait d'aise. Et le fait qu'elle l'avait choisi pour
+qu'elle arrivait difficilement à payer ses frais de scolarité, sans compter
+ses frais de lecture. Lire les livres de Dan pourrait être sa seule façon
+d'obtenir son diplôme. Il comprenait cette situation; lui-même avait eu Ã
+emprunter pour payer pour tous les articles scientifiques qu'il avait eu Ã
+lire. (10% de ces frais allaient aux chercheurs qui écrivaient ces articles;
+puisque Dan visait une carrière académique, il pouvait espérer que si ses
+propres articles scientiques étaient souvent lus, il gagnerait un revenu
+suffisant pour rembourser sa dette).</p>
+
+<p>
+Par la suite, Dan apprendrait qu'il y eut un temps où n'importe qui pouvait
+aller à la bibliothèque et lire des articles de journaux, et même des
+livres, sans avoir à payer. Il y avait des universitaires indépendants qui
+lisaient des milliers de pages sans subventions des bibliothèques
+gouvernementales. Maisdans les années 1990, les éditeurs aussi bien
+commerciaux qu'à but non lucratif avaient commencé à facturer l'accès. En
+2047, les bibliothèques offrant un accès public gratuit à la littérature
+scientifique n'étaient qu'un pâle souvenir.</p>
+
+<p>
+Il y avait des façons, bien sûr, de contourner la SPA et la Centrale des
+licences. Elles étaient elles-mêmes illégales. Dan avait eu un compagnon de
+classe dans son cours sur les logiciels, Frank Martucci, qui avait obtenu un
+outil illégal de déboguage, et l'avait utilisé pour outrepasser le code du
+moniteur de copyright quand il lisait des livres. Mais il en avait parlé Ã
+trop d'amis, et l'un d'eux l'a dénoncé auprès de la SPA pour une récompense
+(des étudiants criblés de dettes pouvaient facilement être tentés par la
+trahison). En 2047, Frank était en prison, non pas pour lecture pirate, mais
+pour possession d'un débogueur.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan apprendrait plus tard qu'il y eut un temps où n'importe qui pouvait
+posséder des outils de déboguage. Il y avait même des outils de déboguage
+disponibles gratuitement sur des CD ou qu'on pouvait télécharger du
+Net. Mais des usagers ordinaires commencèrent à s'en servir pour outrepasser
+les moniteurs de copyright, et finalement un juge a décidé que c'était
+devenu leur principale utilisation en pratique. Ceci voulait dire qu'ils
+étaient illégaux; les développeurs de ces débogueurs furent envoyés en
+prison.</p>
+
+<p>
+Les programmeurs avaient encore besoin d'outils pour déboguer, bien sûr,
+mais les vendeurs de débogueurs en 2047 ne distribuaient que des copies
+numérotées, et seulement à des programmeurs officiellement licenciés et
+soumis. Le débogueur que Dan utilisait dans son cours sur les logiciels
+était gardé derrière un garde-barrière spécial afin qu'il ne puisse servir
+que pour les exercices du cours.</p>
+
+<p>
+Il était aussi possible de contourner les moniteurs de copyright en
+installant un noyau système modifié. Dan apprendrait finalement l'existence
+de noyaux libres, et même de systèmes d'exploitation entièrement libres, qui
+avaient existé au tournant du siècle. Mais non seulement étaient-ils
+illégaux, comme les débogueurs, mais vous ne pouviez en installer un, si
+vous en aviez un, sans connaître le mot de passe de l'usager superviseur de
+votre ordinateur. Or, ni le FBI ni l'Aide technique Microsoft ne vous le
+révèlerait.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan conclut qu'il ne pouvait simplement prêter son ordinateur à Lissa. Mais
+il ne pouvait refuser de l'aider, car il l'aimait. Chaque chance de lui
+parler le remplissait d'aise. Et le fait qu'elle l'avait choisi pour
demander de l'aide pouvait signifier qu'elle l'aimait aussi.</p>
<p>
-Dan résolut le dilemme en faisant une chose encore plus impensable
-— il lui prêta l'ordinateur, et lui dit son mot de passe. Ainsi,
-si Lissa lisait ses livres, la Centrale des licences penserait que
-c'était lui qui les lisait. C'était quand même un
-délit, mais la SPA ne s'en rendrait pas compte automatiquement. Ils
-ne s'en rendraient compte que si Lissa le dénonçait.</p>
-
-<p>
-Bien sûr, si l'école devait un jour apprendre qu'il avait
-donné son propre mot de passe à Lissa, ce serait la fin de
-leurs études, peu importe ce à quoi le mot de passe aurait
-servi. La politique de l'école était que toute
-interférence avec ses mécanismes de surveillance de
-l'utilisation des ordinateurs par les étudiants était
-punissable. Il n'importait pas qu'aucun mal n'ait été fait
-— l'offense était de se rendre difficile àsurveiller par
-les administrateurs. Ils supposaient que ça signifiait que vous
-faisiez quelque chose d'autre qui était interdit, et ils n'avaient
-pas besoin de savoir de quoi il s'agissait.</p>
-
-<p>
-Les étudiants n'étaient habituellement pas expulsés
-pour cela — pas directement. Ils étaient plutôt bannis
-des systèmes informatiques de l'école, et échouaient
-inévitablement leurs cours.</p>
-
-<p>
-Plus tard, Dan apprendrait que ce genre de politique n'a commencé
-dans les universités que dans les années 1980, quand des
-étudiants commencèrent à être nombreux à
-utiliser des ordinateurs. Avant, les universités avaient une approche
-différente au sujet de la discipline auprès des
-étudiants; elles punissaient des activités qui causaient du
-tort, et non pas simplement celles qui soulevaient des doutes.</p>
-
-<p>
-Lissa ne dénonça pas Dan à la SPA. La décision
-de Dan de l'aider mena à leur mariage, et les amena aussi à
-remettre en question ce qu'on leur avait enseigné durant leur enfance
-au sujet du piratage. Le couple se mit à lire sur l'histoire du
-copyright, sur l'Union soviétique et ses restrictions sur la copie,
-et même sur la Constitution originale des États-Unis. Ils
-déménagèrent à Luna, où ils
-trouvèrent d'autres gens qui comme eux avaient pris leurs distances
-par rapport au bras long de la SPA. Quand la révolte de Tycho
-commença en 2062, le droit universel de lire devint bientôt un
-de ses buts principaux.</p>
+Dan résolut le dilemme en faisant une chose encore plus impensable —
+il lui prêta l'ordinateur, et lui dit son mot de passe. Ainsi, si Lissa
+lisait ses livres, la Centrale des licences penserait que c'était lui qui
+les lisait. C'était quand même un délit, mais la SPA ne s'en rendrait pas
+compte automatiquement. Ils ne s'en rendraient compte que si Lissa le
+dénonçait.</p>
+
+<p>
+Bien sûr, si l'école devait un jour apprendre qu'il avait donné son propre
+mot de passe à Lissa, ce serait la fin de leurs études, peu importe ce Ã
+quoi le mot de passe aurait servi. La politique de l'école était que toute
+interférence avec ses mécanismes de surveillance de l'utilisation des
+ordinateurs par les étudiants était punissable. Il n'importait pas qu'aucun
+mal n'ait été fait — l'offense était de se rendre difficile
+à surveiller par les administrateurs. Ils supposaient que ça signifiait que
+vous faisiez quelque chose d'autre qui était interdit, et ils n'avaient pas
+besoin de savoir de quoi il s'agissait.</p>
+
+<p>
+Les étudiants n'étaient habituellement pas expulsés pour cela — pas
+directement. Ils étaient plutôt bannis des systèmes informatiques de
+l'école, et échouaient inévitablement leurs cours.</p>
+
+<p>
+Plus tard, Dan apprendrait que ce genre de politique n'a commencé dans les
+universités que dans les années 1980, quand des étudiants commencèrent Ã
+être nombreux à utiliser des ordinateurs. Avant, les universités avaient une
+approche différente au sujet de la discipline auprès des étudiants; elles
+punissaient des activités qui causaient du tort, et non pas simplement
+celles qui soulevaient des doutes.</p>
+
+<p>
+Lissa ne dénonça pas Dan à la SPA. La décision de Dan de l'aider mena Ã
leur
+mariage, et les amena aussi à remettre en question ce qu'on leur avait
+enseigné durant leur enfance au sujet du piratage. Le couple se mit à lire
+sur l'histoire du copyright, sur l'Union soviétique et ses restrictions sur
+la copie, et même sur la Constitution originale des Ãtats-Unis. Ils
+déménagèrent à Luna, où ils trouvèrent d'autres gens qui comme eux
avaient
+pris leurs distances par rapport au bras long de la SPA. Quand la révolte de
+Tycho commença en 2062, le droit universel de lire devint bientôt un de ses
+buts principaux.</p>
<h3 id="AuthorsNote">Note de l'auteur</h3>
-<p>Cette note a été mise à jour en 2007.</p>
+<p>[This note has been updated several times since the first publication of the
+story.]</p>
<p>
-C'est aujourd'hui même qu'on se bat pour le droit de lire. Même
-si cela pourrait prendre 50 ans pour que notre façon de vivre
-actuelle s'efface dans l'obscurité, la plupart des lois et pratiques
-décrites précédemment ont déjà
-été proposées ; plusieurs ont été
-décrétées légalement aux USA et ailleurs. Aux
-USA, le <acronym title="Digital Millenium Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym>
-(ndt : Loi sur le droit d'auteur du millénaire numérique)
-de 1998 a établi la base légale pour restreindre la lecture et
-le prêt de livres numérisés (et d'autres données
-également). L'Union Européenne a imposé des
-restrictions similaires dans une directive de 2001 concernant le
-copyright. En France, avec la loi <acronym title="Droit d'auteur et droits
-voisins dans la société de l'information">DADVSI</acronym>, la
-simple possession d'une copie de DeCSS, le programme libre permettant de
-déchiffrer une vidéo sur un DVD, est un délit.</p>
-
-<p>
-En 2001, le sénateur Hollings (disposant de fonds Disney) a
-proposé une loi appelée SSSCA qui exigerait que chaque nouvel
-ordinateur ait des fonctionnalités obligatoires de restriction des
-copies, restrictions que l'utilisateur ne pourrait pas
-contourner. Après le Clipper Chip et d'autres propositions similaires
-de « key-escrow » émanant du gouvernement
-américain, ceci démontre une tendance à long terme : les
-systèmes informatiques sont de plus en plus configurés pour
-donner à des absents un puissant contrôle sur les personnes qui
-utilisent effectivement ces systêmes informatiques. Le SSSCA a depuis
-été rebaptisé CBDTPA (on pourrait penser cela comme le
-« Consume But Don't Try Programming Act » — la
-loi « Consommez mais n'essayez pas de programmer »).
+C'est aujourd'hui même qu'on se bat pour le droit de lire. Même si cela
+pourrait prendre 50 ans pour que notre façon de vivre actuelle s'efface dans
+l'obscurité, la plupart des lois et pratiques décrites précédemment ont
déjÃ
+été proposées ; plusieurs ont été décrétées légalement aux USA et
+ailleurs. Aux USA, le <acronym title="Digital Millenium Copyright
+Act">DMCA</acronym> (ndt : Loi sur le droit d'auteur du millénaire
+numérique) de 1998 a établi la base légale pour restreindre la lecture et le
+prêt de livres numérisés (et d'autres données également). L'Union
Européenne
+a imposé des restrictions similaires dans une directive de 2001 concernant
+le copyright. En France, avec la loi <acronym title="Droit d'auteur et
+droits voisins dans la société de l'information">DADVSI</acronym>, la simple
+possession d'une copie de DeCSS, le programme libre permettant de déchiffrer
+une vidéo sur un DVD, est un délit.</p>
+
+<p>
+En 2001, le sénateur Hollings (disposant de fonds Disney) a proposé une loi
+appelée SSSCA qui exigerait que chaque nouvel ordinateur ait des
+fonctionnalités obligatoires de restriction des copies, restrictions que
+l'utilisateur ne pourrait pas contourner. Après le Clipper Chip et d'autres
+propositions similaires de « key-escrow » émanant du gouvernement
+américain, ceci démontre une tendance à long terme : les systèmes
+informatiques sont de plus en plus configurés pour donner à des absents un
+puissant contrôle sur les personnes qui utilisent effectivement ces systêmes
+informatiques. Le SSSCA a depuis été rebaptisé CBDTPA (on pourrait penser
+cela comme le « Consume But Don't Try Programming Act » — la
+loi « Consommez mais n'essayez pas de programmer »).
</p>
<p>
-Les Républicains prirent le contrôle du Sénat
-américain peu de temps après. Ils sont moins liés
-à Hollywood que les Démocrates, aussi n'ont-ils pas
-pressé ces propositions. Maintenant que les Démocrates sont de
-retour aux commandes, le danger est encore une fois plus grand.</p>
-
-<p>
-En 2001, les USA ont commencé à tenter d'utiliser la
-proposition de traité « Free Trade Area of the Americas
-(FTAA) » pour imposer les mêmes règles à tous
-les pays de l'hémisphère Ouest. Le FTTA est l'un de ces
-traités de soi-disant « libre commerce », mais
-réellement conçu pour donner aux monde du business un pouvoir
-croissant sur les gouvernements démocratiques. L'imposition de lois
-du genre <acronym title="Digital Millenium Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym> est
-typique de cet esprit. Le FTAA a été effectivement tué
-par Lula, président du Brésil, qui a rejeté la
-condition du <acronym title="Digital Millenium Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym>
-et d'autres.</p>
-
-<p>
-Depuis lors, les États-Unis ont imposé des conditions
-similaires à des pays comme l'Australie ou le Mexique, par le biais
-d'accords de « libre échange »
-bilatéraux, et à des pays tel que le Costa Rica par le biais
+Les Républicains prirent le contrôle du Sénat américain peu de temps
+après. Ils sont moins liés à Hollywood que les Démocrates, aussi n'ont-ils
+pas pressé ces propositions. Maintenant que les Démocrates sont de retour
+aux commandes, le danger est encore une fois plus grand.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed Free Trade Area of the
+Americas (FTAA) treaty to impose the same rules on all the countries in the
+Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called free trade treaties,
+which are actually designed to give business increased power over democratic
+governments; imposing laws like the DMCA is typical of this spirit. The
+FTAA was effectively killed by Lula, President of Brazil, who rejected the
+DMCA requirement and others.</p>
+
+<p>
+Depuis lors, les Ãtats-Unis ont imposé des conditions similaires à des pays
+comme l'Australie ou le Mexique, par le biais d'accords de « libre
+échange » bilatéraux, et à des pays tel que le Costa Rica par le biais
du <acronym title="Central American Free Trade Agreement">CAFTA</acronym>
-(N.d.T. : Accord de libre échange d'Amérique
-Centrale). Le président Correa de l'Équateur a refusé
-de signer l'accord de « libre échange », mais
-l'Équateur a adopté quelque chose de similaire au <acronym
-title="Digital Millenium Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym> en 2003. La nouvelle
-constitution de l'Équateur peut fournir une opportunité de
-s'en débarrasser.</p>
-
-<p>
-Une des idées dans cette histoire n'avait en fait pas
-été proposée jusqu'en 2002. C'est l'idée que le
-<acronym title="Federal Bureau of Investigations">FBI</acronym> et Microsoft
-garderaient le mot de passe administrateur (root) de votre ordinateur et ne
-vous autoriseraient pas à l'obtenir.</p>
-
-<p>
-Les instigateurs de ce dessein lui ont donné des noms tels que
-« informatique de confiance » et
-« Palladium ». Nous l'appelons <a
-href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html">« informatique
-déloyale »</a>, car le résultat est de faire
-obéir votre ordinateur à des sociétés
-plutôt qu'à vous. Ceci a été mis en œuvre
-en 2007 dans <a href="http://badvista.org/";>Windows Vista</a> ; nous
-nous attendons à ce que Apple fasse quelque chose de semblable. Dans
-cette construction, c'est le fabriquant qui conserve le code secret, mais le
-<acronym title="Federal Bureau of Investigations">FBI</acronym> aurait peu
-de peine à l'obtenir.</p>
+(N.d.T. : Accord de libre échange d'Amérique Centrale). Le président
+Correa de l'Ãquateur a refusé de signer l'accord de « libre
+échange », mais l'Ãquateur a adopté quelque chose de similaire au
+<acronym title="Digital Millenium Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym> en 2003. La
+nouvelle constitution de l'Ãquateur peut fournir une opportunité de s'en
+débarrasser.</p>
+
+<p>
+Une des idées dans cette histoire n'avait en fait pas été proposée jusqu'en
+2002. C'est l'idée que le <acronym title="Federal Bureau of
+Investigations">FBI</acronym> et Microsoft garderaient le mot de passe
+administrateur (root) de votre ordinateur et ne vous autoriseraient pas Ã
+l'obtenir.</p>
+
+<p>
+Les instigateurs de ce dessein lui ont donné des noms tels que
+« informatique de confiance » et « Palladium ». Nous
+l'appelons <a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html">« informatique
+déloyale »</a>, car le résultat est de faire obéir votre ordinateur Ã
+des sociétés plutôt qu'à vous. Ceci a été mis en œuvre en 2007
dans <a
+href="http://badvista.org/";>Windows Vista</a> ; nous nous attendons Ã
+ce que Apple fasse quelque chose de semblable. Dans cette construction,
+c'est le fabriquant qui conserve le code secret, mais le <acronym
+title="Federal Bureau of Investigations">FBI</acronym> aurait peu de peine Ã
+l'obtenir.</p>
<p>
Ce que conserve Microsoft n'est pas exactement un mot de passe au sens
traditionnel du terme ; personne ne le tape sur son clavier. C'est
-plutôt une signature et une clé de chiffrement qui
-correspondent à une seconde clé stockée sur votre
-ordinateur dans un endroit que vous ne pouvez lire. Ceci permet à
-Microsoft et potentiellement tout site Web coopérant avec lui, le
-contrôle sur ce que l'utilisateur peut faire avec son propre
+plutôt une signature et une clé de chiffrement qui correspondent à une
+seconde clé stockée sur votre ordinateur dans un endroit que vous ne pouvez
+lire. Ceci permet à Microsoft et potentiellement tout site Web coopérant
+avec lui, le contrôle sur ce que l'utilisateur peut faire avec son propre
ordinateur.</p>
<p>
-Vista donne aussi à Microsoft des pouvoirs
-supplémentaires ; par exemple, Microsoft peut forcer
-l'installation de mises à jour et il peut ordonner à toutes
-les machines fonctionnant avec Vista de refuser d'exécuter un pilote
-de périphérique. Le but principal de toutes ces restrictions
-dans Vista est de faire des <acronym title="Digital Rights
-Management">DRM</acronym> que les utilisateurs ne peuvent pas
-outrepasser. La menace des DRM est ce pourquoi nous avons lancé la campagne
-<a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";> DefectiveByDesign.org</a>
-(Défectueux par conception).</p>
-
-<p>
-À l'époque où cette histoire a été
-écrite, la SPA menaçait de petits fournisseurs d'accès
-à Internet, en exigeant qu'ils lui permettent de surveiller tous les
-usagers. La plupart des fournisseurs capitulèrent lorsqu'ils furent
-menacés, parce qu'ils n'avaient pas les moyens decontre-attaquer en
-cour. (Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 1er octobre 1996, page D3.) Au moins
-un fournisseur, Community ConneXion à Oakland en Californie, a
-refusé la demande et a été réellement
-poursuivi. Plus tard, la SPA a laissé tomber la plainte, mais elle a
-obtenu le <acronym title="Digital Millenium Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym>,
-qui lui donne le pouvoir qu'ils recherchaient.</p>
-
-<p>
-La SPA, qui veut en fait dire Software Publisher's Association, a
-été remplacée dans ce rôle de police par la BSA
-(Business Software Alliance). Ce n'est pas aujourd'hui une force
-policière officielle. De façon officieuse, elle se comporte
-ainsi. Utilisant des méthodes rappelant celles de l'ex-Union
-Soviétique, elle invite les gens à faire de la délation
-à l'endroit de leurs collègues et amis; une campagne de
-terreur orchestrée par la BSA en 2001 en Argentine a
-dévoilé des menaces selon lesquelles les gens partageant du
-logiciel pourraient être jetés en prison.</p>
-
-<p>
-Les politiques universitaires de sécurité décrites
-précédemment ne sont pas imaginaires. Par exemple, un
-ordinateur dans une université de la région de Chicago affiche
-le message suivant quand on s'y branche (les guillemets sont dans l'original
-— ce qui suit est une traduction) :</p>
+Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for instance, Microsoft can
+forcibly install upgrades, and it can order all machines running Vista to
+refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of Vista's many
+restrictions is to impose DRM (Digital Restrictions Management) that users
+can't overcome. The threat of DRM is why we have established the <a
+href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";> Defective by Design</a> campaign.</p>
+
+<p>
+à l'époque où cette histoire a été écrite, la SPA menaçait de petits
+fournisseurs d'accès à Internet, en exigeant qu'ils lui permettent de
+surveiller tous les usagers. La plupart des fournisseurs capitulèrent
+lorsqu'ils furent menacés, parce qu'ils n'avaient pas les moyens
+decontre-attaquer en cour. (Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 1er octobre 1996,
+page D3.) Au moins un fournisseur, Community ConneXion à Oakland en
+Californie, a refusé la demande et a été réellement poursuivi. Plus tard,
la
+SPA a laissé tomber la plainte, mais elle a obtenu le <acronym
+title="Digital Millenium Copyright Act">DMCA</acronym>, qui lui donne le
+pouvoir qu'ils recherchaient.</p>
+
+<p>
+The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association, has been
+replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance. The BSA
+is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts like one.
+Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people
+to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in
+Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people sharing software
+would be raped.</p>
+
+<p>
+Les politiques universitaires de sécurité décrites précédemment ne sont
pas
+imaginaires. Par exemple, un ordinateur dans une université de la région de
+Chicago affiche le message suivant quand on s'y branche (les guillemets sont
+dans l'original — ce qui suit est une traduction) :</p>
<blockquote><p>
-« Ce système est réservé aux usagers
-autorisés. Les individus qui utilisent ce système informatique
-sans autorisation ou au delà de leur autorisation pourront faire
-l'objet d'une surveillance et d'un enregistrement par le personnel de toutes
-leurs activités sur ce système. Lors de la surveillance
-d'individus utilisant le système inadéquatement, ou lors
-d'activités d'entretien du système, les activités
-d'usagers autorisés pourraient aussi être
-surveillées. Quiconque utilise ce système consent
-expressément à une telle surveillance et est avisé que
-si cette surveillance révèle des indices d'une possible
-activité illégale ou violation des règlements de
-l'Université, le personnel du système peut fournir ces indices
-aux autorités de l'Université et/ou aux forces de
-l'ordre ».
+« Ce système est réservé aux usagers autorisés. Les individus qui
+utilisent ce système informatique sans autorisation ou au delà de leur
+autorisation pourront faire l'objet d'une surveillance et d'un
+enregistrement par le personnel de toutes leurs activités sur ce
+système. Lors de la surveillance d'individus utilisant le système
+inadéquatement, ou lors d'activités d'entretien du système, les activités
+d'usagers autorisés pourraient aussi être surveillées. Quiconque utilise ce
+système consent expressément à une telle surveillance et est avisé que si
+cette surveillance révèle des indices d'une possible activité illégale ou
+violation des règlements de l'Université, le personnel du système peut
+fournir ces indices aux autorités de l'Université et/ou aux forces de
+l'ordre ».
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-Il s'agit d'une approche intéressante face au Quatrième
-amendement : faire pression sur presque tout le monde pour qu'il
-accepte d'avance de renoncer aux droits qu'il leur accorde.</p>
+Il s'agit d'une approche intéressante face au Quatrième amendement :
+faire pression sur presque tout le monde pour qu'il accepte d'avance de
+renoncer aux droits qu'il leur accorde.</p>
-<h3 id="References">Références</h3>
+<h3 id="References">Références</h3>
<ul>
- <li>Le « livre blanc » de l'administration : Information
-Infrastructure Task Force, Intellectual Property and the National
-Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual
-Property Rights (1995).</li>
+ <li>The administration's “White Paper”: Information
Infrastructure
+Task Force, Intellectual Property [<a
+href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">sic</a>] and the National Information
+Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property
+[sic] Rights (1995).</li>
<li><a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html";>Une
explication du libre blanc : The Copyright Grab</a>, Pamela Samuelson,
@@ -364,10 +317,9 @@
<li><a href="http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm";>Sold Out</a>,
James
Boyle, New York Times, 31 March 1996</li>
- <li>Public Data or Private Data, Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996. Nous avions un
-lien vers l'article mais le Washington Post a décidé de faire
-payer la lecture d'articles sur le web, et nous avons donc choisi de
-supprimer le lien.</li>
+ <li><a
+href="http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html";>Public
+Data or Private Data</a>, Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996. </li>
<li><a href="http://www.public-domain.org/";>Union for the Public
Domain</a>— une organisation dont le but est de résister et de
@@ -375,35 +327,34 @@
</ul>
<hr />
-<h4>Cet essai est publié dans <a
+<h4>Cet essai est publié dans <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
M. Stallman</cite></a>.</h4>
-<p><strong>Autres textes à lire</strong></p>
+<p><strong>Autres textes à lire</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.fr.html">Philosophie du projet
GNU</a></li>
<li><a
href="http://www.computerworld.com/managementtopics/management/opinion/story/0,10801,49358,00.html";
-id="COPYPROCTECTION">Copy Protection: Just Say No</a>, publié dans
-Computer World.</li>
+id="COPYPROCTECTION">Copy Protection: Just Say No</a>, publié dans Computer
+World.</li>
</ul>
<p>
La <a href="#AuthorsNote">note de l'auteur</a> parle de la bataille pour le
-droit de lire, et de la surveillance électronique. La bataille a
-déjà commencé, voici deux liens vers des articles
-présentant les technologies déjà
-développées pour interdire le droit à la
lecture :</p>
+droit de lire, et de la surveillance électronique. La bataille a déjÃ
+commencé, voici deux liens vers des articles présentant les technologies
+déjà développées pour interdire le droit à la lecture :</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-103151.html";>Electronic
Publishing:</a> An article about distribution of books in electronic form,
and copyright issues affecting the right to read a copy.</li>
<li><a
href="http://channels.microsoft.com/presspass/press/1999/Aug99/SeyboldPR.asp";>Books
-inside Computers</a> Les logiciels pour contrôler qui peut lire
-des livres et des documents sur un PC.</li>
+inside Computers</a> Les logiciels pour contrôler qui peut lire des
+livres et des documents sur un PC.</li>
</ul>
@@ -418,10 +369,12 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -432,9 +385,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1996 Richard Stallman <br />La reproduction exacte et la
-distribution intégrale de cet article est permise sur n'importe quel support
-d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit préservée.
+Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -447,7 +403,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/05/17 08:25:30 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/right-to-read.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- philosophy/right-to-read.sr.html 17 May 2010 08:25:30 -0000 1.6
+++ philosophy/right-to-read.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:16 -0000 1.7
@@ -144,7 +144,8 @@
<h3 id="AuthorsNote">ÐÑÑоÑова белеÑка</h3>
-<p>Ðва белеÑка Ñе оÑвежена 2007.</p>
+<p>[This note has been updated several times since the first publication of the
+story.]</p>
<p>
The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may take 50
@@ -178,11 +179,11 @@
<p>
In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed Free Trade Area of the
Americas (FTAA) treaty to impose the same rules on all the countries in the
-Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called “free
-trade” treaties, which are actually designed to give business
-increased power over democratic governments; imposing laws like the DMCA is
-typical of this spirit. The FTAA was effectively killed by Lula, President
-of Brazil, who rejected the DMCA requirement and others.</p>
+Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called free trade treaties,
+which are actually designed to give business increased power over democratic
+governments; imposing laws like the DMCA is typical of this spirit. The
+FTAA was effectively killed by Lula, President of Brazil, who rejected the
+DMCA requirement and others.</p>
<p>
Since then, the US has imposed similar requirements on countries such as
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@
refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of Vista's many
restrictions is to impose DRM (Digital Restrictions Management) that users
can't overcome. The threat of DRM is why we have established the <a
-href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";> DefectiveByDesign.org</a> campaign.</p>
+href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";> Defective by Design</a> campaign.</p>
<p>
When this story was first written, the SPA was threatening small Internet
@@ -233,11 +234,11 @@
the DMCA, which gave them the power they sought.</p>
<p>
-The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publisher's Association, has
-been replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance.
-The BSA is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts like
-one. Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites
-people to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in
+The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association, has been
+replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance. The BSA
+is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts like one.
+Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people
+to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in
Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people sharing software
would be raped.</p>
@@ -266,10 +267,11 @@
<h3 id="References">РеÑеÑенÑе</h3>
<ul>
- <li><em>The administration's âWhite Paperâ: Information Infrastructure
Task
-Force, Intellectual Property and the National Information
-Infrastructure</em>: извеÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð Ð°Ð´Ð½Ðµ гÑÑпе за пÑава
на инÑелекÑÑÐ°Ð»Ð½Ñ ÑвоÑинÑ
-(1995).</li>
+ <li>The administration's “White Paper”: Information
Infrastructure
+Task Force, Intellectual Property [<a
+href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">sic</a>] and the National Information
+Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property
+[sic] Rights (1995).</li>
<li><em><a
href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html";>An
explanation of the White Paper: The Copyright Grab</a></em>, Ðамела
@@ -278,10 +280,9 @@
<li><em><a href="http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm";>Sold
Out</a></em>, ÐеÑÐ¼Ñ ÐоÑл, ÐÑÑоÑк ÑаÑмÑ, 31. маÑÑ
1996</li>
- <li><em>Public Data or Private Data</em>, ÐаÑингÑон поÑÑ, 4.
новембаÑ
-1996. Ðмали Ñмо Ð²ÐµÐ·Ñ Ð¿Ñема овом докÑменÑÑ,
али Ñе ÐаÑингÑон поÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð»ÑÑио да
-поÑне наплаÑиваÑи коÑиÑниÑима коÑи желе
да ÑиÑаÑÑ Ñланке на ÑиÑ
овом ÑаÑÑÑ
-Ñако да Ñмо одлÑÑили да Ñклонимо везÑ.</li>
+ <li><a
+href="http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html";>Public
+Data or Private Data</a>, Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996. </li>
<li><em><a href="http://www.public-domain.org/";>Union for the Public
Domain</a></em> â оÑганизаÑиÑа ÑиÑи Ñе ÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾ÑпоÑ
и пÑеокÑеÑаÑе пÑекомеÑног
@@ -329,11 +330,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑаÑеÑе пиÑаÑа Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð¸ Ñа
ÐСС-ом и ÐÐУ-ом на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÐоÑÑоÑе и <a
-href="/contact/">дÑÑги наÑини да Ñе обÑаÑиÑе</a>
ÐСС-Ñ.<br />Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-ÑаÑеÑе неиÑпÑавне везе и дÑÑге иÑпÑавке
(или пÑедлоге) на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -343,9 +345,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-ÐÑÑоÑÑка пÑава: © 1996 РиÑаÑд СÑолман <br />
ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно
-ÑмножаваÑе и ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка
ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа, без надокнаде, на било
-коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз ÑÑлов да Ñе оÑÑвано ово
обавеÑÑеÑе.
+Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -370,7 +374,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2010/05/17 08:25:30 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/right-to-read.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/right-to-read.tr.html 17 May 2010 08:25:30 -0000 1.4
+++ philosophy/right-to-read.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:16 -0000 1.5
@@ -148,7 +148,8 @@
<h3 id="AuthorsNote">Yazarın Notu</h3>
-<p>Bu not 2007 yılında güncellenmiÅtir.</p>
+<p>[This note has been updated several times since the first publication of the
+story.]</p>
<p>
Okuma hakkı günümüzde hâlâ devam eden bir mücadeledir. Mevcut yaÅam
@@ -182,13 +183,13 @@
düzeyde.</p>
<p>
-2001 yılında, Amerika, Batı Yarıküreâdeki tüm ülkelerde aynı
kuralları
-dayatmak için, önerilen Amerikaânın Ãzgür Ticaret Bölgesi
anlaÅmasını
-kullanmaya baÅlamıÅtır. FTAA, âözgür ticaretâ anlaÅması olarak
adlandırılan
-ancak gerçekte Åirketlere demokratik hükümetler üzerinde artırılmıÅ
güç
-saÄlamak için tasarlanmıŠbir anlaÅmadır. DMCA gibi kanunların
dayatılması
-bu iÅin özünü oluÅturmaktadır. FTAA, DMCA gereksinimlerini rededen
Brezilya
-baÅkanı Lula ve diÄerleri tarafından etkin bir Åekilde yokedildi.</p>
+In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed Free Trade Area of the
+Americas (FTAA) treaty to impose the same rules on all the countries in the
+Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called free trade treaties,
+which are actually designed to give business increased power over democratic
+governments; imposing laws like the DMCA is typical of this spirit. The
+FTAA was effectively killed by Lula, President of Brazil, who rejected the
+DMCA requirement and others.</p>
<p>
O zamandan beri, ABD benzer gereksinimleri Avustralya ve Meksika gibi
@@ -221,13 +222,12 @@
bilgisayarıyla yapabilecekleri üzerinde tam bir denetim saÄlamasına
elverir.</p>
<p>
-Vista ayrıca Microsoft'a ek güç verir; örneÄin, Microsoft zorla
-yükseltmeleri kurdurabilir, ve Vista kullanan herhangi bir makinenin belli
-bir aygıt sürücüsünü çalıÅtırmasını engelleme emri verebilir.
Vista'nın bir
-çok kısıtlamasının ana amacı DRM (Digital Restrictions Management)'ı
-dayatarak, kullanıcıların üstesinden gelmesine engel olmaktır. DRM
tehlikesi
-yüzünden <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";> DefectiveByDesign.org</a>
-kampanyasını oluÅturduk.</p>
+Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for instance, Microsoft can
+forcibly install upgrades, and it can order all machines running Vista to
+refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of Vista's many
+restrictions is to impose DRM (Digital Restrictions Management) that users
+can't overcome. The threat of DRM is why we have established the <a
+href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";> Defective by Design</a> campaign.</p>
<p>
Bu yazı yazıldıÄında, SPA, küçük Ä°nternet Hizmeti
SaÄlayıcılarını (Internet
@@ -240,14 +240,13 @@
Åeyi elde etti. </p>
<p>
-Yazılım Yayıncıları BirliÄinin kısaltması olan SPA yerine bu
polis-benzeri
-görevde BSA (Business Software Alliance) rol oynamaya baÅlamıÅtır.
Günümüzde
-bu, resmi bir polis kuvveti deÄildir; resmi olmayan bir Åekilde
-davranmaktadır. Eski Sovyetler BirliÄiâni hatırlatan yöntemleri
kullanarak,
-insanları birlikte çalıÅtıkları insanlar ve arkadaÅları konusunda bilgi
-vermeye çaÄırırlar. 2001 yılında Arjantinâdeki bir BSA kampanyası,
yazılımı
-paylaÅan kimselere aÄır hapis cezaları verileceÄi Åeklinde ciddi
tehditlerde
-bulunmuÅtur.</p>
+The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association, has been
+replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance. The BSA
+is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts like one.
+Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people
+to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in
+Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people sharing software
+would be raped.</p>
<p>
Yukarıda açıklanan üniversite güvenlik politikaları gerçektir.
ÃrneÄin,
@@ -275,9 +274,10 @@
<ul>
<li>The administration's “White Paper”: Information
Infrastructure
-Task Force, Intellectual Property and the National Information
+Task Force, Intellectual Property [<a
+href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">sic</a>] and the National Information
Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property
-Rights (1995).</li>
+[sic] Rights (1995).</li>
<li><a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html";>An
explanation of the White Paper: The Copyright Grab</a>, Pamela Samuelson,
@@ -286,10 +286,9 @@
<li><a href="http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm";>Sold Out</a>,
James
Boyle, New York Times, 31 March 1996</li>
- <li>Public Data or Private Data, Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996. Buna baÄlantı
-veriyorduk, ancak Washington Post web sitesindeki yazıları okumak isteyen
-kullanıcılardan para almaya baÅladı, bu yüzden baÄlantıyı kaldırmaya
karar
-verdik.</li>
+ <li><a
+href="http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html";>Public
+Data or Private Data</a>, Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996. </li>
<li><a href="http://www.public-domain.org/";>Union for the Public Domain
(Kamusal
Alan için Birlik)</a>—Telif hakları ve patent güçlerinin
geniÅlemesine
@@ -338,12 +337,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır. Lütfen
-çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -353,10 +352,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1996 Richard Stallman <br />Bu makalenin tamamının kelimesi
-kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve daÄıtılmasına, ücret talep etmeksizin,
herhangi
-bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı bildirisini korumak Åartıyla, dünya
-çapında izin verilmiÅtir.
+Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/05/17 08:25:30 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/rms-hack.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/rms-hack.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/rms-hack.fr.html 1 Jul 2011 00:31:35 -0000 1.4
+++ philosophy/rms-hack.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:17 -0000 1.5
@@ -520,12 +520,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -536,9 +537,10 @@
</p>
<p>Copyright © 2002 Richard Stallman</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -551,7 +553,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/01 00:31:35 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:17 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/selling.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/selling.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
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diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/selling.ar.html 20 Feb 2011 17:27:37 -0000 1.8
+++ philosophy/selling.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:17 -0000 1.9
@@ -197,8 +197,9 @@
اÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙ
دخÙØ© اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù
Ùجازة ÙÙ Ù٠أÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠أرباØØ
-Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ù
ع Ùضع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاØظة ÙÙ
ÙاØظة
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙØ´Ø±Ø Ù٠عÙ٠اÙاعتبار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -213,7 +214,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2011/02/20 17:27:37 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:17 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -271,7 +272,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: philosophy/selling.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/selling.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
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diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- philosophy/selling.bg.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:35 -0000 1.7
+++ philosophy/selling.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:17 -0000 1.8
@@ -210,11 +210,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги наÑини за
-<a href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -229,9 +230,9 @@
</p>
<address>Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston,
MA
02110, USA</address>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -251,7 +252,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:35 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:17 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -270,7 +271,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
@@ -283,6 +285,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/selling.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- German -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/selling.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
+<!-- Greek -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.el.html">Ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/selling.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -306,7 +310,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: philosophy/selling.el.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/selling.el.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/selling.el.html 27 Mar 2011 00:28:20 -0000 1.4
+++ philosophy/selling.el.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:17 -0000 1.5
@@ -231,10 +231,9 @@
ÎογιÏμικοÏ, Inc.,
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>ÎÏιÏÏÎÏεÏαι η καÏά λÎξη ανÏιγÏαÏή και
διανομή ÏλοÏ
αÏ
ÏÎ¿Ï ÏοÏ
άÏθÏοÏ
-ÏαγκοÏμίÏÏ, ÏÏÏÎ¯Ï ÎµÏίδομα ÏÏ
γγÏαÏÎÏÏ, Ïε
οÏοιοδήÏοÏε μÎÏο, με Ïην ÏÏοÏÏÏθεÏη
-ÏÏι αÏ
Ïή η ειδοÏοίηÏη, καθÏÏ ÎºÎ±Î¹ η
ειδοÏοίηÏη ÏνεÏ
μαÏικÏν δικαιÏμάÏÏν,
-διαÏηÏοÏνÏαι.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -247,7 +246,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÎνημεÏÏθηκε:
-$Date: 2011/03/27 00:28:20 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:17 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -305,7 +304,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: philosophy/selling.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/selling.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.29
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diff -u -b -r1.29 -r1.30
--- philosophy/selling.fr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:35 -0000 1.29
+++ philosophy/selling.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:17 -0000 1.30
@@ -13,194 +13,178 @@
<!-- Please ensure links are consistent with Apache's MultiView. -->
<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
<!-- language, where necessary. -->
+<p><em><a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">Some views on the ideas of
+selling exceptions to free software licenses, such as the GNU GPL</a> are
+also available.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+Many people believe that the spirit of the GNU Project is that you should
+not charge money for distributing copies of software, or that you should
+charge as little as possible — just enough to cover the cost. This is
+a misunderstanding.</p>
+
+<p>
+Actually, we encourage people who redistribute <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> to charge as much as they
+wish or can. If this seems surprising to you, please read on.</p>
+
+<p>
+Le mot anglais « free » (libre) a deux sens, il peut aussi bien
+faire référence au prix qu'à la liberté. Quand nous parlons de « free
+software » (logiciel libre) nous parlons de la liberté, pas du
+prix. Plus particulièrement, il signifie qu'un utilisateur est libre
+d'utiliser un programme, de le modifier et de le redistribuer, avec ou sans
+modifications.</p>
+
+<p>
+Les logiciels libres sont parfois distribués gratuitement, et parfois contre
+rémunération. Un même programme est souvent disponible sous ces deux
+versions à partir de sources différentes. Le programme est libre en dépit de
+son prix, car les utilisateurs ont toute liberté dans son utilisation.</p>
+
<p>
-Beaucoup de personnes croient que l'esprit du projet GNU est de ne pas faire
-payer la distribution de copies de logiciels, ou alors le moins
-possible : juste assez pour couvrir les frais.</p>
-
-<p>
-En fait, nous encourageons ceux qui distribuent des <a
-href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">logiciels libres</a> à les faire
-payer le prix qu'ils veulent ou peuvent. Si cela vous semble surprenant,
-continuez à lire.</p>
-
-<p>
-Le mot anglais « free » (libre) a deux sens, il peut
-aussi bien faire référence au prix qu'à la
-liberté. Quand nous parlons de « free
-software » (logiciel libre) nous parlons de la liberté,
-pas du prix. Plus particulièrement, il signifie qu'un utilisateur est
-libre d'utiliser un programme, de le modifier et de le redistribuer, avec ou
-sans modifications.</p>
-
-<p>
-Les logiciels libres sont parfois distribués gratuitement, et parfois
-contre rémunération. Un même programme est souvent
-disponible sous ces deux versions à partir de sources
-différentes. Le programme est libre en dépit de son prix, car
-les utilisateurs ont toute liberté dans son utilisation.</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html#ProprietarySoftware">Les logiciels
-propriétaires</a> sont souvent vendus à un prix
-élevé, mais parfois un revendeur peut vous en donner une copie
-gratuite. Cela n'en fait pas pour autant un logiciel libre. Qu'il soit
-gratuit ou payant, le programme n'est pas libre car les utilisateurs n'ont
-aucune liberté.</p>
-
-<p>
-Puisque le prix n'a pas d'importance lorsque nous parlons de logiciel libre,
-un prix bas ne rend pas un logiciel plus
-« libre ». Ainsi, si vous redistribuez des copies de
-logiciels libres, vous pouvez aussi bien fixer un prix élevé
-que <em>rentrer dans vos frais</em>. La redistribution de logiciels libres
-est une activitéhonorable et totalement légale; si vous
-l'exercez, vous pouvez très bien en tirer du profit.</p>
-
-<p>
-Le logiciel libre est le projet de toute une communauté, et tous ceux
-qui en dépendent devraient chercher à soutenir la
-communauté. Pour un distributeur, la manière d'y contribuer
-est de donner une part de ses bénéfices à la <a
-href="/fsf/fsf.fr.html">FSF</a> ou à un autre projet de
-développement de logiciels libres. En soutenant des équipes de
-développement, vous faites avancer le logiciel libre.</p>
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">Nonfree
+programs</a> are usually sold for a high price, but sometimes a store will
+give you a copy at no charge. That doesn't make it free software, though.
+Price or no price, the program is nonfree because users don't have freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+Since free software is not a matter of price, a low price doesn't make the
+software free, or even closer to free. So if you are redistributing copies
+of free software, you might as well charge a substantial fee and <em>make
+some money</em>. Redistributing free software is a good and legitimate
+activity; if you do it, you might as well make a profit from it.</p>
+
+<p>
+Free software is a community project, and everyone who depends on it ought
+to look for ways to contribute to building the community. For a
+distributor, the way to do this is to give a part of the profit to free
+software development projects or to the <a href="/fsf/fsf.html">Free
+Software Foundation</a>. This way you can advance the world of free
+software.</p>
<p>
<strong>La distribution de logiciels libres est une chance de rassembler des
-fonds pour le développement. Ne la laissez pas
passer !</strong></p>
+fonds pour le développement. Ne la laissez pas passer !</strong></p>
<p>
-Pour faire un don, vous devez avoir des fonds en réserve. Si vous
-fixez un prix trop faible, vous n'aurez pas de réserve pour soutenir
-le développement.</p>
+Pour faire un don, vous devez avoir des fonds en réserve. Si vous fixez un
+prix trop faible, vous n'aurez pas de réserve pour soutenir le
+développement.</p>
-<h3>Est-ce qu'un prix plus élevé lésera des
-utilisateurs ?</h3>
+<h3>Est-ce qu'un prix plus élevé lésera des utilisateurs ?</h3>
<p>
-Certains s'inquiètent parfois qu'un prix trop élevé
-mette le logiciel libre hors de portée des utilisateurs n'ayant pas
-beaucoup de moyens financiers. En ce qui concerne les <a
+Certains s'inquiètent parfois qu'un prix trop élevé mette le logiciel libre
+hors de portée des utilisateurs n'ayant pas beaucoup de moyens
+financiers. En ce qui concerne les <a
href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html#ProprietarySoftware">logiciels
-propriétaires</a>, c'est exactement ce que fait un prix
-élevé, mais c'est différent pour le logiciel libre.</p>
+propriétaires</a>, c'est exactement ce que fait un prix élevé, mais c'est
+différent pour le logiciel libre.</p>
<p>
-La différence est que le logiciel libre tend naturellement à
-se répandre, et qu'il y a différentes façons de se le
-procurer.</p>
+La différence est que le logiciel libre tend naturellement à se répandre, et
+qu'il y a différentes façons de se le procurer.</p>
<p>
-Les rapaces du logiciel vendent leur âme au diable pour vous
-empêcher d'utiliser un programme propriétaire sans payer le
-prix fort. Si le prix est élevé, il devient vraiment difficile
-pour certains utilisateurs d'utiliser le programme.</p>
+Les rapaces du logiciel vendent leur âme au diable pour vous empêcher
+d'utiliser un programme propriétaire sans payer le prix fort. Si le prix est
+élevé, il devient vraiment difficile pour certains utilisateurs d'utiliser
+le programme.</p>
<p>
-Avec le logiciel libre, les utilisateurs n'ont pas à payer la
-distribution pour utiliser le logiciel. Ils peuvent copier le programme
-à partir de la copie d'un ami, ou avec son aide s'il a accès
-au réseau. Plusieurs utilisateurs peuvent également se cotiser
-pour acheter un CD-ROM et installer le logiciel chacun à son tour. Un
-prix élevé n'est pas un obstacle majeur si le logiciel est
-libre.</p>
+Avec le logiciel libre, les utilisateurs n'ont pas à payer la distribution
+pour utiliser le logiciel. Ils peuvent copier le programme à partir de la
+copie d'un ami, ou avec son aide s'il a accès au réseau. Plusieurs
+utilisateurs peuvent également se cotiser pour acheter un CD-ROM et
+installer le logiciel chacun à son tour. Un prix élevé n'est pas un obstacle
+majeur si le logiciel est libre.</p>
-<h3>Est-ce qu'un prix plus élevé découragera l'utilisation
-du logiciel libre ?</h3>
+<h3>Est-ce qu'un prix plus élevé découragera l'utilisation du logiciel
+libre ?</h3>
<p>
-Une autre inquiétude est souvent exprimée à propos de
-la popularité du logiciel libre. Certains pensent qu'un prix
-élevé réduira le nombre d'utilisateurs ou qu'un prix
-faible encouragera certainement ces derniers.</p>
+Une autre inquiétude est souvent exprimée à propos de la popularité du
+logiciel libre. Certains pensent qu'un prix élevé réduira le nombre
+d'utilisateurs ou qu'un prix faible encouragera certainement ces derniers.</p>
<p>
-C'est vrai dans le cas d'un logiciel propriétaire — mais
-c'est différent dans le cas d'un logiciel libre. Il y a tellement de
-façons d'avoir des copies que le prix payé en échange
-de la distribution a beaucoup moins d'effet sur la popularité.</p>
+C'est vrai dans le cas d'un logiciel propriétaire — mais c'est
+différent dans le cas d'un logiciel libre. Il y a tellement de façons
+d'avoir des copies que le prix payé en échange de la distribution a beaucoup
+moins d'effet sur la popularité.</p>
<p>
-À longue échéance, le nombre d'utilisateurs du logiciel
-libre est déterminé par <em>les capacités du logiciel
-libre</em> et par sa simplicité d'utilisation. De nombreux
-utilisateurs continueront à utiliser des logiciels
-propriétaires si le logiciel libre ne peut pas faire tout ce qu'ils
-veulent. Ainsi, si nous voulons faire augmenter le nombre d'utilisateurs
-à longue échéance, nous devons avant tout
-<em>développer plus de logiciels libres</em>.</p>
+In the long run, how many people use free software is determined mainly by
+<em>how much free software can do</em>, and how easy it is to use. Many
+users do not make freedom their priority; they may continue to use
+proprietary software if free software can't do all the jobs they want done.
+Thus, if we want to increase the number of users in the long run, we should
+above all <em>develop more free software</em>.</p>
<p>
-La façon la plus directe est d'écrire vous-même des <a
+La façon la plus directe est d'écrire vous-même des <a
href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tasklist";>logiciels libres</a> ou des
<a href="/doc/doc.html#PleaseHelpWriteDocumentation">manuels</a> qui
-manquent. Mais si vous assurez la distribution plutôt que la
-création, la meilleure façon de nous aider est de lever des
-fonds pour aider les autres à en écrire.</p>
+manquent. Mais si vous assurez la distribution plutôt que la création, la
+meilleure façon de nous aider est de lever des fonds pour aider les autres Ã
+en écrire.</p>
-<h3>Les mots « vendre des logiciels » peut aussi induire
-en erreur</h3>
+<h3>Les mots « vendre des logiciels » peut aussi induire en
erreur</h3>
<p>
-<em>Stricto sensus</em>, « vendre » signifie
-échanger des biens contre de l'argent. Vendre une copie d'un logiciel
-libre est légal, et nous encourageons cette pratique.</p>
+<em>Stricto sensus</em>, « vendre » signifie échanger des biens
+contre de l'argent. Vendre une copie d'un logiciel libre est légal, et nous
+encourageons cette pratique.</p>
<p>
-Cependant, quand les gens pensent à « <a
+Cependant, quand les gens pensent à « <a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html#SellSoftware">vendre des
-logiciels</a> », ils l'imaginent habituellement de la même
-manière que la plupart des entreprises : rendre le logiciel
-propriétaire plutôt que libre.</p>
-
-<p>
-Alors à moins que vous ne soyez prêts à faire des
-distictions précises, comme le fait cet article, nous vous
-suggérons d'éviter le terme « vendre des
-logiciels » et de choisir un autre vocabulaire à la
-place. Par exemple, vous pourriez dire « distribuer des logiciels
-libres contre rémunération », ce qui lève
-toute ambiguïté.</p>
-
-
-<h3>Prix élevés ou bas et la GNU GPL</h3>
-
-<p>
-En dehors d'une seule situation spécifique, la <a
-href="/copyleft/gpl.html">Licence Publique Générale GNU</a>
-(GNU GPL) n'a pas d'exigences en ce qui concerne le prix que vous pouvez
-demander pour la distribution d'un logiciel libre. Vous pouvez ne rien
-demander, ou alors un centime, un franc, un million de francs. Cela ne
-dépend que de vous, de l'offre et de la demande, alors ne venez pas
-vous plaindre si personne ne veut payer un million de francs pour une
copie.</p>
-
-<p>
-La seule exception est le cas où les binaires sont distribués
-sans le code source complet. Ceux qui font cela sont obligés par la
-GNU GPL de donner le code source sur toutes demandes
-ultérieures. Sans limite fixée au prix du code source, ils
-peuvent fixer un prix trop élevé pour que quelqu'un puisse
-payer (un million de francs, par exemple), et ainsi prétendre
-distribuer le code source alors qu'ils le dissimulent. Ainsi, nous devons
-dans ce cas limiter le prix du code source pour assurer la liberté de
-l'utilisateur. Cependant, dans des situations normales il n'y a pas de
-telle justification pour limiter le prix de distribution, alors nous ne le
-faisons pas.</p>
-
-<p>
-Parfois des entreprises, dont les activités franchissent la limite de
-ce que la GNU GPL permet, implorent des autorisations, en disant qu'ils
-«ne vont pas faire payer les logiciels GNU», ou d'autres choses
-du même style. Cela ne les ménera pas loin. Le logiciel libre
-c'est avant tout la liberté, et faire respecter la GPL c'est
-défendre cette liberté. Quand nous défendons la
-liberté des utilisateurs, nous ne nous occupons pas de
-problèmes annexes comme le prix de la distribution. La liberté
-est la question, la seule et l'unique.</p>
+logiciels</a> », ils l'imaginent habituellement de la même manière que
+la plupart des entreprises : rendre le logiciel propriétaire plutôt que
+libre.</p>
+
+<p>
+Alors à moins que vous ne soyez prêts à faire des distictions précises,
+comme le fait cet article, nous vous suggérons d'éviter le terme
+« vendre des logiciels » et de choisir un autre vocabulaire à la
+place. Par exemple, vous pourriez dire « distribuer des logiciels
+libres contre rémunération », ce qui lève toute ambiguïté.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Prix élevés ou bas et la GNU GPL</h3>
+
+<p>
+En dehors d'une seule situation spécifique, la <a
+href="/copyleft/gpl.html">Licence Publique Générale GNU</a> (GNU GPL) n'a
+pas d'exigences en ce qui concerne le prix que vous pouvez demander pour la
+distribution d'un logiciel libre. Vous pouvez ne rien demander, ou alors un
+centime, un franc, un million de francs. Cela ne dépend que de vous, de
+l'offre et de la demande, alors ne venez pas vous plaindre si personne ne
+veut payer un million de francs pour une copie.</p>
+
+<p>
+The one exception is in the case where binaries are distributed without the
+corresponding complete source code. Those who do this are required by the
+GNU GPL to provide source code on subsequent request. Without a limit on
+the fee for the source code, they would be able set a fee too large for
+anyone to pay—such as a billion dollars—and thus pretend to
+release source code while in truth concealing it. So in this case we have
+to limit the fee for source in order to ensure the user's freedom. In
+ordinary situations, however, there is no such justification for limiting
+distribution fees, so we do not limit them.</p>
+
+<p>
+Sometimes companies whose activities cross the line stated in the GNU GPL
+plead for permission, saying that they “won't charge money for the GNU
+software” or such like. That won't get them anywhere with us. Free
+software is about freedom, and enforcing the GPL is defending freedom. When
+we defend users' freedom, we are not distracted by side issues such as how
+much of a distribution fee is charged. Freedom is the issue, the whole
+issue, and the only issue.</p>
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
@@ -220,11 +204,12 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -239,9 +224,10 @@
Inc.,
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -254,7 +240,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:35 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:17 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -273,7 +259,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
@@ -286,6 +273,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/selling.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- German -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/selling.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
+<!-- Greek -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.el.html">Ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/selling.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -309,9 +298,11 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
+<!-- Turkish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
<!-- Chinese(Simplified) -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
<!-- Chinese(Traditional) -->
Index: philosophy/selling.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/selling.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/selling.ml.html 27 Jul 2010 16:27:15 -0000 1.8
+++ philosophy/selling.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:17 -0000 1.9
@@ -226,12 +226,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ -നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµ
-വിനൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ </a>.
<br
-/>à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯ à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµàµ നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> à´à´¨àµà´¨
-വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -244,10 +244,9 @@
à´«àµà´£àµà´àµà´·à´¨àµâ
</p>
<address>51 à´«àµà´°à´¾à´àµà´àµà´²à´¿à´¨àµâ
à´¸àµà´±àµà´±àµà´°àµà´àµà´àµ, à´
à´àµà´à´¾à´ നില,
à´¬àµà´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´£àµâ, à´à´ à´ 02110, യൠà´à´¸àµ à´</address>
-<p>à´ à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµà´,à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶
à´àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨
-നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ, സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£
à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ പദാനàµà´ªà´¦
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´
-à´²àµà´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´µà´¿à´àµà´¯àµà´, à´à´¤àµ
മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ
-à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -260,7 +259,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2010/07/27 16:27:15 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:17 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -279,7 +278,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: philosophy/selling.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/selling.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.17
retrieving revision 1.18
diff -u -b -r1.17 -r1.18
--- philosophy/selling.sr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:35 -0000 1.17
+++ philosophy/selling.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:17 -0000 1.18
@@ -195,11 +195,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑаÑеÑе пиÑаÑа Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð¸ Ñа
ÐСС-ом и ÐÐУ-ом на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÐоÑÑоÑе и <a
-href="/contact/">дÑÑги наÑини да Ñе обÑаÑиÑе</a>
ÐСС-Ñ.<br />Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-ÑаÑеÑе неиÑпÑавне везе и дÑÑге иÑпÑавке
(или пÑедлоге) на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -213,9 +214,9 @@
Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа,
-без надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз
ÑÑлов да Ñе оÑÑвано ово обавеÑÑеÑе
-и обавеÑÑеÑе о аÑÑоÑÑким пÑавима.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:35 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:17 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -260,7 +261,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
@@ -273,6 +275,8 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/selling.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- German -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/selling.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
+<!-- Greek -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.el.html">Ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/selling.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
@@ -296,7 +300,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: philosophy/selling.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/selling.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- philosophy/selling.tr.html 27 Jul 2010 16:27:15 -0000 1.6
+++ philosophy/selling.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:18 -0000 1.7
@@ -194,12 +194,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır. Lütfen
-çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -212,8 +212,9 @@
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2007 Ãzgür Yazılım Vakfı, Inc.,
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>Bu makalenin kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve daÄıtılmasına bu
uyarının
-belirtilmesi durumunda izin verilmektedir.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -266,7 +267,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/07/27 16:27:15 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -286,7 +287,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
@@ -324,7 +326,7 @@
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: philosophy/shouldbefree.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/shouldbefree.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- philosophy/shouldbefree.fr.html 12 Jan 2010 21:26:00 -0000 1.26
+++ philosophy/shouldbefree.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:18 -0000 1.27
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Pourquoi les logiciels devraient être libres - GNU Project - Free
-Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<title>Pourquoi les logiciels devraient être libres - GNU Project - Free
Software
+Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Pourquoi les logiciels devraient être libres</h2>
+<h2>Pourquoi les logiciels devraient être libres</h2>
<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
<!-- language, where necessary. -->
<p>
par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
-<p>
-(Version du 24 avril 1992)</p>
<h3 id="introduction">Introduction</h3>
<p>
L'existence du logiciel soulève forcément la question de la façon dont
@@ -35,9 +33,8 @@
développeurs : c'est-à -dire qu'un programme a un propriétaire, en
général une société associée à son développement.</p>
<p>
- J'aimerais considérer la même question en utilisant un
-critère différent : la prospérité et la
-liberté du public en général.</p>
+ J'aimerais considérer la même question en utilisant un critère
+différent : la prospérité et la liberté du public en général.</p>
<p>
La loi actuelle ne permet pas de décider en faveur de cette réponse â
la loi
devrait se conformer à l'éthique, pas l'inverse. La pratique actuelle ne
@@ -56,7 +53,7 @@
autrement dit, d'écrire des logiciels libres. <a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">logiciels libres</a>.<a
href="#1">(1)</a></p>
-<h3 id="owner-justification">Comment les propriétaires justifient leur
pouvoir</h3>
+<h3 id="owner-justification">Comment les propriétaires justifient leur
pouvoir</h3>
<p>
Ceux qui bénéficient du système actuel, dans lequel les programmes sont
une
propriété, présentent deux arguments en appui à leur prétention de les
@@ -86,31 +83,29 @@
venant de la bouche d'un sage.</p>
<p>
J'expliquerai plus tard pourquoi cette menace est du bluff. J'aimerais
-d'abord mettre le doigt sur une supposition implicite qui est plus
-évidente dans une autre formulation de l'argument.</p>
+d'abord mettre le doigt sur une supposition implicite qui est plus évidente
+dans une autre formulation de l'argument.</p>
<p>
- Cette formulation part de la comparaison entre l'utilité sociale d'un
-programme propriétaire et pas de programme du tout, pour alors conclure que
-le développement de logiciels propriétaires est, globalement, bénéfique et
-qu'il devrait être encouragé. L'erreur, ici, vient de ne comparer que deux
-résultats â logiciel propriétaire contre pas de logiciel â et de supposer
-qu'il n'y a pas d'autres possibilités.</p>
-<p>
- Dans un système reconnaissant le droit d'auteur, le développement logiciel
-est habituellement lié à l'existence d'un propriétaire qui contrôle
-l'utilisation du logiciel. Tant que ce lien existe, nous devons souvent
-faire face au choix entre un programme propriétaire ou pas de
-programme. Cependant, ce lien n'est pas inhérent ou inévitable ; c'est
-une conséquence d'une décision politique, légale et sociale spécifique, que
-nous contestons : la décision qu'il y ait des propriétaires. Formuler
-le choix entre logiciel propriétaire contre pas de logiciel, c'est faire une
-pétition de principe.</p>
-
-<h3 id="against-having-owners">L'argument contre le fait qu'il y ait des
propriétaires</h3>
-<p>
- La question qu'il faut poser, c'est : « Est-ce que le
-développement de logiciels doit être lié à un
-propriétaire qui en restreint l'usage ? »</p>
+ This formulation starts by comparing the social utility of a proprietary
+program with that of no program, and then concludes that proprietary
+software development is, on the whole, beneficial, and should be
+encouraged. The fallacy here is in comparing only two
+outcomes—proprietary software versus no software—and assuming
+there are no other possibilities.</p>
+<p>
+ Given a system of software copyright, software development is usually linked
+with the existence of an owner who controls the software's use. As long as
+this linkage exists, we are often faced with the choice of proprietary
+software or none. However, this linkage is not inherent or inevitable; it
+is a consequence of the specific social/legal policy decision that we are
+questioning: the decision to have owners. To formulate the choice as
+between proprietary software versus no software is begging the question.</p>
+
+<h3 id="against-having-owners">L'argument contre le fait qu'il y ait des
propriétaires</h3>
+<p>
+ La question qu'il faut poser, c'est : « Est-ce que le
+développement de logiciels doit être lié à un propriétaire qui en
restreint
+l'usage ? »</p>
<p>
Pour pouvoir en décider, il nous faut juger l'effet que chacune de ces
activités a sur la société, <em>indépendamment</em> l'une de l'autre :
@@ -120,16 +115,14 @@
l'autre est nuisible, il serait à notre avantage de les dissocier et de ne
poursuivre que celle qui est utile.</p>
<p>
- En d'autres termes, si restreindre la distribution d'un logiciel
-déjà développé est préjudiciable à
-la société dans son ensemble, alors un développeur
-moral rejettera cette activité.</p>
-<p>
- Pour déterminer l'effet de la restriction du partage, nous avons
-besoin de comparer la valeur, pour la société, d'un programme
-restreint (par ex. propriétaire) avec le même programme, mais
-disponible pour tout le monde. Ce qui signifie comparer deux mondes
-possibles.</p>
+ En d'autres termes, si restreindre la distribution d'un logiciel déjÃ
+développé est préjudiciable à la société dans son ensemble, alors un
+développeur moral rejettera cette activité.</p>
+<p>
+ Pour déterminer l'effet de la restriction du partage, nous avons besoin de
+comparer la valeur, pour la société, d'un programme restreint (par
+ex. propriétaire) avec le même programme, mais disponible pour tout le
+monde. Ce qui signifie comparer deux mondes possibles.</p>
<p>
Cette analyse met aussi en exergue le simple contre-argument qui est parfois
soulevé que « le bénéfice pour le voisin en lui donnant une copie d'un
@@ -139,17 +132,16 @@
elle montre que les bénéfices sont bien plus importants que les
inconvénients.</p>
<p>
- Pour mettre en lumière cet argument, prenons un autre domaine
-d'application : la construction routière.</p>
+ Pour mettre en lumière cet argument, prenons un autre domaine
+d'application : la construction routière.</p>
<p>
Il serait possible de financer la contruction de toutes les routes avec des
-péages. Ce qui entraînerait d'avoir des postes de péage
-à tous les coins de rues. Un tel système inciterait grandement
-à améliorer l'état des routes. Il aurait aussi comme
-vertu de faire payer l'usager de la route concernée. Cependant, le
-péage n'est qu'une entrave artificielle à la fluidité
-du trafic, artificielle dans le sens où elle n'est pas une
-conséquence du fonctionnement des routes et des voitures.</p>
+péages. Ce qui entraînerait d'avoir des postes de péage à tous les coins de
+rues. Un tel système inciterait grandement à améliorer l'état des routes.
Il
+aurait aussi comme vertu de faire payer l'usager de la route
+concernée. Cependant, le péage n'est qu'une entrave artificielle à la
+fluidité du trafic, artificielle dans le sens où elle n'est pas une
+conséquence du fonctionnement des routes et des voitures.</p>
<p>
Si on compare les routes avec ou sans péage, nous voyons (toutes choses
égales par ailleurs) que les routes sans péage sont moins chères Ã
@@ -176,13 +168,13 @@
comme dans l'autre, obtiendrons plus pour notre argent en achetant des
routes sans péage.</p>
<p>
- Je ne suis pas en train de dire que les routes à péage sont
-pires que pas de route du tout. Ce serait vrai si les péages
-étaient tels que presque personne n'emprunterait la route
-— mais ce n'est pas une politique plausible pour un collecteur de
-péage. Cependant, tant que les postes de péage causeront des
-gaspillages et des inconvénients significatifs, il est plus
-avantageux de lever des fonds de façon moins obstructive.</p>
+ Je ne suis pas en train de dire que les routes à péage sont pires que pas
de
+route du tout. Ce serait vrai si les péages étaient tels que presque
+personne n'emprunterait la route — mais ce n'est pas une
+politique plausible pour un collecteur de péage. Cependant, tant que les
+postes de péage causeront des gaspillages et des inconvénients
+significatifs, il est plus avantageux de lever des fonds de façon moins
+obstructive.</p>
<p>
Pour appliquer ce même argument au développement logiciel, je vais
maintenant montrer que d'avoir des « postes de péage » sur des
@@ -206,7 +198,7 @@
effet ne peut être que négatif. Mais jusqu'à quel point ? Et de quelle
manière ?</p>
<p>
- On distingue trois niveaux de préjudice matériel dans ce genre
+ On distingue trois niveaux de préjudice matériel dans ce genre
d'entrave :</p>
<ul>
@@ -232,30 +224,25 @@
a fallu fournir pour écrire ce programme. En effet, un programme dont la
vente génère des profits fournit sûrement un net bénéfice matériel
direct.</p>
<p>
- Cependant, tenant compte des préjudices psycho-sociaux concomitants,
-il n'y a pas de limite au préjudice que peut provoquer le
-développement d'un logiciel propriétaire.</p>
+ Cependant, tenant compte des préjudices psycho-sociaux concomitants, il n'y
+a pas de limite au préjudice que peut provoquer le développement d'un
+logiciel propriétaire.</p>
<h4 id="obstructing-use">Entraver l'utilisation des programmes</h4>
<p>
- Le premier niveau de préjudice gêne le simple emploi d'un
-programme. Une copie d'un programme a pratiquement un coût marginal de
-zéro (et ce prix, vous pouvez le payer en faisant le travail
-vous-même), ce qui veut dire que, dans un marché libre, elle
-aurait un prix avoisinant zéro. Une taxe via une licence est un
-découragement significatif à l'utilisation d'un programme. Si
-un logiciel largement utile est propriétaire, beaucoup moins de gens
-l'utiliseront.</p>
-<p>
- Il est facile de montrer que la contribution totale d'un programme à la
-société est réduite si on lui assigne un propriétaire. Chaque utilisateur
-potentiel du logiciel, face à la nécessité de le payer pour l'utiliser, peut
-choisir de payer ou de renoncer à son usage. Si un utilisateur fait le choix
-de payer le programme, il y a un simple transfert de richesses entre deux
-parties. Mais chaque fois qu'une personne choisit de s'abstenir d'utiliser
-le programme, cela cause du tort à cette personne sans que quelqu'un y
-trouve son compte. La somme de nombres négatifs avec zéro, ça doit être
-négatif.</p>
+ The first level of harm impedes the simple use of a program. A copy of a
+program has nearly zero marginal cost (and you can pay this cost by doing
+the work yourself), so in a free market, it would have nearly zero price. A
+license fee is a significant disincentive to use the program. If a widely
+useful program is proprietary, far fewer people will use it.</p>
+<p>
+ It is easy to show that the total contribution of a program to society is
+reduced by assigning an owner to it. Each potential user of the program,
+faced with the need to pay to use it, may choose to pay, or may forego use
+of the program. When a user chooses to pay, this is a zero-sum transfer of
+wealth between two parties. But each time someone chooses to forego use of
+the program, this harms that person without benefiting anyone. The sum of
+negative numbers and zeros must be negative.</p>
<p>
Mais cela ne réduit pas la somme de travail qu'il faut pour
<em>développer</em> le programme. Donc, l'efficacité de l'ensemble du
@@ -280,9 +267,9 @@
qualitative. Et cela n'exige aucune restriction à la liberté des
utilisateurs.</p>
<p>
- Cependant, imposer un prix à quelque chose qui, autrement, aurait pu être
-gratuit, c'est un changement qualitatif. Une taxe imposée, centralisée, sur
-la distribution de logiciels devient une puissante source de démotivation.</p>
+ However, imposing a price on something that would otherwise be free is a
+qualitative change. A centrally imposed fee for software distribution
+becomes a powerful disincentive.</p>
<p>
De plus, la production centrale, telle qu'elle est pratiquée de nos jours,
est inefficace, même comme moyen d'effectuer la livraison de copies de
@@ -369,8 +356,11 @@
}
</pre>
<p>
- Voici le même programme sous sa forme exécutable, sur
-l'ordinateur que j'utilise habituellement :</p>
+ Precisely what that source code means is not the point; the point is that it
+looks like algebra, and a person who knows this programming language will
+find it meaningful and clear. By contrast, here is same program in
+executable form, on the computer I normally used when I wrote this:
+</p>
<pre>
1314258944 -232267772 -231844864 1634862
@@ -384,11 +374,10 @@
Le code source est utile (au moins potentiellement) pour chaque utilisateur
d'un programme. Mais la plupart des utilisateurs n'ont pas la permission
d'avoir des copies du code source. Normalement, le code source d'un
-programme propriétaire est tenu secret par son propriétaire,
-empêchant quiconque d'en apprendre quelque chose. L'utilisateur
-reçoit simplement des fichiers de nombres incompréhensibles
-que l'ordinateur exécutera. Cela signifie que seul le
-propriétaire du logiciel peut changer le programme.</p>
+programme propriétaire est tenu secret par son propriétaire, empêchant
+quiconque d'en apprendre quelque chose. L'utilisateur reçoit simplement des
+fichiers de nombres incompréhensibles que l'ordinateur exécutera. Cela
+signifie que seul le propriétaire du logiciel peut changer le programme.</p>
<p>
Un jour, une amie me raconta avoir travaillé comme programmeur dans une
banque durant environ six mois, pour écrire un programme semblable à un
@@ -420,18 +409,16 @@
d'un bourrage papier, l'imprimante attendait ainsi souvent une heure avant
d'être rechargée.</p>
<p>
- Les programmeurs système du labo d'I.A. étaient capables de
-corriger de tels problèmes, probablement tout aussi capables que les
-auteurs du programme. Xerox n'avait pas envie de les corriger et choisit de
-nous en empêcher, nous avons donc été forcés de
-subir les problèmes. Ils n'ont jamais été
-corrigés.</p>
-<p>
- La plupart des bons programmeurs ont fait l'expérience de cette
-frustration. La banque pouvait se permettre de résoudre son
-problème en écrivant un nouveau programme depuis le
-début, mais un utilisateur lambda, quelle que soit son
-habileté, ne peut que laisser tomber.</p>
+ Les programmeurs système du labo d'I.A. étaient capables de corriger de
tels
+problèmes, probablement tout aussi capables que les auteurs du
+programme. Xerox n'avait pas envie de les corriger et choisit de nous en
+empêcher, nous avons donc été forcés de subir les problèmes. Ils n'ont
+jamais été corrigés.</p>
+<p>
+ La plupart des bons programmeurs ont fait l'expérience de cette
+frustration. La banque pouvait se permettre de résoudre son problème en
+écrivant un nouveau programme depuis le début, mais un utilisateur lambda,
+quelle que soit son habileté, ne peut que laisser tomber.</p>
<p>
Laisser tomber provoque un préjudice psycho-social â sur l'esprit
d'indépendance. C'est démoralisant d'habiter une maison qu'on ne peut
@@ -475,13 +462,12 @@
pour en apprendre des techniques utiles ou même apprendre comment on
structure de gros programmes.</p>
<p>
- Les propriétaires entravent aussi l'éducation,
-l'apprentissage. J'ai rencontré de brillants étudiants en
-informatique qui n'avaient jamais vu le code source d'un gros logiciel. Ils
-peuvent être bons à écrire de courts programmes, mais
-ils ne peuvent commencer à apprendre les techniques
-différentes de l'écriture d'un vaste programme, s'ils ne
-peuvent observer comment d'autres l'ont fait.</p>
+ Les propriétaires entravent aussi l'éducation, l'apprentissage. J'ai
+rencontré de brillants étudiants en informatique qui n'avaient jamais vu le
+code source d'un gros logiciel. Ils peuvent être bons à écrire de courts
+programmes, mais ils ne peuvent commencer à apprendre les techniques
+différentes de l'écriture d'un vaste programme, s'ils ne peuvent observer
+comment d'autres l'ont fait.</p>
<p>
Dans tout domaine intellectuel, on peut atteindre de plus hauts sommets en
se tenant sur les épaules des autres. Mais ce n'est généralement plus permis
@@ -518,7 +504,7 @@
d'autres. Je suggère que les méthodes les plus détestées sont sans doute
celles qui accomplissent leur objectif.</p>
-<h4 id="should-be-free">Les logiciels devraient être libres</h4>
+<h4 id="should-be-free">Les logiciels devraient être libres</h4>
<p>
J'ai montré comment la propriété d'un programme, le pouvoir de
restreindre
sa modification ou sa copie, fait entrave. Ses retombées négatives sont
@@ -536,7 +522,7 @@
base de ses propres conditions étroites, mais ce n'est pas ce qui est bon
pour la société.</p>
-<h3 id="why-develop">Pourquoi les gens développeront des logiciels</h3>
+<h3 id="why-develop">Pourquoi les gens développeront des logiciels</h3>
<p>
Si nous éliminons le droit d'auteur comme un moyen d'encourager les gens Ã
développer des logiciels, au début, moins de programmes seront développés,
@@ -572,14 +558,13 @@
des privilèges spéciaux et les pouvoirs et monopoles nécessaires pour que
cela puisse se faire.</p>
<p>
- Ce changement est survenu dans le domaine de la programmation au cours de la
-dernière décennie. Il y a quinze ans, des articles parlaient
-d'« accrocs à l'informatique » : les utilisateurs étaient
-« connectés » et vivaient modestement. Il était généralement
admis
-que des gens pouvaient aimer la programmation au point qu'elle devienne une
-cause de divorce. Aujourd'hui, il est généralement admis que personne ne
-programmerait sauf en échange d'un salaire élevé. Les gens ont oublié ce
-qu'ils savaient il y a quinze ans.</p>
+ This change happened in the field of computer programming in the 1980s. In
+the 1970s, there were articles on “computer addiction”: users
+were “onlining” and had hundred-dollar-a-week habits. It was
+generally understood that people frequently loved programming enough to
+break up their marriages. Today, it is generally understood that no one
+would program except for a high rate of pay. People have forgotten what they
+knew back then.</p>
<p>
Même si à un moment précis, il s'avère vrai que la plupart des gens ne
veulent travailler dans un domaine que pour un haut salaire, il ne faut pas
@@ -589,11 +574,9 @@
réajusté leurs attitudes, ils seront de nouveau impatients de travailler
dans ce domaine pour le simple plaisir de réaliser quelque chose.</p>
<p>
- Répondre à la question : « Comment pouvons-nous payer les
-programmeurs ? » devient plus facile, quand nous réalisons qu'il
-ne s'agit pas de leur offrir une petite fortune. Il est plus facile de
-collecter des fonds pour leur assurer un niveau de vie correct, mais sans
-plus.</p>
+ The question “How can we pay programmers?” becomes an easier
+question when we realize that it's not a matter of paying them a fortune. A
+mere living is easier to raise.</p>
<h4 id="funding">Financer le logiciel libre</h4>
<p>
@@ -684,9 +667,9 @@
et â sur le long terme â aussi dans l'intérêt des utilisateurs de
continuer
de les financer.</p>
<p>
- Cependant, ceci ne s'applique pas aux développeurs de logiciels
-propriétaires, vu que l'obstructionnisme appelle plutôt une
-sanction qu'une récompense.</p>
+ Cependant, ceci ne s'applique pas aux développeurs de logiciels
+propriétaires, vu que l'obstructionnisme appelle plutôt une sanction qu'une
+récompense.</p>
<p>
Nous nous trouvons ainsi face à un paradoxe : le développeur d'un
logiciel utile a droit au soutien des utilisateurs, mais n'importe quelle
@@ -694,19 +677,17 @@
les bases de l'obligation. Un développeur peut soit recevoir une récompense,
soit l'exiger, mais pas les deux.</p>
<p>
- Je crois qu'un développeur moral faisant face à ce paradoxe
-doit agir de manière à mériter la récompense,
-mais devrait aussi encourager les utilisateurs à donner
-volontairement. Tôt ou tard, les utilisateurs apprendront à
-soutenir les développeurs d'eux-mêmes, tout comme ils ont
-appris à soutenir les radios et les stations télé
-indépendantes.</p>
-
-<h3 id="productivity">Qu'est-ce que la productivité logicielle ?
</h3>
-<p>
- Si les logiciels étaient libres, il y aurait toujours des
-programmeurs, mais peut-être en nombre moindre. Est-ce que cela serait
-mauvais pour la société ?</p>
+ Je crois qu'un développeur moral faisant face à ce paradoxe doit agir de
+manière à mériter la récompense, mais devrait aussi encourager les
+utilisateurs à donner volontairement. Tôt ou tard, les utilisateurs
+apprendront à soutenir les développeurs d'eux-mêmes, tout comme ils ont
+appris à soutenir les radios et les stations télé indépendantes.</p>
+
+<h3 id="productivity">Qu'est-ce que la productivité logicielle ? </h3>
+<p>
+ Si les logiciels étaient libres, il y aurait toujours des programmeurs,
mais
+peut-être en nombre moindre. Est-ce que cela serait mauvais pour la
+société ?</p>
<p>
Pas forcément. Aujourd'hui, les nations riches ont moins de fermiers qu'en
1900, mais nous ne pensons certainement pas que cela est mauvais pour la
@@ -718,19 +699,17 @@
<ul>
<li> Une utilisation plus vaste de chaque programme développé.</li>
-<li> La possibilité d'adapter un programme existant pour le
personnaliser
-au lieu de repartir de zéro.</li>
+<li> La possibilité d'adapter un programme existant pour le personnaliser au
lieu
+de repartir de zéro.</li>
<li> Une meilleure instruction des programmeurs.</li>
<li> L'élimination des efforts de développement en double.</li>
</ul>
<p>
- Ceux qui font objection à la coopération dans la mesure
-où elle diminuerait l'emploi des programmeurs s'opposent en fait
-à l'accroissement de la productivité. Pourtant les mêmes
-acceptent souvent la croyance largement répandue que l'industrie
-logicielle a besoin d'accroître sa productivité. Comment cela
-se fait-il ?</p>
+ Those who object to cooperation claiming it would result in the employment
+of fewer programmers are actually objecting to increased productivity. Yet
+these people usually accept the widely held belief that the software
+industry needs increased productivity. How is this?</p>
<p>
La « productivité logicielle » peut vouloir dire deux
choses : la productivité générale de tout développement logiciel ou la
@@ -741,13 +720,12 @@
concentrent uniquement sur le deuxième sens, limité, du terme, où
l'amélioration demande des avancées technologiques difficiles.</p>
-<h3 id="competition">Est-ce que la compétition est
inévitable ?</h3>
+<h3 id="competition">Est-ce que la compétition est inévitable ?</h3>
<p>
- Est-il inévitable que les gens se mettent en concurrence, qu'ils
-essayent de dépasser leurs rivaux dans la
-société ? Peut-être, oui. Mais la
-compétition en elle-même n'est pas nocive : ce qui est
-nocif, c'est le <em>combat</em>.</p>
+ Est-il inévitable que les gens se mettent en concurrence, qu'ils essayent
de
+dépasser leurs rivaux dans la société ? Peut-être, oui. Mais la
+compétition en elle-même n'est pas nocive : ce qui est nocif, c'est le
+<em>combat</em>.</p>
<p>
Il y a plusieurs façons de faire concurrence. La compétition peut
consister
en une tentative d'aller toujours plus loin, de surpasser ce que d'autres
@@ -781,15 +759,14 @@
affaires ne partagent pas cette caractéristique. La rétention d'information
utile à tous, c'est une forme de combat.</p>
<p>
- L'idéologie des affaires ne prépare pas les gens à résister à la
tentation
-de combattre dans une compétition. Certaines formes de combat ont été
-interdites avec les lois anti-trusts, l'interdiction de la publicité
-mensongère, etc., mais plutôt que de généraliser le rejet du combat, les
-dirigeants d'entreprises inventent en général d'autres formes de combat qui
-ne sont pas spécifiquement prohibées. Les ressources de la société sont
-gaspillées économiquement, à l'instar d'une guerre civile entre
factions.</p>
+ Business ideology does not prepare people to resist the temptation to combat
+the competition. Some forms of combat have been banned with antitrust laws,
+truth in advertising laws, and so on, but rather than generalizing this to a
+principled rejection of combat in general, executives invent other forms of
+combat which are not specifically prohibited. Society's resources are
+squandered on the economic equivalent of factional civil war.</p>
-<h3 id="communism">« Pourquoi ne pas t'établir en
Russie ? »</h3>
+<h3 id="communism">« Pourquoi ne pas t'établir en
Russie ? »</h3>
<p>
Aux Ãtats-Unis, toute personne favorable à autre chose que le plus
flagrant
laissez-faire égoïste a souvent entendu ce genre de réflexion. On l'entend,
@@ -801,38 +778,33 @@
aux Ãtats-Unis. Mais jusqu'à quel point ces idées sont-elles
semblables ?</p>
<p>
- Le communisme, comme il était pratiqué en Union
-Soviétique, était un système de contrôle
-centralisé, où toutes les activités étaient
-passées au crible du régime, soi-disant pour le bien public,
-mais en fait pour le bien des membres du Parti Communiste. Système
-où les appareils permettant les copies étaient
-étroitement gardés, pour empêcher les copies
-illégales.</p>
+ Le communisme, comme il était pratiqué en Union Soviétique, était un
système
+de contrôle centralisé, où toutes les activités étaient passées au
crible du
+régime, soi-disant pour le bien public, mais en fait pour le bien des
+membres du Parti Communiste. Système où les appareils permettant les copies
+étaient étroitement gardés, pour empêcher les copies illégales.</p>
<p>
Le système américain du droit d'auteur sur les logiciels exerce un
contrôle
central sur la distribution d'un programme et surveille les copieurs grâce Ã
des <a href="http://www.dfc.org/";>systèmes automatiques de protection contre
la copie</a>, pour empêcher les copies illégales.</p>
<p>
- Par opposition, je travaille à bâtir un système
-où les gens sont libres de décider de leurs propres actions;
-en particulier, libres d'aider leur voisin, de modifier et
-d'améliorer les outils qu'ils utilisent dans leur vie quotidienne. Un
-système basé sur la coopération volontaire et la
-décentralisation.</p>
+ Par opposition, je travaille à bâtir un système où les gens sont libres
de
+décider de leurs propres actions; en particulier, libres d'aider leur
+voisin, de modifier et d'améliorer les outils qu'ils utilisent dans leur vie
+quotidienne. Un système basé sur la coopération volontaire et la
+décentralisation.</p>
<p>
Du coup, si on doit juger ces points de vue par leurs ressemblances au
-communisme soviétique, alors ce sont les propriétaires de
-logiciels qui sont les communistes.</p>
+communisme soviétique, alors ce sont les propriétaires de logiciels qui sont
+les communistes.</p>
-<h3 id="premises">La question des prémisses</h3>
+<h3 id="premises">La question des prémisses</h3>
<p>
Je fais la supposition, dans cet article, que l'utilisateur d'un logiciel
-n'est pas moins important qu'un auteur ou même l'employeur d'un
-auteur. Autrement dit, lorsqu'on décide quelle est la meilleure
-marche à suivre, leurs intérêts et leurs besoins ont
-autant d'importance.</p>
+n'est pas moins important qu'un auteur ou même l'employeur d'un
+auteur. Autrement dit, lorsqu'on décide quelle est la meilleure marche Ã
+suivre, leurs intérêts et leurs besoins ont autant d'importance.</p>
<p>
Cette prémisse n'est pas universellement admise. Beaucoup maintiennent que
l'employeur d'un auteur est fondamentalement plus important que n'importe
@@ -847,23 +819,21 @@
ceux qui croient que les propriétaires sont plus importants que tous les
autres, pour ceux-là , cet article n'est tout simplement pas pertinent.</p>
<p>
- Mais pourquoi un grand nombre d'Américains accepteraient une
-prémisse qui élèverait certaines personnes au-dessus
-des autres ? En partie à cause de la croyance que cette
-prémisse fait partie des traditions légales de la
-société américaine. Il y a des gens qui pensent que
-douter de la prémisse, c'est défier les bases de la
-société.</p>
+ Mais pourquoi un grand nombre d'Américains accepteraient une prémisse qui
+élèverait certaines personnes au-dessus des autres ? En partie à cause
+de la croyance que cette prémisse fait partie des traditions légales de la
+société américaine. Il y a des gens qui pensent que douter de la prémisse,
+c'est défier les bases de la société.</p>
<p>
Il est important pour ces gens de savoir que cette prémisse ne fait pas
partie de notre tradition légale. Et n'en a jamais fait partie non plus.</p>
<p>
- Ainsi, la Constitution dit que le but du copyright est de « promouvoir
-le progrès des sciences et des arts utiles ». La Cour suprême l'a
-élaboré ainsi, énonçant dans la « Fox Film contre Doyal » que
-« l'intérêt unique des Ãtats-Unis ainsi que l'objet principal du
-monopole [du copyright], résident dans les avantages généraux que le public
-tire du travail des auteurs ».</p>
+ Thus, the Constitution says that the purpose of copyright is to
+“promote the Progress of Science and the useful Arts.” The
+Supreme Court has elaborated on this, stating in <em>Fox Film v. Doyal</em>;
+that “The sole interest of the United States and the primary object in
+conferring the [copyright] monopoly lie in the general benefits derived by
+the public from the labors of authors.”</p>
<p>
Nous ne sommes pas obligés d'approuver la Constitution ou la Cour suprême
(il fut un temps où les deux ont approuvé l'esclavage). Leurs positions ne
@@ -900,36 +870,32 @@
<h3 id="footnotes">Notes</h3>
<ol>
-<li id="f1">Le mot « free » dans « free
-software » signifie libre, et non gratuit [free désigne
-les deux termes, en anglais] ; le prix payé pour une copie d'un
-programme libre peut être nul, faible, ou (rarement) assez
-élevé.</li>
-
-<li id="f2">Les problèmes de pollution et de congestion du trafic ne
modifient
-pas cette conclusion. Si nous désirons rendre plus coûteuse la
-conduite afin de la décourager, il n'est pas avantageux de le faire
-en mettant en place des péages, qui participent et à la
-pollution et à la congestion. Une taxe sur l'essence serait bien
-mieux. Pareillement, le désir de renforcer la sécurité
-en limitant la vitesse maximale n'est pas pertinent; un accès gratuit
-aux routes améliore la vitesse moyenne en évitant arrêts
-et retards, quelle que soit la limitation de vitesse.</li>
+<li id="f1">Le mot « free » dans « free software »
signifie libre,
+et non gratuit [free désigne les deux termes, en anglais] ; le prix
+payé pour une copie d'un programme libre peut être nul, faible, ou
+(rarement) assez élevé.</li>
+
+<li id="f2">Les problèmes de pollution et de congestion du trafic ne
modifient pas cette
+conclusion. Si nous désirons rendre plus coûteuse la conduite afin de la
+décourager, il n'est pas avantageux de le faire en mettant en place des
+péages, qui participent et à la pollution et à la congestion. Une taxe sur
+l'essence serait bien mieux. Pareillement, le désir de renforcer la sécurité
+en limitant la vitesse maximale n'est pas pertinent; un accès gratuit aux
+routes améliore la vitesse moyenne en évitant arrêts et retards, quelle que
+soit la limitation de vitesse.</li>
<li id="f3">On peut voir un logiciel particulier comme une chose nocive, qui
ne devrait
-être accessible à personne, à l'instar de la base de
-données d'informations personnelles de Lotus (Marketplace), qui a
-été retirée des ventes suite à la
-désapprobation du public. La plus grande partie de mon discours ne
-s'applique pas à ce cas, mais préférer un
-propriétaire dans la mesure où cela rendrait le programme
-moins disponible n'est pas très sensé. Le propriétaire
-ne le rendra pas <em>complètement</em> indisponible, comme on
-pourrait le souhaiter pour un programme considéré comme
nocif.</li>
+être accessible à personne, à l'instar de la base de données d'informations
+personnelles de Lotus (Marketplace), qui a été retirée des ventes suite Ã
la
+désapprobation du public. La plus grande partie de mon discours ne
+s'applique pas à ce cas, mais préférer un propriétaire dans la mesure où
+cela rendrait le programme moins disponible n'est pas très sensé. Le
+propriétaire ne le rendra pas <em>complètement</em> indisponible, comme on
+pourrait le souhaiter pour un programme considéré comme nocif.</li>
</ol>
<hr />
-<h4>Cet essai est publié dans <a
+<h4>Cet essai est publié dans <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
M. Stallman</cite></a></h4>
@@ -952,9 +918,11 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -966,11 +934,13 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -983,7 +953,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/01/12 21:26:00 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/shouldbefree.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/shouldbefree.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- philosophy/shouldbefree.sr.html 12 Jan 2010 21:26:00 -0000 1.12
+++ philosophy/shouldbefree.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:18 -0000 1.13
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
<!-- language, where necessary. -->
<p>
од <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>РиÑаÑда
СÑалмана</strong></a></p>
-<p>
-(ÐеÑзиÑа од 24. апÑила 1992.)</p>
<h3 id="introduction">Увод</h3>
<p>
ÐоÑÑоÑаÑе ÑоÑÑвеÑа неизбежно доводи до
пиÑаÑа како би ÑÑебало доноÑиÑи
@@ -74,19 +72,20 @@
ÑкÑÐ¸Ð²ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑеÑпоÑÑÐ°Ð²ÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñа Ñе видÑивиÑа Ñ
дÑÑгаÑиÑÐ¾Ñ ÑоÑмÑлаÑиÑи овог
аÑгÑменÑа.</p>
<p>
- Ðва ÑоÑмÑлаÑиÑа поÑиÑе поÑеÑеÑем
дÑÑÑÑвене коÑиÑноÑÑи влаÑниÑкиÑ
пÑогÑама
Ñа
-коÑиÑноÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¿Ð¾ÑÑоÑаÑа пÑогÑама, и
закÑÑÑÑÑе да Ñе изгÑадÑа влаÑниÑкиÑ
-пÑогÑама Ñ Ñелини коÑиÑна, и као ÑÐ°ÐºÐ²Ñ Ñе
ÑÑеба подÑÑиÑаÑи. Ðвде Ñе заблÑда
-Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑеÑеÑÑ Ñамо два иÑÑ
ода â влаÑниÑки
ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив непоÑÑоÑаÑа ÑоÑÑвеÑа â
-и пÑеÑпоÑÑавке да не поÑÑоÑе дÑÑга
ÑеÑеÑа.</p>
-<p>
- Уз ÑиÑÑем ÑоÑÑвеÑÑкиÑ
аÑÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑава,
изгÑадÑа ÑоÑÑвеÑа Ñе обиÑно повезана
-Ñа поÑÑоÑаÑем влаÑника коÑи конÑÑолиÑе
ÑпоÑÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ñог ÑоÑÑвеÑа. Све док ова
-веза поÑÑоÑи, ÑеÑÑо Ñмо ÑÑоÑени Ñа избоÑом
измеÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑниÑког и никаквог
-ÑоÑÑвеÑа. ÐеÑÑÑим, ова веза ниÑе ÑÑоÑена
или неизбежна; она Ñе поÑледиÑа
-избоÑа ÑоÑиÑално-пÑавне ÑÑÑаÑегиÑе коÑи
пÑеиÑпиÑÑÑемо: избоÑа поÑÑоÑаÑа
-влаÑниÑÑва. ФоÑмÑлиÑаÑе избоÑа као избоÑа
измеÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑниÑког и никаквог
-ÑоÑÑвеÑа пÑедÑÑавÑа намеÑаÑе одговоÑа.</p>
+ This formulation starts by comparing the social utility of a proprietary
+program with that of no program, and then concludes that proprietary
+software development is, on the whole, beneficial, and should be
+encouraged. The fallacy here is in comparing only two
+outcomes—proprietary software versus no software—and assuming
+there are no other possibilities.</p>
+<p>
+ Given a system of software copyright, software development is usually linked
+with the existence of an owner who controls the software's use. As long as
+this linkage exists, we are often faced with the choice of proprietary
+software or none. However, this linkage is not inherent or inevitable; it
+is a consequence of the specific social/legal policy decision that we are
+questioning: the decision to have owners. To formulate the choice as
+between proprietary software versus no software is begging the question.</p>
<h3 id="against-having-owners">ÐÑгÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑив
влаÑниÑÑва</h3>
<p>
@@ -199,19 +198,19 @@
<h4 id="obstructing-use">ÐмеÑаÑе ÑпоÑÑебе пÑогÑама</h4>
<p>
- ÐÑви ниво ÑÑеÑе ÑпÑеÑава ÑедноÑÑавнÑ
ÑпоÑÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑама. ÐÑимеÑак пÑогÑама
-коÑÑа пÑиближно нÑли (и можеÑе плаÑиÑи овÑ
ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð°Ð²ÑаÑÑÑи поÑао Ñами), Ñако
-да би на Ñлободном ÑÑжиÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð¾ ÑенÑ
пÑиближно ÑÐµÐ´Ð½Ð°ÐºÑ Ð½Ñли. ÐаплаÑа лиÑенÑе
-пÑедÑÑавÑа знаÑаÑно обеÑÑ
ÑабÑиваÑе за
коÑиÑÑеÑе пÑогÑама. Ðко Ñе ÑиÑоко
-ÑпоÑÑебÑив пÑогÑам влаÑниÑки, далеко маÑе
ÑÑди Ñе га коÑиÑÑиÑи.</p>
-<p>
- Ðако Ñе показаÑи да Ñе ÑкÑпан допÑиноÑ
пÑогÑама дÑÑÑÑÐ²Ñ ÑмаÑен везиваÑем
-влаÑника за Ñега. Сваки поÑенÑиÑални
коÑиÑник пÑогÑама, ÑÑоÑен Ñа поÑÑебом
-да плаÑи за ÑпоÑÑебÑ, може да одлÑÑи да
плаÑи, или може да игноÑиÑе ÑпоÑÑебÑ
-пÑогÑама. Ðко одлÑÑи да плаÑи, Ñо
пÑедÑÑавÑа пÑÐµÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ð°Ñа нÑлÑе вÑедноÑÑи
-измеÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ðµ ÑÑÑане. Ðли Ñваки пÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð´Ð° неко
изабеÑе да игноÑиÑе ÑпоÑÑебÑ
-пÑогÑама, Ñо ÑÑеÑи ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾Ñоби без икакве
коÑиÑÑи за оÑÑале. ÐÐ±Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð°ÑивниÑ
-бÑоÑева и нÑла Ñе Ñвек негаÑиван.</p>
+ The first level of harm impedes the simple use of a program. A copy of a
+program has nearly zero marginal cost (and you can pay this cost by doing
+the work yourself), so in a free market, it would have nearly zero price. A
+license fee is a significant disincentive to use the program. If a widely
+useful program is proprietary, far fewer people will use it.</p>
+<p>
+ It is easy to show that the total contribution of a program to society is
+reduced by assigning an owner to it. Each potential user of the program,
+faced with the need to pay to use it, may choose to pay, or may forego use
+of the program. When a user chooses to pay, this is a zero-sum transfer of
+wealth between two parties. But each time someone chooses to forego use of
+the program, this harms that person without benefiting anyone. The sum of
+negative numbers and zeros must be negative.</p>
<p>
Ðли ово не ÑмаÑÑÑе колиÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ñада коÑа Ñе
поÑÑебна за <em>изгÑадÑÑ</em>
пÑогÑама. Ðао ÑезÑлÑаÑ, еÑикаÑноÑÑ Ñелог
поÑÑÑпка поÑмаÑÑана кÑоз иÑпоÑÑÑено
@@ -231,9 +230,9 @@
Ñене изгÑадÑе не ÑÑваÑа квалиÑаÑивнÑ
ÑазликÑ. Рне заÑ
Ñева огÑаниÑаваÑе
Ñлободе обиÑниÑ
коÑиÑника.</p>
<p>
- ÐеÑÑÑим, намеÑаÑе Ñене за неÑÑо ÑÑо би
инаÑе било беÑплаÑно ÑеÑÑе
-квалиÑаÑивна измена. ЦенÑÑализовано
намеÑнÑÑа Ñена за ÑаÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ ÑоÑÑвеÑа
-поÑÑаÑе моÑан Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÐµÑÑ
ÑабÑиваÑа.</p>
+ However, imposing a price on something that would otherwise be free is a
+qualitative change. A centrally imposed fee for software distribution
+becomes a powerful disincentive.</p>
<p>
ШÑавиÑе, ÑенÑÑализована пÑоизводÑа
ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ²Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñемо Ñе нееÑикаÑна Ñак и
по иÑпоÑÑÑи пÑимеÑака ÑоÑÑвеÑа. ÐваÑ
ÑиÑÑем ÑкÑÑÑÑÑе паковаÑе ÑизиÑкиÑ
@@ -307,7 +306,11 @@
}
</pre>
<p>
- Ðво иÑÑог пÑогÑама Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÑÑном обликÑ, на
ÑаÑÑнаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи Ñа обиÑно коÑиÑÑим:</p>
+ Precisely what that source code means is not the point; the point is that it
+looks like algebra, and a person who knows this programming language will
+find it meaningful and clear. By contrast, here is same program in
+executable form, on the computer I normally used when I wrote this:
+</p>
<pre>
1314258944 -232267772 -231844864 1634862
@@ -478,13 +481,13 @@
да Ñе поÑÑаÑаÑÑ Ð´Ð° Ñе Ñе нагÑаде омогÑÑе,
додеÑÑÑÑÑи поÑебне пÑивилегиÑе,
моÑи и монополе коÑи ÑÑ Ð·Ð° Ñо неопÑ
одни.</p>
<p>
- Ðваква пÑомена Ñе деÑила Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°ÑÑи
ÑаÑÑнаÑÑког пÑогÑамиÑаÑа Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑеклоÑ
-деÑениÑи. ÐÑе пеÑнаеÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð°, пиÑани ÑÑ
ÑланÑи о âзавиÑноÑÑи од ÑаÑÑнаÑаâ:
-коÑиÑниÑи ÑÑ Ñе âпÑикÑÑÑивали на мÑежÑâ и
бавили Ñе âÑкÑпим ÑпоÑÑомâ. Ðило
-Ñе ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑаÑено ÑÑ
ваÑаÑе да ÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¸
ÑеÑÑо Ñолико волели пÑогÑамиÑаÑе да ÑÑ
-ÑаÑÑÑÑали бÑакове. ÐÐ°Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñе
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑаÑено ÑÑ
ваÑаÑе да нико не би
-пÑогÑамиÑао оÑим за виÑÐ¾ÐºÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑанÑ
надокнадÑ. ÐабоÑавÑено Ñе оно ÑÑо Ñе било
-познаÑо пÑе пеÑнаеÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð°.</p>
+ This change happened in the field of computer programming in the 1980s. In
+the 1970s, there were articles on “computer addiction”: users
+were “onlining” and had hundred-dollar-a-week habits. It was
+generally understood that people frequently loved programming enough to
+break up their marriages. Today, it is generally understood that no one
+would program except for a high rate of pay. People have forgotten what they
+knew back then.</p>
<p>
Ðако Ñе ÑаÑно да Ñе Ñе Ñ Ð¾Ð´ÑеÑено вÑеме
веÑина ÑÑди бавиÑи одÑеÑеном облаÑÑÑ
Ñамо за виÑÐ¾ÐºÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑ, Ñо не моÑа да оÑÑане
ÑаÑно. ТоÑак пÑомена може да Ñе
@@ -493,9 +496,9 @@
пÑеиÑпиÑали ÑвоÑе ÑÑавове, они поново биÑи
воÑни да Ñе баве одÑеÑеном
облаÑÑÑ Ñамо због ÑадоÑÑи доÑÑигнÑÑа.</p>
<p>
- ÐиÑаÑе âÐако да иÑплаÑимо пÑогÑамеÑе?â
поÑÑаÑе лакÑе када ÑÑ
ваÑимо да Ñе не
-Ñади о ÑинанÑиÑаÑÑ ÑиÑ
овог богаÑÑÑва.
Ðного Ñе лакÑе ÑинанÑиÑаÑи заÑаÑиваÑе
-за живоÑ.</p>
+ The question “How can we pay programmers?” becomes an easier
+question when we realize that it's not a matter of paying them a fortune. A
+mere living is easier to raise.</p>
<h4 id="funding">ФинанÑиÑаÑе Ñлободног
ÑоÑÑвеÑа</h4>
<p>
@@ -607,10 +610,10 @@
</ul>
<p>
- Ðни коÑи Ñе пÑоÑиве ÑаÑадÑи ÑÐµÑ Ð±Ð¸ она
довела до ÑмаÑеÑа бÑоÑа запоÑлениÑ
-пÑогÑамеÑа ÑÑÑваÑи Ñе пÑоÑиве повеÑаÑÑ
пÑодÑкÑивноÑÑи. РпоÑед Ñога они
-обиÑно пÑиÑ
ваÑаÑÑ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑаÑено миÑÑеÑе
да Ñе индÑÑÑÑиÑи ÑоÑÑвеÑа поÑÑебна
-повеÑана пÑодÑкÑивноÑÑ. Ðако Ñе Ñо
могÑÑе?</p>
+ Those who object to cooperation claiming it would result in the employment
+of fewer programmers are actually objecting to increased productivity. Yet
+these people usually accept the widely held belief that the software
+industry needs increased productivity. How is this?</p>
<p>
âСоÑÑвеÑÑка пÑодÑкÑивноÑÑâ може да
ознаÑава две ÑазлиÑиÑе ÑÑваÑи: ÑкÑпнÑ
пÑодÑкÑивноÑÑ ÑвиÑ
изгÑадÑи ÑоÑÑвеÑа или
пÑодÑкÑивноÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑединаÑниÑ
@@ -652,12 +655,12 @@
изван ÑизиÑког наÑиÑа. ÐÐ²Ñ ÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ деле Ñве
вÑÑÑе делаÑноÑÑи. СкÑиваÑе
инÑоÑмаÑиÑа коÑе би Ñвима помогле да
напÑедÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑедÑÑавÑа облик боÑбе.</p>
<p>
- ÐоÑловна идеологиÑа не пÑипÑема ÑÑде да
одоле иÑкÑÑеÑÑ Ð´Ð° Ñе боÑе пÑоÑив
-конкÑÑенÑиÑе. Ðеки облиÑи боÑбе ÑÑ
забÑаÑени анÑимонополÑким законима,
-законима о оглаÑаваÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи заÑ
ÑеваÑÑ
иÑÑиниÑоÑÑ Ð¸Ð½ÑоÑмаÑиÑа, иÑд. ÐеÑÑÑим,
-ÑмеÑÑо да пÑоÑиÑе ово до одбиÑаÑа боÑбе Ñ
опÑÑем ÑмиÑлÑ, извÑÑни диÑекÑоÑи
-измиÑÑаÑÑ Ð´ÑÑге облике боÑбе коÑи ниÑÑ
екÑплиÑиÑно забÑаÑени. ÐÑÑÑÑвени
-ÑеÑÑÑÑи Ñе ÑÑаÑе на економÑки облик
ÑÑакÑионаÑког гÑаÑанÑког ÑаÑа.</p>
+ Business ideology does not prepare people to resist the temptation to combat
+the competition. Some forms of combat have been banned with antitrust laws,
+truth in advertising laws, and so on, but rather than generalizing this to a
+principled rejection of combat in general, executives invent other forms of
+combat which are not specifically prohibited. Society's resources are
+squandered on the economic equivalent of factional civil war.</p>
<h3 id="communism">âÐÑеÑели Ñе Ñ Ð ÑÑиÑÑ!â</h3>
<p>
@@ -714,12 +717,12 @@
Ðажно Ñе да Ñакви ÑÑди знаÑÑ Ð´Ð° ова
пÑемиÑа ниÑе део наÑе пÑавниÑке
ÑÑадиÑиÑе. Ðна Ñо никада ниÑе ни била.</p>
<p>
- Тако, УÑÑав<sup><a href="#TransNote1">[1]</a></sup> говоÑи
да Ñе ÑвÑÑ
а
-аÑÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑава да âподÑÑÐ°ÐºÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ñедак
наÑке и коÑиÑниÑ
веÑÑина.â ÐÑÑ
овни
-ÑÑд Ñе ово обÑазложио доноÑеÑи пÑеÑÑÐ´Ñ Ñ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ âÐ¤Ð¾ÐºÑ Ð¤Ð¸Ð»Ð¼ пÑоÑив ÐоÑалаâ
-на ÑледеÑи наÑин: âÐедини инÑеÑеÑ
СÑедиÑениÑ
дÑжава и оÑновни пÑиговоÑ
-пÑедаÑи монопола [над аÑÑоÑÑким пÑавима]
лежи Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑим коÑиÑÑима Ñада аÑÑоÑа
-ÑавноÑÑи.â</p>
+ Thus, the Constitution says that the purpose of copyright is to
+“promote the Progress of Science and the useful Arts.” The
+Supreme Court has elaborated on this, stating in <em>Fox Film v. Doyal</em>;
+that “The sole interest of the United States and the primary object in
+conferring the [copyright] monopoly lie in the general benefits derived by
+the public from the labors of authors.”</p>
<p>
Ðд Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñе не заÑ
Ñева да Ñе Ñлажемо Ñа
УÑÑавом или ÐÑÑ
овним ÑÑдом. (ÐбоÑе ÑÑ
ÑвоÑевÑемено бÑанили ÑопÑÑво.) Ðакле, ÑиÑ
ови ÑÑавови не оÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑемиÑÑ Ð¾
@@ -800,8 +803,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -812,11 +816,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа,
-без надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз
ÑÑлов да ÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑвани ово обавеÑÑеÑе
-и обавеÑÑеÑе о аÑÑоÑÑким пÑавима.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -842,7 +847,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2010/01/12 21:26:00 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/shouldbefree.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/shouldbefree.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/shouldbefree.tr.html 12 Jan 2010 21:26:00 -0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/shouldbefree.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:18 -0000 1.2
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
<p>
Yazan: <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
-<p>
-(24 Nisan 1992 sürümü)</p>
<h3 id="introduction">GiriÅ</h3>
<p>
Yazılımın varlıÄı, kullanımına iliÅkin kararların nasıl verilmesi
gerektiÄi
@@ -82,23 +80,20 @@
savın baÅka bir biçiminde görülebilir olan bir kapalı varsayıma iÅaret
etmek istiyorum.</p>
<p>
- Bu ifade etme, hiçbir programın olmadıÄı durumla özel mülk bir
programın
-sosyal yararının karÅılaÅtırılmasıyla baÅlar ve daha sonra bir
bütün olarak
-özel mülk yazılım geliÅiminin yararlı olduÄu ve cesaretlendirilmesi
-gerektiÄi sonucuna varır. Buradaki yanlıŠmantık, iki sonucun, özel mülk
-yazılımın olması durumu ile hiçbir yazılımın olmaması durumu,
-karÅılaÅtırılmasındadır ve baÅka hiçbir olasılıÄın olmadıÄı
-varsayılmaktadır. </p>
-<p>
- Yazılım telif hakkı sistemi söz konusu olduÄunda, yazılım geliÅimi
-genellikle yazılımın kullanımını kontrol eden bir sahibin varlıÄıyla
-iliÅkilidir. Bu iliÅki var olduÄu sürece, her zaman özel mülk
yazılımın var
-olması ya da hiçbir yazılımın var olmaması seçeneÄiyle karÅı
karÅıya
-kalırız. Ancak, bu iliÅki yapısal ya da önlenemeyen bir iliÅki
deÄildir; bu,
-sorgulamakta olduÄumuz özel sosyal/yasal kararın bir sonucudur: bu,
yazılım
-sahipliÄinin olup olmaması kararıdır. Ãzel mülk yazılımın var olması
-
-hiçbir yazılımın var olmaması arasındaki tercihin formülize edilmesi,
-sorgulanmayı gerektirmektedir.</p>
+ This formulation starts by comparing the social utility of a proprietary
+program with that of no program, and then concludes that proprietary
+software development is, on the whole, beneficial, and should be
+encouraged. The fallacy here is in comparing only two
+outcomes—proprietary software versus no software—and assuming
+there are no other possibilities.</p>
+<p>
+ Given a system of software copyright, software development is usually linked
+with the existence of an owner who controls the software's use. As long as
+this linkage exists, we are often faced with the choice of proprietary
+software or none. However, this linkage is not inherent or inevitable; it
+is a consequence of the specific social/legal policy decision that we are
+questioning: the decision to have owners. To formulate the choice as
+between proprietary software versus no software is begging the question.</p>
<h3 id="against-having-owners">Sahiplerin Olmasına KarÅı Sav</h3>
<p>
@@ -222,23 +217,19 @@
<h4 id="obstructing-use">Programların Kullanımının
Sınırlandırılması</h4>
<p>
- İlk zarar seviyesi, programın basit bir biçimde kullanımına engel
-olmaktadır. Bir programın kopyalanması hemen hemen sıfır marjinal maliyete
-sahiptir (ve iÅi kendiniz yaparak bu maliyeti ödeyebilirsiniz), bu nedenle
-özgür bir piyasada, hemen hemen sıfır fiyata sahip olacaktır. Lisans
ücreti,
-programın kullanılmasına iliÅkin önemli bir engelleyici etkendir. GeniÅ
-çaplı olarak yararlı olan bir program özel mülk ise, çok daha az sayıda
-insan bu programı kullanacaktır.</p>
-<p>
- Bir programın topluma saÄlayacaÄı toplam katkının programa bir sahip
-atanmasıyla azalacaÄı kolayca görülebilir. Programı kullanmak için
ödeme
-yapması gereken programın her bir potansiyel kullanıcısı, ödeme yapmayı
-seçebilir ya da programı kullanmaktan vazgeçebilir. Kullanıcı ödeme
yapmayı
-tercih ettiÄi zaman, iki taraf arasında toplamı sıfır olan bir para
-transferi gerçekleÅmektedir. Ancak bir kimse programın kullanımından
-vazgeçmeye karar verdiÄinde, bu durum, o kimseye zarar verir ve de bu
-durumun kimseye yararı olmaz. Negatif sayılarla sıfırların toplamı
negatif
-olmalıdır. </p>
+ The first level of harm impedes the simple use of a program. A copy of a
+program has nearly zero marginal cost (and you can pay this cost by doing
+the work yourself), so in a free market, it would have nearly zero price. A
+license fee is a significant disincentive to use the program. If a widely
+useful program is proprietary, far fewer people will use it.</p>
+<p>
+ It is easy to show that the total contribution of a program to society is
+reduced by assigning an owner to it. Each potential user of the program,
+faced with the need to pay to use it, may choose to pay, or may forego use
+of the program. When a user chooses to pay, this is a zero-sum transfer of
+wealth between two parties. But each time someone chooses to forego use of
+the program, this harms that person without benefiting anyone. The sum of
+negative numbers and zeros must be negative.</p>
<p>
Ancak bu, programı geliÅtirmek için gerekli çalıÅma miktarını
azaltmamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, saatlik çalıÅma baÅına saÄlanan
kullanıcı
@@ -261,9 +252,9 @@
eklenmesi niteliksel bir fark yaratmamaktadır. Ve sıradan kullanıcıların
özgürlüÄünde kısıtlamaların olmasını gerektirmemektedir.</p>
<p>
- Ancak, aksi takdirde özgür olacak olan bir Åey üzerinde bir fiyatın
-dayatılması niteliksel bir deÄiÅikliktir. Yazılım daÄıtımı için
merkezi
-olarak dayatılan bir ücret güçlü bir engelleyici durum haline
gelmektedir.</p>
+ However, imposing a price on something that would otherwise be free is a
+qualitative change. A centrally imposed fee for software distribution
+becomes a powerful disincentive.</p>
<p>
Dahası, Åimdi uygulandıÄı gibi merkezi üretim, yazılımın
kopyalarının
sunulması aracı olarak bile etkin deÄildir. Bu sistem gereksiz paketleme,
@@ -345,8 +336,11 @@
}
</pre>
<p>
- AÅaÄıda aynı programın çalıÅtırılabilir biçimi gösterilmektedir,
-bilgisayarda normalde kullanılan:</p>
+ Precisely what that source code means is not the point; the point is that it
+looks like algebra, and a person who knows this programming language will
+find it meaningful and clear. By contrast, here is same program in
+executable form, on the computer I normally used when I wrote this:
+</p>
<pre>
1314258944 -232267772 -231844864 1634862
@@ -531,14 +525,13 @@
özel tedbirleri ve tekeli oluÅturarak bu kârların mümkün olmasını
saÄlamaları konusunda baskı yapacaklardır.</p>
<p>
- Bu deÄiÅim, son on yılda bilgisayar programcılıÄı alanında
gerçekleÅti. On
-beÅ yıl önce1, âbilgisayar tutkusuâ adlı makaleler vardı:
kullanıcılar
-âcanlı baÄlantı gerçekleÅtirmekteydiâ ve haftada-yüz-dolar gibi bir
-alıÅkanlıÄa sahiptiler. Genel olarak insanların evliliklerini bile sona
-erdirmeye yetecek kadar bilgisayar sevgisinin olduÄu
-anlaÅılmıÅtı. Günümüzde, genel olarak hiç kimsenin yüksek bir ücret
almadan
-programlama yapmadıÄı anlaÅılmaktadır. Ä°nsanlar, on beÅ sene önce
bildikleri
-Åeyi unutmuÅtur.</p>
+ This change happened in the field of computer programming in the 1980s. In
+the 1970s, there were articles on “computer addiction”: users
+were “onlining” and had hundred-dollar-a-week habits. It was
+generally understood that people frequently loved programming enough to
+break up their marriages. Today, it is generally understood that no one
+would program except for a high rate of pay. People have forgotten what they
+knew back then.</p>
<p>
Belirli bir zamanda birçok insanın yüksek ücret için belirli bir alanda
çalıÅacaÄı doÄruyken, bunun hâlâ doÄru olması gerekmez. Toplumun da
bunu
@@ -547,10 +540,9 @@
davranıÅlarını yeniden ayarladıkları zaman, insanlar, bir kere daha
yeniden
baÅarının zevki için ilgili alanda çalıÅmaya can atacaklardır. </p>
<p>
- Buradaki soru Åudur: âProgramcılara nasıl ücret ödenebilir?â Bu
soru,
-programcılara bir servet ödenmesinin gerekmediÄi fark edildiÄinde, daha
-kolay bir soru haline gelmektedir. Sade bir yaÅantının saÄlanması daha
-kolaydır.</p>
+ The question “How can we pay programmers?” becomes an easier
+question when we realize that it's not a matter of paying them a fortune. A
+mere living is easier to raise.</p>
<h4 id="funding">Ãzgür Yazılımın Finansmanı</h4>
<p>
@@ -666,11 +658,10 @@
</ul>
<p>
- Daha az sayıda programcının iÅe alınmasına neden olacaÄını ifade
ederek
-iÅbirliÄine karÅı çıkanlar, gerçekte artmıŠüretkenliÄe karÅı
-çıkmaktadır. Aslında bu insanlar genelde yazılım endüstrisinin artmıÅ
-üretkenliÄe ihtiyaç duyduÄuna iliÅkin geniŠçaplı olan inancı kabul
-etmektedirler. Peki bu nasıl olur?</p>
+ Those who object to cooperation claiming it would result in the employment
+of fewer programmers are actually objecting to increased productivity. Yet
+these people usually accept the widely held belief that the software
+industry needs increased productivity. How is this?</p>
<p>
âYazılım üretkenliÄiâ iki farklı anlama gelebilir: tüm yazılım
geliÅiminin
genel üretkenliÄi ya da özel olarak projelerin üretkenliÄi. Genel
@@ -716,12 +707,12 @@
alanları bu karakteristiÄi paylaÅmamaktadır. Herkesin geliÅmesini
saÄlayan
bilgilerin saklanması da bir savaŠçeÅididir. </p>
<p>
- Ticaret ideolojisi, insanların, rekabetle baÅa çıkmak için istek
uyandıran
-Åeye dayanmalarını saÄlamaz. Bazı savaÅ tipleri, anti tekel kanunlarla
-yasaklanmıÅtır ancak yöneticiler bu kanunları ilkesel olarak savaÅı
-reddedecek Åekilde geniÅletmek yerine özel olarak yasaklanmamıŠbaÅka
savaÅ
-biçimlerini icat etmektedir. Toplumun, ayrılıkçı bir sivil savaÅın
ekonomik
-eÅdeÄerinde kaynaÄı israf edilmektedir.</p>
+ Business ideology does not prepare people to resist the temptation to combat
+the competition. Some forms of combat have been banned with antitrust laws,
+truth in advertising laws, and so on, but rather than generalizing this to a
+principled rejection of combat in general, executives invent other forms of
+combat which are not specifically prohibited. Society's resources are
+squandered on the economic equivalent of factional civil war.</p>
<h3 id="communism">âNiçin Rusyaâya TaÅınmıyorsunuz?â</h3>
<p>
@@ -782,11 +773,12 @@
bilmeleri önemlidir. Hiçbir zaman da bu önerme, hukuksal yasal
geleneÄimizin
bir parçası olmamıÅtır. </p>
<p>
- Ãyle ki Anayasa, telif hakkının amacının âbilimin ve yararlı
sanatların
-ilerlemesini desteklemekâ olduÄunu söylemektedir. Ãst Kurul, bunun
üzerinde
-özenle çalıÅmıÅtır ve Fox Film vs. Doyalâde Åu ifadeyi
kullanmıÅtır:
-âA.B.D.ânin tek çıkarı ve [telif hakkı] tekelin görüÅülmesindeki
temel
-hedef, halkın yazarlardan edindiÄi genel faydalarda bulunmaktadır.â</p>
+ Thus, the Constitution says that the purpose of copyright is to
+“promote the Progress of Science and the useful Arts.” The
+Supreme Court has elaborated on this, stating in <em>Fox Film v. Doyal</em>;
+that “The sole interest of the United States and the primary object in
+conferring the [copyright] monopoly lie in the general benefits derived by
+the public from the labors of authors.”</p>
<p>
Anayasa ya da Ãst Kurulla fikir birliÄi içinde olmamız gerekmez. (Bir
zamanlar, her ikisi de köleliÄe göz yummuÅtur.) Bu nedenle, fikirleri
@@ -868,12 +860,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır. Lütfen
-çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -883,11 +875,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>Bu makalenin tamamının kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve
daÄıtılmasına,
-ücret talep etmeksizin, herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı
-bildirisini korumak Åartıyla, dünya çapında izin verilmiÅtir.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -940,7 +933,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/01/12 21:26:00 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/social-inertia.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/social-inertia.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- philosophy/social-inertia.ml.html 28 Dec 2010 17:28:03 -0000 1.6
+++ philosophy/social-inertia.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:18 -0000 1.7
@@ -84,12 +84,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ -നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµ
-വിനൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ </a>.
<br
-/>à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯ à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµàµ നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> à´à´¨àµà´¨
-വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -100,10 +100,9 @@
<p>
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´ © 2007
റിà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâഡൠസàµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâമാനàµâ
</p>
-<p>à´ à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµà´,à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶
à´àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨
-നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ, സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£
à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ പദാനàµà´ªà´¦
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´
-à´²àµà´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´µà´¿à´àµà´¯àµà´, à´à´¤àµ
മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ
-à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2010/12/28 17:28:03 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -136,7 +135,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right, cf. -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- English -->
Index: philosophy/software-literary-patents.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/software-literary-patents.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/software-literary-patents.bg.html 15 Jan 2010 09:26:55
-0000 1.8
+++ philosophy/software-literary-patents.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:18
-0000 1.9
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-Consider Victor Hugo's novel, <cite> Les Misérables</cite>. Since he
+Consider Victor Hugo's novel <cite> Les Misérables</cite>. Since he
wrote it, the copyright belonged only to him. He did not have to fear that
some stranger could sue him for copyright infringement and win. That was
impossible, because copyright covers only the details of a work of
@@ -184,14 +184,12 @@
моменÑа, в койÑо да Ñе ÑÑди какви паÑенÑи
Ñе го Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð´ÐµÑо ползва геÑоÑ
Ðан Ðалжан. ÐÑоÑÑо нÑма и да Ñи помиÑли за
пиÑане на Ñоман Ð¾Ñ ÑакÑв Ñод.</p>
-<p>Тази Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ð±Ð¸ помогнала на
непÑогÑамиÑÑиÑе да ÑазбеÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ²Ð¾ вÑÑÑаÑ
-ÑоÑÑÑеÑниÑе паÑенÑи. СоÑÑÑеÑниÑе паÑенÑи
покÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑÑнкÑионалноÑÑи каÑо
-деÑиниÑане на ÑÑкÑаÑениÑÑа в ÑекÑÑовиÑе
ÑедакÑоÑи или пÑеизÑиÑлÑване на
-ÑоÑмÑлиÑе в еÑÑеÑÑвен Ñед в една
елекÑÑонна ÑаблиÑа. ÐаÑенÑиÑе покÑиваÑ
-алгоÑиÑми, Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¸Ñо пÑогÑамиÑе Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð½Ñжда.
ÐаÑенÑиÑе покÑиваÑ
-Ñ
аÑакÑеÑиÑÑики на ÑайловиÑе ÑоÑмаÑи, каÑо
напÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°
-ÐайкÑоÑоÑÑ OOXML. Ðидео ÑоÑмаÑÑÑ MPEG2 Ñе
покÑива Ð¾Ñ 39 ÑазлиÑни
-амеÑиканÑки паÑенÑа.</p>
+<p>This analogy can help nonprogrammers see what software patents do. Software
+patents cover features, such as defining abbreviations in a word processor,
+or natural order recalculation in a spreadsheet. Patents cover algorithms
+that programs need to use. Patents cover aspects of file formats, such as
+Microsoft's OOXML format. MPEG 2 video format is covered by 39 different US
+patents.</p>
<p>Just as one novel could run afoul of many different literary patents at
once, one program can be prohibited by many different patents at once. It
@@ -253,11 +251,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Ðма и дÑÑги
наÑини за <a
-href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -269,9 +268,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2005, 2007, 2008 Richard Stallman
</p>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -291,7 +290,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/01/15 09:26:55 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/software-literary-patents.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/software-literary-patents.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- philosophy/software-literary-patents.fr.html 1 Jul 2010 11:45:06
-0000 1.13
+++ philosophy/software-literary-patents.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:18
-0000 1.14
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Brevets logiciels et brevets littéraires - GNU Project - Free
-Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<title>Brevets logiciels et brevets littéraires - GNU Project - Free Software
+Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Brevets logiciels et brevets littéraires</h2>
+<h2>Brevets logiciels et brevets littéraires</h2>
<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
@@ -17,124 +17,111 @@
<p>par <strong><a href="http://stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></strong></p>
<p>
-<em>Cet article a été d'abord publié dans <cite>The
-Guardian</cite>, de Londres, le 20 juin 2005. Il se concentre sur la
-directive européenne sur les brevets logiciels</em>.</p>
-
-<p>
-Quand les politiciens considèrent la question des brevets logiciels, ils
-votent généralement à l'aveuglette ; n'étant pas
-programmeurs, ils ne comprennent pas ce que font les brevets logiciels. Ils
-pensent souvent que les brevets sont similaires à la loi sur les
-droits d'auteur (sauf pour quelques détails)—ce qui n'est pas
-le cas. Par exemple, quand j'ai demandé publiquement à Patrick
-Devedjian, alors Ministre de l'industrie, comment la France voterait sur la
-question des brevets logiciels, Devedjian répondit une défense
-passionnée de la loi sur le droit d'auteur, en louant Victor Hugo
-pour son rôle dans l'adoption du droit d'auteur. (Le terme trompeur <a
-href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">« propriété
-intellectuelle »</a>, encourage cette confusion ; une raison
-pour laquelle il ne devrait jamais être utilisé).
+<em>The first version of this article was published in the
+<cite>Guardian</cite>, of London, on June 20, 2005. It focused on the
+proposed European software patent directive.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+When politicians consider the question of software patents, they are usually
+voting blind; not being programmers, they don't understand what software
+patents really do. They often think patents are similar to copyright law
+(“except for some details”)—which is not the case. For
+instance, when I publicly asked Patrick Devedjian, then Minister for
+Industry in France, how France would vote on the issue of software patents,
+Devedjian responded with an impassioned defense of copyright law, praising
+Victor Hugo for his role in the adoption of copyright. (The misleading term
+<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"> “intellectual property”</a>
+promotes this confusion—one of the reasons it should never be used.)
</p>
<p>
Ceux qui imaginent des effets comme ceux-ci sur la loi sur le droit d'auteur
-ne peuvent pas envisager d'appréhender les effets réels des
-brevets logiciels. Nous pouvons utiliser Victor Hugo comme exemple pour
-illustrer cette différence.
+ne peuvent pas envisager d'appréhender les effets réels des brevets
+logiciels. Nous pouvons utiliser Victor Hugo comme exemple pour illustrer
+cette différence.
</p>
<p>
Un roman et un programme moderne complexe ont certains points en
commun : chacun d'eux est grand et met en œuvre beaucoup
-d'idées. Alors poursuivons l'analogie et supposons que la loi sur les
-brevets ait été appliquée aux romans dans les
-années 1800 ; supposons que des états comme la France ait
-permis le brevetage des idées littéraires. Comment cela
-aurait-il affecté l'écriture de Victor Hugo ? Les effets
-des brevets littéraires seraient-ils comparables aux effets du droit
-d'auteur littéraire ?
+d'idées. Alors poursuivons l'analogie et supposons que la loi sur les
+brevets ait été appliquée aux romans dans les années 1800 ; supposons
+que des états comme la France ait permis le brevetage des idées
+littéraires. Comment cela aurait-il affecté l'écriture de Victor Hugo ?
+Les effets des brevets littéraires seraient-ils comparables aux effets du
+droit d'auteur littéraire ?
</p>
<p>
-Considérons le roman « Les Misérables »
-écrit par Hugo. Puisqu'il l'avait écrit, le droit d'auteur
-n'appartenait qu'à lui—et personne d'autre. Il n'avait pas
-à craindre qu'un inconnu le poursuive en justice pour violation de
-droit d'auteur et gagne. C'était impossible, car le droit d'auteur ne
-couvre que les détails de la paternité d'une œuvre et ne
-restreint que la copie. Hugo n'avait pas copié « Les
-Misérables », il n'était donc pas en danger.
+Consider Victor Hugo's novel <cite> Les Misérables</cite>. Since he
+wrote it, the copyright belonged only to him. He did not have to fear that
+some stranger could sue him for copyright infringement and win. That was
+impossible, because copyright covers only the details of a work of
+authorship, not the ideas embodied in them, and it only restricts copying.
+Hugo had not copied <cite>Les Misérables</cite>, so he was not in
+danger from copyright.
</p>
<p>
-Les brevets fonctionnent différemment. Les brevets couvrent les
-idées ; chaque brevet est un monopole sur la pratique d'une
-certaine idée, qui est décrite dans le brevet
-lui-même. Voici un exemple d'un brevet littéraire
-hypothétique :
+Les brevets fonctionnent différemment. Les brevets couvrent les idées ;
+chaque brevet est un monopole sur la pratique d'une certaine idée, qui est
+décrite dans le brevet lui-même. Voici un exemple d'un brevet littéraire
+hypothétique :
</p>
<ul>
- <li>Revendication 1 : un processus de communication qui
représente
-dans l'esprit d'un lecteur le concept d'un personnage qui a
-été en prison longtemps et qui devient amer envers la
-société et l'humanité.</li>
-
- <li>Revendication 2 : un processus de communication
conformément
-à la revendication 1, où ledit personnage trouve finalement la
-rédemption morale dans la gentillesse d'un autre.</li>
-
- <li>Revendication 3 : un processus de communication
conformément
-à la revendication 1 et 2, où ledit personnage change de nom
-pendant l'histoire.</li>
+ <li>Revendication 1 : un processus de communication qui représente
dans
+l'esprit d'un lecteur le concept d'un personnage qui a été en prison
+longtemps et qui devient amer envers la société et l'humanité.</li>
+
+ <li>Revendication 2 : un processus de communication conformément Ã
la
+revendication 1, où ledit personnage trouve finalement la rédemption morale
+dans la gentillesse d'un autre.</li>
+
+ <li>Revendication 3 : un processus de communication conformément Ã
la
+revendication 1 et 2, où ledit personnage change de nom pendant
l'histoire.</li>
</ul>
<p>
-Si un tel brevet avait existé en 1862 quand « Les
-Misérables » a été publié, le roman
-aurait violé les trois revendications puisque ces trois choses
-arrivent à Jean Valjean dans le roman. Victor Hugo aurait pu
-être poursuivi et dans ce cas, il aurait perdu. Le roman aurait pu
-être interdit—en fait censuré—par le
-détenteur du brevet.
+If such a patent had existed in 1862 when <cite>Les Misérables</cite>
+was published, the novel would have conflicted with all three claims, since
+all these things happened to Jean Valjean in the novel. Victor Hugo could
+have been sued, and if sued, he would have lost. The novel could have been
+prohibited—in effect, censored—by the patent holder.
</p>
<p>
-Considérons maintenant ce brevet littéraire
-hypothétique :
+Considérons maintenant ce brevet littéraire hypothétique :
</p>
<ul>
- <li>Revendication 1 : un processus de communication qui
représente
-dans l'esprit d'un lecteur le concept d'un personnage qui a
-été en prison longtemps et qui change finalement de nom.</li>
+ <li>Revendication 1 : un processus de communication qui représente
dans
+l'esprit d'un lecteur le concept d'un personnage qui a été en prison
+longtemps et qui change finalement de nom.</li>
</ul>
<p>
-« Les Misérables » aurait violé ce
-brevet également, car cette description s'applique aussi à
-l'histoire de la vie de Jean Valjean. Et voici un autre brevet
-hypothétique :
+<cite>Les Misérables</cite> would have been prohibited by that patent
+too, because this description too fits the life story of Jean Valjean. And
+here's another hypothetical patent:
</p>
<ul>
- <li>Revendication 1 : un processus de communication qui
représente
-dans l'esprit d'un lecteur le concept d'un personnage qui trouve la
-rédemption morale et qui change ensuite de nom.</li>
+ <li>Revendication 1 : un processus de communication qui représente
dans
+l'esprit d'un lecteur le concept d'un personnage qui trouve la rédemption
+morale et qui change ensuite de nom.</li>
</ul>
<p>
-Jean Valjean aurait violé ce brevet aussi.
+Jean Valjean aurait violé ce brevet aussi.
</p>
<p>
-Ces trois brevets couvriraient tous l'histoire d'un personnage dans un
-roman. Ils se recouvrent, mais ne sont pas précisément des
-copies des autres, ils peuvent donc tous être valides
-simultanément ; les détenteurs des trois brevets auraient
-pu poursuivre Victor Hugo. N'importe lequel d'entre eux aurait pu interdire
-la publication de « Misérables ».
+All three patents would cover, and prohibit, the life story of this one
+character. They overlap, but they do not precisely duplicate each other, so
+they could all be valid simultaneously; all three patent holders could have
+sued Victor Hugo. Any one of them could have prohibited publication of
+<cite>Les Misérables</cite>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -142,97 +129,86 @@
</p>
<ul>
- <li>Revendication 1 : un processus de communication qui
présente un
-personnage dont le prénom correspond à la dernière
-syllabe de son nom de famille.</li>
+ <li>Revendication 1 : un processus de communication qui présente un
+personnage dont le prénom correspond à la dernière syllabe de son nom de
+famille.</li>
</ul>
<p>
-à cause de du nom « Jean Valjean », mais au
-moins ce brevet aurait pu être facilement évité.
+à cause de du nom « Jean Valjean », mais au moins ce brevet aurait
+pu être facilement évité.
</p>
<p>
-Vous pourriez penser que ces idées sont si simples qu'aucun office de
+Vous pourriez penser que ces idées sont si simples qu'aucun office de
brevets n'accorderait de brevets pour cela. Nous autres programmeurs sommes
-souvent abasourdis par la simplicité des idées que les brevets
-logiciels réels couvrent—par exemple, l'Office européen
-des brevets a accordé un brevet sur la barre de progression et un
-brevet sur le paiement par cartes de crédit. Ces brevets seraient
-risibles s'ils n'étaient pas si dangereux.
+souvent abasourdis par la simplicité des idées que les brevets logiciels
+réels couvrent—par exemple, l'Office européen des brevets a accordé un
+brevet sur la barre de progression et un brevet sur le paiement par cartes
+de crédit. Ces brevets seraient risibles s'ils n'étaient pas si dangereux.
</p>
<p>
-D'autres aspects du roman « Les Misérables »
-auraient pu causer des problèmes avec les brevets. Par exemple, il
-aurait pu y avoir un brevet sur la description en fiction de la Bataille de
-Waterloo ou un brevet sur l'usage de l'argot parisien dans une fiction. Deux
-autres procès. En fait, il n'y a pas de limites au nombre de
-différents brevets qui auraient pu être mis en application pour
-poursuivre l'auteur d'une œuvre telle sue « Les
-Misérables ». Tous les détenteurs de brevets vous
-diraient qu'ils méritent une récompense pour le progrès
-en littérature que leurs idées brevetées
-représentent, mais ces obstacles ne constitueraient pas une promotion
-du progrès en littérature, ils le bloqueraient.
+Other aspects of <cite>Les Misérables</cite> could also have run
+afoul of patents. For instance, there could have been a patent on a
+fictionalized portrayal of the Battle of Waterloo, or a patent on using
+Parisian slang in fiction. Two more lawsuits. In fact, there is no limit
+to the number of different patents that might have been applicable for suing
+the author of a work such as <cite>Les Misérables</cite>. All the
+patent holders would say they deserved a reward for the literary progress
+that their patented ideas represent, but these obstacles would not promote
+progress in literature, they would only obstruct it.
</p>
<p>
-Cependant, un brevet très étendu aurait pu rendre tous ces
-problèmes insignifiants. Imaginez des brevets avec des revendications
-étendues comme celles-ci :
+Cependant, un brevet très étendu aurait pu rendre tous ces problèmes
+insignifiants. Imaginez des brevets avec des revendications étendues comme
+celles-ci :
</p>
<ul>
- <li>Un processus de communication structuré par une narration qui se
-poursuit sur plusieurs pages.</li>
- <li>Une structure de narration ressemblant parfois à une fugue ou
une
+ <li>A communication process structured with narration that continues
through
+many pages.</li>
+ <li>Une structure de narration ressemblant parfois à une fugue ou une
improvisation.</li>
- <li>Une intrigue articulée autour de la confrontation de personnages
-spécifiques, chacun tendant des pièges aux autres.</li>
- <li>Une narration qui présente plusieurs couches de la
-société.</li>
- <li>Une narration qui montre les rouages d'une conspiration
secrète.</li>
+ <li>Une intrigue articulée autour de la confrontation de personnages
+spécifiques, chacun tendant des pièges aux autres.</li>
+ <li>Une narration qui présente plusieurs couches de la société.</li>
+ <li>Une narration qui montre les rouages d'une conspiration secrète.</li>
</ul>
- <p> Quels auraient pu être les détenteurs de brevets ? Cela
-aurait pu être d'autres romanciers, peut-être Dumas ou Balzac,
-qui avaient écrit des romans similaires—mais pas
-nécessairement. Il n'est pas nécessaire d'écrire un
-programme pour breveter une idée logicielle, donc, si nos brevets
-littéraires hypothétiques suivaient le système de
-brevets réels, ces détenteurs de brevets n'auraient pas
-à écrire de romans ou d'histoires ou quoi que ce
-soit—sauf les demandes de brevets. Des sociétés
-parasites, des sociétés qui ne produisent rien d'autres que
-des menaces et des poursuites judiciaires, fleurissent aujourd'hui.</p>
-
- <p> Avec des brevets étendus comme ceux-là, Victor Hugo
n'aurait
-pas dépassé le stade du questionnement de savoir quels brevets
-auraient pu lui valoir des poursuites pour l'utilisation du personnage de
-Jean Valjean, car il n'aurait même pas envisagé d'écrire
-un roman de cette façon.</p>
-
-<p>Cette analogie peut aider les non-programmeurs à voir ce que les
-brevets logiciels font. Les brevets logiciels couvrent des
-fonctionnalités tels que la définition d'abréviations
-dans un traitement de texte ou le recalcul en ordre naturel dans un
-tableur. Les brevets couvrent des algorithmes que les programmes ont besoin
-d'utiliser. Les brevets couvrent des aspects des formats de fichier comme
-les nouveaux formats de fichiers Word de Microsoft. Le format vidéo
-MPEG 2 est couvert par 39 brevets américains différents.</p>
-
-<p>Tout comme un roman pourrait violer beaucoup de brevets littéraires
-différents à la fois, un programme peut violer beaucoup de
-brevets différents en même temps. Cela représente un tel
-travail d'identifier tous les brevets violés par un gros programme
-qu'une seule étude de ce genre à été faite. Une
-étude de 2004 sur Linux, le noyau du système d'exploitation
-GNU/Linux, a trouvé qu'il violait 283 brevets logiciels
-américains différents. C'est-à-dire que chacun des 283
-brevets couvre un processus informatique trouvé quelque part dans les
-milliers de pages de code source de Linux. Et Linux représentait moins de
-1 % du système GNU/Linux.</p>
+ <p> Quels auraient pu être les détenteurs de brevets ? Cela aurait pu
être
+d'autres romanciers, peut-être Dumas ou Balzac, qui avaient écrit des romans
+similaires—mais pas nécessairement. Il n'est pas nécessaire d'écrire
+un programme pour breveter une idée logicielle, donc, si nos brevets
+littéraires hypothétiques suivaient le système de brevets réels, ces
+détenteurs de brevets n'auraient pas à écrire de romans ou d'histoires ou
+quoi que ce soit—sauf les demandes de brevets. Des sociétés parasites,
+des sociétés qui ne produisent rien d'autres que des menaces et des
+poursuites judiciaires, fleurissent aujourd'hui.</p>
+
+ <p> Avec des brevets étendus comme ceux-là , Victor Hugo n'aurait pas
dépassé le
+stade du questionnement de savoir quels brevets auraient pu lui valoir des
+poursuites pour l'utilisation du personnage de Jean Valjean, car il n'aurait
+même pas envisagé d'écrire un roman de cette façon.</p>
+
+<p>This analogy can help nonprogrammers see what software patents do. Software
+patents cover features, such as defining abbreviations in a word processor,
+or natural order recalculation in a spreadsheet. Patents cover algorithms
+that programs need to use. Patents cover aspects of file formats, such as
+Microsoft's OOXML format. MPEG 2 video format is covered by 39 different US
+patents.</p>
+
+<p>Just as one novel could run afoul of many different literary patents at
+once, one program can be prohibited by many different patents at once. It
+is so much work to identify all the patents that appear to apply to a large
+program that only one such study has been done. A 2004 study of Linux, the
+kernel of the GNU/Linux operating system, found 283 different US software
+patents that seemed to cover it. That is to say, each of these 283
+different patents forbids some computational process found somewhere in the
+thousands of pages of source code of Linux. At the time, Linux was around
+one percent of the whole GNU/Linux system. How many patents might there be
+that a distributor of the whole system could be sued under?</p>
<p>
Le moyen d'empêcher les brevets logiciels de mettre la pagaille dans le
@@ -269,9 +245,11 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -283,11 +261,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2005, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 2005, 2007, 2008 Richard Stallman
</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -300,7 +279,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/07/01 11:45:06 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/software-literary-patents.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/software-literary-patents.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/software-literary-patents.pt-br.html 7 Jul 2010 14:51:42
-0000 1.5
+++ philosophy/software-literary-patents.pt-br.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:18
-0000 1.6
@@ -17,22 +17,21 @@
<p>por <strong><a href="http://stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></strong></p>
<p>
-<em>Uma versão anterior deste artigo foi publicada pela primeira vez em
-<cite>The Guardian</cite>, de Londres, em 20 de junho de 2005. Ela focava
-na diretiva proposta de patentes de software europeia.</em></p>
-
-<p>
-Quando polÃticos consideram a questão de patentes de software, normalmente
-estão votando cegamente; não sendo programadores, não entendem o que
-realmente fazem as patentes de software. Normalmente pensam que patentes
-são parecidas com lei de direito autoral (âexceto por alguns detalhesâ)
â o
-que não é o caso. Por exemplo, quando perguntei publicamente a Patrick
-Devedjian, então Ministro da Indústria na França, como a França deveria
-votar na questão de patentes de software, Devedjian respondeu com uma
-apaixonada defesa de lei de direito autoral, elogiando Victor Hugo por seu
-papel na adoção do direito autoral. (O termo enganoso <a
-href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">âpropriedade intelectualâ</a> promove essa
-confusão â uma razão pela qual não deve jamais ser usado.)
+<em>The first version of this article was published in the
+<cite>Guardian</cite>, of London, on June 20, 2005. It focused on the
+proposed European software patent directive.</em></p>
+
+<p>
+When politicians consider the question of software patents, they are usually
+voting blind; not being programmers, they don't understand what software
+patents really do. They often think patents are similar to copyright law
+(“except for some details”)—which is not the case. For
+instance, when I publicly asked Patrick Devedjian, then Minister for
+Industry in France, how France would vote on the issue of software patents,
+Devedjian responded with an impassioned defense of copyright law, praising
+Victor Hugo for his role in the adoption of copyright. (The misleading term
+<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html"> “intellectual property”</a>
+promotes this confusion—one of the reasons it should never be used.)
</p>
<p>
@@ -52,13 +51,13 @@
</p>
<p>
-Considere o romance, Les Misérables, que Hugo escreveu. Como ele o
-escreveu, o direito autoral pertencia somente a ele â ninguém mais. Ele
não
-precisava temer que algum estranho o processasse por infração de direito
-autoral e vencesse. Isso era impossÃvel, pois direito autoral cobre somente
-os detalhes de uma obra autoral, não as ideias nela incorporadas, e somente
-restringe a cópia. Hugo não havia copiado Les Misérables, assim ele não
-estava ameaçado por direito autoral.
+Consider Victor Hugo's novel <cite> Les Misérables</cite>. Since he
+wrote it, the copyright belonged only to him. He did not have to fear that
+some stranger could sue him for copyright infringement and win. That was
+impossible, because copyright covers only the details of a work of
+authorship, not the ideas embodied in them, and it only restricts copying.
+Hugo had not copied <cite>Les Misérables</cite>, so he was not in
+danger from copyright.
</p>
<p>
@@ -81,12 +80,11 @@
</ul>
<p>
-Se essa patente houvesse existido em 1862, quando Les Misérables foi
-publicado, o romance teria entrado em conflito com todas essas três
-reivindicações, pois todas essas coisas aconteceram a Jean Valjean no
-romance. Victor Hugo poderia ter sido processado e, se processado, teria
-perdido. O romance poderia ter sido proibido â de fato, censurado â pelo
-titular da patente.
+If such a patent had existed in 1862 when <cite>Les Misérables</cite>
+was published, the novel would have conflicted with all three claims, since
+all these things happened to Jean Valjean in the novel. Victor Hugo could
+have been sued, and if sued, he would have lost. The novel could have been
+prohibited—in effect, censored—by the patent holder.
</p>
<p>
@@ -100,9 +98,9 @@
</ul>
<p>
-Les Misérables teria sido proibido por essa patente também, porque essa
-descrição também se aplica à história de vida de Jean Valjean. E aqui
está
-outra patente hipotética:
+<cite>Les Misérables</cite> would have been prohibited by that patent
+too, because this description too fits the life story of Jean Valjean. And
+here's another hypothetical patent:
</p>
<ul>
@@ -116,11 +114,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Todas essas três patentes teriam coberto a história de um dos personagens do
-romance. Elas se sobrepõem, mas não duplicam exatamente uma à outra, então
-todas poderiam ser válidas simultaneamente; todos os três titulares das
-patentes poderiam ter processado Victor Hugo. Qualquer um deles poderia ter
-proibido a publicação de Les Misérables.
+All three patents would cover, and prohibit, the life story of this one
+character. They overlap, but they do not precisely duplicate each other, so
+they could all be valid simultaneously; all three patent holders could have
+sued Victor Hugo. Any one of them could have prohibited publication of
+<cite>Les Misérables</cite>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -148,15 +146,15 @@
</p>
<p>
-Outro aspecto de Les Misérables também poderia ter incorrido problemas com
-patentes. Por exemplo, poderia existir uma patente numa apresentação
-ficcional da Batalha de Waterloo, ou uma patente sobre usar gÃrias
-parisienses em obras de ficção. Mais dois processos. De fato, não há
-limite no número de patentes diferentes que poderiam ser aplicáveis para
-processar o autor de uma obra como Les Misérables. Todos os titulares de
-patentes poderiam dizer que merecem um prêmio pelo progresso literário que
-suas ideias patenteadas representam, mas esses obstáculos não promoveriam
-progresso na literatura, somente o obstruiriam.
+Other aspects of <cite>Les Misérables</cite> could also have run
+afoul of patents. For instance, there could have been a patent on a
+fictionalized portrayal of the Battle of Waterloo, or a patent on using
+Parisian slang in fiction. Two more lawsuits. In fact, there is no limit
+to the number of different patents that might have been applicable for suing
+the author of a work such as <cite>Les Misérables</cite>. All the
+patent holders would say they deserved a reward for the literary progress
+that their patented ideas represent, but these obstacles would not promote
+progress in literature, they would only obstruct it.
</p>
<p>
@@ -165,8 +163,8 @@
</p>
<ul>
- <li>Um processo de comunicação estruturado como uma narrativa que se
estende por
-várias páginas.</li>
+ <li>A communication process structured with narration that continues
through
+many pages.</li>
<li>Uma estrutura narrativa por vezes se assemelhando a uma fuga ou
improvisação.</li>
<li>Intriga articulada em torno do confronto entre personagens
especÃficos, cada
@@ -189,23 +187,23 @@
personagem Jean Valjean, porque ele não teria sequer considerado escrever um
romance desse tipo.</p>
-<p>Essa analogia pode ajudar não-programadores a entender o que patentes de
-software fazem. Patentes de software cobrem funcionalidades, como definir
-abreviaturas num processador de texto, ou recálculo de planilhas na ordem
-natural. Patentes cobrem algoritmos que programas precisam usar. Patentes
-cobrem aspectos de formatos de arquivos, como o formato OOXML da Microsoft.
-O formato de vÃdeo MPEG 2 é coberto por 39 patentes diferentes nos EUA.</p>
-
-<p>Assim como um único romance poderia ter incorrido problemas com várias
-patentes literárias diferentes ao mesmo tempo, um programa pode ser proibido
-por muitas patentes diferentes ao mesmo tempo. Ã tanto trabalho identificar
-todas as patentes que parecem se aplicar a um programa grande que somente um
-estudo desse tipo foi feito. Um estudo de 2004 do Linux, o núcleo do
-sistema operacional GNU/Linux, encontrou 283 patentes diferentes dos EUA que
-pareciam cobri-lo. Isso quer dizer que cada uma dessas 283 patentes proÃbe
-algum processo computacional encontrado em algum lugar das milhares de
-páginas do código fonte do Linux. E Linux é menos de um porcento do sistema
-operacional GNU/Linux.</p>
+<p>This analogy can help nonprogrammers see what software patents do. Software
+patents cover features, such as defining abbreviations in a word processor,
+or natural order recalculation in a spreadsheet. Patents cover algorithms
+that programs need to use. Patents cover aspects of file formats, such as
+Microsoft's OOXML format. MPEG 2 video format is covered by 39 different US
+patents.</p>
+
+<p>Just as one novel could run afoul of many different literary patents at
+once, one program can be prohibited by many different patents at once. It
+is so much work to identify all the patents that appear to apply to a large
+program that only one such study has been done. A 2004 study of Linux, the
+kernel of the GNU/Linux operating system, found 283 different US software
+patents that seemed to cover it. That is to say, each of these 283
+different patents forbids some computational process found somewhere in the
+thousands of pages of source code of Linux. At the time, Linux was around
+one percent of the whole GNU/Linux system. How many patents might there be
+that a distributor of the whole system could be sued under?</p>
<p>
Um jeito de evitar que patentes de software prejudiquem o desenvolvimento de
@@ -235,11 +233,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Por favor envie dúvidas ou questões sobre FSF e/ou GNU para <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Há também <a
-href="/contact/">outros meios de contactar</a> a FSF. <br /> Por favor
-envie comentários sobre essas páginas para <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -249,10 +248,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2005, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright © 2005, 2007, 2008 Richard Stallman
</p>
-<p>A cópia fiel e a distribuição deste artigo completo é permitida em
qualquer
-meio, desde que esta nota seja preservada.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Atualizado:
-$Date: 2010/07/07 14:51:42 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/speeches-and-interview.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/speeches-and-interview.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- philosophy/speeches-and-interview.bg.html 4 Jan 2010 09:25:54 -0000
1.14
+++ philosophy/speeches-and-interview.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:19 -0000
1.15
@@ -8,8 +8,25 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.bg.html" -->
<h2>РеÑи и инÑеÑвÑÑа (в обÑаÑен Ñ
ÑонологиÑен
Ñед)</h2>
+In addition to those listed below, you can watch video or listen to audio
+recordings of speeches and other events from the Free Software Foundation or
+the GNU project at <a
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org";>http://audio-video.gnu.org</a>.
+
<ul>
+ <li><!-- (Broken/Dead Link - 25-Mar-2011 - shailesh) <a
href="http://vabel.org/success/the-law-of-success-2-0-an-interview-with-richard-stallman";>
+Original link</a>.-->
+<a href="/philosophy/the-law-of-success-2.html">The Law of Success 2.0: An
+Interview with Richard Stallman</a>, with Haegwan Kim, posted November 4,
+2010.
+ </li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/45532";>Richard Stallman and the
+free software movement</a>, transcript of an interview with <a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a>.</li>
+
+
<li><a href="/philosophy/rms-on-radio-nz.html">RMS on Radio New Zealand</a>,
transcript of an interview with <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard
Stallman</a>.</li>
@@ -80,6 +97,10 @@
на <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>РиÑаÑд СÑолман</a> Ñ
ТимоÑи Ð . ÐÑÑлÑÑ
оÑноÑно âÑÑÑÑоÑниеÑо на GNU/ÐинÑкÑâ, 31 маÑÑ
2005 г.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.html">GNU & The Free
+Software Foundation</a>, an Engineering Tech Talk at Google by <a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a>, 2004</li>
+
<li><a href="/philosophy/nit-india.html">ÐÑÐµÐ¿Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑеÑ</a> за
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑ,
изнеÑена Ð¾Ñ <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>РиÑаÑд
СÑолман</a> в
ÐаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑеÑ
нологии, ТÑиÑи,
ÐндиÑ, 17 ÑевÑÑаÑи 2004 г.</li>
@@ -89,13 +110,12 @@
Ñ NetEconomie.com</a> (на ÑÑенÑки език) Ñ <a
href="http://www.stallman.org";>РиÑаÑд СÑолман</a>, 10
декемвÑи 2004 г.</li>
- <li><a href="patent-practice-panel.html">ÐÑÐµÐ¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑблиÑно
пÑедÑÑавÑне</a>,
-âÐово ÑазвиÑие в паÑенÑнаÑа пÑакÑика:
оÑенÑване на ÑиÑковеÑе и ÑазÑ
одиÑе на
-поÑÑÑейлноÑо лиÑензиÑане и нападениеâ,
изнеÑено Ð¾Ñ Ðаниел Ð. РавиÑÑÑ Ð²
-каÑеÑÑвоÑо Ñи на изпÑлниÑелен диÑекÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð°
ФондаÑиÑÑа за обÑеÑÑвени паÑенÑи в
-ÑÑÑда, 10 ноемвÑи 2004 г. на конÑеÑенÑиÑ,
оÑганизиÑана Ð¾Ñ Ð¤Ð¾Ð½Ð´Ð°ÑиÑÑа за
-Ñвободна инÑоÑмаÑионна инÑÑаÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑа
(Foundation for a Free Information
-Infrastructure â FFII) в ÐÑÑкÑел, ÐелгиÑ</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/patent-practice-panel.html">Transcript of a panel
+presentation</a>, “New developments in patent practice: assessing the
+risks and cost of portfolio licensing and hold-ups”, given by Daniel
+B. Ravicher as the executive director of the Public Patent Foundation on
+Wednesday, November 10, 2004, at a conference organized by the Foundation
+for a Free Information Infrastructure (FFII) in Brussels, Belgium</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ariel.com.au/a/rms-unsw.html";>ÐÑаÑÑк обзоÑ
на ÑеÑ</a>,
изнеÑена Ð¾Ñ <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>РиÑаÑд Ð.
СÑолман</a> оÑноÑно
@@ -136,11 +156,13 @@
изнеÑена Ð¾Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑд СÑолман <em>на ÑÑенÑки
език</em> на âÐинÑкÑÐкÑпоâ, ÐаÑиж,
2002 г.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#CAMB2002";>ÐвÑкозапиÑ
на
-ÑеÑÑа <cite>СоÑÑÑеÑниÑе паÑенÑи: пÑеÑки за
ÑазÑабоÑкаÑа на ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</cite>,
-изнеÑена Ð¾Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑд Ð. СÑолман в
ÐембÑÐ¸Ð´Ð¶ÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑ, ÐнглиÑ</a> 25 маÑÑ
-2002 г. ÐоÑÑÑпен е и <a
href="/philosophy/software-patents.html">пÑÐµÐ¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ
-ÑеÑÑа</a>.</li>
+<li><a
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-cambridgeuni-england2002.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>Software Patents:Obstacles to software
+development</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at the University of
+Cambridge, England</a> 25th March 2002. A <a
+href="/philosophy/software-patents.html">transcript of the speech</a> is
+also available.</li>
<li>ÐнÑеÑÐ²Ñ Ð½Ð° <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>РиÑаÑд
СÑолман</a> Ð¾Ñ 2002
г. оÑноÑно <a href="/philosophy/rms-hack.html">Ñ
акеÑÑкаÑа
обÑноÑÑ Ð¸
@@ -152,79 +174,84 @@
Ñеб-ÑÑÑаниÑаÑа на âÐайÑекâ, 22 апÑил 2003 г.
(ÐаглавиеÑо ознаÑава
<cite>ÐаÑоÑо âоÑвоÑениÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð´â не е
вÑиÑко</cite>.)</li>
-<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#QMUL2002";>ÐвÑкозапиÑ
на
-ÑеÑÑа <cite>ÐвÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво ÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑноÑÑÑа
в еÑаÑа на компÑÑÑÑниÑе
-мÑежи</cite>, изнеÑена Ð¾Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑд Ð. СÑолман в
ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑа âÐÑин ÐеÑиâ в
-Ðондон, ÐнглиÑ</a> на 12 ÑевÑÑаÑи 2002 г.</li>
+<li><a
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-qmul-london2002.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>Copyright vs Community in the age of computer
+Networks</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at Queen Mary University of
+London, England</a> 12th Feb 2002.</li>
<li><a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/francais/rms-speech-paris-30-jan-2002.ogg";>ÐвÑкозапиÑ
-на ÑеÑÑа на ÑÑенÑки език <cite>l'éthique du
système GNU/Linux
-et de la communauté des logiciels libres, les tâches à
-accomplir et les risques à envisager</cite>, изнеÑена Ð¾Ñ Ð
иÑаÑд
-Ð. СÑолман в CNIT à la Défense, ÐаÑиж,
ФÑанÑиÑ</a>, 27 ÑнÑаÑи
-2002 г.</li>
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/francais/rms-speech-paris-30-jan-2002.ogg";>Audio
+recording in French of a speech, <cite>l'éthique du système
+GNU/Linux et de la communauté des logiciels libres, les tâches
+à accomplir et les risques à envisager</cite>, given by
+Richard M. Stallman at CNIT à la Défense, Paris, France.</a>
+27th Jan 2002.</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.april.org/actions/rms/20011120/stream.html";>ÐвÑкозапиÑи
и ÑаÑÑиÑен пÑепиÑ</a> на конÑеÑенÑиÑÑа,
изнеÑена Ð¾Ñ <a
href="http://www.stallman.org";>РиÑаÑд Ð. СÑолман</a> пÑед
ФÑенÑкоÑо наÑодно
ÑÑбÑание на 20 ноемвÑи 2001 г.</li>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/stallman-mec-india.html">ÐÑÐµÐ¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑÑа
-<cite>ÐпаÑноÑÑÑа Ð¾Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑниÑе
паÑенÑи</cite></a> Ð¾Ñ <a
-href="http://www.stallman.org";>РиÑаÑд Ð. СÑолман</a>,
изнеÑена в ÐÑÑжавниÑ
-колеж по обÑазÑово инженеÑÑÑво, ÐндиÑ, на 24
Ñли 2001 г. ÐолежÑÑ Ðµ
-пÑбликÑвал <a
href="http://www.mec.ac.in/events/rms/";>звÑÐºÐ¾Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
-пÑепиÑ</a> на ÑÑÑ
наÑа ÑÑÑаниÑа.</li>
+<li><!-- (Content is removed, the site shows 'Page Not Found' - 25-Mar-2011 -
shailesh) Also, the MEC has posted an <a
href="http://www.mec.ac.in/events/rms/";>
+audio recording and transcript</a> at their website.-->
+<a href="/philosophy/stallman-mec-india.html">Transcript of the speech,
+<cite>The Danger of Software Patents</cite></a> by <a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a> given at Government
+Model Engineering College, India on 24th July 2001. </li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/luispo-rms-interview.html">ÐнÑеÑвÑ</a> Ñ <a
href="http://www.stallman.org";>РиÑаÑд СÑолман</a> и ÐÑиÑ
СÑаÑеÑ-ÐоÑÑ Ð¿Ñез
май 2001 г. за ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸ бизнеÑа.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#NYU2001";>ÐвÑкозапиÑ
на
-ÑеÑÑа <cite>Свободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ: Ñвобода и
ÑÑÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑво</cite>, изнеÑена оÑ
-РиÑаÑд Ð. СÑолман в ÐÑйоÑкÑкиÑ
ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑ</a>. ÐоÑÑÑпен е и <a
-href="/events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html">пÑÐµÐ¿Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
ÑеÑÑа</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-nyu2001.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation</cite>,
+given by Richard M. Stallman at New York University</a>. A <a
+href="/events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html">transcript of the speech</a> is
+also available.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.html">ÐÑÐµÐ¿Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
ÑеÑÑа
<cite>ÐвÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво и глобализаÑиÑÑа в
еÑаÑа на компÑÑÑÑниÑе
мÑежи</cite>, изнеÑена Ð¾Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑд Ð. СÑолман в
ÐаÑаÑÑзеÑÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑеÑ
нологиÑен
инÑÑиÑÑÑ (MIT)</a>.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#MIT2001";>ÐвÑкозапиÑ
на
-ÑеÑÑа <cite>ÐвÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво и
глобализаÑиÑÑа в еÑаÑа на компÑÑÑÑниÑе
-мÑежи</cite>, изнеÑена Ð¾Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑд Ð. СÑолман в
ÐÐТ</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-mit2001.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>Copyright and Globalization in the Age of
+Computer Networks</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at MIT</a>.</li>
<li><a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#ArsDigita2001";>ÐвÑкозапиÑ
-на ÑеÑÑа <cite>ÐвижениеÑо за Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸ опеÑаÑионнаÑа ÑиÑÑема
-GNU/ÐинÑкÑ</cite>, изнеÑена Ð¾Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑд Ð. СÑолман
в УнивеÑÑиÑеÑа
-âÐÑÑÐиджиÑаâ</a>.</li>
-
-<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#SLOV2000";>ÐвÑкозапиÑ
на
-ÑеÑÑа <cite>ÐвижениеÑо за Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸
опеÑаÑионнаÑа ÑиÑÑема
-GNU/ÐинÑкÑ</cite>, изнеÑена Ð¾Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑд Ð. СÑолман
в âÐÑдиÑоÑиÑм СмелÑâ,
-ÐÑблÑна, СловениÑ</a>.</li>
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-arsdigita2001.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the GNU/Linux
+Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at ArsDigita
+University</a>.</li>
<li><a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#LinuxTag2000";>ÐвÑкозапиÑ
-на ÑеÑÑа <cite>ÐвижениеÑо за Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸ опеÑаÑионнаÑа ÑиÑÑема
-GNU/ÐинÑкÑ</cite>, изнеÑена Ð¾Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑд Ð. СÑолман
на âÐинÑкÑТаг 2000â</a>.</li>
-
-<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#CGLUG2000";>ÐвÑкозапиÑ
-на ÑеÑÑа <cite>ÐвижениеÑо за Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸ опеÑаÑионнаÑа ÑиÑÑема
-GNU/ÐинÑкÑ</cite>, изнеÑена Ð¾Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑд Ð. СÑолман
в УнивеÑÑиÑеÑа на
-СинÑинаÑи</a>.</li>
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-slovenia-2000.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the GNU/Linux
+Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at Auditorium Smelt,
+Ljubljana, Slovenia</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-linuxtag2000.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the GNU/Linux
+Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at LinuxTag
2000</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-cglug2000.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the GNU/Linux
+Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at the University of
+Cincinnati</a>.</li>
<!-- Requires an account to be read.
- <li><a href="http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-07/stallman_01.html";>Interview
+ <li>
+<a href="http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-07/stallman_01.html";>Interview
from Linux Magazine</a> in July 1999
with <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></li>
-->
-<!-- <li><a href="http://blur.cx/";>The Road to GNU</a></li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="http://blur.cx/";>The Road to GNU</a></li> -->
<!-- These links are broken, and need to be replaced.
- <li><a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a>'s
+ <li>
+<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a>'s
<a
href="http://www.linuxworld.com/linuxworld/lw-2000-03/lw-03-rms.html?4-4";>interview</a>
with LinuxWorld about the problems with software patents.</li>
@@ -272,13 +299,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.bg.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги наÑини за
-<a href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
<br />
-ÐолÑ, изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии (или
-пÑедложениÑ) на е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -292,9 +318,9 @@
2006, 2007, 2008,2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
<address>Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston,
MA
02110-1301, USA</address>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -313,7 +339,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/01/04 09:25:54 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/speeches-and-interview.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/speeches-and-interview.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- philosophy/speeches-and-interview.fr.html 12 Dec 2009 21:26:35 -0000
1.15
+++ philosophy/speeches-and-interview.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:19 -0000
1.16
@@ -8,8 +8,25 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
<h2>Discours et entretiens (en ordre chronologique inverse)</h2>
+In addition to those listed below, you can watch video or listen to audio
+recordings of speeches and other events from the Free Software Foundation or
+the GNU project at <a
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org";>http://audio-video.gnu.org</a>.
+
<ul>
+ <li><!-- (Broken/Dead Link - 25-Mar-2011 - shailesh) <a
href="http://vabel.org/success/the-law-of-success-2-0-an-interview-with-richard-stallman";>
+Original link</a>.-->
+<a href="/philosophy/the-law-of-success-2.html">The Law of Success 2.0: An
+Interview with Richard Stallman</a>, with Haegwan Kim, posted November 4,
+2010.
+ </li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/45532";>Richard Stallman and the
+free software movement</a>, transcript of an interview with <a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a>.</li>
+
+
<li><a href="/philosophy/rms-on-radio-nz.html">RMS sur Radio New Zealand</a>,
transcription d'un entretien avec <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard
Stallman</a>.</li>
@@ -27,28 +44,28 @@
logiciels et le besoin de pilotes de périphériques libres.</li>
<li><a href="http://nb.inode.co.nz/articles/rmsrnz/index.html";>Transcription
-d'un entretien</a> avec Richard Stallman sur Radio New Zealand, mené
-par Kim Hill le 9 août 2008. Il couvre divers sujet : les
-logiciels libres, la naissance du mouvement pour le logiciel libre, l'idée
-fausse du terme « propriété intellectuelle », les services de
-Google et les lois sur le droit d'auteur en Nouvelle Zélande.</li>
+d'un entretien</a> avec Richard Stallman sur Radio New Zealand, mené par Kim
+Hill le 9 août 2008. Il couvre divers sujet : les logiciels libres, la
+naissance du mouvement pour le logiciel libre, l'idée fausse du terme
+« propriété intellectuelle », les services de Google et les lois
+sur le droit d'auteur en Nouvelle Zélande.</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.zeuux.org/philosophy/billxu-rms-fsm-ancient-to-gplv2.html";>Mouvement
-du logiciel libre : De la génèse de la GNU GPL version
-2</a>,un entretien de Richard Stallman contient par Bill Xu (La <a
+du logiciel libre : De la génèse de la GNU GPL version 2</a>,un
+entretien de Richard Stallman contient par Bill Xu (La <a
href="http://www.zeuux.org/philosophy/billxu-rms-fsm-ancient-to-gplv2.cn.html";>version
-chinoise</a> est également disponible).</li>
+chinoise</a> est également disponible).</li>
<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/copy_vs_comm.ogg";>Enregistrement
-vidéo du discours Copyright contre communauté</a> avec une <a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/copy_vs_comm.txt";>brève
-description</a>, donné par Richard Stallman le 5 juillet 2007
-à Missassauga, Ontario, Canada.</li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/rms-kol.fr.html">Transcription d'un discours</a>
-donné par <a href="http://www.stallman.org";> Richard Stallman</a>
-à Kolkata (anciennement Calcutta) en août 2006.</li>
+vidéo du discours Copyright contre communauté</a> avec une <a
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/copy_vs_comm.txt";>brève
+description</a>, donné par Richard Stallman le 5 juillet 2007 à Missassauga,
+Ontario, Canada.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/rms-kol.fr.html">Transcription d'un discours</a>
donné
+par <a href="http://www.stallman.org";> Richard Stallman</a> Ã Kolkata
+(anciennement Calcutta) en août 2006.</li>
<li><a href="http://questionsplease.org/Questions_please_1.ogg";>Johnathan
Roberts s'entretient avec Richard Stallman et d'autres</a> sur les logiciels
@@ -59,191 +76,182 @@
entretien <a href="http://www.zeuux.org/law/billxu-rms-drm.cn.html";>en
chinois</a>.</li>
- <li>Eben Moglen, <a href="http://punkcast.com/964/";>« Free
Software
-and Free Media »</a>(Logiciels libres et médias libres),
-à labibliothèque Jefferson Market Library de New York, le 3
-mai 2006 pour le Metropolitan NY Chapter of the Internet Society.</li>
+ <li>Eben Moglen, <a href="http://punkcast.com/964/";>« Free Software and
+Free Media »</a>(Logiciels libres et médias libres), à labibliothèque
+Jefferson Market Library de New York, le 3 mai 2006 pour le Metropolitan NY
+Chapter of the Internet Society.</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=13&ItemID=9350";>Interview
-de Richard Stallman</a> par Justin Podur sur « Le logiciel libre
-en tant que mouvement social », le 1er décembre 2005</li>
+de Richard Stallman</a> par Justin Podur sur « Le logiciel libre en
+tant que mouvement social », le 1er décembre 2005</li>
<li><a href="http://www.oreillynet.com/lpt/a/6222";>Richard Stallman
-interrogé</a> par Federico Biancuzzi pour ONLamp.com, le 22 septembre
-2005.</li>
+interrogé</a> par Federico Biancuzzi pour ONLamp.com, le 22 septembre
2005.</li>
- <li><a href="http://wm-eddie.info/rms.html";>Présentation des buts et
de
-la philosophie du système d'exploitation GNU</a> par <a
-href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> à
-l'Université de Pittsburgh, le 7 avril 2005. </li>
+ <li><a href="http://wm-eddie.info/rms.html";>Présentation des buts et de la
+philosophie du système d'exploitation GNU</a> par <a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> à l'Université de
+Pittsburgh, le 7 avril 2005. </li>
<li>Entretien de <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a><a
href="http://www.ofb.biz/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=353";>
avec Timothy R. Butler</a> le 31 mars 2005.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.html">GNU & The Free
+Software Foundation</a>, an Engineering Tech Talk at Google by <a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a>, 2004</li>
+
<li><a href="/philosophy/nit-india.fr.html">Transcription d'un discours</a>
-donné par <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a>au
-National Institute of Technology, Trichy, Inde, le 17 février 2004.</li>
+donné par <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a>au
+National Institute of Technology, Trichy, Inde, le 17 février 2004.</li>
<li>Entretien de <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a><a
href="http://www.neteco.com/50117-richard-gnu-stallman-president-de-la-free-software-foundation.html";>avec
NetEconomie.com</a> le 10 décembre 2004.</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/patent-practice-panel.fr.html">Transcription d'une
-présentation à la table ronde</a>, « Nouveaux
-développements dans la pratique des brevets : évaluer les
-risques et les coûts d'un portefeuille de licences et de
-hold-ups », donné par Daniel B. Ravicher en tant que
-directeur général de la Public Patent Foundation le mercredi
-10 novembre 2004, lors d'une conférence organisée par la
-Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure (FFII) à Bruxelles,
-Belgique.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/patent-practice-panel.html">Transcript of a panel
+presentation</a>, “New developments in patent practice: assessing the
+risks and cost of portfolio licensing and hold-ups”, given by Daniel
+B. Ravicher as the executive director of the Public Patent Foundation on
+Wednesday, November 10, 2004, at a conference organized by the Foundation
+for a Free Information Infrastructure (FFII) in Brussels, Belgium</li>
-<li><a
-href="http://www.ariel.com.au/essays/rms-unsw-2004-10-14.html";>Résumé
-d'un discours</a> donné par <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard
+<li><a href="http://www.ariel.com.au/essays/rms-unsw-2004-10-14.html";>Résumé
+d'un discours</a> donné par <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard
M. Stallman</a> sur les brevets logiciels le 14 octobre 2004.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/rms-interview-edinburgh.fr.html">Entretien</a> avec
-Richard Stallman à la School of Informatics, université d'Ãdimbourg,
-le 27 mai 2004. Initialement publié sur Indymedia, la plupart des questions
-porte sur le mouvement pour le logiciel libre et les autres mouvements
-sociaux, et les valeurs différentes pour la campagne pour l'« open
-source ».</li>
+Richard Stallman à la School of Informatics, université d'Ãdimbourg, le 27
+mai 2004. Initialement publié sur Indymedia, la plupart des questions porte
+sur le mouvement pour le logiciel libre et les autres mouvements sociaux, et
+les valeurs différentes pour la campagne pour l'« open
source ».</li>
<li><a href="http://laurel.datsi.fi.upm.es/~fsanchez/rms/";>Page Web avec des
-entretiens audio et vidéo de discours donnés à Madrid
-(en mai 2004)</a> par <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard
-M. Stallman</a> (le site est en espagnol).
+entretiens audio et vidéo de discours donnés à Madrid (en mai 2004)</a> par
+<a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a> (le site est en
+espagnol).
</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/moglen-harvard-speech-2004.fr.html">Transcription d'un
-discours</a> donné par le <a
-href="http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/";>Professeur Eben Moglen</a> à
-Harvard le 23 février 2004.</li>
+discours</a> donné par le <a
+href="http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/";>Professeur Eben Moglen</a> Ã Harvard
+le 23 février 2004.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/wsis-2003.fr.html">Transcription d'un discours</a> sur
-les logiciels libres et le développement durable donné par <a
+les logiciels libres et le développement durable donné par <a
href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a> au SMSI, le 16
juillet 2003.</li>
-<li>Transcription d'un <a href="/philosophy/rieti.fr.html">discours</a>
-donné par <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a>
-le 21 avril 2003.</li>
+<li>Transcription d'un <a href="/philosophy/rieti.fr.html">discours</a> donné
+par <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a> le 21 avril
+2003.</li>
<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#RUTGERS2003";>Enregistrement
audio d'un discours, <cite>Software Freedom and the GNU Generation</cite>,
-donné par Bradley M. Kuhn</a> le 22 avril 2003.</li>
+donné par Bradley M. Kuhn</a> le 22 avril 2003.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/2002-linuxexpo-paris.fr.html">Transcription d'un
-discours</a> donné <em>en français</em> par Richard Stallman
-à « LinuxExpo », Paris, 2002.</li>
+discours</a> donné <em>en français</em> par Richard Stallman Ã
+« LinuxExpo », Paris, 2002.</li>
<li><a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#CAMB2002";>Enregistrement
-audio d'une conférence en anglais, <cite>Software Patents: Obstacles
-to software development</cite>, donnée par Richard M. Stallman
-à l'Université de Cambridge, Angleterre</a> le 25 mars
-2002. Une <a href="/philosophy/software-patents.fr.html">transcription du
-discours</a> est également disponible.</li>
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-cambridgeuni-england2002.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>Software Patents:Obstacles to software
+development</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at the University of
+Cambridge, England</a> 25th March 2002. A <a
+href="/philosophy/software-patents.html">transcript of the speech</a> is
+also available.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> entretien de 2002
sur
-<a href="/philosophy/rms-hack.fr.html">éthique et communauté
-du hacker</a>, cet entretien est aussi <a
+<a href="/philosophy/rms-hack.fr.html">éthique et communauté du hacker</a>,
+cet entretien est aussi <a
href="http://www.uta.fi/~fiteva/rms_int_fi.html";>disponible en
finnois</a>.</li>
-<li>Entretien de <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a><a
-href="http://www.mytech.it/mytech/internet/art006010045404.jsp";><cite>Perché
-l'open source non ètutto</cite> (<cite>Parce que l'open source n'est
-pas tout</cite>.), en italien,</a> sur le site Web Mytech, le 22 avril
2003.</li>
-
-<li><a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#QMUL2002";>Enregistrement
-audio d'une conférence en anglais, <cite>Copyright vs Community in
-the age of computer Networks</cite>, donnée par Richard M. Stallman
-à la Queen Mary University de Londres, Angleterre</a> le 12
-février 2002.</li>
-
-<li><a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/francais/rms-speech-paris-30-jan-2002.ogg";>Enregistrement
-audio d'une conférence en français, <cite>l'éthique du
-système GNU/Linux et de la communauté des logiciels libres,
-les tâches à accomplir et les risques à
-envisager</cite>, donnée par Richard M. Stallman au CNIT à la
-Défense, Paris, France.</a> le 27 janvier 2002. (D'autres discours
-en d'autres langues sont aussi disponibles sur <a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/";>audio-video.gnu.org</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a>'s <a
+href="http://www.mytech.it/mytech/internet/art006010045404.jsp";> interview,
+<cite>Perché l'open source non è tutto</cite>, in italian,</a>
+to the Mytech website, 22 April 2003. (The title reads, <cite>Because Open
+Source is not all</cite>.)</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-qmul-london2002.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>Copyright vs Community in the age of computer
+Networks</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at Queen Mary University of
+London, England</a> 12th Feb 2002.</li>
+
+<li><a
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/francais/rms-speech-paris-30-jan-2002.ogg";>Audio
+recording in French of a speech, <cite>l'éthique du système
+GNU/Linux et de la communauté des logiciels libres, les tâches
+à accomplir et les risques à envisager</cite>, given by
+Richard M. Stallman at CNIT à la Défense, Paris, France.</a>
+27th Jan 2002.</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.april.org/actions/rms/20011120/stream.html";>Enregistrement
-audio et transcription partielle d'une</a> conférence donnée
-par <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a>
-l'Assemblée Nationale française le 20 novembre 2001.</li>
-
-<li><a href="/philosophy/stallman-mec-india.html">Transcription du discours,
-<cite>The Danger of Software Patents</cite>(<cite>Le danger des brevets
-logiciels</cite>)</a> par <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard
-M. Stallman</a> donné au Government Model Engineering College, Inde
-le 24 juillet 2001. Également, le MEC a publié un <a
-href="http://www.mec.ac.in/events/rms/";>enregistrement audio et une
-transcription</a> sur leur site Web</li>
+audio et transcription partielle d'une</a> conférence donnée par <a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a> l'Assemblée Nationale
+française le 20 novembre 2001.</li>
+
+<li><!-- (Content is removed, the site shows 'Page Not Found' - 25-Mar-2011 -
shailesh) Also, the MEC has posted an <a
href="http://www.mec.ac.in/events/rms/";>
+audio recording and transcript</a> at their website.-->
+<a href="/philosophy/stallman-mec-india.html">Transcript of the speech,
+<cite>The Danger of Software Patents</cite></a> by <a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a> given at Government
+Model Engineering College, India on 24th July 2001. </li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/luispo-rms-interview.fr.html">Interview</a> de <a
href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> par Louis Suarez-Potts
en Mai 2001.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#NYU2001";>Enregistrement
-audio d'une conférence en anglais, <cite>Free Software: Freedom and
-Cooperation</cite>, donnée par Richard M. Stallman à
-l'Université de New York</a>. Une <a
-href="/events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.fr.html">transcription de la
-conférence</a> est également disponible.</li>
+<li><a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-nyu2001.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation</cite>,
+given by Richard M. Stallman at New York University</a>. A <a
+href="/events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html">transcript of the speech</a> is
+also available.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.fr.html">Transcription
-d'une conférence, <cite>Droit d'auteur et mondialisation à
-l'âge des réseaux informatiques</cite>, donnée par
-Richard M. Stallman au MIT</a>.</li>
-
-<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#MIT2001";>Enregistrement
-audio d'une conférence en anglais, <cite>Copyright and Globalization
-in the Age of Computer Networks</cite>, donnée par Richard
-M. Stallman au MIT</a>.</li>
+d'une conférence, <cite>Droit d'auteur et mondialisation à l'âge des
réseaux
+informatiques</cite>, donnée par Richard M. Stallman au MIT</a>.</li>
-<li><a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#ArsDigita2001";>Enregistrement
-audio d'une conférence en anglais, <cite>The Free Software Movement
-and the GNU/Linux Operating System</cite>, donnée par Richard
-M. Stallman à l'Université ArsDigita</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-mit2001.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>Copyright and Globalization in the Age of
+Computer Networks</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at MIT</a>.</li>
<li><a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#SLOV2000";>Enregistrement
-audio d'un discours, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the GNU/Linux
-Operating System</cite> (<cite>Le mouvement du logiciel libre et le
-système d'exploitation GNU/Linux</cite>), donné par Richard
-M. Stallman à l'Auditorium Smelt, Laybach, Slovénie</a>.</li>
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-arsdigita2001.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the GNU/Linux
+Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at ArsDigita
+University</a>.</li>
<li><a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#LinuxTag2000";>Enregistrement
-audio d'une conférence en anglais, <cite>The Free Software Movement
-and the GNU/Linux Operating System</cite>, donnée par Richard
-M. Stallman au LinuxTag 2000</a>.</li>
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-slovenia-2000.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the GNU/Linux
+Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at Auditorium Smelt,
+Ljubljana, Slovenia</a>.</li>
-<li><a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#CGLUG2000";>Enregistrement
-audio d'une conférence en anglais, <cite>The Free Software Movement
-and the GNU/Linux Operating System</cite>, donnée par Richard
-M. Stallman à l'Université de Cincinnati</a>.</li>
+<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-linuxtag2000.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the GNU/Linux
+Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at LinuxTag
2000</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-cglug2000.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the GNU/Linux
+Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at the University of
+Cincinnati</a>.</li>
<!-- Requires an account to be read.
- <li><a href="http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-07/stallman_01.html";>Interview
+ <li>
+<a href="http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-07/stallman_01.html";>Interview
from Linux Magazine</a> in July 1999
with <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></li>
-->
-<!-- <li><a href="http://blur.cx/";>The Road to GNU</a></li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="http://blur.cx/";>The Road to GNU</a></li> -->
<!-- These links are broken, and need to be replaced.
- <li><a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a>'s
+ <li>
+<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a>'s
<a
href="http://www.linuxworld.com/linuxworld/lw-2000-03/lw-03-rms.html?4-4";>interview</a>
with LinuxWorld about the problems with software patents.</li>
@@ -256,20 +264,20 @@
d'un discours que <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> a
donné en 1998 à l'Université Paris 8 de Saint Denis.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/greve-clown.fr.html">Traduction d'un discours en
-allemand</a> que Georg Greve a donné en 1998 au GNU/Linux Cluster
-« CLOWN » en Allemagne (<a
+allemand</a> que Georg Greve a donné en 1998 au GNU/Linux Cluster
+« CLOWN » en Allemagne (<a
href="/philosophy/greve-clown.de.html">original en allemand</a>).</li>
<li><a href="/gnu/byte-interview.fr.html">Entretien pour BYTE</a>en juillet
1986
avec <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> sur le
développement du système GNU.</li>
- <li>Une <a href="/philosophy/stallman-kth.fr.html">conférence</a> que
<a
-href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> a donnée en 1986
-à l'Institut royal de technologie de Suède sur la communauté
-des hackers et sur les premiers jours du mouvement pour le logiciel libre.</li>
+ <li>Une <a href="/philosophy/stallman-kth.fr.html">conférence</a> que <a
+href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> a donnée en 1986 Ã
+l'Institut royal de technologie de Suède sur la communauté des hackers et
+sur les premiers jours du mouvement pour le logiciel libre.</li>
<li>Un <a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/francais";>index des
-enregistrements en français à audio-video.gnu.org</a> est
-également disponible.</li>
+enregistrements en français à audio-video.gnu.org</a> est également
+disponible.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Liens vers d'autres articles</h3>
@@ -295,11 +303,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -313,9 +322,10 @@
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</address>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -328,7 +338,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2009/12/12 21:26:35 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/speeches-and-interview.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/speeches-and-interview.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/speeches-and-interview.ro.html 5 Nov 2010 16:27:24 -0000
1.3
+++ philosophy/speeches-and-interview.ro.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:19 -0000
1.4
@@ -9,13 +9,19 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ro.html" -->
<h2>Discursuri Èi interviuri (în ordine cronologicÄ inversÄ)</h2>
+In addition to those listed below, you can watch video or listen to audio
+recordings of speeches and other events from the Free Software Foundation or
+the GNU project at <a
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org";>http://audio-video.gnu.org</a>.
+
<ul>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/the-law-of-success-2.html">The Law of Success 2.0: An
+ <li><!-- (Broken/Dead Link - 25-Mar-2011 - shailesh) <a
href="http://vabel.org/success/the-law-of-success-2-0-an-interview-with-richard-stallman";>
+Original link</a>.-->
+<a href="/philosophy/the-law-of-success-2.html">The Law of Success 2.0: An
Interview with Richard Stallman</a>, with Haegwan Kim, posted November 4,
-2010. <a
-href="http://vabel.org/success/the-law-of-success-2-0-an-interview-with-richard-stallman";>Original
-link</a>.</li>
+2010.
+ </li>
<li><a href="http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/45532";>RMS la Radio Noua
ZeelandÄ</a>, transcrierea unui interviu cu <a
@@ -106,12 +112,12 @@
cu NetEconomie.com</a> al lui <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard
Stallman</a> (în francezÄ) 10 decembrie 2004</li>
- <li><a href="patent-practice-panel.html">Transcrierea unei prezentÄri la
masa
-rotundÄ</a>, âEvoluÈii în practica patentelor: evaluarea riscurilor Èi a
-costurilor licenÈierii portofoliilor Èi a ameninÈÄrilorâ de Daniel
-B. Ravicher, directorul executiv al FundaÈiei pentru Patente Publice,
-miercuri, 10 noiembrie 2004, la o conferinÈÄ organizatÄ de FundaÈia pentru
-Infrastructura LiberÄ a InformaÈiei în Bruxelles, Belgia</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/patent-practice-panel.html">Transcript of a panel
+presentation</a>, “New developments in patent practice: assessing the
+risks and cost of portfolio licensing and hold-ups”, given by Daniel
+B. Ravicher as the executive director of the Public Patent Foundation on
+Wednesday, November 10, 2004, at a conference organized by the Foundation
+for a Free Information Infrastructure (FFII) in Brussels, Belgium</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ariel.com.au/a/rms-unsw.html";>Rezumatul unui
discurs</a>
Èinut de <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a> despre
@@ -153,11 +159,13 @@
discurs</a> Èinut <em>în francezÄ</em> de Richard Stallman la
âLinuxExpoâ,
Paris, 2002.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#CAMB2002";>Ãnregistrarea
-audio a unui discurs, <cite>Patentele software: obstacole în calea
-dezvoltÄrii de software</cite>, Èinut de Richard M. Stallman la
-Universitatea din Cambridge, Anglia</a> 25 martie 2002. Este disponibilÄ Èi
-o <a href="/philosophy/software-patents.html">transcriere a
discursului</a>.</li>
+<li><a
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-cambridgeuni-england2002.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>Software Patents:Obstacles to software
+development</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at the University of
+Cambridge, England</a> 25th March 2002. A <a
+href="/philosophy/software-patents.html">transcript of the speech</a> is
+also available.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> dÄ un interviu în
2002 în care vorbeÈte despre <a href="/philosophy/rms-hack.html">comunitatea
@@ -170,81 +178,83 @@
site-ul Mytech, 22 aprilie 2003. (Titlul înseamnÄ <cite>Pentru cÄ Sursa
DeschisÄ nu este totul</cite>.)</li>
-<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#QMUL2002";>Ãnregistrarea
-audio a unui discurs, <cite>Copyrightul împotriva comunitÄÈii în era
-reÈelelor de calculatoare</cite>, Èinut de Richard M. Stallman la
-Universitatea Regina Maria din Londra, Anglia</a> 12 februarie 2002.</li>
+<li><a
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-qmul-london2002.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>Copyright vs Community in the age of computer
+Networks</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at Queen Mary University of
+London, England</a> 12th Feb 2002.</li>
<li><a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/francais/rms-speech-paris-30-jan-2002.ogg";>Ãnregistrarea
-audio în francezÄ a unui discurs, <cite>L'éthique du système GNU/Linux et
de
-la communauté des logiciels libres, les tâches à accomplir et les risques Ã
-envisager</cite>, Èinut de Richard M. Stallman la CNIT à la Défense, Paris,
-FranÈa,</a> 27 ianuarie 2002. (O serie de alte discursuri în mai multe limbi
-sunt disponibile la <a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/";>audio-video.gnu.org</a>.)</li>
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/francais/rms-speech-paris-30-jan-2002.ogg";>Audio
+recording in French of a speech, <cite>l'éthique du système
+GNU/Linux et de la communauté des logiciels libres, les tâches
+à accomplir et les risques à envisager</cite>, given by
+Richard M. Stallman at CNIT à la Défense, Paris, France.</a>
+27th Jan 2002.</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.april.org/actions/rms/20011120/stream.html";>ÃnregistrÄri
audio Èi o transcriere parÈialÄ</a> a conferinÈei Èinute de <a
href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a> în faÈa AdunÄrii
NaÈionale Franceze pe 20 noiembrie 2001.</li>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/stallman-mec-india.html">Transcrierea discursului
-<cite>Pericolul patentelor software</cite></a> de <a
-href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a> Èinut la Government
-Model Engineering College, India pe 24 iulie 2001. De asemenea MEC a postat
-<a href="http://www.mec.ac.in/events/rms/";>o înregistrare audio Èi o
-transcriere</a> pe site-ul lor.</li>
+<li><!-- (Content is removed, the site shows 'Page Not Found' - 25-Mar-2011 -
shailesh) Also, the MEC has posted an <a
href="http://www.mec.ac.in/events/rms/";>
+audio recording and transcript</a> at their website.-->
+<a href="/philosophy/stallman-mec-india.html">Transcript of the speech,
+<cite>The Danger of Software Patents</cite></a> by <a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a> given at Government
+Model Engineering College, India on 24th July 2001. </li>
<li><a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> a dat un <a
href="/philosophy/luispo-rms-interview.html">interviu</a> despre software
liber Èi afaceri cu Louis Suarez-Potts în mai 2001.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#NYU2001";>Ãnregistrarea
-audio a unui discurs, <cite>Software liber: libertate Èi cooperare</cite>,
-Èinut de Richard M. Stallman la Universitatea din New York</a>. Este
-disponibilÄ Èi <a href="/events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html">o transcriere
-a discursului</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-nyu2001.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation</cite>,
+given by Richard M. Stallman at New York University</a>. A <a
+href="/events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html">transcript of the speech</a> is
+also available.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.ro.html">Transcrierea
discursului, <cite>Copyrightul Èi globalizarea în era reÈelelor de
calculatoare</cite>, Èinut de Richard M. Stallman la MIT</a>.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#MIT2001";>Ãnregistrarea
-audio a unui discurs, <cite>Copyrightul Èi globalizarea în era reÈelelor de
-calculatoare</cite>, Èinut de Richard M. Stallman la MIT</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-mit2001.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>Copyright and Globalization in the Age of
+Computer Networks</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at MIT</a>.</li>
<li><a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#ArsDigita2001";>Ãnregistrarea
-audio a unui discurs, <cite>MiÈcarea pentru software liber Èi sistemul de
-operare GNU/Linux</cite>, Èinut de Richard M. Stallman la Universitatea
-ArsDigita</a>.</li>
-
-<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#SLOV2000";>Ãnregistrarea
-audio a unui discurs, <cite>MiÈcarea pentru software liber Èi sistemul de
-operare GNU/Linux</cite>, Èinut de Richard M. Stallman la Auditoriul Smelt,
-Ljubljana, Slovenia</a>.</li>
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-arsdigita2001.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the GNU/Linux
+Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at ArsDigita
+University</a>.</li>
<li><a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#LinuxTag2000";>Ãnregistrarea
-audio a unui discurs, <cite>MiÈcarea pentru software liber Èi sistemul de
-operare GNU/Linux</cite>, Èinut de Richard M. Stallman la LinuxTag
2000</a>.</li>
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-slovenia-2000.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the GNU/Linux
+Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at Auditorium Smelt,
+Ljubljana, Slovenia</a>.</li>
-<li><a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/audio.html#CGLUG2000";>Ãnregistrarea
-audio a unui discurs, <cite>MiÈcarea pentru software liber Èi sistemul de
-operare GNU/Linux</cite>, Èinut de Richard M. Stallman la Universitatea din
+<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-linuxtag2000.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the GNU/Linux
+Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at LinuxTag
2000</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-cglug2000.ogg";>Audio
+recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the GNU/Linux
+Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at the University of
Cincinnati</a>.</li>
<!-- Requires an account to be read.
- <li><a href="http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-07/stallman_01.html";>Interview
+ <li>
+<a href="http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-07/stallman_01.html";>Interview
from Linux Magazine</a> in July 1999
with <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></li>
-->
-<!-- <li><a href="http://blur.cx/";>The Road to GNU</a></li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="http://blur.cx/";>The Road to GNU</a></li> -->
<!-- These links are broken, and need to be replaced.
- <li><a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a>'s
+ <li>
+<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a>'s
<a
href="http://www.linuxworld.com/linuxworld/lw-2000-03/lw-03-rms.html?4-4";>interview</a>
with LinuxWorld about the problems with software patents.</li>
@@ -294,10 +304,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ro.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-VÄ rugÄm sÄ adresaÈi întrebÄrile dumneavoastrÄ despre FSF Èi GNU la <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ExistÄ Èi <a
-href="/contact/">alte modalitÄÈi pentru a lua contact</a> cu FSF. <br /> VÄ
-rugÄm sÄ semnalaÈi legÄturile rupte Èi alte corecturi sau sugestii la <a
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+VÄ rugÄm sÄ semnalaÈi legÄturile rupte Èi alte corecturi sau sugestii la
<a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -311,8 +322,9 @@
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008,2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</address>
-<p>Copierea Èi distribuirea acestui articol în mod textual sunt permise sub
-orice formÄ, cu condiÈia pÄstrÄrii acestei note.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -325,7 +337,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ActualizatÄ:
-$Date: 2010/11/05 16:27:24 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/stallman-kth.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/stallman-kth.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/stallman-kth.fr.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:43 -0000 1.10
+++ philosophy/stallman-kth.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:19 -0000 1.11
@@ -2,881 +2,736 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Conférence en Suède - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation
-(FSF)</title>
+<title>Conférence en Suède - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Conférence de RMS au KTH (Suède), le 30 octobre 1986</h2>
+<h2>Conférence de RMS au KTH (Suède), le 30 octobre 1986</h2>
<div style="text-align: center;">
-<p><em>(Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (Institut Royal de Technologies))<br
-/>Stockholm Suède</em></p>
-<p><em>organisé par l'association des étudiants<br
-/>« Datorföreningen Stacken »<br />le 30 octobre
-1986</em></p>
+<p><em>(Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (Royal Institute of Technology))<br />
+Stockholm, Sweden</em></p>
+<p><em> Arranged by the student society<br />
+“Datorföreningen Stacken”<br />
+30 October 1986 </em></p>
</div>
-<p><strong>[Note : Ceci une transcription légèrement
-révisée de l'entretien. En tant que tel, il contient des faux
-départs en plus de locutionsnaturelles en anglais parlé mais
-qui paraissent bizarres dans une publication. Il n'est pas évident de
-savoir comment le traduire dans un anglais correct sans faire violence au
-discours original.]</strong></p>
-
-<p>Il semble qu'il y a trois choses dont les gens voudraient que je parle. Tout
-d'abord, j'ai pensé que le meilleur sujet ici pour un club de hackers
-était de dire comment ça se passait au <abbr
-title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">M.I.T.</abbr> autrefois. Ce
-qui faisait du laboratoire d'Intelligence Artificielle un endroit si
-particulier. Mais des gens me disent aussi, étant donné qu'il
-s'agit de personnes totalement différentes de celles qui
-étaient à la conférence lundi et mardi, que je dois
-parler de ce qu'il se passe dans le projet GNU et que je devrais dire
-pourquoi le logiciel et l'information ne peuvent pas être
-considérés comme des propriétés. Ce qui veut
-dire qu'il y a trois entretiens en tout. Et puisque deux de ces sujets
-prennent chacun une heure, nous y sommes pour un bon moment. Aussi je me
-suis dit que je pourrais éventuellement les diviser en trois
-parties. Comme ça les gens pourraient sortir quand ça ne les
-intéresse pas. Une fois arrivé à la fin d'un sujet, je
-peux signaler quand c'est fini et les gens peuvent sortir et je peux envoyer
-Jan Rynning dehors pour appeler les autres.</p>
-
-<p>Bon, dois-je installer ce système pour vous signaler les
-différentes parties de l'entretien ou vous avez juste envie de le
-suivre jusqu'au bout ?(Réponse : Yeaaah !)</p>
-
-<p>Quand j'ai commencé à programmer, c'était en 1969. Dans
-un laboratoire d'IBM à New York. Ensuite, je suis allé dans
-une école qui avait, probablement comme la plupart, un service
-informatique. Il y avait quelques professeurs responsables de ce qu'on
-était censé y faire et il y avait des gens qui
-décidaient de qui pouvait se servir de quoi. Il y avait une
-pénurie de terminaux pour la plupart d'entre nous. Or pas mal de
-professeurs en avaient un personnellement dans leurs bureaux, ce qui
-était du gaspillage, mais typique de leur attitude. Quand j'ai
-visité le laboratoire d'Intelligence Artificielle au M.I.T., j'ai
-trouvé un esprit qui différait de celui-ci de façon
-rafraîchissante. Par exemple : là, on considérait
-que les terminaux étaient à tout le monde et les professeurs
-s'étaient enfermés à clef dans leurs bureaux à
-force de voir leurs portes défoncées. On m'a montré une
-fois un chariot avec un grand bloc de fer au-dessus. Celui qui avait
-été utilisé pour défoncer la porte du bureau
-d'un des professeurs quand il a eu le culot d'y enfermer un terminal. Il y
-en avait très peu à cette époque. Il y avait à
-peu près quelque chose comme cinq terminaux à écran
-pour tout le système, aussi si l'un d'entre eux était
-bloqué, c'était un vrai désastre.</p>
-
-<p>Dans les années qui ont suivi, j'ai été inspiré
-par ces idées et de nombreuses fois j'ai escaladé les plafonds
-ou sous les plancherspour débloquer les salles qui contenaient des
-machines dont les gens avaient besoin. Et je laissais derrière un mot
-qui expliquait aux gens qu'il ne devaient pas être aussi
-égoïste pour fermer la porte. Les gens qui fermaient la porte,
-au fond, ne pensaient qu'à eux. Ils avaient une raison de le faire,
-bien-sûr. Ils pensaient quelque part qu'ils pouvaient être
-volés et désiraient fermer à clef. Mais ils ne
-pensaient pas aux autres qui souffraient d'avoir des choses enfermées
-dans la même salle. Presque à chaque fois que cela s'est
-produit — après avoir porté à leur attention
-qu'il neleur appartenait pas de décider de la fermeture de la
-porte — ils étaient capables de trouver un compromis. Mais
-le problème, c'est que les gens ne prennent pas la peine d'y
-penser. Ils se disent : « Cette salle est à moi, je
-peux la fermer, que les autres aillent au diable ! », et
-c'est exactement l'esprit que nous devons leur apprendre à ne pas
-avoir.</p>
-
-<p>Mais cet esprit d'ouvrir les portes n'était pas un comportement
-isolé, il faisait partie d'une façon de vivre à part
-entière. Les hackers du laboratoire d'I.A. étaient vraiment
-très motivés pour écrire de bons programmes. Et des
-programmes intéressants. Ils étaient à ce point
+<p><strong>[Note : Ceci une transcription légèrement révisée de
+l'entretien. En tant que tel, il contient des faux départs en plus de
+locutionsnaturelles en anglais parlé mais qui paraissent bizarres dans une
+publication. Il n'est pas évident de savoir comment le traduire dans un
+anglais correct sans faire violence au discours original.]</strong></p>
+
+<p>It seems that there are three things that people would like me to talk
+about. On the one hand I thought that the best thing to talk about here for
+a club of hackers, was what it was like at the <acronym title="Massachusetts
+Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym> in the old days. What made the
+Artificial Intelligence Lab such a special place. But people tell me also
+that since these are totally different people from the ones who were at the
+conference Monday and Tuesday that I ought to talk about what's going on in
+the GNU project and that I should talk about why software and information
+can not be owned, which means three talks in all, and since two of those
+subjects each took an hour it means we're in for a rather long time. So I
+had the idea that perhaps I could split it in to three parts, and people
+could go outside for the parts they are not interested in, and that then
+when I come to the end of a part I can say it's the end and people can go
+out and I can send Jan Rynning out to bring in the other people. (Someone
+else says: “Janne, han trenger ingen mike” (translation:
+“Janne, he doesn't need a mike”)). Jan, are you prepared to go
+running out to fetch the other people? Jmr: I am looking for a microphone,
+and someone tells me it is inside this locked box. Rms: Now in the old days
+at the AI lab we would have taken a sledgehammer and cracked it open, and
+the broken door would be a lesson to whoever had dared to lock up something
+that people needed to use. Luckily however I used to study Bulgarian
+singing, so I have no trouble managing without a microphone.</p>
+
+<p>Bon, dois-je installer ce système pour vous signaler les différentes
parties
+de l'entretien ou vous avez juste envie de le suivre jusqu'au
+bout ?(Réponse : Yeaaah !)</p>
+
+<p>Quand j'ai commencé à programmer, c'était en 1969. Dans un laboratoire
d'IBM
+à New York. Ensuite, je suis allé dans une école qui avait, probablement
+comme la plupart, un service informatique. Il y avait quelques professeurs
+responsables de ce qu'on était censé y faire et il y avait des gens qui
+décidaient de qui pouvait se servir de quoi. Il y avait une pénurie de
+terminaux pour la plupart d'entre nous. Or pas mal de professeurs en avaient
+un personnellement dans leurs bureaux, ce qui était du gaspillage, mais
+typique de leur attitude. Quand j'ai visité le laboratoire d'Intelligence
+Artificielle au M.I.T., j'ai trouvé un esprit qui différait de celui-ci de
+façon rafraîchissante. Par exemple : là , on considérait que les
+terminaux étaient à tout le monde et les professeurs s'étaient enfermés Ã
+clef dans leurs bureaux à force de voir leurs portes défoncées. On m'a
+montré une fois un chariot avec un grand bloc de fer au-dessus. Celui qui
+avait été utilisé pour défoncer la porte du bureau d'un des professeurs
+quand il a eu le culot d'y enfermer un terminal. Il y en avait très peu Ã
+cette époque. Il y avait à peu près quelque chose comme cinq terminaux Ã
+écran pour tout le système, aussi si l'un d'entre eux était bloqué,
c'était
+un vrai désastre.</p>
+
+<p>Dans les années qui ont suivi, j'ai été inspiré par ces idées et de
+nombreuses fois j'ai escaladé les plafonds ou sous les plancherspour
+débloquer les salles qui contenaient des machines dont les gens avaient
+besoin. Et je laissais derrière un mot qui expliquait aux gens qu'il ne
+devaient pas être aussi égoïste pour fermer la porte. Les gens qui fermaient
+la porte, au fond, ne pensaient qu'Ã eux. Ils avaient une raison de le
+faire, bien-sûr. Ils pensaient quelque part qu'ils pouvaient être volés et
+désiraient fermer à clef. Mais ils ne pensaient pas aux autres qui
+souffraient d'avoir des choses enfermées dans la même salle. Presque Ã
+chaque fois que cela s'est produit — après avoir porté à leur
+attention qu'il neleur appartenait pas de décider de la fermeture de la
+porte — ils étaient capables de trouver un compromis. Mais le
+problème, c'est que les gens ne prennent pas la peine d'y penser. Ils se
+disent : « Cette salle est à moi, je peux la fermer, que les
+autres aillent au diable ! », et c'est exactement l'esprit que
+nous devons leur apprendre à ne pas avoir.</p>
+
+<p>Mais cet esprit d'ouvrir les portes n'était pas un comportement isolé, il
+faisait partie d'une façon de vivre à part entière. Les hackers du
+laboratoire d'I.A. étaient vraiment très motivés pour écrire de bons
+programmes. Et des programmes intéressants. Ils étaient à ce point
impatients que le travail se fasse, qu'ils n'acceptaient pas de voir les
-terminaux enfermés ou quoi que ce soit d'autre que les gens pouvaient
-faire pour entraver le travail utile. C'est la différence entre les
-personnes au moral d'acier qui s'inquiètent vraiment de ce qu'elles
-essayent de faire et les gens qui prennent ça juste pour un
-boulot. Mais si c'est juste un boulot, qui s'inquiète vraiment de
-savoir si les gens qui vous embauchent sont assez stupides pour vous inciter
-à vous reposer et attendre ? C'est leur temps, leur argent, mais
-pas grand-chose ne se fait dans un endroit comme ça. Ce n'est pas
-drôle d'être dans un endroit comme ça.</p>
-
-<p>Une autre chose que nous n'avions pas au laboratoire d'I.A., c'était
-la protection des dossiers. Il n'y avait aucune sécurité sur
-l'ordinateur. Et nous l'avons très consciemment voulu comme
-ça. Les hackers qui ont écrit le « Système
-de répartition du temps incompatible » (Incompatible
-Timesharing System) avaient jugé que la protection des dossiers
-n'était qu'un moyen comme un autre pour un soi-disant directeur de
-système, d'avoir du pouvoir sur tout le monde. Ils n'ont pas voulu
-que n'importe qui puisse avoir du pouvoir sur eux comme ça. Aussi,
-ils n'ont pas mis en applicationce genre de dispositif. Résultat,
-chaque fois que quelque chose était cassé dans le
-système, vous pouviez toujours le réparer. Vous n'aviez jamais
-à vous asseoir impuissant parce qu'il n'y avait PAS D'ISSUE, alors
-que vous saviez parfaitement quoi faire mais parce qu'il avait
-été décidé de ne pas vous faire confiance pour
-ça. Vous n'aviez pas à laisser tomber et rentrer à la
-maison en attendant que quelqu'un vienne le matin pour réparer le
-système, alors que vous saviez dix fois mieux que lui ce qu'il
-fallait faire.</p>
-
-<p>Et nous n'avons laissé aucun professeur, aucun patron non plus
-décider quel travail allait être effectué, parce que
-notre travail c'était d'améliorer le système !
-Nous parlions aux utilisateurs évidemment; si vous ne faites pas
-ça, vous ne pouvez pas savoir ce qui est nécessaire. Nous
-étions les seuls, les plus aptes à savoir quel genre
-d'améliorations étaient possibles. Et nous parlions toujours
-entre nous pour savoir comment nous voulions voir le système
-évoluer, quelles sortes d'idées ordonnées vues dans
-d'autres systèmes, nous pouvions utiliser. Ainsi au final, nous
-avions une anarchie de fonctionnement sans douleur et après mon
-expérience là-bas, je fus convaincu que c'était la
-meilleure façon de vivre pour les gens.</p>
-
-<p>Malheureusement le laboratoire d'I.A. sous cette angle a été
-détruit. Pendant des années nous avions craint que le
-laboratoire ne soit détruit par un autre labo du M.I.T., le
-laboratoire d'Informatique dont le directeur était le genre de type
-à construire un empire. Il faisait tout ce qu'il pouvait pour avoir
-une promotion à l'intérieur du M.I.T. et faire grossir son
-organisation. Personne ne voulait faire les choses à sa
-manière étant donné qu'il croyait que les gens devaient
-obéir aux ordres et d'autres choses dans le style.</p>
-
-<p>Mais ce danger, nous avions réussi à nous en
-défendre. Il a été détruit par quelque chose que
-nous n'avions pas prévu : l'esprit commercial. Vers le
-début des années 80, les hackers ont soudainement compris
-qu'il y avait maintenant un intérêt commercial à faire
-ce qu'ils faisaient. Il était possible de devenir riche en
-travaillant pour des compagnies privées. Tout ce qu'il suffisait de
-faire, c'était de cesser de partager le travail et détruire le
-labo d'I.A. du M.I.T. Et c'est ce qu'ils ont fait, malgré tous mes
-efforts pour les en empêcher.</p>
-
-<p>L'essentiel des programmeurs compétents du laboratoire du M.I.T.,
-excepté moi, ont été embauchés ailleurs et cela
-a causé bien plus qu'un changement provisoire. Cela a causé
-une métamorphose définitive, parce que ça a
-brisé la continuité de la culture des hackers. Les nouveaux
-hackers sont toujours attirés par les anciens. Il y avait là
-les ordinateurs les plus drôles et des gens qui faisaient les choses
-les plus intéressantes avec. Et aussi un esprit qu'il était
-très plaisant à partager. Une fois ceci mort, il n'y avait
-plus d'endroit à recommander aux nouveaux. Aussi, ils ont
-cessé d'arriver. Il n'y avait plus personne qui aurait pu les
-inspirer, personne dont ils auraient pu apprendre les traditions. De plus
-personne de qui apprendre à bien programmer. Avec juste une petite
-équipe de professeurs et d'étudiants diplômés qui
-ne savaient pas vraiment comment faire marcher un programme, vous ne pouviez
-pas apprendre à faire fonctionner un bon programme. Aussi le labo
-d'I.A. du M.I.T. que j'aimais a disparu. Et après quelques
-années passées à me battre contre les gens qui avait
-fait ça, pour essayer de les punir pour ça, j'ai
-décidé de me consacrer à créer une nouvelle
-communauté avec cet esprit.</p>
-
-<p>Mais un des problèmes auxquels j'ai dû faire face fut celui des
-logiciels <a
-href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html#ProprietarySoftware">propriétaires</a>.
-Par exemple, ce qu'il s'est passé au laboratoire une fois les hackers
-partis, c'est que les machines et les logiciels que nous avions
-développés ne pouvaient plus être maintenus. Les
-logiciels marchaient évidemment et continuaient de marcher si
-personne ne les changeait, mais pas les machines. Les machines allaient
-casser et personne n'allait pouvoir les réparer et par la suite on
-allait les jeter. Dans les vieux jours, oui, il y avait des contrats
-d'entretien pour les machines mais c'était une plaisanterie pour
-l'essentiel. C'était une manière de participer après
-que les experts du labo d'IA aient arrangé le problème. Parce
-que si vous aviez laissé les personnes de service le faire, ça
-leur aurait pris des jours. Et vous ne vouliez pas que ça
-arrive. Vous vouliez que ça marche. Aussi, les personnes qui savaient
-faire ce genre de choses allaient réparer ça très vite,
-puisqu'elles étaient dix fois plus compétentes que n'importe
-quelle personne du service. Ils pouvaient faire un bien meilleur travail. Et
-donc si les cartes étaient abîmées, ils avaient juste
-à les laisser là et appeler les personnes de service
-« Reprenez-les et ramenez-nous en de nouvelles ».</p>
-
-<p>À la belle époque, nos hackers avaient également
-l'habitude de modifier les machines qui venaient de Digital. Par exemple,
-ils construisaient des boîtes de pagination à poser sur le
-PDP-10's. De nos jours, je pense qu'il y en a certains ici [à
-Stockholm] qui le font aussi. Mais ce n'était pas courant en ces
-temps-là. Et aux temps très anciens, au début des
-années 60, les gens modifiaient les ordinateurs en ajoutant toutes
-sortes de nouvelles instructions et de nouveaux systèmes fantaisistes
-de temps partagé. De sorte que le PDP-1 du M.I.T., avant qu'il ne
-parte à la retraite dans les années 70, avait quelque chose
-comme deux fois plus d'instructions qu'il n'en avait lors de sa livraison
-par Digital dans les années 60. Et il avait un planificateur
-matériel spécial pour aider les unités logiques et
-d'étranges dispositifs de mémoire-traçante qui rendait
-possible le fait de relier individuellement les périphériques
-matériels à des systèmes de répartition du temps
-et des tas d'autres choses comme ça que je connais à peine. Je
-pense qu'ils ont également construit, dans un certain type de mode
-d'adressage étendu qu'ils ont rajouté, l'index des registres
-et l'adressage indirect et ont transformé pour l'essentiel une toute
-petite machine en une autre à peu près correcte.</p>
-
-<p>Je devine que l'un des inconvénients de la VLSI (Very Large Scale
-Integration (intégration à très grande échelle))
-est qu'il n'est plus vraiment pratique d'ajouter des instructions sur vos
-machines.</p>
-
-<p>Le PDP-1 avait des fonctions très intéressantes,
-particulièrement de pouvoir être accessible à des
-programmes très intéressants en très peu
-d'instructions. Moins qu'aucune autre machine depuis. Je crois par exemple
-que le célèbre haché d'affichage « munching
-squares » (lit. : grignotage de carrés) qui faisait
-que des carrés grandissaient puis se brisaient en une multitude de
-petits carrés qui devenaient plus grands et se cassaient en petits
-carrés. Cela a été écrit en quelque chose comme
-cinq instructions sur le PDP-1. Et beaucoup d'autres beaux programmes
-d'affichage ont pu être écrits ainsi en peu d'instructions.</p>
-
-<p>C'était le laboratoire d'I.A. Mais c'était quoi la culture des
-hackers hormis leur anarchisme ? Dans les temps du PDP-1 une seule
-personne pouvait utiliser la machine, du moins au début. Plusieurs
-années après ils ont écrit un système de
-répartition du temps et ils ont rajouté pas mal de
-matériel pour ça. Mais au début, vous pouviez seulement
-vous enregistrer pour une période donnée. Naturellement les
-professeurs et les étudiants qui travaillaient sur des projets
-officiels venaient toujours pendant la journée. Ainsi, les gens qui
-voulaient avoir plus de temps s'enregistraient la nuit quand il y avait
-moins d'affluence et ce fut la coutume des hackers de travailler la
-nuit. Même lorsqu'il y avait le répartiteur de temps, il
-était toujours plus facile d'en avoir, vous pouviez obtenir plus de
-cycles la nuit parce qu'il y avait peu d'utilisateurs. Aussi ceux qui
-désiraient effectuer un volume de travail plus important devaient
-venir la nuit. Mais ça a commencé à changer parce que
-vous n'étiez pas seul, il y avait quelques autres hackers ici et
-là et c'est devenu un phénomène social. Si vous entriez
-pendant la journée, vous pouviez vous attendre à trouver des
-professeurs et des étudiants qui n'étaient pas des fans de la
-machine, alors que si vous veniez la nuit vous trouviez des hackers. Par
-conséquent, les hackers sont venus la nuit pour partager leur
-culture. Et ils ont développé d'autres traditions, comme celle
-d'aller chercher de la nourriture chinoise à trois heure du matin. Et
-j'ai beaucoup de souvenirs de levers de soleil depuis la voiture en revenant
-de Chinatown. C'était tellement beau de voir le lever du soleil,
-c'est une heure tellement calme du jour. C'est une heure merveilleuse pour
-aller au lit. Il est si doux de marcher vers sa maison dans une
-lumière qui commence juste à poindre et les oiseaux qui
-commencent à gazouiller. Vous aviez une sensation de douce
-satisfaction, de tranquillité pour le travail que vous avez fait la
-nuit.</p>
-
-<p>Une autre tradition que nous avons commencée était celle
-d'avoir des endroits où dormir au laboratoire. Depuis que j'y
-étais venu la première fois, il y avait toujours au moins un
-lit. Et j'y passais un peu plus de temps que la plupart des autres parce que
-chaque année, pour une raison ou une autre, je n'avais pas
-d'appartement et j'y vivais quelques mois. Et je l'ai toujours trouvé
-très confortable et sympa et frais en été. Mais il
-n'était pas du tout rare de tomber sur des personnes endormies au
-laboratoire, toujours à cause de leur enthousiasme : vous restez
-le plus longtemps possible à hacker parce que vous ne vouliez pas
-vous arrêter, et une fois que vous êtiez complètement
-épuisé, vous escaladiez la surface horizontale souple la plus
-proche. Une ambiance vraiment sans cérémonie.</p>
-
-<p>Mais quand les hackers sont partis du laboratoire, ça a causé
-un changement démographique parce que les professeurs et les
-étudiants qui n'étaient pas vraiment des fans de la machine
-étaient aussi nombreux qu'avant ; ils représentaient la
-majorité. Et ils ont vraiment eu peur. Sans hacker pour maintenir le
-système, ils se sont dit : « Ça va être
-un désastre, il nous faut un logiciel commercial », et ils
-se sont dit « Comme ça, nous pourrons compter sur la
-maintenance de l'entreprise ». Il fut prouvé qu'ils
-avaient absolument tort, mais c'est ce qu'ils ont fait.</p>
-
-<p>Ce fut exactement au moment où un nouveau système KL-10
-était sensé arriver et la question fut d'utiliser le
-Système de répartition du temps incompatible ou le
-système numérique de Twenex. Une fois les hackers partis
-— qui auraient sans doute encouragé à utiliser le
-leur — les universitaires ont choisi d'utiliser le logiciel
-commercial, et ça eu plusieurs effets immédiats. Certains
-n'ont pas été vraimentimmédiats mais ils ont
-inévitablement suivi comme n'importe qui d'averti l'aurait vu.</p>
-
-<p>La première chose fut que ce logiciel était très mal
-écrit et dur à comprendre ; rendant donc plus durs les
-changements nécessaires. Une autre fut que le logiciel était
-sécurisé, ce qui a eu pour effet inévitable de diminuer
-la collaboration entre les uns et les autres. Dans le passé, sur
+terminaux enfermés ou quoi que ce soit d'autre que les gens pouvaient faire
+pour entraver le travail utile. C'est la différence entre les personnes au
+moral d'acier qui s'inquiètent vraiment de ce qu'elles essayent de faire et
+les gens qui prennent ça juste pour un boulot. Mais si c'est juste un
+boulot, qui s'inquiète vraiment de savoir si les gens qui vous embauchent
+sont assez stupides pour vous inciter à vous reposer et attendre ?
+C'est leur temps, leur argent, mais pas grand-chose ne se fait dans un
+endroit comme ça. Ce n'est pas drôle d'être dans un endroit comme ça.</p>
+
+<p>Une autre chose que nous n'avions pas au laboratoire d'I.A., c'était la
+protection des dossiers. Il n'y avait aucune sécurité sur l'ordinateur. Et
+nous l'avons très consciemment voulu comme ça. Les hackers qui ont écrit le
+« Système de répartition du temps incompatible » (Incompatible
+Timesharing System) avaient jugé que la protection des dossiers n'était
+qu'un moyen comme un autre pour un soi-disant directeur de système, d'avoir
+du pouvoir sur tout le monde. Ils n'ont pas voulu que n'importe qui puisse
+avoir du pouvoir sur eux comme ça. Aussi, ils n'ont pas mis en applicationce
+genre de dispositif. Résultat, chaque fois que quelque chose était cassé
+dans le système, vous pouviez toujours le réparer. Vous n'aviez jamais Ã
+vous asseoir impuissant parce qu'il n'y avait PAS D'ISSUE, alors que vous
+saviez parfaitement quoi faire mais parce qu'il avait été décidé de ne pas
+vous faire confiance pour ça. Vous n'aviez pas à laisser tomber et rentrer Ã
+la maison en attendant que quelqu'un vienne le matin pour réparer le
+système, alors que vous saviez dix fois mieux que lui ce qu'il fallait
+faire.</p>
+
+<p>Et nous n'avons laissé aucun professeur, aucun patron non plus décider
quel
+travail allait être effectué, parce que notre travail c'était d'améliorer
le
+système ! Nous parlions aux utilisateurs évidemment; si vous ne faites
+pas ça, vous ne pouvez pas savoir ce qui est nécessaire. Nous étions les
+seuls, les plus aptes à savoir quel genre d'améliorations étaient
+possibles. Et nous parlions toujours entre nous pour savoir comment nous
+voulions voir le système évoluer, quelles sortes d'idées ordonnées vues
dans
+d'autres systèmes, nous pouvions utiliser. Ainsi au final, nous avions une
+anarchie de fonctionnement sans douleur et après mon expérience là -bas, je
+fus convaincu que c'était la meilleure façon de vivre pour les gens.</p>
+
+<p>Malheureusement le laboratoire d'I.A. sous cette angle a été
+détruit. Pendant des années nous avions craint que le laboratoire ne soit
+détruit par un autre labo du M.I.T., le laboratoire d'Informatique dont le
+directeur était le genre de type à construire un empire. Il faisait tout ce
+qu'il pouvait pour avoir une promotion à l'intérieur du M.I.T. et faire
+grossir son organisation. Personne ne voulait faire les choses à sa manière
+étant donné qu'il croyait que les gens devaient obéir aux ordres et d'autres
+choses dans le style.</p>
+
+<p>Mais ce danger, nous avions réussi à nous en défendre. Il a été
détruit par
+quelque chose que nous n'avions pas prévu : l'esprit commercial. Vers
+le début des années 80, les hackers ont soudainement compris qu'il y avait
+maintenant un intérêt commercial à faire ce qu'ils faisaient. Il était
+possible de devenir riche en travaillant pour des compagnies privées. Tout
+ce qu'il suffisait de faire, c'était de cesser de partager le travail et
+détruire le labo d'I.A. du M.I.T. Et c'est ce qu'ils ont fait, malgré tous
+mes efforts pour les en empêcher.</p>
+
+<p>L'essentiel des programmeurs compétents du laboratoire du M.I.T., excepté
+moi, ont été embauchés ailleurs et cela a causé bien plus qu'un changement
+provisoire. Cela a causé une métamorphose définitive, parce que ça a brisé
+la continuité de la culture des hackers. Les nouveaux hackers sont toujours
+attirés par les anciens. Il y avait là les ordinateurs les plus drôles et
+des gens qui faisaient les choses les plus intéressantes avec. Et aussi un
+esprit qu'il était très plaisant à partager. Une fois ceci mort, il n'y
+avait plus d'endroit à recommander aux nouveaux. Aussi, ils ont cessé
+d'arriver. Il n'y avait plus personne qui aurait pu les inspirer, personne
+dont ils auraient pu apprendre les traditions. De plus personne de qui
+apprendre à bien programmer. Avec juste une petite équipe de professeurs et
+d'étudiants diplômés qui ne savaient pas vraiment comment faire marcher un
+programme, vous ne pouviez pas apprendre à faire fonctionner un bon
+programme. Aussi le labo d'I.A. du M.I.T. que j'aimais a disparu. Et après
+quelques années passées à me battre contre les gens qui avait fait ça, pour
+essayer de les punir pour ça, j'ai décidé de me consacrer à créer une
+nouvelle communauté avec cet esprit.</p>
+
+<p>Mais un des problèmes auxquels j'ai dû faire face fut celui des logiciels
<a
+href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html#ProprietarySoftware">propriétaires</a>.
+Par exemple, ce qu'il s'est passé au laboratoire une fois les hackers
+partis, c'est que les machines et les logiciels que nous avions développés
+ne pouvaient plus être maintenus. Les logiciels marchaient évidemment et
+continuaient de marcher si personne ne les changeait, mais pas les
+machines. Les machines allaient casser et personne n'allait pouvoir les
+réparer et par la suite on allait les jeter. Dans les vieux jours, oui, il y
+avait des contrats d'entretien pour les machines mais c'était une
+plaisanterie pour l'essentiel. C'était une manière de participer après que
+les experts du labo d'IA aient arrangé le problème. Parce que si vous aviez
+laissé les personnes de service le faire, ça leur aurait pris des jours. Et
+vous ne vouliez pas que ça arrive. Vous vouliez que ça marche. Aussi, les
+personnes qui savaient faire ce genre de choses allaient réparer ça très
+vite, puisqu'elles étaient dix fois plus compétentes que n'importe quelle
+personne du service. Ils pouvaient faire un bien meilleur travail. Et donc
+si les cartes étaient abîmées, ils avaient juste à les laisser là et
appeler
+les personnes de service « Reprenez-les et ramenez-nous en de
+nouvelles ».</p>
+
+<p>à la belle époque, nos hackers avaient également l'habitude de modifier
les
+machines qui venaient de Digital. Par exemple, ils construisaient des boîtes
+de pagination à poser sur le PDP-10's. De nos jours, je pense qu'il y en a
+certains ici [à Stockholm] qui le font aussi. Mais ce n'était pas courant en
+ces temps-là . Et aux temps très anciens, au début des années 60, les gens
+modifiaient les ordinateurs en ajoutant toutes sortes de nouvelles
+instructions et de nouveaux systèmes fantaisistes de temps partagé. De sorte
+que le PDP-1 du M.I.T., avant qu'il ne parte à la retraite dans les années
+70, avait quelque chose comme deux fois plus d'instructions qu'il n'en avait
+lors de sa livraison par Digital dans les années 60. Et il avait un
+planificateur matériel spécial pour aider les unités logiques et d'étranges
+dispositifs de mémoire-traçante qui rendait possible le fait de relier
+individuellement les périphériques matériels à des systèmes de
répartition
+du temps et des tas d'autres choses comme ça que je connais à peine. Je
+pense qu'ils ont également construit, dans un certain type de mode
+d'adressage étendu qu'ils ont rajouté, l'index des registres et l'adressage
+indirect et ont transformé pour l'essentiel une toute petite machine en une
+autre à peu près correcte.</p>
+
+<p>Je devine que l'un des inconvénients de la VLSI (Very Large Scale
+Integration (intégration à très grande échelle)) est qu'il n'est plus
+vraiment pratique d'ajouter des instructions sur vos machines.</p>
+
+<p>The PDP-1 also had a very interesting feature, which is that it was possible
+to write interesting programs in very few instructions. Fewer than any
+other machine since then. I believe for example that the famous display
+hack “munching squares” which made squares that get bigger and
+break up into lots of smaller squares which gets bigger and break up into
+smaller squares. That was written in something like five instructions on
+the PDP-1. And many other beautiful display programs could be written in
+few instructions.</p>
+
+<p>C'était le laboratoire d'I.A. Mais c'était quoi la culture des hackers
+hormis leur anarchisme ? Dans les temps du PDP-1 une seule personne
+pouvait utiliser la machine, du moins au début. Plusieurs années après ils
+ont écrit un système de répartition du temps et ils ont rajouté pas mal de
+matériel pour ça. Mais au début, vous pouviez seulement vous enregistrer
+pour une période donnée. Naturellement les professeurs et les étudiants qui
+travaillaient sur des projets officiels venaient toujours pendant la
+journée. Ainsi, les gens qui voulaient avoir plus de temps s'enregistraient
+la nuit quand il y avait moins d'affluence et ce fut la coutume des hackers
+de travailler la nuit. Même lorsqu'il y avait le répartiteur de temps, il
+était toujours plus facile d'en avoir, vous pouviez obtenir plus de cycles
+la nuit parce qu'il y avait peu d'utilisateurs. Aussi ceux qui désiraient
+effectuer un volume de travail plus important devaient venir la nuit. Mais
+ça a commencé à changer parce que vous n'étiez pas seul, il y avait
quelques
+autres hackers ici et là et c'est devenu un phénomène social. Si vous
+entriez pendant la journée, vous pouviez vous attendre à trouver des
+professeurs et des étudiants qui n'étaient pas des fans de la machine, alors
+que si vous veniez la nuit vous trouviez des hackers. Par conséquent, les
+hackers sont venus la nuit pour partager leur culture. Et ils ont développé
+d'autres traditions, comme celle d'aller chercher de la nourriture chinoise
+Ã trois heure du matin. Et j'ai beaucoup de souvenirs de levers de soleil
+depuis la voiture en revenant de Chinatown. C'était tellement beau de voir
+le lever du soleil, c'est une heure tellement calme du jour. C'est une heure
+merveilleuse pour aller au lit. Il est si doux de marcher vers sa maison
+dans une lumière qui commence juste à poindre et les oiseaux qui commencent
+Ã gazouiller. Vous aviez une sensation de douce satisfaction, de
+tranquillité pour le travail que vous avez fait la nuit.</p>
+
+<p>Une autre tradition que nous avons commencée était celle d'avoir des
+endroits où dormir au laboratoire. Depuis que j'y étais venu la première
+fois, il y avait toujours au moins un lit. Et j'y passais un peu plus de
+temps que la plupart des autres parce que chaque année, pour une raison ou
+une autre, je n'avais pas d'appartement et j'y vivais quelques mois. Et je
+l'ai toujours trouvé très confortable et sympa et frais en été. Mais il
+n'était pas du tout rare de tomber sur des personnes endormies au
+laboratoire, toujours à cause de leur enthousiasme : vous restez le
+plus longtemps possible à hacker parce que vous ne vouliez pas vous arrêter,
+et une fois que vous êtiez complètement épuisé, vous escaladiez la surface
+horizontale souple la plus proche. Une ambiance vraiment sans cérémonie.</p>
+
+<p>Mais quand les hackers sont partis du laboratoire, ça a causé un
changement
+démographique parce que les professeurs et les étudiants qui n'étaient pas
+vraiment des fans de la machine étaient aussi nombreux qu'avant ; ils
+représentaient la majorité. Et ils ont vraiment eu peur. Sans hacker pour
+maintenir le système, ils se sont dit : « Ãa va être un
désastre,
+il nous faut un logiciel commercial », et ils se sont dit « Comme
+ça, nous pourrons compter sur la maintenance de l'entreprise ». Il fut
+prouvé qu'ils avaient absolument tort, mais c'est ce qu'ils ont fait.</p>
+
+<p>That was exactly when a new KL-10 system was supposed to arrive, and the
+question was, would it run the Incompatible Timesharing System or would it
+run Digital's Twenex system. Once the hackers were gone who probably would
+have supported using ITS, the academic types chose to run the commercial
+software, and this had several immediate effects. Some of them weren't
+actually so immediate but they followed inevitably as anyone who thought
+about it would see.</p>
+
+<p>La première chose fut que ce logiciel était très mal écrit et dur Ã
+comprendre ; rendant donc plus durs les changements nécessaires. Une
+autre fut que le logiciel était sécurisé, ce qui a eu pour effet inévitable
+de diminuer la collaboration entre les uns et les autres. Dans le passé, sur
<abbr title="Icompatible Timesharing System">ITS</abbr>, on trouvait
-bénéfique le fait d'avoir accès à tous les
-fichiers et de pouvoir changer n'importe lequel, parce que nous avions des
-raisons pour cela. Je me rappelle un scandale intéressant où
-quelqu'un a envoyé une demande d'aide en utilisant Macsyma. Macsyma
-est un programme symbolique d'algèbre qui a été
-développé au M.I.T. Il a envoyé une demande d'aide
-à l'une des personnes qui travaillait dessus et a obtenu une
-réponse quelques heures plus tard de la part de quelqu'un d'autre. Il
-a été horrifié. Il a envoyé le message :
-« Untel ou untel doit lire votre courrier, les fichiers de
-courrier ne sont peut-être pas correctement protégés sur
-votre système ? ». « Naturellement, aucun
-dossier n'est protégé sur notre système. Quel est le
-problème ? Vous avez obtenu votre réponse plus tôt,
-pourquoi en êtes-vous chagriné ? Évidemment nous
-lisons le courrier de tout le monde, comme ça nous pouvons tomber sur
-des personnes comme vous et les aider ». Certaines personnes ne
-savent pas qu'elles sont riches.</p>
-
-<p>Mais naturellement Twenex n'était pas seulement muni d'une
-sécurité — et par défaut la
-sécurité est activée — mais il est
-également conçu en partant de l'hypothèse que la
-sécurité est active. Or il y a un bon nombre de choses
-très faciles à faire qui peuvent causer des dommages et la
-seule chose qui vous empêche de les faire par accident c'est la
-sécurité. Sur ITS, nous avions développé des
-moyens supplémentaires pour éviter que les gens fassent des
-erreurs par accident, mais sur Twenex vous ne les aviez pas étant
-donné qu'il était supposé y avoir une
-sécurité totale dans les résultats et que seulement les
-chefs avaient la possibilité de faire des erreurs. Ainsi ils n'ont
-mis de sécurité dans aucun des mécanismes. Le
-résultat, c'est que vous ne pouviez plus enlever la
-sécurité et avoir ce que vous vouliez vraiment avoir. Et il
-n'y avait plus de hackers pour faire les changements nécessaires dans
-les mécanismes. Aussi les gens ont été obligés
-de travailler avec la sécurité. Et environ six mois
-après que la machine soit arrivée, il a commencé
-à y avoir quelques « coups
-d'état ». C'est-à-dire, d'abord nous avons
-émis l'hypothèse que tous ceux qui travaillaient pour le
-laboratoire allaient avoir un bout de gouvernail donnant les pleins pouvoirs
-et la priorité sur les mesures de sécurité, mais il a
-suffit de venir quelques après-midi pour découvrir que le bout
-de gouvernail d'à peu près tout le monde avait
-été supprimé.</p>
-
-<p>Quand je m'en suis rendu compte, j'ai tout renversé. Dans un premier
-temps, j'ai fini par connaître le mot de passe d'une des personnes qui
-faisait partie de l'élite et j'ai pu l'utiliser pour renvoyer tout le
-monde dessus. Dans un deuxième temps, il a changé son mot de
-passe et ensuite changé de relations. Il faisait maintenant partie de
-l'aristocratie. Alors j'ai dû faire baisser le régime de la
-machine et utiliser le temps non-partagé DDT pour fouiller un peu
-partout. J'ai fouillé dans le moniteur pendant un moment et j'ai
-compris à la fin comment faire pour qu'il se charge et que je puisse
-le patcher. De sorte que j'ai pu bloquer lecontrôle des mots de passe
-et ainsi rendre les pleins pouvoirs au groupe entier. Puis j'ai
-laissé un message-système. Le nom de cette machine
-était OZ et le message disait : « Il y a eu une
-nouvelle tentative de prise du pouvoir, jusqu'ici les forces aristocratiques
-sont battues — La radio Libre d'OZ ». Plus tard j'ai
-découvert que « la Radio Libre d'Oz » est l'une
-des expressions utilisées par Firesign Theater. Je ne le savais pas
-à ce moment-là.</p>
-
-<p>Mais graduellement les choses ont empiré, à cause de la
-façon dont le système avait été construit qui
-forcait les gens à demander de plus en plus de
-sécurité. Jusqu'à ce que finalement, je sois
-obligé d'arrêter d'utiliser la machine parce que je refusais
-d'avoir un mot de passe secret. Depuis que les mots de passe étaient
-apparus pour la première fois au laboratoire d'I.A. du M.I.T., j'en
-étais venu à la conclusion que pour respecter ma croyance,
-pour suivre ma croyance, il ne devait y avoir aucun mot de passe. Je devais
-toujours veiller à avoir un mot de passe aussi évident que
-possible et le dire à tout le monde. Parce que je ne crois pas qu'il
-soit vraiment souhaitable d'avoir une sécurité sur un
-ordinateur, je ne devrais pas aider au maintien du régime de
-sécurité. Sur les systèmes qui me permettent d'utiliser
-un « mot de passe vide » et sur des systèmes
-où cela n'est pas permis — où cela signifie que
-vous ne pouvez pas ouvrir de session ailleurs, des choses comme ça,
-j'utilise mon login en tant que mot de passe. Il est évident que vous
-pouvez l'obtenir. Et quand les gens précisent que de cette
-manière on peut ouvrir une session en mon nom, je réponds
-« Oui, c'est une idée, quelqu'un pourrait avoir besoin de
-quelques données sur cette machine. Je veux m'assurer qu'elles ne
-sont pas verrouillées par la sécurité ».</p>
-
-<p>Et une autre chose que je fais toujours, c'est désactiver la
-protection sur mon répertoire et mes dossiers. Parce que de temps en
-temps j'y stocke des programmes utiles et s'il y a un bogue je veux que les
-gens puissent le corriger.</p>
-
-<p>Mais cette machine n'a pas non plus été conçue pour
-défendre lephénomène appelé
-« tourisme ». Le« tourisme » est
-une très vieilletradition du laboratoire d'I.A. qui allait dans le
-sens de nos autresconceptions de l'anarchie et qui était que nous
-devions laisser lesgens de l'extérieur utiliser la machine. À
-l'époque où quiconquepouvait marcher jusqu'à elle et se
-connecter à ce qui lui plaisait,c'était automatique : si
-vous veniez pour visiter, vous pouviez ouvrir une session et
-travailler. Plus tard nous avons plus ou moins formalisé ça
-comme une tradition admise, particulièrement quand l'Arpanet a
-commencé et que les gens ont commencé à se relier
-à nos machines à partir de n'importe quel coin du
-pays. Maintenant ce que nous espérions, c'était que ces
-personnes apprendraient réellement à programmer et qu'elles
-commenceraient à modifier le logiciel d'exploitation. Quand vous
-dites ça à un directeur système n'importe où
-ailleurs, il en serait horrifié. Si vous lui proposez l'idée
-que n'importe quel étranger puisse utiliser la machine, il dirait
-« Mais s'il commence à modifier nos
-programmes ? ». Mais pour nous, si un étranger
-commence à modifier les programmes, cela signifie qu'il montre un
-vrai intérêt en devenant un membre contributif de la
-communauté. Nous encouragions toujours les gens à le
-faire. À commencer naturellement par écrire de nouveaux
-utilitaires, des petits, et nous jetions un œil sur ce qu'ils avaient
-fait et nous les corrigions. Ils en arrivaient alors à ajouter des
-dispositifs à de grands utilitaires existants. Et ce sont des
-programmes qui ont existé pendant une dizaine ou peut-être une
-quinzaine d'années, grandissant petit à petit, un artisan
-après l'autre, auquels s'ajoutaient de nouveaux dispositifs
-supplémentaires.</p>
-
-<p>Comme dans certaines villes de France on pourrait dire, où vous
-pouvez voir des bâtiments extrêmement vieux avec des rajouts,
-faits des centaines d'années après, dans tous les styles
-jusqu'à aujourd'hui. Dans le domaine de l'informatique, un programme
-qui a été commencé en 1965 c'est exactement
-ça. Ainsi nous espérions toujours que des touristes
-entretiennent le système et peut-être allaient-ils être
-embauchés après avoir déjà commencé
-à travailler sur les programmes et nous avoir montré qu'ils
-étaient capables de faire du bon travail.</p>
-
-<p>Mais il y avait sur les machines ITS certains dispositifs qui aidaient
-à éviter que ça nous échappe. L'un d'entre eux
-était un dispositif « espion » où tout
-le monde pouvait observer ce que tout le monde faisait. Et naturellement les
-touristes ont aimé espionner. Ils pensaient que c'était une
-chose ingénieuse. C'est un peu méchant vous voyez mais le
-résultat est que si un touriste commence à faire n'importe
-quoi qui cause problème, il y a toujours quelqu'un pour le
-voir. Assez vite ses amis allaient en être furieux parce qu'ils
-savaient que le tourisme continue à exister,il fallait des touristes
-responsables. Aussi il y avait forcément quelqu'un qui savait qui
-c'était et nous étions en mesure de lui dire de nous laisser
-tranquilles. Et si nous ne pouvions pas, alors ce que nous avions à
-faire était de fermer entièrement l'accès à
-certains endroits pendant un moment, et quand nous le réouvriions, il
-était parti et nous avait oubliés. Et cela a continué
-comme ça pendant des années, des années… et des
-années.</p>
-
-<p>Mais le système de Twenex n'avait pas été conçu
-pour ce genre de chose et par la suite ils ne m'ont plus
-toléré, moi et mon mot de passe que tout le monde
-connaissait. Les touristes ouvraient toujours les sessions en mon nom,
-à deux ou trois à la fois, et ont commencé à
-vider mon compte. À ce moment-là de toute façon, je
-travaillais le plus souvent sur d'autres machines; tellement que finalement
-j'ai abandonné et cessé à tout jamais de le
-réactiver. C'était comme ça. Je ne m'étais pas
-connecté sur cette machine en tant que moi… [ à ce
-moment-là, RMS est interrompu par des applaudissements énormes
-]… pour ça.</p>
-
-<p>Quand ils eurent le système Twenex pour la première fois, ils
-avaient à l'esprit d'y faire plusieurs changements. Ceux
-opérés dans le domaine de la sécurité ont
-fonctionné. Ils ont aussi voulu avoir la machine sur le réseau
-d'ARPA et sur celui du M.I.T. Chaos en même temps. Et il
-s'avère qu'ils n'ont pas pu le faire, qu'il n'y avait personne
-d'assez compétent pour ça. Il n'y avait plus de talent
-disponible et c'était trop difficile. Ce système était
-beaucoup plus dur à comprendre parce qu'on l'avait mal écrit
-et naturellement Digital ne voulait pas faire ce genre de choses. Ainsi
-l'idée d'un système commercial qui se maintenait tout seul
-s'est révélé être une erreur. Ils avaient
-absolument besoin de hacker le système. Mais ils n'avaient plus les
-moyens d'attirer les hackers. Et de nos jours au M.I.T., il y a plus de gens
-intéressés à hacker ITS que Twenex.</p>
-
-<p>Et la raison, c'est que Twenex ne pouvait pas être
-partagé. Twenex est un programme propriétaire : vous
-n'avez le droit d'avoir les sources que si vous les gardez secrètes
-de façon assez agressive et ça leur donne mauvais
-goût. À moins que la personne soit inconsciente. Comme le sont
+bénéfique le fait d'avoir accès à tous les fichiers et de pouvoir changer
+n'importe lequel, parce que nous avions des raisons pour cela. Je me
+rappelle un scandale intéressant où quelqu'un a envoyé une demande d'aide en
+utilisant Macsyma. Macsyma est un programme symbolique d'algèbre qui a été
+développé au M.I.T. Il a envoyé une demande d'aide à l'une des personnes
qui
+travaillait dessus et a obtenu une réponse quelques heures plus tard de la
+part de quelqu'un d'autre. Il a été horrifié. Il a envoyé le message :
+« Untel ou untel doit lire votre courrier, les fichiers de courrier ne
+sont peut-être pas correctement protégés sur votre
+système ? ». « Naturellement, aucun dossier n'est protégé
sur
+notre système. Quel est le problème ? Vous avez obtenu votre réponse
+plus tôt, pourquoi en êtes-vous chagriné ? Ãvidemment nous lisons le
+courrier de tout le monde, comme ça nous pouvons tomber sur des personnes
+comme vous et les aider ». Certaines personnes ne savent pas qu'elles
+sont riches.</p>
+
+<p>But of course Twenex not only has security, and by default turns on
+security, but it's also designed with the assumption that security is in
+use. So there are lots of things that are very easy to do that can cause a
+lot of damage, and the only thing that would stop you from doing them by
+accident, is security. On ITS we evolved other means of discouraging people
+from doing those things by accident, but on Twenex you didn't have them
+because they assumed that there was going to be be strict security in effect
+and only the bosses were going to have the power to do them. So they didn't
+put in any other mechanism to make it hard to do by accident. The result of
+this is that you can't just take Twenex and turn off the security and have
+what you'd really like to have, and there were no longer the hackers to make
+the changes to put in those other mechanisms, so people were forced to use
+the security. And about six months after the machine was there they started
+having some coups d'etat. That is, at first we had the assumption that
+everyone who worked for the lab was going to have the wheel bit which gave
+full powers to override all security measures, but some days you'd come in
+some afternoon and find out that the wheel bits of just about everybody had
+been turned off.</p>
+
+<p>When I found out about those, I overthrew them. The first time, I happened
+to know the password of one of the people who was included among the elite,
+so I was able to use that to turn everyone back on. The second time he had
+changed his password, he had now changed his sympathies, he was now part of
+the aristocratic party. So, I had to bring the machine down and use
+non-timeshared DDT to poke around. I poked around in the monitor for a
+while, and eventually figured out how to get it to load itself in and let me
+patch it, so that I could turn off password checking and then I turned back
+on a whole bunch of people's wheel bits and posted a system message. I have
+to explain that the name of this machine was OZ, so I posted a system
+message saying: “There was another attempt to seize power. So far the
+aristocratic forces have been defeated—Radio Free OZ”. Later I
+discovered that “Radio Free OZ” is one of the things used by
+Firesign Theater. I didn't know that at the time.</p>
+
+<p>Mais graduellement les choses ont empiré, à cause de la façon dont le
+système avait été construit qui forcait les gens à demander de plus en plus
+de sécurité. Jusqu'à ce que finalement, je sois obligé d'arrêter
d'utiliser
+la machine parce que je refusais d'avoir un mot de passe secret. Depuis que
+les mots de passe étaient apparus pour la première fois au laboratoire
+d'I.A. du M.I.T., j'en étais venu à la conclusion que pour respecter ma
+croyance, pour suivre ma croyance, il ne devait y avoir aucun mot de
+passe. Je devais toujours veiller à avoir un mot de passe aussi évident que
+possible et le dire à tout le monde. Parce que je ne crois pas qu'il soit
+vraiment souhaitable d'avoir une sécurité sur un ordinateur, je ne devrais
+pas aider au maintien du régime de sécurité. Sur les systèmes qui me
+permettent d'utiliser un « mot de passe vide » et sur des systèmes
+où cela n'est pas permis — où cela signifie que vous ne pouvez
+pas ouvrir de session ailleurs, des choses comme ça, j'utilise mon login en
+tant que mot de passe. Il est évident que vous pouvez l'obtenir. Et quand
+les gens précisent que de cette manière on peut ouvrir une session en mon
+nom, je réponds « Oui, c'est une idée, quelqu'un pourrait avoir besoin
+de quelques données sur cette machine. Je veux m'assurer qu'elles ne sont
+pas verrouillées par la sécurité ».</p>
+
+<p>Et une autre chose que je fais toujours, c'est désactiver la protection sur
+mon répertoire et mes dossiers. Parce que de temps en temps j'y stocke des
+programmes utiles et s'il y a un bogue je veux que les gens puissent le
+corriger.</p>
+
+<p>Mais cette machine n'a pas non plus été conçue pour défendre
lephénomène
+appelé « tourisme ». Le« tourisme » est une très
+vieilletradition du laboratoire d'I.A. qui allait dans le sens de nos
+autresconceptions de l'anarchie et qui était que nous devions laisser
+lesgens de l'extérieur utiliser la machine. à l'époque où quiconquepouvait
+marcher jusqu'à elle et se connecter à ce qui lui plaisait,c'était
+automatique : si vous veniez pour visiter, vous pouviez ouvrir une
+session et travailler. Plus tard nous avons plus ou moins formalisé ça comme
+une tradition admise, particulièrement quand l'Arpanet a commencé et que les
+gens ont commencé à se relier à nos machines à partir de n'importe quel
coin
+du pays. Maintenant ce que nous espérions, c'était que ces personnes
+apprendraient réellement à programmer et qu'elles commenceraient à modifier
+le logiciel d'exploitation. Quand vous dites ça à un directeur système
+n'importe où ailleurs, il en serait horrifié. Si vous lui proposez l'idée
+que n'importe quel étranger puisse utiliser la machine, il dirait
+« Mais s'il commence à modifier nos programmes ? ». Mais pour
+nous, si un étranger commence à modifier les programmes, cela signifie qu'il
+montre un vrai intérêt en devenant un membre contributif de la
+communauté. Nous encouragions toujours les gens à le faire. à commencer
+naturellement par écrire de nouveaux utilitaires, des petits, et nous
+jetions un œil sur ce qu'ils avaient fait et nous les corrigions. Ils
+en arrivaient alors à ajouter des dispositifs à de grands utilitaires
+existants. Et ce sont des programmes qui ont existé pendant une dizaine ou
+peut-être une quinzaine d'années, grandissant petit à petit, un artisan
+après l'autre, auquels s'ajoutaient de nouveaux dispositifs
supplémentaires.</p>
+
+<p>Comme dans certaines villes de France on pourrait dire, où vous pouvez voir
+des bâtiments extrêmement vieux avec des rajouts, faits des centaines
+d'années après, dans tous les styles jusqu'à aujourd'hui. Dans le domaine de
+l'informatique, un programme qui a été commencé en 1965 c'est exactement
+ça. Ainsi nous espérions toujours que des touristes entretiennent le système
+et peut-être allaient-ils être embauchés après avoir déjà commencé Ã
+travailler sur les programmes et nous avoir montré qu'ils étaient capables
+de faire du bon travail.</p>
+
+<p>Mais il y avait sur les machines ITS certains dispositifs qui aidaient Ã
+éviter que ça nous échappe. L'un d'entre eux était un dispositif
+« espion » où tout le monde pouvait observer ce que tout le monde
+faisait. Et naturellement les touristes ont aimé espionner. Ils pensaient
+que c'était une chose ingénieuse. C'est un peu méchant vous voyez mais le
+résultat est que si un touriste commence à faire n'importe quoi qui cause
+problème, il y a toujours quelqu'un pour le voir. Assez vite ses amis
+allaient en être furieux parce qu'ils savaient que le tourisme continue Ã
+exister,il fallait des touristes responsables. Aussi il y avait forcément
+quelqu'un qui savait qui c'était et nous étions en mesure de lui dire de
+nous laisser tranquilles. Et si nous ne pouvions pas, alors ce que nous
+avions à faire était de fermer entièrement l'accès à certains endroits
+pendant un moment, et quand nous le réouvriions, il était parti et nous
+avait oubliés. Et cela a continué comme ça pendant des années, des
+années… et des années.</p>
+
+<p>Mais le système de Twenex n'avait pas été conçu pour ce genre de chose
et
+par la suite ils ne m'ont plus toléré, moi et mon mot de passe que tout le
+monde connaissait. Les touristes ouvraient toujours les sessions en mon nom,
+à deux ou trois à la fois, et ont commencé à vider mon compte. à ce
+moment-là de toute façon, je travaillais le plus souvent sur d'autres
+machines; tellement que finalement j'ai abandonné et cessé à tout jamais de
+le réactiver. C'était comme ça. Je ne m'étais pas connecté sur cette
machine
+en tant que moi… [ à ce moment-là , RMS est interrompu par des
+applaudissements énormes ]… pour ça.</p>
+
+<p>But when they first got this Twenex system they had several changes in mind
+that they wanted to make. Changes in the way security worked. They also
+wanted to have the machine on both the ARPA network and the MIT-chaos
+network, and it turns out that they were unable to do this, that they
+couldn't get anyone who was sufficiently competent to make such changes.
+There was no longer talent available to do it, and it was to hard to
+change. That system was much harder to understand, because it was to poorly
+written, and of course, Digital wouldn't do these things, so their ideas
+that a commercial system would essentially maintain itself, proved to be
+mistaken. They had just as much need for system hackers, but they had no
+longer the means to entice system hackers. And nowadays at MIT there are
+more people interested in hacking on ITS than there are interested in
+hacking on Twenex.</p>
+
+<p>Et la raison, c'est que Twenex ne pouvait pas être partagé. Twenex est un
+programme propriétaire : vous n'avez le droit d'avoir les sources que
+si vous les gardez secrètes de façon assez agressive et ça leur donne
+mauvais goût. à moins que la personne soit inconsciente. Comme le sont
certains en informatique ; il y en a qui feraient n'importe quoi si
-c'est drôle pour eux et ne penseront pas une minute à
-coopérer avec qui que ce soit. Mais il faut être franchement
-ailleurs pour ne pas remarquer à quel point c'est triste de
-travailler comme ça sur un programme, c'est une autre façon de
-décourager. Et comme si ce n'était pas suffisant, chaque
-année ils vous donnent une nouvelle version remplie d'une
-cinquantaine de milliers de lignes de code supplémentaires toutes
-écrites par des singes. Parce qu'ils suivent
-généralement le système de programmation scolaire du
-genre « million de singes dactylographiant qui finiront bien par
-apporter quelque chose d'utile ».</p>
-
-<p>Il m'apparût clair, d'après ce que j'avais vu advenir de ces
-systèmes propriétaires que la seule façon de conserver
-l'esprit du vieux labo d'I.A. était d'avoir un logiciel
-d'exploitation libre. D'avoir un système formé par du logiciel
-libre pouvant être partagé avec n'importe qui. De façon
-à pouvoir inviter tout le monde à s'associer pour
-l'améliorer. Et c'est ce qui a conduit au projet GNU. Ainsi j'estime
-que nous sommes arrivés à la deuxième partie de
-l'entretien.</p>
-
-<p>Environ trois ans et demi auparavant, il était devenu clair pour moi
-que je devais commencer à développer un système de
-logiciel libre. Je pouvais voir deux genres de systèmes se
-développer : le premier, un système qui ressemblait
-à celui des machines LISP, un système essentiellement comme
-celui qui venait d'être développé sur les machines LISP
-du M.I.T. mais libre et fonctionnant sur tout type de matériel, pas
-seulement sur les machines LISP spécialisées. Et l'autre
-système possible était un logiciel d'exploitation plus
-conventionnel. Et il était clair pour moi que si je faisais un
-logiciel d'exploitation conventionnel, je devais le rendre compatible avec
-Unix parce que ça rendait la migration plus facile aux gens
-alentours. Peu de temps plus tard, j'en ai conclu que c'était ce
-qu'il fallait faire. Et la raison, c'était qu'il n'était pas
-vraiment possible d'obtenir quelque chose d'identique au système des
-machines LISP sur tout type de matériel. Le système des
-machines LISP utilise du matériel spécial, plus un microcode
-à affichage spécial pour gagner une bonne vitesse
-d'exécution et une détection solide des erreurs pendant le
-temps d'exécution, en particulier les erreurs sur le type des
-données. Pour qu'un système LISP puisse fonctionner assez
-rapidement sur du matériel ordinaire, vous devez commencer par faire
-des suppositions. En supposant que tel argument est le bon. Et si ce n'est
-pas le cas, vous obtenez le plantage du système.</p>
-
-<p>Naturellement vous pouvez y placer des contrôles explicites, vous
-pouvez écrire un programme solide si vous voulez, mais le fait est
-que vous allez obtenir des choses comme des erreurs d'adressage de
-mémoire lorsque vous alimentez une fonction, un argument de type
-inapproprié si vous n'aviez pas prévu d'y placer des
-éléments à contrôler pour ça.</p>
-
-<p>Le résultat, c'est qu'il fallait que quelque chose fonctionne en
-dessous du système LISP pour percevoir ces erreurs, donner à
-l'utilisateur la possibilité de maintenir le fonctionnement et de
-déboguer les problèmes qui étaient survenus. Enfin j'en
-ai conclu que si je devais avoir à plus bas niveau un logiciel
-d'exploitation, je pouvais tout aussi bien faire un bon système
-d'exploitation — c'était un choix entre un système
-d'exploitation et le LISP ou juste un système d'exploitation ;
-donc je devais faire le logiciel d'exploitation d'abord et le rendre
-compatible avec Unix. Enfin quand j'ai réalisé que je pouvais
-utiliser le plus drôle des mots anglais pour nommer ce système,
-le choix que je devais faire était clair. Et ce mot est
-bien-sûr GNU, qui signifie « GNU is Not
-Unix ». L'acronyme récursif est une très vieille
-tradition dans la communauté des hackers aux environs du M.I.T. Il a
-commencé je crois, avec un éditeur appelé TINT, ce qui
-signifie : « Tint Is Not Teco » et plus tard
-c'est passé par des noms comme « SINE » pour
-« Sine Is Not Emacs », et FINE pour « Fine
-Is Not Emacs », et EINE pour « Eine Is Not
-Emacs », et ZWEI pour « Zwei Was Eine
-Initially », et finalement c'était arrivé à
-GNU.</p>
-
-<p>Je dirais qu'environ deux ans et demi avant de commencer réellement
-à travailler sur GNU, j'avais déjà fait plus de la
-moitié du travail. Au moment où j'étais prêt
-à démarrer le projet, j'ai d'abord regardé autour de
-moi ce qu'il y avait de libre déjà disponible. J'ai
-découvert un système portatif intéressant de
-compilateur appelé « le kit compilateur libre
-universitaire » et j'ai pensé qu'avec un nom comme
-ça, je pouvais peut-être l'avoir. Ainsi, j'ai envoyé un
-message à la personne qui l'avait développé en lui
-demandant s'il acceptait de le donner au projet GNU. Et il a dit :
-« Non, l'université est peut-être libre, mais le
-logiciel qu'ils développent ne l'est pas », mais aussi
-qu'il voulait avoir un système compatible avec Unix et qu'il a voulu
-écrire une sorte de noyau pour lui, alors pourquoi je
-n'écrirais pas les utilitaires, comme ça les deux pourraient
-être distribués avec son compilateur propriétaire et
-ça encouragerait les gens à l'acheter. J'ai pensé que
-c'était ignoble alors je lui ai dit que mon premier projet sera de
-faire un compilateur.</p>
+c'est drôle pour eux et ne penseront pas une minute à coopérer avec qui que
+ce soit. Mais il faut être franchement ailleurs pour ne pas remarquer à quel
+point c'est triste de travailler comme ça sur un programme, c'est une autre
+façon de décourager. Et comme si ce n'était pas suffisant, chaque année ils
+vous donnent une nouvelle version remplie d'une cinquantaine de milliers de
+lignes de code supplémentaires toutes écrites par des singes. Parce qu'ils
+suivent généralement le système de programmation scolaire du genre
+« million de singes dactylographiant qui finiront bien par apporter
+quelque chose d'utile ».</p>
+
+<p>Il m'apparût clair, d'après ce que j'avais vu advenir de ces systèmes
+propriétaires que la seule façon de conserver l'esprit du vieux labo
+d'I.A. était d'avoir un logiciel d'exploitation libre. D'avoir un système
+formé par du logiciel libre pouvant être partagé avec n'importe qui. De
+façon à pouvoir inviter tout le monde à s'associer pour l'améliorer. Et
+c'est ce qui a conduit au projet GNU. Ainsi j'estime que nous sommes arrivés
+à la deuxième partie de l'entretien.</p>
+
+<p>Environ trois ans et demi auparavant, il était devenu clair pour moi que je
+devais commencer à développer un système de logiciel libre. Je pouvais voir
+deux genres de systèmes se développer : le premier, un système qui
+ressemblait à celui des machines LISP, un système essentiellement comme
+celui qui venait d'être développé sur les machines LISP du M.I.T. mais libre
+et fonctionnant sur tout type de matériel, pas seulement sur les machines
+LISP spécialisées. Et l'autre système possible était un logiciel
+d'exploitation plus conventionnel. Et il était clair pour moi que si je
+faisais un logiciel d'exploitation conventionnel, je devais le rendre
+compatible avec Unix parce que ça rendait la migration plus facile aux gens
+alentours. Peu de temps plus tard, j'en ai conclu que c'était ce qu'il
+fallait faire. Et la raison, c'était qu'il n'était pas vraiment possible
+d'obtenir quelque chose d'identique au système des machines LISP sur tout
+type de matériel. Le système des machines LISP utilise du matériel spécial,
+plus un microcode à affichage spécial pour gagner une bonne vitesse
+d'exécution et une détection solide des erreurs pendant le temps
+d'exécution, en particulier les erreurs sur le type des données. Pour qu'un
+système LISP puisse fonctionner assez rapidement sur du matériel ordinaire,
+vous devez commencer par faire des suppositions. En supposant que tel
+argument est le bon. Et si ce n'est pas le cas, vous obtenez le plantage du
+système.</p>
+
+<p>Naturellement vous pouvez y placer des contrôles explicites, vous pouvez
+écrire un programme solide si vous voulez, mais le fait est que vous allez
+obtenir des choses comme des erreurs d'adressage de mémoire lorsque vous
+alimentez une fonction, un argument de type inapproprié si vous n'aviez pas
+prévu d'y placer des éléments à contrôler pour ça.</p>
+
+<p>Le résultat, c'est qu'il fallait que quelque chose fonctionne en dessous du
+système LISP pour percevoir ces erreurs, donner à l'utilisateur la
+possibilité de maintenir le fonctionnement et de déboguer les problèmes qui
+étaient survenus. Enfin j'en ai conclu que si je devais avoir à plus bas
+niveau un logiciel d'exploitation, je pouvais tout aussi bien faire un bon
+système d'exploitation — c'était un choix entre un système
+d'exploitation et le LISP ou juste un système d'exploitation ; donc je
+devais faire le logiciel d'exploitation d'abord et le rendre compatible avec
+Unix. Enfin quand j'ai réalisé que je pouvais utiliser le plus drôle des
+mots anglais pour nommer ce système, le choix que je devais faire était
+clair. Et ce mot est bien-sûr GNU, qui signifie « GNU is Not
+Unix ». L'acronyme récursif est une très vieille tradition dans la
+communauté des hackers aux environs du M.I.T. Il a commencé je crois, avec
+un éditeur appelé TINT, ce qui signifie : « Tint Is Not
+Teco » et plus tard c'est passé par des noms comme « SINE »
+pour « Sine Is Not Emacs », et FINE pour « Fine Is Not
+Emacs », et EINE pour « Eine Is Not Emacs », et ZWEI pour
+« Zwei Was Eine Initially », et finalement c'était arrivé Ã
GNU.</p>
+
+<p>Je dirais qu'environ deux ans et demi avant de commencer réellement Ã
+travailler sur GNU, j'avais déjà fait plus de la moitié du travail. Au
+moment où j'étais prêt à démarrer le projet, j'ai d'abord regardé autour
de
+moi ce qu'il y avait de libre déjà disponible. J'ai découvert un système
+portatif intéressant de compilateur appelé « le kit compilateur libre
+universitaire » et j'ai pensé qu'avec un nom comme ça, je pouvais
+peut-être l'avoir. Ainsi, j'ai envoyé un message à la personne qui l'avait
+développé en lui demandant s'il acceptait de le donner au projet GNU. Et il
+a dit : « Non, l'université est peut-être libre, mais le logiciel
+qu'ils développent ne l'est pas », mais aussi qu'il voulait avoir un
+système compatible avec Unix et qu'il a voulu écrire une sorte de noyau pour
+lui, alors pourquoi je n'écrirais pas les utilitaires, comme ça les deux
+pourraient être distribués avec son compilateur propriétaire et ça
+encouragerait les gens à l'acheter. J'ai pensé que c'était ignoble alors je
+lui ai dit que mon premier projet sera de faire un compilateur.</p>
<p>Je ne savais pas vraiment grand-chose au sujet des compilateurs de
-linéarisation parce que je n'avais jamais travaillé
-dessus. Mais j'ai mis les mains dedans. Et celui dont on m'avait
-parlé était libre. C'était un compilateur appelé
-PASTEL dont les auteurs disaient que c'était du « PASCAL
-mal fichu ».</p>
-
-<p>Le Pastel était un langage très compliqué comprenant
-des dispositifs comme des caractères paramétrisés et
-des caractères paramètres explicites et beaucoup de choses
-compliquées. Le compilateur naturellement a été
-écrit dans ce langage et comportait nombre de dispositifs
-compliqués pour optimiser l'utilisation de ces
-éléments. Par exemple : le caractère
-« string » dans ce langage était un
-caractère paramétrisé; vous pouviez dire le
-« string(n) » si vous vouliez une chaîne d'une
-longueur particulière; vous pouviez également juste dire
-« string », et le paramètre était
-déterminé à partir du contexte. Maintenant, les
-chaînes sont très importantes et nécessaires à
+linéarisation parce que je n'avais jamais travaillé dessus. Mais j'ai mis
+les mains dedans. Et celui dont on m'avait parlé était libre. C'était un
+compilateur appelé PASTEL dont les auteurs disaient que c'était du
+« PASCAL mal fichu ».</p>
+
+<p>Le Pastel était un langage très compliqué comprenant des dispositifs
comme
+des caractères paramétrisés et des caractères paramètres explicites et
+beaucoup de choses compliquées. Le compilateur naturellement a été écrit
+dans ce langage et comportait nombre de dispositifs compliqués pour
+optimiser l'utilisation de ces éléments. Par exemple : le caractère
+« string » dans ce langage était un caractère paramétrisé; vous
+pouviez dire le « string(n) » si vous vouliez une chaîne d'une
+longueur particulière; vous pouviez également juste dire
+« string », et le paramètre était déterminé à partir du
+contexte. Maintenant, les chaînes sont très importantes et nécessaires Ã
beaucoup de constructions qui les utilisent pour fonctionner rapidement. Et
-ça veut dire qu'elles devaient avoir beaucoup de fonctions pour
-détecter des choses comme quand la longueur déclarée
-d'une chaîne est un argument connu pour être constant dans toute
-la fonction, quand il s'agit de sauvegarder la valeur et d'optimiser le code
-qu'elles vont produire… beaucoup de choses compliquées. Mais
-j'ai pu voir dans ce compilateur comment procéder à
-l'allocation automatique de registre et quelques idées sur la
-façon de manipuler différents types de machines.</p>
-
-<p>Bon, ce compilateur ayant déjà compilé PASTEL, j'avais
-à rajouter une entrée pour le C ; ce que je fis. Puis
-d'ajouter un arrière-plan pour la 68000 qui devait être ma
-première machine cible. Mais j'allais vers un sérieux
-problème. Puisque le langage PASTEL était conçu de
-manière à ne pas avoir besoin de déclarer quoi que ce
-soit avant de l'utiliser. Les déclarations et utilitaires pouvaient
-être dans n'importe quel ordre ; en d'autres termes : la
-déclaration « forward » du Pascal était
-obsolète. Pour cette raison il était nécessaire
-d'emmagaziner le programme dans son entier, de le garder dans le noyau et de
-l'appliquer d'un trait. Le résultat, c'était que le stockage
-intermédiaire utilisé dans le compilateur, la taille de la
-mémoire requise, étaient proportionnels à la taille de
-votre fichier. Et cela incluait aussi l'espace de pile ; vous aviez
-besoin d'une quantité gigantesque d'espace de pile, et j'en ai conclu
-que le système 68000 dont je disposais ne pouvait pas faire
-fonctionner le compilateur. Car c'était une horrible version d'Unix
-qui vous limitait à quelque chose comme 16K de mots de pile, ceci en
-dépit de l'existence de six méga-octets dans la machine. Et
-naturellement pour générer la matrice des conflits pour voir
-quelles valeurs temporaires étaient en conflit ou actives en
-même temps que les autres, il était nécessaire d'avoir
-une matrice quadratique de bits. Et pour les grandes fonctions cela pouvait
-prendre des centaines de milliers d'octets. Aussi je suis parvenu à
-corriger la première des quelque dix passes du compilateur en
-compilation croisée sur cette machine et j'ai constaté alors
-que la seconde ne pourrait jamais fonctionner.</p>
-
-<p>Pendant que je réfléchissais à ces problèmes en
-me demandant si je devais essayer de les corriger ou bien d'écrire
-entièrement un nouveau compilateur, j'ai commencé de
-manière indirecte à travailler sur GNU Emacs. Gnu Emacs est la
-partie principale de la distribution du système GNU. C'est un
-éditeur de texte extensible qui ressemble de près à
-l'Emacs original que j'ai développé il y a dix ans, sauf que
-celui-ci emploie le véritable LISP pour son extension de langage. Le
-rédacteur lui-même est implémenté en C de
-même que l'interpréteur LISP. Ainsi l'interpréteur LISP
-est entièrement portatif et vous n'avez pas besoin de système
-LISP externe au rédacteur. Le rédacteur contient son propre
-système LISP et toutes les commandes d'édition sont
-écrites en LISP de manière à pouvoir vous donner des
-exemples sur la façon d'écrire vos propres commandes
-d'édition et des éléments pour débuter
-avec. Ainsi vous pouvez les changer pour les commandes d'édition que
-vous voulez vraiment.</p>
-
-<p>L'été de cette année-là, il y a environ deux ans
-maintenant, un ami m'a dit qu'en raison de son travail au tout début
-du développement de Gosling Emacs, il a eu la permission
-écrite de Gosling de distribuer sa propre version. Gosling, à
-l'origine, avait créé son Emacs. Il l'avait distribué
-librement et beaucoup de gens aidèrent à son
-développement, avec l'espoir — selon les propres mots de
-Gosling dans son manuel — qu'il avait suivi le même
-état d'esprit que celui que j'avais donné à l'Emacs
-original. Ensuite il a poignardé tout le monde dans le dos en posant
+ça veut dire qu'elles devaient avoir beaucoup de fonctions pour détecter des
+choses comme quand la longueur déclarée d'une chaîne est un argument connu
+pour être constant dans toute la fonction, quand il s'agit de sauvegarder la
+valeur et d'optimiser le code qu'elles vont produire… beaucoup de
+choses compliquées. Mais j'ai pu voir dans ce compilateur comment procéder Ã
+l'allocation automatique de registre et quelques idées sur la façon de
+manipuler différents types de machines.</p>
+
+<p>Bon, ce compilateur ayant déjà compilé PASTEL, j'avais à rajouter une
entrée
+pour le C ; ce que je fis. Puis d'ajouter un arrière-plan pour la 68000
+qui devait être ma première machine cible. Mais j'allais vers un sérieux
+problème. Puisque le langage PASTEL était conçu de manière à ne pas avoir
+besoin de déclarer quoi que ce soit avant de l'utiliser. Les déclarations et
+utilitaires pouvaient être dans n'importe quel ordre ; en d'autres
+termes : la déclaration « forward » du Pascal était
+obsolète. Pour cette raison il était nécessaire d'emmagaziner le programme
+dans son entier, de le garder dans le noyau et de l'appliquer d'un trait. Le
+résultat, c'était que le stockage intermédiaire utilisé dans le
compilateur,
+la taille de la mémoire requise, étaient proportionnels à la taille de votre
+fichier. Et cela incluait aussi l'espace de pile ; vous aviez besoin
+d'une quantité gigantesque d'espace de pile, et j'en ai conclu que le
+système 68000 dont je disposais ne pouvait pas faire fonctionner le
+compilateur. Car c'était une horrible version d'Unix qui vous limitait Ã
+quelque chose comme 16K de mots de pile, ceci en dépit de l'existence de six
+méga-octets dans la machine. Et naturellement pour générer la matrice des
+conflits pour voir quelles valeurs temporaires étaient en conflit ou actives
+en même temps que les autres, il était nécessaire d'avoir une matrice
+quadratique de bits. Et pour les grandes fonctions cela pouvait prendre des
+centaines de milliers d'octets. Aussi je suis parvenu à corriger la première
+des quelque dix passes du compilateur en compilation croisée sur cette
+machine et j'ai constaté alors que la seconde ne pourrait jamais
+fonctionner.</p>
+
+<p>Pendant que je réfléchissais à ces problèmes en me demandant si je
devais
+essayer de les corriger ou bien d'écrire entièrement un nouveau compilateur,
+j'ai commencé de manière indirecte à travailler sur GNU Emacs. Gnu Emacs est
+la partie principale de la distribution du système GNU. C'est un éditeur de
+texte extensible qui ressemble de près à l'Emacs original que j'ai
développé
+il y a dix ans, sauf que celui-ci emploie le véritable LISP pour son
+extension de langage. Le rédacteur lui-même est implémenté en C de même
que
+l'interpréteur LISP. Ainsi l'interpréteur LISP est entièrement portatif et
+vous n'avez pas besoin de système LISP externe au rédacteur. Le rédacteur
+contient son propre système LISP et toutes les commandes d'édition sont
+écrites en LISP de manière à pouvoir vous donner des exemples sur la façon
+d'écrire vos propres commandes d'édition et des éléments pour débuter
+avec. Ainsi vous pouvez les changer pour les commandes d'édition que vous
+voulez vraiment.</p>
+
+<p>L'été de cette année-là , il y a environ deux ans maintenant, un ami m'a
dit
+qu'en raison de son travail au tout début du développement de Gosling Emacs,
+il a eu la permission écrite de Gosling de distribuer sa propre
+version. Gosling, à l'origine, avait créé son Emacs. Il l'avait distribué
+librement et beaucoup de gens aidèrent à son développement, avec l'espoir
+— selon les propres mots de Gosling dans son manuel —
+qu'il avait suivi le même état d'esprit que celui que j'avais donné Ã
+l'Emacs original. Ensuite il a poignardé tout le monde dans le dos en posant
un copyright dessus, en faisant promettre aux gens de ne pas le redistribuer
-puis en le vendant à une maison d'édition de logiciels. Les
-rapports d'affaires que j'ai eu avec lui par la suite m'ont personnellement
-prouvé qu'il était aussi lâche et ignoble que vous
-pouvez le voir dans cette histoire.</p>
-
-<p>Mais de toute façon, mon ami m'avait donné le programme. Et
-j'avais l'intention de modifier les commandes d'édition à un
-niveau supérieur pour les rendre compatibles avec l'Emacs original
-dont j'avais l'habitude. Ceci pour qu'elles puissent manipuler toutes les
-combinaisons d'arguments numériques et tout ce que l'on pouvait
-s'attendre à ce qu'elles manipulent, en étant pourvues de tous
-les dispositifs que je voulais. Mais peu après, j'ai découvert
-que le langage d'extension de ce rédacteur, appelé MOCKLISP,
-ne suffisait pas à la tâche. J'ai compris que je devais le
-remplacer immédiatement pour pouvoir réaliser mon
-projet. J'avais déjà pensé auparavant à
-remplacer éventuellement MOCKLISP par le vrai LISP, mais ce que j'ai
-découvert c'est qu'il fallait le faire d'abord. Maintenant, la raison
+puis en le vendant à une maison d'édition de logiciels. Les rapports
+d'affaires que j'ai eu avec lui par la suite m'ont personnellement prouvé
+qu'il était aussi lâche et ignoble que vous pouvez le voir dans cette
+histoire.</p>
+
+<p>Mais de toute façon, mon ami m'avait donné le programme. Et j'avais
+l'intention de modifier les commandes d'édition à un niveau supérieur pour
+les rendre compatibles avec l'Emacs original dont j'avais l'habitude. Ceci
+pour qu'elles puissent manipuler toutes les combinaisons d'arguments
+numériques et tout ce que l'on pouvait s'attendre à ce qu'elles manipulent,
+en étant pourvues de tous les dispositifs que je voulais. Mais peu après,
+j'ai découvert que le langage d'extension de ce rédacteur, appelé MOCKLISP,
+ne suffisait pas à la tâche. J'ai compris que je devais le remplacer
+immédiatement pour pouvoir réaliser mon projet. J'avais déjà pensé
+auparavant à remplacer éventuellement MOCKLISP par le vrai LISP, mais ce que
+j'ai découvert c'est qu'il fallait le faire d'abord. Maintenant, la raison
pour laquelle MOCKLISP s'appelle MOCK (FAUX), c'est qu'il n'y a aucun type
-de structure des données : il n'y a pas de listes LISP ; il
-n'y a aucun type de tableau. Il n'y a également pas de symboles LISP,
-qui sont des objets nommés : à chaque nom particulier est
-attribué un seul objet de manière à ce que la saisie du
-nom se rapporte toujours au même objet. Sinon, ça entrave
-considérablement l'écriture de pas mal de types de programmes,
-en vous obligeant à passer par des manipulations
-alphanumériques compliquées qui ne vont pas vraiment dans ce
-sens.</p>
-
-<p>Alors j'ai écrit un interpréteur de LISP pour le mettre
-à la place de MOCKLISP. Et pendant le processus, j'ai constaté
-que je devais réécrire un certain nombre de structures de
-données internes à l'éditeur parce que je voulais qu'il
-s'agisse d'objets LISP. J'ai voulu que l'interface entre le LISP et
-l'éditeur soit propre. C'est à dire que les objets comme les
-tampons, les sous-programmes, les fenêtres et les zones tampon de
-l'éditeur soient tous des objets LISP. Pour que les instructions de
-l'éditeur qui leur étaient affectées soient
-réellement attribuables en tant que fonctions LISP avec des
-données LISP. Cela voulait dire qu'il fallait reconcevoir les formats
-de données de tous les objets et réécrire toutes
-lesfonctions qui leur étaient affectées. Et cela a eu pour
-résultat, pendant environ six mois, de me faire
-réécrire à peu près tout ce qu'il y avait dans
-l'éditeur.</p>
-
-<p>En outre, parce qu'il est vraiment difficile d'écrire dans MOCKLISP,
-tout ce qui avait été écrit était très
-imparfait. Et en le réécrivant, je pouvais tirer profit de la
-puissance du vrai LISP ; je pouvais rendre tout ça beaucoup plus
-puissant, beaucoup plus simple et rapide. Alors je l'ai fait. Et quand j'ai
-commencé à distribuer le programme, il ne restait qu'une
-petite partie de ce que j'avais reçu.</p>
-
-<p>À ce moment-là, l'entreprise à qui Gosling pensait
-avoir vendu le programme a contesté à mon ami le droit de le
-distribuer. Le message était alors enregistré sur des bandes
-qu'il ne pouvait pas trouver. Malgré tout, Gosling a nié lui
-avoir donné la permission. Une chose étrange s'est alors
-produite. Il était en pourparlers avec cette compagnie qui semblait
-principalement concernée par le fait qu'il avait distribué
-quelque chose de similaire à ce qu'elle distribuait. En gros, Gosling
-distribuait ce que la compagnie, Megatest, où il avait
-travaillé, distribuait aussi. C'est-à-dire ce qu'il m'avait
-donné; en réalité une de ses anciennes versions d'Emacs
-modifiée. Il allait donc passer un accord avec eux dans lequel il
-cessait de le distribuer. Ils voulaient ensuite passer à GNU Emacs,
-en reconnaissant à Gosling la permission de le faire après
-tout et donc théoriquement tout le monde était content. Alors
-cette entreprise m'a entretenu au sujet de leur désir de distribuer
-GNU Emacs, librement bien-sûr, mais aussi de vendre divers types de
-supports d'aide. Et ils ont voulu louer mes compétences pour aider
-à faire ce travail. Aussi, il est un peu étrange qu'ils aient
-soudain changé d'avis et refusé de signer cet accord, en
-mettant un message d'annonce sur le réseau comme quoi on ne m'avait
-pas donné le droit de distribuer le programme. Ils n'ont pas
-réellement dit qu'ils feraient quelque chose. Ils ont juste dit qu'il
-n'était pas improbable qu'ils fassent quelque chose un jour. Cela
-faisait suffisamment peur aux gens pour que plus personne ne
-l'utilise. C'est triste.</p>
-
-<p>(Parfois je me dis que peut-être une des meilleures choses que je
-pourrais faire dans la vie serait de trouver une pile colossale de logiciels
-propriétaires encore sous secret commercial et de commencer à
-en distribuer des copies à tous les coins de rue en les faisant
-sortir du secret commercial. Ça serait peut-être une
-manière beaucoup plus efficace pour moi de fournir aux gens du
-nouveau logiciel libre plutôt qu'en l'écrivant
-réellement moi-même ; mais tout le monde serait trop
-lâche pour le prendre quand même).</p>
-
-<p>Ça m'a obligé à réécrire tout ce qui
-restait qui n'était pas de moi, et je l'ai fait. Il m'a fallu environ
-une semaine et demie. Ainsi ils ont gagné une grande victoire! Il
-était certain que je ne coopérerais jamais plus avec eux en
-aucune manière après ça.</p>
-
-<p>Après que GNU Emacs soit devenu raisonnablement stable
-— ce qui m'a pris environ un an et demi à tout prendre -
-j'ai commencé à revenir sur d'autres parties du
-système. J'ai développé un programme de débogage
-que j'ai appelé GDB un débogueur en code C symbolique
-récemment entré dans la distribution. Réalisé en
-grande partie dans l'esprit de DBX qui est le débogueur de l'Unix de
-Berkeley. Les commandes se composent d'un mot indiquant ce que vous voulez
-faire, suivi des arguments. Dans ce programme, toutes les commandes peuvent
-être abrégées. Et les commandes communes sont des
-abréviations à caractère unique, sachant que toute
-abréviation à caractère unique est permise. Il y a
-aussi des aménagements considérables pour HELP. Vous pouvez
-taper HELP suivi de toutes les commandes ou même des commandes
-secondaires et vous obtenez une description complète de la
-façon de l'utiliser. Naturellement vous pouvez taper n'importe quelle
-expression en C et il en imprimera la valeur.</p>
-
-<p>Vous pouvez également faire des choses inhabituelles pour un
-débogueur C symbolique, par exemple : vous pouvez faire
-référer n'importe quel type de donnée de C à
-n'importe quelle adresse de mémoire pour en étudier la valeur
-ou pour l'attribuer. Par exemple si vous voulez stocker une valeur de
-virgule flottante dans un mot à une certaine adresse, vous devez
-juste dire : « Donnez-moi l'objet du type FLOAT ou DOUBLE
-à cette adresse et attribuez-le ». Une autre chose que
-vous pouvez faire est d'étudier toutes les valeurs qui ont
-été étudiées auparavant. Chaque valeur
-étudiée est placée au dessus de
-l'« historique des valeurs ». Vous pouvez vous
-référer à n'importe quel élément par sa
-position dans l'historique. Ou vous pouvez facilement vous
-référer au dernier élément juste avec le signe
-dollar. Et ça facilite le suivi de la structure des listes. Pour
-n'importe quel genre de structure de C qui contient un pointeur vers une
-autre structure, vous pouvez faire quelque chose comme
-« PRINT*$.next » qui dit : « Sortez le
-prochain champ de la dernière chose que vous m'avez montré et
-ensuite affichez la structure sur laquelle il pointe ». En
-répétant cette commande, vous voyez chaque fois la prochaine
-structure de la liste, sachant que dans chacun des débogueurs C que
-j'ai vus, la seule manière de le faire est de taper une commande
-chaque fois plus longue. Et quand c'est combiné à un
-retour-chariot tapé juste après la dernière commande
-donnée, ça devient très pratique. Vous avez juste
-à taper retour-chariot pour chaque élément de la liste
-que vous voulez voir.</p>
-
-<p>Vous pouvez aussi poser des variables de façon explicite dans le
-débogueur, en n'importe quel nombre. Vous posez le signe dollar suivi
-d'un nom et c'est une variable. Vous pouvez attribuer les valeurs de ces
-variables à n'importe quel type de données de C et vous
-pourrez les étudier plus tard. Parmi les choses pour lesquelles c'est
-utile, s'il y a une valeur particulière que vous voulez
-étudier, sachant que vous allez vous y référer souvent,
-plutôt que de vous souvenir de son numéro dans l'historique,
-vous pouvez lui donner un nom. Vous pouvez aussi les utiliser quand vous
-placez des paliers conditionnels. Les paliers conditionnels sont un
-dispositif qui existe dans beaucoup de débogueurs symboliques. Vous
-dites : « Arrêtez-vous quand vous serez arrivés
-à ce point du programme, mais seulement si une certaine expression
-est vraie ». Les variables dans le débogueur vous
-permettent de comparer une variable du programme à sa
-précédente valeur sauvegardée dans la variable du
-débogueur. Une autre chose à laquelle elles peuvent servir,
-c'est de compter. Parce qu'après tout, les allocations sont des
-expressions en C, donc on peut faire :
-« $foo+=5 » pour incrémenter la valeur
-« $foo » de cinq ou juste
-« $foo++ ». Vous pouvez également le faire lors
-d'un palier conditionnel. Une manière économe de le voir
-s'arrêter la dixième fois que le palier est atteint, serait de
-faire « $foo--==0 ». Est-ce que tout le monde
-suit ? Faire décroître Foo et une fois qu'il est à
-zéro, arrêt. Vous faites démarrer $foo au nombre de fois
-que vous voulez qu'il saute et vous le lâchez. Vous pouvez aussi
-utiliser ça pour examiner les éléments d'un
-tableau. Supposez que vous avez un tableau de pointeurs, vous pouvez
-faire :</p>
+de structure des données : il n'y a pas de listes LISP ; il n'y a
+aucun type de tableau. Il n'y a également pas de symboles LISP, qui sont des
+objets nommés : à chaque nom particulier est attribué un seul objet de
+manière à ce que la saisie du nom se rapporte toujours au même objet. Sinon,
+ça entrave considérablement l'écriture de pas mal de types de programmes, en
+vous obligeant à passer par des manipulations alphanumériques compliquées
+qui ne vont pas vraiment dans ce sens.</p>
+
+<p>Alors j'ai écrit un interpréteur de LISP pour le mettre à la place de
+MOCKLISP. Et pendant le processus, j'ai constaté que je devais réécrire un
+certain nombre de structures de données internes à l'éditeur parce que je
+voulais qu'il s'agisse d'objets LISP. J'ai voulu que l'interface entre le
+LISP et l'éditeur soit propre. C'est à dire que les objets comme les
+tampons, les sous-programmes, les fenêtres et les zones tampon de l'éditeur
+soient tous des objets LISP. Pour que les instructions de l'éditeur qui leur
+étaient affectées soient réellement attribuables en tant que fonctions LISP
+avec des données LISP. Cela voulait dire qu'il fallait reconcevoir les
+formats de données de tous les objets et réécrire toutes lesfonctions qui
+leur étaient affectées. Et cela a eu pour résultat, pendant environ six
+mois, de me faire réécrire à peu près tout ce qu'il y avait dans
l'éditeur.</p>
+
+<p>En outre, parce qu'il est vraiment difficile d'écrire dans MOCKLISP, tout
ce
+qui avait été écrit était très imparfait. Et en le réécrivant, je
pouvais
+tirer profit de la puissance du vrai LISP ; je pouvais rendre tout ça
+beaucoup plus puissant, beaucoup plus simple et rapide. Alors je l'ai
+fait. Et quand j'ai commencé à distribuer le programme, il ne restait qu'une
+petite partie de ce que j'avais reçu.</p>
+
+<p>à ce moment-là , l'entreprise à qui Gosling pensait avoir vendu le
programme
+a contesté à mon ami le droit de le distribuer. Le message était alors
+enregistré sur des bandes qu'il ne pouvait pas trouver. Malgré tout, Gosling
+a nié lui avoir donné la permission. Une chose étrange s'est alors
+produite. Il était en pourparlers avec cette compagnie qui semblait
+principalement concernée par le fait qu'il avait distribué quelque chose de
+similaire à ce qu'elle distribuait. En gros, Gosling distribuait ce que la
+compagnie, Megatest, où il avait travaillé, distribuait aussi. C'est-à -dire
+ce qu'il m'avait donné; en réalité une de ses anciennes versions d'Emacs
+modifiée. Il allait donc passer un accord avec eux dans lequel il cessait de
+le distribuer. Ils voulaient ensuite passer à GNU Emacs, en reconnaissant Ã
+Gosling la permission de le faire après tout et donc théoriquement tout le
+monde était content. Alors cette entreprise m'a entretenu au sujet de leur
+désir de distribuer GNU Emacs, librement bien-sûr, mais aussi de vendre
+divers types de supports d'aide. Et ils ont voulu louer mes compétences pour
+aider à faire ce travail. Aussi, il est un peu étrange qu'ils aient soudain
+changé d'avis et refusé de signer cet accord, en mettant un message
+d'annonce sur le réseau comme quoi on ne m'avait pas donné le droit de
+distribuer le programme. Ils n'ont pas réellement dit qu'ils feraient
+quelque chose. Ils ont juste dit qu'il n'était pas improbable qu'ils fassent
+quelque chose un jour. Cela faisait suffisamment peur aux gens pour que plus
+personne ne l'utilise. C'est triste.</p>
+
+<p>(Parfois je me dis que peut-être une des meilleures choses que je pourrais
+faire dans la vie serait de trouver une pile colossale de logiciels
+propriétaires encore sous secret commercial et de commencer à en distribuer
+des copies à tous les coins de rue en les faisant sortir du secret
+commercial. Ãa serait peut-être une manière beaucoup plus efficace pour moi
+de fournir aux gens du nouveau logiciel libre plutôt qu'en l'écrivant
+réellement moi-même ; mais tout le monde serait trop lâche pour le
+prendre quand même).</p>
+
+<p>Ãa m'a obligé à réécrire tout ce qui restait qui n'était pas de moi,
et je
+l'ai fait. Il m'a fallu environ une semaine et demie. Ainsi ils ont gagné
+une grande victoire! Il était certain que je ne coopérerais jamais plus avec
+eux en aucune manière après ça.</p>
+
+<p>Après que GNU Emacs soit devenu raisonnablement stable — ce qui
+m'a pris environ un an et demi à tout prendre - j'ai commencé à revenir sur
+d'autres parties du système. J'ai développé un programme de débogage que
+j'ai appelé GDB un débogueur en code C symbolique récemment entré
dans
+la distribution. Réalisé en grande partie dans l'esprit de DBX qui est le
+débogueur de l'Unix de Berkeley. Les commandes se composent d'un mot
+indiquant ce que vous voulez faire, suivi des arguments. Dans ce programme,
+toutes les commandes peuvent être abrégées. Et les commandes communes sont
+des abréviations à caractère unique, sachant que toute abréviation Ã
+caractère unique est permise. Il y a aussi des aménagements considérables
+pour HELP. Vous pouvez taper HELP suivi de toutes les commandes ou même des
+commandes secondaires et vous obtenez une description complète de la façon
+de l'utiliser. Naturellement vous pouvez taper n'importe quelle expression
+en C et il en imprimera la valeur.</p>
+
+<p>Vous pouvez également faire des choses inhabituelles pour un débogueur C
+symbolique, par exemple : vous pouvez faire référer n'importe quel type
+de donnée de C à n'importe quelle adresse de mémoire pour en étudier la
+valeur ou pour l'attribuer. Par exemple si vous voulez stocker une valeur de
+virgule flottante dans un mot à une certaine adresse, vous devez juste
+dire : « Donnez-moi l'objet du type FLOAT ou DOUBLE à cette
+adresse et attribuez-le ». Une autre chose que vous pouvez faire est
+d'étudier toutes les valeurs qui ont été étudiées auparavant. Chaque
valeur
+étudiée est placée au dessus de l'« historique des valeurs ».
Vous
+pouvez vous référer à n'importe quel élément par sa position dans
+l'historique. Ou vous pouvez facilement vous référer au dernier élément
+juste avec le signe dollar. Et ça facilite le suivi de la structure des
+listes. Pour n'importe quel genre de structure de C qui contient un pointeur
+vers une autre structure, vous pouvez faire quelque chose comme
+« PRINT*$.next » qui dit : « Sortez le prochain champ de
+la dernière chose que vous m'avez montré et ensuite affichez la structure
+sur laquelle il pointe ». En répétant cette commande, vous voyez chaque
+fois la prochaine structure de la liste, sachant que dans chacun des
+débogueurs C que j'ai vus, la seule manière de le faire est de taper une
+commande chaque fois plus longue. Et quand c'est combiné à un retour-chariot
+tapé juste après la dernière commande donnée, ça devient très pratique.
Vous
+avez juste à taper retour-chariot pour chaque élément de la liste que vous
+voulez voir.</p>
+
+<p>Vous pouvez aussi poser des variables de façon explicite dans le
débogueur,
+en n'importe quel nombre. Vous posez le signe dollar suivi d'un nom et c'est
+une variable. Vous pouvez attribuer les valeurs de ces variables à n'importe
+quel type de données de C et vous pourrez les étudier plus tard. Parmi les
+choses pour lesquelles c'est utile, s'il y a une valeur particulière que
+vous voulez étudier, sachant que vous allez vous y référer souvent, plutôt
+que de vous souvenir de son numéro dans l'historique, vous pouvez lui donner
+un nom. Vous pouvez aussi les utiliser quand vous placez des paliers
+conditionnels. Les paliers conditionnels sont un dispositif qui existe dans
+beaucoup de débogueurs symboliques. Vous dites : « Arrêtez-vous
+quand vous serez arrivés à ce point du programme, mais seulement si une
+certaine expression est vraie ». Les variables dans le débogueur vous
+permettent de comparer une variable du programme à sa précédente valeur
+sauvegardée dans la variable du débogueur. Une autre chose à laquelle elles
+peuvent servir, c'est de compter. Parce qu'après tout, les allocations sont
+des expressions en C, donc on peut faire : « $foo+=5 » pour
+incrémenter la valeur « $foo » de cinq ou juste
+« $foo++ ». Vous pouvez également le faire lors d'un palier
+conditionnel. Une manière économe de le voir s'arrêter la dixième fois que
+le palier est atteint, serait de faire « $foo--==0 ». Est-ce que
+tout le monde suit ? Faire décroître Foo et une fois qu'il est à zéro,
+arrêt. Vous faites démarrer $foo au nombre de fois que vous voulez qu'il
+saute et vous le lâchez. Vous pouvez aussi utiliser ça pour examiner les
+éléments d'un tableau. Supposez que vous avez un tableau de pointeurs, vous
+pouvez faire :</p>
<pre>PRINT X[$foo++]</pre>
@@ -884,166 +739,140 @@
<pre>SET $foo=0</pre>
-<p>Ok, quand vous faites ça [des points à l'expression
-« Print »], vous obtenez l'élément
-zéro de X et quand vous le faites à nouveau, il atteint le
-premier élément. Supposez que ce soient des pointeurs vers des
-structures, alors vous mettez probablement une astérisque là
-[avant le X dans l'expression « Print »] et chaque
-fois qu'elle affiche la prochaine structure pointée par
-l'élément du tableau. Et bien-sûr vous pouvez
-répéter cette commande en tapant retour-chariot. Si une chose
-simple à répéter ne suffit pas, vous pouvez
-créer une commande définie par l'utilisateur. Vous pouvez dire
-« Définissez Mumble », vous donnez quelques
-lignes de commandes et vous dites « end ». Il y a
-maintenant une commande « Mumble » définie qui
-exécutera ces lignes. Et il est très utile de mettre ces
-définitions dans un fichier de commande. Vous pouvez avoir un fichier
-de commande dans chaque répertoire qui sera chargé
-automatiquement lorsque vous mettez en marche le débogueur avec
-ça en tant que répertoire actif. Ainsi pour chaque programme,
-vous pouvez définir un ensemble de commandes sur mesure pour
-accéder aux structures de données de façon utile. Vous
-pouvez même fournir de la documentation pour vos commandes, de
-façon à ce qu'elles soient traitées dans les
-aménagements de « help » comme des commandes
-intégrées.</p>
-
-<p>Une autre chose peu habituelle dans ce débogueur, c'est la
-capacité d'écarter les trames de la pile. Parce que je crois
-que c'est non seulement important pour pouvoir examiner ce qui se produit
-dans le programme que vous déboguez, mais aussi pour le modifier de
-toutes les façons possibles. De sorte qu'après avoir
-trouvé un problème et avoir su ce qui n'allait pas, vous
-pouvez arranger les choses comme si le code était correct et trouver
-le prochain bogue sans avoir d'abord à recompiler le programme. Cela
-signifie non seulement pouvoir changer en souplesse les secteurs de
-données de votre programme, mais également changer le flux de
-contrôle. Dans ce débogueur, vous pouvez changer le flux de
-contrôle très directement en disant :</p>
+<p>Ok, quand vous faites ça [des points à l'expression
« Print »],
+vous obtenez l'élément zéro de X et quand vous le faites à nouveau, il
+atteint le premier élément. Supposez que ce soient des pointeurs vers des
+structures, alors vous mettez probablement une astérisque là [avant le X
+dans l'expression « Print »] et chaque fois qu'elle affiche la
+prochaine structure pointée par l'élément du tableau. Et bien-sûr vous
+pouvez répéter cette commande en tapant retour-chariot. Si une chose simple
+à répéter ne suffit pas, vous pouvez créer une commande définie par
+l'utilisateur. Vous pouvez dire « Définissez Mumble », vous donnez
+quelques lignes de commandes et vous dites « end ». Il y a
+maintenant une commande « Mumble » définie qui exécutera ces
+lignes. Et il est très utile de mettre ces définitions dans un fichier de
+commande. Vous pouvez avoir un fichier de commande dans chaque répertoire
+qui sera chargé automatiquement lorsque vous mettez en marche le débogueur
+avec ça en tant que répertoire actif. Ainsi pour chaque programme, vous
+pouvez définir un ensemble de commandes sur mesure pour accéder aux
+structures de données de façon utile. Vous pouvez même fournir de la
+documentation pour vos commandes, de façon à ce qu'elles soient traitées
+dans les aménagements de « help » comme des commandes
intégrées.</p>
+
+<p>Une autre chose peu habituelle dans ce débogueur, c'est la capacité
+d'écarter les trames de la pile. Parce que je crois que c'est non seulement
+important pour pouvoir examiner ce qui se produit dans le programme que vous
+déboguez, mais aussi pour le modifier de toutes les façons possibles. De
+sorte qu'après avoir trouvé un problème et avoir su ce qui n'allait pas,
+vous pouvez arranger les choses comme si le code était correct et trouver le
+prochain bogue sans avoir d'abord à recompiler le programme. Cela signifie
+non seulement pouvoir changer en souplesse les secteurs de données de votre
+programme, mais également changer le flux de contrôle. Dans ce débogueur,
+vous pouvez changer le flux de contrôle très directement en disant :</p>
<pre>SET $PC=<un certain nombre></pre>
-<p>Et vous pouvez placer le compteur. Vous pouvez également placer
-l'indicateur de pile, ou vous pouvez dire :</p>
+<p>Et vous pouvez placer le compteur. Vous pouvez également placer
l'indicateur
+de pile, ou vous pouvez dire :</p>
<pre>SET $SP+=<quelque chose></pre>
-<p>Ceci si vous voulez incrémenter l'indicateur de pile d'une certaine
-quantité. Mais en outre, vous pouvez également le dire pour
-démarrer sur une ligne particulière du programme ; vous
-pouvez placer le compteur à une ligne particulière du code
-source. Mais que se passe-t'il si vous constatez que vous avez appelé
-une fonction par erreur et que vous ne vouliez pas appeler cette fonction du
-tout ? Vous vous dites que cette fonction est trop merdique, que vous
-voulez vraiment en sortir et vous faites à la main ce que cette
-fonction devait faire. Pour cela, vous pouvez utiliser la commande
-« RETURN ». Vous sélectionnez une trame de la
-pile et vous dites « RETURN ». Et ça va faire
-que la trame de la pile comme toutes celles qui vont avec, seront
-abandonnées comme si cette fonction revenait instantanément en
-arrière. Vous pouvez aussi spécifier la valeur à
-laquelle vous voulez qu'elle revienne. Ça ne prolonge pas
-l'exécution ; ça simule le retour et stoppe à
-nouveau le programme ; vous pouvez ainsi continuer de modifier autre
-chose.</p>
-
-<p>Avec toutes ces choses réunies, vous avez donc un excellent
-contrôle sur ce qu'il se passe dans un programme.</p>
-
-<p>En outre, une chose assez amusante : C a des constantes de
-chaîne. Que se passe t-il si vous utilisez une constante de
-chaîne dans une expression que vous calculez dans le
-débogueur ? Il doit créer une chaîne dans le
-programme que vous déboguez. Alors il le fait. Il crée un
-appel à MALLOC dans le programme débogué, laisse MALLOC
-fonctionner et récupère le contrôle. Ainsi il trouve de
-façon invisible un endroit pour placer la constante de chaîne.</p>
-
-<p>Quand le débogueur a finalement fonctionné sur le vrai
-système GNU, j'avais l'intention d'y installer des
-aménagements pour examiner l'ensemble des états internes du
-processus tournant en dessous de lui. Par exemple pour examiner
-l'état de la carte mémoire, pour savoir quelles pages
-existent, si elles sont lisibles, inscriptibles et pour examiner
-l'état inférieur du terminal du programme. Il y a
-déjà l'ébauche d'une commande ; ce
-débogueur, à la différence des débogueurs sous
-Unix, maintient l'état du terminal du débogueur et celui du
-programme que vous déboguez complètement
-séparés. De sorte que ça marche avec des programmes qui
-tournent en mode brut, avec ceux qui font des interruptions d'entrées
-dynamiques ; et il y a également une commande qui vous permet
-d'apprendre quelque chose sur les positionnements des terminaux que le
-programme que vous déboguez utilise réellement. Je crois qu'en
-général un débogueur devrait vous permettre de
-découvrir tout qu'il se passe dans le processus inférieur.</p>
-
-<p>Deux autres parties centrales du système GNU existent
-déjà. L'un est le nouveau compilateur C et l'autre le noyau
-TRIX.</p>
-
-<p>J'ai écrit le nouveau compilateur C cette année, depuis le
-printemps dernier. J'ai finalement décidé que je devais me
-passer du PASTEL. Ce compilateur utilise quelques idées du PASTEL et
-quelques idées de l'optimiseur portatif de l'université
-d'Arizona. Ce qu'ils avaient d'intéressant, c'était de
-manipuler plusieurs types différents de machines par des instructions
-simples et de là, combiner plusieurs instructions simples dans une
-seule instruction compliquée quand la machine cible le
-permettait. Pour que cela reste uniforme, ils représentaient les
-instructions en notation algébrique. Par exemple, l'instruction ADD
-pourrait être représentée comme ceci :</p>
+<p>Ceci si vous voulez incrémenter l'indicateur de pile d'une certaine
+quantité. Mais en outre, vous pouvez également le dire pour démarrer sur une
+ligne particulière du programme ; vous pouvez placer le compteur à une
+ligne particulière du code source. Mais que se passe-t'il si vous constatez
+que vous avez appelé une fonction par erreur et que vous ne vouliez pas
+appeler cette fonction du tout ? Vous vous dites que cette fonction est
+trop merdique, que vous voulez vraiment en sortir et vous faites à la main
+ce que cette fonction devait faire. Pour cela, vous pouvez utiliser la
+commande « RETURN ». Vous sélectionnez une trame de la pile et
+vous dites « RETURN ». Et ça va faire que la trame de la pile
+comme toutes celles qui vont avec, seront abandonnées comme si cette
+fonction revenait instantanément en arrière. Vous pouvez aussi spécifier la
+valeur à laquelle vous voulez qu'elle revienne. Ãa ne prolonge pas
+l'exécution ; ça simule le retour et stoppe à nouveau le
+programme ; vous pouvez ainsi continuer de modifier autre chose.</p>
+
+<p>Avec toutes ces choses réunies, vous avez donc un excellent contrôle sur
ce
+qu'il se passe dans un programme.</p>
+
+<p>En outre, une chose assez amusante : C a des constantes de chaîne. Que
+se passe t-il si vous utilisez une constante de chaîne dans une expression
+que vous calculez dans le débogueur ? Il doit créer une chaîne dans le
+programme que vous déboguez. Alors il le fait. Il crée un appel à MALLOC
+dans le programme débogué, laisse MALLOC fonctionner et récupère le
+contrôle. Ainsi il trouve de façon invisible un endroit pour placer la
+constante de chaîne.</p>
+
+<p>Quand le débogueur a finalement fonctionné sur le vrai système GNU,
j'avais
+l'intention d'y installer des aménagements pour examiner l'ensemble des
+états internes du processus tournant en dessous de lui. Par exemple pour
+examiner l'état de la carte mémoire, pour savoir quelles pages existent, si
+elles sont lisibles, inscriptibles et pour examiner l'état inférieur du
+terminal du programme. Il y a déjà l'ébauche d'une commande ; ce
+débogueur, à la différence des débogueurs sous Unix, maintient l'état du
+terminal du débogueur et celui du programme que vous déboguez complètement
+séparés. De sorte que ça marche avec des programmes qui tournent en mode
+brut, avec ceux qui font des interruptions d'entrées dynamiques ; et il
+y a également une commande qui vous permet d'apprendre quelque chose sur les
+positionnements des terminaux que le programme que vous déboguez utilise
+réellement. Je crois qu'en général un débogueur devrait vous permettre de
+découvrir tout qu'il se passe dans le processus inférieur.</p>
+
+<p>Deux autres parties centrales du système GNU existent déjà . L'un est le
+nouveau compilateur C et l'autre le noyau TRIX.</p>
+
+<p>The new C compiler is something that I've written this year since last
+spring. I finally decided that I'd have to throw out PASTEL. This C
+compiler uses some ideas taken from PASTEL, and some ideas taken from the
+University of Arizona Portable Optimizer. Their interesting idea was to
+handle many different kinds of machines by generating simple instructions,
+and then combining several simple instructions into a complicated
+instruction when the target machine permits it. In order to do this
+uniformly, they represent the instructions in algebraic notation. For
+example, an ADD instruction might be represented like this:</p>
<pre>
r[3]=r[2]+4
</pre>
-<p>C'était une représentation interne à leur compilateur
-de l'instruction de : prendre le contenu du registre n°2, d'y
-ajouter 4 et de le stocker dans le registre n°3. De cette façon
-vous pouviez représenter n'importe quelle instruction pour n'importe
-quelle machine. Ils représentaient réellement toutes les
-instructions comme ça et quand est venu le temps d'essayer de les
-combiner, ils l'ont fait en substituant une expression dans une autre,
-donnant une expression algébrique plus compliquée à
-l'instruction combinée.</p>
-
-<p>Cela dépendait parfois si le résultat de la première
-instruction avait une utilité quelconque ou pas mais il pouvait
-être nécessaire de faire une instruction combinée avec
-deux opérateurs d'assignement. Un pour la valeur [pointer sur ???] et
-un autre pour cette valeur [pointer sur ???] à l'intérieur de
-laquelle était substitué ce qui provenait de la
-deuxième instruction. Si cette valeur n'était utilisée
-qu'une fois, vous pouviez l'éliminer après l'avoir
-substituée ; il n'était plus nécessaire de
-calculer. Donc c'est réellement assez difficile de faire ces
-substitutions correctement, en vérifiant bien que les instructions
-qui interviennent ne vont changer aucune de ces valeurs ni rien d'autre du
-même genre. Quand vous devez permettre des choses comme l'utilisation
-de l'auto-incrémentation et l'adressage de
-l'auto-décrémentation, ce que je fais maintenant, vous avez
-diverses vérifications à faire à leur sujet dans les
-situations où votre objectif n'est pas de conserver de valeur.</p>
-
-<p>Mais après avoir vérifié tout ça, vous prenez
-l'expression combinée substituée et vous la placez à
-travers un correspondeur de combinaison, qui reconnaît toutes les
-instructions valides de la machine cible que vous avez choisie. Quand c'est
-identifié, vous remplacez les deux instructions par leur instruction
-combinée, sinon vous les laissez seules. Leur technique est de
-combiner deux ou trois instructions liées en flux de données
-dans ce but.</p>
-
-<p>Dans le compilateur d'Arizona, ils représentent vraiment les choses
-avec des chaînes de texte comme celles-là, et leur compilateur
-est terriblement lent. Au début j'avais l'idée d'utiliser leur
-compilateur et d'y apporter des modifications, mais j'ai compris que je
-devais le réécrire entièrement pour obtenir la
-rapidité que je voulais, aussi je l'ai fait pour pouvoir utiliser des
-représentations de structure de liste pour toutes ces
+<p>C'était une représentation interne à leur compilateur de l'instruction
+de : prendre le contenu du registre n°2, d'y ajouter 4 et de le
+stocker dans le registre n°3. De cette façon vous pouviez représenter
+n'importe quelle instruction pour n'importe quelle machine. Ils
+représentaient réellement toutes les instructions comme ça et quand est venu
+le temps d'essayer de les combiner, ils l'ont fait en substituant une
+expression dans une autre, donnant une expression algébrique plus compliquée
+à l'instruction combinée.</p>
+
+<p>Cela dépendait parfois si le résultat de la première instruction avait
une
+utilité quelconque ou pas mais il pouvait être nécessaire de faire une
+instruction combinée avec deux opérateurs d'assignement. Un pour la valeur
+[pointer sur ???] et un autre pour cette valeur [pointer sur ???] Ã
+l'intérieur de laquelle était substitué ce qui provenait de la deuxième
+instruction. Si cette valeur n'était utilisée qu'une fois, vous pouviez
+l'éliminer après l'avoir substituée ; il n'était plus nécessaire de
+calculer. Donc c'est réellement assez difficile de faire ces substitutions
+correctement, en vérifiant bien que les instructions qui interviennent ne
+vont changer aucune de ces valeurs ni rien d'autre du même genre. Quand vous
+devez permettre des choses comme l'utilisation de l'auto-incrémentation et
+l'adressage de l'auto-décrémentation, ce que je fais maintenant, vous avez
+diverses vérifications à faire à leur sujet dans les situations où votre
+objectif n'est pas de conserver de valeur.</p>
+
+<p>Mais après avoir vérifié tout ça, vous prenez l'expression combinée
+substituée et vous la placez à travers un correspondeur de combinaison, qui
+reconnaît toutes les instructions valides de la machine cible que vous avez
+choisie. Quand c'est identifié, vous remplacez les deux instructions par
+leur instruction combinée, sinon vous les laissez seules. Leur technique est
+de combiner deux ou trois instructions liées en flux de données dans ce
but.</p>
+
+<p>Dans le compilateur d'Arizona, ils représentent vraiment les choses avec
des
+chaînes de texte comme celles-là , et leur compilateur est terriblement
+lent. Au début j'avais l'idée d'utiliser leur compilateur et d'y apporter
+des modifications, mais j'ai compris que je devais le réécrire entièrement
+pour obtenir la rapidité que je voulais, aussi je l'ai fait pour pouvoir
+utiliser des représentations de structure de liste pour toutes ces
expressions. Des choses comme ceci :</p>
<pre>
@@ -1052,1023 +881,870 @@
(int 4)))
</pre>
-<p>Ça ressemble un peu au LISP mais la sémantique n'est pas tout
-à fait la même, parce que chaque symbole est ici
-identifié individuellement. Un ensemble fixe, particulier de ces
-symboles est défini. De tous ceux dont vous avez besoin. Chacun ayant
-une combinaison particulière de types d'arguments, par exemple :
-« reg » a toujours un nombre entier parce que les
-registres sont numérotés, mais « + »
-prend deux sous-expressions, et ainsi de suite. Et à chacune de ces
-expressions va également un type de données qui pour
-l'essentiel indique s'il est fixe ou flottant et sa longueur en
-octets. Ça peut être élargi pour manipuler d'autres
-choses si vous en avez besoin.</p>
-
-<p>Et la façon dont j'attribue automatiquement le registre, c'est qu'au
-moment où je génère initialement le code, quand je fais
-la combinaison puis le reste à toute variable qui entre
-théoriquement dans un registre, j'assigne ce que j'appelle un
-pseudo-nombre de registre. Un nombre qui commence à seize, ou tout ce
-qui pourrait être trop élevé pour un vrai registre de
-votre machine cible. Les vrais registres étant
-numérotés de zéro à quinze ou toute
-séquence au-dessus de laquelle viennent les pseudo-registres. Et
-là, une des dernières parties du compilateur consiste à
-intervenir et à changer tous les pseudo-registres en vrais
-registres. À nouveau, il fait un schéma des conflits, il voit
-quels pseudo-registres sont vivants au même point. Et comme ils ne
-peuvent naturellement pas entrer dans le même vrai registre, il essaye
-de regrouper les pseudo-registres dans de vrais registres autant qu'il peut,
-en les rangeant par ordre d'importance.</p>
-
-<p>Et à la fin, il doit corriger le code pour les différents
-problèmes; comme celui des pseudo-registres qui ne s'adaptaient pas
-aux vrais registres et qui devaient être mis à la place dans
-des slots de pile. Quand ça arrive sur certaines machines, des
-instructions peuvent devenir invalides. Par exemple sur la 68000, on peut
-ajouter un registre dans la mémoire et ajouter de la mémoire
-dans un registre mais pas ajouter une adresse mémoire dans une
+<p>Ãa ressemble un peu au LISP mais la sémantique n'est pas tout à fait la
+même, parce que chaque symbole est ici identifié individuellement. Un
+ensemble fixe, particulier de ces symboles est défini. De tous ceux dont
+vous avez besoin. Chacun ayant une combinaison particulière de types
+d'arguments, par exemple : « reg » a toujours un nombre
+entier parce que les registres sont numérotés, mais « + » prend
+deux sous-expressions, et ainsi de suite. Et à chacune de ces expressions va
+également un type de données qui pour l'essentiel indique s'il est fixe ou
+flottant et sa longueur en octets. Ãa peut être élargi pour manipuler
+d'autres choses si vous en avez besoin.</p>
+
+<p>And the way I do automatic register allocation is that when I initially
+generate this code, and when I do the combination and all those things, for
+every variable that conceivably go into a register, I allocate what I call a
+pseudo register number, which is a number starting at sixteen or whatever is
+too high to be a real register for your target machine. So the real
+registers are numbered zero to fifteen or whatever and above that comes
+pseudo registers. And then one of the last parts of the compiler consists
+of going through and changing all the pseudo registers to real registers.
+Again it makes a conflict graph, it sees which pseudo registers are alive at
+the same point and they of course can't go in the same real register, and
+then it tries packing pseudo registers into real registers as much as it
+can, ordering them by priority of how important they are.</p>
+
+<p>Et à la fin, il doit corriger le code pour les différents problèmes;
comme
+celui des pseudo-registres qui ne s'adaptaient pas aux vrais registres et
+qui devaient être mis à la place dans des slots de pile. Quand ça arrive sur
+certaines machines, des instructions peuvent devenir invalides. Par exemple
+sur la 68000, on peut ajouter un registre dans la mémoire et ajouter de la
+mémoire dans un registre mais pas ajouter une adresse mémoire dans une
autre. Aussi, si lors d'une instruction ADD vous allez vers des 68000 et que
-les deux éléments arrivent ensemble dans la mémoire, ce
-n'est pas valide. Donc ce passage final intervient et des
-éléments sont copiés dans et en dehors des registres,
-comme c'est nécessaire pour corriger ce genre de problème.</p>
-
-<p>Les problèmes peuvent également surgir avec les registres
-d'index. Si vous essayez d'indexer par quelque chose, la plupart du temps le
-code deviendra invalide si la quantité d'index est dans la
-mémoire. Excepté dans quelques cas sur quelques machines
-où vous pouvez le faire avec un adressage indirect. Lorsque vous
-procédez à une auto-incrémentation sur un registre
-d'index, vous pouvez avoir à copier la valeur dans un registre,
-opérer l'instruction et de là copier la valeur
-incrémentée en amont du slot de mémoire où elle
-vit vraiment.</p>
+les deux éléments arrivent ensemble dans la mémoire, ce n'est pas
+valide. Donc ce passage final intervient et des éléments sont copiés dans et
+en dehors des registres, comme c'est nécessaire pour corriger ce genre de
+problème.</p>
+
+<p>Les problèmes peuvent également surgir avec les registres d'index. Si vous
+essayez d'indexer par quelque chose, la plupart du temps le code deviendra
+invalide si la quantité d'index est dans la mémoire. Excepté dans quelques
+cas sur quelques machines où vous pouvez le faire avec un adressage
+indirect. Lorsque vous procédez à une auto-incrémentation sur un registre
+d'index, vous pouvez avoir à copier la valeur dans un registre, opérer
+l'instruction et de là copier la valeur incrémentée en amont du slot de
+mémoire où elle vit vraiment.</p>
<p>Il y a de la place pour beaucoup d'optimisation et je n'ai pas fini de
-mettre en œuvre tout ce qui est nécessaire pour le rendre
-vraiment pleinement efficace.</p>
+mettre en œuvre tout ce qui est nécessaire pour le rendre vraiment
+pleinement efficace.</p>
<p>Ce compilateur fonctionne actuellement avec un analyseur syntaxique qui
-transforme en réalité le code C en arbre syntaxique,
-annoté d'informations en types de données C. Alors un autre
-passage examine cet arbre et produit du code comme celui-là [comme du
-LISP]. Ensuite viennent plusieurs passages d'optimisation : un pour
-traiter par exemple des sauts à travers des sauts, des sauts de
-sauts, des sauts de +1 et tout ce qui peut être immédiatement
-simplifié. Puis un système de reconnaissance des
+transforme en réalité le code C en arbre syntaxique, annoté d'informations
+en types de données C. Alors un autre passage examine cet arbre et produit
+du code comme celui-là [comme du LISP]. Ensuite viennent plusieurs passages
+d'optimisation : un pour traiter par exemple des sauts à travers des
+sauts, des sauts de sauts, des sauts de +1 et tout ce qui peut être
+immédiatement simplifié. Puis un système de reconnaissance des
sous-expressions courantes trouve alors les blocs de base et effectue
-l'analyse du flux des données afin de pouvoir indiquer pour chaque
-instruction quelles valeurs sont utilisées dans l'instruction et
-nulle part ailleurs. Et qui lie aussi chaque instruction aux endroits
-où les valeurs utilisées ont été
-créées. Donc si j'ai une instruction qui crée un
+l'analyse du flux des données afin de pouvoir indiquer pour chaque
+instruction quelles valeurs sont utilisées dans l'instruction et nulle part
+ailleurs. Et qui lie aussi chaque instruction aux endroits où les valeurs
+utilisées ont été créées. Donc si j'ai une instruction qui crée un
pseudo-registre R[28] et une autre instruction plus tard qui utilise R[28],
sachant que c'est le premier lieu pour utiliser R[28], je fais pointer la
-seconde en arrière sur la première et ce pointeur est celui
-qui servira pour contrôler les essais de combinaison des
-instructions. Vous ne combinez pas des instructions adjacentes, vous
-combinez une instruction qui utilise une valeur avec l'instruction qui a
-produit cette valeur. Même s'il y a d'autres instructions au milieu,
-elles ne sont pas concernées; vous avez juste à vous assurer
-qu'elles n'interviennent pas. Et après le combinateur, vient
+seconde en arrière sur la première et ce pointeur est celui qui servira pour
+contrôler les essais de combinaison des instructions. Vous ne combinez pas
+des instructions adjacentes, vous combinez une instruction qui utilise une
+valeur avec l'instruction qui a produit cette valeur. Même s'il y a d'autres
+instructions au milieu, elles ne sont pas concernées; vous avez juste à vous
+assurer qu'elles n'interviennent pas. Et après le combinateur, vient
l'attributeur dynamique de registre et enfin quelque chose pour le convertir
en code assembleur.</p>
-<p>Dans le compilateur d'Arizona, le système de reconnaissance
-d'instruction a été créé avec LEX. La
-description de votre machine était simplement un programme LEX, que
-LEX transformait en fonction de C pour identifier les instructions valides
-comme les chaînes. À la place, j'ai un arbre de décision
-à usage spécial, créé à partir d'une
-description de machine écrite dans cette syntaxe comme si
-c'était du LISP. Et ce système de reconnaissance est
-utilisé comme sous-programme dans plusieurs parties
-différentes du compilateur.</p>
-
-<p>Actuellement ce compilateur fonctionne à peu près aussi
-rapidement que le PCC. Il fonctionne sensiblement plus rapidement si vous
-lui dites de ne pas faire une attribution de registre limite. Dans ce cas
-elle assigne des registres de la même manière que le PCC. Dans
-son mode super-limite, il fait un travail d'allocation de registres bien
-meilleur que le PCC et j'observe que pour VAX, il produit le meilleur code
-que j'ai vu de tous les compilateurs C sur VAX.</p>
-
-<p>Pour les 68000 le code n'est pas toujours idéal. Je peux voir par
-endroits, aux étapes antérieures, se passer des choses qui ne
-sont pas forcément les meilleures parce qu'il ne peut pas anticiper
-vraiment. Il a un choix à faire à une étape
-antérieure et il fait ce qu'il pense être le mieux. Or s'il
-avait fait l'autre choix, une étape ultérieure aurait
-été assez intelligente pour faire encore mieux. Mais
-l'étape antérieure ne sait pas ce que l'étape
-ultérieure va faire, donc je dois travailler davantage sur ce genre
-de choses.</p>
-
-<p>Parfois ça provoque le fait de libérer des registres
-inutilement. Étant donné que quand les choses finissent dans
-la mémoire, il a besoin de les copier dans des registres. Et il lui
-faut des registres pour ça. C'est-à-dire prendre des registres
-déjà assignés et virer les quantités provisoires
-des slots de pile. Évidemment, maintenant que ces choses sont dans la
-mémoire, ça peut invalider davantage d'instructions. Pas les
-registres. Donc il lui faut tout le temps vérifier. Parfois il pense
-à tort qu'il devrait copier les choses dans les registres, alors il
-peut en libérer trop et ne pas utiliser tous les registres qu'il
-pourrait.</p>
-
-<p>(Question : Avez-vous un générateur de code pour les
-32000 ?) Pas encore, mais à nouveau ce n'est pas un
-générateur de code dont vous avez besoin, juste d'une
-description de machine. Une liste de toutes les instructions de la machine
-décrites sous cette forme [comme du LISP]. En fait, hormis le travail
-de mettre en œuvre l'idée de contraintes sur les arguments
-— lesquels pourront être dans des registres et dans quel
-genre de registres — nécessaires pour les 68000 mais pas
+<p>Dans le compilateur d'Arizona, le système de reconnaissance d'instruction a
+été créé avec LEX. La description de votre machine était simplement un
+programme LEX, que LEX transformait en fonction de C pour identifier les
+instructions valides comme les chaînes. à la place, j'ai un arbre de
+décision à usage spécial, créé à partir d'une description de machine
écrite
+dans cette syntaxe comme si c'était du LISP. Et ce système de reconnaissance
+est utilisé comme sous-programme dans plusieurs parties différentes du
+compilateur.</p>
+
+<p>Actuellement ce compilateur fonctionne à peu près aussi rapidement que le
+PCC. Il fonctionne sensiblement plus rapidement si vous lui dites de ne pas
+faire une attribution de registre limite. Dans ce cas elle assigne des
+registres de la même manière que le PCC. Dans son mode super-limite, il fait
+un travail d'allocation de registres bien meilleur que le PCC et j'observe
+que pour VAX, il produit le meilleur code que j'ai vu de tous les
+compilateurs C sur VAX.</p>
+
+<p>Pour les 68000 le code n'est pas toujours idéal. Je peux voir par endroits,
+aux étapes antérieures, se passer des choses qui ne sont pas forcément les
+meilleures parce qu'il ne peut pas anticiper vraiment. Il a un choix à faire
+à une étape antérieure et il fait ce qu'il pense être le mieux. Or s'il
+avait fait l'autre choix, une étape ultérieure aurait été assez
intelligente
+pour faire encore mieux. Mais l'étape antérieure ne sait pas ce que l'étape
+ultérieure va faire, donc je dois travailler davantage sur ce genre de
+choses.</p>
+
+<p>Parfois ça provoque le fait de libérer des registres inutilement. Ãtant
+donné que quand les choses finissent dans la mémoire, il a besoin de les
+copier dans des registres. Et il lui faut des registres pour
+ça. C'est-à -dire prendre des registres déjà assignés et virer les
quantités
+provisoires des slots de pile. Ãvidemment, maintenant que ces choses sont
+dans la mémoire, ça peut invalider davantage d'instructions. Pas les
+registres. Donc il lui faut tout le temps vérifier. Parfois il pense à tort
+qu'il devrait copier les choses dans les registres, alors il peut en libérer
+trop et ne pas utiliser tous les registres qu'il pourrait.</p>
+
+<p>(Question : Avez-vous un générateur de code pour les 32000 ?)
Pas
+encore, mais à nouveau ce n'est pas un générateur de code dont vous avez
+besoin, juste d'une description de machine. Une liste de toutes les
+instructions de la machine décrites sous cette forme [comme du LISP]. En
+fait, hormis le travail de mettre en œuvre l'idée de contraintes sur
+les arguments — lesquels pourront être dans des registres et dans
+quel genre de registres — nécessaires pour les 68000 mais pas
pour le VAX, le travail de portage de ce compilateur de VAX aux 68000 a
-juste pris quelques jours. Donc il est très facile à
-transférer.</p>
+juste pris quelques jours. Donc il est très facile à transférer.</p>
<p>Le compilateur produit actuellement du code assembleur. Et il peut produire
-de l'information de débogage soit dans le format que DBX veut, soit
-dans le format interne spécial à GDB. Je dirais que le seul
-travail à faire sur ce compilateur se situe à trois
-niveaux. Un : Je dois ajouter un dispositif de
-« profilage » comme celui des compilateurs
+de l'information de débogage soit dans le format que DBX veut, soit dans le
+format interne spécial à GDB. Je dirais que le seul travail à faire sur ce
+compilateur se situe à trois niveaux. Un : Je dois ajouter un
+dispositif de « profilage » comme celui des compilateurs
d'Unix. Deux : Je dois rendre les allocations de registre plus
-intelligentes pour ne plus voir de choses stupides apparaître en
+intelligentes pour ne plus voir de choses stupides apparaître en
sortie. Trois : Il y a divers bogues. Des choses qu'il ne traite pas
-encore correctement bien qu'il se soit compilé correctement. Je pense
-que ça ne prendra que quelques mois, ensuite je le diffuserai.</p>
+encore correctement bien qu'il se soit compilé correctement. Je pense que ça
+ne prendra que quelques mois, ensuite je le diffuserai.</p>
-<p>L'autre partie assez importante du système, c'est le
-noyau.(Question : Une pause ?) Ah, ouais je devine que nous avons
-oublié les coupures. Pourquoi je ne finirai pas de parler du
-noyau ? Ce qui devrait prendre environ cinq minutes seulement, et
-ensuite nous pourrons faire une coupure.</p>
-
-<p>Maintenant pour le noyau, je projette d'utiliser un système
-appelé TRIX (il ne ressemble à rien de ce que je connais) qui
-a été développé comme projet de recherche au
-M.I.T. Ce système est basé sur le Remote Procedure Call
-— Appel de Procédure à Distance. Les programmes
-sont appelés domaines. Chaque domaine est un espace d'adressage et a
-diverses capacités; une capacité n'étant rien d'autre
-que l'aptitude à appeler un domaine. Tout domaine peut créer
-des « ports de capacités » pour l'appeler et
-peut passer ces ports aux autres domaines. Et il n'y a aucune
-différence entre appeler le système et appeler un autre
-domaine d'utilisateur. En fait vous ne pouvez pas dire lequel vous
-avez. Ainsi il est très facile d'avoir des dispositifs mis en
-œuvre par d'autres programmes utilisateur. Un système de
-fichiers pourrait l'être de façon transparente. Il est
-également transparent de communiquer à travers des
-réseaux. Vous pensez que vous appelez directement un autre domaine
-mais en réalité vous appelez le domaine du serveur de
-réseau. Il prend l'information que vous avez donnée dans
-l'appel et la passe au-dessus du réseau à un autre programme
-du serveur qui appelle alors le domaine auquel vous essayez de parler. Mais
-pour vous et cet autre domaine, cela se passe de manière invisible.</p>
-
-<p>Le noyau TRIX fonctionne et il a une certaine quantité limitée
-de compatibilités Unix, mais il lui en faut beaucoup
-plus. Actuellement son système de fichiers utilise la même
-structure sur disque que l'antique système de fichiers
-d'Unix. Ça rendait plus facile le débogage parce qu'ils
+<p>L'autre partie assez importante du système, c'est le noyau.(Question :
+Une pause ?) Ah, ouais je devine que nous avons oublié les
+coupures. Pourquoi je ne finirai pas de parler du noyau ? Ce qui
+devrait prendre environ cinq minutes seulement, et ensuite nous pourrons
+faire une coupure.</p>
+
+<p>Maintenant pour le noyau, je projette d'utiliser un système appelé TRIX
(il
+ne ressemble à rien de ce que je connais) qui a été développé comme projet
+de recherche au M.I.T. Ce système est basé sur le Remote Procedure Call
+— Appel de Procédure à Distance. Les programmes sont appelés
+domaines. Chaque domaine est un espace d'adressage et a diverses capacités;
+une capacité n'étant rien d'autre que l'aptitude à appeler un domaine. Tout
+domaine peut créer des « ports de capacités » pour l'appeler et
+peut passer ces ports aux autres domaines. Et il n'y a aucune différence
+entre appeler le système et appeler un autre domaine d'utilisateur. En fait
+vous ne pouvez pas dire lequel vous avez. Ainsi il est très facile d'avoir
+des dispositifs mis en œuvre par d'autres programmes utilisateur. Un
+système de fichiers pourrait l'être de façon transparente. Il est également
+transparent de communiquer à travers des réseaux. Vous pensez que vous
+appelez directement un autre domaine mais en réalité vous appelez le domaine
+du serveur de réseau. Il prend l'information que vous avez donnée dans
+l'appel et la passe au-dessus du réseau à un autre programme du serveur qui
+appelle alors le domaine auquel vous essayez de parler. Mais pour vous et
+cet autre domaine, cela se passe de manière invisible.</p>
+
+<p>Le noyau TRIX fonctionne et il a une certaine quantité limitée de
+compatibilités Unix, mais il lui en faut beaucoup plus. Actuellement son
+système de fichiers utilise la même structure sur disque que l'antique
+système de fichiers d'Unix. Ãa rendait plus facile le débogage parce qu'ils
pouvaient installer les fichiers avec Unix et donc faire fonctionner TRIX,
-mais ce système de fichiers n'a aucune des fonctionalités
-nécessaires d'après moi.</p>
+mais ce système de fichiers n'a aucune des fonctionalités nécessaires
+d'après moi.</p>
-<p>Les fonctionalités qui devraient être rajoutées
-d'après moi incluent : les numéros de version, la
-restauration, les informations sur quand, comment et où le dossier a
-été sauvegardé sur bande, le remplacement
-nucléaire des fichiers. Je crois qu'il est bon dans Unix, lorsqu'un
-fichier est écrit, que vous puissiez déjà regarder ce
-qu'il se passe. Ainsi par exemple, vous pouvez utiliser
-« tail » pour voir où ça en est, c'est
-vraiment bien. Et si le programme échoue après avoir
-écrit le fichier partiellement, vous pouvez voir ce qu'il a
-fait. Toutes ces choses sont bonnes, mais le résultat partiellement
-écrit ne devrait jamais être considéré comme le
-résultat final escompté. La version précédente
-devrait continuer d'être visible et utilisée par tous ceux qui
-tentent de l'utiliser jusqu'à ce qu'une nouvelle version soit
-entièrement et correctement réalisée. Cela signifie que
-la nouvelle version devra être visible dans le système de
-fichiers mais pas sous le nom qu'elle est censée avoir. Elle devrait
-être renommée quand c'est fini. C'est d'ailleurs ce qui se
-passe dans ITS, bien que chaque programme utilisateur doive le faire de
-façon explicite. Pour la compatibilité d'Unix avec les
-programmes utilisateurs, ça doit se passer de façon
invisible.</p>
-
-<p>C'est un arrangement bizarrement effrayant d'essayer de faire coïncider
-les numéros de versions avec les programmes utilisateur
-présents sous Unix. Il s'agit de l'idée de spécifier le
-nom de fichier, en laissant implicite le numéro de version si vous le
-spécifiez normalement. Et si vous souhaitez le faire de façon
-explicite — soit parce que vous voulez déclarer
+<p>Les fonctionalités qui devraient être rajoutées d'après moi
incluent :
+les numéros de version, la restauration, les informations sur quand, comment
+et où le dossier a été sauvegardé sur bande, le remplacement nucléaire des
+fichiers. Je crois qu'il est bon dans Unix, lorsqu'un fichier est écrit, que
+vous puissiez déjà regarder ce qu'il se passe. Ainsi par exemple, vous
+pouvez utiliser « tail » pour voir où ça en est, c'est vraiment
+bien. Et si le programme échoue après avoir écrit le fichier partiellement,
+vous pouvez voir ce qu'il a fait. Toutes ces choses sont bonnes, mais le
+résultat partiellement écrit ne devrait jamais être considéré comme le
+résultat final escompté. La version précédente devrait continuer d'être
+visible et utilisée par tous ceux qui tentent de l'utiliser jusqu'à ce
+qu'une nouvelle version soit entièrement et correctement réalisée. Cela
+signifie que la nouvelle version devra être visible dans le système de
+fichiers mais pas sous le nom qu'elle est censée avoir. Elle devrait être
+renommée quand c'est fini. C'est d'ailleurs ce qui se passe dans ITS, bien
+que chaque programme utilisateur doive le faire de façon explicite. Pour la
+compatibilité d'Unix avec les programmes utilisateurs, ça doit se passer de
+façon invisible.</p>
+
+<p>C'est un arrangement bizarrement effrayant d'essayer de faire coïncider les
+numéros de versions avec les programmes utilisateur présents sous Unix. Il
+s'agit de l'idée de spécifier le nom de fichier, en laissant implicite le
+numéro de version si vous le spécifiez normalement. Et si vous souhaitez le
+faire de façon explicite — soit parce que vous voulez déclarer
explicitement quelle version utiliser, soit parce que vous ne voulez pas de
-version du tout — vous mettez un point à son
-extrémité. Ainsi si vous donnez le nom de fichier
-« FOO » cela signifie « cherchez les
-versions qui existent pour <FOO> et prenez la
-dernière ». Mais si vous dites
-« FOO. » cela signifie « utilisez
-exactement le nom <FOO> et aucun autre ». Si vous dites
-« FOO.3. » cela veut dire « utilisez
-exactement le nom FOO.3 » qui naturellement est la version trois
-de « FOO » et aucune autre. En sortie, si vous dites
-juste « FOO », ça va créer par la suite
-une nouvelle version de « FOO », mais si vous dites
-« FOO. », ça va écrire un fichier
-nommé exactement « FOO ».</p>
-
-<p>Maintenant c'est un défi compliqué de mettre au point tous ces
-détails et de voir s'il y a des problèmes persistants, si
-vraiment certains logiciels Unix échouent malgré le fait
-d'avoir fourni des noms avec des points et ainsi de suite, pour tenter de
-lui faire avoir le même comportement.</p>
-
-<p>Je m'attends à ce que lorsque vous sortez un fichier dont le nom
-finit par un point, vous l'ouvrez en fait avec ce nom tout de suite et vous
-obtenez le même comportement qu'Unix : le résultat
-partiellement écrit est immédiatement visible. Tandis que
-quand vous le sortez avec un nom qui ne finit pas par un point, la nouvelle
-version ne devrait apparaître que quand vous le fermez et seulement si
-vous le fermez explicitement. S'il a été fermé parce
-que le travail a échoué ou à cause du plantage du
-système ou de n'importe quoi du genre, il devrait être sous un
-nom différent.</p>
-
-<p>Et cette idée peut être associée au « star
-matching » — correspondance par étoile
-(*) — où un nom qui ne finit pas par un point
-équivaut à tous les noms sans numéro de version. Ainsi,
-si un certain répertoire a des fichiers comme ceci :</p>
+version du tout — vous mettez un point à son extrémité. Ainsi si
+vous donnez le nom de fichier « FOO » cela signifie
+« cherchez les versions qui existent pour <FOO> et prenez la
+dernière ». Mais si vous dites « FOO. » cela signifie
+« utilisez exactement le nom <FOO> et aucun autre ». Si vous
+dites « FOO.3. » cela veut dire « utilisez exactement le nom
+FOO.3 » qui naturellement est la version trois de « FOO » et
+aucune autre. En sortie, si vous dites juste « FOO », ça va créer
+par la suite une nouvelle version de « FOO », mais si vous dites
+« FOO. », ça va écrire un fichier nommé exactement
+« FOO ».</p>
+
+<p>Maintenant c'est un défi compliqué de mettre au point tous ces détails
et de
+voir s'il y a des problèmes persistants, si vraiment certains logiciels Unix
+échouent malgré le fait d'avoir fourni des noms avec des points et ainsi de
+suite, pour tenter de lui faire avoir le même comportement.</p>
+
+<p>Je m'attends à ce que lorsque vous sortez un fichier dont le nom finit par
+un point, vous l'ouvrez en fait avec ce nom tout de suite et vous obtenez le
+même comportement qu'Unix : le résultat partiellement écrit est
+immédiatement visible. Tandis que quand vous le sortez avec un nom qui ne
+finit pas par un point, la nouvelle version ne devrait apparaître que quand
+vous le fermez et seulement si vous le fermez explicitement. S'il a été
+fermé parce que le travail a échoué ou à cause du plantage du système ou
de
+n'importe quoi du genre, il devrait être sous un nom différent.</p>
+
+<p>Et cette idée peut être associée au « star matching »
+— correspondance par étoile (*) — où un nom qui ne
+finit pas par un point équivaut à tous les noms sans numéro de
+version. Ainsi, si un certain répertoire a des fichiers comme ceci :</p>
<pre>
foo.1 foo.2 bar.8
</pre>
-<p>Si je dis « * », ça équivaut
à</p>
+<p>Si je dis « * », ça équivaut à </p>
<pre>
foo bar
</pre>
-<p>parce que ça prend tous les noms, les débarasse de leurs
-versions et conserve tous ceux qui sont distincts. Mais si je dis
-« *. », alors ça prend tous les noms exacts,
-met un point après chaque nom et cherche les
-équivalences. Ça me donne tous les noms avec toutes les
-différentes versions qui existent. Et pareil, vous pouvez voir la
-différence entre le « *.c » et le
-« *.c. ». Ceci [le premier] vous donnera
-essentiellement les références sans version de tous les
-fichiers « .c », tandis que cela [le second] vous
-donnera toutes les versions… bon, pas vraiment, vous devriez dire
-« *.c.*. » mais je n'ai pas rendu compte des
-détails ici.</p>
+<p>parce que ça prend tous les noms, les débarasse de leurs versions et
+conserve tous ceux qui sont distincts. Mais si je dis « *. »,
+alors ça prend tous les noms exacts, met un point après chaque nom et
+cherche les équivalences. Ãa me donne tous les noms avec toutes les
+différentes versions qui existent. Et pareil, vous pouvez voir la différence
+entre le « *.c » et le « *.c. ». Ceci [le premier] vous
+donnera essentiellement les références sans version de tous les fichiers
+« .c », tandis que cela [le second] vous donnera toutes les
+versions… bon, pas vraiment, vous devriez dire « *.c.*. »
+mais je n'ai pas rendu compte des détails ici.</p>
<p>Autre chose qui n'est pas une fonction visible par l'utilisateur et
-certainement compatible à installer, c'est la protection du
-système de fichiers. À savoir, écrire toutes les
-informations sur le disque dans l'ordre approprié, en s'arrangeant
-pour pouvoir presser le bouton « Arrêt »
-à tout moment sans endommager le système de fichiers du
+certainement compatible à installer, c'est la protection du système de
+fichiers. à savoir, écrire toutes les informations sur le disque dans
+l'ordre approprié, en s'arrangeant pour pouvoir presser le bouton
+« Arrêt » à tout moment sans endommager le système de fichiers
du
disque. C'est tellement connu que je ne peux pas imaginer qu'on puisse le
-négliger. Une autre idée, c'est l'information redondante. Je
-ne sais pas si je le ferai, mais j'ai des idées sur la façon
-de stocker dans chaque fichier tous ses noms et par là rendre
-possible si l'un des répertoires du disque est perdu de le
-reconstruire à partir du reste du contenu du disque.</p>
-
-<p>En outre, je pense savoir comment rendre possible la mise à jour
-nucléaire de n'importe quelle partie de fichier. Ceci si vous voulez
-remplacer un sous-bloc particulier d'un fichier par de nouvelles
-données de manière à ce qu'à toute tentative de
-lecture du fichier cela ne permette de voir que celles-ci ou seulement les
-anciennes.</p>
-
-<p>Pour le support de réseau, j'ai l'intention par la suite de mettre en
-œuvre TCP/IP pour ce système. Je pense également qu'il
-est possible d'utiliser KERMIT pour obtenir quelque chose
-d'équivalent au UUCP de manière efficace.</p>
-
-<p>Un shell qui a déja été écrit je crois. Il a
-deux modes. L'un imitant le shell BOURNE et l'autre imitant le shell C dans
-le même programme. Je n'en ai pas reçu de copie et je ne
-connais pas la somme de travail que je vais devoir accomplir dessus. En
-outre, beaucoup d'autres utilitaires existent. Un MAKE existe, LS ; il
-y a BISON qui remplace YACC qui est distribué. Quelque chose d'assez
-proche de LEX sort mais qui n'est pas totalement compatible et a besoin
-d'être retravaillé. Et en général, ce qui reste
-à faire est beaucoup moins important que ce qui a été
-fait mais on a toujours besoin de beaucoup de gens pour aider.</p>
-
-<p>Les gens me demandent toujours « Quand est-ce que ça sera
-fini ? ». Naturellement je ne peux pas savoir, mais c'est
-une mauvaise question. Si vous avez payé pour ça, je
-comprendrais que vous vouliez savoir exactement ce que vous allez obtenir et
-quand. Mais puisque vous n'allez pas payer, la bonne question à vous
-poser est « Comment pouvez-vous aider pour que cela finisse plus
-tôt ? ». J'ai une liste de projets, elle est dans un
-dossier au M.I.T.. Les gens qui sont intéressés pour aider
-peuvent m'envoyer un courrier à cette adresse internet et je leur
-enverrai en retour une liste de projets (Je me demande si ça va
+négliger. Une autre idée, c'est l'information redondante. Je ne sais pas si
+je le ferai, mais j'ai des idées sur la façon de stocker dans chaque fichier
+tous ses noms et par là rendre possible si l'un des répertoires du disque
+est perdu de le reconstruire à partir du reste du contenu du disque.</p>
+
+<p>En outre, je pense savoir comment rendre possible la mise à jour nucléaire
+de n'importe quelle partie de fichier. Ceci si vous voulez remplacer un
+sous-bloc particulier d'un fichier par de nouvelles données de manière à ce
+qu'Ã toute tentative de lecture du fichier cela ne permette de voir que
+celles-ci ou seulement les anciennes.</p>
+
+<p>Pour le support de réseau, j'ai l'intention par la suite de mettre en
+œuvre TCP/IP pour ce système. Je pense également qu'il est possible
+d'utiliser KERMIT pour obtenir quelque chose d'équivalent au UUCP de manière
+efficace.</p>
+
+<p>A shell I believe has already been written. It has two modes, one imitating
+the BOURNE shell, and one imitating the C-shell in the same program. I have
+not received a copy of it yet, and I don't know how much work I'll have to
+do on it. Also many other utilities exists. A MAKE exists, LS, there's a
+YACC replacement called BISON which is being distributed. Something pretty
+close to a LEX exists, but it's not totally compatible, it needs some work.
+And, in general what remains to be done is much less that what's been done,
+but we still need lots of people to help out.</p>
+
+<p>Les gens me demandent toujours « Quand est-ce que ça sera
+fini ? ». Naturellement je ne peux pas savoir, mais c'est une
+mauvaise question. Si vous avez payé pour ça, je comprendrais que vous
+vouliez savoir exactement ce que vous allez obtenir et quand. Mais puisque
+vous n'allez pas payer, la bonne question à vous poser est « Comment
+pouvez-vous aider pour que cela finisse plus tôt ? ». J'ai une
+liste de projets, elle est dans un dossier au M.I.T.. Les gens qui sont
+intéressés pour aider peuvent m'envoyer un courrier à cette adresse internet
+et je leur enverrai en retour une liste de projets (Je me demande si ça va
marcher [en regardant la craie]). Est-ce que c'est lisible ? C'est
-« address@hidden » (suivez juste la « bouncing
-ball » (la balle magique)). Et maintenant prenons une pause, et
-après la pause, je vais dire des choses vraiment
-controversées. Alors ne partez pas maintenant. Si vous partez
-maintenant vous allez rater la véritable expérience.</p>
+« address@hidden » (suivez juste la « bouncing ball »
(la
+balle magique)). Et maintenant prenons une pause, et après la pause, je vais
+dire des choses vraiment controversées. Alors ne partez pas maintenant. Si
+vous partez maintenant vous allez rater la véritable expérience.</p>
<p><strong>[Ici, nous avons eu 15 minutes de pause]</strong></p>
-<p>On m'a demandé de faire connaître le moyen d'obtenir des copies
-du logiciel GNU. Bien, un moyen naturellement est de connaître un ami
-qui en a une copie. Mais si ce n'est pas le cas et que vous n'êtes pas
-sur l'Internet pour le télécharger, alors vous pouvez toujours
-commander une distribution et envoyer une certaine somme d'argent à
-la Free Software Foundation (Fondation pour le Logiciel
-Libre). Naturellement les logiciels libres ce n'est pas la même chose
-que la distribution libre. Je l'expliquerai en détail plus tard.</p>
-
-<p>J'ai un manuel d'EMACS, de la série bien imprimée. Ça a
-été phototypé puis imprimé en offset. Bien que
-vous puissiez également l'imprimer vous-même à partir
-des sources de la distribution d'EMACS, vous pouvez obtenir ces copies de la
-Free Software Foundation. Vous pouvez venir après et
-regarder. Ça contient également une commande pour que vous
-puissiez copier l'information, de même que cette page [de garde] qui a
-été aussi appréciée : [montrant du doigt un
-personnage chassé par RMS à cheval sur un gnu] c'est un
-accapareur de logiciel effrayé, je parlerai de lui dans un moment.</p>
-
-<p>Le logiciel est un phénomène relativement nouveau. Les gens
-ont commencé à distribuer du logiciel il y a peut-être
-trente ans. Il y a seulement environ vingt ans que quelqu'un a eu
-l'idée de faire du business avec ça. C'était un secteur
-sans à-priori sur la façon de faire ou sur les droits que l'on
-pouvait avoir. Et il y avait quelques idées sur ce que les autres
-domaines de la vie pouvaient apporter comme tradition par analogie.</p>
-
-<p>Une analogie appréciée par un bon nombre de professeurs en
-Europe est celle faite entre les programmes et les mathématiques. Un
-programme est une sorte de grande formule. Par tradition, personne ne peut
-posséder une formule mathématique. N'importe qui peut la
-copier et s'en servir.</p>
+<p>On m'a demandé de faire connaître le moyen d'obtenir des copies du
logiciel
+GNU. Bien, un moyen naturellement est de connaître un ami qui en a une
+copie. Mais si ce n'est pas le cas et que vous n'êtes pas sur l'Internet
+pour le télécharger, alors vous pouvez toujours commander une distribution
+et envoyer une certaine somme d'argent à la Free Software Foundation
+(Fondation pour le Logiciel Libre). Naturellement les logiciels libres ce
+n'est pas la même chose que la distribution libre. Je l'expliquerai en
+détail plus tard.</p>
+
+<p>J'ai un manuel d'EMACS, de la série bien imprimée. Ãa a été phototypé
puis
+imprimé en offset. Bien que vous puissiez également l'imprimer vous-même Ã
+partir des sources de la distribution d'EMACS, vous pouvez obtenir ces
+copies de la Free Software Foundation. Vous pouvez venir après et
+regarder. Ãa contient également une commande pour que vous puissiez copier
+l'information, de même que cette page [de garde] qui a été aussi
+appréciée : [montrant du doigt un personnage chassé par RMS à cheval
+sur un gnu] c'est un accapareur de logiciel effrayé, je parlerai de lui dans
+un moment.</p>
+
+<p>Le logiciel est un phénomène relativement nouveau. Les gens ont commencé
Ã
+distribuer du logiciel il y a peut-être trente ans. Il y a seulement environ
+vingt ans que quelqu'un a eu l'idée de faire du business avec ça. C'était un
+secteur sans à -priori sur la façon de faire ou sur les droits que l'on
+pouvait avoir. Et il y avait quelques idées sur ce que les autres domaines
+de la vie pouvaient apporter comme tradition par analogie.</p>
+
+<p>Une analogie appréciée par un bon nombre de professeurs en Europe est
celle
+faite entre les programmes et les mathématiques. Un programme est une sorte
+de grande formule. Par tradition, personne ne peut posséder une formule
+mathématique. N'importe qui peut la copier et s'en servir.</p>
<p>L'analogie qui a le plus de sens pour les gens ordinaires, c'est celle avec
-les recettes. Si vous réfléchissez, ce qui ressemble le plus
-à un programme dans la vie ordinaire c'est une recette. Des
-instructions pour faire quelque chose. La différence, c'est qu'une
-recette est suivie par une personne, pas par une machine de façon
-automatisée. Il est vrai qu'il n'y a pas de différence entre
-le code source et le code objet pour la recette, mais c'est toujours ce
-qu'il y a de plus proche. Et personne n'est autorisé à
-posséder une recette.</p>
-
-<p>Mais l'analogie qui a été choisie fut celle avec les livres,
-sur lesquels s'appliquent le droit d'auteur. Pourquoi ce choix a-t-il
-été fait ? Parce que les gens qui avaient le plus
-à gagner à faire ce choix particulier ont été
-autorisés à prendre la décision. Les gens qui
-écrivaient les programmes, pas ceux qui les utilisaient, n'ont pas eu
-le droit de décider. Cela a été fait d'une façon
-totalement égoïste, en transformant le domaine de la
-programmation en quelque chose de sinistre.</p>
-
-<p>Quand je suis entré dans le domaine, quand j'ai commencé
-à travailler au M.I.T. en 1971, l'idée que les programmes que
-nous développions pourraient ne pas être partagés n'a
-même pas été discutée. Comme à Stanford et
-C.M.U., comme n'importe qui et DIGITAL également. Le logiciel
-d'exploitation de DIGITAL à ce moment-là était
-libre. J'ai de temps en temps obtenu des morceaux de programme du
-système de DIGITAL comme l'assembleur multi-compatible PDP-11. Je
-l'ai transféré pour qu'il fonctionne sur ITS et j'y ai
-ajouté de nombreux utilitaires. Il n'y avait aucun droit d'auteur sur
-ce programme.</p>
-
-<p>C'est seulement vers la fin des années 70 que ça a
-commencé à changer. J'ai été extrêmement
-marqué par l'esprit de partage que nous avions alors. Nous
-espérions faire quelque chose d'utile et nous étions heureux
-si les gens pouvaient l'utiliser. Ainsi, quand j'ai développé
-le premier EMACS et que les gens ont commencé à vouloir
-l'utiliser en dehors du M.I.T., j'ai dit qu'il appartenait à la
-« communauté » EMACS. Pour utiliser EMACS vous
-deviez être membre de la communauté et ça voulait dire
-que vous aviez eu la responsabilité de participer à toutes les
-améliorations que vous aviez faites. Toutes les améliorations
-de l'EMACS original devaient m'être renvoyées pour que je
-puisse les incorporer à de nouvelles versions d'EMACS, de
-manière à ce que chacun dans la communauté puisse en
-bénéficier.</p>
-
-<p>Mais ça a commencé à se dégrader quand SCRIBE a
-été développé à C.M.U. puis vendu
-à une entreprise. Ça a été déroutant pour
-beaucoup d'entre nous dans de nombreuses universités, parce que nous
-avons vu que c'était une tentation offerte à chacun et qu'il
-était bien profitable d'être peu coopératif. Et ceux
-d'entre nous qui y croyaient toujours n'avaient aucune arme pour tenter de
-contraindre les gens à coopérer avec nous. Sans aucun doute,
-les uns après les autres, les gens allaient déserter et cesser
-de coopérer avec le reste de la société, jusqu'à
-ce qu'il ne reste plus que ceux qui avaient des consciences très
-fortes pour continuer. Et c'est ce qu'il s'est passé.</p>
-
-<p>Le domaine de la programmation est maintenant devenu sinistre, où
-chacun pense de façon cynique à combien il va gagner à
-ne pas être sympa avec ses homologues et les utilisateurs.</p>
-
-<p>Je veux montrer que le fait de posséder un logiciel est à la
-fois matériellement inutile, spirituellement nuisible à la
-société et malfaisant. Ces trois choses étant
-interdépendantes. C'est spirituellement nocif parce que ça
-engage manifestement chaque membre de la société en contact
-avec des ordinateurs dans une pratique matérielle inutile aux
-autres. Et chaque fois que vous faites quelque chose pour vous-même et
-que vous savez que ça blesse plus les autres que ça ne vous
-aide, vous êtes obligé de devenir cynique pour pouvoir
-supporter une telle chose dans votre esprit. Et c'est malfaisant parce que
-ça gaspille délibérément le travail
-effectué dans la société en provoquant
-l'affaiblissement social.</p>
-
-<p>D'abord je veux expliquer les différentes nuisances causées
-par les tentatives de posséder un logiciel ou toute autre information
-utile en général, puis je m'appliquerai à
-réfuter les arguments qui soutiennent cette pratique, ensuite je veux
-parler de la façon de combattre ce phénomène et comment
-je m'y prends moi-même.</p>
-
-<p>L'idée de posséder l'information est nocive à trois
-niveaux différents. Matériellement nocif à trois
-niveaux différents. Et à chaque type de nocivité
-matérielle correspond une nocivité spirituelle.</p>
-
-<p>Au premier niveau, c'est juste que ça décourage l'utilisation
-du programme. Du coup, peu de gens utilisent le programme, mais ça ne
-demande pas moins de travail pour l'élaborer. Quand on vous met un
-prix sur l'utilisation d'un programme en tant
-qu'« incitation », c'est le mot que ces accapareurs de
-logiciel aiment à employer, c'est une incitation pour les gens
-à ne pas l'utiliser et c'est du gâchis. Si par exemple la
-moitié seulement de cette multitude de gens utilise le programme
-parce qu'il a un prix, le programme a été à
-moitié gaspillé. La même quantité de travail a
-produit seulement la moitié de richesse.</p>
-
-<p>En fait, vous n'avez rien de spécial à faire pour qu'un
-programme se répande à tous ceux qui veulent l'utiliser, parce
-qu'ils peuvent le copier eux-mêmes parfaitement bien et qu'il finit
-par atteindre tout le monde. Tout ce que vous avez à faire,
-après avoir écrit le programme, c'est de vous reposer et de
-laissez les gens faire ce qu'ils veulent. Mais ce n'est pas ce qu'il se
-passe. Au lieu de ça, quelqu'un essaye
-délibérément d'entraver le partage du programme. Mais
-il ne tente pas simplement de l'entraver, il tente de se faire aider en
-mettant la pression sur les autres. Toutes les fois qu'un utilisateur signe
-un accord de non-divulgation, il a essentiellement vendu tous ses homologues
-utilisateurs. Au lieu de suivre la règle d'or et de dire
-« J'aime ce programme, mon voisin le voudrait aussi, je veux que
-nous l'ayons tous les deux », il a dit : « Ouais,
-donnez-le moi. Au diable mon voisin ! Je vous aiderai à le
-maintenir hors de sa portée. Ne le donnez qu'à
-moi ! » et cet esprit est ce qui cause la nuisance
-spirituelle. Cette attitude de dire « Au diable mes voisins,
-donnez-moi à MOI une copie ».</p>
-
-<p>Après être rentré dans les gens qui disaient qu'il ne me
-laisseraient pas avoir de copies parce qu'ils avaient signé un accord
-secret, quand quelqu'un me demandait de signer un truc comme ça je
-savais que c'était mal. Je ne pouvais pas faire à quelqu'un
-d'autre ce qui m'avait tant exaspéré quand on me l'avait fait
-à moi.</p>
-
-<p>Mais c'est juste un des niveaux de la nocivité. Le deuxième
-niveau arrive quand les gens veulent modifier le programme, parce qu'un
-programme ne satisfait jamais vraiment tous ceux qui voudraient
-l'utiliser. Tout comme ils aiment varier les recettes, en mettant moins de
-sel, ou peut-être aiment-ils rajouter du poivre vert, les gens doivent
-également modifier les programmes pour obtenir les effets dont ils
-ont besoin.</p>
-
-<p>Maintenant, les propriétaires de logiciel ne s'inquiètent pas
-vraiment de savoir si les gens peuvent modifier le programme ou non, mais
-les en empêcher leur est utile pour parvenir à leurs
-fins. Généralement quand un logiciel est une
-propriété industrielle, vous ne pouvez pas obtenir les
+les recettes. Si vous réfléchissez, ce qui ressemble le plus à un programme
+dans la vie ordinaire c'est une recette. Des instructions pour faire quelque
+chose. La différence, c'est qu'une recette est suivie par une personne, pas
+par une machine de façon automatisée. Il est vrai qu'il n'y a pas de
+différence entre le code source et le code objet pour la recette, mais c'est
+toujours ce qu'il y a de plus proche. Et personne n'est autorisé à posséder
+une recette.</p>
+
+<p>Mais l'analogie qui a été choisie fut celle avec les livres, sur lesquels
+s'appliquent le droit d'auteur. Pourquoi ce choix a-t-il été fait ?
+Parce que les gens qui avaient le plus à gagner à faire ce choix particulier
+ont été autorisés à prendre la décision. Les gens qui écrivaient les
+programmes, pas ceux qui les utilisaient, n'ont pas eu le droit de
+décider. Cela a été fait d'une façon totalement égoïste, en transformant
le
+domaine de la programmation en quelque chose de sinistre.</p>
+
+<p>When I entered the field, when I started working at MIT in 1971, the idea
+that programs we developed might not be shared was not even discussed. And
+the same was Stanford and CMU, and everyone, and even Digital. The
+operating system from Digital at that time was free. And every so often I
+got pieces of program from Digital system such as a PDP-11 cross assembler,
+and I ported it to run on ITS, and added lots of features. It was no
+copyright on that program.</p>
+
+<p>C'est seulement vers la fin des années 70 que ça a commencé à changer.
J'ai
+été extrêmement marqué par l'esprit de partage que nous avions alors. Nous
+espérions faire quelque chose d'utile et nous étions heureux si les gens
+pouvaient l'utiliser. Ainsi, quand j'ai développé le premier EMACS et que
+les gens ont commencé à vouloir l'utiliser en dehors du M.I.T., j'ai dit
+qu'il appartenait à la « communauté » EMACS. Pour utiliser EMACS
+vous deviez être membre de la communauté et ça voulait dire que vous aviez
+eu la responsabilité de participer à toutes les améliorations que vous aviez
+faites. Toutes les améliorations de l'EMACS original devaient m'être
+renvoyées pour que je puisse les incorporer à de nouvelles versions d'EMACS,
+de manière à ce que chacun dans la communauté puisse en bénéficier.</p>
+
+<p>Mais ça a commencé à se dégrader quand SCRIBE a été développé Ã
C.M.U. puis
+vendu à une entreprise. Ãa a été déroutant pour beaucoup d'entre nous dans
+de nombreuses universités, parce que nous avons vu que c'était une tentation
+offerte à chacun et qu'il était bien profitable d'être peu coopératif. Et
+ceux d'entre nous qui y croyaient toujours n'avaient aucune arme pour tenter
+de contraindre les gens à coopérer avec nous. Sans aucun doute, les uns
+après les autres, les gens allaient déserter et cesser de coopérer avec le
+reste de la société, jusqu'à ce qu'il ne reste plus que ceux qui avaient des
+consciences très fortes pour continuer. Et c'est ce qu'il s'est passé.</p>
+
+<p>Le domaine de la programmation est maintenant devenu sinistre, où chacun
+pense de façon cynique à combien il va gagner à ne pas être sympa avec ses
+homologues et les utilisateurs.</p>
+
+<p>Je veux montrer que le fait de posséder un logiciel est à la fois
+matériellement inutile, spirituellement nuisible à la société et
+malfaisant. Ces trois choses étant interdépendantes. C'est spirituellement
+nocif parce que ça engage manifestement chaque membre de la société en
+contact avec des ordinateurs dans une pratique matérielle inutile aux
+autres. Et chaque fois que vous faites quelque chose pour vous-même et que
+vous savez que ça blesse plus les autres que ça ne vous aide, vous êtes
+obligé de devenir cynique pour pouvoir supporter une telle chose dans votre
+esprit. Et c'est malfaisant parce que ça gaspille délibérément le travail
+effectué dans la société en provoquant l'affaiblissement social.</p>
+
+<p>D'abord je veux expliquer les différentes nuisances causées par les
+tentatives de posséder un logiciel ou toute autre information utile en
+général, puis je m'appliquerai à réfuter les arguments qui soutiennent
cette
+pratique, ensuite je veux parler de la façon de combattre ce phénomène et
+comment je m'y prends moi-même.</p>
+
+<p>L'idée de posséder l'information est nocive à trois niveaux
+différents. Matériellement nocif à trois niveaux différents. Et à chaque
+type de nocivité matérielle correspond une nocivité spirituelle.</p>
+
+<p>The first level is just that it discourages the use of the program, it
+causes fewer people to use the program, but in fact it takes no less work to
+make a program for fewer people to use. When you have a price on the use of
+a program this is an incentive, that's the word these software hoarders love
+to use, the price is an incentive for people not to use the program, and
+this is a waste. If for example only half as many people use the program
+because it has a price on it, the program has been half wasted. The same
+amount of work has produced only half as much wealth.</p>
+
+<p>En fait, vous n'avez rien de spécial à faire pour qu'un programme se
répande
+à tous ceux qui veulent l'utiliser, parce qu'ils peuvent le copier eux-mêmes
+parfaitement bien et qu'il finit par atteindre tout le monde. Tout ce que
+vous avez à faire, après avoir écrit le programme, c'est de vous reposer et
+de laissez les gens faire ce qu'ils veulent. Mais ce n'est pas ce qu'il se
+passe. Au lieu de ça, quelqu'un essaye délibérément d'entraver le partage
du
+programme. Mais il ne tente pas simplement de l'entraver, il tente de se
+faire aider en mettant la pression sur les autres. Toutes les fois qu'un
+utilisateur signe un accord de non-divulgation, il a essentiellement vendu
+tous ses homologues utilisateurs. Au lieu de suivre la règle d'or et de dire
+« J'aime ce programme, mon voisin le voudrait aussi, je veux que nous
+l'ayons tous les deux », il a dit : « Ouais, donnez-le
+moi. Au diable mon voisin ! Je vous aiderai à le maintenir hors de sa
+portée. Ne le donnez qu'à moi ! » et cet esprit est ce qui cause
+la nuisance spirituelle. Cette attitude de dire « Au diable mes
+voisins, donnez-moi à MOI une copie ».</p>
+
+<p>Après être rentré dans les gens qui disaient qu'il ne me laisseraient pas
+avoir de copies parce qu'ils avaient signé un accord secret, quand quelqu'un
+me demandait de signer un truc comme ça je savais que c'était mal. Je ne
+pouvais pas faire à quelqu'un d'autre ce qui m'avait tant exaspéré quand on
+me l'avait fait à moi.</p>
+
+<p>Mais c'est juste un des niveaux de la nocivité. Le deuxième niveau arrive
+quand les gens veulent modifier le programme, parce qu'un programme ne
+satisfait jamais vraiment tous ceux qui voudraient l'utiliser. Tout comme
+ils aiment varier les recettes, en mettant moins de sel, ou peut-être
+aiment-ils rajouter du poivre vert, les gens doivent également modifier les
+programmes pour obtenir les effets dont ils ont besoin.</p>
+
+<p>Maintenant, les propriétaires de logiciel ne s'inquiètent pas vraiment de
+savoir si les gens peuvent modifier le programme ou non, mais les en
+empêcher leur est utile pour parvenir à leurs fins. Généralement quand un
+logiciel est une propriété industrielle, vous ne pouvez pas obtenir les
sources, vous ne pouvez pas le modifier et c'est un grand gaspillage de
travail pour les programmeurs aussi bien qu'une grande frustation pour les
-utilisateurs. Par exemple : une amie m'a dit qu'elle avait
-travaillé pendant de nombreux mois dans une banque où elle
-était programmeuse, pour écrire un nouveau programme. Or il y
-avait un programme disponible dans le commerce qui était presque bon,
-mais qui n'était pas tout à fait ce dont ils avaient
-besoin. Et tel quel, il leur était inutile. La quantité de
-changement que cela demandait était probablement faible, mais comme
-les sources de ce programme n'étaient pas disponibles, c'était
-impossible. Elle a dû partir de zéro et dilapider beaucoup de
-temps. Et nous ne pouvons que spéculer sur la fraction de l'ensemble
-des programmeurs du monde qui perdent leur temps de cette façon.</p>
-
-<p>Il y a aussi le cas où un programme est adéquat mais
-inconfortable. Par exemple : la première fois que nous avons eu
-une imprimante graphique au M.I.T., nous avons écrit le logiciel
-nous-mêmes et nous avons installé un bon nombre d'utilitaires
-sympathiques. Par exemple, il devait vous envoyer un message quand le
-travail d'impression était fini et il vous envoyait un message si
-l'imprimante manquait de papier, si vous aviez un travail en file d'attente
-et pas mal d'autres choses qui correspondaient à ce que nous
-voulions. Nous avons alors reçu une imprimante graphique beaucoup
-plus intéressante, une des premières imprimantes laser, mais
-le logiciel était fourni par Xerox et nous ne pouvions pas le
-modifier. Ils n'accepteraient pas d'intégrer les utilitaires et nous
-ne pouvions pas le faire nous-même. Aussi nous avons dû nous
-contenter de choses qui ne « fonctionnaient qu'à
-moitié ». Et c'était très frustrant de
-savoir que nous étions prêts, désireux et capables
-d'arranger ça mais que nous n'en avions pas le droit. On nous
-sabotait.</p>
+utilisateurs. Par exemple : une amie m'a dit qu'elle avait travaillé
+pendant de nombreux mois dans une banque où elle était programmeuse, pour
+écrire un nouveau programme. Or il y avait un programme disponible dans le
+commerce qui était presque bon, mais qui n'était pas tout à fait ce dont ils
+avaient besoin. Et tel quel, il leur était inutile. La quantité de
+changement que cela demandait était probablement faible, mais comme les
+sources de ce programme n'étaient pas disponibles, c'était impossible. Elle
+a dû partir de zéro et dilapider beaucoup de temps. Et nous ne pouvons que
+spéculer sur la fraction de l'ensemble des programmeurs du monde qui perdent
+leur temps de cette façon.</p>
+
+<p>Il y a aussi le cas où un programme est adéquat mais inconfortable. Par
+exemple : la première fois que nous avons eu une imprimante graphique
+au M.I.T., nous avons écrit le logiciel nous-mêmes et nous avons installé un
+bon nombre d'utilitaires sympathiques. Par exemple, il devait vous envoyer
+un message quand le travail d'impression était fini et il vous envoyait un
+message si l'imprimante manquait de papier, si vous aviez un travail en file
+d'attente et pas mal d'autres choses qui correspondaient à ce que nous
+voulions. Nous avons alors reçu une imprimante graphique beaucoup plus
+intéressante, une des premières imprimantes laser, mais le logiciel était
+fourni par Xerox et nous ne pouvions pas le modifier. Ils n'accepteraient
+pas d'intégrer les utilitaires et nous ne pouvions pas le faire
+nous-même. Aussi nous avons dû nous contenter de choses qui ne
+« fonctionnaient qu'à moitié ». Et c'était très frustrant de
+savoir que nous étions prêts, désireux et capables d'arranger ça mais que
+nous n'en avions pas le droit. On nous sabotait.</p>
<p>Et il y a toutes les personnes qui utilisent des ordinateurs et qui disent
-que les ordinateurs sont un mystère pour eux. Ils ne savent pas
-comment ça fonctionne. Mais comment pourraient-ils le savoir ?
-Ils ne peuvent pas lire les programmes qu'ils utilisent. La seule
-manière pour les gens d'apprendre comment les programmes devraient
-être écrits ou comment ils font ce qu'ils font, c'est de lire
-le code source.</p>
-
-<p>Aussi je ne peux que me demander si l'idée d'un utilisateur qui voit
-l'ordinateur uniquement comme un outil tient réellement ou non de la
-prophétie d'auto-épanouissement ; une conséquence
-du fait de maintenir le code source secret.</p>
-
-<p>Maintenant la nocivité spirituelle qui correspond à ce type de
-nocivité matérielle réside dans l'esprit
-d'auto-suffisance. Quand une personne dépense une bonne partie de son
-temps à utiliser un système informatique, la configuration de
-ce système informatique devient le pays dans lequel elle vit. Tout
-comme la manière dont nos maisons et nos meubles sont disposés
-détermine comment nous vivons parmi eux. Ainsi va le système
-informatique que nous utilisons. Et si nous ne pouvons pas le modifier pour
-qu'il nous convienne, nos vies sont alors vraiment sous le contrôle
-des autres. Et d'une certaine manière, la personne qui le constate en
-est démoralisée : « Ça ne sert à
-rien d'essayer de changer ça, ce sera toujours mauvais. Je ne vais
-rien gagner à tout déranger. Je ne vais qu'y consacrer mon
-temps et… quand j'aurai fini, je m'en irai en tâchant de ne
-plus y penser ». Ce genre d'esprit, ce manque d'enthousiasme est
-ce qui résulte de ne pas être autorisé à
-améliorer les choses quand vous avez l'esprit public.</p>
-
-<p>Le troisième niveau de nocivité se situe dans l'interaction
-entre les développeurs de logiciel eux-mêmes. Puisque tout
-domaine de connaissance avance davantage quand les gens peuvent construire
-à partir du travail des autres. Mais l'appropriation de l'information
-est explicitement conçue pour empêcher tout autre de le
-faire. Si les gens pouvaient construire à partir du travail des
-autres, alors la propriété deviendrait difficile à
-cerner, c'est pourquoi ils s'assurent que chaque nouveau venu dans le
-domaine commence à partir du début et en ralentissent ainsi
-considérablement l'avancement.</p>
-
-<p>Aussi nous pouvons le constater : combien de tableurs ont-ils
-été crées par différentes entreprises sans avoir
-tiré bénéfice de ce qui avait déjà
-été fait ? Oui il est vrai, le premier tableur qui a
-été écrit n'était pas parfait. Il a probablement
-seulement fonctionné sur certains types d'ordinateurs et il ne
-faisait pas les choses de la meilleure manière possible. Donc il y
-avait diverses raisons pour lesquelles certaines personnes voulaient en
-réécrire des morceaux. Mais si elles avaient seulement
-réécrit les morceaux qu'elles voulaient vraiment
-améliorer, cela aurait donné beaucoup moins de travail. Vous
-pouvez très bien voir comment améliorer un des aspects d'un
-système mais ne pas voir comment en améliorer un autre ;
-en fait cela pourrait vous être très difficile de le faire
-aussi bien. Si vous pouviez seulement prendre la partie que vous aimez et
-seulement refaire le morceau qui vous inspire, vous pourriez avoir le
-meilleur système en tout point. Avec beaucoup moins de travail que
-cela n'en prend d'écrire un système entièrement. Et
-nous savons tous qu'un système peut souvent tirer
-bénéfice d'être entièrement
-réécrit, mais à condition de pouvoir lire le vieux
-d'abord.</p>
-
-<p>Donc, les personnes dans le domaine de la programmation ont
-évolué de manière à perdre une bonne partie de
-leur temps en créant de ce fait un apparent besoin en
-programmeurs. Plus important qu'en réalité. Pourquoi y a-t-il
-un manque de programmeurs ? Puisqu'avec la propriété
-intellectuelle ceux-ci se sont organisés pour gaspiller la
-moitié de leur travail, il semble que nous en ayons besoin de deux
-fois plus. Quand les gens se tournent vers le système de la
-propriété intellectuelle en disant « Regardez les
-belles statistiques d'emploi, regardez l'ampleur de cette
-industrie »", cela ne prouve réellement que du gaspillage
-de temps et d'argent. Quand ils parlent de chercher des moyens
-d'améliorer la productivité du programmeur, ils sont ravis de
-le faire si cela implique des outils plus évolués, mais si
-cela implique de se débarrasser de choses précises qui
-pourraient la réduire, ils sont contre. Puisque cela réduirait
-le nombre de programmeurs utilisés. Il y a quelque chose d'un peu
-schizophrène là-dedans.</p>
-
-<p>Et la nocivité spirituelle qui correspond à ce niveau de
-nocivité matérielle se trouve dans l'esprit de
-coopération scientifique, qui était si fort, que même
-les scientifiques dans les pays en guerre continuaient de
-coopérer. Parce qu'ils savaient que ce qu'ils faisaient n'avait rien
-à voir avec la guerre. C'était uniquement pour le
-bénéfice à long terme de l'humanité. De nos
-jours, les gens ne s'en inquiètent plus.</p>
-
-<p>Pour avoir une idée de ce qui peut empêcher l'utilisation d'un
-programme, imaginez un sandwich que vous pouvez manger mais qui ne serait
-pas consommé. Vous pourriez le manger, une autre personne pourrait le
-manger, le même sandwich, n'importe quel nombre de fois et il en
-resterait toujours comme s'il nourrissait autant qu'à l'origine.</p>
-
-<p>La meilleure chose à faire, ce que nous devons faire avec ce
-sandwich, est de l'amener partout où les gens sont affamés;
-l'amenant à autant de bouches que possible, de sorte qu'il alimente
-autant de personnes que possible. Il est certain que nous ne devrions pas
-mettre de prix sur ce sandwich, parce que sinon les gens ne se permettraient
-pas de le manger et il serait gaspillé.</p>
-
-<p>Un programme est comme ce sandwich, mais encore plus, parce qu'il peut
-être mangé en même temps dans de nombreux endroits
-différents, utilisé par des personnes différentes les
-unes après les autres. C'est comme si ce sandwich suffisait pour
-alimenter tout le monde, partout, pour toujours, et cela n'a pas pu se
-produire parce que quelqu'un a cru qu'il pouvait le posséder.</p>
-
-<p>Maintenant, les gens qui croient qu'ils peuvent posséder les
-programmes proposent généralement deux types d'arguments. Le
-premier c'est : « Je l'ai écrit, c'est l'enfant de
-mon esprit, mon cÅur, mon âme y est. Qui peut me l'enlever ?
-Où qu'il aille, il est à moi, à moi, Ã
-MOI !! ». Bien, il est curieux tout de même que la
-plupart d'entre eux signent des accords stipulant qu'il appartient à
-l'entreprise pour laquelle ils travaillent.</p>
+que les ordinateurs sont un mystère pour eux. Ils ne savent pas comment ça
+fonctionne. Mais comment pourraient-ils le savoir ? Ils ne peuvent pas
+lire les programmes qu'ils utilisent. La seule manière pour les gens
+d'apprendre comment les programmes devraient être écrits ou comment ils font
+ce qu'ils font, c'est de lire le code source.</p>
+
+<p>Aussi je ne peux que me demander si l'idée d'un utilisateur qui voit
+l'ordinateur uniquement comme un outil tient réellement ou non de la
+prophétie d'auto-épanouissement ; une conséquence du fait de maintenir
+le code source secret.</p>
+
+<p>Maintenant la nocivité spirituelle qui correspond à ce type de nocivité
+matérielle réside dans l'esprit d'auto-suffisance. Quand une personne
+dépense une bonne partie de son temps à utiliser un système informatique, la
+configuration de ce système informatique devient le pays dans lequel elle
+vit. Tout comme la manière dont nos maisons et nos meubles sont disposés
+détermine comment nous vivons parmi eux. Ainsi va le système informatique
+que nous utilisons. Et si nous ne pouvons pas le modifier pour qu'il nous
+convienne, nos vies sont alors vraiment sous le contrôle des autres. Et
+d'une certaine manière, la personne qui le constate en est
+démoralisée : « Ãa ne sert à rien d'essayer de changer ça, ce
sera
+toujours mauvais. Je ne vais rien gagner à tout déranger. Je ne vais qu'y
+consacrer mon temps et… quand j'aurai fini, je m'en irai en tâchant
+de ne plus y penser ». Ce genre d'esprit, ce manque d'enthousiasme est
+ce qui résulte de ne pas être autorisé à améliorer les choses quand vous
+avez l'esprit public.</p>
+
+<p>Le troisième niveau de nocivité se situe dans l'interaction entre les
+développeurs de logiciel eux-mêmes. Puisque tout domaine de connaissance
+avance davantage quand les gens peuvent construire à partir du travail des
+autres. Mais l'appropriation de l'information est explicitement conçue pour
+empêcher tout autre de le faire. Si les gens pouvaient construire à partir
+du travail des autres, alors la propriété deviendrait difficile à cerner,
+c'est pourquoi ils s'assurent que chaque nouveau venu dans le domaine
+commence à partir du début et en ralentissent ainsi considérablement
+l'avancement.</p>
+
+<p>So we can see: How many spreadsheet systems were made all by different
+companies, all without any benefit of understanding how it was done before?
+Yes it's true, the first spreadsheet written wasn't perfect. It probably
+only ran on certain kinds of computers, and it didn't do some things in the
+best possible way. So there were various reasons why certain people would
+want to rewrite parts of it. But if they had only to rewrite the parts that
+they really wanted to improve, that would have made for a lot less work.
+You may see how to make one aspect of a system better, you may not see how
+to make another aspect of the same system any better, in fact you might have
+a great deal of trouble doing it as well. Now if you could take the part
+that you like and redo only the part that you have an inspiration for, you
+could have a system that's better in all ways, with much less work than it
+now takes to write a completely new system. And we all know that a system
+can often benefit from being completely rewritten, but that's only if you
+can read the old one first.</p>
+
+<p>Donc, les personnes dans le domaine de la programmation ont évolué de
+manière à perdre une bonne partie de leur temps en créant de ce fait un
+apparent besoin en programmeurs. Plus important qu'en réalité. Pourquoi y
+a-t-il un manque de programmeurs ? Puisqu'avec la propriété
+intellectuelle ceux-ci se sont organisés pour gaspiller la moitié de leur
+travail, il semble que nous en ayons besoin de deux fois plus. Quand les
+gens se tournent vers le système de la propriété intellectuelle en disant
+« Regardez les belles statistiques d'emploi, regardez l'ampleur de
+cette industrie »", cela ne prouve réellement que du gaspillage de
+temps et d'argent. Quand ils parlent de chercher des moyens d'améliorer la
+productivité du programmeur, ils sont ravis de le faire si cela implique des
+outils plus évolués, mais si cela implique de se débarrasser de choses
+précises qui pourraient la réduire, ils sont contre. Puisque cela réduirait
+le nombre de programmeurs utilisés. Il y a quelque chose d'un peu
+schizophrène là -dedans.</p>
+
+<p>Et la nocivité spirituelle qui correspond à ce niveau de nocivité
matérielle
+se trouve dans l'esprit de coopération scientifique, qui était si fort, que
+même les scientifiques dans les pays en guerre continuaient de
+coopérer. Parce qu'ils savaient que ce qu'ils faisaient n'avait rien à voir
+avec la guerre. C'était uniquement pour le bénéfice à long terme de
+l'humanité. De nos jours, les gens ne s'en inquiètent plus.</p>
+
+<p>Pour avoir une idée de ce qui peut empêcher l'utilisation d'un programme,
+imaginez un sandwich que vous pouvez manger mais qui ne serait pas
+consommé. Vous pourriez le manger, une autre personne pourrait le manger, le
+même sandwich, n'importe quel nombre de fois et il en resterait toujours
+comme s'il nourrissait autant qu'Ã l'origine.</p>
+
+<p>La meilleure chose à faire, ce que nous devons faire avec ce sandwich, est
+de l'amener partout où les gens sont affamés; l'amenant à autant de bouches
+que possible, de sorte qu'il alimente autant de personnes que possible. Il
+est certain que nous ne devrions pas mettre de prix sur ce sandwich, parce
+que sinon les gens ne se permettraient pas de le manger et il serait
+gaspillé.</p>
+
+<p>Un programme est comme ce sandwich, mais encore plus, parce qu'il peut être
+mangé en même temps dans de nombreux endroits différents, utilisé par des
+personnes différentes les unes après les autres. C'est comme si ce sandwich
+suffisait pour alimenter tout le monde, partout, pour toujours, et cela n'a
+pas pu se produire parce que quelqu'un a cru qu'il pouvait le posséder.</p>
+
+<p>Maintenant, les gens qui croient qu'ils peuvent posséder les programmes
+proposent généralement deux types d'arguments. Le premier c'est :
+« Je l'ai écrit, c'est l'enfant de mon esprit, mon cÅur, mon âme y
+est. Qui peut me l'enlever ? Où qu'il aille, il est à moi, à moi, Ã
+MOI !! ». Bien, il est curieux tout de même que la plupart d'entre
+eux signent des accords stipulant qu'il appartient à l'entreprise pour
+laquelle ils travaillent.</p>
<p>Aussi je crois que c'est l'une des choses que vous pouvez facilement vous
-dire en croyant que c'est important, mais vous pouvez aussi aisément
-vous convaincre que cela n'a pas d'importance du tout.</p>
+dire en croyant que c'est important, mais vous pouvez aussi aisément vous
+convaincre que cela n'a pas d'importance du tout.</p>
<p>Habituellement, ces personnes usent de cet argument pour exiger le droit de
-contrôler même la façon dont les gens peuvent modifier le
-programme. Ils disent : « Personne ne devrait pouvoir
-gâcher mon œuvre d'art ». Bien, imaginez que la
-personne qui a inventé le plat que vous projetez de cuisiner a eu le
-droit de contrôler la façon dont vous pouvez le faire cuire
-parce que c'est son œuvre d'art. Vous voulez y enlever le sel, mais il
-dit « Oh, non! J'ai conçu ce plat et il doit y avoir
-beaucoup de sel ! », « Mais mon médecin
-m'a dit qu'il n'était pas bon pour moi de manger salé. Que
-dois-je faire ? ».</p>
-
-<p>Clairement, la personne qui utilise le programme est bien plus près
-de l'événement. L'utilisation du programme l'affecte
-directement tandis qu'il y a juste une sorte de relation abstraite avec la
-personne qui l'a écrit. Et donc, pour donner aux gens autant de
-contrôle que possible sur leurs propres vies, c'est l'utilisateur qui
-doit décider.</p>
-
-<p>Le deuxième argument est économique. « Comment les
-gens seront payés pour programmer ? » disent-ils, et
-il y a un peu de vrai là-dedans. Mais une bonne part de ce qu'ils
-disent est confus. Et la confusion vient de ce qu'il n'est pas du tout
-pareil de dire : « Si nous voulons avoir beaucoup de gens
-pour programmer, nous devons nous assurer qu'ils n'auront pas besoin de
-gagner leur vie d'une autre manière » d'une part, et
-d'autre part de dire « Nous devons conserver le système
-actuel, nous devons devenir riches en programmant ». Il y a une
-grande différence entre juste percevoir un salaire pour vivre et se
-faire du fric comme le font les programmeurs de nos jours, au moins aux
-États-Unis. Ils disent toujours : « Comment vais-je
-manger ? », mais le problème n'est pas vraiment de
-savoir « comment il va manger » mais
-« comment il va manger des sushis ». De même
-« Comment aurai-je un toit au-dessus de ma
-tête ? » mais comment pourra-t'il se payer un
-appartement dans une copropriété ? ».</p>
-
-<p>Le système actuel a été choisi par les gens qui
-investissent dans le développement de logiciel parce que ça
-leur donne la possibilité de se faire le plus d'argent possible, non
-pas parce que c'est le seul moyen de soutenir l'effort de
-développement d'un système. En fait, aussi récemment
-qu'il y a dix ou quinze ans, on aidait au développement de logiciel
-de différentes manières. Par exemple, les systèmes
-d'exploitation de DIGITAL qui étaient libres, même au
-début des années 70, ont été
-développés par des personnes payées pour ce
-travail. Beaucoup de programmes utiles ont été
-développés dans les universités. De nos jours ces
-programmes sont souvent vendus, mais il y a quinze ans ils étaient
-libres et les gens avaient déjà été payés
-pour ça.</p>
+contrôler même la façon dont les gens peuvent modifier le programme. Ils
+disent : « Personne ne devrait pouvoir gâcher mon œuvre
+d'art ». Bien, imaginez que la personne qui a inventé le plat que vous
+projetez de cuisiner a eu le droit de contrôler la façon dont vous pouvez le
+faire cuire parce que c'est son œuvre d'art. Vous voulez y enlever le
+sel, mais il dit « Oh, non! J'ai conçu ce plat et il doit y avoir
+beaucoup de sel ! », « Mais mon médecin m'a dit qu'il
n'était
+pas bon pour moi de manger salé. Que dois-je faire ? ».</p>
+
+<p>Clairement, la personne qui utilise le programme est bien plus près de
+l'événement. L'utilisation du programme l'affecte directement tandis qu'il y
+a juste une sorte de relation abstraite avec la personne qui l'a écrit. Et
+donc, pour donner aux gens autant de contrôle que possible sur leurs propres
+vies, c'est l'utilisateur qui doit décider.</p>
+
+<p>Le deuxième argument est économique. « Comment les gens seront
payés
+pour programmer ? » disent-ils, et il y a un peu de vrai
+là -dedans. Mais une bonne part de ce qu'ils disent est confus. Et la
+confusion vient de ce qu'il n'est pas du tout pareil de dire :
+« Si nous voulons avoir beaucoup de gens pour programmer, nous devons
+nous assurer qu'ils n'auront pas besoin de gagner leur vie d'une autre
+manière » d'une part, et d'autre part de dire « Nous devons
+conserver le système actuel, nous devons devenir riches en
+programmant ». Il y a une grande différence entre juste percevoir un
+salaire pour vivre et se faire du fric comme le font les programmeurs de nos
+jours, au moins aux Ãtats-Unis. Ils disent toujours : « Comment
+vais-je manger ? », mais le problème n'est pas vraiment de savoir
+« comment il va manger » mais « comment il va manger des
+sushis ». De même « Comment aurai-je un toit au-dessus de ma
+tête ? » mais comment pourra-t'il se payer un appartement
+dans une copropriété ? ».</p>
+
+<p>The current system were chosen by the people who invest in software
+development, because it gives them the possibility of making the most
+possible money, not because it's the only way anyone can ever come up with
+money to support a system development effort. In fact, even as recently as
+ten and fifteen years ago it was common to support software development in
+other ways. For example, those Digital operating systems that were free,
+even in the early seventies, were developed by people who were paid for
+their work. Many useful programs has been developed at universities.
+Nowadays those programs are often sold, but fifteen years ago they were
+usually free, yet the people were paid for their work.</p>
<p>Lorsque vous avez quelque chose comme un programme, comme un sandwich infini
-ou comme une route qui ne doit être construite qu'une fois, sachant
-qu'une fois construite il importe peu de savoir combien de fois vous
-l'utilisez, sachant que cela ne coûte rien de l'utiliser, il est
-généralement bien mieux de ne pas mettre de coût sur
-cette utilisation. Et il y a des tas de choses comme ça que nous
-développons aujourd'hui, après avoir payé des gens pour
-le faire. Par exemple, toutes les rues là-dehors. Autant il est
-très facile de trouver des gens qui programmeront sans être
-payés, autant il est vraiment impossible d'en trouver qui
-construiront des routes sans être payés. La construction des
-routes n'est pas créatrive ni amusante comme la programmation mais
-nous avons des tas de rues là-dehors. Nous apportons l'argent pour
-payer ces gens et c'est bien mieux comme ça que d'avoir dit :
-« Laissons les entreprises faire et construire des routes et des
-cabines de péage, et chaque fois que vous tournez à un coin de
-rue vous paierez un autre péage. De là, les entreprises qui
-auront sélectionné les bons endroits pour mettre leurs routes
-feront des profits et les autres feront faillite ».</p>
-
-<p>Il y a une chose drôle qui se produit chaque fois que quelqu'un
-propose une manière de faire de l'argent en accaparant quelque
-chose. Jusque là, vous aviez probablement un bon nombre de gens
-vraiment enthousiastes et désireux de travailler dans ce domaine. Et
-le seul genre de question qui se posait était :
-« Comment peuvent-ils trouver un moyen
-d'existence ? » Si nous pensons aux mathématiciens
-par exemple, il y a beaucoup plus de gens qui veulent être des
-mathématiciens purs que de fonds pour que tout le monde le
-devienne. Et même lorsque vous obtenez des fonds, vous n'en obtenez
-pas beaucoup. Et ces gens ne vivent pas bien. Pour des musiciens c'est
-encore pire. J'ai vu des statistiques sur combien le musicien moyen, le
-péquin moyen qui consacre la majeure partie de son temps à
-tenter de devenir musicien, se fait dans le Massachusetts ;
-c'était quelque chose comme la moitié du revenu moyen ou
-moins. C'est à peine assez pour vivre, c'est dur. Mais il y en a un
-bon nombre qui essaient. Et puis, d'une façon ou d'une autre, quand
-il devient possible d'être très bien payé pour faire
-quelque chose, généralement tous ces gens disparaissent. Et on
-commence à dire « personne ne le fera à moins
-d'être payé aussi bien ».</p>
-
-<p>Et j'ai vu cela se produire dans le domaine de la programmation. Les
-mêmes qui travaillaient au laboratoire d'I.A. en étant
-très peu payés et qui aimaient ça, aujourd'hui ne
-rêveraient pas d'un travail pour moins de cinquante mille dollars par
-an. Que s'est-il passé ? Quand vous faites miroiter aux gens la
-possibilité de faire de l'argent, quand ils en voient d'autres faire
-le même travail en étant payés très cher, ils
-estiment devoir obtenir la même chose et personne n'est alors
-disposé à continuer à l'ancienne manière. Il est
-facile une fois que cela s'est produit, de penser que de bien payer les gens
-est désormais le seul moyen. Mais ce n'est pas vrai. Si la
-possibilité de faire de l'argent n'existait pas vous auriez des gens
-qui accepteraient de le faire pour pas grand-chose, particulièrement
-quand c'est créatif et amusant.</p>
-
-<p>Maintenant que j'ai vu le monde unique du laboratoire d'I.A. détruit
-et la vente du logiciel en être intrinsèquement responsable,
-j'ai également vu, comme je l'ai expliqué avant, le besoin en
-logiciel libre pour retrouver une communauté comme
-celle-là. Mais en y réfléchissant davantage, j'ai
-réalisé l'ampleur de la nocivité du logiciel
-accaparé sur l'ensemble de la société, plus
-particulièrement la pression mise sur les gens pour qu'ils vendent au
-détriment de leurs voisins et causant l'affaiblissement social. Le
-même esprit qui pousse les gens à observer quelqu'un quise fait
-poignarder dans la rue sans le dire à personne. Cet esprit dont nous
-pouvons voir tant d'entreprises en faire la preuve autour de nous. Il
-était évident que j'avais le choix. Je pouvais faire partie de
-ce monde et me sentir malheureux de voir ce que je faisais de ma vie ou je
-pouvais décider de le combattre. Ainsi j'ai décidé de
-le combattre. J'ai consacré ma carrière à tenter de
-reconstruire la communauté de partage du logiciel, à tenter de
-mettre un terme au phénomène d'accaparer l'information utile
-à l'ensemble des gens. Et le système GNU est un moyen à
-cet effet. Il est un moyen technique à des fins sociales. Avec le
-système GNU, j'espère vacciner les utilisateurs contre la
-menace des accapareurs de logiciel.</p>
-
-<p>En ce moment, les accapareurs réclament essentiellement le pouvoir de
-rendre inutile l'ordinateur d'une personne. Il y avait des gens aux USA, il
-y a plus ou moins cinquante ans, de la Mafia qui entraient dans les magasins
-et les bars, spécialement les bars hors-la-loi évidemment. Ils
-pouvaient entrer et dire : « Pas mal d'endroits par ici ont
-brûlé dernièrement. Vous ne voudriez pas que le
-vôtre subisse le même sort ? Aussi, nous pouvons vous
-protéger contre les incendies, vous avez juste à nous payer
-mille dollars par mois et nous nous assurerons qu'il n'y aura pas le
-feu ». Et ça s'appelait « le racket de
-protection ». Aujourd'hui nous en sommes à quelque chose
-près à ce qu'une personne nous dise « Vous avez un
-joli ordinateur ici et vous utilisez quelques programmes. Bien, si vous ne
-voulez pas que ces programmes disparaissent, si vous ne voulez pas que la
-police vous poursuive, vous feriez mieux de payer mille dollars et je vous
-donnerai une copie de ce programme avec une autorisation », et
-ça s'appelle « le racket de protection de
-logiciel ».</p>
-
-<p>Vraiment, tout ce qu'ils font c'est interférer avec tous ceux qui
-font ce qui doit être fait, mais ils prétendent fournir,
-davantage pour eux-mêmes que pour le reste du monde, une fonction
-utile. Bon. Ce que j'espère, c'est que quand ce type de Mafia du
-logiciel entre et dit : « Vous voulez que ces programmes
-disparaissent de votre ordinateur ? », l'utilisateur puisse
-répondre : « Je n'ai plus peur de vous. J'ai le
-logiciel libre GNU et il n'y a rien que vous puissiez me faire
-désormais ».</p>
-
-<p>Maintenant, un des moyens de justifier parfois le fait de posséder le
-logiciel est l'idée de donner l'envie aux gens de produire des
-choses. Je soutiens l'idée de l'entreprise privée en
-général et l'idée de vouloir gagner de l'argent en
-produisant des choses que d'autres aiment à utiliser, mais ça
-se détraque dans le domaine du logiciel maintenant. Produire un
-programme propriétaire, ce n'est pas la même contribution
-à la société que produire ce programme et le laisser
-libre. Parce que l'écriture du programme est juste une contribution
-potentielle à la société. La vraie contribution
-à la richesse de la société vient seulement quand le
-programme est utilisé. Et si vous empêchez l'utilisation du
-programme, la contribution ne se produit pas vraiment. Aussi, la
-contribution dont la société a besoin ne réside pas
-dans ces programmes propriétaires que tout le monde a tellement envie
-de faire. La contribution que nous voulons vraiment est celle du logiciel
-libre. Aussi notre société se détraque parce qu'elle
-donne aux gens l'envie de faire ce qui n'est pas utile et aucune envie de
-faire ce qu'est utile. Ainsi l'idée fondamentale de l'entreprise
-privée n'est pas comprise et vous pourriez même dire que la
-société est névrotique. Car après tout, quand un
-individu encourage dans le comportement des autres ce qui n'est pas bon pour
-lui, vous appelez ça une névrose. Ici la société
-se comporte comme ça, en encourageant les programmeurs à faire
-des choses qui ne sont pas bonnes pour la société.</p>
-
-<p>Je ne suis pas commun. Je préfère croire que je suis un bon
-membre de la société et que je contribue à quelque
-chose plutôt que de sentir que je l'arnaque avec succès et
-c'est pourquoi j'ai décidé de faire ce que j'ai fait. Mais
-tout le monde est plus ou moins tracassé par le sentiment
-d'être payé pour faire ce qui n'est pas vraiment utile. Aussi
-cessons de défendre l'idée d'encourager à faire la
-mauvaise chose et essayons au moins de proposer des arrangements pour
-encourager les gens à faire la bonne, qui est de faire du logiciel
-libre.</p>
+ou comme une route qui ne doit être construite qu'une fois, sachant qu'une
+fois construite il importe peu de savoir combien de fois vous l'utilisez,
+sachant que cela ne coûte rien de l'utiliser, il est généralement bien mieux
+de ne pas mettre de coût sur cette utilisation. Et il y a des tas de choses
+comme ça que nous développons aujourd'hui, après avoir payé des gens pour
le
+faire. Par exemple, toutes les rues là -dehors. Autant il est très facile de
+trouver des gens qui programmeront sans être payés, autant il est vraiment
+impossible d'en trouver qui construiront des routes sans être payés. La
+construction des routes n'est pas créatrive ni amusante comme la
+programmation mais nous avons des tas de rues là -dehors. Nous apportons
+l'argent pour payer ces gens et c'est bien mieux comme ça que d'avoir
+dit : « Laissons les entreprises faire et construire des routes et
+des cabines de péage, et chaque fois que vous tournez à un coin de rue vous
+paierez un autre péage. De là , les entreprises qui auront sélectionné les
+bons endroits pour mettre leurs routes feront des profits et les autres
+feront faillite ».</p>
+
+<p>Il y a une chose drôle qui se produit chaque fois que quelqu'un propose une
+manière de faire de l'argent en accaparant quelque chose. Jusque là , vous
+aviez probablement un bon nombre de gens vraiment enthousiastes et désireux
+de travailler dans ce domaine. Et le seul genre de question qui se posait
+était : « Comment peuvent-ils trouver un moyen
+d'existence ? » Si nous pensons aux mathématiciens par exemple, il
+y a beaucoup plus de gens qui veulent être des mathématiciens purs que de
+fonds pour que tout le monde le devienne. Et même lorsque vous obtenez des
+fonds, vous n'en obtenez pas beaucoup. Et ces gens ne vivent pas bien. Pour
+des musiciens c'est encore pire. J'ai vu des statistiques sur combien le
+musicien moyen, le péquin moyen qui consacre la majeure partie de son temps
+à tenter de devenir musicien, se fait dans le Massachusetts ; c'était
+quelque chose comme la moitié du revenu moyen ou moins. C'est à peine assez
+pour vivre, c'est dur. Mais il y en a un bon nombre qui essaient. Et puis,
+d'une façon ou d'une autre, quand il devient possible d'être très bien payé
+pour faire quelque chose, généralement tous ces gens disparaissent. Et on
+commence à dire « personne ne le fera à moins d'être payé aussi
+bien ».</p>
+
+<p>Et j'ai vu cela se produire dans le domaine de la programmation. Les mêmes
+qui travaillaient au laboratoire d'I.A. en étant très peu payés et qui
+aimaient ça, aujourd'hui ne rêveraient pas d'un travail pour moins de
+cinquante mille dollars par an. Que s'est-il passé ? Quand vous faites
+miroiter aux gens la possibilité de faire de l'argent, quand ils en voient
+d'autres faire le même travail en étant payés très cher, ils estiment
devoir
+obtenir la même chose et personne n'est alors disposé à continuer Ã
+l'ancienne manière. Il est facile une fois que cela s'est produit, de penser
+que de bien payer les gens est désormais le seul moyen. Mais ce n'est pas
+vrai. Si la possibilité de faire de l'argent n'existait pas vous auriez des
+gens qui accepteraient de le faire pour pas grand-chose, particulièrement
+quand c'est créatif et amusant.</p>
+
+<p>Maintenant que j'ai vu le monde unique du laboratoire d'I.A. détruit et la
+vente du logiciel en être intrinsèquement responsable, j'ai également vu,
+comme je l'ai expliqué avant, le besoin en logiciel libre pour retrouver une
+communauté comme celle-là . Mais en y réfléchissant davantage, j'ai
réalisé
+l'ampleur de la nocivité du logiciel accaparé sur l'ensemble de la société,
+plus particulièrement la pression mise sur les gens pour qu'ils vendent au
+détriment de leurs voisins et causant l'affaiblissement social. Le même
+esprit qui pousse les gens à observer quelqu'un quise fait poignarder dans
+la rue sans le dire à personne. Cet esprit dont nous pouvons voir tant
+d'entreprises en faire la preuve autour de nous. Il était évident que
+j'avais le choix. Je pouvais faire partie de ce monde et me sentir
+malheureux de voir ce que je faisais de ma vie ou je pouvais décider de le
+combattre. Ainsi j'ai décidé de le combattre. J'ai consacré ma carrière Ã
+tenter de reconstruire la communauté de partage du logiciel, à tenter de
+mettre un terme au phénomène d'accaparer l'information utile à l'ensemble
+des gens. Et le système GNU est un moyen à cet effet. Il est un moyen
+technique à des fins sociales. Avec le système GNU, j'espère vacciner les
+utilisateurs contre la menace des accapareurs de logiciel.</p>
+
+<p>En ce moment, les accapareurs réclament essentiellement le pouvoir de
rendre
+inutile l'ordinateur d'une personne. Il y avait des gens aux USA, il y a
+plus ou moins cinquante ans, de la Mafia qui entraient dans les magasins et
+les bars, spécialement les bars hors-la-loi évidemment. Ils pouvaient entrer
+et dire : « Pas mal d'endroits par ici ont brûlé
+dernièrement. Vous ne voudriez pas que le vôtre subisse le même sort ?
+Aussi, nous pouvons vous protéger contre les incendies, vous avez juste Ã
+nous payer mille dollars par mois et nous nous assurerons qu'il n'y aura pas
+le feu ». Et ça s'appelait « le racket de
+protection ». Aujourd'hui nous en sommes à quelque chose près à ce
+qu'une personne nous dise « Vous avez un joli ordinateur ici et vous
+utilisez quelques programmes. Bien, si vous ne voulez pas que ces programmes
+disparaissent, si vous ne voulez pas que la police vous poursuive, vous
+feriez mieux de payer mille dollars et je vous donnerai une copie de ce
+programme avec une autorisation », et ça s'appelle « le racket de
+protection de logiciel ».</p>
+
+<p>Vraiment, tout ce qu'ils font c'est interférer avec tous ceux qui font ce
+qui doit être fait, mais ils prétendent fournir, davantage pour eux-mêmes
+que pour le reste du monde, une fonction utile. Bon. Ce que j'espère, c'est
+que quand ce type de Mafia du logiciel entre et dit : « Vous
+voulez que ces programmes disparaissent de votre ordinateur ? »,
+l'utilisateur puisse répondre : « Je n'ai plus peur de vous. J'ai
+le logiciel libre GNU et il n'y a rien que vous puissiez me faire
+désormais ».</p>
+
+<p>Maintenant, un des moyens de justifier parfois le fait de posséder le
+logiciel est l'idée de donner l'envie aux gens de produire des choses. Je
+soutiens l'idée de l'entreprise privée en général et l'idée de vouloir
+gagner de l'argent en produisant des choses que d'autres aiment à utiliser,
+mais ça se détraque dans le domaine du logiciel maintenant. Produire un
+programme propriétaire, ce n'est pas la même contribution à la société que
+produire ce programme et le laisser libre. Parce que l'écriture du programme
+est juste une contribution potentielle à la société. La vraie contribution
Ã
+la richesse de la société vient seulement quand le programme est utilisé. Et
+si vous empêchez l'utilisation du programme, la contribution ne se produit
+pas vraiment. Aussi, la contribution dont la société a besoin ne réside pas
+dans ces programmes propriétaires que tout le monde a tellement envie de
+faire. La contribution que nous voulons vraiment est celle du logiciel
+libre. Aussi notre société se détraque parce qu'elle donne aux gens l'envie
+de faire ce qui n'est pas utile et aucune envie de faire ce qu'est
+utile. Ainsi l'idée fondamentale de l'entreprise privée n'est pas comprise
+et vous pourriez même dire que la société est névrotique. Car après tout,
+quand un individu encourage dans le comportement des autres ce qui n'est pas
+bon pour lui, vous appelez ça une névrose. Ici la société se comporte comme
+ça, en encourageant les programmeurs à faire des choses qui ne sont pas
+bonnes pour la société.</p>
+
+<p>Je ne suis pas commun. Je préfère croire que je suis un bon membre de la
+société et que je contribue à quelque chose plutôt que de sentir que je
+l'arnaque avec succès et c'est pourquoi j'ai décidé de faire ce que j'ai
+fait. Mais tout le monde est plus ou moins tracassé par le sentiment d'être
+payé pour faire ce qui n'est pas vraiment utile. Aussi cessons de défendre
+l'idée d'encourager à faire la mauvaise chose et essayons au moins de
+proposer des arrangements pour encourager les gens à faire la bonne, qui est
+de faire du logiciel libre.</p>
<p>Merci.</p>
-<p><strong>[Après ça, RMS a répondu à des questions
-pendant environ une heure. J'ai seulement inclus très peu de ces
-questions et réponses dans cette version. La bande était
-mauvaise, et je n'ai pas eu le temps de faire un travail approprié
-sur la totalité]</strong></p>
+<p><strong>[Après ça, RMS a répondu à des questions pendant environ une
+heure. J'ai seulement inclus très peu de ces questions et réponses dans
+cette version. La bande était mauvaise, et je n'ai pas eu le temps de faire
+un travail approprié sur la totalité]</strong></p>
<dl>
-<dt><b>Question :</b> Est-ce que quelqu'un a tenté de vous causer
-des ennuis ?</dt>
+<dt><b>Question :</b> Est-ce que quelqu'un a tenté de vous causer des
+ennuis ?</dt>
-<dd><b>Réponse :</b> La seule fois qu'on a tenté de me
causer
-des ennuis c'était avec ces propriétaires prétendus,
-soi-disant propriétaires de Gosling Emacs. Hormis le fait qu'ils n'en
-avaient aucune raison, ils ne peuvent rien faire de plus. D'ailleurs, je
-voudrais attirer l'attention de tout le monde sur la façon dont les
-gens se servent d'un langage pour essayer d'encourager les gens à
-penser certaines choses et à ne pas penser à d'autres. Une
-grande part de la terminologie actuelle dans le domaine a été
-choisie par les soi-disant propriétaires de logiciel pour tenter de
-vous encourager à voir le logiciel assimilé à des
-objets matériels comme une propriété et oublier les
-différences. L'exemple le plus flagrant en est le terme
-« pirate ». Refusez s'il vous plaît d'utiliser
-le terme « pirate » pour décrire quelqu'un qui
-souhaite partager le logiciel avec son voisin comme un bon citoyen.
-
-<p>J'ai oublié de vous dire ceci : L'idée de droit d'auteur
-a été inventé après la presse
-imprimée. Dans l'ancien temps, les auteurs se copiaient les uns les
-autres librement et ceci n'était pas mal considéré. Et
-c'était même très utile : certains travaux
-d'auteurs ont seulement pu survivre, même en fragments, parce qu'ils
-ont été cités longuement dans d'autres travaux qui, eux
-ont survécu.</p>
-
-<p>C'était parce que des livres étaient copiés une fois
-à ce moment-là. Il était dix fois plus dur d'en tirer
-dix copies qu'une seule. Alors la presse a été
-inventée. Et ceci n'a pas empêché les gens de copier les
-livres à la main. Mais par comparaison avec le fait de les imprimer,
-les copier à la main était si désagréable que
-cela pouvait rendre la tâche tout à fait impossible.</p>
-
-<p>Quand les livres ont pu être produits en masse, le droit d'auteur
-commençait à avoir un sens. De plus, celui-ci n'a pas
-confisqué la liberté de lecture publique, puisqu'en tant que
-membre du public qui n'avait pas de presse vous ne pouviez pas copier de
-livre de toute façon. Aussi vous ne perdiez aucune liberté
-à cause du droit d'auteur. Il a été inventé et
-se comprenait par un changement technologique. Or aujourd'hui le changement
-inverse se produit. La copie individuelle d'information se fait de mieux en
-mieux et nous pouvons voir que la finalité du progrès
-technologique est de permettre de copier n'importe quel genre
-d'information… [coupure due à la rotation de la bande].</p>
-
-<p>Ainsi nous retournons dans la même situation que dans le monde antique
-où le droit d'auteur n'avait pas de sens.</p>
-
-<p>Si nous considérons notre concept de propriété,
-ça vient des objets matériels. Les objets matériels
-satisfont une loi économique, plutôt pas mal. Oui c'est vrai,
-je peux casser une craie en deux mais ce n'est pas ça, et elle va
-s'user, se consommer. Mais fondamentalement ceci est une chaise [pointant
-une chaise du doigt]. Je ne peux pas simplement claquer des doigts et en
-avoir deux. La seule manière d'en avoir une deuxième, c'est de
-la construire comme l'a été la première. Ça
-prend plus de matières premières, plus de travail de
-production et nos idées de propriété ont
-été développées pour qu'il y ait un sens moral
-à ce que ces faits concordent.</p>
-
-<p>Pour une partie d'information que tout le monde peut copier, les faits sont
-différents. Les attitudes morales correspondantes sont
-différentes. Les attitudes morales proviennent de la réflexion
-sur le nombre de gens que cela va aider et le nombre de gens que cela va
-léser de faire certaines choses. Lorsqu'il s'agit d'objet
-matériel, vous pouvez venir emporter cette chaise mais vous ne pouvez
-pas venir la copier. Et si vous emportiez la chaise, elle ne produirait
-rien, il n'y a aucune excuse. Si quelqu'un dit : « J'ai
-travaillé pour faire cette chaise, une seule personne peut avoir
-cette chaise, ça peut aussi bien être moi », nous
-pourrions aussi bien dire : « Ouais, c'est
-compréhensible ». Quand une personne dit :
-« J'ai gravé les bits sur ce disque, une seule personne
-peut l'avoir alors n'essayez pas de me l'enlever », ça se
-comprend aussi. Si seulement une personne peut avoir le disque, ça
-pourrait aussi bien être celui qui le possède.</p>
-
-<p>Mais quand quelqu'un d'autre arrive et dit : « Je ne vais
-pas abîmer votre disque, je vais juste en faire un autre comme lui par
-magie et je l'emmènerai et vous pouvez continuer à utiliser ce
-disque comme vous le faisiez avant ». Bien, c'est la même
-chose que si quelqu'un disait : « J'ai un copieur magique de
-chaise. Vous pouvez continuer à profiter de votre chaise en l'ayant
-toujours à disposition mais j'en aurai une aussi ». C'est
-bon.</p>
-
-<p>Si les gens peuvent ne pas avoir à construire mais juste à
-claquer des doigts et reproduire, c'est merveilleux. Mais ce changement
-technologique ne convient pas aux gens qui voudraient pouvoir
-posséder des copies particulières et en tirer de
-l'argent. C'est une idée qui ne correspond qu'aux objets
-conservables. Aussi ils font leur possible pour transformer les programmes
-en objets matériels. Vous êtes-vous demandé pourquoi
-quand vous allez dans un magasin de logiciel et que vous achetez une copie
-de programme, cela revient à acheter quelque chose qui ressemble
-à un livre ? Ils veulent que les gens imaginent qu'ils
-obtiennent un objet matériel, pas qu'ils réalisent que ce
-qu'ils ont vraiment obtenu est sous forme de données
-numériques copiables.</p>
-
-<p>Après tout, qu'est-ce qu'un ordinateur à part une machine
-universelle ? Vous avez probablement étudié les machines
-universelles de Turing, des machines qui peuvent imiter n'importe quelle
-autre machine. La raison pour laquelle une machine universelle est si bonne,
-c'est que vous pouvez lui faire imiter n'importe laquelle. Et les modes
-d'emploi peuvent être copiés et changés, tout ce que
-vous ne pouvez pas faire avec un objet matériel. Et c'est exactement
-ce que les accapareurs de logiciel veulent que le public arrête de
-faire. Ils veulent avoir l'avantage du changement technologique vers les
-machines universelles mais ils ne veulent pas que le public l'obtienne.</p>
-
-<p>Pour l'essentiel, ils tentent de conserver « l'âge de
-l'objet matériel » mais celui-ci est fini et notre
-conception du vrai et du faux devrait être synchrone avec les faits
-réels du monde dans lequel nous vivons.</p>
+<dd><p><b>Réponse :</b> La seule fois qu'on a tenté de me causer des
ennuis
+c'était avec ces propriétaires prétendus, soi-disant propriétaires de
+Gosling Emacs. Hormis le fait qu'ils n'en avaient aucune raison, ils ne
+peuvent rien faire de plus. D'ailleurs, je voudrais attirer l'attention de
+tout le monde sur la façon dont les gens se servent d'un langage pour
+essayer d'encourager les gens à penser certaines choses et à ne pas penser Ã
+d'autres. Une grande part de la terminologie actuelle dans le domaine a été
+choisie par les soi-disant propriétaires de logiciel pour tenter de vous
+encourager à voir le logiciel assimilé à des objets matériels comme une
+propriété et oublier les différences. L'exemple le plus flagrant en est le
+terme « pirate ». Refusez s'il vous plaît d'utiliser le terme
+« pirate » pour décrire quelqu'un qui souhaite partager le
+logiciel avec son voisin comme un bon citoyen.</p>
+
+<p>J'ai oublié de vous dire ceci : L'idée de droit d'auteur a été
inventé
+après la presse imprimée. Dans l'ancien temps, les auteurs se copiaient les
+uns les autres librement et ceci n'était pas mal considéré. Et c'était
même
+très utile : certains travaux d'auteurs ont seulement pu survivre, même
+en fragments, parce qu'ils ont été cités longuement dans d'autres travaux
+qui, eux ont survécu.</p>
+
+<p>C'était parce que des livres étaient copiés une fois à ce moment-là . Il
+était dix fois plus dur d'en tirer dix copies qu'une seule. Alors la presse
+a été inventée. Et ceci n'a pas empêché les gens de copier les livres Ã
la
+main. Mais par comparaison avec le fait de les imprimer, les copier à la
+main était si désagréable que cela pouvait rendre la tâche tout à fait
+impossible.</p>
+
+<p>Quand les livres ont pu être produits en masse, le droit d'auteur
commençait
+à avoir un sens. De plus, celui-ci n'a pas confisqué la liberté de lecture
+publique, puisqu'en tant que membre du public qui n'avait pas de presse vous
+ne pouviez pas copier de livre de toute façon. Aussi vous ne perdiez aucune
+liberté à cause du droit d'auteur. Il a été inventé et se comprenait par
un
+changement technologique. Or aujourd'hui le changement inverse se
+produit. La copie individuelle d'information se fait de mieux en mieux et
+nous pouvons voir que la finalité du progrès technologique est de permettre
+de copier n'importe quel genre d'information… [coupure due à la
+rotation de la bande].</p>
+
+<p>Ainsi nous retournons dans la même situation que dans le monde antique où
le
+droit d'auteur n'avait pas de sens.</p>
+
+<p>Si nous considérons notre concept de propriété, ça vient des objets
+matériels. Les objets matériels satisfont une loi économique, plutôt pas
+mal. Oui c'est vrai, je peux casser une craie en deux mais ce n'est pas ça,
+et elle va s'user, se consommer. Mais fondamentalement ceci est une chaise
+[pointant une chaise du doigt]. Je ne peux pas simplement claquer des doigts
+et en avoir deux. La seule manière d'en avoir une deuxième, c'est de la
+construire comme l'a été la première. Ãa prend plus de matières
premières,
+plus de travail de production et nos idées de propriété ont été
développées
+pour qu'il y ait un sens moral à ce que ces faits concordent.</p>
+
+<p>For a piece of information that anyone can copy, the facts are different.
+And therefore the moral attitudes that fit are different. Our moral
+attitudes comes from thinking how much it will help people and how much it
+will hurt people to do certain things. With a material object, you can come
+and take away this chair, but you couldn't come and copy it. And if you
+took away the chair, it wouldn't be producing anything, so there's no
+excuse. I somebody says: “I did the work to make this one chair, and
+only one person can have this chair, it might as well be me”, we might
+as well say: “Yeah, that makes sense”. When a person says:
+“I carved the bits on this disk, only one person can have this disk,
+so don't you dare take it away from me”, well that also make sense.
+If only one person is going to have the disk, it might as well be the guy
+who owns that disk.</p>
+
+<p>But when somebody else comes up and says: “I'm not going to hurt your
+disk, I'm just gonna magically make another one just like it and then I'll
+take it away and then you can go on using this disk just the same as
+before”, well, it's the same as if somebody said: “I've got a
+magic chair copier. You can keep on enjoying your chair, sitting in it,
+having it always there when you want it, but I'll have a chair too”.
+That's good.</p>
+
+<p>If people don't have to build, they can just snap their fingers and
+duplicate them, that's wonderful. But this change in technology doesn't
+suit the people who want to be able to own individual copies and can get
+money for individual copies. That's an idea that only fits conserved
+objects. So they do their best to render programs like material objects.
+Have you wondered why, when you go to the software store and buy a copy of a
+program it comes in something that looks like a book? They want people to
+think as if they were getting a material object, not to realize what they
+have really got in the form of digital copyable data.</p>
+
+<p>What is a computer after all but a universal machine? You've probably
+studied universal Turing machines, the machines that can imitate any other
+machine. The reason a universal machine is so good is because you can make
+it imitate any other machine and the directions can be copied and changed,
+exactly the things you can't do with a material object. And those are
+exactly what the software hoarders want to stop the public from doing. They
+want to have the benefit of the change in technology, to universal machines,
+but they don't want the public to get that benefit.</p>
+
+<p>Pour l'essentiel, ils tentent de conserver « l'âge de l'objet
+matériel » mais celui-ci est fini et notre conception du vrai et du
+faux devrait être synchrone avec les faits réels du monde dans lequel nous
+vivons.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b>Question :</b> Ainsi ça réduit les droits de
-propriété de l'information. Pensez-vous qu'il y ait des
-exemples où, selon vous, il est bon de posséder
-l'information ?</dt>
-
-<dd><b>Réponse :</b> Pour une information qui n'est pas utile au
-public ou à caractère personnel, je dirais OUI. En d'autres
-termes, pas l'information sur la manière de faire les choses mais sur
-ce que vous avez l'intention de faire. L'information dont la seule valeur
-pour les autres est spéculative. Celle qui leur permet de vous faire
-perdre de l'argent mais avec laquelle ils ne peuvent réellement rien
-créer. Je dirais qu'il est parfaitement raisonnable de garder ce
-genre de chose secret et sous contrôle.
-
-<p>Mais en termes d'information créatrice, celle que les gens peuvent
-utiliser ou dont ils peuvent profiter et qui le sera d'autant plus que plus
-de gens l'auront, nous devrions toujours en encourager la copie.</p>
+<dt><b>Q</b>: So it boils down to ownership of information. Do you think there
+are any instances where, your opinion, it's right to own information?</dt>
+
+<dd><p><b>Réponse :</b> Pour une information qui n'est pas utile au
public ou
+à caractère personnel, je dirais OUI. En d'autres termes, pas l'information
+sur la manière de faire les choses mais sur ce que vous avez l'intention de
+faire. L'information dont la seule valeur pour les autres est
+spéculative. Celle qui leur permet de vous faire perdre de l'argent mais
+avec laquelle ils ne peuvent réellement rien créer. Je dirais qu'il est
+parfaitement raisonnable de garder ce genre de chose secret et sous
+contrôle.</p>
+
+<p>Mais en termes d'information créatrice, celle que les gens peuvent utiliser
+ou dont ils peuvent profiter et qui le sera d'autant plus que plus de gens
+l'auront, nous devrions toujours en encourager la copie.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -2083,12 +1759,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -2099,7 +1775,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1987 Richard Stallman et Bjrn Remseth
+Copyright © 1987, 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman and Bjrn Remseth
</p>
<p>
La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
@@ -2117,7 +1793,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:43 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -2126,20 +1802,20 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traductions de cette page</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/stallman-kth.html">English</a> [en]</li>
Index: philosophy/sun-in-night-time.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- philosophy/sun-in-night-time.bg.html 27 Jul 2010 16:27:15 -0000
1.14
+++ philosophy/sun-in-night-time.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:19 -0000
1.15
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
лиÑенза завÑÑÑи, Ðжава Ñе бÑде Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ.</i></p>
<p>
- Ð¾Ñ <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>РиÑаÑд Ð.
СÑолман</a><br />24 май 2006
-г.
+ by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a><br />
+ May 24, 2006.
</p>
<p>
@@ -110,11 +110,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.bg.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Ðма и дÑÑги
наÑини за <a
-href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -124,9 +125,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 2006 РиÑаÑд СÑолман <br />
ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и
-ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа
позволени за вÑеки Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда
-Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази
бележка да бÑде запазена.
+Copyright © 2006 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -145,7 +148,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/07/27 16:27:15 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/sun-in-night-time.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/sun-in-night-time.fr.html 26 Jun 2011 00:31:20 -0000
1.10
+++ philosophy/sun-in-night-time.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:19 -0000
1.11
@@ -108,12 +108,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -126,8 +127,10 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2006 Richard M. Stallman
<br />
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any
-medium without royalty provided this notice is preserved.
+Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -140,7 +143,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/06/26 00:31:20 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.de.html 23 Jul 2011 08:41:36 -0000
1.2
+++ philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.de.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:19 -0000
1.3
@@ -70,9 +70,9 @@
Zahlungen senden.</li>
</ul>
-<p>E-Bücher müssen unsere Freiheit nicht angreifen, aber sie werden, wenn
-Unternehmen entscheiden können. Es liegt an uns, sie zu stoppen. Der Kampf
-hat bereits begonnen.</p>
+<p>E-books need not attack our freedom (Project Gutenberg's e-books don't), but
+they will if companies get to decide. It's up to us to stop them. The fight
+has already started.</p>
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualisierung:
-$Date: 2011/07/23 08:41:36 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -149,6 +149,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/third-party-ideas.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/third-party-ideas.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- philosophy/third-party-ideas.bg.html 9 Dec 2009 09:26:15 -0000
1.13
+++ philosophy/third-party-ideas.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:19 -0000
1.14
@@ -72,12 +72,12 @@
<li><a href="http://lwn.net/Articles/204641/";>СвободниÑе
ÑÑÑÑойÑÑва Ñе нÑждаÑÑ
Ð¾Ñ Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a>, ÑÑаÑиÑ, в коÑÑо Ñе
опиÑва как âакÑÑализаÑиÑâ на
ÑÑÑмÑеÑа е пÑемаÑ
нала вÑзможноÑÑÑа за
запиÑване на Ñадио емиÑии.</li>
- <li><a
href="http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>ÐокладÑÑ Ð·Ð°
-моÑиваÑиÑÑа на ÑазÑабоÑÑиÑиÑе на Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a> Ð¾Ñ ÐаÑ
ани и УлÑ
-ÑвÑÑди, Ñе знаÑиÑелна ÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÑ
Ñа
моÑивиÑани Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñзгледа, Ñе ÑоÑÑÑеÑа
-ÑÑÑбва да бÑде Ñвободен. Това е вÑпÑеки
ÑакÑа, Ñе Ñе Ñа анкеÑиÑали
-ÑазÑабоÑÑиÑи Ð¾Ñ SourceForge â ÑайÑ, койÑо не
поддÑÑжа вÑзгледа, Ñе Ñова е
-еÑиÑен вÑпÑоÑ.</li>
+ <li>Lakhani and Wolf's <a
+href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>paper
+on the motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable
+fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This was
+despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site
+that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=11663";>âÐÑоклоÑâ
изпÑаÑа пиÑмо
в ÑÑил âСкÑпи ÐаÑÑлâ</a>; гÑÑпа оÑ
обÑноÑÑÑа на ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸
оÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð´ Ñа ÑÑÑинили пиÑмо в оÑговоÑ
на âÐÑвоÑеноÑо пиÑмо до обÑноÑÑÑа
@@ -151,20 +151,20 @@
ноÑиÑелиÑе на авÑоÑÑки пÑава пÑоÑивоÑеÑаÑ
на пÑиÑиниÑе за вÑвеждане на
авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво, заложени в
ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑиÑÑа.</li>
- <li><a
-href="http://newsforge.com/newsforge/02/05/08/153204.shtml?tid=19";>âÐимонов
-ÑоÑÑÑеÑен закон Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑив вкÑÑâ</a> оÑ
Ðикаел ÐаÑло обÑÑнÑва как âлимоновиÑ
-законâ за ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð±Ð¸ заплаÑил
ÑазÑабоÑкаÑа на Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ.</li>
-
-<!-- Removed temporarily until we find out why it's not available, RT #367880
- <li>Peruvian Congressman Dr. Edgar David Villanueva Nuñez wrote a
- letter to a Microsoft manager after they wrote expressing concern about
- the country's pending Free Software in Public Administration bill. It
- does an excellent job of allaying concerns about free software often
- raised by Microsoft and others. The English translation of the letter is
- <a href="http://www.gnu.org.pe/resmseng.html";>here</a>.</li>
-yavor, 21 Jul 08 -->
-<li><a href="http://www.baen.com/library/palaver4.htm";>ÐÑиÑанÑкиÑÑ
иÑÑоÑик ТомаÑ
+ <li>Mikael Pawlo's <a
+href="http://www.linux.com/archive/feed/22834";>“Software lemon law
+with bitter taste”</a> explains how a “lemon law” for
+software could threaten free software development.</li>
+
+ <li>Peruvian Congressman Dr. Edgar David Villanueva Nuñez wrote a
letter
+to a Microsoft manager after they wrote expressing concern about the
+country's pending Free Software in Public Administration bill. It does an
+excellent job of allaying concerns about free software often raised by
+Microsoft and others. The English translation of the letter is <a
+href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030207075039/http://www.pimientolinux.com/peru2ms/villanueva_to_ms.html";>
+here</a>.</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.baen.com/library/palaver4.htm";>ÐÑиÑанÑкиÑÑ
иÑÑоÑик ТомаÑ
ÐакоÑли</a> е имал идеи за авÑоÑÑкоÑо пÑаво
пÑез 1841 г., коиÑо Ñа веÑни и
днеÑ.</li>
@@ -204,9 +204,12 @@
ÑиÑÑема, Ñе âдобÑоÑÑвеÑÑнаÑа ÑпоÑÑебаâ
елиминиÑа конÑликÑа Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкоÑо
пÑаво и ÐÑÑваÑа попÑавка на ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑиÑÑа
на СÐЩ.</li>
- <li>РиÑаÑд СÑолман Ñе е подпиÑал под <a
-href="http://www.perens.com/Articles/StandTogether.html";>ÑÑвмеÑÑно
изÑвление
-в оÑÐ³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð° коменÑаÑиÑе на ÐÑейг ÐÑнди оÑ
âÐайкÑоÑоÑÑâ</a>.</li>
+ <li><!--<a href="http://www.perens.com/Articles/StandTogether.html";>
+-->
+<!--</a>
+-->
+Richard Stallman co-signed a joint statement responding to comments by Craig
+Mundie of Microsoft.</li>
<li>Ð <cite><a href="/philosophy/dmarti-patent.html">ÐаÑенÑна
ÑеÑоÑма
Ñега!</a></cite>, Ðон ÐаÑÑи пÑизовава
поддÑÑжниÑиÑе на ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð°
@@ -223,7 +226,8 @@
http://www-personal.si.umich.edu/~beejoo/gnuproject.html
-->
<!-- brokien line -neel
- <li><a
href="http://oppression.nerdherd.org/Stories/1998/9810/ucla/ucla.html";>UCLA
+ <li>
+<a href="http://oppression.nerdherd.org/Stories/1998/9810/ucla/ucla.html";>UCLA
discriminates against students using GNU/Linux.
One part of their justification is supporting the power of
software owners.</a></li>
@@ -232,7 +236,8 @@
пÑаво вÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑнÑ</a></li>
<!-- broken link -mohit
- <li><a href="http://members.xoom.com/jcenters/HADL.html";>The Hacker
Anti-Defamation League</a></li>
+ <li>
+<a href="http://members.xoom.com/jcenters/HADL.html";>The Hacker
Anti-Defamation League</a></li>
-->
<li><a
href="http://simson.net/clips/98.Globe.05-07.Read_them_and_weep.htm";>ÐÑоÑеÑеÑе
@@ -255,13 +260,13 @@
make a temporary link -neel
http://www.musicisum.com/manifesto.shtml
-->
-<li><a href="http://www.maui.net/~zen_gtr/zgzinepg4.html";>ÐаниÑеÑÑÑÑ:
-ÐиÑаÑÑÑвоÑо е ÐÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÑел</a>, Ð¾Ñ ÐжаÑÑн
ÐаниÑÑ.
-<br />
-<strong>ÐабележеÑе</strong>, Ñе пÑоекÑÑÑ GNU
пÑепоÑÑÑва <a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">избÑгванеÑо</a> на
ÑеÑмина <a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">пиÑаÑÑÑво</a>, ÑÑй
каÑо Ñой
-пÑедполага, Ñе ÑподелÑнеÑо на ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ðµ
нÑкак Ñи нелегиÑимно.</li>
+<li><a href="http://www.maui.net/~zen_gtr/zgzinepg4.html";>The Manifesto: Piracy
+is Your Friend</a>, by Jaron Lanier.
+ <br />
+ <strong>Note</strong> that the GNU Project recommends <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">avoiding</a> the term <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">piracy</a> since it implies
+that sharing copies is somehow illegitimate.</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/copying_primer.html";>УÑебник
за наÑинаеÑи за еÑикаÑа на âинÑелекÑÑална
ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑâ</a>, Ð¾Ñ Ð Ð°Ð¼
@@ -271,14 +276,13 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/kragen-software.html">ХоÑа, меÑÑа,
неÑа и идеи</a> оÑ
ÐÑейгÑн СиÑакÑÑ</li>
- <li><a
href="http://libertariannation.org/a/f31l1.html";>âÐибеÑÑаÑиÑн
ÐейÑâ ÑÑеÑÑ
-пÑаваÑа за инÑелекÑÑална ÑобÑÑвеноÑÑ</a> оÑ
РодеÑик Т. Ðонг
-<br />
-ÐвижениеÑо за Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ
одобÑÑва либеÑÑаÑианÑÑвоÑо и <a
-href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html">ние не Ñме
напÑлно
-ÑÑглаÑни</a> Ñ Ñази ÑÑаÑиÑ. Ðо вÑе пак ÑÑ Ðµ
полезна за опÑовеÑгаванеÑо на
-един опÑеделен аÑгÑменÑ, койÑо Ñе изÑÑква
в подкÑепа на ÑобÑÑвениÑеÑкиÑ
-ÑоÑÑÑеÑ.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://libertariannation.org/a/f31l1.html";>The Libertarian Case
+Against Intellectual Property Rights</a> by Roderick T. Long
+ <br />
+ The Free Software Movement does not endorse Libertarianism, and <a
+href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html">we do not agree
+entirely</a> with that article. But it is useful for refuting one specific
+argument that is made in favor of proprietary software.</li>
<li><a href="http://gsyc.escet.urjc.es/sobre/";>СÑаÑии на
иÑпанÑки език, ÑвÑÑзани
ÑÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</a></li>
<li><a href="http://old.law.columbia.edu/my_pubs/anarchism.html";>ÐнаÑÑ
измÑÑ
@@ -296,8 +300,6 @@
ÑÑглаÑни Ñ Ñази ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ â ние ÑмÑÑаме, Ñе
нÑма ниÑо лоÑо в Ñова да Ñе молÑÑ
Ñ
оÑаÑа да пÑоÑвÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿ÑлниÑелни ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
да пиÑÐ°Ñ âбележки под линиÑâ, за
да оÑÑиÑÐ°Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑлÑгиÑе.)</li>
- <li><a href="http://www.savetheweb.org";>СпаÑеÑе ÐÑежаÑа</a> е
Ñеб-ÑÑÑаниÑа,
-поÑвеÑена на заÑиÑаванеÑо на пÑаваÑа на
поÑÑебиÑелиÑе на ÐнÑеÑÐ½ÐµÑ Ð² ÐвÑопа.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/economics_frank/frank.html">ÐзÑÑаванеÑо
на икономика
вÑзпÑепÑÑÑÑва ли ÑÑÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑвоÑо?</a> оÑ
ФÑанк, ÐÐ¸Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ Риган.</li>
<li><a href="http://danny.oz.au/freedom/ip/aidfs.html";>РазÑабоÑка,
еÑиÑна
@@ -346,9 +348,6 @@
демонÑÑÑиÑаÑи колко вÑзмÑÑиÑелен и
абÑÑÑден е ÐаконÑÑ Ð·Ð° авÑоÑÑко пÑаво в
ÑиÑÑовоÑо Ñ
илÑдолеÑие (ÐÐÐЦХ).</li>
- <li><a
href="http://www.geocities.com/frankentoons/";>ФÑанкенÑÑÑи</a> оÑ
Ðжоел
-Ðан.</li>
-
<li>ÐÑеглед на книгаÑа <a
href="http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/03/28/0121209&mode=nocomment";><cite>ЦиÑÑово
авÑоÑÑко пÑаво</cite></a>.</li>
@@ -388,7 +387,8 @@
либеÑÑаÑианÑÑвоÑо (ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ PDF)</li>
<!-- Available only against a fee.
- <li><a href="http://www.lulu.com/dcparris/";>Penguin in the Pew</a>, Free
Software from a Christian perspective.</li>
+ <li>
+<a href="http://www.lulu.com/dcparris/";>Penguin in the Pew</a>, Free Software
from a Christian perspective.</li>
-->
<li><a
href="http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~sdexter/copyleft_ethics.html";>СÑавниÑелна
@@ -434,13 +434,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.bg.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги наÑини за
-<a href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
<br />
-ÐолÑ, изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии (или
-пÑедложениÑ) на е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -452,9 +451,9 @@
<p>
ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002,
2003, 2004,
2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободен
ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</p>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -473,7 +472,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2009/12/09 09:26:15 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/third-party-ideas.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/third-party-ideas.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- philosophy/third-party-ideas.fr.html 16 Nov 2010 09:27:34 -0000
1.14
+++ philosophy/third-party-ideas.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:19 -0000
1.15
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
<title>Philosophie du Projet GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2 id="ThirdPartyIdeas">Idées de tierces personnes</h2>
+<h2 id="ThirdPartyIdeas">Idées de tierces personnes</h2>
<p>
Ces articles donnent les opinions philosophiques d'autres personnes en
faveur des logiciels libres, ou de sujets connexes, et ne s'expriment pas au
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@
<p>
De nombreuses <a
href="/links/links.fr.html#FreedomOrganizations">organisations qui Åuvrent
-pour la liberté dans le développement informatique et les
-communications électroniques</a> ont aussi des opinions
-philosophiques en faveur des logiciels libres, ou de sujets liés.</p>
+pour la liberté dans le développement informatique et les communications
+électroniques</a> ont aussi des opinions philosophiques en faveur des
+logiciels libres, ou de sujets liés.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/tblee/trouble-free-riding";>Le
@@ -34,22 +34,19 @@
Brasilia.</li>
<li><a href="http://questioncopyright.org";>QuestionCopyright.org</a> est un
site
-Web sur l'histoire et les effets du copyright, destiné à faire
-prendre conscience des conséquences dommageables du système de
-copyright actuel.</li>
+Web sur l'histoire et les effets du copyright, destiné à faire prendre
+conscience des conséquences dommageables du système de copyright actuel.</li>
<li>
<a
href="http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196601781";>Comment
-Vista permet à Microsoft de verrouiller les utilisateurs</a> par Cory
+Vista permet à Microsoft de verrouiller les utilisateurs</a> par Cory
Doctorow. <b>Note</b> : Nous pensons que c'est une erreur d'utiliser
les termes de propagande de l'ennemi, qui paraissent favorables, tels que
-« informatique de confiance », pour décrire un
-plan malicieux.
+« informatique de confiance », pour décrire un plan malicieux.
</li>
<li>
<a href="http://www.movingtofreedom.org/";>movingtofreedom.org</a>, le blog
-de Scott Carpenter avec beaucoup d'articles relatifs à la
-liberté.
+de Scott Carpenter avec beaucoup d'articles relatifs à la liberté.
</li>
<li>
<a href="http://lwn.net/Articles/194701/";>Deux leçons sur les dangers du
@@ -59,158 +56,139 @@
<a
href="http://southflorida.bizjournals.com/southflorida/stories/2006/07/03/story8.html";>Plusieurs
morceaux d'enregistrements de docteurs par Dr Notes</a>, un exemple de la
-façon dont le logiciel propriétaire donne aux
-développeurs un pouvoir injuste sur les utilisateurs.
+façon dont le logiciel propriétaire donne aux développeurs un pouvoir
+injuste sur les utilisateurs.
</li>
<li>Jimmy Wales explique pourquoi <a
href="http://blog.jimmywales.com/index.php/archives/2004/10/21/free-knowledge-requires-free-software-and-free-file-formats/";>
-le savoir libre nécessite des logiciels libres et des formats de
-fichiers libres</a> dans ce document. Il explique également pourquoi
-<a href="http://www.wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> a besoin d'être un
-logiciel libre.</li>
+le savoir libre nécessite des logiciels libres et des formats de fichiers
+libres</a> dans ce document. Il explique également pourquoi <a
+href="http://www.wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> a besoin d'être un logiciel
+libre.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.juergen-ernst.de/info_swpat_en.html";>Les brevets
-logiciels à la loupe</a>. Dans cet article, l'auteur utilise des
-arguments basés sur le lambda calcul pour montrer pourquoi les
-logiciels ne peuvent être brevetés.</li>
- <li><a href="http://lwn.net/Articles/204641/";>Les gadgets libres
-nécessitent des logiciels libres</a>, un éditorial qui
-rapporte comment une « mise à jour » de
-firmware supprime la possibilité d'enregistrer des programmes
-radiodiffusés.</li>
- <li>Le papier de Lakhani et Wolf <a
-href="http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>sur la motivation
-des développeurs de logiciel libre</a> dit qu'une part
-considérable est motivé par l'idée que le logiciel
-devrait être libre. Et ce, en dépit du fait qu'il aient
-enquêté sur les développeurs sur SourceForge, un site
-qui ne soutient pas l'idée qu'il s'agisse d'un problème
-éthique.</li>
+logiciels à la loupe</a>. Dans cet article, l'auteur utilise des arguments
+basés sur le lambda calcul pour montrer pourquoi les logiciels ne peuvent
+être brevetés.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://lwn.net/Articles/204641/";>Les gadgets libres
nécessitent des
+logiciels libres</a>, un éditorial qui rapporte comment une « mise Ã
+jour » de firmware supprime la possibilité d'enregistrer des programmes
+radiodiffusés.</li>
+ <li>Lakhani and Wolf's <a
+href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>paper
+on the motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable
+fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This was
+despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site
+that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=11663";>Groklaw sends a Dear
-Darl letter</a>; un groupe de la communauté du logiciel libre et open
-source a fait une réponse conjointe à la lettre ouverte
-à la communauté open source du PDG de SCO, Darl McBride.</li>
+Darl letter</a>; un groupe de la communauté du logiciel libre et open source
+a fait une réponse conjointe à la lettre ouverte à la communauté open
source
+du PDG de SCO, Darl McBride.</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.hardwarecentral.com/hardwarecentral/editorials/4788/1,";>Hardware
Central</a>. Nous ne sommes pas d'accord avec un aspect de la conclusion de
-cet article : Il n'est pas légitime pour Microsoft d'aider
-Disney et la RIAA à de vous imposer la Digital Restrictions
-Management, pas plus qu'il n'est légitime pour Disney et la RIAA
-d'essayer de la faire. La puissance de traitement complète doit vous
-être accessible, et pas seulement pour ceux qui sont
-propriétaires de l'information.</li>
- <li><a href="http://portal.softwarelivre.org/news/1185";>Le gouvernement
-fédéral brésilien a sponsorisé un mouvement
-national du logiciel libre</a> au Brésil. Cet article est en
-portugais brésilien.</li>
-
-<li>La pétition « SCO Sue Me » a submergé
-son initiateur et la pétition ne recueille plus de votes. L'auteur de
-cette pétition, John Everitt, s'attendait seulement à recevoir
-quelques réponses, mais au lieu de cela, il a eu des milliers de
-participants. <a
-href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=6913";>Dans la
-dernière communication publique disponible de la pétition</a>,
-il pressait les gens à aider la <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>FSF</a>
-de toutes les façons possibles.</li>
+cet article : Il n'est pas légitime pour Microsoft d'aider Disney et la
+RIAA Ã de vous imposer la Digital Restrictions Management, pas plus qu'il
+n'est légitime pour Disney et la RIAA d'essayer de la faire. La puissance de
+traitement complète doit vous être accessible, et pas seulement pour ceux
+qui sont propriétaires de l'information.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://portal.softwarelivre.org/news/1185";>Le gouvernement
fédéral
+brésilien a sponsorisé un mouvement national du logiciel libre</a> au
+Brésil. Cet article est en portugais brésilien.</li>
+
+<li>La pétition « SCO Sue Me » a submergé son initiateur et la
+pétition ne recueille plus de votes. L'auteur de cette pétition, John
+Everitt, s'attendait seulement à recevoir quelques réponses, mais au lieu de
+cela, il a eu des milliers de participants. <a
+href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=6913";>Dans la dernière
+communication publique disponible de la pétition</a>, il pressait les gens Ã
+aider la <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>FSF</a> de toutes les façons
+possibles.</li>
<li><a href="http://proposicion.org.ar/doc/gob/Conde-281102/index.html.en";>La
-réponse du Sénateur Alberto Conde</a> au CESSI concernant la
-loi E-135/02-03 qui propose l'utilisation de logiciel libre dans le secteur
-public pour la province de Buenos Aires. <a
+réponse du Sénateur Alberto Conde</a> au CESSI concernant la loi E-135/02-03
+qui propose l'utilisation de logiciel libre dans le secteur public pour la
+province de Buenos Aires. <a
href="http://proposicion.org.ar/proyecto/leyes/E-135.02-03/";>La loi </a>a
-été soumise par le Sénateur Alberto Conde
-lui-même.</li>
- <li> Quelques économistes argumentent que les droits d'auteur et les
-brevets <a href="http://www.reason.com/0303/fe.dc.creation.shtml";>
-échouent à promouvoir le progrès</a>, dont
-c'était le but de leur création.
+été soumise par le Sénateur Alberto Conde lui-même.</li>
+ <li> Quelques économistes argumentent que les droits d'auteur et les
brevets <a
+href="http://www.reason.com/0303/fe.dc.creation.shtml";> échouent Ã
+promouvoir le progrès</a>, dont c'était le but de leur création.
<p>
-Cet article adopte une vision économique étroite sur le sujet,
-mesurant les alternatives sociales en critères de : quels biens
-seront disponibles pour quel prix, supposant que vous, le citoyen,
-êtes un simple consommateur et ne donne aucune valeur à votre
-liberté. Il utilise également le terme prêtant à
-confusion <a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html#IntellectualProperty">« propriété
-intellectuelle »</a>, qui est trompeur car il met dans un
-même sac droits d'auteur et brevets. Cet article les mélange
-car il ignore les (différents) problèmes que droits d'auteurs
-et brevets soulèvent.
+Cet article adopte une vision économique étroite sur le sujet, mesurant les
+alternatives sociales en critères de : quels biens seront disponibles
+pour quel prix, supposant que vous, le citoyen, êtes un simple consommateur
+et ne donne aucune valeur à votre liberté. Il utilise également le terme
+prêtant à confusion <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html#IntellectualProperty">« propriété
+intellectuelle »</a>, qui est trompeur car il met dans un même sac
+droits d'auteur et brevets. Cet article les mélange car il ignore les
+(différents) problèmes que droits d'auteurs et brevets soulèvent.
</p><p>
-Malgré ces défauts, il est important. Si on peut juger que le
-droit d'auteur est dangereux même en termes économiques
-étroits, en ne considérant pas le tort éthique
-d'empêcher les gens de partager, il ne peut être que plus
-dangereux encore si l'on considère aussi l'éthique.
+Malgré ces défauts, il est important. Si on peut juger que le droit d'auteur
+est dangereux même en termes économiques étroits, en ne considérant pas le
+tort éthique d'empêcher les gens de partager, il ne peut être que plus
+dangereux encore si l'on considère aussi l'éthique.
</p></li>
- <li>Deux articles de Duncan Campbell décrivent comment des portes
-dérobées de la NSA ont été cachées dans
-des logiciels propriétaires : <a
-href="http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/te/2898/1.html";>« Seule
-la NSA peut écouter, alors c'est OK »</a> et <a
-href="http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/te/5263/1.html";>« Comment
-l'accès pour la NSA a été construit dans
-Windows »</a>. Les deux articles sont des démonstrations
-claires de ce que les utilisateurs de logiciel propriétaire peuvent
-souvent ne pas être conscients de ce qui s'exécute en fait sur
-leur machine.</li>
+ <li>Deux articles de Duncan Campbell décrivent comment des portes
dérobées de la
+NSA ont été cachées dans des logiciels propriétaires : <a
+href="http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/te/2898/1.html";>« Seule la
+NSA peut écouter, alors c'est OK »</a> et <a
+href="http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/te/5263/1.html";>« Comment
+l'accès pour la NSA a été construit dans Windows »</a>. Les deux
+articles sont des démonstrations claires de ce que les utilisateurs de
+logiciel propriétaire peuvent souvent ne pas être conscients de ce qui
+s'exécute en fait sur leur machine.</li>
<li><a
-href="http://www.culturaleconomics.atfreeweb.com/cpu.htm";>« Copyright
-C.P.U. »</a> par Harry Hillman Chartrand, est un bon
-résumé de l'histoire du droit d'auteur.</li>
+href="http://www.culturaleconomics.atfreeweb.com/cpu.htm";>« Copyright
+C.P.U. »</a> par Harry Hillman Chartrand, est un bon résumé de
+l'histoire du droit d'auteur.</li>
<li>Malla Pollack <a
-href="http://eon.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/progress.html";>« Qu'est-ce
-que le Congrès est supposé promouvoir ? »</a>
-explique comment les dernières tendances du gouvernement des
-États-Unis à donner le contrôle maximal aux
-détenteurs de droits d'auteur défient la justification pour
-l'établissement du droit d'auteur définie dans la
-Constitution.</li>
-
- <li><a
-href="http://newsforge.com/newsforge/02/05/08/153204.shtml?tid=19";>« Software
-lemon law with bitter taste »</a> de Mikael Pawlo explique
-comment une « loi citron » pour le logiciel pourrait
-menacer le développement de logiciel libre.</li>
-
-<!-- Removed temporarily until we find out why it's not available, RT #367880
- <li>Peruvian Congressman Dr. Edgar David Villanueva Nuñez wrote a
- letter to a Microsoft manager after they wrote expressing concern about
- the country's pending Free Software in Public Administration bill. It
- does an excellent job of allaying concerns about free software often
- raised by Microsoft and others. The English translation of the letter is
- <a href="http://www.gnu.org.pe/resmseng.html";>here</a>.</li>
-yavor, 21 Jul 08 -->
-<li><a href="http://www.baen.com/library/palaver4.htm";>L'historien anglais
-Thomas Macaulay</a> avait des idées sur le copyright en 1841 qui
-s'avèrent toujours vraies aujourd'hui.</li>
-
-
- <li><a href="http://www.openrevolt.org/";>openrevolt.org</a> est un site
-destiné à fournir de l'information à propos de la
-Directive européenne sur le droit d'auteur et des lois
-similaires. Elle se concentre sur les deux principaux problèmes de
-l'EUCD, qui rendent plus facile la censure des pages web chez les FAI pour
-les détenteurs de copyright et donnent une protection juridique aux
-mesures de protection contre la copie.</li>
+href="http://eon.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/progress.html";>« Qu'est-ce
+que le Congrès est supposé promouvoir ? »</a> explique comment les
+dernières tendances du gouvernement des Ãtats-Unis à donner le contrôle
+maximal aux détenteurs de droits d'auteur défient la justification pour
+l'établissement du droit d'auteur définie dans la Constitution.</li>
+
+ <li>Mikael Pawlo's <a
+href="http://www.linux.com/archive/feed/22834";>“Software lemon law
+with bitter taste”</a> explains how a “lemon law” for
+software could threaten free software development.</li>
+
+ <li>Peruvian Congressman Dr. Edgar David Villanueva Nuñez wrote a
letter
+to a Microsoft manager after they wrote expressing concern about the
+country's pending Free Software in Public Administration bill. It does an
+excellent job of allaying concerns about free software often raised by
+Microsoft and others. The English translation of the letter is <a
+href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030207075039/http://www.pimientolinux.com/peru2ms/villanueva_to_ms.html";>
+here</a>.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.baen.com/library/palaver4.htm";>L'historien anglais
+Thomas Macaulay</a> avait des idées sur le copyright en 1841 qui s'avèrent
+toujours vraies aujourd'hui.</li>
+
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.openrevolt.org/";>openrevolt.org</a> est un site
destiné
+à fournir de l'information à propos de la Directive européenne sur le droit
+d'auteur et des lois similaires. Elle se concentre sur les deux principaux
+problèmes de l'EUCD, qui rendent plus facile la censure des pages web chez
+les FAI pour les détenteurs de copyright et donnent une protection juridique
+aux mesures de protection contre la copie.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.chillingeffects.org";>Chilling Effects</a> est un
lieu de
collection pour les ordonnances de cessation et d'abstention concernant
-l'activité en ligne — nous invitons les visiteurs à
-y mettre les ordonnances de cessation et d'abstention qu'ils ont
-reçues ou envoyées. Le site web rassemble les ordonnances de
-cessation et d'abstention dans une base de données et les relie par
-des hyperliens aux explications sur les problèmes juridiques qu'elles
-soulèvent.</li>
+l'activité en ligne — nous invitons les visiteurs à y mettre les
+ordonnances de cessation et d'abstention qu'ils ont reçues ou envoyées. Le
+site web rassemble les ordonnances de cessation et d'abstention dans une
+base de données et les relie par des hyperliens aux explications sur les
+problèmes juridiques qu'elles soulèvent.</li>
<li><a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20020222080928/www.byte.com/documents/s=2302/byt1011380870846/";>Coder
est une délit</a>, par Shannon Cochran, est un commentaire sur l'inculpation
-criminelle de Jon Johansen pour avoir aidé à écrire
-DeCSS.</li>
+criminelle de Jon Johansen pour avoir aidé à écrire DeCSS.</li>
<li><a href="http://james-boyle.com/papers.pdf";>The Second Enclosure Movement
and the Construction of the Public Domain.</a>, par James Boyle.</li>
@@ -218,27 +196,28 @@
<li><a
href="http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Papers/pw-public-spaces.html";>Propriété
intellectuelle : L'attaque de l'espace public dans le cyberspace</a>,
-par Howard Besser, décrit comment différentes industries
-utilisent leur influence par le biais du copyright pour rendre des portions
-plus étroites de l'Internet de moins en moins publiques.</li>
+par Howard Besser, décrit comment différentes industries utilisent leur
+influence par le biais du copyright pour rendre des portions plus étroites
+de l'Internet de moins en moins publiques.</li>
<li><a
-href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=267848#PaperDownload";>« Rechercher
-le copyright dans le Premier amendement Skein »</a>, par Neil
-W. Netanel, dit que le système légal des États-Unis a
-fait une erreur dans son hypothèse vieillote que « l'usage
-raisonnable » élimine le conflit entre la loi sur le droit
-d'auteur et le Premier amendement.</li>
-
- <li>Richard Stallman a co-signé <a
-href="http://www.perens.com/Articles/StandTogether.html";>une
-déclaration conjointe en réponse aux commentaires de Craig
-Mundie de Microsoft</a>.</li>
+href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=267848#PaperDownload";>« Rechercher
+le copyright dans le Premier amendement Skein »</a>, par Neil
+W. Netanel, dit que le système légal des Ãtats-Unis a fait une erreur dans
+son hypothèse vieillote que « l'usage raisonnable » élimine le
+conflit entre la loi sur le droit d'auteur et le Premier amendement.</li>
+
+ <li><!--<a href="http://www.perens.com/Articles/StandTogether.html";>
+-->
+<!--</a>
+-->
+Richard Stallman co-signed a joint statement responding to comments by Craig
+Mundie of Microsoft.</li>
<li>Dans <cite><a href="/philosophy/dmarti-patent.fr.html">Réformer les
brevets
logiciels maintenant !</a></cite>, Don Marti appelle les partisans du
-logiciel libre à nommer Richard M. Stallman au Patent Public Advisory
-Committee de l'Office américain des brevets et des marques (USPTO).</li>
+logiciel libre à nommer Richard M. Stallman au Patent Public Advisory
+Committee de l'Office américain des brevets et des marques (USPTO).</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/stophr3028.fr.html">Stoppez H.R. 3028</a>,
« La
loi sur la prévention du cyberpiratage des marques déposées de
1999 ».</li>
@@ -249,7 +228,8 @@
http://www-personal.si.umich.edu/~beejoo/gnuproject.html
-->
<!-- brokien line -neel
- <li><a
href="http://oppression.nerdherd.org/Stories/1998/9810/ucla/ucla.html";>UCLA
+ <li>
+<a href="http://oppression.nerdherd.org/Stories/1998/9810/ucla/ucla.html";>UCLA
discriminates against students using GNU/Linux.
One part of their justification is supporting the power of
software owners.</a></li>
@@ -258,56 +238,55 @@
feu sous Copyright</a></li>
<!-- broken link -mohit
- <li><a href="http://members.xoom.com/jcenters/HADL.html";>The Hacker
Anti-Defamation League</a></li>
+ <li>
+<a href="http://members.xoom.com/jcenters/HADL.html";>The Hacker
Anti-Defamation League</a></li>
-->
<li><a
href="http://simson.net/clips/98.Globe.05-07.Read_them_and_weep.htm";>Lisez-les
-et pleurez</a>, par Simson Garfinkel, discussions à propos de projets
-de loi qui donneraient aux propriétaires de l'information de nouveaux
-pouvoirs extraordinaires, et restreindraient les activités des
-utilisateurs.</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/nonsoftware-copyleft.fr.html">Appliquer le Copyleft
-à de l'information de type non logiciel</a>, par Michael Stutz.</li>
- <li><a href="philosophy/free-world.fr.html">Seul le monde libre peut
-résister à Microsoft</a>, par Tom Hull.</li>
+et pleurez</a>, par Simson Garfinkel, discussions à propos de projets de loi
+qui donneraient aux propriétaires de l'information de nouveaux pouvoirs
+extraordinaires, et restreindraient les activités des utilisateurs.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/nonsoftware-copyleft.fr.html">Appliquer le Copyleft
Ã
+de l'information de type non logiciel</a>, par Michael Stutz.</li>
+ <li><a href="philosophy/free-world.fr.html">Seul le monde libre peut
résister Ã
+Microsoft</a>, par Tom Hull.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp.html";>La
philosophie de
la musique libre</a>, par Ram Samudrala.</li>
<li>L'industrie du disque demande plus de pouvoir de copyright arguant du
fait
qu'elle est le soutien des musiciens. <a
href="http://www.negativland.com/albini.html";>Cet article</a> montre comment
-les maisons de disque traitent les musiciens en réalité.</li>
+les maisons de disque traitent les musiciens en réalité.</li>
<!-- the original link was not working, rms suggested i
make a temporary link -neel
http://www.musicisum.com/manifesto.shtml
-->
-<li><a href="http://www.maui.net/~zen_gtr/zgzinepg4.html";>Le manifeste :
Le
-piratage est votre ami</a>, par Jaron Lanier.<br /><strong>Notez</strong>
-que le projet GNU recommande <a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html">d'éviter</a> le terme <a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html#Piracy">piratage</a> parce qu'il
-implique que partager des copies est en quelque sorte illégitime.</li>
+<li><a href="http://www.maui.net/~zen_gtr/zgzinepg4.html";>The Manifesto: Piracy
+is Your Friend</a>, by Jaron Lanier.
+ <br />
+ <strong>Note</strong> that the GNU Project recommends <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">avoiding</a> the term <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">piracy</a> since it implies
+that sharing copies is somehow illegitimate.</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/copying_primer.html";>Une
-introduction à l'éthique de la
-« propriété intellectuelle »</a>, par
-Ram Samudrala.</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/self-interest.fr.html">L'intérêt
personnel
-est-il suffisant pour organiser une économie libre ?</a> par
-Loyd Fueston.</li>
+introduction à l'éthique de la « propriété
intellectuelle »</a>,
+par Ram Samudrala.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/self-interest.fr.html">L'intérêt personnel est-il
+suffisant pour organiser une économie libre ?</a> par Loyd Fueston.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/kragen-software.fr.html">Gens, endroits, choses et
-idées</a> par Kragen Sitaker</li>
- <li><a href="http://libertariannation.org/a/f31l1.html";>Le cas libertaire
contre
-les droits de la propriété intellectuelle</a> par Roderick
-T. Long<br />Le mouvement du logiciel libre ne soutient pas les idées
-libertaires, et <a href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.fr.html">nous
-ne sommes pas complètement d'accord</a> avec cet article. Mais il est
-utile pour réfuter un argument spécifique qui est donné
-en faveur du logiciel propriétaire.</li>
- <li><a href="http://gsyc.escet.urjc.es/sobre/";>Articles en espagnol à
-propos des problèmes du logiciel libre</a></li>
+idées</a> par Kragen Sitaker</li>
+ <li><a href="http://libertariannation.org/a/f31l1.html";>The Libertarian Case
+Against Intellectual Property Rights</a> by Roderick T. Long
+ <br />
+ The Free Software Movement does not endorse Libertarianism, and <a
+href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html">we do not agree
+entirely</a> with that article. But it is useful for refuting one specific
+argument that is made in favor of proprietary software.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://gsyc.escet.urjc.es/sobre/";>Articles en espagnol Ã
propos des
+problèmes du logiciel libre</a></li>
<li><a href="http://old.law.columbia.edu/my_pubs/anarchism.html";>L'anarchisme
triomphant : Le logiciel libre et la mort du copyright</a></li>
@@ -320,63 +299,59 @@
-->
<li><a href="http://www.coe.ilstu.edu/rpriegle/wwwdocs/plagiari.htm";>La mort et
la renaissance du plagiat</a> par Rodney Riegle. (Nous ne sommes pas
-complètement d'accord avec cet article — nous pensons
-qu'il n'y a pas de mal à demander aux gens de faire un effort
-supplémentaire pour écrire les « notes de bas de
-page » pour remercier).</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/economics_frank/frank.html">Le fait d'étudier
-l'économie inhibe-t-il la coopération ?</a> par Frank,
-Gilovich, et Regan.</li>
- <li><a href="http://danny.oz.au/freedom/ip/aidfs.html";>Développement,
-commerce éthique, et Logiciel Libre</a> par Danny Yee.</li>
+complètement d'accord avec cet article — nous pensons qu'il n'y a
+pas de mal à demander aux gens de faire un effort supplémentaire pour écrire
+les « notes de bas de page » pour remercier).</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/economics_frank/frank.html">Le fait d'étudier
+l'économie inhibe-t-il la coopération ?</a> par Frank, Gilovich, et
Regan.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://danny.oz.au/freedom/ip/aidfs.html";>Développement,
commerce
+éthique, et Logiciel Libre</a> par Danny Yee.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/bdk.fr.html">LA BALLADE DE DENNIS
KARJALA</a> : Un
commentaire politique sous la forme d'une ballade virulente par Timothy
R. Phillips.</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/ICT-for-prosperity.fr.html">Modeler le
-développement collaboratif des TIC et des initiatives pour une
-prospérité globale</a> par Robert J. Chassell</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/ICT-for-prosperity.fr.html">Modeler le
développement
+collaboratif des TIC et des initiatives pour une prospérité globale</a> par
+Robert J. Chassell</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.ic.unicamp.br/~oliva/papers/free-software/selection-html/";>L'avantage
-compétitif des logiciels libres</a> par Alexandre Oliva.</li>
+compétitif des logiciels libres</a> par Alexandre Oliva.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.advogato.org/article/89.html";
-id="PatentgrantundertheGPL">Délivrance de brevet sous la GPL</a>.</li>
+id="PatentgrantundertheGPL">Délivrance de brevet sous la GPL</a>.</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/05/biztech/articles/10digital.html";
id="ConceptofCopyrightFightsMarkoff">Le concept de combats contre le
copyright pour la survie de l'Internet</a> par John Markoff.</li>
<li><a id="TheRealPurposeOfCopyrightBerry"
-href="http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA158872.html";>L'objectif
-réel du copyright</a> par John N. Berry III.</li>
+href="http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA158872.html";>L'objectif réel
+du copyright</a> par John N. Berry III.</li>
<li><a id="Copyrightfire" href="/philosophy/fire.fr.html">Mettre le feu sous
Copyright! (Humour)</a> par Ian Clarke.</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.praxagora.com/andyo/professional/infirmation_technology.html";
-id="INFOTECH">Le futur apporte la « Technologie de
-l'Infirmation »</a> par Andy Oram (le titre est un jeu de mot
-sur « infirme » et
-« information »).</li>
+id="INFOTECH">Le futur apporte la « Technologie de
+l'Infirmation »</a> par Andy Oram (le titre est un jeu de mot sur
+« infirme » et « information »).</li>
<!-- Re: Free Protocols Foundation - it's a maintainance nightmare -->
<!-- to have full descriptions in more then one place. -len -->
<!-- RMS requests that this link is put back, 14 Dec 2000, paulv -->
<li><a href="http://www.freeprotocols.org/";>La Fondation des protocoles
-libres</a> est un forum public indépendant, dédié au
-soutien aux protocoles libres de tout brevet.</li>
+libres</a> est un forum public indépendant, dédié au soutien aux protocoles
+libres de tout brevet.</li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/software-libre-commercial-viability.fr.html">Logiciel
libre et viabilité commerciale</a> par Alessandro Rubini</li>
<li><a href="http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/98il/";>Information
-liberation</a> par Brian Martin. Nous insistons pour qu'on évite
-d'utiliser le terme <a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html">propriété
-intellectuelle</a> et invitons à parler à la place de
-copyrights, brevets, et/ou de marques.</li>
- <li><a href="http://wearcam.org/seatsale/index.htm";>Seat Sale</a>, une satire
-à propos du copyright.</li>
+liberation</a> par Brian Martin. Nous insistons pour qu'on évite d'utiliser
+le terme <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html">propriété
+intellectuelle</a> et invitons à parler à la place de copyrights, brevets,
+et/ou de marques.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://wearcam.org/seatsale/index.htm";>Seat Sale</a>, une
satire Ã
+propos du copyright.</li>
<li>Une <a href="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/DeCSS/Gallery/";>galerie</a>
-d'exemples démontrant combien le Digital Millenium Copyright Act (Loi
-sur le droit d'auteur du millénaire numérique) est scandaleux et
absurde.</li>
+d'exemples démontrant combien le Digital Millenium Copyright Act (Loi sur le
+droit d'auteur du millénaire numérique) est scandaleux et absurde.</li>
<li>Une critique du livre <a
href="http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/03/28/0121209&mode=nocomment";><cite>Digital
@@ -385,70 +360,68 @@
<li><a href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>Live and
let
license</a> par Joe Barr.</li>
- <li><a href="http://www.piecepack.org";>Piecepack</a> est un jeu de
pièces
-de jeu de plateau que chacun est libre d'utiliser pour créer ou jouer
-à différents types de jeux.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.piecepack.org";>Piecepack</a> est un jeu de pièces
de jeu
+de plateau que chacun est libre d'utiliser pour créer ou jouer à différents
+types de jeux.</li>
- <li>La Gianozia orientale a porté <a
+ <li>La Gianozia orientale a porté <a
href="http://www.gianoziaorientale.org/info/foreign_politics.html";>un regard
-ironique sur les brevets logiciels et à la gestion des droits
-numériques(DRM)</a>.</li>
+ironique sur les brevets logiciels et à la gestion des droits
+numériques(DRM)</a>.</li>
<li><a
href="http://revistes.upc.es/~topopardo/weblog/archives/000036.html";>Une
-intéressante allégorie</a> (en espagnol) comparant le logiciel
-libre à un dîner.</li>
+intéressante allégorie</a> (en espagnol) comparant le logiciel libre à un
+dîner.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7813";>Logiciels libres et
scoutisme</a></li>
<li><a href="http://fare.tunes.org/articles/patents.html";>Patents Are An
-Economic Absurdity (Les brevets sont une absurdité
-économique)</a> : Cet article adopte comme prémisse la
-conception populaire que le libre échange est souhaitable. Nous ne
-sommes pas toujours d'accord - au-delà d'un certain point, le libre
-échange donne aux entreprises beaucoup trop de pouvoir, leur
-permettant d'intimider la démocratie. Mais ceci est une autre
+Economic Absurdity (Les brevets sont une absurdité économique)</a> :
+Cet article adopte comme prémisse la conception populaire que le libre
+échange est souhaitable. Nous ne sommes pas toujours d'accord - au-delà d'un
+certain point, le libre échange donne aux entreprises beaucoup trop de
+pouvoir, leur permettant d'intimider la démocratie. Mais ceci est une autre
histoire. </li>
<!-- Description text by RMS -->
-<li><a href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/kinsella2.html";>Pour la
-défense de Napster et contre la Second Homesteading Rule (la
-deuxième Loi sur la concession statutaire).</a></li>
+<li><a href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/kinsella2.html";>Pour la défense
de
+Napster et contre la Second Homesteading Rule (la deuxième Loi sur la
+concession statutaire).</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/15_2/15_2_1.pdf";>Against
-Intellectual Property (Contre la propriété
-intellectuelle)</a>, printemps 2001, Journal of Libertarian Studies (PDF</li>
+Intellectual Property (Contre la propriété intellectuelle)</a>, printemps
+2001, Journal of Libertarian Studies (PDF</li>
<!-- Available only against a fee.
- <li><a href="http://www.lulu.com/dcparris/";>Penguin in the Pew</a>, Free
Software from a Christian perspective.</li>
+ <li>
+<a href="http://www.lulu.com/dcparris/";>Penguin in the Pew</a>, Free Software
from a Christian perspective.</li>
-->
<li><a href="http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~sdexter/copyleft_ethics.html";>A
Comparative Ethical Assessment of Free Software Licensing Schemes</a> (Une
-évaluation éthique comparative des combinaisons de licences de
-logiciels libres) par S.Chopra et S. Dexter.</li>
+évaluation éthique comparative des combinaisons de licences de logiciels
+libres) par S.Chopra et S. Dexter.</li>
- <li>Le <a href="http://www.simplemachines.it/simone.html";>projet de
-matériel SIM.ONE</a> a créé des spécifications
-de conception d'ordinateur libres (libre comme dans liberté).</li>
-
- <li>Non disponible en ligne, mais en 1960, Bernard Galler a écrit une
-lettre à l'éditeur de Communications de l'ACM (vol.3, no.4,
-pp.A12-A13), disant en partie (en mentionnant le prix, mais impliquant
-clairement la liberté) :
+ <li>Le <a href="http://www.simplemachines.it/simone.html";>projet de
matériel
+SIM.ONE</a> a créé des spécifications de conception d'ordinateur libres
+(libre comme dans liberté).</li>
+
+ <li>Non disponible en ligne, mais en 1960, Bernard Galler a écrit une
lettre Ã
+l'éditeur de Communications de l'ACM (vol.3, no.4, pp.A12-A13), disant en
+partie (en mentionnant le prix, mais impliquant clairement la
+liberté) :
<blockquote>
<p>
- … il est clair que ce qui est facturé pour le
-développement du programme, et alors que je suis
-particulièrement mécontent que cela provienne d'une
-université, je pense que c'est dommageable pour l'ensemble de la
-profession. Il n'y a pas une installation 704 qui n'ait pas directement
-bénéficié du libre échange des programmes rendu
-possible par les commodités de distribution de SHARE. Si nous
-commençons à vendre nos programmes, cela créera des
-précédents très fâcheux.
+ … il est clair que ce qui est facturé pour le développement du
+programme, et alors que je suis particulièrement mécontent que cela
+provienne d'une université, je pense que c'est dommageable pour l'ensemble
+de la profession. Il n'y a pas une installation 704 qui n'ait pas
+directement bénéficié du libre échange des programmes rendu possible par
les
+commodités de distribution de SHARE. Si nous commençons à vendre nos
+programmes, cela créera des précédents très fâcheux.
</p>
</blockquote>
- (Merci à Nelson Beebe pour la référence).</li>
+ (Merci à Nelson Beebe pour la référence).</li>
</ul>
@@ -473,11 +446,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -490,9 +464,10 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -505,7 +480,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/11/16 09:27:34 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:19 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/third-party-ideas.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/third-party-ideas.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/third-party-ideas.ro.html 16 Nov 2010 09:27:34 -0000
1.4
+++ philosophy/third-party-ideas.ro.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:20 -0000
1.5
@@ -71,12 +71,12 @@
<li><a href="http://lwn.net/Articles/204641/";>Dispozitivele libere au nevoie
de
software liber</a>, un editorial care semnaleazÄ o âîmbunÄtÄÈireâ de
firmware care eliminÄ capacitatea de a înregistra emisiuni radio.</li>
- <li><a href="http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>Articolul
lui
-Lakhani Èi Wolf despre motivaÈia dezvoltatorilor de software liber</a> spune
-cÄ o fracÈiune considerabilÄ sunt motivaÈi de punctul de vedere cÄ
-software-ul trebuie sÄ fie liber. Aceasta deÈi ei au studiat dezvoltatorii
-de pe SourceForge, un site care nu împÄrtÄÈeÈte ideea cÄ aceasta este o
-problemÄ eticÄ.</li>
+ <li>Lakhani and Wolf's <a
+href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>paper
+on the motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable
+fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This was
+despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site
+that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=11663";>Groklaw trimite o
scrisoare âDragÄ Darlâ</a>; un grup din comunitatea de software liber Èi
cu
sursÄ deschisÄ a alcÄtuit un rÄspuns la Scrisoarea DeschisÄ cÄtre
@@ -145,20 +145,20 @@
deÈinÄtorilor de copyright sfideazÄ justificarea înfiinÈÄrii
copyrightului
enunÈatÄ Ã®n constituÈie.</li>
- <li>Articolul lui Mikael Pawlo <a
-href="http://newsforge.com/newsforge/02/05/08/153204.shtml?tid=19";>âLegea
-rebuturilor software are un gust amarâ</a> explicÄ cum o âlege a
-rebuturilorâ pentru software ar ameninÈa dezvoltarea de software liber.</li>
-
-<!-- Removed temporarily until we find out why it's not available, RT #367880
- <li>Peruvian Congressman Dr. Edgar David Villanueva Nuñez wrote a
- letter to a Microsoft manager after they wrote expressing concern about
- the country's pending Free Software in Public Administration bill. It
- does an excellent job of allaying concerns about free software often
- raised by Microsoft and others. The English translation of the letter is
- <a href="http://www.gnu.org.pe/resmseng.html";>here</a>.</li>
-yavor, 21 Jul 08 -->
-<li><a href="http://www.baen.com/library/palaver4.htm";>Istoricul britanic
Thomas
+ <li>Mikael Pawlo's <a
+href="http://www.linux.com/archive/feed/22834";>“Software lemon law
+with bitter taste”</a> explains how a “lemon law” for
+software could threaten free software development.</li>
+
+ <li>Peruvian Congressman Dr. Edgar David Villanueva Nuñez wrote a
letter
+to a Microsoft manager after they wrote expressing concern about the
+country's pending Free Software in Public Administration bill. It does an
+excellent job of allaying concerns about free software often raised by
+Microsoft and others. The English translation of the letter is <a
+href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030207075039/http://www.pimientolinux.com/peru2ms/villanueva_to_ms.html";>
+here</a>.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.baen.com/library/palaver4.htm";>Istoricul britanic
Thomas
Macaulay</a> avea în 1841 niÈte idei despre copyright care mai sunt
adevÄrate Èi astÄzi.</li>
@@ -198,9 +198,12 @@
termenul de folosire justÄ (fair use) eliminÄ conflictul dintre legea
copyright-ului Èi primul amendament.</li>
- <li>Richard Stallman a co-semnat <a
-href="http://www.perens.com/Articles/StandTogether.html";>o declaraÈie comunÄ
-care rÄspunde la comentariile lui Craig Mundie de la Microsoft</a>.</li>
+ <li><!--<a href="http://www.perens.com/Articles/StandTogether.html";>
+-->
+<!--</a>
+-->
+Richard Stallman co-signed a joint statement responding to comments by Craig
+Mundie of Microsoft.</li>
<li>Ãn <cite><a href="/philosophy/dmarti-patent.html">Reforma patentelor
acum!</a></cite>, Don Marti cheamÄ suporterii software-ului liber sÄ-l
@@ -217,7 +220,8 @@
http://www-personal.si.umich.edu/~beejoo/gnuproject.html
-->
<!-- brokien line -neel
- <li><a
href="http://oppression.nerdherd.org/Stories/1998/9810/ucla/ucla.html";>UCLA
+ <li>
+<a href="http://oppression.nerdherd.org/Stories/1998/9810/ucla/ucla.html";>UCLA
discriminates against students using GNU/Linux.
One part of their justification is supporting the power of
software owners.</a></li>
@@ -226,7 +230,8 @@
pe foc</a></li>
<!-- broken link -mohit
- <li><a href="http://members.xoom.com/jcenters/HADL.html";>The Hacker
Anti-Defamation League</a></li>
+ <li>
+<a href="http://members.xoom.com/jcenters/HADL.html";>The Hacker
Anti-Defamation League</a></li>
-->
<li><a
href="http://simson.net/clips/98.Globe.05-07.Read_them_and_weep.htm";>CitiÈi
@@ -250,11 +255,12 @@
http://www.musicisum.com/manifesto.shtml
-->
<li><a href="http://www.maui.net/~zen_gtr/zgzinepg4.html";>Manifestul: Pirateria
-este prietenul dumneavoastrÄ</a>, de Jaron Lanier. <br /> <strong>De
-remarcat</strong> cÄ Proiectul GNU recomandÄ <a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ro.html">evitarea</a> termenului de <a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ro.html#Piracy">piraterie</a> pentru cÄ
-acest termen implicÄ cÄ a împÄrtÄÈi cópii este cumva ilegal.</li>
+este prietenul dumneavoastrÄ</a>, de Jaron Lanier.
+ <br />
+ <strong>Note</strong> that the GNU Project recommends <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">avoiding</a> the term <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">piracy</a> since it implies
+that sharing copies is somehow illegitimate.</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/copying_primer.html";>Un
abecedar al eticii âproprietÄÈii intelectualeâ</a>, de Ram
Samudrala.</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/self-interest.html">Este propriul interes suficient
@@ -263,11 +269,12 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/kragen-software.html">Oameni, locuri, lucruri Èi
idei</a> de Kragen Sitaker</li>
<li><a href="http://libertariannation.org/a/f31l1.html";>Argumentul
libertarian
-împotriva drepturilor proprietÄÈii intelectuale</a> de Roderick T. Long <br
-/> MiÈcarea pentru software liber nu susÈine curentul libertarian Èi <a
-href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html">noi nu suntem de acord în
-întregime</a> cu acest articol. Dar el este util în respingerea unui anume
-argument care este adus în favoarea software-ului patentat.</li>
+împotriva drepturilor proprietÄÈii intelectuale</a> de Roderick T. Long
+ <br />
+ The Free Software Movement does not endorse Libertarianism, and <a
+href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html">we do not agree
+entirely</a> with that article. But it is useful for refuting one specific
+argument that is made in favor of proprietary software.</li>
<li><a href="http://gsyc.escet.urjc.es/sobre/";>Articole în limba spaniolÄ
despre
chestiuni referitoare la software-ul liber</a></li>
<li><a href="http://old.law.columbia.edu/my_pubs/anarchism.html";>Anarhismul
@@ -370,7 +377,8 @@
Libertariene (PDF)</li>
<!-- Available only against a fee.
- <li><a href="http://www.lulu.com/dcparris/";>Penguin in the Pew</a>, Free
Software from a Christian perspective.</li>
+ <li>
+<a href="http://www.lulu.com/dcparris/";>Penguin in the Pew</a>, Free Software
from a Christian perspective.</li>
-->
<li><a href="http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~sdexter/copyleft_ethics.html";>O
evaluare eticÄ comparativÄ a modelelor de licenÈiere a software-ului
@@ -417,10 +425,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ro.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-VÄ rugÄm sÄ adresaÈi întrebÄrile dumneavoastrÄ despre FSF Èi GNU la <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ExistÄ Èi <a
-href="/contact/">alte modalitÄÈi pentru a lua contact</a> cu FSF. <br /> VÄ
-rugÄm sÄ semnalaÈi legÄturile rupte Èi alte corecturi sau sugestii la <a
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+VÄ rugÄm sÄ semnalaÈi legÄturile rupte Èi alte corecturi sau sugestii la
<a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -433,8 +442,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Copierea Èi distribuirea acestui articol în mod textual sunt permise sub
-orice formÄ, cu condiÈia pÄstrÄrii acestei note.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -447,7 +457,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ActualizatÄ:
-$Date: 2010/11/16 09:27:34 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/university.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/university.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/university.bg.html 6 Jan 2010 21:26:30 -0000 1.4
+++ philosophy/university.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:20 -0000 1.5
@@ -141,11 +141,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.bg.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги наÑини за
-<a href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -155,9 +156,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 2002 РиÑаÑд Ð. СÑолман <br />
ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и
-ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа
позволени за вÑеки Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда
-Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази
бележка да бÑде запазена.
+Copyright © 2002 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -177,7 +180,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/01/06 21:26:30 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/university.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/university.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/university.tr.html 7 Jan 2010 21:27:01 -0000 1.2
+++ philosophy/university.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:20 -0000 1.3
@@ -137,12 +137,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.tr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır. Lütfen
-çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -152,8 +152,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Bu makalenin kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve daÄıtılmasına bu
uyarının
-belirtilmesi durumunda izin verilmektedir.
+Copyright © 2002 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -206,7 +209,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/01/07 21:27:01 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/wassenaar.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/wassenaar.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.18
retrieving revision 1.19
diff -u -b -r1.18 -r1.19
--- philosophy/wassenaar.fr.html 30 Jul 2010 00:27:01 -0000 1.18
+++ philosophy/wassenaar.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:20 -0000 1.19
@@ -2,75 +2,63 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>L'Accord Wassenaar - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+<title>The Wassenaar Arrangement - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>L'Accord Wassenaar</h2>
+<h2>The Wassenaar Arrangement</h2>
<p>
-La première information à propos du nouvel accord Wassenaar
-nous est parvenue sous la forme d'un article de presse, disant que
-l'exportation de logiciels de cryptage serait prohibée, et ceci
-semblait inclure les logiciels libres. Nous avons donc posté une
-annonce pour inviter des gens situés dans les pays non Wassenaar
-à participer à la distribution et au développement de
-logiciels libres de cryptage.</p>
+Our first information about the new Wassenaar Arrangement came in the form
+of a newspaper article, which said that export of encryption software would
+be prohibited—and this seemed to include free software. So we posted
+an announcement seeking people in non-Wassenaar countries to participate in
+distribution and development of free software for encryption.</p>
<p>
-Par la suite, le texte actuel de la nouvelle version de Wassenaar
-était publié. Et nous avons vu qu'il comprenait encore une
-exception couvrant le logiciel libre. (Ils utilisent le terme
-« domaine public » mais ils semblent signifier quelque
-chose comme logiciel libre par cela). Donc le problème semble avoir
-été une fausse alerte.</p>
+Subsequently the actual text of the new version of Wassenaar Arrangement was
+published. Then we saw that it continues to have an exception that seems to
+cover free software. (They use the term “public domain”, but
+they seem to mean something like free software by that.) So the problem
+seems to have been a false alarm.</p>
<p>
-Quoi qu'il en soit, les États-Unis continuent de rechercher de telles
-restrictions, voilà pourquoi il est sensé de poursuivre nos
-préparatifs, une précaution dans le cas où une nouvelle
-version de l'accord Wassenaar émettrait davantage de restrictions
-concernant l'exportation de logiciels libres.</p>
+However, the US continues to seek such restrictions, and therefore it makes
+sense to continue our preparations, as a precaution in case a future version
+of the Wassenaar Arrangement places further restrictions on exportation of
+free software.</p>
<p>
-Voici notre interprétation du texte du dernier accord Wassenaar, tel
-que nous l'avons vu. Ceci n'a pas été vérifié
-par un juriste. (NdT : Cette traduction non plus).</p>
+Here is our interpretation of the text of the latest Wassenaar Arrangement,
+as we have seen it. This has not been checked by a lawyer.</p>
<p>
-Selon le « General Software Notes, entry 2 », l'accord
-ne couvre pas les logiciels du « domaine
-public ». Ceci est défini dans les définitions de
-la technologie ou du logiciel ayant été rendu disponible sans
-restriction sur sa propagation. Il y a également une
-spécification indiquant que le copyright en soi ne saurait ôter
-à un programme ce statut de « domaine
public ».</p>
+Selon le « General Software Notes, entry 2 », l'accord ne couvre
+pas les logiciels du « domaine public ». Ceci est défini dans les
+définitions de la technologie ou du logiciel ayant été rendu disponible sans
+restriction sur sa propagation. Il y a également une spécification indiquant
+que le copyright en soi ne saurait ôter à un programme ce statut de
+« domaine public ».</p>
<p>
-Des discussions sont en cours à propos de l'accord, et il semblerait
-logique que la définition de « domaine public »
-soit clarifiée lors de prochaines réunions.</p>
+Des discussions sont en cours à propos de l'accord, et il semblerait logique
+que la définition de « domaine public » soit clarifiée lors de
+prochaines réunions.</p>
<p>
-Les officiels finlandais ont déclaré que
-<cite>« rien ne changera aussi longtemps que le logiciel du
-« domaine public » et l'accord Wassenaar Dec 3 seront
-concernés »</cite>.</p>
+Finnish officials have stated that <cite>“nothing will change as far
+as the “public domain” software and the Dec 3 Wassenaar
+Arrangement are concerned.”</cite></p>
<p>
-Au Danemark, nous dit-on, un incident s'est produit où le Ministre du
-commerce a informé un administrateur d'arrêter de proposer le
-programme PGP en téléchargement.</p>
+Au Danemark, nous dit-on, un incident s'est produit où le Ministre du
+commerce a informé un administrateur d'arrêter de proposer le programme PGP
+en téléchargement.</p>
<p>
-Les habitants du Royaume-Uni peuvent aider en allant consulter <a
-href="http://www.stand.org.uk/";>http://www.stand.org.uk/</a> et participer
-à leur campagne.</p>
-
-<p>
-De récentes nouvelles indiquent que le gouvernement australien a
-prohibé l'export de logiciel libre de cryptage en modifiant la partie
-de l'accord Wassenaar relative à la définition du logiciel
-« dans le domaine public ».</p>
+De récentes nouvelles indiquent que le gouvernement australien a prohibé
+l'export de logiciel libre de cryptage en modifiant la partie de l'accord
+Wassenaar relative à la définition du logiciel « dans le domaine
+public ».</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -84,11 +72,12 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -103,9 +92,10 @@
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
<p>
-La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -118,7 +108,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/07/30 00:27:01 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ar.html 25 Sep 2010
08:27:16 -0000 1.3
+++ philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ar.html 3 Sep 2011
08:35:20 -0000 1.4
@@ -114,9 +114,9 @@
<h3>اÙتÙرÙ٠بÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙخدÙ
Ùات ÙاÙخدÙ
ات
اÙشبÙÙØ© اÙأخرÙ</h3>
-<p>Ù٠رÙض اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙخدÙ
ÙØ© ÙعÙ٠رÙض ÙÙ
Ø®ÙادÙ
اÙشبÙØ©Ø Ø£Ø¨Ø¯ÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙس اÙØ£Ù
ر
-ÙØ°ÙÙ. Ù
عظÙ
اÙØ®ÙادÙ
Ùا تسبب Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© ÙØ£Ù
اÙÙظÙÙØ© اÙت٠تؤÙدÙا عÙÙÙا ÙÙست
-Ù
عاÙجة خاصة ب٠بÙ
عÙ٠اÙÙÙÙ
Ø©Ø Ø¥Ùا بشÙÙ
Ø·ÙÙÙ.</p>
+<p>Does avoiding SaaS mean you refuse to use any network servers run by anyone
+other than you? Not at all. Most servers do not raise this issue, because
+the job you do with them isn't your own computing except in a trivial
sense.</p>
<p>إ٠غرض Ø®ÙادÙ
اÙÙب اÙأساس٠ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ Ù
عاÙجة
بÙاÙات٠ب٠Ùشر Ù
عÙÙÙ
ات ÙتصÙ
Ø¥ÙÙÙا. Ù
عظÙ
اÙÙ
ÙاÙع Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙÙÙ
تÙÙÙ
بذÙÙ ÙÙا
تسبب Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙخدÙ
ÙØ© ÙØ£Ù
@@ -133,10 +133,11 @@
استخداÙ
Ùا ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙخدÙ
ÙØ© (ÙÙ٠استخداÙ
Ù
Øر٠بØØ« ÙدÙر٠طر٠آخر ÙتÙÙÙر اÙبØØ«
عÙÙ Ù
ÙÙع٠ÙÙ <em>ÙعÙا</em> Ù
٠استخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙخدÙ
ÙØ©)</p>
-<p>اÙتجارة اÙØ¥ÙÙترÙÙÙØ© ÙÙست ÙائÙ
Ø© عÙ٠برÙ
جÙات خدÙ
ÙØ©Ø Ùأ٠اÙÙ
عاÙجة ÙÙست خاصة بÙØ
-ب٠إÙÙا تجر٠ÙÙ Ù
ع طر٠آخر. ÙÙذا ÙÙا ÙÙجد
سبب Ùاستئثار٠باÙÙ
عاÙجة. اÙسؤاÙ
-اÙÙ
طرÙØ Ù٠اÙتجارة اÙØ¥ÙÙترÙÙÙØ© ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
ا إذا
ÙÙت تث٠اÙطر٠اÙآخر بÙ
اÙÙ ÙبÙاÙات
-اÙشخصÙØ©.</p>
+<p>E-commerce is not SaaS, because the computing isn't solely yours; rather, it
+is done jointly for you and another party. So there's no particular reason
+why you alone should expect to control that computing. The real issue in
+e-commerce is whether you trust the other party with your money and personal
+information.</p>
<p>استخداÙ
Ø®ÙادÙ
اÙÙ
شارÙع اÙتعاÙÙÙØ© ÙÙس
ØÙسبة خدÙ
ÙØ© Ùأ٠اÙÙ
عاÙجة اÙت٠تÙÙÙ
بÙا
ÙÙست خاصة بÙ. عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ عدÙÙت
صÙØات ÙÙÙÙبÙدÙا ÙÙست تÙÙÙ
بØÙسبتÙ
@@ -234,18 +235,22 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
بإÙ‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù ÙضÙÙ
-أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠راجع <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.ar.html">تعÙÙÙ
ات
اÙترجÙ
Ø©</a> ÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات ØÙ٠تÙسÙÙ ÙتسÙÙÙ
ترجÙ
ات Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ©.</p>
-<p>ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 2010 رÙتشارد Ø¥Ù
ستÙÙÙ
Ù <br />
ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ©
-ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø· إبÙاء Ùذا
اÙإخطار.
+<p>Copyright © 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -258,7 +263,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/09/25 08:27:16 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -286,8 +291,14 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ro.html">românÄ</a> [ro]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ro.html 9 Dec 2010
01:27:36 -0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ro.html 3 Sep 2011
08:35:20 -0000 1.2
@@ -135,10 +135,9 @@
<h3>Cum diferenÈiem SaaS de alte servicii de reÈea</h3>
-<p>DacÄ criticÄm SaaS, înseamnÄ sÄ refuzÄm toate serviciile de reÈea?
Nici
-vorbÄ. Majoritatea serverelor nu ridicÄ aceastÄ problemÄ, deoarece treaba
pe
-care o faceÈi cu ele nu este propriul dumneavoastrÄ calcul decât într-un
-sens banal.</p>
+<p>Does avoiding SaaS mean you refuse to use any network servers run by anyone
+other than you? Not at all. Most servers do not raise this issue, because
+the job you do with them isn't your own computing except in a trivial
sense.</p>
<p>Scopul original al serverelor web nu era sÄ vÄ execute calculele, ci era
sÄ
publice informaÈii pe care sÄ le accesaÈi. Chiar Èi astÄzi, majoritatea
@@ -162,7 +161,7 @@
<p>E-commerce is not SaaS, because the computing isn't solely yours; rather, it
is done jointly for you and another party. So there's no particular reason
why you alone should expect to control that computing. The real issue in
-E-commerce is whether you trust the other party with your money and personal
+e-commerce is whether you trust the other party with your money and personal
information.</p>
<p>SÄ folosiÈi serverele unui proiect colaborativ nu este SaaS deoarece
@@ -284,18 +283,21 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+VÄ rugÄm sÄ semnalaÈi legÄturile rupte Èi alte corecturi sau sugestii la
<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>PuteÈi vizita <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">README-ul
despre traduceri</a> pentru informaÈii despre coordonarea Èi trimiterea
traducerilor pentru acest articol.</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2010 Richard Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and
-distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium, provided
-this notice is preserved.
+<p>Copyright © 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -307,7 +309,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ActualizatÄ:
-$Date: 2010/12/09 01:27:36 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -335,10 +337,14 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Romanian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ro.html">românÄ</a> [ro]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/why-copyleft.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/why-copyleft.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/why-copyleft.ar.html 15 Dec 2010 09:28:31 -0000 1.8
+++ philosophy/why-copyleft.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:20 -0000 1.9
@@ -68,11 +68,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
باÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù
-ÙضÙ٠أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -84,8 +85,9 @@
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 2003Ø 2007Ø2008 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙ
دخÙØ© اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù
Ùجازة ÙÙ Ù٠أÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠أرباØØ
-Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ù
ع Ùضع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاØظة Ù٠عÙÙ
اÙاعتبار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدثÙت:
-$Date: 2010/12/15 09:28:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -118,7 +120,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
@@ -139,6 +142,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Hebrew -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
+<!-- Italian -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Korean -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
<!-- Malayalam -->
Index: philosophy/why-copyleft.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/why-copyleft.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/why-copyleft.bg.html 15 Dec 2010 09:28:31 -0000 1.9
+++ philosophy/why-copyleft.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:20 -0000 1.10
@@ -72,11 +72,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги наÑини за
-<a href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -90,9 +91,9 @@
</p>
<address>Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston,
MA
02110, USA</address>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2010/12/15 09:28:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -130,7 +131,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
@@ -151,6 +153,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Hebrew -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
+<!-- Italian -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Korean -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
<!-- Malayalam -->
Index: philosophy/why-copyleft.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/why-copyleft.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/why-copyleft.fa.html 15 Dec 2010 09:28:31 -0000 1.5
+++ philosophy/why-copyleft.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:20 -0000 1.6
@@ -69,11 +69,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÙØ·Ùا سÙاÙات ٠پرسشâÙØ§Û Ø®Ùد در رابط٠با Ú¯ÙÙ
٠بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ را بÙ
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> ارساÙ
Ú©ÙÛد. ÙÙ
ÚÙÛÙ <a
-href="/contact/">راÙâÙØ§Û Ø¯ÛÚ¯Ø±Û Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ØªÙ
اس</a> با
بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ ÙجÙد
-دارد. <br /> ÙØ·Ùا ÙÛÙÚ©âÙØ§Û Ø®Ø±Ø§Ø¨ Ù Ûا Ù
Ø´Ú©Ùات
دÛگر Ûا Ù¾ÛØ´ÙÙادات Ø®Ùد را ب٠<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> ارسا٠کÙÛد.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -86,9 +87,9 @@
Copyright © 2003, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>ÙسخÙâØ¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÙ
٠ب٠کÙÙ
٠٠تÙزÛع ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در سراسر جÙا٠٠در Ùر
-رساÙÙâاÛØ Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠پرداخت Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز Ù
جاز Ù
ÛâØ¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ù Ø´Ø±Ø·Û Ú©Ù Ø§Û٠اعÙاÙ/Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز
-ØÙظ Ø´Ùد.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2010/12/15 09:28:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -119,7 +120,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
@@ -140,6 +142,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Hebrew -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
+<!-- Italian -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Korean -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
<!-- Malayalam -->
Index: philosophy/why-copyleft.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/why-copyleft.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/why-copyleft.ml.html 15 Dec 2010 09:28:31 -0000 1.8
+++ philosophy/why-copyleft.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:20 -0000 1.9
@@ -79,12 +79,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ -നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµ
-വിനൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ </a>.
<br
-/>à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯ à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµàµ നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> à´à´¨àµà´¨
-വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -97,10 +97,9 @@
</p>
<address>à´«àµà´°àµ à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´«àµà´£àµà´àµà´·à´¨àµâ, à´à´¨àµâà´àµ. 51
à´«àµà´°à´¾à´àµà´àµà´²à´¿à´¨àµâ à´¸àµà´±àµà´±àµà´°àµà´±àµà´±àµ,
à´
à´àµà´à´¾à´ നില, à´¬àµà´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´£àµâ, à´à´ à´
02110, യൠà´à´¸àµ à´</address>
-<p>à´ à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµà´,à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶
à´àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨
-നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ, സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£
à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ പദാനàµà´ªà´¦
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´
-à´²àµà´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´µà´¿à´àµà´¯àµà´, à´à´¤àµ
മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ
-à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2010/12/15 09:28:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -131,7 +130,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
@@ -152,6 +152,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Hebrew -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
+<!-- Italian -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Korean -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
<!-- Malayalam -->
Index: philosophy/why-copyleft.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/why-copyleft.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/why-copyleft.tr.html 15 Dec 2010 09:28:31 -0000 1.8
+++ philosophy/why-copyleft.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:20 -0000 1.9
@@ -74,12 +74,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır.<br
-/>Lütfen çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya
önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -92,9 +92,9 @@
Copyright © 2003, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>Bu makalenin tamamının kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve
daÄıtılmasına,
-ücret talep etmeksizin, herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı
-bildirisini korumak Åartıyla, dünya çapında izin verilmiÅtir.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/12/15 09:28:31 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -159,7 +159,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
@@ -180,6 +181,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Hebrew -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
+<!-- Italian -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Korean -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
<!-- Malayalam -->
Index: philosophy/why-free.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/why-free.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- philosophy/why-free.ar.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:36 -0000 1.7
+++ philosophy/why-free.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:20 -0000 1.8
@@ -40,28 +40,29 @@
اÙأربعة ÙجÙ
عÙØ© ÙاشرÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج (أس ب٠أÙ) :</p>
<ul>
- <li>دعاÙØ© Ùاسعة اÙÙطا٠باÙÙÙ٠إÙÙ Ù
Ù
اÙخطأ أ٠عصÙا٠Ù
اÙÙ٠اÙØÙÙÙ ÙÙ
ساعدة
صدÙÙÙ.</li>
+<li>دعاÙØ© Ùاسعة اÙÙطا٠باÙÙÙ٠إÙÙ Ù
٠اÙخطأ
أ٠عصÙا٠Ù
اÙÙ٠اÙØÙÙÙ ÙÙ
ساعدة صدÙÙÙ.</li>
- <li>إستخدÙ
Ø·ÙÙر اÙØ¥ÙÙاع Ù٠شر٠ÙÙإبÙاغ
ع٠زÙ
Ùاء اÙعÙ
Ù ÙاÙشرÙاء.</li>
+<li>إستخدÙ
Ø·ÙÙر اÙØ¥ÙÙاع Ù٠شر٠ÙÙإبÙاغ ع٠زÙ
Ùاء اÙعÙ
Ù ÙاÙشرÙاء.</li>
- <li>اÙÙ
داÙÙ
ات (Ù
ع Ù
ساعدة اÙشرطة) عÙ٠اÙÙ
Ùاتب ÙاÙÙ
دارس Ø ØÙØ« عÙ٠اÙÙاس ÙÙÙا
+<li>اÙÙ
داÙÙ
ات (Ù
ع Ù
ساعدة اÙشرطة) عÙ٠اÙÙ
Ùاتب
ÙاÙÙ
دارس Ø ØÙØ« عÙ٠اÙÙاس ÙÙÙا
اÙأثبات Ø£ÙÙÙ
أبرÙاء Ù
٠اÙÙسخ غÙر
اÙÙاÙÙÙÙ.</li>
- <li>اÙÙÙابة اÙعاÙ
Ø© (Ù
٠جاÙب اÙØÙÙÙ
Ø© اÙاÙ
رÙÙÙØ© Ø ÙبÙاء عÙÙ Ø·Ùب تØاÙ٠اÙاØزاب
-اÙسبعة) Ù
٠اÙÙاس Ø Ù
Ø«Ù <abbr title="Ù
عÙد Ù
اساتشÙستس ÙÙتÙÙÙÙÙجÙا"> Ù
Ø£Ù
-تÙ</abbr> دÙÙÙد ÙÙ
اسشÙا Ø ÙÙس ÙÙسخ اÙبرÙ
جÙات
(ÙÙÙ ÙÙس Ù
تÙÙ
ا Ù
Ù Ùسخ Ø£Ù) Ø
-ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ
جرد تر٠Ù
راÙÙ Ùسخ بدÙÙ Øراسة ÙعدÙ
Ùرض رÙابة عÙ٠اÙاستخداÙ
.</li>
-
+<li>Prosecution (by the US government, at the SPA's request) of people such as
+<acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym>'s David
+LaMacchia, not for copying software (he is not accused of copying any), but
+merely for leaving copying facilities unguarded and failing to censor their
+use.<a href="#footnote1">[1]</a></li>
</ul>
<p>
-جÙ
Ùع اÙÙ
Ù
ارسات اÙأربعة تشب٠تÙ٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ø©
Ù٠اÙاتØاد اÙسÙÙÙات٠اÙØ³Ø§Ø¨Ù Ø ØÙØ«
-Ùا٠ÙÙ٠آÙØ© Ùسخ Øارسا ÙÙ
Ùع Ùسخ اÙÙ
Ù
ÙÙع Ø
ÙØÙØ« Ùا٠اÙØ£Ùراد ÙÙسخÙ٠اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات
-ÙÙÙÙÙÙÙ٠سرا Ù
Ù Ùد Ø¥ÙÙ Ùد “سÙ
زدات”.
ÙÙا٠باÙطبع Ùر٠: اÙداÙع
-Ùراء اÙتØÙÙ
Ù٠اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات Ù٠اÙاتØاد
اÙسÙÙÙات٠Ùا٠سÙاسÙا Ø Ù٠اÙÙÙاÙات
-اÙÙ
تØدة Ùا٠اÙداÙع Ù٠تØÙÙ٠اÙربØ. ÙÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
Ù٠اÙإجراءات اÙت٠تؤثر عÙÙÙا Ø
-ÙÙÙس اÙداÙع. Ø£Ù Ù
ØاÙÙØ© ÙعرÙÙØ© تباد٠اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات Ø Ø¨ØºØ¶ اÙÙظر ع٠اÙسبب Ø ÙؤدÙ
-Ø¥ÙÙ ÙÙس اÙأساÙÙب ÙاÙÙسÙØ© ÙÙسÙا.</p>
+All four practices resemble those used in the former Soviet Union, where
+every copying machine had a guard to prevent forbidden copying, and where
+individuals had to copy information secretly and pass it from hand to hand
+as samizdat. There is of course a difference: the motive for information
+control in the Soviet Union was political; in the US the motive is profit.
+But it is the actions that affect us, not the motive. Any attempt to block
+the sharing of information, no matter why, leads to the same methods and the
+same harshness.</p>
<p>
ÙÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
ÙاÙÙ٠عدة اÙÙاع Ù
٠اÙØجج ÙÙ
ÙØÙÙ
اÙÙÙØ© ÙÙسÙطرة عÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ© استخداÙ
@@ -173,9 +174,10 @@
ÙÙتج Ø£Ùثر Ù
Ù Ø´ÙØ¡ إذا ÙاÙÙا ÙتÙاضÙ٠رÙاتب
جÙدة ÙÙÙÙاÙ
بÙ.</p>
<p>
-ÙÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙØجة اÙاÙتصادÙØ© ÙدÙÙا عÙب : ÙÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
عÙ٠اÙتراض أ٠اÙاختÙا٠ÙÙ ÙÙØ·
-Ù
سأÙØ© Ù
Ùدار اÙاÙ
Ùا٠اÙت٠ÙدÙÙا عÙ٠اÙدÙع.
ÙØ¥ÙÙ ÙÙترض Ø£Ù “Ø¥Ùتاج
-اÙبرÙ
جÙات” ÙÙ Ù
ا ÙرÙد Ø Ø¥Ø°Ø§ Ùا٠ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ù
اÙ٠أÙ
Ùا.</p>
+But the economic argument has a flaw: it is based on the assumption that the
+difference is only a matter of how much money we have to pay. It assumes
+that <em>production of software</em> is what we want, whether the software
+has owners or not.</p>
<p>
ÙÙب٠اÙÙاس ØÙا٠Ùذا اÙاÙتراض Ø ÙØ£ÙÙ ÙتÙÙ Ù
ع
تجاربÙا Ù
ع اÙأشÙاء
@@ -238,17 +240,17 @@
عÙ٠اÙÙ
Ùزات اÙت٠ÙÙت Ø£Ùد أ٠تÙÙ٠عÙÙ Ø®ÙاÙ
Ø°ÙÙ ÙÙا اÙØ£ÙÙÙÙØ© Ø£ÙÙصÙÙ.</p>
<p>
-ÙÙسب بعض Ù
Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة اÙÙ
ا٠Ù
Ù
Ø®Ùا٠بÙع خدÙ
ات اÙدعÙ
. دعÙ
سÙغÙس Ø Ù
ع
-ÙØÙ 50 Ù
ÙظÙا [عÙدÙ
ا تÙ
ت Ùتابة Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ©) Ø
ÙÙدر Ø£Ù ØÙاÙÙ 15 Ù٠اÙÙ
ائة Ù
Ù
-اÙÙشاط اÙÙ
ÙظÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙتÙÙ
ÙØ© —Ùسبة Ù
ØترÙ
Ø© ÙشرÙØ©
-اÙبرÙ
جÙات.</p>
+Some free software developers make money by selling support services. In
+1994, Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees, estimated that about 15
+percent of its staff activity was free software development—a
+respectable percentage for a software company.</p>
<p>
-اÙشرÙات بÙ
ا Ù٠اÙت٠ÙÙ
ÙتÙرÙÙا ÙتÙساس
اÙسترÙÙ
Ùتس ÙأجÙزة بث Ùد تضاÙرت ÙتÙ
ÙÙÙ
-اÙتطÙÙر اÙÙ
ستÙ
ر ÙÙ
ترجÙ
غÙ٠اÙØرة ÙÙغة C.
ÙÙ٠اÙÙÙت ÙÙØ³Ù Ø ÙتÙ
تÙ
ÙÙÙ Ù
ترجÙ
-غÙ٠اÙØرة ÙÙغة آدا Ù
٠جاÙب سÙØ§Ø Ø§Ùج٠اÙاÙ
ÙرÙÙ Ø Ø§ÙØ°Ù ÙعتÙد Ø£Ù Ùذا ÙÙ ÙأجدÙ
-ÙسÙÙØ© ÙعاÙØ© ÙÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ Ù
ترجÙ
ذ٠جÙدة عاÙÙØ©
. [تÙ
ÙÙ٠سÙØ§Ø Ø§Ùج٠اÙتÙÙ Ù
ÙØ° بعض
-اÙÙÙت Ø Ù
ترجÙ
غÙ٠اÙØرة ÙÙغة آدا اÙØ¢Ù ÙÙ
اÙخدÙ
Ø© Ø ÙاÙصÙاÙØ© Ù
Ù
ÙÙ٠تجارÙا.]</p>
+In the early 1990s, companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments
+and Analog Devices combined to fund the continued development of the GNU C
+compiler. Most GCC development is still done by paid developers. The GNU
+compiler for the Ada language was funded in the 90s by the US Air Force, and
+continued since then by a company formed specifically for the purpose.</p>
<p>
ÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙØ£Ù
Ø«ÙØ© اÙصغÙرة Ø ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة Ùا تزا٠صغÙرة Ø Ù Ùا تزاÙ
@@ -272,6 +274,11 @@
<p>
.اÙÙÙ
تستØÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</p>
+<h4>Footnotes</h4>
+<ol>
+<li id="footnote1">The charges were subsequently dismissed.</li>
+</ol>
+
<hr />
<h4>Ùذا اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ùشر ÙÙ <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>برÙ
جÙات
@@ -293,11 +300,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥ÙâإسâØ¥Ù ÙاستÙسارات غÙ٠إÙÙ
<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ٠اÙضا٠<a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a> باÙØ¥ÙâإسâØ¥Ù.
<br /> Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرسÙ
-اÙرÙابط اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات أ٠اÙتراØات
Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -306,9 +314,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 1994 رÙشارد ستاÙÙ
ا٠<br /> اÙÙسخ
ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙ
دخÙØ©
-اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù
Ùجازة ÙÙ Ù٠أÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
بدÙÙ
Ø£Ø±Ø¨Ø§Ø Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ· Ù
ع Ùضع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاØظة
-Ù٠عÙ٠اÙاعتبار.
+Copyright © 1994, 2009 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -319,11 +329,10 @@
href="http://www.motargem.com/";><em>English Arabic Translation</em></a><br
/>.ÙرÙ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø© اÙعربÙØ© بإشرا٠<a
href="http://www.cruised.net/";><em>ØساÙ
ØسÙÙ</em></a>.</div>
- <p>
-<!-- timestamp start -->
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
:تØدÙØ«
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:36 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:20 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -332,29 +341,35 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>ترجÙ
ات Ùذ٠اÙصÙØØ©</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is Deutsch.-->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- Danish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.da.html">Dansk</a> [da]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.da.html">dansk</a> [da]</li>
<!-- German -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
@@ -362,19 +377,19 @@
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- Persian/Farsi -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Croatian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.hr.html">Hrvatski</a> [hr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.hr.html">hrvatski</a> [hr]</li>
<!-- Hungarian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.hu.html">Magyar</a> [hu]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li>
<!-- Indonesian -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
<!-- Korean -->
@@ -387,8 +402,10 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: philosophy/why-free.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/why-free.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- philosophy/why-free.bg.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:36 -0000 1.16
+++ philosophy/why-free.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:21 -0000 1.17
@@ -46,31 +46,30 @@
SPA):</p>
<ul>
- <li>ÐаÑова пÑопаганда, Ñе е гÑеÑно да не
Ñе подÑинÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑобÑÑвениÑиÑе, за да
+<li>ÐаÑова пÑопаганда, Ñе е гÑеÑно да не Ñе
подÑинÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑобÑÑвениÑиÑе, за да
Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° пÑиÑÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ñи.</li>
- <li>ТÑÑÑене и наÑÑÑÑаване на доноÑниÑи,
коиÑо да Ð´Ð¾ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð° колегиÑе Ñи.</li>
+<li>ТÑÑÑене и наÑÑÑÑаване на доноÑниÑи,
коиÑо да Ð´Ð¾ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð° колегиÑе Ñи.</li>
- <li>Хайки (Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÐºÑепаÑа на полиÑиÑÑа) на
оÑиÑи и ÑÑилиÑа, пÑи коиÑо Ñе казва на
+<li>Хайки (Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÐºÑепаÑа на полиÑиÑÑа) на
оÑиÑи и ÑÑилиÑа, пÑи коиÑо Ñе казва на
Ñ
оÑаÑа, Ñе ÑÑÑбва да Ð´Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑа
Ñи за незаконно копиÑане.</li>
- <li>СÑдебно пÑеÑледване (оÑ
пÑавиÑелÑÑвоÑо на СÐЩ, по наÑÑоÑване на
ÐÐС) на Ñ
оÑа
-каÑо Ðейвид ÐаÐÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ <abbr
title="ÐаÑаÑÑзеÑÑки инÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°
-ÑеÑ
нологии">ÐÐТ</abbr>, не за копиÑане на
ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (Ñой не е обвинÑван за
-копиÑане изобÑо), а Ñамо за оÑÑавÑнеÑо на
ÑÑедÑÑва за копиÑане без Ð¿Ð°Ð·Ð°Ñ Ð¸
-пÑовал пÑи ÑпÑажнÑване на ÑензÑÑа пÑи
използванеÑо им.</li>
-
+<li>Prosecution (by the US government, at the SPA's request) of people such as
+<acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym>'s David
+LaMacchia, not for copying software (he is not accused of copying any), but
+merely for leaving copying facilities unguarded and failing to censor their
+use.<a href="#footnote1">[1]</a></li>
</ul>
<p>
-ÐÑиÑкиÑе ÑеÑиÑи пÑакÑики напомнÑÑ Ð¾Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð¸,
използвани в бивÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¡ÑвеÑÑки ÑÑÑз,
-когаÑо вÑÑка копиÑна маÑина е имала пазаÑ,
койÑо да пÑедоÑвÑаÑÑва забÑанено
-копиÑане, и Ñ
оÑаÑа е ÑÑÑбвало да копиÑаÑ
инÑоÑмаÑиÑÑа Ñайно и да Ñ Ð¿ÑедаваÑ
-Ð¾Ñ ÑÑка на ÑÑка каÑо âÑамиздаÑâ. РазбиÑа
Ñе, има и Ñазлика: моÑивÑÑ Ð·Ð°
-конÑÑол вÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑоÑмаÑиÑÑа в СÑвеÑÑкиÑ
ÑÑÑз е бил полиÑиÑеÑки; в СÐЩ моÑивÑÑ
-е пеÑалбаÑа. Ðо Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð¸ заÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑÑко
дейÑÑвиÑÑа, не моÑивиÑе. ÐÑеки опиÑ
-за блокиÑане на ÑподелÑнеÑо на инÑоÑмаÑиÑ,
незавиÑимо заÑо, води до ÑÑÑиÑе
-меÑоди и ÑÑÑаÑа жеÑÑокоÑÑ.</p>
+All four practices resemble those used in the former Soviet Union, where
+every copying machine had a guard to prevent forbidden copying, and where
+individuals had to copy information secretly and pass it from hand to hand
+as samizdat. There is of course a difference: the motive for information
+control in the Soviet Union was political; in the US the motive is profit.
+But it is the actions that affect us, not the motive. Any attempt to block
+the sharing of information, no matter why, leads to the same methods and the
+same harshness.</p>
<p>
СобÑÑвениÑиÑе Ð¸Ð·Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð·Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ñколко вида
аÑгÑменÑи, за да ни ÑбедÑÑ Ð´Ð° им
@@ -192,10 +191,10 @@
когаÑо Ñа добÑе плаÑени за Ñази Ñи
дейноÑÑ.</p>
<p>
-Ðо икономиÑеÑкиÑÑ Ð°ÑгÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ð¼Ð° голÑм
пÑопÑÑк: Ñой е оÑнован на пÑезÑмпÑиÑÑа,
-Ñе ÑазликаÑа е Ñамо в Ñова колко паÑи
ÑÑÑбва да плаÑим. Това пÑедполага, Ñе
-ние иÑкаме <i>пÑоизводÑÑво на ÑоÑÑÑеÑ</i>,
незавиÑимо дали ÑоÑÑÑеÑа има
-ÑобÑÑвениÑи или не.</p>
+But the economic argument has a flaw: it is based on the assumption that the
+difference is only a matter of how much money we have to pay. It assumes
+that <em>production of software</em> is what we want, whether the software
+has owners or not.</p>
<p>
ХоÑаÑа Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑовноÑÑ Ð²ÑзпÑÐ¸ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ñова
пÑедположение, понеже Ñо е в ÑниÑон Ñ
@@ -264,19 +263,17 @@
най-виÑок пÑиоÑиÑеÑ.</p>
<p>
-ÐÑкои ÑазÑабоÑÑиÑи на Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ
пеÑелÑÑ Ð¿Ð°Ñи, каÑо пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑÑлÑги по
-поддÑÑжка. ÐÑез 1994 г. âСигнÑÑ Ð¡ÑпоÑÑâ, Ñ
около 50 ÑлÑжиÑели, пÑедвиждаÑ,
-Ñе около 15 пÑоÑенÑа Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ¹Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑа на ÑеÑ
ниÑ
пеÑÑонал е бил ÑазÑабоÑка на
-Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ â доÑÑоен за Ñважение
дÑл за ÑоÑÑÑеÑна ÑиÑма.</p>
+Some free software developers make money by selling support services. In
+1994, Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees, estimated that about 15
+percent of its staff activity was free software development—a
+respectable percentage for a software company.</p>
<p>
-РнаÑалоÑо на 90-Ñе, ÑиÑми, вклÑÑваÑи
âÐнÑелâ, âÐоÑоÑолаâ, âТекÑаÑ
-ÐнÑÑÑÑменÑÑâ и âÐналог ÐивайÑеÑâ Ñе
обединиÑ
а, за да ÑинанÑиÑаÑ
-пÑодÑлжаванеÑо на ÑазÑабоÑкаÑа на
компилаÑоÑа на GNU за езика Си. ÐовеÑеÑо
-Ð¾Ñ ÑазÑабоÑкаÑа на GCC вÑе оÑе Ñе извÑÑÑва
Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ñени пÑогÑамиÑÑи.
-ÐомпилаÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° GNU за езика Ðда бе
ÑинанÑиÑа пÑез 90-Ñе Ð¾Ñ ÐоенновÑздÑÑниÑе
-Ñили на СÐЩ, и пÑодÑлжи оÑÑогава наÑам ÑÑез
ÑиÑма, ÑÑздадена ÑпеÑиално Ñ
-Ñази Ñел.</p>
+In the early 1990s, companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments
+and Analog Devices combined to fund the continued development of the GNU C
+compiler. Most GCC development is still done by paid developers. The GNU
+compiler for the Ada language was funded in the 90s by the US Air Force, and
+continued since then by a company formed specifically for the purpose.</p>
<p>
ÐвижениеÑо за Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð²Ñе оÑе е
малко. Ðо пÑимеÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° Ñадио в СÐЩ,
@@ -301,6 +298,11 @@
<p>
Ðие заÑлÑжаваÑе Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ.</p>
+<h4>Footnotes</h4>
+<ol>
+<li id="footnote1">The charges were subsequently dismissed.</li>
+</ol>
+
<hr />
<h4>Това еÑе е пÑбликÑвано в книгаÑа <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Свободен
@@ -322,11 +324,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги наÑини за
-<a href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -336,9 +339,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава 1994, 2009 РиÑаÑд СÑолман <br />
ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и
-ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа
позволени за вÑеки Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда
-Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази
бележка да бÑде запазена.
+Copyright © 1994, 2009 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -353,11 +358,10 @@
пÑоÑледÑване на гÑеÑки</a>
на <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-bg/";>пÑоекÑа за
пÑевод на www.gnu.org</a>. ÐлагодаÑим Ðи!</p>
- <p>
-<!-- timestamp start -->
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:36 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:21 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -366,29 +370,35 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>ÐÑÑги пÑеводи на Ñази ÑÑÑаниÑа</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is Deutsch.-->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- Danish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.da.html">Dansk</a> [da]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.da.html">dansk</a> [da]</li>
<!-- German -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
@@ -396,19 +406,19 @@
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- Persian/Farsi -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Croatian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.hr.html">Hrvatski</a> [hr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.hr.html">hrvatski</a> [hr]</li>
<!-- Hungarian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.hu.html">Magyar</a> [hu]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li>
<!-- Indonesian -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
<!-- Korean -->
@@ -421,8 +431,10 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: philosophy/why-free.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/why-free.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/why-free.ml.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:36 -0000 1.10
+++ philosophy/why-free.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:21 -0000 1.11
@@ -50,23 +50,21 @@
à´¨àµà´àµà´àµ:</p>
<ul>
- <li>à´¸àµà´µà´¨àµà´¤à´ à´àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´°à´¨àµ
സഹായിà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´²àµà´ വലàµà´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´à´à´®à´¯àµ
+<li>à´¸àµà´µà´¨àµà´¤à´ à´àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´°à´¨àµ
സഹായിà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´²àµà´ വലàµà´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´à´à´®à´¯àµ
സനàµà´¤àµà´·à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´,
à´à´à´®à´¯àµ à´
à´¨àµà´¸à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¤à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ
à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´£àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´ à´à´³àµà´³ വമàµà´ªà´¨àµâ
à´àµà´ªàµà´°à´à´¾à´°à´£à´àµà´à´³àµâ</li>
- <li>സഹപàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´à´°àµ
à´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ à´à´±àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´¾à´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´à´³àµâà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµ à´à´àµà´à´ à´àµà´àµà´àµà´</li>
+<li>സഹപàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´à´°àµ à´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ
à´à´±àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´¾à´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´à´³àµâà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµ à´à´àµà´à´ à´àµà´àµà´àµà´</li>
- <li>വിദàµà´¯à´¾à´²à´¯à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´
à´à´¾à´°àµà´¯à´¾à´²à´¯à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´
à´±àµà´¯àµà´¡àµà´à´³àµâ(à´ªàµà´²àµà´¸àµ
സഹായതàµà´¤àµà´àµ) à´¨à´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´à´¯àµà´,
+<li>വിദàµà´¯à´¾à´²à´¯à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´
à´à´¾à´°àµà´¯à´¾à´²à´¯à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´
à´±àµà´¯àµà´¡àµà´à´³àµâ(à´ªàµà´²àµà´¸àµ
സഹായതàµà´¤àµà´àµ) à´¨à´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´à´¯àµà´,
“à´
നധിà´àµà´¤” à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¨àµàµ à´
വരàµà´àµ നിരപരാധിതàµà´µà´
à´¤àµà´³à´¿à´¯à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´à´¯àµà´ à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´.</li>
- <li>à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¤à´¿à´¨à´²àµà´²,
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³ സാധàµà´¯à´¤
à´¨àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´ à´
à´¤àµàµ
-à´¤à´à´¯à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³ മാരàµâà´àµà´à´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´¸àµà´µàµà´à´°à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµà´¤à´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´ <abbr
title="മസാà´àµà´¯àµà´¸àµà´±àµà´±àµ
-à´à´¨àµâà´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµ à´à´«àµ
à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´³à´à´¿">à´à´à´à´±àµà´±à´¿</abbr>യിലàµ
à´¡àµà´µà´¿à´¡àµ
-ലാമാà´àµà´à´¿à´¯(David LaMacchia)à´ªàµà´²àµà´³àµà´³à´µà´°àµ
ശിà´àµà´·à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´(à´
à´¤àµà´ SPA à´¯àµà´àµ
-നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´¾à´¨àµà´¸à´°à´£à´ à´
à´®àµà´°à´¿à´àµà´à´¨àµâ à´à´µà´£àµâà´®àµà´¨àµà´±àµ
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ).à´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµ à´
യാളàµâ
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¤à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´¤àµà´³à´¿à´µàµà´¾à´¨àµà´¨àµà´®à´¿à´²àµà´²à´¤à´¾à´¨àµà´</li>
-
+<li>Prosecution (by the US government, at the SPA's request) of people such as
+<acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym>'s David
+LaMacchia, not for copying software (he is not accused of copying any), but
+merely for leaving copying facilities unguarded and failing to censor their
+use.<a href="#footnote1">[1]</a></li>
</ul>
<p>
@@ -216,11 +214,10 @@
à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ നലàµà´² സാധനà´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´à´£àµà´à´¾à´àµà´àµà´ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¤àµà´¯à´àµà´·à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ
à´µàµà´¯à´àµà´¤à´µàµà´®à´¾à´£àµàµ.</p>
<p>
-à´ªà´àµà´·àµ ഠവാദതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ à´à´°àµ
à´¤àµà´±àµà´±àµà´£àµà´àµàµ. à´à´¤àµà´°à´¤àµà´¤àµà´³à´ പണà´
à´àµà´¾à´àµà´àµà´àµà´£àµà´à´¿ വരàµà´®àµà´¨àµà´¨
-à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¾à´¸à´ മാതàµà´°à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´ à´à´¨àµà´¨ à´
à´à´¿à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²à´¾à´£àµàµ ഠവാദà´
-à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¯à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ. à´à´à´®à´¸àµà´¥à´°àµâ
à´à´£àµà´à´¾à´¯à´¾à´²àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´
,à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ
-<i>à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´à´¤àµà´ªà´¾à´¦à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´</i>
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´£àµàµ à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´ à´à´¨àµà´¨àµ ഠവാദà´
-സാധàµà´à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.</p>
+But the economic argument has a flaw: it is based on the assumption that the
+difference is only a matter of how much money we have to pay. It assumes
+that <em>production of software</em> is what we want, whether the software
+has owners or not.</p>
<p>
à´àµà´¤à´¿à´ വസàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´³àµà´®à´¾à´¯àµà´³àµà´³
നമàµà´®àµà´àµ à´
à´¨àµà´à´µà´ à´
à´àµà´à´¨àµà´¯à´¾à´¯à´¤àµ
à´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ à´à´¨à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´
à´¤àµàµ
@@ -342,6 +339,11 @@
<p>
നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´
à´°àµâഹിà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.</p>
+<h4>Footnotes</h4>
+<ol>
+<li id="footnote1">The charges were subsequently dismissed.</li>
+</ol>
+
<hr />
<h4>à´ à´²àµà´à´¨à´ <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
@@ -375,12 +377,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ -നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµ
-വിനൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ </a>.
<br
-/>à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯ à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµàµ നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> à´à´¨àµà´¨
-വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -389,10 +391,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´ © 1994, 2009
റിà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâഡൠസàµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâമാനàµâ
<br />à´
-à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµàµ
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨ നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ,
സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£
-à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ പദാനàµà´ªà´¦
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´, à´à´¤àµ
മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
-à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+Copyright © 1994, 2009 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -401,11 +404,10 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Shyam K <address@hidden>, Narayanan Namboothiri
<address@hidden></div>
- <p>
-<!-- timestamp start -->
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:36 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:21 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -414,29 +416,35 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>ഠതാളിനàµà´±àµ പരിà´à´¾à´·</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is Deutsch.-->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- Danish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.da.html">Dansk</a> [da]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.da.html">dansk</a> [da]</li>
<!-- German -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
@@ -444,19 +452,19 @@
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- Persian/Farsi -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Croatian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.hr.html">Hrvatski</a> [hr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.hr.html">hrvatski</a> [hr]</li>
<!-- Hungarian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.hu.html">Magyar</a> [hu]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li>
<!-- Indonesian -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
<!-- Korean -->
@@ -469,8 +477,10 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: philosophy/why-free.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/why-free.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/why-free.ro.html 25 Sep 2010 00:28:19 -0000 1.3
+++ philosophy/why-free.ro.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:21 -0000 1.4
@@ -188,10 +188,10 @@
dacÄ sunt bine plÄtiÈi ca sÄ facÄ asta.</p>
<p>
-Dar argumentul economic are un defect: se bazeazÄ pe ipoteza cÄ diferenÈa
-constÄ numai în câÈi bani trebuie sÄ plÄtim. Argumentul presupune cÄ
-<i>producÈia de software</i> este ceea ce urmÄrim, indiferent dacÄ
-softwareul are autori sau nu.</p>
+But the economic argument has a flaw: it is based on the assumption that the
+difference is only a matter of how much money we have to pay. It assumes
+that <em>production of software</em> is what we want, whether the software
+has owners or not.</p>
<p>
Oamenii acceptÄ bucuroÈi aceastÄ ipotezÄ, pentru cÄ ea concordÄ cu
@@ -324,11 +324,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-VÄ rugÄm sÄ adresaÈi întrebÄrile dumneavoastrÄ despre FSF Èi GNU la <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ExistÄ Èi <a
-href="/contact/">alte modalitÄÈi pentru a lua contact</a> cu FSF. <br/> VÄ
-rugÄm sÄ semnalaÈi legÄturile rupte Èi alte corecturi sau sugestii la <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -338,9 +339,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1994, 2009 Richard Stallman <br /> Copierea Èi distribuirea
-verbatim ale acestui articol sunt permise sub orice formÄ, fÄrÄ platÄ
pentru
-drepturi de autor, cu condiÈia pÄstrÄrii acestei note.
+Copyright © 1994, 2009 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -351,7 +354,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ActualizatÄ:
-$Date: 2010/09/25 00:28:19 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:21 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/why-free.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/why-free.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- philosophy/why-free.tr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:36 -0000 1.26
+++ philosophy/why-free.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:21 -0000 1.27
@@ -44,32 +44,31 @@
- SPA) Åu dört uygulamasına bakalım:</p>
<ul>
- <li>ArkadaÅınıza yardım etme amacıyla dahi olsa yazılım
sahiplerine itaat
+<li>ArkadaÅınıza yardım etme amacıyla dahi olsa yazılım sahiplerine
itaat
etmemenin yanlıŠolduÄunu vurgulayan yoÄun propaganda.</li>
- <li>Ä°Å ya da okul arkadaÅlarını gizlice Åikayet edecek
ispiyoncularla
+<li>Ä°Å ya da okul arkadaÅlarını gizlice Åikayet edecek ispiyoncularla
iÅbirliÄine gidilmesi.</li>
- <li>Ä°Åyerlerine ve okullara (genellikle polis yardımı ile) yapılan
baskınlar ve
+<li>Ä°Åyerlerine ve okullara (genellikle polis yardımı ile) yapılan
baskınlar ve
insanlardan kanun dıÅı kopyalama yapmadıklarına dair kanıt
istenmesi.</li>
- <li><abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr>'den
David
-LaMacchia gibi kiÅilerin, bırakın yazılım kopyalamayı (herhangi bir Åey
-kopyaladıÄı için suçlanmadı), sadece kopyalama cihazlarını açıkta
-bırakmaları ve bunların kullanımını sansürlemedikleri gerekçeleri ile
resmen
-suçlanmaları (ABD devleti tarafından, SPA'nın talebi üzerine).</li>
-
+<li>Prosecution (by the US government, at the SPA's request) of people such as
+<acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym>'s David
+LaMacchia, not for copying software (he is not accused of copying any), but
+merely for leaving copying facilities unguarded and failing to censor their
+use.<a href="#footnote1">[1]</a></li>
</ul>
<p>
-Bu uygulamalar, her kopyalama makinasının baÅında izinsiz kopyalamayı
-engellemek üzere bir görevli bulunan ve vatandaÅlarının bilgiyi gizlice
-kopyalayıp el altından 'samizdat' olarak daÄıtmak zorunda kaldıÄı eski
-Sovyetler BirliÄi'ndeki uygulamaları andırmaktadır. Elbette aralarında bir
-fark var: Sovyetler BirliÄi'ndeki bu uygulamaların amacı politikti, ABD'de
-ise asıl amaç kârdır. Ancak bizi etkileyen amaçlar deÄil eylemlerdir.
Her ne
-sebeple olursa olsun bilgi paylaÅımının engellenmek istenmesi benzer
-yöntemlere ve sert uygulamalara yol açmaktadır.</p>
+All four practices resemble those used in the former Soviet Union, where
+every copying machine had a guard to prevent forbidden copying, and where
+individuals had to copy information secretly and pass it from hand to hand
+as samizdat. There is of course a difference: the motive for information
+control in the Soviet Union was political; in the US the motive is profit.
+But it is the actions that affect us, not the motive. Any attempt to block
+the sharing of information, no matter why, leads to the same methods and the
+same harshness.</p>
<p>
Yazılım sahipleri bilgiyi kullanma hakkımızı kontrol etmek için pek çok
@@ -200,8 +199,8 @@
<p>
But the economic argument has a flaw: it is based on the assumption that the
difference is only a matter of how much money we have to pay. It assumes
-that <i>production of software</i> is what we want, whether the software has
-owners or not.</p>
+that <em>production of software</em> is what we want, whether the software
+has owners or not.</p>
<p>
People readily accept this assumption because it accords with our
@@ -274,13 +273,13 @@
<p>
Some free software developers make money by selling support services. In
-1994, Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees, estimated that about 15 per
-cent of its staff activity was free software development—a respectable
-percentage for a software company.</p>
+1994, Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees, estimated that about 15
+percent of its staff activity was free software development—a
+respectable percentage for a software company.</p>
<p>
-In the early 90s, companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments and
-Analog Devices combined to fund the continued development of the GNU C
+In the early 1990s, companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments
+and Analog Devices combined to fund the continued development of the GNU C
compiler. Most GCC development is still done by paid developers. The GNU
compiler for the Ada language was funded in the 90s by the US Air Force, and
continued since then by a company formed specifically for the purpose.</p>
@@ -309,6 +308,11 @@
<p>
Ãzgür yazılımı hak ediyorsunuz.</p>
+<h4>Footnotes</h4>
+<ol>
+<li id="footnote1">The charges were subsequently dismissed.</li>
+</ol>
+
<hr />
<h4>Bu makale <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Ãzgür
@@ -331,12 +335,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır.<br
-/>Lütfen çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya
önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -346,9 +350,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1994, 2009 Richard Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and
-distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium without
-royalty provided this notice is preserved.
+Copyright © 1994, 2009 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -388,11 +394,10 @@
istiyorsanız, <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-tr";>çalıÅma sayfamızı</a>
ziyaret edebilir ya
da <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>bize yazabilirsiniz</a>.</p>
- <p>
-<!-- timestamp start -->
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:36 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:21 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -402,29 +407,35 @@
<h4>Bu sayfanın diÄer dillere <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">çevirileri</a>:</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is Deutsch.-->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- Danish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.da.html">Dansk</a> [da]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.da.html">dansk</a> [da]</li>
<!-- German -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
@@ -432,19 +443,19 @@
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- Persian/Farsi -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Croatian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.hr.html">Hrvatski</a> [hr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.hr.html">hrvatski</a> [hr]</li>
<!-- Hungarian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.hu.html">Magyar</a> [hu]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li>
<!-- Indonesian -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
<!-- Korean -->
@@ -457,8 +468,10 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.fr.html 2 Jul 2010
12:09:22 -0000 1.9
+++ philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.fr.html 3 Sep 2011
08:35:21 -0000 1.10
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>Sensibilisation du public au droit d'auteur, OMPI, juin 2002</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, OMPI,
Propriété
-intellectuelle" />
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, OMPI,
Propriété intellectuelle" />
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
<h2>Sensibilisation du public au droit d'auteur, OMPI, juin 2002</h2>
@@ -18,106 +17,76 @@
<!-- language, where necessary. -->
<p>par <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
-<p>Geofrey Yu, assistant du Directeur général en charge du droit
-d'auteur à l'<acronym title="Organisation Mondiale de la
-Propriété Intellectuelle">OMPI</acronym>, a
-déclaré ce qui suit dans un article,
-« Sensibilisation du public au droit d'auteur », en
-juin 2002. Il est intéressant de voir que l'OMPI trouve que
-l'hypocrisie de décrire un système de restriction du public en
-termes de « droits » commence à se retourner
-contre eux.</p>
+<p>Geofrey Yu, assistant du Directeur général en charge du droit d'auteur Ã
+l'<acronym title="Organisation Mondiale de la Propriété
+Intellectuelle">OMPI</acronym>, a déclaré ce qui suit dans un article,
+« Sensibilisation du public au droit d'auteur », en juin 2002. Il
+est intéressant de voir que l'OMPI trouve que l'hypocrisie de décrire un
+système de restriction du public en termes de « droits » commence
+Ã se retourner contre eux.</p>
<blockquote>
-<p><tt>D'abord le message. Pour qu'il passe bien, je recommande de retirer la
-référence aux « droits ». Le terme en
-soi est parfaitement acceptable, mais dans le langage de tous les jours, il
-a une connotation négative de droits sans les devoirs correspondants
-et une implication « nous » contre
-« eux » [sic]. Ce qui ne va donc pas, car nous voulons
-le public et le consommateur de notre côté. Malheureusement,
-nous ne pouvons pas remonter le temps et trouver un nouveau terme à
-la place de « copyright » (droit d'auteur) mais nous
-pouvons au moins retirer le terme « droits ». Le
-« WIPO Performance and the Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) «
-(Traité de l'OMPI sur les interprétations et exécutions
-et les phonogrammes) concerne la protection des interprètes et des
-producteurs de phonogrammes. Le mot « droit » est
-opportunément absent de leurs titres. Et nous devrions faire comme
-eux.</tt></p>
-
-<p><tt>Au sein de la communauté du droit d'auteur telle qu'elle est
-représentée aujourd'hui dans cette salle, il est bien de se
-référer aux artistes, compositeurs, interprètes et
-entreprises comme à des « détenteurs de
-droits ». Mais il est piètre en termes de relations
-publiques d'employer les mêmes termes lorsque l'on s'adresse à
-des politiciens, à des consommateurs ou au public. Avec eux, nous
-devons utiliserles termes vidés de leur jargon juridique, des termes
-qui sont au moins aussi neutres sinon mieux, porteurs de significations que
-le public peut identifier. Donc, les « détenteurs de
-droits » doivent devenir des peintres, des écrivains, des
-sculpteurs, des musiciens. Ce qui fonctionne bien aujourd'hui avec des
-publics non spécialisés sont des termes comme
-« culture »,
-« créativité »,
-« information »,
-« divertissement », « diversité
-culturelle », « héritage culturel »,
-« récompense à la
-créativité », « enrichissement
-culturel ». Et quand nous parlons à des jeunes, des termes
-tels que « fun »,
-« branché » et « cool »
-trouveront un écho. Nous devons également trouver les bons
-slogans. À l'OMPI, nous avons inventé un slogan pour un
-festival culturel à Genève que nous avons sponsorisé et
-qui était « Soutenons les artistes et respectons leurs
-créations ». (N.d.T : en français dans le
-texte original).</tt></p>
-
-<p><tt>De la même manière, dans nos déclarations publiques,
-il est mieux d'éviter des termes comme « industries du
-droit d'auteur ». Appeler la création de musiques et de
-films « industries du droit d'auteur » c'est placer
-une industrie qui concerne les gens, l'imagination, le divertissement et
-l'énergie créative sous un éclairage juridique et
-centré sur l'argent. C'est comme appeler la fabrication de voitures
-industrie de brevets. Si nous devons utiliser le terme « droit
-d'auteur » par souci de concision, appelons les industries
-« industries basées sur le droit
-d'auteur ».</tt></p>
-
-<p><tt>Pour résumer, ce que je suggère, c'est d'éviter
-d'insister sur l'aspect industriel et économique lorsque l'on
-s'adresse au public, et de mettre l'accent sur les personnes, la
-création et l'inspiration.</tt></p>
+<p>First the message. For it to go over well, I recommend downplaying the
+reference to ‘rights’. the term itself is perfectly acceptable,
+but in daily usage, it has a negative connotation of rights without
+corresponding obligations and has a [sic] ‘us’ against
+‘them’ implication. This won't do, therefore, as we want to win
+the public and consumer to our side. Unfortunately, we cannot turn the
+clock back and find a new term in place of ‘copyright’ but we
+can at least down-play the term ‘rights’. The WIPO Performance
+and the Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) is about the protection of performers and
+phonogram producers. The word ‘right’ is happily missing in
+their titles. And we should take out cure from them.</p>
+
+<p>Within the copyright community such as we are today in this room, it is fine
+to refer to artists, composers, performers and enterprises as ‘rights
+holders’. But it is poor public relations to employ the same terms
+when speaking to politicians, consumers users and the public. With them, we
+must use the terms devoid of legal jargon, terms, which are at least as
+neutral or better still, inclusive,conveying meanings with which the public
+can identify. So ‘rights holders’ should become painters,
+writers, sculptors, musicians. What goes down well today with general
+audiences are terms like ‘culture’, ‘creativity’,
+‘information’ , ‘entertainment’, ‘cultural
+diversity’, ‘cultural heritage’, ‘reward for
+creativity’, ‘cultural enrichment’. And when we talk to
+youngsters, terms like ‘fun’, ‘hip’, and
+‘cool’ will find an echo. We must find the right slogans too.
+At WIPO we coined a slogan for a Geneva cultural festival that we sponsored
+which went “Soutenons les artistes et respectons leurs
+creations.”</p>
+
+<p>In the same way, in our public outreach messages, it is better to avoid
+terms like “copyright industries”. To call music making and
+movie-making “copyright industries” is to cast a business which
+is about people, imagination, fun, and creative energy in a money-centred,
+legalistic light. It is like calling car-making a patent industry. If we
+must use the term “copyright” for brevity's sake, let us call
+the industries “copyright-based industries”.</p>
+
+<p>To sum up, what I would suggest is we down-play business and economics when
+speaking to the public and stress more the human, creative, inspirational
+angle.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Que voyons-nous ici ? D'abord, regardez comment l'OMPI admet
-ouvertement (entre amis) qu'ils sont du côté des
-détenteurs de droits. Il n'y a même pas une feuille de vigne
-pour les intérêts de tous les autres, ou même pour
-l'idée que les droits d'auteurs sont nécessaires dans
-l'intérêt du public (en promouvant le progrès avec un
-coût social raisonnable).</p>
-
-<p>Un autre point est que l'ironie du terme « droits de
-propriété intellectuelle » a été
-adoptée par les détenteurs de monopoles,
-précisément pour qu'ils puissent présenter leurs
-privilèges comme des droits qui ne peuvent être
-refusés. L'idée qu'ils pourraient avoir des devoirs comme des
-droits, ou que leur pouvoir puisse être limité, est
-supposé être impensable. Et qui pourrait jamais croire que les
-industries de la musique et des films sont « centrées sur
-l'argent et le droit » ?</p>
-
-<p>Si l'hypocrisie des « droits de propriété
-intellectuelle » commence à se retourner contre l'OMPI,
-cela ne signifie pas que nous devrions utiliser ce terme
-nous-mêmes. Si nous le faisions, nous répandrions l'hypocrisie
-dans le style de l'OMPI, que ce soit volontaire ou pas.</p>
+ouvertement (entre amis) qu'ils sont du côté des détenteurs de droits. Il
+n'y a même pas une feuille de vigne pour les intérêts de tous les autres, ou
+même pour l'idée que les droits d'auteurs sont nécessaires dans l'intérêt
du
+public (en promouvant le progrès avec un coût social raisonnable).</p>
+
+<p>Un autre point est que l'ironie du terme « droits de propriété
+intellectuelle » a été adoptée par les détenteurs de monopoles,
+précisément pour qu'ils puissent présenter leurs privilèges comme des
droits
+qui ne peuvent être refusés. L'idée qu'ils pourraient avoir des devoirs
+comme des droits, ou que leur pouvoir puisse être limité, est supposé être
+impensable. Et qui pourrait jamais croire que les industries de la musique
+et des films sont « centrées sur l'argent et le droit » ?</p>
+
+<p>Si l'hypocrisie des « droits de propriété intellectuelle »
+commence à se retourner contre l'OMPI, cela ne signifie pas que nous
+devrions utiliser ce terme nous-mêmes. Si nous le faisions, nous répandrions
+l'hypocrisie dans le style de l'OMPI, que ce soit volontaire ou pas.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -138,11 +107,12 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -154,9 +124,10 @@
<p>Copyright © 2001, 2003, 2004, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -169,7 +140,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/07/02 12:09:22 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:21 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -189,7 +160,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm>
+ -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- English -->
Index: philosophy/words-to-avoid.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/words-to-avoid.ar.html 22 Jun 2010 08:26:54 -0000 1.5
+++ philosophy/words-to-avoid.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:21 -0000 1.6
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title> ÙÙÙ
ات Ùعبارات Ù
ضÙÙØ© Ùجدر تجÙبÙا - Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ - Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة (إ٠إس
-Ø¥Ù)</title>
+<title>Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing
- GNU
+Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
-<h2>بعض اÙÙÙÙ
ات ÙاÙعبارات اÙÙ
ضÙÙØ© أ٠اÙÙ
ÙرÙضة اÙت٠Ùجدر تجÙبÙا (أ٠استخداÙ
Ùا
-بØذر)</h2>
+<h2>Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing</h2>
<p>
تÙجد ÙÙÙ
ات Ùعبارات عدÙدة ÙÙص٠بتجÙبÙا Ø£Ù
تتجÙبÙا Ù٠سÙاÙات ÙاستخداÙ
ات
@@ -19,42 +18,44 @@
اÙØرة</a>.</div>
<p>
- <a href="/philosophy/philosophy.ar.html">Ù
ÙاÙات أخر٠ÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙراءاتÙا</a> |
-”<a href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#BSD-style">ÙÙ
Ø· BSD</a>“ |
-”<a href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#Closed">Ù
غÙÙ</a>“ | ”<a
-href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#CloudComputing">ØÙسبة
سØابÙØ©</a>“ |
-”<a href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#Commercial">تجارÙ</a>“ |
-”<a href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#Compensation">تعÙÙضات</a>“
|
-”<a href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#Consumer">Ù
ستÙÙÙ</a>“ |
-”<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Content">Ù
ØتÙÙ</a>“ | ”<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Creator">Ù
Ùشئ</a>“ | ”<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#DigitalGoods">Ù
Ùتجات رÙÙ
ÙØ©</a>“ |
”<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#DigitalRightsManagement">إدارة اÙÙÙÙد
-اÙرÙÙ
ÙØ©</a>“ | ”<a
href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#Ecosystem">Ù
ÙظÙ
Ø©
-بÙئÙØ©</a>“ | ”<a href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#ForFree">For
-free</a>“ | ”<a
-href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#FreelyAvailable">Freely available</a>“ |
-”<a href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#Freeware">برÙ
جÙات Ù
جاÙÙØ©</a>“ |
-”<a href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#GiveAwaySoftware">Give away
-software</a>“ | ”<a
-href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#Hacker">ÙÙر</a>“ | ”<a
-href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#IntellectualProperty">Ù
ÙÙÙØ©
ÙÙرÙØ©</a>“ |
-”<a href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#LAMP">ÙظاÙ
LAMP</a>“ |
-”<a href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#Linux">ÙظاÙ
ÙÙÙÙس</a>“ |
-”<a href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#Market">سÙÙ</a>“ | ”<a
-href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#MP3Player">Ù
شغ٠MP3</a>“ | ”<a
-href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#Open">Ù
ÙتÙØ</a>“ | ”<a
-href="words-to-avoid.ar.html#PC">PC</a>“ | ”<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Photoshop">Photoshop</a>“ | ”<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">ÙرصÙØ©</a>“ | ”<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a>“ | ”<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Protection">ØÙ
اÙØ©</a>“ | ”<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#RAND">RAND</a>“ | ”<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#SellSoftware">بÙع اÙبراÙ
ج</a>“ |
”<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#SoftwareIndustry">صÙاعة اÙبرÙ
جÙات</a>“ |
-”<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Theft">سرÙØ©</a>“ | ”<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#TrustedComputing">اÙØÙسبة اÙÙ
ÙØ«ÙØ©</a>“ |
-”<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Vendor">بائع</a>“
+ <a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a> | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#BSD-style">BSD-style</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Closed">Closed</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#CloudComputing">Cloud Computing</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Commercial">Commercial</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Compensation">Compensation</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Consume">Consume</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Consumer">Consumer</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Content">Content</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Creator">Creator</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#DigitalGoods">Digital Goods</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#DigitalRightsManagement">Digital Rights
+Management</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#ForFree">For free</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#FreelyAvailable">Freely available</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Freeware">Freeware</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">Give away
+software</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Hacker">Hacker</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">Intellectual
+property</a>” | “<a href="words-to-avoid.html#LAMP">LAMP
+system</a>” | “<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Linux">Linux
+system</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Market">Market</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#MP3Player">MP3 player</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Open">Open</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#PC">PC</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Photoshop">Photoshop</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">Piracy</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Protection">Protection</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#RAND">RAND</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#SellSoftware">Sell software</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#SoftwareIndustry">Software Industry</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Theft">Theft</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#TrustedComputing">Trusted Computing</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Vendor">Vendor</a>”
</p>
<h4 id="BSD-style">”ÙÙ
Ø· BSD“</h4>
@@ -113,9 +114,11 @@
—اÙطر٠اÙØ°Ù Ø·ÙÙر اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙاÙØرÙØ© اÙتÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا Ù
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ—
Ù
ستÙÙتاÙ.</p>
<p>
-Ù٠اÙعÙد اÙØ£ÙÙ Ù
Ù ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرةØ
ÙاÙت ØزÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة غاÙبÙا غÙر
-تجارÙØ©Ø ÙÙ
ÙÙÙات ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس
Ø·ÙرÙا Ø£Ùراد ÙÙ
ÙظÙ
ات غÙر ÙادÙØ© ÙÙربØ
-Ù
ÙÙا FSF ÙجاÙ
عات. ÙاØÙÙا -Ù٠اÙتسعÙÙÙات- ظÙرت
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة اÙتجارÙØ©.</p>
+In the first decade of the free software movement, free software packages
+were almost always noncommercial; the components of the GNU/Linux operating
+system were developed by individuals or by nonprofit organizations such as
+the FSF and universities. Later, in the 1990s, free commercial software
+started to appear.</p>
<p>
إ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة اÙتجارÙØ© تعد Ù
ساÙÙ
Ø© ÙÙ
جتÙ
عÙØ§Ø ÙعÙÙÙا تشجÙعÙا. ÙÙ٠اÙØ°ÙÙ
ÙعتÙدÙ٠أ٠”تجارٓ ÙعÙÙ ”غÙر
Øر“ سÙÙ ÙعتÙدÙ٠أÙ
@@ -131,6 +134,17 @@
href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">خاطئ</a> ببساطةØ
ÙاÙثاÙÙ
ÙضÙع.
</p>
+<p>
+“compensating the rights-holders” adds a further swindle: you're
+supposed to imagine that means paying the authors, and occasionally it does,
+but most of the time it means a subsidy for the same publishing companies
+that are pushing unjust laws on us.
+</p>
+
+<h4 id="Consume">“Consume”</h4>
+<p>
+It is erroneous to speak of "consuming" digital information, music,
+software, etc. See the following entry,</p>
<h4 id="Consumer">”Ù
ستÙÙÙ“</h4>
<p>
@@ -138,8 +152,9 @@
اÙتراضات ÙÙبغ٠أ٠ÙرÙضÙا. إ٠تشغÙ٠تسجÙÙ
رÙÙ
٠أ٠تشغÙ٠برÙاÙ
ج Ùا ÙجعÙÙا
ÙستÙÙÙÙ.</p>
<p>
-Ù
صÙØ·ØÙ ”Ù
Ùتج“ Ù”Ù
ستÙÙÙ“ ÙدÙ
ا Ù
Ù
ÙظرÙØ© اÙتصادÙØ©Ø
-ÙجÙبÙا Ù
عÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙÙÙ
ا اÙضÙÙ ÙاÙتراضÙÙ
ا اÙÙ
ضÙÙØ ÙÙ٠تÙد٠إÙ٠غس٠تÙÙÙرÙ.</p>
+The terms “producer” and “consumer” come from
+economic theory, and bring with them its narrow perspective and misguided
+assumptions. They tend to warp your thinking.</p>
<p>
باÙإضاÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ Ø¥Ù Ùص٠Ù
ستخدÙ
٠اÙØاسÙب
بأÙÙÙ
”Ù
ستÙÙÙÙÙ“ ÙجعÙ
ÙÙÙ
دÙرÙا ضئÙÙا: ÙÙÙ ÙجعÙÙÙ
ÙاÙÙ
اشÙØ© اÙتÙ
تأÙÙ Ù
ا ÙجعÙ٠اÙآخرÙÙ Ù
تاØÙا ÙÙا.</p>
@@ -177,8 +192,9 @@
ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
ÙÙÙÙاÙ
بشÙØ¡ Ù
ا باÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات. ÙÙÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج تÙرÙبÙا ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙصÙÙا بذÙÙ.</p>
<p>
-Ùذا اÙÙ
صطÙØ ÙÙ Ù
عظÙ
اÙØاÙات ÙØ´Ùر Ø¥ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
ÙرÙع اÙصÙØات Ø¥ÙÙ Ù
ÙÙع. ÙÙØ°ÙÙ
-اÙØºØ±Ø¶Ø ÙÙØÙ ÙÙص٠باستخداÙ
اÙÙ
صطÙØ ”ÙظاÙ
Ù
راجعة Ù
ÙÙع اÙÙب“ (WRS).</p>
+In most cases, that term really refers to a system for updating pages on a
+web site. For that, we recommend the term “web site revision
+system” (WRS).</p>
<h4 id="Creator">”Ù
Ùشئ“</h4>
<p>
@@ -283,7 +299,7 @@
free software.”</p>
-<h4 id="Hacker">ÙÙر</h4>
+<h4 id="Hacker">“Hacker”</h4>
<p>
اÙÙÙر ÙÙ Ù
Ù <a
href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>ÙØب
اÙØ°Ùاء اÙتجرÙبÙ</a>—ÙÙس Ù٠اÙØاسÙب ÙÙ
باÙضرÙرة. Ùا٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
جتÙ
ع
@@ -324,15 +340,15 @@
<h4 id="LAMP">”ÙظاÙ
LAMP“</h4>
<p>
-ÙØ´Ùر “LAMP” Ø¥ÙÙ ”ÙÙÙÙس Ùأباتش٠ÙÙ
اÙ
إس ÙÙ٠إ٠Ùب٠إتش
-بٓ ÙÙ٠جÙ
ع Ù
Ø´ÙÙر بÙÙ Ù
جÙ
Ùعة براÙ
ج عÙÙ
خادÙÙ
اÙÙØ¨Ø Ø¨Ø§Ø³ØªØ«Ùاء Ø£Ù
-”ÙÙÙÙس“ ÙÙ Ùذا اÙسÙا٠ÙØ´Ùر Ù٠اÙØÙÙÙØ©
Ø¥ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس. ÙÙذا
-بدÙا Ù
Ù “LAMP” Ùجب أ٠تÙÙÙ “GLAMP”:
”غÙÙ
-ÙÙÙÙÙس Ùأباتش٠ÙÙ
ا٠إس ÙÙ٠إ٠Ùب٠إتش
بٓ.
+“LAMP” stands for “Linux, Apache, MySQL and
+PHP”—a common combination of software to use on a web server,
+except that “Linux” in this context really refers to the
+GNU/Linux system. So instead of “LAMP” it should be
+“GLAMP”: “GNU, Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP.”
</p>
-<h4 id="Linux">ÙظاÙ
ÙÙÙÙس</h4>
+<h4 id="Linux">“Linux system”</h4>
<p>
ÙÙÙÙس Ù٠اسÙ
اÙÙÙاة اÙت٠طÙرÙا ÙÙÙÙاس
تÙرÙÙدز ابتداء٠Ù
٠عاÙ
1991. ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠اÙذ٠تستخدÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙس Ù٠أصÙا غÙÙ Ù
ع إضاÙØ© ÙÙÙÙس عÙÙÙ. إ٠تسÙ
ÙØ©
@@ -359,13 +375,15 @@
<h4 id="MP3Player">”Ù
شغ٠MP3“</h4>
<p>
-Ù٠أÙاخر اÙتسعÙÙÙات Ø£ØµØ¨Ø Ù
٠اÙشائع Ø¥Ùشا Ù
شغÙات صÙت رÙÙ
ÙØ© Ù
ØÙ
ÙØ© ثابتة. Ù
عظÙ
Ùا
-ÙدعÙ
ترÙ
Ùز MP3 اÙÙ
غط٠ببراءات اÙØ§Ø®ØªØ±Ø§Ø¹Ø ÙÙÙ
ÙÙس ÙÙÙا. بعضÙا دعÙ
تراÙ
Ùز اÙصÙت
-اÙخاÙÙØ© Ù
٠براءات اÙاختراع Ù
Ø«Ù Ogg Ù FLAC ÙÙد
Ùا تدعÙ
اÙÙ
ÙÙات اÙÙ
ÙرÙ
Ùزة بMP3
-أصÙØ§Ø ÙتجÙب براءات اÙاختراع تÙÙ. إ٠تسÙ
ÙØ©
تÙ٠اÙÙ
شغÙات ”Ù
شغÙات
-MP3“ ÙÙس Ù
ضÙÙا ÙØØ³Ø¨Ø Ø¨Ù ÙÙ
ÙØ MP3 Ù
ÙاÙØ© Ùا
تستØÙÙا Ù
Ù
ا Ùجع٠اÙÙاس
-ÙÙاصÙÙ٠استخداÙ
Ùذا اÙÙس٠اÙخطÙر. Ø¥ÙÙا
ÙÙØªØ±Ø Ø§Ø³Ù
”Ù
شغ٠صÙت رÙÙ
Ù“
-أ٠ببساطة ”Ù
شغ٠صÙت“ إذا Ùاسب
اÙسÙاÙ.</p>
+In the late 1990s it became feasible to make portable, solid-state digital
+audio players. Most support the patented MP3 codec, but not all. Some
+support the patent-free audio codecs Ogg Vorbis and FLAC, and may not even
+support MP3-encoded files at all, precisely to avoid these patents. To call
+such players “MP3 players” is not only confusing, it also puts
+MP3 in an undeserved position of privilege which encourages people to
+continue using that vulnerable format. We suggest the terms “digital
+audio player,” or simply “audio player” if context
+permits.</p>
<h4 id="Open">”Ù
ÙتÙØ“</h4>
@@ -380,9 +398,10 @@
<h4 id="PC">“PC”</h4>
<p>
-Ùا Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© Ù٠استخداÙ
اÙاختصار “PC”
ÙÙإشارة Ø¥ÙÙ ÙÙع Ù
٠عتاد
-اÙØاسÙØ¨Ø ÙÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙضÙÙ Ùا تستخدÙ
Ù ÙتشÙر ضÙ
ÙÙا Ø¥Ù٠أ٠اÙØاسÙب ÙÙشغÙÙ Ù
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت
-ÙÙÙدÙز. إذا ثبÙت غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس عÙÙ ÙÙس اÙجÙاز
ÙسÙظ٠PC.</p>
+It's OK to use the abbreviation “PC” to refer to a certain kind
+of computer hardware, but please don't use it with the implication that the
+computer is running Microsoft Windows. If you install GNU/Linux on the same
+computer, it is still a PC.</p>
<p>
اÙØªØ±Ø Ø§Ùاختصار “WC” ÙÙØÙاسÙب اÙتÙ
تÙشغÙÙ ÙÙÙدÙز.</p>
@@ -413,10 +432,11 @@
<h4 id="PowerPoint">“PowerPoint”</h4>
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠تجÙب استخداÙ
ÙÙÙ
Ø© “PowerPoint”
ÙÙإشارة Ø¥ÙÙ Ù٠أÙÙاع عرض
-اÙشرائØ. PowerPoint Ù
ا Ù٠إÙا Ù
جرد برÙاÙ
ج Ù
ØتÙر
ÙاØد ÙØ¥Ùشا اÙعرÙض اÙتÙدÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø
-ÙتÙجد بدائ٠Øرة ÙØ«Ùرة Ù
ÙÙا صÙÙ TeXs <tt>beamer</tt>
Ù OpenOffice.org
-Impress.</p>
+Please avoid using the term “PowerPoint” to mean any kind of
+slide presentation. “PowerPoint” is just the name of one
+particular proprietary program to make presentations, and there are plenty
+of free alternatives, such as TeX's <tt>beamer</tt> class and
+OpenOffice.org's Impress.</p>
<h4 id="Protection">”ØÙ
اÙØ©“</h4>
@@ -435,13 +455,15 @@
جدÙا“.</p>
<p>
-ÙستخدÙ
Ù
صطÙØ ”ØÙ
اÙØ©“ Ø£ÙضÙا ÙÙص٠بعض
اÙÙ
زاÙا اÙخبÙثة. عÙ٠سبÙÙ
-اÙÙ
ثاÙØ ”ØÙ
اÙØ© اÙÙسخ“ ÙÙ Ù
Ùزة تتعارض
Ù
ع اÙÙسخ. Ù
Ù ÙجÙØ© Ùظر
-اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ø ØªØ¹ØªØ¨Ø± Ùذ٠عÙØ¨Ø©Ø ÙÙذا ÙÙÙ
Ù٠تسÙ
ÙØ©
تÙ٠اÙÙ
Ùزة اÙخبÙثة ”عÙبة
-اÙÙسخ“.</p>
+The term “protection” is also used to describe malicious
+features. For instance, “copy protection” is a feature that
+interferes with copying. From the user's point of view, this is
+obstruction. So we could call that malicious feature “copy
+obstruction.” More often it is called Digital Restrictions Management
+(DRM)—see the <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";> Defective by
+Design</a> campaign.</p>
-
-<h4 id="RAND">“RAND (Ù
عÙÙÙØ© ÙغÙر تÙ
ÙزÙØ©)”</h4>
+<h4 id="RAND">“RAND (Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory)”</h4>
<p>
Ùد٠Ù
ÙظÙ
ات اÙÙ
عاÙÙر اÙت٠تعتÙ
د اÙÙ
عاÙÙر
اÙت٠تÙÙدÙا براءات اÙاختراع سÙاسة
ÙÙØصÙ٠عÙ٠رخص براءات اÙاختراع ÙÙ٠تتطÙب Ø«Ù
ÙÙا Ù
عÙÙÙا ÙÙÙ Ùسخ Ù
Ù
@@ -453,11 +475,12 @@
Ù
جتÙ
ع اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙذا ÙجعÙÙا غÙر Ù
عÙÙÙØ©. ÙØ°ÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ùص٠ÙÙÙ
Ø©
“RAND” خطأ ÙاÙثاÙÙ Ù
تØÙز.</p>
<p>
-Ùجب أ٠تعتر٠Ù
ÙظÙ
ات اÙÙ
عاÙÙر أ٠تÙ٠اÙرخص
تÙ
ÙÙزÙØ© ÙÙجب أ٠تتر٠استخداÙ
ÙÙÙ
تÙ
-”Ù
عÙÙÙØ© ÙغÙر تÙ
ÙÙزÙØ©“ Ù “RAND”.
ÙØ¥Ù٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ
Ùا بذÙÙØ
-Ùإ٠اÙÙتاب اÙØ°ÙÙ Ùا ÙرغبÙÙ Ù٠تبرÙر تÙÙ
اÙرخص سÙÙ ÙØسÙÙ٠برÙضÙا. إ٠استخدÙ
Ùا
-ÙÙ
جرد أ٠شرÙات براءات اÙاختراع اÙÙبرÙ
Ùشرت٠Ù
ا Ù٠إÙا جع٠تÙ٠اÙشرÙات تÙ
ÙÙ
-عÙÙ٠اÙآراء اÙت٠تعبر عÙÙا.</p>
+Standards bodies should recognize that these licenses are discriminatory,
+and drop the use of the term “reasonable and non-discriminatory”
+or “RAND” to describe them. Until they do so, writers who do
+not wish to join in the whitewashing would do well to reject that term. To
+accept and use it merely because patent-wielding companies have made it
+widespread is to let those companies dictate the views you express.</p>
<p>
Ø¥ÙÙا ÙÙØªØ±Ø ÙÙÙ
Ø© ”رسÙ
Ù
ÙØد ÙÙØ·“ Ø£Ù
ÙÙاختصار “UFO”. Ø¥Ù
Ùذ٠اÙÙÙÙ
Ø© دÙÙØ© Ùأ٠اÙشرط اÙØÙد Ù٠تÙÙ
اÙرخص أ٠تÙÙÙ Ù
ÙØدة اÙرسÙÙ
.</p>
@@ -477,11 +500,12 @@
<h4 id="SoftwareIndustry">”صÙاعة اÙبرÙ
جÙات“</h4>
<p>
-Ùشجع Ù
صطÙØ ”صÙاعة اÙبرÙ
جÙات“ اÙÙاس
عÙ٠اعتÙاد أ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
-تÙØ·ÙÙر دائÙ
Ùا Ù٠إطار Ù
ا Ùشب٠اÙÙ
صÙع Ø«Ù
تÙص٠بعد Ø°Ù٠إÙ٠اÙÙ
ستÙÙÙÙÙ. ÙÙد
-أظÙر Ù
جتÙ
ع اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ø£Ù Ùذا ÙÙس Ù
ا
ÙØصÙ. تÙجد شرÙات Ùشاطات تجارÙØ©
-برÙ
جÙØ©Ø ÙتطÙر اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙشرÙات براÙ
ج Øرة
Ù/أ٠غÙر ØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙ٠تÙ٠اÙشرÙات اÙتÙ
-تطÙر برÙ
جÙات Øرة Ùا تعÙ
Ù Ù٠إطار Ùشب٠اÙÙ
صÙع.</p>
+The term “software industry” encourages people to imagine that
+software is always developed by a sort of factory and then delivered to
+“consumers.” The free software community shows this is not the
+case. Software businesses exist, and various businesses develop free and/or
+nonfree software, but those that develop free software are not run like
+factories.</p>
<p>
ÙستخدÙ
Ù
Ùاصر٠براءات اختراع اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙÙ
Ø© ”صÙاعة“
ÙÙدعاÙØ©. ÙسÙ
Ù٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات
”صÙاعة“ Ø«Ù
ÙØتجÙ٠بأ٠ذÙÙ ÙؤÙÙÙا
@@ -508,10 +532,11 @@
<h4 id="TrustedComputing">”اÙØÙسبة اÙÙ
ÙØ«ÙÙØ©“</h4>
<p>
-<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.ar.html">”اÙØÙسبة
-اÙÙ
ÙØ«ÙÙØ©“</a> Ù٠اسÙ
Ù
ؤÙد٠خطة Ùإعادة تصÙ
ÙÙ
اÙØÙاسÙب ÙÙث٠اÙÙ
Ø·ÙرÙ٠بأÙ
-ØاسÙب٠ÙØ·ÙعÙÙ
بدÙا Ù
ÙÙ. Ù
٠جÙتÙÙ
Ø Ùعتبر
”Ù
ÙØ«ÙÙÙا“Ø Ø£Ù
ا Ù
٠جÙتÙ
-ÙÙÙ ”خائٓ.
+<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“Trusted computing”</a>
+is the proponents' name for a scheme to redesign computers so that
+application developers can trust your computer to obey them instead of you.
+From their point of view, it is “trusted”; from your point of
+view, it is “treacherous.”
</p>
@@ -526,8 +551,8 @@
</p>
<div class="announcement">
-Ø£ÙضÙا راجع <a href="/philosophy/categories.ar.html">تصاÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات
-اÙØرة</a>.</div>
+Also note <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free and
+Nonfree Software</a>.</div>
<hr />
<h4>ÙÙشرت Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙÙ <a
@@ -544,11 +569,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
بإÙ‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù ÙضÙÙ
-أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -559,8 +585,9 @@
<p>
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 1996Ø 1997Ø 1998Ø 1999Ø 2001Ø 2002Ø 2003Ø
2004Ø 2007Ø
2008Ø 2010Ø 2009 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ</p>
-<p>ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù
ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ· بدÙ٠رسÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø· إبÙاء
-Ùذا اÙإخطار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -574,7 +601,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2010/06/22 08:26:54 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:21 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.53
retrieving revision 1.54
diff -u -b -r1.53 -r1.54
--- philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html 2 Jul 2010 12:14:14 -0000 1.53
+++ philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:21 -0000 1.54
@@ -3,109 +3,90 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Mots et phrases prêtant à confusion, que vous devriez
-éviter - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<title>Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing
- GNU
+Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Mots ou phrases prêtant à confusion, que vous devriez
-éviter (ou utiliser avec précaution)</h2>
+<h2>Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing</h2>
<p>
-Nous vous recommandons d'éviter un certain nombre de mots et de
-phrases, soit parce qu'ils sont ambigus, soit parce qu'ils suggèrent
-des opinions avec lesquelles nous espérons que vous n'êtes pas
-entièrement d'accord.</p>
+Nous vous recommandons d'éviter un certain nombre de mots et de phrases,
+soit parce qu'ils sont ambigus, soit parce qu'ils suggèrent des opinions
+avec lesquelles nous espérons que vous n'êtes pas entièrement d'accord.</p>
<div class="announcement">
-Veuillez aussi consulter <a
-href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">Catégories de logiciels
-libres</a>.</div>
-
-<p>
- <a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Autres textes à lire</a> |
-« <a href="#BSD-style"
-name="TOCBSD-style">BSD-style</a> » | « <a
-href="#DigitalGoods" name="TOCDigitalGoods">Biens
-numériques</a> » | « <a href="#CloudComputing">Cloud
-Computing</a> » |« <a href="#Commercial"
-name="TOCCommercial">Commercial</a> » | « <a
-href="#Compensation" name="TOCCompensation">Compensation</a> » |
-« <a href="#Consumer"
-name="TOCConsumer">Consommateur</a> » | « <a
-href="#Content" name="TOCContent">Contenu</a> » | « <a
-href="#Creator" name="TOCCreator">Créateur</a> » |
-« <a href="#FreelyAvailable" name="TOCFreelyAvailable">Disponible
-gratuitement</a> » | « <a href="#GiveAwaySoftware"
-name="TOCGiveAwaySoftware">Donner des logiciels</a> » |
-« <a href="#Ecosystem"
-name="TOCEcosystem">Écosystème</a> » |
-« <a href="#Closed"
-name="TOCClosed">Fermé</a> » | « <a
-href="#Freeware" name="TOCFreeware">Freeware (graticiel)</a> » |
-« <a href="#DigitalRightsManagement"
-name="TOCDigitalRightsManagement">Gestion des droits
-numériques</a> » | « <a href="#ForFree"
-name="TOCForFree">Gratuitement</a> » | « <a
-href="#Hacker" name="TOCHacker">Hacker</a> » | « <a
-href="#SoftwareIndustry" name="TOCSoftwareIndustry">Industrie
-logicielle</a> » | « <a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#TrustedComputing"
-name="TOCTrustedComputing">Informatique de confiance</a> » |
-« <a href="#MP3Player" name="TOCMP3Player">Lecteur
-MP3</a> » | « <a href="#SellSoftware"
-name="TOCSellSoftware">Logiciel commercial</a> » |
-« <a href="#Market"
-name="TOCMarket">Marché</a> » | « <a
-href="#Open" name="TOCOpen">Ouvert</a> » | « <a
-href="#PC" name="TOCPC">PC</a> » | « <a
-href="#Photoshop" name="TOCPhotoshop">Photoshop</a> » |
-« <a href="#Piracy" name="TOCPiracy">Piratage</a> » |
-« <a href="#PowerPoint"
-name="TOCPowerPoint">PowerPoint</a> » | « <a
-href="#IntellectualProperty"
-name="TOCIntellectualProperty">Propriété
-Intellectuelle</a> » | « <a href="#Protection"
-name="TOCProtection">Protection</a> » | « <a
-href="#RAND" name="TOCRAND">RAND</a> » | « <a
-href="#LAMP" name="TOCLAMP">Système LAMP</a> » | « <a
-href="#Linux">Système Linux</a> » | « <a href="#Vendor"
-name="TOCVendor">Vendeur</a> » | « <a
-href="#SellSoftware">Vendre des logiciels</a> » | « <a
-href="#Theft" name="TOCTheft">Vol</a> »
-</p>
-
-<h4 id="BSD-style">« BSD-style »</h4>
-<p>
-L'expression « BSD-style license » (n.d.t :
-licence de type BSD) prête à confusion car elle <a
-href="/philosophy/bsd.fr.html">mélange des licences qui ont des
-différences importantes</a>.Par exemple, la licence originale BSD
-avec sa clause publicitaire, est incompatible avec la GPL GNU, mais la
-licence BSD révisée est compatible avec la GPL.</p>
-<p>
-Pour éviter toute confusion, il est préférable de
-nommer <a href="/licenses/license-list.fr.html">la licence spécifique
-en question</a> et d'éviter le terme vague « de type
-BSD ».</p>
-
-
-<h4 id="Closed">« Fermé »</h4>
-<p>
-En décrivant un logiciel non libre comme
-« fermé », cela se réfère
-clairement au terme « open source » (source
-ouvert). Au sein du Mouvement du logiciel libre, <a
-href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html">nous voulons
-éviter d'être confondus avec le plus récent Mouvement
-open source</a>, aussi, nous éviter soigneusement une utilisation qui
-encouragerait les gens à nous confondre avec eux. Par
-conséquent, nous évitons de décrire un logiciel non
-libre comme « fermé ». Nous le qualifions de
-« non libre » ou <a
-href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html#ProprietarySoftware">« propriétaire »</a>.</p>
+Veuillez aussi consulter <a href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">Catégories
+de logiciels libres</a>.</div>
+
+<p>
+ <a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a> | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#BSD-style">BSD-style</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Closed">Closed</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#CloudComputing">Cloud Computing</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Commercial">Commercial</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Compensation">Compensation</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Consume">Consume</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Consumer">Consumer</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Content">Content</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Creator">Creator</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#DigitalGoods">Digital Goods</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#DigitalRightsManagement">Digital Rights
+Management</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#ForFree">For free</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#FreelyAvailable">Freely available</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Freeware">Freeware</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">Give away
+software</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Hacker">Hacker</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">Intellectual
+property</a>” | “<a href="words-to-avoid.html#LAMP">LAMP
+system</a>” | “<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Linux">Linux
+system</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Market">Market</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#MP3Player">MP3 player</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Open">Open</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#PC">PC</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Photoshop">Photoshop</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">Piracy</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Protection">Protection</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#RAND">RAND</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#SellSoftware">Sell software</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#SoftwareIndustry">Software Industry</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Theft">Theft</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#TrustedComputing">Trusted Computing</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Vendor">Vendor</a>”
+</p>
+
+<h4 id="BSD-style">« BSD-style »</h4>
+<p>
+L'expression « BSD-style license » (n.d.t : licence de type
+BSD) prête à confusion car elle <a href="/philosophy/bsd.fr.html">mélange
+des licences qui ont des différences importantes</a>.Par exemple, la licence
+originale BSD avec sa clause publicitaire, est incompatible avec la GPL GNU,
+mais la licence BSD révisée est compatible avec la GPL.</p>
+<p>
+Pour éviter toute confusion, il est préférable de nommer <a
+href="/licenses/license-list.fr.html">la licence spécifique en question</a>
+et d'éviter le terme vague « de type BSD ».</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Closed">« Fermé »</h4>
+<p>
+En décrivant un logiciel non libre comme « fermé », cela se
réfère
+clairement au terme « open source » (source ouvert). Au sein du
+Mouvement du logiciel libre, <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html">nous voulons éviter
+d'être confondus avec le plus récent Mouvement open source</a>, aussi, nous
+éviter soigneusement une utilisation qui encouragerait les gens à nous
+confondre avec eux. Par conséquent, nous évitons de décrire un logiciel non
+libre comme « fermé ». Nous le qualifions de « non
+libre » ou <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html#ProprietarySoftware">« propriétaire »</a>.</p>
-<h4 id="CloudComputing">« Cloud computing »</h4>
+<h4 id="CloudComputing">« Cloud computing »</h4>
<p>
Le terme « cloud computing » (informatique dans les nuages) est un
terme de marketing sans signification claire. Il est utilisé pour un panel
@@ -132,306 +113,285 @@
propriétaires, il n'est pas motivé par les mêmes idéaux que nous.
</p>
-<h4 id="Commercial">« Commercial »</h4>
+<h4 id="Commercial">« Commercial »</h4>
+<p>
+N'utilisez pas le mot « commercial » comme synonyme de « non
+libre ». Cela mélange deux problèmes totalementdifférents.</p>
+<p>
+Un programme est commercial s'il est développé en tant que partie d'une
+activité commerciale. Un programme commercial peut être libre ou non libre
+en fonction de sa licence. De la même manière, un programme développé par
+une école ou un individu peut être libre et non libre, en fonction de sa
+licence. Les deux questions, quel type d'entité a développé le programme et
+quelle liberté est laissée aux utilisateurs, sont indépendantes.</p>
+<p>
+In the first decade of the free software movement, free software packages
+were almost always noncommercial; the components of the GNU/Linux operating
+system were developed by individuals or by nonprofit organizations such as
+the FSF and universities. Later, in the 1990s, free commercial software
+started to appear.</p>
+<p>
+Le logiciel commercial libre est une contribution à notre communauté, donc
+nous l'encourageons. Mais ceux qui pensent que « commercial »
+signifie « non libre » sont tentés de penser que cette idée est
+contradictoire et la rejettent en se basant sur une incompréhension. Faites
+attention à ne pas utiliser le mot « commercial » de cette
+manière.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Compensation">« Compensation »</h4>
+<p>
+Parler de « compensation pour les auteurs » en connexion avec le
+copyright suggère les assomptions que (1) le copyright existe pour le bien
+des auteurs et que (2) quand nous lisons quelque chose, l'auteur travaille
+pour nous et par conséquent, nous devons à l'auteur de l'argent. La première
+assomption est simplement <a
+href="misinterpreting-copyright.fr.html">fausse</a>, et la seconde est
+outrageuse.
+</p>
+<p>
+“compensating the rights-holders” adds a further swindle: you're
+supposed to imagine that means paying the authors, and occasionally it does,
+but most of the time it means a subsidy for the same publishing companies
+that are pushing unjust laws on us.
+</p>
+
+<h4 id="Consume">“Consume”</h4>
+<p>
+It is erroneous to speak of "consuming" digital information, music,
+software, etc. See the following entry,</p>
+
+<h4 id="Consumer">« Consommateur »</h4>
+<p>
+Le terme « consommateur », quand il est utilisé pour parler des
+utilisateurs d'ordinateurs, apporte des assomptions malheureuses que nous
+devons rejeter. Ãcouter un enregistrement numérique ou exécuter un programme
+ne le consomment pas.</p>
<p>
-N'utilisez pas le mot « commercial » comme synonyme de
-« non libre ». Cela mélange deux
-problèmes totalementdifférents.</p>
-<p>
-Un programme est commercial s'il est développé en tant que
-partie d'une activité commerciale. Un programme commercial peut
-être libre ou non libre en fonction de sa licence. De la même
-manière, un programme développé par une école ou
-un individu peut être libre et non libre, en fonction de sa
-licence. Les deux questions, quel type d'entité a
-développé le programme et quelle liberté est
-laissée aux utilisateurs, sont indépendantes.</p>
-<p>
-Dans la première décennie du mouvement du logiciel libre, les
-logiciels libres étaient pratiquement tous non commerciaux ; les
-composants du système d'exploitation GNU/Linux étaient
-développés par des individus ou par des organisations non
-commerciales telles que la FSF et les universités. Mais dans les
-années 1990, le logiciel commercial libre a commencé à
-apparaître.</p>
-<p>
-Le logiciel commercial libre est une contribution à notre
-communauté, donc nous l'encourageons. Mais ceux qui pensent que
-« commercial » signifie « non
-libre » sont tentés de penser que cette idée est
-contradictoire et la rejettent en se basant sur une
-incompréhension. Faites attention à ne pas utiliser le mot
-« commercial » de cette manière.</p>
-
-
-<h4 id="Compensation">« Compensation »</h4>
-<p>
-Parler de « compensation pour les auteurs » en
-connexion avec le copyright suggère les assomptions que (1) le
-copyright existe pour le bien des auteurs et que (2) quand nous lisons
-quelque chose, l'auteur travaille pour nous et par conséquent, nous
-devons à l'auteur de l'argent. La première assomption est
-simplement <a href="misinterpreting-copyright.fr.html">fausse</a>, et la
-seconde est outrageuse.
-</p>
-
-<h4 id="Consumer">« Consommateur »</h4>
-<p>
-Le terme « consommateur », quand il est utilisé
-pour parler des utilisateurs d'ordinateurs, apporte des assomptions
-malheureuses que nous devons rejeter. Ãcouter un enregistrement numérique ou
-exécuter un programme ne le consomment pas.</p>
-<p>
-Les termes « producteur » et « consommateur »
-proviennent de la théorie économique, et apportent avec eux leur perpective
-étroite et leurs mauvaises assomptions. Ils tendent à brouiller votre
-raisonnement.</p>
-<p>
-De plus, en décrivant les utilisateurs de logiciels comme des
-« consommateurs », cela présuppose qu'ils ont
-un rôle accessoire. Ce terme les assimile à du bétail
-qui broute passivement ce que d'autres leur donnent.</p>
-<p>
-Cette façon de penser mène à des travestissements comme
-le CBDTPA « Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion
-Act » (Loi pour la promotion de la télévision
-numérique à large bande pour le consommateur) qui
-nécessiterait des systèmes de restriction de copie pour tout
-appareil numérique. Si tout ce que font les utilisateurs est
-« consommer », alors, pourquoi cela les
-dérangeraient-ils ?</p>
-<p>
-La vision économique obtuse des utilisateurs en tant que
-« consommateurs » va de pair avec l'idée que
-les Åuvres publiées sont des « contenus ».</p>
-<p>
-Pour décrire les gens qui ne sont pas limités à la
-consommation passive de leurs ordinateurs, nous suggérons des termes
-comme « particuliers » et
-« citoyens ».</p>
-
-
-<h4 id="Content">« Contenu »</h4>
-<p>
-Si vous voulez décrire ce qui est à l'intérieur d'une
-tasse, vous parlez du « contenu » de cette tasse, mais
-utiliser ce mot pour décrire des Åuvres d'auteur écrites ou
-autres, vaut la peine d'être évité. Cette utilisation
-relève d'une attitude spécifique à l'encontre de ces
+The terms “producer” and “consumer” come from
+economic theory, and bring with them its narrow perspective and misguided
+assumptions. They tend to warp your thinking.</p>
+<p>
+De plus, en décrivant les utilisateurs de logiciels comme des
+« consommateurs », cela présuppose qu'ils ont un rôle
+accessoire. Ce terme les assimile à du bétail qui broute passivement ce que
+d'autres leur donnent.</p>
+<p>
+Cette façon de penser mène à des travestissements comme le CBDTPA
+« Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act » (Loi
+pour la promotion de la télévision numérique à large bande pour le
+consommateur) qui nécessiterait des systèmes de restriction de copie pour
+tout appareil numérique. Si tout ce que font les utilisateurs est
+« consommer », alors, pourquoi cela les
dérangeraient-ils ?</p>
+<p>
+La vision économique obtuse des utilisateurs en tant que
+« consommateurs » va de pair avec l'idée que les Åuvres publiées
+sont des « contenus ».</p>
+<p>
+Pour décrire les gens qui ne sont pas limités à la consommation passive de
+leurs ordinateurs, nous suggérons des termes comme
+« particuliers » et « citoyens ».</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Content">« Contenu »</h4>
+<p>
+Si vous voulez décrire ce qui est à l'intérieur d'une tasse, vous parlez du
+« contenu » de cette tasse, mais utiliser ce mot pour décrire des
+Åuvres d'auteur écrites ou autres, vaut la peine d'être évité. Cette
+utilisation relève d'une attitude spécifique à l'encontre de ces
Åuvres : elles sont interchangeables et leur but est de remplir des
-boîtes et de faire de l'argent. En effet, ce terme ne respecte pas les
-oeuvres elles-mêmes.</p>
+boîtes et de faire de l'argent. En effet, ce terme ne respecte pas les
+oeuvres elles-mêmes.</p>
<p>
-Ceux qui utilisent ce terme sont souvent les éditeurs qui poussent
-à obtenir des pouvoirs de copyright accrus aux noms des auteurs
-(« créateurs », comme ils disent) des
-Åuvres. Le terme « contenu » révèle ce
-qu'ils pensent vraiment de ces Åuvres et des ces auteurs. (Consultez <a
+Ceux qui utilisent ce terme sont souvent les éditeurs qui poussent à obtenir
+des pouvoirs de copyright accrus aux noms des auteurs
+(« créateurs », comme ils disent) des Åuvres. Le terme
+« contenu » révèle ce qu'ils pensent vraiment de ces Åuvres et
des
+ces auteurs. (Consultez <a
href="http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/06/14/love/print.html";>Courtney
Love's open letter to Steve Case </a> — Lettre ouverte de
-Courtney Love à Steve Case — (recherchez
-« content provider » dans cette page. Hélas,
-Mlle Love n'est pas consciente que le terme
-« propriété intellectuelle » est aussi
-<a href="#IntellectualProperty">trompeur</a>).</p>
+Courtney Love à Steve Case — (recherchez « content
+provider » dans cette page. Hélas, Mlle Love n'est pas consciente que
+le terme « propriété intellectuelle » est aussi <a
+href="#IntellectualProperty">trompeur</a>).</p>
<p>
Quoi qu'il en soit, aussi longtemps que d'autres personnes utiliseront le
-terme « fournisseurs de contenu » (content providers),
-les dissidents politiques peuvent tout aussi bien les appeler les
-« fournisseurs mécontents » (malcontent
-providers).</p>
-<p>
-Le terme de « gestion de contenu » remporte le prix de
-la vacuité. « Contenu » signifie
-« un type d'information » et
-« gestion » dans ce contexte « faire
-quelque chose avec cette information ». Donc un «
-système de gestion de contenu » est un système pour
-faire quelque chose avec un type d'information. Cette description correspond
-Ã la plupart des programmes.</p>
-
-<p>
-Dans la plupart des cas, le terme réfère vraiment à un système pour mettre
Ã
-jour des pages sur un site Web. Pour cela, nous recommandons le terme
-« système de révision de site Web ».</p>
-
-<h4 id="Creator">« Créateur »</h4>
-<p>
-Le terme « créateur », appliqué aux
-auteurs, les compare implicitement à un dieu (« le
-Créateur »). Le terme est utilisé par les
-éditeurs pour élever le statut moral des auteurs au-dessus de
-celui des gens ordinaires, pour justifier des pouvoirs de droit d'auteur
-accrus que les éditeurs exercent au nom des auteurs. Nous
-recommandons de dire « auteur » à la
-place. Cependant, dans beaucoup de cas, « détenteurs de
-droits d'auteur » est ce que vous voulez réellement dire.</p>
-
-<h4 id="DigitalGoods">« Biens numériques »</h4>
-<p>
-Le terme « biens numériques » tel qu'il est
-appliqué aux copies d'œuvres d'auteur, les force à
-rentrer dans le schéma de pensée des biens physiques (qui ne
-peuvent être copiés, et qui par conséquent doivent
-être fabriqués et vendus.</p>
-
-<h4 id="DigitalRightsManagement">« Gestion des droits
numériques »</h4>
-<p>
-La « gestion des droits numériques » logiciels
-(Digital Rights Management software) se réfère à des
-schémas techniques pour imposer des restrictions aux utilisateurs
-d'ordinateurs. L'utilisation du mot « droits » dans ce
-terme est de la propagande, conçue pour que vous ne vous rendiez pas
-compte du problème, du point de vue de la minorité qui
-imposent les restrictions, tout en ignorant le grand nombre de ceux à
-qui sont imposées ces restrictions.</p>
-<p>
-Parmi les bonnes alternatives : « Gestion des restrictions
-numériques » (Digital Restrictions Management),
-« Gestion des restrictions numériques »
-(Digital Restrictions Malware) et « Menotticiel »
-(handcuffware).</p>
-
-
-<h4 id="Ecosystem">« Ãcosystème »</h4>
-<p>
-C'est une erreur de décrire notre communauté (ou toute
-communauté) comme un
-« écosystème », car ce mot implique
-l'absence (1) d'intentions et (2) d'éthique. Dans un
-écosystème, les espèces évoluent en fonction de
-leur forme. Si l'une est faible, elle s'éteint, et ce n'est ni bien,
-ni mal, seulement un phénomène écologique. Le terme
-« écosystème » suggère
-implicitement une attitude passive : « Ne demandez pas
-comment les choses <em>devraient</em> être, regardez seulement ce qui
-leur arrive ».</p>
-
-<p>
-Par contraste, les êtres vivants qui adoptent une attitude active sur
-leur environnement et qui ont une responsabilité éthique,
-peuvent décider de préserver quelque chose qui, seule,
-tendrait à s'éteindre : comme la société
-civile, la démocratie, les droits de l'Homme, la paix, la
-santé publique, … ou la liberté des utilisateurs
-d'ordinateurs.
+terme « fournisseurs de contenu » (content providers), les
+dissidents politiques peuvent tout aussi bien les appeler les
+« fournisseurs mécontents » (malcontent providers).</p>
+<p>
+Le terme de « gestion de contenu » remporte le prix de la
+vacuité. « Contenu » signifie « un type
d'information »
+et « gestion » dans ce contexte « faire quelque chose avec
+cette information ». Donc un « système de gestion de
+contenu » est un système pour faire quelque chose avec un type
+d'information. Cette description correspond à la plupart des programmes.</p>
+
+<p>
+In most cases, that term really refers to a system for updating pages on a
+web site. For that, we recommend the term “web site revision
+system” (WRS).</p>
+
+<h4 id="Creator">« Créateur »</h4>
+<p>
+Le terme « créateur », appliqué aux auteurs, les compare
+implicitement à un dieu (« le Créateur »). Le terme est utilisé
+par les éditeurs pour élever le statut moral des auteurs au-dessus de celui
+des gens ordinaires, pour justifier des pouvoirs de droit d'auteur accrus
+que les éditeurs exercent au nom des auteurs. Nous recommandons de dire
+« auteur » à la place. Cependant, dans beaucoup de cas,
+« détenteurs de droits d'auteur » est ce que vous voulez
+réellement dire.</p>
+
+<h4 id="DigitalGoods">« Biens numériques »</h4>
+<p>
+Le terme « biens numériques » tel qu'il est appliqué aux copies
+d'œuvres d'auteur, les force à rentrer dans le schéma de pensée des
+biens physiques (qui ne peuvent être copiés, et qui par conséquent doivent
+être fabriqués et vendus.</p>
+
+<h4 id="DigitalRightsManagement">« Gestion des droits
numériques »</h4>
+<p>
+La « gestion des droits numériques » logiciels (Digital Rights
+Management software) se réfère à des schémas techniques pour imposer des
+restrictions aux utilisateurs d'ordinateurs. L'utilisation du mot
+« droits » dans ce terme est de la propagande, conçue pour que
+vous ne vous rendiez pas compte du problème, du point de vue de la minorité
+qui imposent les restrictions, tout en ignorant le grand nombre de ceux Ã
+qui sont imposées ces restrictions.</p>
+<p>
+Parmi les bonnes alternatives : « Gestion des restrictions
+numériques » (Digital Restrictions Management), « Gestion des
+restrictions numériques » (Digital Restrictions Malware) et
+« Menotticiel » (handcuffware).</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Ecosystem">« Ãcosystème »</h4>
+<p>
+It is a mistake to describe the free software community, or any human
+community, as an “ecosystem,” because that word implies the
+absence of ethical judgment.</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “ecosystem” implicitly suggests an attitude of
+nonjudgmental observation: don't ask how what <em>should</em> happen, just
+study and explain what <em>does</em> happen. In an ecosystem, some
+organisms consume other organisms. We do not ask whether it is fair for an
+owl to eat a mouse or for a mouse to eat a plant, we only observe that they
+do so. Species' populations grow or shrink according to the conditions;
+this is neither right nor wrong, merely an ecological phenomenon.</p>
+
+<p>
+By contrast, beings that adopt an ethical stance towards their surroundings
+can decide to preserve things that, on their own, might vanish—such as
+civil society, democracy, human rights, peace, public health, clean air and
+water, endangered species, traditional arts…and computer users'
+freedom.
</p>
-<h4 id="ForFree">« Gratuitement »</h4>
+<h4 id="ForFree">« Gratuitement »</h4>
<p>
Si vous voulez dire qu'un programme est un logiciel libre, ne dites pas
-qu'il est disponible gratuitement. Ce terme signifie
-« zéro franc ». L'important, dans le logiciel
-libre, c'est la liberté, pas le prix.</p>
-<p>
-Le logiciel libre est souvent distribué gratuitement, par exemple sur
-des serveurs FTP. Mais des copies de logiciels libres sont aussi disponibles
-sur des CD-ROM payants et des copies de logiciels propriétaires
-peuvent être occasionnellement disponibles gratuitement dans des
-promotions et certains logiciels propriétaires sont normalement
-disponibles gratuitement pour certains utilisateurs.</p>
-<p>
-Pour éviter toute confusion, vous pouvez dire que le programme est
-disponible « librement ».</p>
-
-
-<h4 id="FreelyAvailable">« Disponible gratuitement »</h4>
-<p>
-N'utilisez pas « disponible gratuitement » comme
-synonyme de « logiciel libre ». Ils ne sont pas
-équivalents. « Disponible gratuitement »
-signifie que tout le monde peut facilement obtenir une
-copie. « Logiciel libre » est défini en termes
-de la liberté des utilisateurs qui ont une copie. Ce sont des
-réponses à différentes questions.
+qu'il est disponible gratuitement. Ce terme signifie « zéro
+franc ». L'important, dans le logiciel libre, c'est la liberté, pas le
+prix.</p>
+<p>
+Le logiciel libre est souvent distribué gratuitement, par exemple sur des
+serveurs FTP. Mais des copies de logiciels libres sont aussi disponibles sur
+des CD-ROM payants et des copies de logiciels propriétaires peuvent être
+occasionnellement disponibles gratuitement dans des promotions et certains
+logiciels propriétaires sont normalement disponibles gratuitement pour
+certains utilisateurs.</p>
+<p>
+Pour éviter toute confusion, vous pouvez dire que le programme est
+disponible « librement ».</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="FreelyAvailable">« Disponible gratuitement »</h4>
+<p>
+N'utilisez pas « disponible gratuitement » comme synonyme de
+« logiciel libre ». Ils ne sont pas équivalents.
« Disponible
+gratuitement » signifie que tout le monde peut facilement obtenir une
+copie. « Logiciel libre » est défini en termes de la liberté des
+utilisateurs qui ont une copie. Ce sont des réponses à différentes
+questions.
</p>
-<h4 id="Freeware">« Freeware (graticiel) »</h4>
-<p>
-Veuillez ne pas utiliser le terme « freeware » comme
-un synonyme de « logiciel libre ». Le terme
-« freeware » était souvent utilisé dans
-les années 80 pour des programmes distribués uniquement sous
-leur forme exécutable, sans le code source. Aujourd'hui, ce terme n'a
-pas vraiment de définition acceptée.</p>
-<p>
-Si vous utilisez d'autres langues que l'anglais, essayez d'éviter
-également d'employer des mots empruntés à l'anglais
-tels que « free software » ou
-« freeware ». Essayez d'utiliser le terme le moins
-ambigu que <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.fr.html">votre langue</a>
-offre, par exemple.</p>
+<h4 id="Freeware">« Freeware (graticiel) »</h4>
+<p>
+Veuillez ne pas utiliser le terme « freeware » comme un synonyme
+de « logiciel libre ». Le terme « freeware » était
+souvent utilisé dans les années 80 pour des programmes distribués uniquement
+sous leur forme exécutable, sans le code source. Aujourd'hui, ce terme n'a
+pas vraiment de définition acceptée.</p>
+<p>
+Si vous utilisez d'autres langues que l'anglais, essayez d'éviter également
+d'employer des mots empruntés à l'anglais tels que « free
+software » ou « freeware ». Essayez d'utiliser le terme le
+moins ambigu que <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.fr.html">votre
+langue</a> offre, par exemple.</p>
<p>
En utilisant un mot de <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.fr.html">votre
-propre langue</a>, vous montrez que vous vous référez bien
-à la liberté et que vous ne vous contentez pas d'imiter un
-mystérieux concept de marketing venant de l'étranger. La
-référence à la liberté peut, à
-première vue, sembler étrange ou perturbante pour vos
-compatriotes, mais ils s'y habitueront vite et découvriront ainsi le
-véritable message véhiculé par le logiciel libre.
+propre langue</a>, vous montrez que vous vous référez bien à la liberté et
+que vous ne vous contentez pas d'imiter un mystérieux concept de marketing
+venant de l'étranger. La référence à la liberté peut, à première vue,
+sembler étrange ou perturbante pour vos compatriotes, mais ils s'y
+habitueront vite et découvriront ainsi le véritable message véhiculé par le
+logiciel libre.
</p>
-<h4 id="GiveAwaySoftware">« Donner des logiciels »</h4>
+<h4 id="GiveAwaySoftware">« Donner des logiciels »</h4>
<p>
-Utiliser le terme « donner » au lieu de
-« distribuer un programme comme logiciel libre »
-induit en erreur. Le problème est le même qu'avec
-« gratuitement » : cela implique que le
-problème est le prix, pas la liberté. Une façon
-d'éviter la confusion est de dire « distribuer en tant que
-logiciel libre ».</p>
+Utiliser le terme « donner » au lieu de « distribuer un
+programme comme logiciel libre » induit en erreur. Le problème est le
+même qu'avec « gratuitement » : cela implique que le
problème
+est le prix, pas la liberté. Une façon d'éviter la confusion est de dire
+« distribuer en tant que logiciel libre ».</p>
-<h4 id="Hacker">« Hacker »</h4>
+<h4 id="Hacker">“Hacker”</h4>
<p>
Un hacker est quelqu'un qui <a
-href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>apprécie
-l'intelligence enjouée</a>—pas nécessairement avec les
-ordinateurs. Les programmeurs de l'ancienne communauté du logiciel
-libre des années 60 et 70 du <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of
-Technology">M.I.T.</abbr> s'identifiaient eux-mêmes comme des
-hackers. Aux environs de 1980, des journalistes qui découvraient la
-communauté des hackers, se sont mépris sur ce terme et l'ont
-assimilé à « casseurs de
-sécurité ».</p>
-
-<p>
-Veuillez ne pas répandre cette erreur. Les personnes qui cassent la
-sécurité sont des « crackers ».</p>
-
-
-<h4 id="IntellectualProperty">« Propriété
Intellectuelle »</h4>
-<p>
-Les éditeurs et les juristes aiment assimiler le copyright à
-la « propriété intellectuelle »
-— un terme qui inclut aussi les brevets, les marques
-déposées et d'autres zones plus obscures de la loi. Ces lois
-ont si peu de choses en commun, et diffèrent tant, qu'il serait
-mal-avisé de faire des généralisations. Il est beaucoup
-mieux de parler spécifiquement de
-« copyright », de « brevets » ou
-de « marques déposées ».</p>
-<p>
-Le terme « propriété intellectuelle »
-contient un postulat caché : que la façon naturelle de
-penser à ces divers problèmes est basée sur une
-analogie avec les objets physiques, et la façon dont nous les
-envisageons comme étant notre propriété.</p>
-<p>
-Quand il s'agit de copie, cette analogie néglige la différence
-cruciale entre des objets matériels et l'information :
-l'information peut être copiée et partagée presque sans
-effort, alors que ce n'est pas possible avec les objets matériels.</p>
-<p>
-Pour éviter la méprise et la confusion de ce terme, il est
-préférable <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">de ne pas
-parler ni même de penser en termes de
-« propriété intellectuelle »</a>.</p>
+href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>apprécie l'intelligence
+enjouée</a>—pas nécessairement avec les ordinateurs. Les programmeurs
+de l'ancienne communauté du logiciel libre des années 60 et 70 du <abbr
+title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">M.I.T.</abbr> s'identifiaient
+eux-mêmes comme des hackers. Aux environs de 1980, des journalistes qui
+découvraient la communauté des hackers, se sont mépris sur ce terme et l'ont
+assimilé à « casseurs de sécurité ».</p>
+
+<p>
+Veuillez ne pas répandre cette erreur. Les personnes qui cassent la sécurité
+sont des « crackers ».</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="IntellectualProperty">« Propriété Intellectuelle »</h4>
+<p>
+Les éditeurs et les juristes aiment assimiler le copyright à la
+« propriété intellectuelle » — un terme qui inclut
+aussi les brevets, les marques déposées et d'autres zones plus obscures de
+la loi. Ces lois ont si peu de choses en commun, et diffèrent tant, qu'il
+serait mal-avisé de faire des généralisations. Il est beaucoup mieux de
+parler spécifiquement de « copyright », de « brevets »
+ou de « marques déposées ».</p>
+<p>
+Le terme « propriété intellectuelle » contient un postulat
+caché : que la façon naturelle de penser à ces divers problèmes est
+basée sur une analogie avec les objets physiques, et la façon dont nous les
+envisageons comme étant notre propriété.</p>
+<p>
+Quand il s'agit de copie, cette analogie néglige la différence cruciale
+entre des objets matériels et l'information : l'information peut être
+copiée et partagée presque sans effort, alors que ce n'est pas possible avec
+les objets matériels.</p>
+<p>
+Pour éviter la méprise et la confusion de ce terme, il est préférable <a
+href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">de ne pas parler ni même de penser en
+termes de « propriété intellectuelle »</a>.</p>
<p>
L'hypocrisie d'appeler ces pouvoirs « droits » <a
href="/philosophy/wipo-PublicAwarenessOfCopyright-2002.fr.html">commence Ã
@@ -439,19 +399,17 @@
intellectuelle »</a>.</p>
-<h4 id="LAMP">« Système LAMP »</h4>
+<h4 id="LAMP">« Système LAMP »</h4>
<p>
-« LAMP » signifie « Linux, Apache, MySQL et
-PHP » — une combinaison courante de logiciels à
-utiliser sur un serveur Web, sauf que « Linux » se
-réfère vraiment au système GNU/Linux. Donc, au lieu de
-« LAMP » ce devrait être
-« GLAMP » : « GNU, Linux, Apache,
-MySQL and PHP ».
+“LAMP” stands for “Linux, Apache, MySQL and
+PHP”—a common combination of software to use on a web server,
+except that “Linux” in this context really refers to the
+GNU/Linux system. So instead of “LAMP” it should be
+“GLAMP”: “GNU, Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP.”
</p>
-<h4 id="Linux">« Système Linux »</h4>
+<h4 id="Linux">“Linux system”</h4>
<p>
Linux est le nom du noyau que Linus Torvalds a développé à partir de
1991. Le système d'exploitation dans lequel Linux est utiliséest basiquement
@@ -462,169 +420,148 @@
</p>
-<h4 id="Market">« Marché »</h4>
+<h4 id="Market">« Marché »</h4>
+<p>
+Il est trompeur de décrire les utilisateurs de logiciels libres ou les
+utilisateurs de logiciels en général en terme de « marché ».</p>
<p>
-Il est trompeur de décrire les utilisateurs de logiciels libres ou
-les utilisateurs de logiciels en général en terme de
-« marché ».</p>
-<p>
-Cela ne veut pas dire que nous sommes contre les marchés. Si vous
-avez une société de services sur les logiciels libres, alors
-vous avez des clients et vous commercez avec eux dans un
-marché. Aussi longtemps que vous respectez leur liberté, nous
-vous souhaitons de réussir dans votre marché.</p>
+Cela ne veut pas dire que nous sommes contre les marchés. Si vous avez une
+société de services sur les logiciels libres, alors vous avez des clients et
+vous commercez avec eux dans un marché. Aussi longtemps que vous respectez
+leur liberté, nous vous souhaitons de réussir dans votre marché.</p>
<p>
Mais le mouvement du logiciel libre est un mouvement social, pas une
-entreprise, et la réussite à laquelle il se destine n'est pas
-celle d'un marché. Nous essayons de servir le public en lui donnant
-la liberté — pas en essayant de les éloigner d'un
-concurrent. Assimiler la campagne pour la liberté à une
-campagne commerciale est un déni de l'importance de la liberté et légitimise
-le logiciel propriétaire.</p>
-
-
-<h4 id="MP3Player">« Lecteur MP3 »</h4>
-<p>
-Vers la fin des années 90, il est devenu possible de fabriquer des
-lecteurs audio numériques, portables et compacts. La plupart
-supportent le codec breveté MP3, mais pas tous. Certains supportent
-les codecs audio libres de brevet Ogg Vorbis et FLAC, et ne peuvent
-même pas lire les fichiers encodés en MP3,
-précisément pour éviter les brevets. Appeler de tels
-lecteurs « lecteurs MP3 » ne prête pas seulement
-à confusion, mais cela met aussi MP3 dans une position
-privilégiée non méritée qui aide les
-détenteurs du brevet à continuer à attaquer notre
-communauté. Nous suggérons les termes « lecteur
-audio numérique », ou simplement « lecteur
-audio » si le contexte le permet.</p>
-
-
-<h4 id="Open">« Ouvert »</h4>
-<p>
-Veuillez éviter d'utiliser le terme « open »
-(ouvert) ou « open source » comme synonyme de
-« logiciel libre ». Ils se réfèrent
-à une <a
+entreprise, et la réussite à laquelle il se destine n'est pas celle d'un
+marché. Nous essayons de servir le public en lui donnant la liberté
+— pas en essayant de les éloigner d'un concurrent. Assimiler la
+campagne pour la liberté à une campagne commerciale est un déni de
+l'importance de la liberté et légitimise le logiciel propriétaire.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="MP3Player">« Lecteur MP3 »</h4>
+<p>
+In the late 1990s it became feasible to make portable, solid-state digital
+audio players. Most support the patented MP3 codec, but not all. Some
+support the patent-free audio codecs Ogg Vorbis and FLAC, and may not even
+support MP3-encoded files at all, precisely to avoid these patents. To call
+such players “MP3 players” is not only confusing, it also puts
+MP3 in an undeserved position of privilege which encourages people to
+continue using that vulnerable format. We suggest the terms “digital
+audio player,” or simply “audio player” if context
+permits.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Open">« Ouvert »</h4>
+<p>
+Veuillez éviter d'utiliser le terme « open » (ouvert) ou
+« open source » comme synonyme de « logiciel
+libre ». Ils se réfèrent à une <a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html">position
-différente</a>, basée sur des valeurs différentes. Le
-logiciel libre est un mouvement politique ; l'open source, un
-modèle de développement. Si vous parlez de la position de
-l'open source, il est juste que vous utilisiez leur nom, mais veuillez ne
-pas nous affubler nous ou notre travail travail avec leur slogan (cela
-conduit les gens à penser que nous partageons leurs vues).</p>
-
-<h4 id="PC">« PC »</h4>
-<p>
-Vous pouvez utiliser l'abréviation « PC » pour
-vous référer à un certain type d'ordinateur, mais
-veuillez ne pas l'utiliser avec l'implication que l'ordinateur fonctionne
-sous Microsoft Windows. Si vous installez GNU/Linux sur le même
-ordinateur, cela reste un PC.</p>
+différente</a>, basée sur des valeurs différentes. Le logiciel libre est un
+mouvement politique ; l'open source, un modèle de développement. Si
+vous parlez de la position de l'open source, il est juste que vous utilisiez
+leur nom, mais veuillez ne pas nous affubler nous ou notre travail travail
+avec leur slogan (cela conduit les gens à penser que nous partageons leurs
+vues).</p>
+
+<h4 id="PC">« PC »</h4>
+<p>
+It's OK to use the abbreviation “PC” to refer to a certain kind
+of computer hardware, but please don't use it with the implication that the
+computer is running Microsoft Windows. If you install GNU/Linux on the same
+computer, it is still a PC.</p>
<p>
Le terme « WC » a été suggéré pour un ordinateur exécutant
Windows.</p>
-<h4 id="Photoshop">« Photoshop »</h4>
+<h4 id="Photoshop">« Photoshop »</h4>
+<p>
+Veuillez éviter d'utiliser le terme « Phtoshop » comme un verbe,
+en voulant parler de manipulation d'image ou d'édition d'image en
+général. Photoshop n'est que le nom d'un éditeur d'image propriétaire
+particulier, et il existe beaucoup d'autres alternatives libres, comme <a
+href="/software/gimp">GIMP</a> par exemple.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Piracy">« Piratage »</h4>
<p>
-Veuillez éviter d'utiliser le terme
-« Phtoshop » comme un verbe, en voulant parler de
-manipulation d'image ou d'édition d'image en
-général. Photoshop n'est que le nom d'un éditeur
-d'image propriétaire particulier, et il existe beaucoup d'autres
-alternatives libres, comme <a href="/software/gimp">GIMP</a> par exemple.</p>
-
-
-<h4 id="Piracy">« Piratage »</h4>
-<p>
-Les éditeurs assimilent souvent la copie prohibée à de
-la piraterie. De cette façon, ils laissent entendre que la copie
-illégale est moralement identique à l'attaque de bateaux en
-haute mer, et au rapt ou au meurtre de leurs passagers.
-</p>
-<p>
-Si vous ne croyez pas que la copie illégale est aussi grave que
-l'enlèvement ou le meurtre, vous devriez préférer ne
-pas utiliser le mot « piratage » pour la
-décrire. Des termes neutres comme « copie
-prohibée » ou « copie
-illégale » peuvent le remplacer. Quelques uns d'entre nous
-préfèrent même utiliser un terme positif comme
-« partage d'informations avec son voisin ».</p>
-
-
-<h4 id="PowerPoint">« PowerPoint »</h4>
-<p>
-Veuillez éviter d'utiliser le terme
-« PowerPoint » pour parler de présentation par
-diapositives. PowerPoint n'est que le nom d'un programme propriétaire
-particulier pour faire des présentations, et il existe beaucoup
-d'autres alternatives libres, comme la classe <tt>beamer</tt> disponible
-dans toute distribution (La)TeX et OpenOffice.org Impress.</p>
-
-
-<h4 id="Protection">« Protection »</h4>
-<p>
-Les avocats des éditeurs adorent utiliser le terme
-« protection » pour décrire le copyright. Ce
-mot implique la prévention de la destruction et de la
-déterioration. Par conséquent, il encourage les gens à
-s'identifier au propriétaire et à l'éditeur qui
-bénéficie du copyright, plutôt qu'aux utilisateurs qui
-sont limités par lui.</p>
-<p>
-Il est facile d'éviter le mot « protection » et
-d'utiliser des termes neutres à la place. Par exemple, au lieu de
-« La protection du copyright dure très
-longtemps », vous pouvez dire « Le copyright dure
-très longtemps ».</p>
+Les éditeurs assimilent souvent la copie prohibée à de la piraterie. De
+cette façon, ils laissent entendre que la copie illégale est moralement
+identique à l'attaque de bateaux en haute mer, et au rapt ou au meurtre de
+leurs passagers.
+</p>
+<p>
+Si vous ne croyez pas que la copie illégale est aussi grave que l'enlèvement
+ou le meurtre, vous devriez préférer ne pas utiliser le mot
+« piratage » pour la décrire. Des termes neutres comme
+« copie prohibée » ou « copie illégale » peuvent le
+remplacer. Quelques uns d'entre nous préfèrent même utiliser un terme
+positif comme « partage d'informations avec son voisin ».</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="PowerPoint">« PowerPoint »</h4>
+<p>
+Please avoid using the term “PowerPoint” to mean any kind of
+slide presentation. “PowerPoint” is just the name of one
+particular proprietary program to make presentations, and there are plenty
+of free alternatives, such as TeX's <tt>beamer</tt> class and
+OpenOffice.org's Impress.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="Protection">« Protection »</h4>
+<p>
+Les avocats des éditeurs adorent utiliser le terme « protection »
+pour décrire le copyright. Ce mot implique la prévention de la destruction
+et de la déterioration. Par conséquent, il encourage les gens à s'identifier
+au propriétaire et à l'éditeur qui bénéficie du copyright, plutôt qu'aux
+utilisateurs qui sont limités par lui.</p>
+<p>
+Il est facile d'éviter le mot « protection » et d'utiliser des
+termes neutres à la place. Par exemple, au lieu de « La protection du
+copyright dure très longtemps », vous pouvez dire « Le copyright
+dure très longtemps ».</p>
<p>
Si vous voulez critiquer le copyright au lieu de le soutenir, vous pouvez
-utiliser le terme « restrictions du copyright ». vous
-pouvez par conséquent dire; « Les restrictions du copyright durent très
+utiliser le terme « restrictions du copyright ». vous pouvez par
+conséquent dire; « Les restrictions du copyright durent très
longtemps ».</p>
<p>
-Le terme « protection »est aussi utilisé pour décrire
-des fonctionnalités malicieuses, comme dans « protection contre la
-copie », une fonctionnalité qui interfère avec la copie. D'un point de
-vue utilisateur, c'est de l'obstruction. Nous appeleons donc cela
-« obstruction à la copie ».</p>
-
+The term “protection” is also used to describe malicious
+features. For instance, “copy protection” is a feature that
+interferes with copying. From the user's point of view, this is
+obstruction. So we could call that malicious feature “copy
+obstruction.” More often it is called Digital Restrictions Management
+(DRM)—see the <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";> Defective by
+Design</a> campaign.</p>
-<h4 id="RAND">« RAND (Reasonable And
Non-Discriminatory) »</h4>
+<h4 id="RAND">“RAND (Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory)”</h4>
<p>
Les organismes de standards qui promulguent des standards restreints par des
brevets, qui interdisent le logiciel libre, ont typiquement une politique de
-licence qui nécessite une somme fixe par copie du programme. Ils
-qualifient souvent de telles licences avec le terme
-« RAND », qui signifie « reasonable and
-non-discriminatory » (raisonnable et non discriminatoire).</p>
+licence qui nécessite une somme fixe par copie du programme. Ils qualifient
+souvent de telles licences avec le terme « RAND », qui signifie
+« reasonable and non-discriminatory » (raisonnable et non
+discriminatoire).</p>
<p>
Ce terme blanchit une classe de licences de brevets qui ne sont normalement
ni raisonnables, ni non-discriminatoires. Il est vrai que ces licences ne
-sont pas discriminatoires à l'encontre de personnes
-spécifiques, mais elles le sont à l'encontre de la
-communauté du logiciel libre, et cela les rend
-déraisonnables. Ainsi, une moitié de
-« RAND » est trompeuse, l'autre moitié est
-partiale.</p>
-<p>
-Les organismes de standards devraient reconnaître que ces licences
-sont discriminatoires, et laisser tomber l'utilisation du terme
-« raisonnable et non discriminatoire » ou
-« RAND » pour les décrire. Jusqu'à ce
-qu'ils le fassent, les autres écrivains qui ne veulent pas se joindre
-au blanchiment feraient bien de rejeter ce terme. L'accepter et l'utiliser
-simplement parce que les sociétés qui exercent leur pouvoir
-par les brevets l'ont répandu, laissent à ces
-sociétés le soin de dicter les vues que vous exprimez.</p>
-<p>
-Nous suggérons le terme « uniform fee only »
-(droit uniforme seulement) ou « UFO » en
-abrégé, à la place. Il est approprié car la
-seule condition de ces licences est un droit d'accès uniforme.</p>
+sont pas discriminatoires à l'encontre de personnes spécifiques, mais elles
+le sont à l'encontre de la communauté du logiciel libre, et cela les rend
+déraisonnables. Ainsi, une moitié de « RAND » est trompeuse,
+l'autre moitié est partiale.</p>
+<p>
+Standards bodies should recognize that these licenses are discriminatory,
+and drop the use of the term “reasonable and non-discriminatory”
+or “RAND” to describe them. Until they do so, writers who do
+not wish to join in the whitewashing would do well to reject that term. To
+accept and use it merely because patent-wielding companies have made it
+widespread is to let those companies dictate the views you express.</p>
+<p>
+Nous suggérons le terme « uniform fee only » (droit uniforme
+seulement) ou « UFO » en abrégé, à la place. Il est approprié
car
+la seule condition de ces licences est un droit d'accès uniforme.</p>
<h4 id="SellSoftware">« Vendre des logiciels »</h4>
@@ -643,85 +580,72 @@
libres</a> pour une discussion plus détaillée sur le sujet.</p>
-<h4 id="SoftwareIndustry">« Industrie logicielle »</h4>
+<h4 id="SoftwareIndustry">« Industrie logicielle »</h4>
<p>
-Le terme « industrie logicielle » encourage les gens
-à penser que le logiciel est toujours développé par une
-sorte d'usine et qu'il est délivré aux consommateurs. La
-communauté du logiciel libre montre que ce n'est pas le cas. Les
-sociétés de logiciels existent, et diverses
-sociétés développent des logiciels libres et/ou non
-libres, mais celles qui développent des logiciels libres ne sont pas
-comme des usines.</p>
-<p>
-Le terme « industrie » a été
-utilisé comme propagande par les avocats en brevets logiciels. Ils
-appellent le développement logiciel
-« industrie » et puis essaient d'argumenter que cela
-signifie qu'il doit être soumis aux monopoles des brevets. <a
-href="http://eupat.ffii.org/papers/europarl0309/";>Le Parlement
-européen, en rejetant les brevets logiciels en 2003, a voté
-pour définir « industrie » comme
-« production automatisée de biens »</a>.</p>
+The term “software industry” encourages people to imagine that
+software is always developed by a sort of factory and then delivered to
+“consumers.” The free software community shows this is not the
+case. Software businesses exist, and various businesses develop free and/or
+nonfree software, but those that develop free software are not run like
+factories.</p>
+<p>
+Le terme « industrie » a été utilisé comme propagande par les
+avocats en brevets logiciels. Ils appellent le développement logiciel
+« industrie » et puis essaient d'argumenter que cela signifie
+qu'il doit être soumis aux monopoles des brevets. <a
+href="http://eupat.ffii.org/papers/europarl0309/";>Le Parlement européen, en
+rejetant les brevets logiciels en 2003, a voté pour définir
+« industrie » comme « production automatisée de
+biens »</a>.</p>
-<h4 id="Theft">« Vol »</h4>
+<h4 id="Theft">« Vol »</h4>
<p>
Les partisans du copyright utilisent souvent des mots tels que
-« volé » et
-« dérobé » pour décrire les
-infractions au copyright. En même temps, ils nous demandent de
-considérer la loi comme une référence au niveau de
-l'éthique : si la copie est interdite, c'est qu'elle doit
-être mauvaise.</p>
-<p>
-Alors il est intéressant de signaler que la loi (du moins aux
-États-Unis) ne considère pas les infractions au copyright
-comme du « vol ». Les avocats du copyright qui
-utilisent des termes comme « voler » dénaturent
-l'autorité à laquelle ils font appel.</p>
-<p>
-L'idée que les lois décident de ce qui est juste et de ce qui
-est mal est en général fausse. Les lois sont une tentative
-d'accomplir la justice : dire que les lois définissent la
-justice ou une éthique est prendre le problème à
-l'envers.</p>
-
-
-<h4 id="TrustedComputing">« Informatique de
confiance »</h4>
-<p>
-<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html">« Informatique de
-confiance »</a> est le nom donné à un schéma
-de conception des ordinateurs qui permet aux développeurs
-d'applications d'avoir confiance en votre ordinateur pour leur obéir
-plutôt qu'à vous. De leur point de vue, il s'agit
-« d'informatique de confiance ». De votre point de
-vue, il s'agit « d'informatique déloyale ».
+« volé » et « dérobé » pour décrire les
infractions au
+copyright. En même temps, ils nous demandent de considérer la loi comme une
+référence au niveau de l'éthique : si la copie est interdite, c'est
+qu'elle doit être mauvaise.</p>
+<p>
+Alors il est intéressant de signaler que la loi (du moins aux Ãtats-Unis) ne
+considère pas les infractions au copyright comme du « vol ». Les
+avocats du copyright qui utilisent des termes comme « voler »
+dénaturent l'autorité à laquelle ils font appel.</p>
+<p>
+L'idée que les lois décident de ce qui est juste et de ce qui est mal est en
+général fausse. Les lois sont une tentative d'accomplir la justice :
+dire que les lois définissent la justice ou une éthique est prendre le
+problème à l'envers.</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="TrustedComputing">« Informatique de confiance »</h4>
+<p>
+<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“Trusted computing”</a>
+is the proponents' name for a scheme to redesign computers so that
+application developers can trust your computer to obey them instead of you.
+From their point of view, it is “trusted”; from your point of
+view, it is “treacherous.”
</p>
-<h4 id="Vendor">« Vendeur »</h4>
-<p>
-Veuillez ne pas utiliser le terme « vendeur » pour
-vous référer de manière générale à
-quiconque développe ou distribue un paquetage logiciel. Beaucoup de
-programmes sont développés afin de vendre des copies, et leurs
-développeurs sont par conséquent des vendeurs; cela inclut
-même certains paquetages de logiciels libres. Cependant, beaucoup de
-programmes sont développés par des particuliers volontaires,
-ou par des organisations, qui n'ont pas l'intention de vendre des
-copies. Leurs développeurs ne sont pas des vendeurs. De même,
-seuls certains développeurs de distributions GNU/Linux sont des
-vendeurs.
+<h4 id="Vendor">« Vendeur »</h4>
+<p>
+Please don't use the term “vendor” to refer generally to anyone
+that develops or packages software. Many programs are developed in order to
+sell copies, and their developers are therefore their vendors; this even
+includes some free software packages. However, many programs are developed
+by volunteers or organizations which do not intend to sell copies. These
+developers are not vendors. Likewise, only some of the packagers of
+GNU/Linux distributions are vendors. We recommend the general term
+“supplier” instead.
</p>
<div class="announcement">
-Veuillez aussi consulter <a
-href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">Catégories de logiciels
-libres</a>.</div>
+Also note <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free and
+Nonfree Software</a>.</div>
<hr />
-<h4>Cet essai est publié dans <a
+<h4>Cet essai est publié dans <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
M. Stallman</cite></a>.</h4>
@@ -737,10 +661,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -752,10 +678,11 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008,
-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.
+2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -768,7 +695,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2010/07/02 12:14:14 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:21 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -777,20 +704,20 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traductions de cette page</h4>
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-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
@@ -816,6 +743,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
+<!-- Turkish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/words-to-avoid.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.31
retrieving revision 1.32
diff -u -b -r1.31 -r1.32
--- philosophy/words-to-avoid.sr.html 11 Apr 2010 08:25:54 -0000 1.31
+++ philosophy/words-to-avoid.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:22 -0000 1.32
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.sr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>ÐбÑÑÑÑÑÑе ÑеÑи и ÑинÑагме коÑе би
ÑÑебало избегаваÑи â ÐÑоÑÐµÐºÐ°Ñ ÐÐУ â
-ÐадÑжбина за Ñлободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ (ÐСС)</title>
+<title>Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing
- GNU
+Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.sr.html" -->
-<h2>Ðеке од збÑÑÑÑÑÑиÑ
или ÑÑвиÑниÑ
ÑеÑи и
ÑинÑагми коÑе вÑеди избегаваÑи (или
-пажÑиво ÑпоÑÑебÑаваÑи)</h2>
+<h2>Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing</h2>
<p>
ÐоÑÑоÑе ÑеÑи и ÑинÑагме коÑе
пÑепоÑÑÑÑÑемо да избегаваÑе, или иÑ
избегаваÑе
@@ -21,45 +20,44 @@
ÑоÑÑвеÑа</a>.</div>
<p>
- <a href="/philosophy/philosophy.sr.html">ÐÑÑги ÑекÑÑови</a> |
â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#ForFree">ÐеÑплаÑно</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#DigitalGoods">ÐигиÑална Ñоба</a>â
| â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#Ecosystem">ÐкоÑиÑÑем</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#Closed">ÐаÑвоÑено</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#Protection">ÐаÑÑиÑа</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#SoftwareIndustry">ÐндÑÑÑÑиÑа
ÑоÑÑвеÑа</a>â |
-â<a
href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#IntellectualProperty">ÐнÑелекÑÑална
-ÑвоÑина</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#Commercial">ÐомеÑÑиÑално</a>â |
â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#Compensation">ÐомпензаÑиÑа</a>â |
â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#Theft">ÐÑаÑа</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#LAMP">ÐÐÐÐ ÑиÑÑем</a>â |â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#Linux">ÐинÑÐºÑ ÑиÑÑем</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#MP3Player">ÐÐ3 плеÑеÑ</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#Open">ÐÑвоÑено</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#PowerPoint">ÐаÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¸Ð½Ñ</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#Piracy">ÐиÑаÑеÑиÑа</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#PC">ÐиÑи</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#Consumer">ÐоÑÑоÑаÑ</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#Vendor">ÐÑодаваÑ</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#SellSoftware">ÐÑодаÑа
ÑоÑÑвеÑа</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#TrustedComputing">РаÑÑнаÑÑÑво Ñа
повеÑеÑем
-(енгл. <em>trusted computing</em>)</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#CloudComputing">РаÑÑнаÑÑÑво Ñ
облакÑ
-(енгл. <em>cloud computing</em>)</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#RAND">Ð ÐÐ (енгл. <em>RAND</em>)</a>â |
â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#Content">СадÑжаÑ</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#FreelyAvailable">Слободно доÑÑÑпан
-(енгл. <em>freely available</em>)</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#GiveAwaySoftware">СоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° поклон
-(енгл. <em>give away</em>)</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#Creator">ТвоÑаÑ</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#Market">ТÑжиÑÑе</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#BSD-style">У ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ñ ÐСÐ-а</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#DigitalRightsManagement">УпÑавÑаÑе
дигиÑалним
-пÑавима</a>â | â<a
href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#Photoshop">ФоÑоÑоп</a>â |
-â<a href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#Freeware">ФÑивеÑ</a>â | â<a
-href="words-to-avoid.sr.html#Hacker">ХакеÑ</a>â
+ <a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a> | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#BSD-style">BSD-style</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Closed">Closed</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#CloudComputing">Cloud Computing</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Commercial">Commercial</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Compensation">Compensation</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Consume">Consume</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Consumer">Consumer</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Content">Content</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Creator">Creator</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#DigitalGoods">Digital Goods</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#DigitalRightsManagement">Digital Rights
+Management</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#ForFree">For free</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#FreelyAvailable">Freely available</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Freeware">Freeware</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">Give away
+software</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Hacker">Hacker</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">Intellectual
+property</a>” | “<a href="words-to-avoid.html#LAMP">LAMP
+system</a>” | “<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Linux">Linux
+system</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Market">Market</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#MP3Player">MP3 player</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Open">Open</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#PC">PC</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Photoshop">Photoshop</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">Piracy</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Protection">Protection</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#RAND">RAND</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#SellSoftware">Sell software</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#SoftwareIndustry">Software Industry</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Theft">Theft</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#TrustedComputing">Trusted Computing</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Vendor">Vendor</a>”
</p>
<h4 id="BSD-style">âУ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ñ ÐСÐ-аâ</h4>
@@ -123,11 +121,11 @@
Ñлободан или неÑлободан, Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÑноÑÑи од
наÑина Ñегове ÑаÑподеле. ÐиÑаÑа ко
Ñе Ñазвио пÑогÑам и ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ²Ñ ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÑÑ
Ñегови коÑиÑниÑи ÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñна.</p>
<p>
-У пÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÐµÑениÑи ÐокÑеÑа за Ñлободни
ÑоÑÑвеÑ, пакеÑи Ñлободног ÑоÑÑвеÑа ÑÑ
-ÑкоÑо Ñвек били некомеÑÑиÑални; делове
опеÑаÑивног ÑиÑÑема ÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑом
-ÑÑ ÑазвиÑали поÑединÑи или непÑоÑиÑне
оÑганизаÑиÑе као ÑÑо ÑÑ ÐСС и
-ÑнивеÑзиÑеÑи. ÐаÑниÑе Ñе, деведеÑеÑиÑ
,
поÑавио и Ñлободни комеÑÑиÑални
-ÑоÑÑвеÑ.</p>
+In the first decade of the free software movement, free software packages
+were almost always noncommercial; the components of the GNU/Linux operating
+system were developed by individuals or by nonprofit organizations such as
+the FSF and universities. Later, in the 1990s, free commercial software
+started to appear.</p>
<p>
Слободни комеÑÑиÑални ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе пÑилог
наÑем дÑÑÑÑвÑ, па биÑмо моÑали да га
подÑÑиÑемо. Ðли Ñе ÑÑди коÑи миÑле да
âкомеÑÑиÑалноâ знаÑи âнеÑлободноâ
@@ -146,6 +144,17 @@
href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">погÑеÑна</a>, а
дÑÑга Ñе
неÑÑвена.
</p>
+<p>
+“compensating the rights-holders” adds a further swindle: you're
+supposed to imagine that means paying the authors, and occasionally it does,
+but most of the time it means a subsidy for the same publishing companies
+that are pushing unjust laws on us.
+</p>
+
+<h4 id="Consume">“Consume”</h4>
+<p>
+It is erroneous to speak of "consuming" digital information, music,
+software, etc. See the following entry,</p>
<h4 id="Consumer">âÐоÑÑоÑаÑâ</h4>
<p>
@@ -154,7 +163,7 @@
ни пÑогÑам покÑеÑаеÑм, не ÑÑоÑи.</p>
<p>
The terms “producer” and “consumer” come from
-economic theory, and bring with them its narrow prespective and misguided
+economic theory, and bring with them its narrow perspective and misguided
assumptions. They tend to warp your thinking.</p>
<p>
ÐÑим Ñога, називаÑе коÑиÑника ÑоÑÑвеÑа
âпоÑÑоÑаÑимаâ им пÑопиÑÑÑе вÑло
@@ -204,10 +213,9 @@
Ð½ÐµÐºÐ°ÐºÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑоÑмаÑиÑи. СкоÑо Ñви пÑогÑами
одговаÑаÑÑ Ñом опиÑÑ.</p>
<p>
-У веÑини ÑлÑÑаÑева, Ñим изÑазом Ñе Ñ ÑÑваÑи
миÑли на ÑиÑÑем за ажÑÑиÑаÑе
-ÑÑÑаниÑа на веб меÑÑима. Ðи пÑепоÑÑÑÑÑемо
да Ñе Ñ Ñом ÑлÑÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑи изÑаз
-âСиÑÑем за ÑевизиÑÑ Ð²ÐµÐ± меÑÑаâ â СРÐ
(енгл. <em>Web site revision system â
-WRS</em>).</p>
+In most cases, that term really refers to a system for updating pages on a
+web site. For that, we recommend the term “web site revision
+system” (WRS).</p>
<h4 id="Creator">âТвоÑаÑâ</h4>
<p>
@@ -314,7 +322,7 @@
да Ñе говоÑи âобÑавÑен Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ñлободног
ÑоÑÑвеÑаâ.</p>
-<h4 id="Hacker">ХакеÑ</h4>
+<h4 id="Hacker">“Hacker”</h4>
<p>
Ð¥Ð°ÐºÐµÑ Ñе Ñвако ко <a
href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>Ñжива Ñ
ÑазигÑаноÑ
@@ -359,15 +367,15 @@
<h4 id="LAMP">âÐÐÐÐ ÑиÑÑемâ</h4>
<p>
-âÐÐÐÐâ Ñе ÑкÑаÑениÑа коÑа знаÑи âÐинÑкÑ,
ÐпаÑ, ÐаÑеÑкÑел
-(енг. <em>MySQL</em>) и ÐеÑ
апеâ, ÑÑо Ñе ÑеÑÑа
комбинаÑиÑа ÑоÑÑвеÑа на веб
-ÑеÑвеÑима, оÑим ÑÑо Ñе овде âÐинÑкÑâ
одноÑи на Ñео ÑиÑÑем ÐÐУ Ñа
-ÐинÑкÑом. Ðакле, ÑмеÑÑо âÐÐÐÐâ, ÑÑебало би
говоÑиÑи âÐÐÐÐÐâ: âÐÐУ, ÐинÑкÑ,
-ÐпаÑ, ÐаÑеÑкÑел и ÐеÑ
апеâ.
+“LAMP” stands for “Linux, Apache, MySQL and
+PHP”—a common combination of software to use on a web server,
+except that “Linux” in this context really refers to the
+GNU/Linux system. So instead of “LAMP” it should be
+“GLAMP”: “GNU, Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP.”
</p>
-<h4 id="Linux">ÐинÑÐºÑ ÑиÑÑем</h4>
+<h4 id="Linux">“Linux system”</h4>
<p>
ÐинÑÐºÑ Ñе назив ÑезгÑа коÑе ÑазвиÑа ÐинÑÑ
ТоÑÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð´ 1991. ÐпеÑаÑивни
ÑиÑÑем Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ñем Ñе коÑиÑÑи ÐинÑÐºÑ Ñе Ñ
оÑнови ÐÐУ Ñа доданим
@@ -397,15 +405,15 @@
<h4 id="MP3Player">âÐÐ3 плеÑеÑâ</h4>
<p>
-ÐаÑниÑ
деведеÑеÑиÑ
Ñе поÑÑало изводÑиво
пÑавиÑи пÑеноÑиве дигиÑалне звÑÑне
-ÑÑеÑаÑе за ÑепÑодÑкÑиÑÑ Ð¼Ñзике â плеÑеÑе.
ÐеÑина ÑиÑ
ÑÑеÑаÑа подÑжава
-паÑенÑиÑани кодек ÐÐ3. Ðеки од ÑиÑ
подÑжаваÑÑ Ð·Ð²ÑÑне кодеке Ðг ÐоÑбиÑ
-(енг. <em>Ogg Vorbis</em>) и Флак (енг. <em>FLAC</em>), коÑи
ÑÑ Ð¾ÑлобоÑени
-паÑенаÑа, и Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð¸ да ÑопÑÑе не подÑжаваÑÑ
даÑоÑеке кодиÑане ÐÐ3-ом, Ð±Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-би избегли паÑенÑе. ÐазиваÑи Ñакве плеÑеÑе
âÐÐ3 плеÑеÑимаâ ниÑе Ñамо
-збÑÑÑÑÑÑе, Ð²ÐµÑ ÑÑавÑа ÐÐ3 Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°ÑлÑжено
пÑивилеговани положаÑ, коÑи подÑÑиÑе
-ÑÑде да наÑÑаве да коÑиÑÑе ÑÐ°Ñ ÑаÑиви
ÑоÑмаÑ. Ðи пÑедлажемо изÑаз âдигиÑални
-звÑÑни плеÑеÑâ или пÑоÑÑо âзвÑÑни
плеÑеÑâ, Ñ ÑÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ñа конÑекÑÑом.</p>
+In the late 1990s it became feasible to make portable, solid-state digital
+audio players. Most support the patented MP3 codec, but not all. Some
+support the patent-free audio codecs Ogg Vorbis and FLAC, and may not even
+support MP3-encoded files at all, precisely to avoid these patents. To call
+such players “MP3 players” is not only confusing, it also puts
+MP3 in an undeserved position of privilege which encourages people to
+continue using that vulnerable format. We suggest the terms “digital
+audio player,” or simply “audio player” if context
+permits.</p>
<h4 id="Open">âÐÑвоÑеноâ</h4>
@@ -421,11 +429,10 @@
<h4 id="PC">âÐиÑи (енг. <em>PC</em>)â</h4>
<p>
-У ÑÐµÐ´Ñ Ñе коÑиÑÑиÑи ÑкÑаÑениÑÑ âÐиÑиâ<sup><a
-href="#TransNote4">[4]</a></sup> да ознаÑиÑе одÑеÑенÑ
вÑÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑнаÑÑког
-Ñ
аÑдвеÑа, али Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾ да не коÑиÑÑиÑе
ÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñам Ñз пÑеÑпоÑÑÐ°Ð²ÐºÑ Ð´Ð° ÑаÑ
-ÑаÑÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÑÑава ÐикÑоÑоÑÑов ÐиндовÑ. Ðко
инÑÑалиÑаÑе ÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑом на
-иÑÑом ÑаÑÑнаÑÑ, Ñо Ñе и даÑе ÐиÑи.</p>
+It's OK to use the abbreviation “PC” to refer to a certain kind
+of computer hardware, but please don't use it with the implication that the
+computer is running Microsoft Windows. If you install GNU/Linux on the same
+computer, it is still a PC.</p>
<p>
Ðа ÑаÑÑнаÑе коÑи коÑиÑÑе ÐÐ¸Ð½Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ñе
пÑедложен изÑаз âWCâ (енг. <em>Windows
@@ -460,12 +467,11 @@
<h4 id="PowerPoint">âÐаÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¸Ð½Ñâ (енгл.
<em>PowerPoint</em>)</h4>
<p>
-Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° избегаваÑе ÑпоÑÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ñаза
âÐаÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¸Ð½Ñâ да биÑÑе ознаÑили
-било ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ²Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑезенÑаÑиÑа<sup><a
href="#TransNote8">[8]</a></sup>. ÐаÑеÑ
-Ð¿Ð¾Ð¸Ð½Ñ Ñе назив Ñамо Ñедног одÑеÑеног
влаÑниÑког пÑогÑама за изÑадÑ
-пÑезенÑаÑиÑа, а поÑÑоÑе бÑоÑне Ñлободне
алÑеÑнаÑиве, као ÑÑо Ñе клаÑа
-<tt>beamer</tt> коÑа Ñе доÑÑÑпна Ñз ÑвакÑ
диÑÑÑибÑÑиÑÑ (Ðа)ТеХ-а или
-ÐпенÐÑиÑ.оÑгов ÐмпÑеÑ.</p>
+Please avoid using the term “PowerPoint” to mean any kind of
+slide presentation. “PowerPoint” is just the name of one
+particular proprietary program to make presentations, and there are plenty
+of free alternatives, such as TeX's <tt>beamer</tt> class and
+OpenOffice.org's Impress.</p>
<h4 id="Protection">âÐаÑÑиÑаâ</h4>
@@ -484,14 +490,15 @@
âÐгÑаниÑеÑа намеÑнÑÑа аÑÑоÑÑким пÑавима
ÑÑаÑÑ Ð´Ñго.â</p>
<p>
-ÐзÑаз âзаÑÑиÑаâ Ñе коÑиÑÑи и за опиÑиваÑе
злонамеÑниÑ
одлика, као ÑÑо Ñе Ñо
-Ñ Ð¸Ð·ÑÐ°Ð·Ñ âзаÑÑиÑа од копиÑаÑаâ, одлика
коÑа ÑпÑеÑава копиÑаÑе. Са коÑиÑниÑке
-ÑаÑке гледиÑÑа, ово пÑедÑÑавÑа
опÑÑÑÑкÑиÑÑ. ÐаÑо ми називамо ÑÑ Ð·Ð»Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ð¼ÐµÑнÑ
-Ð¾Ð´Ð»Ð¸ÐºÑ âопÑÑÑÑкÑиÑом копиÑаÑаâ.</p>
+The term “protection” is also used to describe malicious
+features. For instance, “copy protection” is a feature that
+interferes with copying. From the user's point of view, this is
+obstruction. So we could call that malicious feature “copy
+obstruction.” More often it is called Digital Restrictions Management
+(DRM)—see the <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";> Defective by
+Design</a> campaign.</p>
-
-<h4 id="RAND">âÐ ÐÐ â ÑазÑмно и
недиÑкÑиминиÑаÑÑÑе (енгл. <em>RAND â reasonable and
-nondiscriminatory</em>)â</h4>
+<h4 id="RAND">“RAND (Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory)”</h4>
<p>
Тела за ÑÑандаÑде коÑа обÑавÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑандаÑде огÑаниÑене паÑенÑима, коÑи
забÑаÑÑÑÑ Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ, обиÑно воде
полиÑÐ¸ÐºÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ð¸ÑаÑа паÑенÑниÑ
лиÑенÑи
@@ -506,12 +513,12 @@
неÑмеÑеним. Тако Ñе Ñедна половина
ÑкÑаÑениÑе âÐ ÐÐâ обмана а дÑÑга половина
пÑедÑаÑÑда.</p>
<p>
-Тела за ÑÑандаÑде би ÑÑебало да ÑÑ
ваÑе да
ÑÑ Ñе лиÑенÑе диÑкÑиминиÑаÑÑÑе, и
-да напÑÑÑе ÑпоÑÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ñаза âÑазÑмно и
недиÑкÑиминиÑаÑÑÑеâ или âÐ ÐÐâ. Ðок Ñо
-не ÑÑине, дÑÑги пиÑÑи коÑи не желе да
ÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑ Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑаÑкаваÑÑ Ñе иÑпÑавно
-поÑÑÑпиÑи ако одбаÑе Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ñаз. ÐÑиÑ
ваÑаÑе и ÑпоÑÑеба Ñог изÑаза Ñамо заÑо
-ÑÑо ÑÑ Ð³Ð° ÑиÑме коÑе поÑедÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑе
ÑÑавиле Ñ ÑиÑÐ¾ÐºÑ ÑпоÑÑÐµÐ±Ñ ÑеÑÑе
-дозвола да вам Ñе ÑиÑме дикÑиÑаÑÑ ÑÑавове
коÑе заÑÑÑпаÑе.</p>
+Standards bodies should recognize that these licenses are discriminatory,
+and drop the use of the term “reasonable and non-discriminatory”
+or “RAND” to describe them. Until they do so, writers who do
+not wish to join in the whitewashing would do well to reject that term. To
+accept and use it merely because patent-wielding companies have made it
+widespread is to let those companies dictate the views you express.</p>
<p>
УмеÑÑо овога, ми пÑедлажемо изÑаз âÑамо по
иÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ñениâ, или âСÐÐЦâ<sup><a
href="#TransNote5">[5]</a></sup>. Ð¢Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ñаз Ñе ÑаÑан ÑеÑ
Ñе Ñедини ÑÑлов код
@@ -533,11 +540,12 @@
<h4 id="SoftwareIndustry">âÐндÑÑÑÑиÑа ÑоÑÑвеÑаâ</h4>
<p>
-ÐзÑаз âиндÑÑÑÑиÑа ÑоÑÑвеÑаâ подÑÑиÑе
ÑÑде да замиÑÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾ Ñе ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñвек
-ÑазвиÑа Ñ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑи ÑабÑике и онда
иÑпоÑÑÑÑÑе поÑÑоÑаÑима. ÐаÑедниÑа
-Ñлободног ÑоÑÑвеÑа ово деманÑÑÑе. ÐоÑÑоÑе
ÑоÑÑвеÑÑке ÑиÑме, и многе ÑиÑме
-ÑазвиÑаÑÑ Ñлободни и/или неÑлободни
ÑоÑÑвеÑ, али оне коÑе ÑазвиÑаÑÑ Ñлободни
-ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¾Ñганизоване као ÑабÑике.</p>
+The term “software industry” encourages people to imagine that
+software is always developed by a sort of factory and then delivered to
+“consumers.” The free software community shows this is not the
+case. Software businesses exist, and various businesses develop free and/or
+nonfree software, but those that develop free software are not run like
+factories.</p>
<p>
ÐзÑаз âиндÑÑÑÑиÑаâ Ñе коÑиÑÑи као вид
пÑопаганде бÑанилаÑа ÑоÑÑвеÑÑкиÑ
паÑенаÑа. Ðни називаÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð³ÑадÑÑ ÑоÑÑвеÑа
âиндÑÑÑÑиÑомâ и онда покÑÑаваÑÑ Ð´Ð°
@@ -566,10 +574,11 @@
<h4 id="TrustedComputing">âРаÑÑнаÑÑÑво Ñа
повеÑеÑемâ</h4>
<p>
-<a href="can-you-trust.html">âРаÑÑнаÑÑÑво Ñа
повеÑеÑемâ</a> Ñе пÑиÑÑÑаÑни
-назив плана поновног дизаÑниÑаÑа ÑаÑÑнаÑа
како би гÑадиÑеÑи апликаÑиÑа могли
-да имаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑеÑа да Ñе Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑаÑÑнаÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑи ÑиÑ
ÑмеÑÑо ваÑ. Са ÑиÑ
ове ÑаÑке
-гледиÑÑа, Ñо Ñе âповеÑеÑеâ. Са ваÑе ÑаÑке
гледиÑÑа, Ñо Ñе издаÑа.
+<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“Trusted computing”</a>
+is the proponents' name for a scheme to redesign computers so that
+application developers can trust your computer to obey them instead of you.
+From their point of view, it is “trusted”; from your point of
+view, it is “treacherous.”
</p>
@@ -586,8 +595,8 @@
</p>
<div class="announcement">
-ÐогледаÑÑе и <a href="/philosophy/categories.sr.html">ÐÑÑÑе
Ñлободног
-ÑоÑÑвеÑа</a>.</div>
+Also note <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free and
+Nonfree Software</a>.</div>
<hr />
<h4>ÐÐ²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÐµÑ Ñе обÑавÑен Ñ ÐºÑизи <a
@@ -626,11 +635,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.sr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑаÑеÑе пиÑаÑа Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð¸ Ñа
ÐСС-ом и ÐÐУ-ом на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÐоÑÑоÑе и <a
-href="/contact/">дÑÑги наÑини да Ñе обÑаÑиÑе</a>
ÐСС-Ñ.<br />Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-ÑаÑеÑе неиÑпÑавне везе и дÑÑге иÑпÑавке
(или пÑедлоге) на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -642,8 +652,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008,
2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка без
-надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз ÑÑлов
да Ñе оÑÑвано ово обавеÑÑеÑе.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -669,7 +680,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2010/04/11 08:25:54 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:22 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/words-to-avoid.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/words-to-avoid.tr.html 11 Apr 2010 08:25:54 -0000 1.3
+++ philosophy/words-to-avoid.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:22 -0000 1.4
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.tr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Kullanmaktan Kaçınılması Gereken Kafa KarıÅtıran Kelimeler ve
Ä°fadeler - GNU
-Projesi - Ãzgür Yazılım Vakfı (FSF)</title>
+<title>Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing
- GNU
+Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.tr.html" -->
-<h2>Kullanmaktan Kaçınılması (veya Dikkatli Kullanılması) Gereken Kafa
-KarıÅtıran Kelimeler ve Ä°fadeler</h2>
+<h2>Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing</h2>
<p>
Tamamen veya belirli kapsamlarda ve durumlarda kullanmamanızı önerdiÄimiz
@@ -21,43 +20,44 @@
Kategorileri</a>ne göz atın.</div>
<p>
- <a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Okunabilecek DiÄer Metinler</a> |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#BSD-style">BSD-stili</a>” |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Closed">Kapalı</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#CloudComputing">Bulut Hesaplama</a>” |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Commercial">Ticari</a>” |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Compensation">Mükafat</a>” |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Consumer">Tüketici</a>” |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Content">İçerik</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Creator">Yaratıcı</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#DigitalGoods">Sayısal Meta</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#DigitalRightsManagement">Sayısal Haklar
-Yönetimi</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Ecosystem">Ekosistem</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#ForFree">Bedava</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#FreelyAvailable">Ãzgürce edinilebilen
-yazılım</a>” | “<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Freeware">Ãcretsiz
-yazılım</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">BaÄıŠyazılım</a>” |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Hacker">Hacker</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">Fikri Mülkiyet</a>” |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#LAMP">LAMP sistem</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Linux">Linux sistem</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Market">Pazar</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#MP3Player">MP3 çalar</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Open">Açık</a>” | “<a
+ <a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a> | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#BSD-style">BSD-style</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Closed">Closed</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#CloudComputing">Cloud Computing</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Commercial">Commercial</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Compensation">Compensation</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Consume">Consume</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Consumer">Consumer</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Content">Content</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Creator">Creator</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#DigitalGoods">Digital Goods</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#DigitalRightsManagement">Digital Rights
+Management</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#ForFree">For free</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#FreelyAvailable">Freely available</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Freeware">Freeware</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">Give away
+software</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Hacker">Hacker</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">Intellectual
+property</a>” | “<a href="words-to-avoid.html#LAMP">LAMP
+system</a>” | “<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Linux">Linux
+system</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Market">Market</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#MP3Player">MP3 player</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Open">Open</a>” | “<a
href="words-to-avoid.html#PC">PC</a>” | “<a
href="words-to-avoid.html#Photoshop">Photoshop</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">Korsanlık</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">Piracy</a>” | “<a
href="words-to-avoid.html#PowerPoint">PowerPoint</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Protection">Koruma</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#Protection">Protection</a>” | “<a
href="words-to-avoid.html#RAND">RAND</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#SellSoftware">Yazılımın satılması</a>” |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#SoftwareIndustry">Yazılım
-Endüstrisi</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#Theft">Hırsızlık</a>” | “<a
-href="words-to-avoid.html#TrustedComputing">Güvenli Ä°Åletim</a>” |
-“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Vendor">SaÄlayıcı</a>”
+href="words-to-avoid.html#SellSoftware">Sell software</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#SoftwareIndustry">Software Industry</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Theft">Theft</a>” | “<a
+href="words-to-avoid.html#TrustedComputing">Trusted Computing</a>” |
+“<a href="words-to-avoid.html#Vendor">Vendor</a>”
</p>
<h4 id="BSD-style">“BSD-stili”</h4>
@@ -120,11 +120,11 @@
olabilir. Programı nasıl bir birimin geliÅtirdiÄi ve kullanıcılarının
ne
gibi özgürlüklere sahip olduÄu tamamen baÄımsız iki sorudur.</p>
<p>
-Ãzgür Yazılım hareketinin ilk on yılında, özgür yazılım paketleri
hemen
-hemen her zaman ticari olmayan paketlerdi; GNU/Linux iÅletim sisteminin
-bileÅenleri, Ãzgür Yazılım Vakfı ve üniversiteler gibi kâr amaçlı
olmayan
-organizasyonlar ya da bireyler tarafından geliÅtirilmiÅti. Ancak
1990âlarda,
-özgür ticari yazılım ortaya çıkmaya baÅladı.</p>
+In the first decade of the free software movement, free software packages
+were almost always noncommercial; the components of the GNU/Linux operating
+system were developed by individuals or by nonprofit organizations such as
+the FSF and universities. Later, in the 1990s, free commercial software
+started to appear.</p>
<p>
Ãzgür ticari yazılım topluluÄumuz için bir katkıdır, bu nedenle
özgür ticari
yazılımı desteklemeliyiz. Ancak âticariâ ifadesinin âözgür
olmayanâ anlamına
@@ -141,6 +141,17 @@
basitçe <a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">yanlıÅtır</a>,
ikinci varsayım ise çirkindir.
</p>
+<p>
+“compensating the rights-holders” adds a further swindle: you're
+supposed to imagine that means paying the authors, and occasionally it does,
+but most of the time it means a subsidy for the same publishing companies
+that are pushing unjust laws on us.
+</p>
+
+<h4 id="Consume">“Consume”</h4>
+<p>
+It is erroneous to speak of "consuming" digital information, music,
+software, etc. See the following entry,</p>
<h4 id="Consumer">"Tüketici"</h4>
<p>
@@ -148,9 +159,9 @@
kullanıldıÄında, redetmemiz gereken varsayımlarla yüklüdür. Bir
sayısal
kaydı oynatmak, veya bir programı çalıÅtırmak onu tüketmek
deÄildir.</p>
<p>
-"Ãreticiler" ve "tüketiciler" terimleri ekonomi teorisinde gelirler, ve dar
-bakıŠaçısıyla, yanlıŠyönlendirilmiŠvarsayımlarla birlikte
-gelirler. DüÅünmenizi çarpıtmaya hizmet ederler.</p>
+The terms “producer” and “consumer” come from
+economic theory, and bring with them its narrow perspective and misguided
+assumptions. They tend to warp your thinking.</p>
<p>
Ek olarak, yazılım kullanıcılarını "tüketici" olarak tanımlamak
kullanıcılar
için dar bir rolü kabul eder: baÅkalarının saÄladıÄı otlakta edilgen
bir
@@ -198,9 +209,9 @@
tanıma uygundur.</p>
<p>
-ÃoÄu durumda, bu terim gerçekte web sitesinde sayfaları güncellemek için
-kullanılan sistemi belirtir. Bu yüzden, "web sitesi sürüm sistemi" ("web
-site revision system" - WRS) terimini öneriyoruz.</p>
+In most cases, that term really refers to a system for updating pages on a
+web site. For that, we recommend the term “web site revision
+system” (WRS).</p>
<h4 id="Creator">"Yaratıcı"</h4>
<p>
@@ -314,7 +325,7 @@
karıÅıklıÄını önlemenin bir yolu âözgür yazılım olarak
yayınlaâ demektir. </p>
-<h4 id="Hacker">Hacker</h4>
+<h4 id="Hacker">“Hacker”</h4>
<p>
Hacker <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>oyuncu
beceriden hoÅlanan</a> kiÅilerdir, bilgisayarlarla olması Åart
@@ -358,14 +369,15 @@
<h4 id="LAMP">"LAMP Sistem"</h4>
<p>
-"LAMP", Linux, Apache, MySQL ve PHP - web sunucusunda kullanmak üzere
-kullanılan baÅlıca programlar - anlamına gelir, sadece "Linux" yanlıÅ
-kullanılmıÅtır, burada GNU/Linux kastedilmektedir. Bu yüzden "LAMP" yerine
-"GLAMP" - "GNU, Linux, Apache, MySql ve PHP" - olmalıdır.
+“LAMP” stands for “Linux, Apache, MySQL and
+PHP”—a common combination of software to use on a web server,
+except that “Linux” in this context really refers to the
+GNU/Linux system. So instead of “LAMP” it should be
+“GLAMP”: “GNU, Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP.”
</p>
-<h4 id="Linux">Linux sistem</h4>
+<h4 id="Linux">“Linux system”</h4>
<p>
Linux, Linus Torvalds tarafından 1991'lerde geliÅtirilmesi baÅlayan
çekirdeÄin ismidir. Linux'un kullanıldıÄı iÅletim sistemi basitçe
GNU'nun
@@ -396,15 +408,15 @@
<h4 id="MP3Player">"MP3 Ãalar"</h4>
<p>
-1990'ların sonunda, taÅınabilir sayısal ses oynatıcılarını yapmak
mümkün
-oldu. ÃoÄu patentlenmiÅ MP3'ü desteklemekedir. Bazıları ise patentsiz ses
-kodlayıcı olan Ogg Vorbis ve FLAC desteklemektedir, ve hatta MP3 ile
-kodlanmıŠdosyaları hiç desteklememektedir, özellikle patentlerin
-kullanımından kaçınmak için. Bu tür oynatıcıları "MP3 Ãalar" olarak
-isimlendirmek, sadece kafa karıÅtırıcı deÄil, ayrıca MP3'ü istenmeyen,
-insanları bu hassas biçimi kullanmaya teÅvik eden bir konuma
-yükseltmektedir. Bunun yerine "sayısal ses oynatıcı" terimini veya eÄer
-kapsam izin veriyorsa basitçe "ses çalar" terimini öneriyoruz.</p>
+In the late 1990s it became feasible to make portable, solid-state digital
+audio players. Most support the patented MP3 codec, but not all. Some
+support the patent-free audio codecs Ogg Vorbis and FLAC, and may not even
+support MP3-encoded files at all, precisely to avoid these patents. To call
+such players “MP3 players” is not only confusing, it also puts
+MP3 in an undeserved position of privilege which encourages people to
+continue using that vulnerable format. We suggest the terms “digital
+audio player,” or simply “audio player” if context
+permits.</p>
<h4 id="Open">"Açık"</h4>
@@ -420,10 +432,10 @@
<h4 id="PC">"PC"</h4>
<p>
-Belirli bir bilgisayar donanımını belirtmek için "PC" kısaltmasını
kullanmak
-uygundur, ancak lütfen bilgisayarın Microsoft Windows kullandıÄı imasıyla
-kullanmayın. EÄer aynı bilgisayara GNU/Linux kurarsanız da o bilgisayar bir
-PC'dir.</p>
+It's OK to use the abbreviation “PC” to refer to a certain kind
+of computer hardware, but please don't use it with the implication that the
+computer is running Microsoft Windows. If you install GNU/Linux on the same
+computer, it is still a PC.</p>
<p>
Windows çalıÅtıran bilgisayar için "WC" terimi önerilmiÅtir.</p>
@@ -458,10 +470,11 @@
<h4 id="PowerPoint">"PowerPoint"</h4>
<p>
-Lütfen herhangi bir yansı sunumunu tanımlamak için "PowerPoint" terimini
-kullanmayınız. PowerPoint sunum yapmak üzere kullanılan belirli bir özel
-mülk yazılımın adıdır, ve bu iÅe uygun yeterince özgür alternatif
vardır,
-TeX'in <tt>beamer</tt> sınıfı ve OpenOffice.org'un Impress'i gibi.</p>
+Please avoid using the term “PowerPoint” to mean any kind of
+slide presentation. “PowerPoint” is just the name of one
+particular proprietary program to make presentations, and there are plenty
+of free alternatives, such as TeX's <tt>beamer</tt> class and
+OpenOffice.org's Impress.</p>
<h4 id="Protection">"Koruma"</h4>
@@ -481,13 +494,15 @@
kısıtlamaları çok uzun bir süre sürmektedir" diyebilirsiniz.</p>
<p>
-"Koruma" terimi ayrıca kötü niyetli özellikleri tanımlamak için de
-kullanılmaktadır. ÃrneÄin, "kopyalama koruma" kopyalamaya müdahele eden
bir
-özelliktir. Kullanıcı bakıŠaçısıyla bu bir engeldir. Bu yüzden
"kopyalama
-koruma"ya kötü niyetli özellik diyebiliriz.</p>
+The term “protection” is also used to describe malicious
+features. For instance, “copy protection” is a feature that
+interferes with copying. From the user's point of view, this is
+obstruction. So we could call that malicious feature “copy
+obstruction.” More often it is called Digital Restrictions Management
+(DRM)—see the <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";> Defective by
+Design</a> campaign.</p>
-
-<h4 id="RAND">"RAND (makul ve ayrım yapmayan)"</h4>
+<h4 id="RAND">“RAND (Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory)”</h4>
<p>
Ãzgür yazılımı yasaklayan patent sınırlı standartları yürürlüÄe
koyan
standart kurumları, tipik olarak uyumlu bir programın her kopyası için
sabit
@@ -501,13 +516,12 @@
yapmaktadırlar ve bu, onları, mantıksız hale getirmektedir. Bu nedenle,
âRANDâın yarısı aldatıcı ve diÄer yarısı ise önyargılıdır. </p>
<p>
-Standart kurumları bu lisansların ayrım yaptıÄını fark etmeli ve
âmakul ve
-ayrım yapmayanâ ifadesinin kullanımını ya da bunları tanımlamak için
âRANDâ
-ifadesinin kullanımını sona erdirmelidir. Bunu yapana kadar da, örtbas
-etmeye katılmak istemeyen diÄer yazarlar, bu terimi kullanmayı
-reddetmelidir. Patent sahibi olan firmalar yaygınlaÅtırdıÄı için bu
terimi
-kabul etmek ve kullanmak, bu firmalara zorla istediklerini yapma fırsatı
-vermektir. </p>
+Standards bodies should recognize that these licenses are discriminatory,
+and drop the use of the term “reasonable and non-discriminatory”
+or “RAND” to describe them. Until they do so, writers who do
+not wish to join in the whitewashing would do well to reject that term. To
+accept and use it merely because patent-wielding companies have made it
+widespread is to let those companies dictate the views you express.</p>
<p>
Bunun yerine âyalnızca tek biçimli ücretâ ya da kısaca âUFOâ
teriminin
kullanılmasını tavsiye ederim. Bu, doÄrudur çünkü bu lisanslardaki tek
Åart,
@@ -532,12 +546,12 @@
<h4 id="SoftwareIndustry">"Yazılım Endüstrisi"</h4>
<p>
-"Yazılım Endüstrisi" terimi insanların yazılımın bir tür fabrika ile
-üretildiÄi ve tüketicilere iletildiÄi imgesi yaratmalarını
-cesaretlendirir. Ãzgür Yazılım TopluluÄu durumun böyle olmadıÄını
-gösterir. Yazılım ticari faaliyeti vardır, ve deÄiÅik faaliyetler özgür
-ve/veya özgür olmayan yazılımlar geliÅtirirler, ancak özgür yazılım
-geliÅtirenler fabrika gibi çalıÅmamaktadır.</p>
+The term “software industry” encourages people to imagine that
+software is always developed by a sort of factory and then delivered to
+“consumers.” The free software community shows this is not the
+case. Software businesses exist, and various businesses develop free and/or
+nonfree software, but those that develop free software are not run like
+factories.</p>
<p>
"Endüstri" kelimesi yazılım patentlerinin savunucuları tarafından
propaganda
terimi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Yazılım geliÅtirmeyi "endüstri" olarak
@@ -568,11 +582,11 @@
<h4 id="TrustedComputing">"Güvenli Ä°Åletim"</h4>
<p>
-<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“Güvenli Ä°Åletim”</a>
-bilgisayarların size itaat etmemesi yerine, uygulama geliÅtiricilere itaat
-etmesi için tekrar tasarlanmasına yönelik tasarıya destekçilerinin
verdiÄi
-isimdir. Onların bakıŠaçısından "güvenli"dir, sizin bakıÅ
açınızdan
-"hain"dir.
+<a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“Trusted computing”</a>
+is the proponents' name for a scheme to redesign computers so that
+application developers can trust your computer to obey them instead of you.
+From their point of view, it is “trusted”; from your point of
+view, it is “treacherous.”
</p>
@@ -589,8 +603,8 @@
</p>
<div class="announcement">
-Ayrıca <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Ãzgür Yazılım
-Kategorileri</a>ne göz atın.</div>
+Also note <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free and
+Nonfree Software</a>.</div>
<hr />
<h4>Bu yazı <a
@@ -608,12 +622,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.tr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır. Lütfen
-çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -625,9 +639,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008,
2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Bu makalenin tamamının kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve
daÄıtılmasına,
-ücret talep etmeksizin, herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı
-bildirisini korumak Åartıyla, dünya çapında izin verilmiÅtir.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -680,7 +694,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2010/04/11 08:25:54 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:22 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/x.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/x.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- philosophy/x.fr.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:36 -0000 1.13
+++ philosophy/x.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:22 -0000 1.14
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Le piège X Window System - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
-(FSF)</title>
+<title>Le piège X Window System - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
<meta http-equiv="Keywords"
content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, liberté, Richard Stallman,
rms,
mouvement du logiciel librE" />
@@ -13,179 +12,148 @@
système d'exploitation libre." />
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Le piège X Window System</h2>
+<h2>Le piège X Window System</h2>
<p>
par <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong>
</p>
<p>
-Copyleft ou pas ? C'est l'une des controverses majeures dans la
-communauté du logiciel libre. L'idée du copyleft est que nous
-devrions combattre le feu par le feu — que nous devrions utiliser
-le copyright pour être sûr que notre code reste libre. La GPL
-GNU est un exemple de licence copyleft.</p>
-
-<p>
-Certains développeurs de logiciel libre préfèrent une
-distribution sans copyleft. Les licences sans copyleft telles que les
-licences XFree86 et <a href="/philosophy/bsd.fr.html">BSD</a> sont
-fondées sur l'idée de ne jamais dire non à qui que ce
-soit — pas même à quelqu'un qui cherche à
-utiliser votre travail comme base pour restreindre d'autres personnes. Le
-mode de licence sans copyleft ne fait rien de mal, mais il manque
-l'opportunité de protéger activement notre liberté de
-changer ou de redistribuer le logiciel. Pour cela, nous avons besoin du
-copyleft.</p>
-
-<p>
-Depuis plusieurs années, le Consortium X est le chef de l'opposition
-au copyleft. Il a employé à la fois la persuasion et la
-pression morale pour décourager les développeurs de logiciel
-libre de mettre leur programme sous copyleft. Il a utilisé la
-persuasion morale en suggérant qu'il n'est pas bien de dire non. Il a
-utilisé la pression à travers sa règle qui veut qu'un
+To copyleft or not to copyleft? That is one of the major controversies in
+the free software community. The idea of copyleft is that we should fight
+fire with fire—that we should use copyright to make sure our code
+stays free. The GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) is one example of a
+copyleft license.</p>
+
+<p>
+Some free software developers prefer noncopyleft distribution. Noncopyleft
+licenses such as the XFree86 and <a href="/philosophy/bsd.html">BSD</a>
+licenses are based on the idea of never saying no to anyone—not even
+to someone who seeks to use your work as the basis for restricting other
+people. Noncopyleft licensing does nothing wrong, but it misses the
+opportunity to actively protect our freedom to change and redistribute
+software. For that, we need copyleft.</p>
+
+<p>
+Depuis plusieurs années, le Consortium X est le chef de l'opposition au
+copyleft. Il a employé à la fois la persuasion et la pression morale pour
+décourager les développeurs de logiciel libre de mettre leur programme sous
+copyleft. Il a utilisé la persuasion morale en suggérant qu'il n'est pas
+bien de dire non. Il a utilisé la pression à travers sa règle qui veut qu'un
logiciel sous copyleft ne peut pas figurer dans une distribution X.</p>
<p>
-Pourquoi le Consortium X a t-il adopté cette politique ? Cela
-avait trait à leur définition du succès. Le Consortium
-X a défini le succès comme étant la popularité
-— spécifiquement en obtenant des sociétés
-informatiques d'utiliser le système X Window. Cette définition
-a mis les sociétés informatiques aux commandes. Tout ce
-qu'elles voulaient, le Consortium X devait les aider à l'obtenir.</p>
-
-<p>
-Les sociétés informatiques distribuent normalement des
-logiciels propriétaires. Elles voulaient que les développeurs
-de logiciel libre donnent leur travail pour cette utilisation. Si elles le
-leur avaient demandé directement, les gens auraient
-rigolé. Mais le Consortium X, en les affrontant pour elles, pouvait
-présenter cette requête comme un acte
-désintéressé. Ils ont dit « Rejoignez-nous
-en donnant votre travail aux développeurs de logiciel
-propriétaire », en suggérant que c'est une forme
-noble de sacrifice de soi. « Rejoignez-nous en atteignant la
-popularité », suggérant en cela que ce
-n'était même pas un sacrifice.</p>
-
-<p>
-Mais le sacrifice de soi n'est pas le problème : rejeter la
-défense que fournit le copyleft, qui protège l'ensemble de la
-communauté, est un sacrifice qui dépasse sa propre
-personne. Ceux qui ont accédé à la requête du
-Consortium X ont confié le futur de la communauté au bon
-vouloir du Consortium X.</p>
-
-<p>
-Cette confiance était mal placée. Dans sa dernière
-année, le Consortium X a fait le projet de restreindre la version
-X11R6.4 à paraître, de sorte qu'elle ne sera pas un logiciel
-libre. Ils ont décidé de commencer à dire non, pas
-seulement aux développeurs de logiciel propriétaire, mais
-également à notre communauté.</p>
-
-<p>
-C'est plutôt ironique. Si vous aviez dit oui quand le Consortium X
-vous demandait de ne pas utiliser le copyleft, vous aviez mis le Consortium
-X en position de mettre sous licence et de restreindre sa version de votre
+Why did the X Consortium adopt this policy? It had to do with their
+conception of success. The X Consortium defined success as
+popularity—specifically, getting computer companies to use the X
+Window System. This definition put the computer companies in the driver's
+seat: whatever they wanted, the X Consortium had to help them get it.</p>
+
+<p>
+Les sociétés informatiques distribuent normalement des logiciels
+propriétaires. Elles voulaient que les développeurs de logiciel libre
+donnent leur travail pour cette utilisation. Si elles le leur avaient
+demandé directement, les gens auraient rigolé. Mais le Consortium X, en les
+affrontant pour elles, pouvait présenter cette requête comme un acte
+désintéressé. Ils ont dit « Rejoignez-nous en donnant votre travail
aux
+développeurs de logiciel propriétaire », en suggérant que c'est une
+forme noble de sacrifice de soi. « Rejoignez-nous en atteignant la
+popularité », suggérant en cela que ce n'était même pas un
sacrifice.</p>
+
+<p>
+But self-sacrifice is not the issue: tossing away the defense that copyleft
+provides, which protects the freedom of the whole community, is sacrificing
+more than yourself. Those who granted the X Consortium's request entrusted
+the community's future to the goodwill of the X Consortium.</p>
+
+<p>
+This trust was misplaced. In its last year, the X Consortium made a plan to
+restrict the forthcoming X11R6.4 release so that it would not be free
+software. They decided to start saying no, not only to proprietary software
+developers, but to our community as well.</p>
+
+<p>
+C'est plutôt ironique. Si vous aviez dit oui quand le Consortium X vous
+demandait de ne pas utiliser le copyleft, vous aviez mis le Consortium X en
+position de mettre sous licence et de restreindre sa version de votre
programme, en plus du code du noyau de X.</p>
<p>
-Le Consortium X n'a pas mis à exécution son projet. Au lieu de
-cela, il s'est arrêté et a transféré le
-développement de X à l'Open Group, dont le personnel
-exécute à présent un projet similaire. Pour leur rendre
-justice, quand je leur ai demandé de réaliser X11R6.4 sous les
-termes de la GPL GNU parallèlement à leur projet de licence
-restrictive, ils ont souhaité réfléchir à la
-question. (Ils étaient fermement opposés à
-l'idée de conserver les termes de distribution de l'ancien
-X11). Avant qu'ils ne répondent à cette proposition, elle
-avait déjà échoué pour une autre raison :
-le groupe <a href="http://www.xfree86.org/";>XFree86</a> avait suivi
-l'ancienne politique du Consortium X, et n'accepterait pas de logiciel sous
-copyleft.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-[En septembre 1998, plusieurs mois après la sortie de X11R6.4
-assortie des termes de distribution non-libre, l'Open Group changea d'avis
-et ressortit cette version sous les mêmes termes de licence de
-logiciel libre sans copyleft que ceux utilisés pour la version
-X11R6.3. Merci l'Open Group.]
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Même si le Consortium X et l'Open Group n'avaient jamais prévu
-de restreindre X, quelqu'un d'autre aurait pu le faire. Les logiciels sans
-copyleft sont vulnérables à tous points de vue; il permet
-à quiconque de réaliser une version non-libre dominante, s'il
-investit suffisamment de moyens pour ajouter des fonctionnalités
-significatives importantes utilisant du code propriétaire. Les
-utilisateurs qui choisissent un logiciel basé sur des
-caractéristiques techniques, plutôt que sur la liberté,
-pourraient facilement être attirés par la version non-libre
-pour des questions de commodités à court terme.</p>
-
-<p>
-Le Consortium X et l'Open Group ne peuvent plus à présent
-exercer de pressions en disant qu'il n'est pas bien de dire non. Cela
-facilitera votre décision pour mettre sous copyleft votre programme
-relatif à X.</p>
-
-<p>
-Quand vous travaillez sur le noyau de X, sur des programmes tels que X
-server, Xlib, et Xt, il y a une raison pratique de ne pas utiliser le
-copyleft. Le groupe XFree86 fait un travail important pour la
-communauté en maintenant ces programmes, et le bénéfice
-de mettre nos changements sous copyleft seraient moindres que le tort fait
-par une branche dans le développement. Aussi, il est
-préférable de travailler avec le groupe XFree86 et de ne pas
-mettre sous copyleft nos changements sur ces programmes. Tout comme pour les
-utilitaires tels que xset et xrdb, qui sont proches du noyau de X et qui
-n'ont pas besoin d'améliorations majeures. Nous savons au moins que
-le groupe XFree86 a la ferme intention de développer ces programmes
-en tant que logiciels libres.</p>
-
-<p>
-Le problème est différent pour les programmes
-extérieurs au noyau de X: les applications, les gestionnaires de
-fenêtres, et les bibliothèques additionnelles et les
-widgets. Il n'y a pas de raison de ne pas les mettre sous copyleft, et nous
-devrions le faire.</p>
-
-<p>
-Au cas ou quelqu'un ressentirait la pression exercée par le
-critère d'inclusion dans les distributions X, le projet GNU
-entreprendra de de rendre publics les paquetages sous copyleft qui
-fonctionnent avec X. Si vous voulez mettre sous copyleft quelque chose, et
-que vous craignez que son omission dans la distribution de X gêne sa
-popularité, veuillez nous contacter pour vous aider.</p>
-
-<p>
-En même temps, il est préférable de ne pas ressentir un
-trop grand besoin de popularité. Quand un homme d'affaire vous tente
-avec « plus de popularité », il peut essayer de vous
-convaincre que son utilisation de votre programme est essentiel pour le
-succès de votre programme. Ne le croyez pas ! Si votre programme
-est bon, il trouvera beaucoup d'utilisateurs de toutes façons ;
-vous n'avez pas besoin de vous sentir désespéré pour
-certains utilisateurs en particulier, et vous serez plus fort si vous ne le
-faites pas. Vous pouvez avoir un sentiment indescriptible de joie et de
-liberté en répondant, « C'est à prendre ou
-à laisser — c'est sans conséquence pour
-moi ». Souvent l'homme d'affaire fera demi-tour et acceptera le
-programme avec copyleft, une fois que vous l'aurez mis au défi.</p>
-
-<p>
-Compagnons, développeurs de logiciel libre, ne refaites pas cette
-erreur. Si nous ne mettons pas nos logiciels sous copyleft, nous mettons
-leur futur à la merci de quiconque dispose de plus de moyens que de
-scrupules. Avec le copyleft, nous pouvons défendre notre
-liberté, pas seulement la nôtre, mais celle de l'ensemble de la
-communauté.</p>
+The X Consortium did not carry out this plan. Instead it closed down and
+transferred X development to the Open Group, whose staff are now carrying
+out a similar plan. To give them credit, when I asked them to release
+X11R6.4 under the GNU GPL in parallel with their planned restrictive
+license, they were willing to consider the idea. (They were firmly against
+staying with the old X11 distribution terms.) Before they said yes or no to
+this proposal, it had already failed for another reason: the XFree86 group
+followed the X Consortium's old policy, and will not accept copylefted
+software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In September 1998, several months after X11R6.4 was released with nonfree
+distribution terms, the Open Group reversed its decision and rereleased it
+under the same noncopyleft free software license that was used for X11R6.3.
+Thus, the Open Group therefore eventually did what was right, but that does
+not alter the general issue.</p>
+
+<p>
+Even if the X Consortium and the Open Group had never planned to restrict X,
+someone else could have done it. Noncopylefted software is vulnerable from
+all directions; it lets anyone make a nonfree version dominant, if he will
+invest sufficient resources to add significantly important features using
+proprietary code. Users who choose software based on technical
+characteristics, rather than on freedom, could easily be lured to the
+nonfree version for short-term convenience.</p>
+
+<p>
+Le Consortium X et l'Open Group ne peuvent plus à présent exercer de
+pressions en disant qu'il n'est pas bien de dire non. Cela facilitera votre
+décision pour mettre sous copyleft votre programme relatif à X.</p>
+
+<p>
+When you work on the core of X, on programs such as the X server, Xlib, and
+Xt, there is a practical reason not to use copyleft. The X.org group does
+an important job for the community in maintaining these programs, and the
+benefit of copylefting our changes would be less than the harm done by a
+fork in development. So it is better to work with them, and not copyleft
+our changes on these programs. Likewise for utilities such as <tt>xset</tt>
+and <tt>xrdb</tt>, which are close to the core of X and do not need major
+improvements. At least we know that the X.org group has a firm commitment
+to developing these programs as free software.</p>
+
+<p>
+Le problème est différent pour les programmes extérieurs au noyau de X: les
+applications, les gestionnaires de fenêtres, et les bibliothèques
+additionnelles et les widgets. Il n'y a pas de raison de ne pas les mettre
+sous copyleft, et nous devrions le faire.</p>
+
+<p>
+In case anyone feels the pressure exerted by the criteria for inclusion in
+the X distributions, the GNU Project will undertake to publicize copylefted
+packages that work with X. If you would like to copyleft something, and you
+worry that its omission from the X distribution will impede its popularity,
+please ask us to help.</p>
+
+<p>
+En même temps, il est préférable de ne pas ressentir un trop grand besoin de
+popularité. Quand un homme d'affaire vous tente avec « plus de
+popularité », il peut essayer de vous convaincre que son utilisation de
+votre programme est essentiel pour le succès de votre programme. Ne le
+croyez pas ! Si votre programme est bon, il trouvera beaucoup
+d'utilisateurs de toutes façons ; vous n'avez pas besoin de vous sentir
+désespéré pour certains utilisateurs en particulier, et vous serez plus fort
+si vous ne le faites pas. Vous pouvez avoir un sentiment indescriptible de
+joie et de liberté en répondant, « C'est à prendre ou à laisser
+— c'est sans conséquence pour moi ». Souvent l'homme
+d'affaire fera demi-tour et acceptera le programme avec copyleft, une fois
+que vous l'aurez mis au défi.</p>
+
+<p>
+Friends, free software developers, don't repeat old mistakes! If we do not
+copyleft our software, we put its future at the mercy of anyone equipped
+with more resources than scruples. With copyleft, we can defend freedom,
+not just for ourselves, but for our whole community.</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -203,11 +171,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+<br />
+Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
+cette page web à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -218,9 +187,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1999 Richard M. Stallman <br />La reproduction exacte et la
-distribution intégrale de cet article est permise sur n'importe quel support
-d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit préservée.
+Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2009 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
</p>
@@ -233,7 +205,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:36 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:22 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -272,7 +244,7 @@
<!-- Polish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/x.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/x.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/x.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.fa.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:45
-0000 1.4
+++ philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:22
-0000 1.5
@@ -41,14 +41,17 @@
را٠دÙر رÙش٠شد٠٠استرا٠سÙ
ع Ú©ÙÙد. کاربراÙ
ÙÙ
ÛâتÙاÙÙد اÛÙ ÙابÙÛتâÙØ§Û Ø¨Ø¯
اÙدÛشاÙ٠را غÛر Ùعا٠کÙÙد Úرا Ú©Ù Ú©ÙترÙÛ Ø¨Ø±
رÙÛ Ø¢Ù ÙدارÙد.</p>
-<p>ØªØ¹Ø¯Ø§Ø¯Û Ø§Ø² ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø§Ø®ØªØµØ§ØµÛ Ø·Ø±Ø§ØÛ
شدÙâاÙد تا کاربرا٠را Ù
ØدÙد ساخت٠٠بÙ
-Ø¢Ùا٠ØÙ
ÙÙ Ú©ÙÙد. <a href="http://badvista.org/";>ÙÛÙدÙز
ÙÛستا</a> در اÛ٠زÙ
ÛÙÙ
-Ù¾ÛشرÙت Ùاب٠تÙجÙÛ Ø¯Ø§Ø´ØªÙ Ø§Ø³ØªØ Ø¯ÙÛ٠اÛÙÚ©Ù
Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø§Ø¬Ø±Ø§ شد٠اØتÛاج ب٠جاÛگزÛÙÛ
-سختâاÙزارÙØ§Û ÙدÛÙ
Û Ø¯Ø§Ø±Ø¯ اÛ٠است Ú©Ù Ù
دÙâÙØ§Û Ø¬Ø¯Ûد ب٠Ù
ÙظÙر پشتÛباÙÛ Ø§Ø²
-Ù
ØدÙدÛتâÙØ§Û ØºÛر Ùاب٠شکست طراØÛ Ø´Ø¯ÙâاÙد.
از اÛ٠ر٠است Ú©Ù Ù
بارزÙÙ <a
-href="http://badvista.org/";>BadVista.org</a> ک٠اصرار دارد
کاربرا٠سÛستÙ
Ø®Ùد
-را ب٠ÙÛستا ”ارتÙاء“ ÙدÙÙØ¯Ø Ø¢ØºØ§Ø² شدÙ
است. Mac OS ÙÛز ÙابÙÛتâÙاÛÛ
-Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ù
ØدÙد ساخت٠کابرا٠درÙÙ Ø®Ùد دارد.</p>
+<p>Some proprietary software is designed to restrict and attack its users. <a
+href="http://badvista.org/";>Windows Vista</a> is a big advance in this
+field; the reason it requires replacement of old hardware is that the new
+models are designed to support unbreakable restrictions. Microsoft thus
+requires users to pay for shiny new shackles. It is also designed to permit
+forced updating by corporate authority. Hence the <a
+href="http://badvista.org/";>BadVista.org</a> campaign, which urges Windows
+users not to ‘upgrade’ to Vista. (For the equally malicious
+Windows 7, we now have <a
+href="http://windows7sins.org/";>Windows7Sins.org</a>.) Mac OS also contains
+features designed to restrict its users.</p>
<p>Ù
اÛکرÙساÙت در Ú¯Ø°Ø´ØªÙ Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¯ÙÙت Ø¢Ù
رÛکا در
Ù¾Ø´ØªÛ Ùصب کرد٠بÙد (<a
href="http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/5/5263/1.html";>گزارش آ٠در
heise.de
@@ -104,12 +107,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÙØ·Ùا سÙاÙات ٠پرسشâÙØ§Û Ø®Ùد در رابط٠با Ú¯ÙÙ
٠بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ را بÙ
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> ارساÙ
Ú©ÙÛد. ÙÙ
ÚÙÛÙ <a
-href="/contact/">راÙâÙØ§Û Ø¯ÛÚ¯Ø±Û Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ØªÙ
اس</a> با
بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ ÙجÙد
-دارد. <br /> ÙØ·Ùا ÙÛÙÚ©âÙØ§Û Ø®Ø±Ø§Ø¨ Ù Ûا Ù
Ø´Ú©Ùات
دÛگر Ûا Ù¾ÛØ´ÙÙادات Ø®Ùد را ب٠<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
-ارسا٠کÙÛد.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -121,9 +124,9 @@
<p>
Copyright © 2007 Richard Stallman
</p>
-<p>ÙسخÙâØ¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÙ
٠ب٠کÙÙ
٠٠تÙزÛع ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در سراسر جÙا٠٠در Ùر
-رساÙÙâاÛØ Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠پرداخت Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز Ù
جاز Ù
ÛâØ¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø§ اÛ٠شرط ک٠اÛ٠اعÙاÙ/ØÙ
-اÙ
تÛاز ØÙظ Ø´Ùد.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -135,7 +138,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:45 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:22 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -171,6 +174,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Malayalam -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.ml.html 16 Jul 2010 08:27:39
-0000 1.8
+++ philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:22
-0000 1.9
@@ -48,20 +48,17 @@
നിയനàµà´¤àµà´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´µàµà´¨àµà´¨
à´°àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´³àµà´³à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ. à´
à´à´ªà´¦àµà´°à´µà´à´°à´®à´¾à´¯ à´à´¾à´à´àµà´à´³àµ
നിയനàµà´¤àµà´°à´£à´
à´¨àµà´°àµà´¯à´¾à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
à´à´´à´¿à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´²</p>
-<p>à´à´¿à´² à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³àµâ
നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ,
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµ
-നിയനàµà´¤àµà´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´,
à´à´àµà´°à´®à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´®à´¾à´£àµàµ. <a
-href="http://www.badvista.org";>വിനàµâà´¡àµà´¸àµ
വിസàµà´±àµà´±</a> à´ à´®àµà´à´²à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³ വലിയ
-à´®àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´±àµà´±à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ;à´ªàµà´¤à´¿à´¯
മാതàµà´à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³
ഹാരàµâà´¡àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ,
à´ªàµà´¾à´³à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
-പറàµà´±à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
നിയനàµà´¤àµà´°à´£à´àµà´à´³àµà´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµâ
പറàµà´±àµà´ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´à´¾à´£àµàµ,
വിനàµâà´¡àµà´¸àµ
-വിസàµà´±àµà´±, പഴയ
à´à´®àµà´ªàµà´¯àµà´àµà´à´±àµà´à´³àµâ മാറàµà´±à´¾à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ. à´
തിനായി
à´ªàµà´¤à´¿à´¯
-à´à´®àµà´ªàµà´¯àµà´àµà´à´±àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ പണà´
à´®àµà´à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´ à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµàµ
à´®àµà´àµà´°àµà´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµ
-à´à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´à´®àµà´ªà´¨à´¿ à´
ധിà´à´¾à´°à´¿à´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ നിരàµâബനàµà´§à´¿à´¤
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´²àµâ സാധàµà´¯à´®à´¾à´àµà´¨àµà´¨
-à´°àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´²à´¾à´£àµàµ à´
à´¤àµàµ
നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ.
à´à´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´à´¾à´£àµàµ <a
-href="http://www.badvista.org";>ബാഡàµâവിസàµà´±àµà´±</a>
à´à´¨àµà´¨ à´ªàµà´°à´à´°à´£à´
-à´¤àµà´à´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ. വിനàµâà´¡àµà´¸àµ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµàµ
വിസàµà´±àµà´±à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ
-‘à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´°àµà´¤àµàµ’ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´ à´ªàµà´°à´à´°à´£à´ à´à´¹àµà´µà´¾à´¨à´
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ. മാà´àµà´àµàµ
-à´à´à´¸àµà´¸à´¿à´²àµà´(Mac OS) à´
തിനàµà´±àµ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµ
നിയനàµà´¤àµà´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³
-à´¸à´à´µà´¿à´§à´¾à´¨à´àµà´à´³àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.</p>
+<p>Some proprietary software is designed to restrict and attack its users. <a
+href="http://badvista.org/";>Windows Vista</a> is a big advance in this
+field; the reason it requires replacement of old hardware is that the new
+models are designed to support unbreakable restrictions. Microsoft thus
+requires users to pay for shiny new shackles. It is also designed to permit
+forced updating by corporate authority. Hence the <a
+href="http://badvista.org/";>BadVista.org</a> campaign, which urges Windows
+users not to ‘upgrade’ to Vista. (For the equally malicious
+Windows 7, we now have <a
+href="http://windows7sins.org/";>Windows7Sins.org</a>.) Mac OS also contains
+features designed to restrict its users.</p>
<p>à´®àµà´¨àµâപൠയàµà´à´¸àµà´¸àµ
à´à´°à´£à´àµà´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿,
à´®àµà´àµà´°àµà´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâ
പിനàµâവാതിലàµà´à´³àµâ
à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´ªà´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ(<a
@@ -128,12 +125,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ -നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµ
-വിനൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ </a>.
<br
-/>à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯ à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµàµ നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
-à´à´¨àµà´¨ വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ
à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -144,10 +141,9 @@
<p>
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´ © 2007
റിà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâഡൠസàµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâമാനàµâ
</p>
-<p>à´ à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµà´,à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶
à´àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨
-നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ, സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£
à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ പദാനàµà´ªà´¦
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´
-à´²àµà´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´µà´¿à´àµà´¯àµà´, à´à´¤àµ
മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ
-à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -159,7 +155,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2010/07/16 08:27:39 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:22 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -195,6 +191,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Malayalam -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.de.html 30 Sep 2003 23:42:23 -0000
1.4
+++ philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.de.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:29 -0000
1.5
@@ -1,241 +1,262 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd";>
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="" lang="">
-<head>
-<title></title>
-<link rev="made" href="mailto:address@hidden"; />
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content='text/html; charset=iso-8859-1' />
-</head>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.de.html" -->
-<body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000" link="#1f00ff" alink="#ff0000"
vlink="#9900dd">
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>SCO, GNU und Linux - GNU Projekt - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
-<h3>
-SCO, GNU und Linux
-</h3>
-
-<!-- When you replace this graphic, make sure you change the link to also
point to the correct html page. If you make a new graphic for this page, make
sure it has a corresponding entry in /graphics/graphics.html-->
-
-<a href="/graphics/gleesons.html"><img src="/graphics/gleeson_head.jpg"
alt="[Colorful rounded image of the Head of a GNU]" width="153" height="128"
/></a>
-
-[
-<a href="/philosophy/sco-gnu-linux.html">English</a> |
-<a href="/philosophy/sco-gnu-linux.de.html">German</a> |
-<a href="/philosophy/sco-gnu-linux.it.html">Italian</a> |
-]
-
-<h3>SCO, GNU und Linux</h3>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.de.html" -->
+<h2>SCO, GNU und Linux</h2>
<p>
-Von Richard Stallman<br />
-23. Juni 2003
+von <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>
</p>
<p>
-Die Vertragsstreitigkeiten von SCO mit IBM werden von einer
-schmutzigen Kampagne gegen das ganze GNU/Linux-System begleitet. Aber
-SCO hat dabei den offensichtlichen Fehler begangen, mir zu Unrecht zu
-unterstellen, ich hätte gesagt, Linux sei "eine Kopie von Unix". Viele
-Leser hatten den Braten sofort gerochen -- nicht nur weil ich gerade
-das nicht gesagt hatte, und auch nicht nur, weil derjenige, von dem
-das Zitat stammte, über Ideen sprach (die nicht Gegenstand des
-angelsächsischen Copyrights sein können) und nicht von Programmcode,
-sondern weil sie wissen, daß ich niemals Linux mit Unix vergleichen
-würde.
+<em>Dieser Artikel wurde zuerst auf ZDNet veröffentlicht.</em>
</p>
<p>
-Unix ist ein vollständiges Betriebssystem, im Gegensatz zu Linux, das
-nur der Teil eines Betriebssystems ist. SCO nutzt das Unvermögen der
-Öffentlichkeit, zwischen Linux und dem GNU/Linux-System zu
-unterscheiden, um die Befürchtungen zu verstärken, die SCO zu
-verbreiten in der Lage ist. GNU/Linux ist das GNU-Betriebssystem, das
-mit einem Linuxkernel läuft. Der Kernel ist derjenige Teil des
-Systems, der bestimmt, wieviel von den Ressourcen des Rechners auf die
-einzelnen Programme verteilt werden, die darauf gerade ausgeführt
-werden. Dieser Teil ist Linux.
+SCOs Vertragsstreit mit IBM wird von einer Verleumdungskampagne gegen das
+ganze GNU/Linux-System begleitet. Aber SCO machte einen offensichtlichen
+Fehler, als sie mich fälschlicherweise zitierten, „Linux sei eine
+Kopie von Unix“. Viele Leser hatten den Braten sofort
+gerochen – nicht nur, weil ich gerade das nicht gesagt
+hatte, und nicht nur, weil die Person, die es sagte, über veröffentlichte
+Ideen sprach (die nicht Gegenstand des angelsächsischen Copyrights sein
+können) und nicht von Programmcode, sondern weil sie wissen, dass ich
+niemals Linux mit Unix vergleichen würde.
</p>
<p>
-Wir haben GNU seit 1984 im Rahmen eines Projekts entwickelt, das
-Freiheit zum Ziel hat und das langfristig beabsichtigt, die
-nicht-freie Software zu beseitigen. GNU ist Freie Software. Das
-bedeutet, daß die Anwender frei sind, die Software auf ihrem Rechner
-einzusetzen, ihren Quellcode zu prüfen und ihn zu verändern (oder aber
-Programmierer zu beschäftigen, die das für sie tun). Freie Software
-darf weitergegeben werden (umsonst oder gegen Entgelt). Man darf auch
-veränderte Fassungen der Programme wieder veröffentlichen (siehe
-http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html).
+Unix ist ein vollständiges Betriebssystem, aber Linux nur Teil von
+einem. SCO verwendet die beliebte Verwechslung mit Linux und dem
+GNU/Linux-System, um die Furcht zu vergröÃern, es könne sich
+ausbreiten. GNU/Linux ist das GNU Betriebssystem mit Linux als
+Betriebssystemkern. Der Betriebssystemkern ist derjenige Teil des Systems,
+der bestimmt, wieviel von den Ressourcen des Rechners auf einzelne Programme
+zugeteilt werden, die darauf gerade ausgeführt werden. Das ist Aufgabe von
+Linux.
</p>
<p>
-1991 war GNU so gut wie fertig, nur der Kernel fehlte noch. 1992 schuf
-Linux Torvalds seinen Kernel, Linux, als Freie Software. Andere
-verbanden GNU und Linux, um das erste völlig freie Betriebssystem zu
-schaffen, GNU/Linux (siehe
-http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html). GNU/Linux ist auch wieder
-Freie Software, und SCO hatte sich diese Freiheit zunutze gemacht,
-indem es seine eigene Version davon verkauft hat. Heute läuft GNU mit
-verschiedenen Kernels einschließlich Linux, GNU Hurd (unserem eigenen
-Kernel) und dem NetBSD-Kernel. Es ist imgrunde das gleiche System,
-egal welchen Kernel man verwendet.
+Wir begannen die Entwicklung von GNU 1984 als eine Kampagne für Freiheit,
+deren Ziel es war, unfreie Software aus unserem Leben zu beseitigen. GNU ist
+Freie Software, d. h. Nutzer haben die Freiheit, Software auszuführen, zu
+untersuchen und zu ändern (oder Programmierer zu bezahlen, die das für sie
+tun), weiterzuverbreiten (kostenlos oder gegen Entgelt) und modifizierte
+Versionen zu veröffentlichen (siehe auch <a
+href="/gnu/thegnuproject">Ãbersicht über das GNU Projekt</a>).
</p>
<p>
-Diejenigen, die Linux mit GNU kombiniert hatten, hatten nicht bemerkt,
-daß sie genau dieses taten, und sie bezeichneten diese Kombination
-einfach insgesamt als "Linux". Die Verwirrung nahm zu. Viele Anwender
-und Journalisten nennen das ganze System "Linux". Weil sie auch den
-Kernel -- zu Recht -- als "Linux" bezeichnen, ist das Ergebnis nur
-umso verwirrender: Wenn man den bloßen Begriff "Linux" hört, kann man
-nur noch raten, auf welche Software er sich denn nun beziehen mag. Die
-unverantwortlichen Stellungnahmen von SCO sind voll von solchen
-vieldeutigen Bezugnahmen auf "Linux". Es ist unmöglich, ihnen
-insgesamt irgendeine zusammenhängende Bedeutung zu entnehmen. Sie
-scheinen das ganze GNU/Linux-System zu beschuldigen, nur eine Kopie
-von Unix zu sein.
+Im Jahr 1991 war GNU so gut wie fertig, es fehlte nur ein
+Betriebssystemkern. 1992 machte Linus Torvalds seinen Betriebssystemkern,
+Linux, zu Freie Software. Andere kombinierten GNU und Linux, um das erste
+völlig Freie Betriebssystem, GNU/Linux, zu schaffen (siehe auch <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq">GNU/Linux: Häufig gestellte Fragen</a>). GNU/Linux
+ist auch Freie Software, und SCO nutzte diese Freiheit durch den Verkauf
+ihrer eigenen Version davon. Heute läuft GNU mit verschiedenen
+Betriebssystemkernen, einschlieÃlich Linux, GNU Hurd (unserem
+Betriebssystemkern) und dem NetBSD-Betriebssystemkern. Es ist im Grunde das
+gleiche System, unabhängig davon, welchen Betriebssystemkern Sie verwenden.
</p>
<p>
-Der Name "GNU" steht für den englischen Satz "GNU's Not Unix"
-(wörtlich: "GNU ist nicht Unix"). Das wichtigste bei der Entwicklung
-des GNU-Systems war gerade, daß GNU nicht Unix ist. Unix ist und war
-immer nicht-freie Software, das heißt es erlaubt dem Anwender gerade
-nicht, mit anderen Anwendern zusammenzuarbeiten und die volle
-Befehlsgewalt über seinen Rechner auszuüben. Um Computer in Freiheit
-und im Rahmen einer Gemeinschaft zu verwenden, brauchten wir ein
-freies Betriebssystem. Wir hatten einfach nicht das Geld, um das
-bestehende System zu kaufen und es dadurch zu befreien, aber wir
-hatten die Fertigkeit, uns ein neues Betriebssystem zu schreiben. Es
-war eine Riesenaufgabe, GNU zu schreiben. Wir taten es für unsere
-Freiheit und für Ihre Freiheit.
+Jene, die Linux mit GNU kombinierten, erkannten nicht was sie taten und
+sprachen von der Kombination als „Linux“. Die Verwirrung
+verbreitete sich; viele Nutzer und Journalisten nennen das gesamte System
+„Linux“. Da sie auch den Betriebssystemkern – zu
+Recht – „Linux“ nannten, ist das Ergebnis noch
+verwirrender: Wenn man den bloÃen Begriff „Linux“ hört, kann man
+nur raten, auf welche Software es sich bezieht. Die unverantwortlichen
+Stellungnahmen von SCO sind voll von solchen mehrdeutigen Bezugnahmen auf
+„Linux“. Es ist unmöglich, irgendwelche Rückschlüsse zu ziehen,
+aber sie scheinen das ganze GNU/Linux-System anzuklagen, von Unix kopiert zu
+sein.
</p>
<p>
-Den Unix-Quellcode zu kopieren, wäre zwar aus ethischer Sicht nicht
-verwerflich, aber es wäre unrechtmäßig. Die Folge davon wäre gewesen, daß die
Anwender dadurch nicht in die Lage versetzt worden wären, als
-Gemeinschaft zusammenzuarbeiten, wie wenn wir rechtmäßig vorgegangen
-wären. Um sicherzustellen, daß wir Unix nicht einfach kopieren würden
-oder auch nur irgendetwas Ähnliches schreiben würden, sagten wir den
-Teilnehmern am GNU-Projekt, sie sollten noch nicht einmal einen Blick
-in den Unix-Quellcode werfen, wenn sie an GNU arbeiten. Wir
-entwickelten auch neue Designansätze, die von dem typischen
-Unix-Design abweichen, um sicherzustellen, daß unser Code dem
-Unix-Code nicht ähneln würde -- trotz unserer Überzeugung, daß das
-Verbot, Software kopieren zu dürfen, ethisch falsch ist.
+Der Name GNU ist ein Akronym für „GNU’s Nicht Unix“. Der
+springende Punkt bei der Entwicklung des GNU-Systems ist, dass es nicht Unix
+ist. Unix ist und war immer unfreie Software, d. h. es seinen Nutzern
+versagt, mit anderen Anwendern zusammenzuarbeiten und volle Befehlsgewalt
+über seinen Rechner auszuüben. Um Rechner in Freiheit und als Gemeinschaft
+zu nutzen, brauchten es ein freies Betriebssystem. Wir hatten einfach nicht
+das Geld, um ein bestehende System zu kaufen und dadurch zu befreien, aber
+wir hatten die Qualifikation, um ein Neues zu schreiben. Es war eine
+Riesenaufgabe, GNU zu schreiben. Wir taten es für unsere und Ihre Freiheit.
</p>
<p>
-Die Verwirrung wird noch weiter gesteigert durch den Begriff des
-"geistigen Eigentums", wie er von SCO verwendet wird. Dieser modische,
-aber letztlich doch sehr dumme Begriff beinhaltet ein sehr
-durchsichtiges Vorverständnis, indem er suggeriert, daß man mit
-Werken, Ideen und Namen nur eines machen dürfe: Sie wie Privateigentum
-zu behandeln. Weniger offensichtlich ist der Schaden, der dadurch
-entsteht, daß sich durch diese Auffassung das Denken vereinfacht. Ganz
-verschiedene Rechte werden dadurch miteinander vermengt -- das
-Urheberrecht, das Patentrecht, das Markenrecht und andere --, die
-wirklich nur sehr wenig gemeinsam haben. Dadurch meinen die Menschen
-am Ende, diese Rechte wären ein einziges Gebiet, nämlich "das Thema
-geistiges Eigentum". Sie denken nur noch "darüber" nach, so daß sich
-die Diskussion auf einem so abstrakten Niveau bewegt, daß die
-einzelnen gesellschaftlichen Aspekte, die von den jeweiligen
-Rechtsgebieten und -begriffen berührt werden, letztlich nicht mehr
-erkennbar sind. Jede "Meinung über das geistige Eigentum" muß daher
-von vonherein abwegig sein (siehe
-http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html).
+Den Quellcode von Unix zu kopieren wäre zwar aus ethischer Sicht nicht
+verwerflich<a href="#footnote">[1]</a>, aber rechtswidrig; unsere Arbeit
+würde Nutzern nicht die rechtliche Freiheit geben zusammenarbeiten zu
+können, wenn sie nicht gesetzeskonform gewesen wäre. Um sicherzustellen,
+dass wir keinen Unix-Quellcode kopieren oder irgendetwas Ãhnliches schreiben
+würden, forderten wir GNU Mitwirkende sogar auf, sich keinen Unix-Quellcode
+während der Quellcodeentwicklung von GNU anzusehen. Wir schlugen auch neue
+Entwurfsansätze vor, die sich von typischen Unix-Entwurfsansätzen
+unterschieden. Wir taten unser Bestes um zu vermeiden, jemals Unix-Quellcode
+zu duplizieren – trotz unserer grundlegenden Ãberzeugung,
+dass das Kopieren von Software zu untersagen ethisch falsch ist.
</p>
<p>
-Einem Vertreter weitergehender Urheberrechts- oder Patentrechte an
-Software eröffnet der Begriff des "geistigen Eigentums" die
-Möglichkeit, das klare Denken über diese Zusammenhänge zu
-verhindern. In den Händen jemandes, der Drohungen ausspricht, dient
-dieser Begriff dazu, Verwirrung herbeizuführen: "Wir erheben den
-Anspruch darauf, Sie wegen allem Möglichen zu verklagen, aber wir
-sagen nicht, worum es dabei letztlich geht."
+Ein weiteres SCO-Instrument der Verschleierung ist der Begriff
+„geistiges Eigentum“. Dieser modische, aber lächerliche Begriff
+beinhaltet eine offensichtliche Voreingenommenheit: dass die richtige Weise,
+Werke, Ideen und Namen zu behandeln, eine Art Eigentum ist. Weniger
+offensichtlich ist der Schaden, der durch das vereinfachte Denken
+angerichtet wird: Es schert verschiedene Gesetze über einen
+Kamm – Urheberrecht, Patentrecht, Markenrecht und
+andere – die wirklich wenig gemein haben. Dies führt zu der
+Annahme, diese Gesetze wären eine einzige Angelegenheit, eine
+„Angelegenheit des geistigen Eigentums“ und
+„darüber“ nachdenken – das heiÃt auf einem
+derart breiten abstrakten Niveau zu denken, dass die besonderen sozialen
+Aspekte dieser verschiedenen Gesetze nicht einmal mehr erkennbar sind. Jede
+Meinung „über geistiges Eigentum“ ist damit zwangsläufig
+lächerlich (siehe <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid">Zu vermeidende
+Wörter</a> für weitere der durch diesen Begriff verursachten Verwirrung.)
</p>
<p>
-In einem tatsächlichen Prozeß würde solche Vieldeutigkeit natürlich
-dazu führen, daß die Klage keine Aussicht auf Erfolg hätte. Sollte es
-aber nur die Absicht von SCO sein, sozusagen einmal an dem Baum zu
-rütteln, um zu sehen, ob dadurch Geld zu Boden fällt, oder sollte SCO
-schlicht die Absicht haben, Angst zu verbreiten -- dann wäre es für
-sie sicherlich vorteilhaft, diese begriffliche Vagheit und
-Vieldeutigkeit beizubehalten.
+In den Händen eines Propagandisten für erhöhte Urheber- oder Patentrechte
+ist der Begriff ein Weg, klares Denken zu verhindern. In den Händen einer
+Person die Drohungen ausspricht, ist der Begriff ein Hilfsmittel zu
+Verschleierung: „Wir behaupten, wir können Sie wegen irgendwas
+verklagen, aber sagen nicht, was es ist.“
</p>
<p>
-Ich kann nicht vorhersagen, wie der Rechtsstreit zwischen SCO und IBM
-am Ende ausgehen wird. Ich weiß nicht, was in ihrem Vertrag steht, ich
-weiß nicht, was IBM getan hat, und ich bin kein Jurist. Der Justitiar
-der Free Software Foundation, Professor Moglen, meint, daß SCO seinen
-Code gegenüber der Allgemeinheit in der von ihr selbst unter der GNU
-GPL und anderen Softwarelizenzen verbreiteten Version von GNU/Linux
-freigegeben hat.
+In einem tatsächlichen Prozess würde durch eine solche Zweideutigkeit ihr
+Fall abgewiesen werden, oder sogar grundlos verhindern. Wenn es jedoch nur
+SCOs Ziel ist, am Baum zu rütteln und zu sehen, ob irgendwelches Geld
+hinunterfällt, oder einfach um Angst zu verbreiten, dann sind Unklarheiten
+und Rätsel sicherlich als vorteilhaft anzusehen.
</p>
<p>
-Was mir verbleibt ist, aus den Ereignissen Schlüsse für das
-GNU/Linux-Projekt zu ziehen. In einer Gemeinschaft von mehr als einer
-halben Million Entwicklern können wir nur schwerlich erwarten, daß es
-niemals irgendeine Form von Nachahmung geben wird. Das ist aber kein
-Unglück. Wir verzichten vielmehr auf diese Entwicklungen und machen
-weiter. Sollte es in Linux Material geben, das auf unrechtmäßige Weise
-entstanden ist, dann werden die Linux-Entwickler herausfinden, worum
-es sich dabei handelt, und sie werden es ersetzen. SCO kann seine
-gewerblichen Schutzrechte oder seine Verträge mit bestimmten Dritten
-nicht dazu einsetzen, die rechtmäßigen Beiträge von tausenden anderer
-zu unterdrücken. Linux selbst ist gar nicht mehr das wichtigste. Das
-GNU-System ist zwar in Verbindung mit Linux bekannt geworden, es kann
-aber heute auch mit zwei BSD-Kernels und mit dem GNU-Kernel eingesetzt
-werden. Unserem Projekt kann das alles deshalb nichts anhaben.
+Ich kann nicht vorhersagen, wie der Rechtsstreit SCO gegen IBM selbst
+ausgeht: Ich weià nicht, was in ihrem Vertrag steht, ich weià nicht, was IBM
+getan hat und ich bin kein Jurist. Der Justitiar der Free Software
+Foundation, Professor Moglen, glaubt, dass SCO seinen Quellcode gegenüber
+der Gemeinschaft in der von ihr selbst unter der GNU GPL und anderen freien
+Softwarelizenzen verbreiteten Version von GNU/Linux freigegeben hat.
</p>
<p>
-Richard Stallman ist Präsident der Free Software Foundation und
-Verfasser der GNU General Public License.
+Was mir verbleibt ist, aus den Ereignissen Schlüsse für das
+GNU/Linux-Projekt zu ziehen. In einer Gemeinschaft von über einer halben
+Million Entwicklern können wir nur kaum erwarten, dass es nie Plagiate geben
+wird. Das ist aber keine Katastrophe; wir löschen dieses Material und machen
+weiter. Sollte es Material in Linux geben, das UnrechtmäÃig beigetragen
+wurde, werden Linux-Entwickler lernen, was es ist und ersetzen. SCO kann
+seine Urheberrechte oder seine Verträge mit bestimmten Dritten nicht dazu
+einsetzen, um rechtmäÃige Beiträge Tausender anderer zu unterdrücken. Linux
+selbst ist nicht mehr wichtig: Das GNU-System wurde in Verbindung mit Linux
+populär, aber läuft heute auch mit zwei BSD-Betriebssystemkernen und mit dem
+GNU Hurd-Betriebssystemkern. Unserer Gemeinschaft kann das alles nichts
+anhaben.
</p>
-<p>
-Deutsche Übersetzung von Jürgen Fenn, Jul 18, 2003.
-</p>
-
-[
-<a href="/philosophy/sco-gnu-linux.html">English</a> |
-<a href="/philosophy/sco-gnu-linux.de.html">German</a> |
-<a href="/philosophy/sco-gnu-linux.it.html">Italian</a> |
-]
+<h4>Anmerkungen</h4>
<hr />
+<ol>
+<li id="footnote">Da diese Aussage den Entwicklungsansichten proprietärer
Softwareentwickler
+direkt widerspricht, nahmen einige Leser an, dass das Wort
+„nicht“ versehentlich eingefügt wurde. Es ist durchaus
+beabsichtigt. Es ist nicht falsch, Software zu kopieren. Es ist falsch,
+andere davon abzuhalten, Software zu kopieren. Daher sollte Software <span
+title="Frei wie in Freiheit">Frei</span> sein.</li>
+</ol>
-Return to <a href="/home.html">GNU's home page</a>.
+<h4><a href="/philosophy/sco/sco">Andere Texte mit Bezug zu SCO</a>.</h4>
-<p>
-FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Other <a
href="/home.html#ContactInfo">ways to contact</a> the FSF.
-</p>
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.de.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
<p>
-Send comments on these web pages to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2003 Richard Stallman<br />
+Bitte beachten Sie die <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations">LIESMICH fuÌr
+UÌbersetzungen</a>, um weitere Informationen uÌber die Koordinierung und
+Einsendung von UÌbersetzungen zu erhalten.
</p>
<p>
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any
medium, provided this notice is preserved.
+Copyright © 2003 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
-<p>
-Updated:
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<b>Ãbersetzung:</b> Jürgen Fenn, 2003. Joerg Kohne, 2011.</div>
+ <p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2003/09/30 23:42:23 $ $Author: sinuhe $
+Aktualisierung:
+
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:29 $
+
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
+</div>
-<hr />
+<div id="translations">
+<h4>Ãbersetzungen dieser Seite</h4>
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
+<!-- English -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<!-- French -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- Italian -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: server/08whatsnew.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/08whatsnew.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- server/08whatsnew.ar.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:56 -0000 1.3
+++ server/08whatsnew.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:34 -0000 1.4
@@ -69,13 +69,13 @@
اÙتزÙÙÙ ÙاتÙا٠اÙتجارة</a>.</dd>
</dl><dl>
<dt>14 Ù
اÙÙ 2008</dt>
- <dd>Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة (Ø¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù)
Ùد سجÙت خطÙØ© ÙبÙرة ÙÙ ØÙ
ÙتÙا
-PlayOgg.org بإعÙا٠اÙإذاعة اÙÙØ·ÙÙØ© اÙعاÙ
ة أخبار
Ù
رÙز دÙبÙÙبÙ‌ÙÙآر
-ببÙسط٠بدء اÙبث ØÙ٠اÙعاÙÙ
باÙÙس٠اÙصÙتÙ
اÙØر بÙظاÙ
Ø£ÙجÙ‌جÙ
-ÙÙربز. تÙار دÙبÙÙبÙ‌ÙÙآر Ùذا Ù
ØªØ§Ø Ø¹ÙÙ<a
-href="http://www.wbur.org/listen/";>http://www.wbur.org/listen/</a>Ø Ø§Ù ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ
-اÙØ°Ùاب Ù
باشرة Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="http://www.wbur.org/listen/feed/ogg.m3u";>http://www.wbur.org/listen/feed/ogg.m3u</a>.</dd>
+ <dd>The Free Software Foundation (FSF) has marked a milestone in their
+PlayOgg.org campaign with the announcement that National Public Radio (NPR)
+news station WBUR Boston has begun worldwide webcasting in the free audio
+format Ogg Vorbis. The WBUR stream is available at <a
+href="http://www.wbur.org/listen/";>http://www.wbur.org/listen/</a>, or you
+can go directly to <a
+href="http://audio.wbur.org/stream/live_ogg.m3u";>http://audio.wbur.org/stream/live_ogg.m3u</a>.</dd>
</dl><dl>
<dt>5 Ù
ارس 2008</dt>
<dd>تÙدÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙÙÙÙ Ù
ÙظÙ
Ø© Ù٠برÙاÙ
ج صÙ٠غÙغÙ
ÙÙØ´ÙÙرة 2008. إذا أردت اÙاشتراÙØ
@@ -140,11 +140,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
جÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
باÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù
-ÙضÙ٠أرسÙاÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -156,8 +157,9 @@
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 1996Ø 1997Ø 1998Ø 1999Ø 2000Ø 2001Ø 2002Ø
2003Ø 2004Ø
2005Ø 2006Ø 2007Ø 2008 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ
</p>
-<p>اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙ
دخÙØ© اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù
Ùجازة Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ· بدÙ٠أرباØØ Ù
ع Ùضع ÙØ°Ù
-اÙÙ
ÙاØظة Ù٠عÙ٠اÙاعتبار.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -172,7 +174,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:56 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:34 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -200,6 +202,8 @@
<li><a
href="/server/08whatsnew.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/server/08whatsnew.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/server/08whatsnew.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/server/08whatsnew.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- French -->
Index: server/08whatsnew.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/08whatsnew.bg.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- server/08whatsnew.bg.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:56 -0000 1.3
+++ server/08whatsnew.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:34 -0000 1.4
@@ -70,13 +70,13 @@
ÑпоÑазÑмение пÑоÑив ÑалÑиÑикаÑииÑе)</a>.</dd>
</dl><dl>
<dt>14 май 2008 г.</dt>
- <dd>ФондаÑиÑÑа за Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑÐµÑ (ФСС)
поÑÑигна знаÑиÑелен ÑÑпеÑ
в кампаниÑÑа
-PlayOgg.org Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑвлениеÑо, Ñе ÑÑанÑиÑÑа на
ÐаÑионалноÑо обÑеÑÑвено Ñадио
-(National Publuc Radio â NPR) WBUR ÐоÑÑÑн е запоÑнала
излÑÑване по Ñеб в
-ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð° звÑк Ogg Vorbis. ÐоÑокÑÑ Ð½Ð°
WBUR е доÑÑÑпен на <a
-href="http://www.wbur.org/listen/";>http://www.wbur.org/listen/</a>, или
-диÑекÑно на <a
-href="http://www.wbur.org/listen/feed/ogg.m3u";>http://www.wbur.org/listen/feed/ogg.m3u</a>.</dd>
+ <dd>The Free Software Foundation (FSF) has marked a milestone in their
+PlayOgg.org campaign with the announcement that National Public Radio (NPR)
+news station WBUR Boston has begun worldwide webcasting in the free audio
+format Ogg Vorbis. The WBUR stream is available at <a
+href="http://www.wbur.org/listen/";>http://www.wbur.org/listen/</a>, or you
+can go directly to <a
+href="http://audio.wbur.org/stream/live_ogg.m3u";>http://audio.wbur.org/stream/live_ogg.m3u</a>.</dd>
</dl><dl>
<dt>5 маÑÑ 2008 г.</dt>
<dd>GNU Ñе ÑегиÑÑÑиÑа каÑо оÑганизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²
кампаниÑÑа на ÐÑгÑл âSummer of Code
@@ -143,11 +143,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐолÑ, оÑпÑавÑйÑе вÑпÑоÑи оÑноÑно ФСС и GNU
по е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Ðма и
дÑÑги наÑини за
-<a href="/contact/">вÑÑзка</a> Ñ Ð¤Ð¡Ð¡. <br /> ÐолÑ,
изпÑаÑайÑе доклади за
-ÑÑÑпени Ñ
ипеÑвÑÑзки и дÑÑги коÑекÑии или
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° е-поÑа: <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -160,9 +161,9 @@
ÐвÑоÑÑки пÑава © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002,
2003, 2004,
2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 ФондаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвободен ÑоÑÑÑеÑ
</p>
-<p>ÐоÑловноÑо копиÑане и ÑазпÑоÑÑÑанение
на ÑÑлаÑа ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñа позволени за вÑеки
-Ñип ноÑиÑел без нÑжда Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑанеÑо на
ÑакÑи, ÑÑига Ñази бележка да бÑде
-запазена.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -181,7 +182,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐоÑледно обновÑване:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:56 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:34 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -209,6 +210,8 @@
<li><a
href="/server/08whatsnew.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/server/08whatsnew.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/server/08whatsnew.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/server/08whatsnew.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- French -->
Index: server/08whatsnew.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/08whatsnew.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- server/08whatsnew.sr.html 1 Nov 2009 09:26:33 -0000 1.4
+++ server/08whatsnew.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:34 -0000 1.5
@@ -71,14 +71,13 @@
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement</em>)</a>.</dd>
</dl><dl>
<dt>14. Ð¼Ð°Ñ 2008.</dt>
- <dd>ÐадÑжбина за Ñлободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ (ÐСС) Ñе
напÑавила помак Ñ ÑиÑ
Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ñи Ñ
-вези Ñа <em>PlayOgg.org</em>, обÑавивÑи да Ñе
ÑÑаниÑа веÑÑи ÐаÑионалног
-Ñавног ÑадиÑа â ÐÐÐ (<em>National Public Radio â NRP</em>)
<em>WBUR
-Boston</em> поÑела ÑвеÑÑко веб емиÑоваÑе Ñ
Ñлободном звÑÑном ÑоÑмаÑÑ <em>Ogg
-Vorbis</em>. Ток <em>WBUR</em>-а Ñе доÑÑÑпан на <a
-href="http://www.wbur.org/listen/";>http://www.wbur.org/listen/</a>, а
можеÑе
-и диÑекÑно да поÑеÑиÑе <a
-href="http://www.wbur.org/listen/feed/ogg.m3u";>http://www.wbur.org/listen/feed/ogg.m3u</a>.</dd>
+ <dd>The Free Software Foundation (FSF) has marked a milestone in their
+PlayOgg.org campaign with the announcement that National Public Radio (NPR)
+news station WBUR Boston has begun worldwide webcasting in the free audio
+format Ogg Vorbis. The WBUR stream is available at <a
+href="http://www.wbur.org/listen/";>http://www.wbur.org/listen/</a>, or you
+can go directly to <a
+href="http://audio.wbur.org/stream/live_ogg.m3u";>http://audio.wbur.org/stream/live_ogg.m3u</a>.</dd>
</dl><dl>
<dt>5. маÑÑ 2008.</dt>
<dd>ÐÐУ Ñе пÑиÑавио као оÑганизаÑиÑа Ñ
ÐÑгловом пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ðодно леÑо
@@ -145,11 +144,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑаÑеÑе пиÑаÑа Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð¸ Ñа
ÐСС-ом и ÐÐУ-ом на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÐоÑÑоÑе и <a
-href="/contact/">дÑÑги наÑини да Ñе обÑаÑиÑе</a>
ÐСС-Ñ.<br />Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-ÑаÑеÑе неиÑпÑавне везе и дÑÑге иÑпÑавке
(или пÑедлоге) на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -163,9 +163,9 @@
2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.
</p>
-<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа,
-без надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз
ÑÑлов да Ñе оÑÑвано ово
-обавеÑÑеÑе.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2009/11/01 09:26:33 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:34 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -219,6 +219,8 @@
<li><a
href="/server/08whatsnew.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/server/08whatsnew.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/server/08whatsnew.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/server/08whatsnew.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- French -->
Index: server/08whatsnew.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/08whatsnew.uk.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- server/08whatsnew.uk.html 2 Sep 2010 16:27:30 -0000 1.3
+++ server/08whatsnew.uk.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:34 -0000 1.4
@@ -77,13 +77,12 @@
ÑÑоÑовно ÐнÑи-ÐонÑÑаÑакÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¢Ð¾ÑговоÑ
Ñгоди</a>.</dd>
</dl><dl>
<dt>14 ТÑÐ°Ð²Ð½Ñ 2008</dt>
- <dd>Фонд ÐÑлÑного ÐÑогÑамного
ÐабезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ (FSF) вÑдзнаÑив вÑÑ
и Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ
-PlayOgg.org, анонÑÑвавÑи ÑнÑоÑмаÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо Ñе, Ñо
Public Radio (NPR)
-ÑадÑоÑÑанÑÑÑ WBUR Boston ÑозпоÑала вÑеÑвÑÑнÑ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑежÑ,
-викоÑиÑÑовÑÑÑи пÑи ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑлÑний аÑдÑо
ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ogg Vorbis. ÐоÑÑк WBUR
-доÑÑÑпний за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
-href="http://www.wbur.org/listen/";>http://www.wbur.org/listen/</a>, або ви
-можеÑе викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи ÑÐµÑ Ð°Ð´ÑеÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
пÑоÑлÑÑ
овÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ <a
+ <dd>The Free Software Foundation (FSF) has marked a milestone in their
+PlayOgg.org campaign with the announcement that National Public Radio (NPR)
+news station WBUR Boston has begun worldwide webcasting in the free audio
+format Ogg Vorbis. The WBUR stream is available at <a
+href="http://www.wbur.org/listen/";>http://www.wbur.org/listen/</a>, or you
+can go directly to <a
href="http://audio.wbur.org/stream/live_ogg.m3u";>http://audio.wbur.org/stream/live_ogg.m3u</a>.</dd>
</dl><dl>
<dt>5 ÐеÑезнÑ</dt>
@@ -151,10 +150,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐÑдÑ-лаÑка надÑилайÑе до FSF & запиÑи
ÑÑоÑовно GNU на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Також
ÑÑнÑÑÑÑ <a
-href="/contact/">ÑнÑÑ ÑлÑÑ
и Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð²’ÑÐ·ÐºÑ Ñз</a> FSF.
<br />ÐÑдÑ-лаÑка
-надÑилайÑе неÑобоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñа ÑнÑÑ
випÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñи Ð¿Ð¾Ð±Ð°Ð¶Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° адÑеÑÑ <a
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
@@ -169,8 +169,9 @@
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<p>Ðозволено доÑлÑвне копÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ
ÑозповÑÑÐ´Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑÑÑÑ, на
бÑдÑ
-ÑкиÑ
ноÑÑÑÑ
без ÑоÑлÑÑ Ð·Ð° Ñмови збеÑеженнÑ
ÑÑого заÑваженнÑ.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -182,7 +183,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ðновлено:
-$Date: 2010/09/02 16:27:30 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:34 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -210,6 +211,8 @@
<li><a
href="/server/08whatsnew.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a
href="/server/08whatsnew.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/server/08whatsnew.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/server/08whatsnew.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- French -->
Index: server/irc-rules.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/irc-rules.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- server/irc-rules.ar.html 21 Feb 2011 17:28:06 -0000 1.7
+++ server/irc-rules.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:34 -0000 1.8
@@ -135,8 +135,9 @@
2005Ø 2006Ø 2007Ø 2008Ø 2009 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرةØ
اÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ
</p>
<p>
-ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù ØرÙÙÙا
Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ· ÙبدÙÙ ÙÙØ§Ø¦Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø·
-إبÙاء Ùذا اÙإخطار.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2011/02/21 17:28:06 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:34 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -178,6 +179,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/server/irc-rules.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/server/irc-rules.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/server/irc-rules.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: server/irc-rules.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/irc-rules.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- server/irc-rules.ro.html 1 Sep 2010 00:27:28 -0000 1.4
+++ server/irc-rules.ro.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:35 -0000 1.5
@@ -128,10 +128,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ro.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-TrmiteÈi întrebÄri despre FSF & GNU la <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Mai sunt Èi alte <a
-href="/contact/">moduri de a contacta</a> FSF. <br /> VÄ rugÄm raportaÈi
-legÄturi incorecte Èi alte corecturi (sau sugestii) la <a
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
@@ -140,9 +141,9 @@
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
<p>
-Reproducerea exactÄ Èi distribuirea acestui articol în întregime este
-permisÄ Ã®n întreaga lume, pe orice mediu, cu condiÈia ca aceastÄ notÄ Èi
-nota de copyright sÄ fie pÄstrate.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -154,7 +155,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Actualizat:
-$Date: 2010/09/01 00:27:28 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:35 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -180,6 +181,8 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/server/irc-rules.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/server/irc-rules.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/server/irc-rules.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: server/mirror.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/mirror.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- server/mirror.ro.html 1 Sep 2010 00:27:28 -0000 1.4
+++ server/mirror.ro.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:35 -0000 1.5
@@ -24,51 +24,59 @@
<h3>Oglindirea serverului FTP de la GNU</h3>
-<p>Oglinzile administrate de organizaÈii adevÄrate Èi persoane care suportÄ
-software-ul liber sunt binevenite Èi apreciate, dar vÄ rugÄm sÄ observaÈi
cÄ
-nu enumerÄm oglinzile cu material publicitar. Cererile de oglinzire
-asociate cu spam sau alte activitÄÈi inetice nu sunt acceptate sub nici o
-formÄ.</p>
-
-<p><i>DupÄ</i> ce vÄ porniÈi oglinda, vÄ rugÄm sÄ c ontactaÈi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> pentru a o
-verifica Èi adÄuga la <a href="/order/ftp.html">lista de oglinzi</a>.
-MulÈumim.</p>
-
-<p>Oglindirea întregului server FTP GNU necesitÄ aproximativ 22GB de spaÈiu
de
-disc (în 3 Decembrie 2009), care este distribuit astfel: </p>
-<pre>
-/gnu: 20G
-/non-gnu: 400M
-/old-gnu: 1.4G
-</pre>
-
-<p>DatoritÄ resurselor Èi condiÈiilor de securitate, nu mai oferim rsync
direct
-sau servicii speciale FTP pentru actualizarea oglinzilor. DacÄ doriÈi sÄ
-folosiÈi rsync (ceea ce recomandÄm), câteva alte site-uri furnizeazÄ acces
-la toate materialele de pe ftp.gnu.org. Ei actualizeazÄ de la noi în
-fiecare noapte Èi îi puteÈi accesa via rsync:</p>
+<p>Mirroring the entire GNU FTP server requires approximately 100GB disk space
+(as of 3 March 2011), which is distributed in the following way
+(all values are greatly rounded):</p>
+<pre>
+/gnu+linux-distros 60G
+/gnu 25G
+/video 10G
+/old-gnu 3G
+</pre>
+
+<p>As you can see, more than half the space is taken by the
+<tt>gnu+linux-distros</tt> images. Feel free to exclude those from your
+mirror if you wish. The absolute minimal useful thing to mirror is the
+<tt>gnu</tt> directory.</p>
+
+<p>Due to resource and security concerns, we do not offer direct rsync or
+special FTP service to update mirrors. If you would like to use rsync (which
+is advisable), several reliable third party sites provide access to all the
+material on ftp.gnu.org. They update from us nightly and you may access them
+with (via rsync):</p>
<ul>
-<li><tt>rsync://ftp.funet.fi/ftp/pub/mirrors/ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/</tt>
-(Finlanda)</li>
+<li><tt>rsync://mirrors.ispros.com.bd/gnu/</tt> (Bangladesh)</li>
<li><tt>rsync://gnu.c3sl.ufpr.br/gnu/ftp/</tt> (Brazilia)</li>
+<li><tt>rsync://ftp.funet.fi/ftp/pub/gnu/prep/</tt> (Finland)</li>
<li><tt>rsync://mirror.its.uidaho.edu/gnu/</tt> (Idaho, SUA)</li>
+<li><tt>rsync://mirror.team-cymru.org/gnu/</tt> (Illinois, USA)</li>
<li><tt>rsync://mirrors.ibiblio.org/gnuftp/</tt> (North Carolina, SUA)</li>
-<li><tt>rsync://mirror.cinquix.com::gnuftp/</tt> (New York, SUA)</li>
</ul>
-<p>If your site can also offer general access for other mirrors, please <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";>contact us</a>.</p>
-
-<p> rsync este mult mai eficient decât alte protocoale, aÈa cÄ recomandÄm
-întotdeauna rsync pentru transferuri pentru oglinzi. Mai exact, cu aceste
-opÈiuni:</p>
+<p>rsync is so much more efficient than other protocols that we always
+recommend rsync for mirror transfers. Specifically, with these options:</p>
<pre>
rsync -rltpHS --delete-excluded rsync://mirror/source/ /your/dir/
</pre>
+<p>You can keep your mirror private but if you would like to be added to the <a
+href="/order/ftp.html">public mirror list</a>, we require at least a daily
+update frequency. <i>After</i> establishing your mirror contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> so we can
+review it.</p>
+
+<p>Please provide the URL of the mirror (ftp/http/rsync as appropriate),
+country where the mirror is located, update frequency, and preferred contact
+information in case we need to report problems with this mirror in the
+future. We will keep all contact information confidential. Please also let
+us know if your site can also offer general access for other mirrors.</p>
+
+<p>In general, mirrors run by both individuals and organizations that want to
+support free software are welcome and appreciated. Mirrors that are run for
+the purpose of gaining advertising links or other recognition from our site,
+or that are engaged in unethical activity, are not accepted on our list.</p>
<h3>SetÄri webserver pentru oglinzi</h3>
@@ -93,7 +101,7 @@
<p>VariantÄ: dacÄ liniile dvs. de AddEncoding nu au un punct în faÈa
entensii,
ca de exemplu:</p>
<pre>
- AddEncoding x-gzip gz tgz
+AddEncoding x-gzip gz tgz
</pre>
<p>atunci liniile RemoveEncoding n-ar trebui nici ele sÄ aibÄ un punct în
faÈÄ.</p>
@@ -108,12 +116,13 @@
<h3 id="Ibiblio">Liste de email Ibiblio</h3>
-<p>Pentru cei ce oglindesc de la ibiblio, <a
-href="http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/ibiblio-mirrors";>lista de
-oglinzi ibiblio</a> este o listÄ cu trafic redus pentru administratorii
-site-urilor care oglindesc conÈinut de pe serverele ibiblio. De asemenea,
-puteÈi trimite întrebÄri specifice Èi rapoarte despre probleme la
-help-at-ibiblio-dot-org.</p>
+<p>For those mirroring from ibiblio, <a
+href="http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/ibiblio-mirrors";>ibiblio-mirrors</a>
+and <a
+href="http://lists.ibiblio.org/mailman/listinfo/ibiblio-announce";>ibiblio-announce</a>
+are low-traffic mailing lists for admins of sites mirroring from ibiblio
+servers. Also, specific questions and problem reports can be <a
+href="http://www.ibiblio.org/help/";>submitted to ibiblio</a>.</p>
<h3>Oglindirea serverului FTP GNU Alpha</h3>
@@ -121,9 +130,9 @@
<p> Aceste site-uri vÄ oferÄ Èi alpha.gnu.org (circa 2GO):</p>
<ul>
- <li><tt>rsync://mirrors.ibiblio.org/gnualpha/</tt></li>
- <li><tt>rsync://ftp.funet.fi/ftp/pub/mirrors/alpha.gnu.org/gnu/</tt></li>
- <li><tt>rsync://gnu.c3sl.ufpr.br/gnu/alpha/</tt></li>
+<li><tt>rsync://mirrors.ibiblio.org/gnualpha/</tt></li>
+<li><tt>rsync://ftp.funet.fi/ftp/pub/mirrors/alpha.gnu.org/gnu/</tt></li>
+<li><tt>rsync://gnu.c3sl.ufpr.br/gnu/alpha/</tt></li>
</ul>
<p>ActualizÄri în fiecare noapte sunt suficiente pentru materialul GNU FTP
Èi
@@ -137,9 +146,9 @@
href="http://savannah.nongnu.org";>savannah.nongnu.org</a>. The total is
currently around 12GB. To do this, we strongly suggest you retrieve and
update the files using
-<tt>rsync -rltpHS --delete-excluded rsync://dl.sv.gnu.org/releases/</tt> <i>/yourdir</i>
-<br />These options ensure that it is an exact mirror. (There will probably
-be some permission errors; just ignore them. They are due to choices or
+<tt>rsync -rltpHS --delete-excluded rsync://dl.sv.gnu.org/releases/</tt> <i>yourdir</i>
+<br />These options ensure that it is an exact mirror. (There will probably be
+some permission errors; just ignore them. They are due to choices or
mistakes by individual savannah project maintainers.)</p>
<p>It is fine to update savannah/nongnu once a day as well; twice a day if you
@@ -191,8 +200,9 @@
<p>Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
<p>VÄ rugÄm vedeÈi <a
@@ -200,11 +210,12 @@
pentru informaÈii despre coordonarea Èi trimiterea traducerilor acestui
articol.</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Reproducerea exactÄ Èi distribuirea acestui articol în întregime este
-permisÄ Ã®n întreaga lume, pe orice mediu, cu condiÈia ca aceastÄ notÄ Èi
-nota de copyright sÄ fie pÄstrate.</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -214,7 +225,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Actualizat:
-$Date: 2010/09/01 00:27:28 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:35 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -242,6 +253,8 @@
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
-->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href= "/server/mirror.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href= "/server/mirror.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: server/sitemap.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/sitemap.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.21
retrieving revision 1.22
diff -u -b -r1.21 -r1.22
--- server/sitemap.ar.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:47 -0000 1.21
+++ server/sitemap.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:38 -0000 1.22
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@
<li><a href="/prep/maintain.html">Ù
عÙÙÙ
ات ÙÙ
شرÙ٠برÙ
جÙات غÙÙ</a></li>
- <li><a href="/evaluation/">إرشادات اÙتÙÙÙÙ
ÙبرÙ
جÙات غÙÙ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/help/evaluation.html">Evaluation Guidelines for GNU
Software</a></li>
<li><a href="/prep/">Ù
عÙÙÙ
ات Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ</a></li>
</ul>
@@ -244,7 +244,8 @@
<li><a href= "/server/standards/README.translations.ar.html">ترجÙ
Ø©</a> صÙØات Ùب
غÙ٠إÙÙ Ùغات أخرÙ</li>
- <li><a href="/spanish/">ÙرÙ٠ترجÙ
Ø© غÙÙ
اÙإسباÙÙ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/server/standards/translations/es/">GNU Spanish
Translation
+Team</a></li>
<li><a href="/server/privacy-policy.html">سÙاسة
اÙخصÙصÙØ©</a></li>
@@ -253,9 +254,9 @@
<li>ÙائÙ
Ø© <a href="/server/tasks.html">Ù
ÙاÙ
(14 Ø£ÙÙ
ØرÙ)</a> Ùجع٠<a href=
"/server/server.html">Ù
ÙÙع</a> اÙÙب Ùذا Ø£ÙضÙØ Ù
Ù ÙضÙÙ
ساعدÙا Ù٠إÙجازÙا!</li>
- <li><a href="/award/">جÙائز</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/award/">Awards Archive</a></li>
- <li><a href="/2001/">أرشÙ٠اÙجÙائز</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/award/2001/">Award 2001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wwwhurdes/">Ù
ÙÙع Ùرد اÙÙدÙÙ
</a></li>
</ul>
@@ -351,12 +352,18 @@
</ul>
<!-- The following are inaccessible, but existing, directories -->
-<!--<li><a href="/fsfc/"></a></li>-->
-<!--<li><a href="/fsfe/"></a></li>-->
-<!--<li><a href="/gnubiz/"></a></li>-->
-<!--<li><a href="/gnuwork/"></a></li>-->
-<!--<li><a href="/orgs/"></a></li>-->
-<!--<li><a href="/rms-essays/"></a></li>-->
+<!--<li>
+<a href="/fsfc/"></a></li>-->
+<!--<li>
+<a href="/fsfe/"></a></li>-->
+<!--<li>
+<a href="/gnubiz/"></a></li>-->
+<!--<li>
+<a href="/gnuwork/"></a></li>-->
+<!--<li>
+<a href="/orgs/"></a></li>-->
+<!--<li>
+<a href="/rms-essays/"></a></li>-->
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
@@ -372,10 +379,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù.إس.Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a> باÙØ¥Ù.إس.Ø¥Ù. <br
/> Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرسÙ
-اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات أ٠اÙتراØات
Ø¥ÙÙ <a
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
@@ -384,8 +392,9 @@
2005Ø 2006Ø 2007Ø 2008 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</address>
<p>
-Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ادة بÙاÙ
ÙÙا ØرÙÙا Ù
سÙ
ÙØ
ب٠Ù٠جÙ
Ùع Ø£ÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
بدÙ٠اÙ
-Ùساطة بأخذ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاØظة ÙÙ
ÙاØظة اÙØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© Ù٠اÙاعتبار.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -399,7 +408,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدثت:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:47 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:38 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -423,7 +432,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right, cf. -->
-<!-- <http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php> -->
+<!-- <http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php>
+ -->
<!-- If ISO 639-1 code is not available, use the 3 letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
@@ -431,6 +441,8 @@
<li><a
href="/server/sitemap.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/server/sitemap.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/server/sitemap.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/server/sitemap.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: server/sitemap.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/sitemap.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- server/sitemap.fr.html 19 Jul 2011 08:43:00 -0000 1.13
+++ server/sitemap.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:39 -0000 1.14
@@ -266,7 +266,8 @@
<li><a href=
"/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html">Traduction</a> des
pages Web de GNU dans d'autres langues</li>
- <li><a href="/spanish/">L'équipe de traduction espagnole de
GNU</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/server/standards/translations/es/">GNU Spanish
Translation
+Team</a></li>
<li><a href="/server/privacy-policy.html">Politique de
confidentialité</a></li>
@@ -437,7 +438,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise-à -jour :
-$Date: 2011/07/19 08:43:00 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:39 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: server/sitemap.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/sitemap.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- server/sitemap.ro.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:48 -0000 1.8
+++ server/sitemap.ro.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:39 -0000 1.9
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@
<li><a href="/prep/maintain.html">Information For maintainers of GNU
Software</a></li>
- <li><a href="/evaluation/">Evaluation Guidelines for GNU
Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/help/evaluation.html">Evaluation Guidelines for GNU
Software</a></li>
<li><a href="/prep/">GNU Project Information</a></li>
</ul>
@@ -252,7 +252,8 @@
<li><a href=
"/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translating</a> GNU
web pages into other languages</li>
- <li><a href="/spanish/">GNU Spanish Translation Team</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/server/standards/translations/es/">GNU Spanish
Translation
+Team</a></li>
<li><a href="/server/privacy-policy.html">Privacy Policy</a></li>
@@ -263,9 +264,9 @@
web <a href= "/server/server.html">site</a> better, please help with us do
them!</li>
- <li><a href="/award/">Awards</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/award/">Awards Archive</a></li>
- <li><a href="/2001/">Awards Archive</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/award/2001/">Award 2001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wwwhurdes/">Old Hurd website</a></li>
</ul>
@@ -363,12 +364,18 @@
</ul>
<!-- The following are inaccessible, but existing, directories -->
-<!--<li><a href="/fsfc/"></a></li>-->
-<!--<li><a href="/fsfe/"></a></li>-->
-<!--<li><a href="/gnubiz/"></a></li>-->
-<!--<li><a href="/gnuwork/"></a></li>-->
-<!--<li><a href="/orgs/"></a></li>-->
-<!--<li><a href="/rms-essays/"></a></li>-->
+<!--<li>
+<a href="/fsfc/"></a></li>-->
+<!--<li>
+<a href="/fsfe/"></a></li>-->
+<!--<li>
+<a href="/gnubiz/"></a></li>-->
+<!--<li>
+<a href="/gnuwork/"></a></li>-->
+<!--<li>
+<a href="/orgs/"></a></li>-->
+<!--<li>
+<a href="/rms-essays/"></a></li>-->
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
@@ -386,8 +393,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
@@ -396,8 +404,9 @@
2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</address>
<p>
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any
-medium, provided this notice is preserved.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -409,7 +418,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:48 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:39 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -433,7 +442,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right, cf. -->
-<!-- <http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php> -->
+<!-- <http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php>
+ -->
<!-- If ISO 639-1 code is not available, use the 3 letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
@@ -441,6 +451,8 @@
<li><a
href="/server/sitemap.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/server/sitemap.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/server/sitemap.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/server/sitemap.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: server/sitemap.sq.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/sitemap.sq.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- server/sitemap.sq.html 9 Aug 2011 16:45:21 -0000 1.9
+++ server/sitemap.sq.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:39 -0000 1.10
@@ -259,7 +259,8 @@
<li><a href=
"/server/standards/README.translations.html">Përkthimi</a> i faqeve
web GNU në gjuhë të tjera</li>
- <li><a href="/spanish/">Ekipi i Përkthimit të GNU-së në
Spanjisht</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/server/standards/translations/es/">GNU Spanish
Translation
+Team</a></li>
<li><a href="/server/privacy-policy.html">Rregulla Vetësie</a></li>
@@ -426,7 +427,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Përditësuar:
-$Date: 2011/08/09 16:45:21 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:39 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: server/sitemap.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/sitemap.uk.html,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- server/sitemap.uk.html 13 Jul 2011 17:36:48 -0000 1.11
+++ server/sitemap.uk.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:39 -0000 1.12
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@
<li><a href="/prep/maintain.html">Information For maintainers of GNU
Software</a></li>
- <li><a href="/evaluation/">Evaluation Guidelines for GNU
Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/help/evaluation.html">Evaluation Guidelines for GNU
Software</a></li>
<li><a href="/prep/">GNU Project Information</a></li>
</ul>
@@ -252,7 +252,8 @@
<li><a href=
"/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translating</a> GNU
web pages into other languages</li>
- <li><a href="/spanish/">GNU Spanish Translation Team</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/server/standards/translations/es/">GNU Spanish
Translation
+Team</a></li>
<li><a href="/server/privacy-policy.html">Privacy Policy</a></li>
@@ -263,9 +264,9 @@
web <a href= "/server/server.html">site</a> better, please help with us do
them!</li>
- <li><a href="/award/">ÐагоÑоди</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/award/">Awards Archive</a></li>
- <li><a href="/2001/">Awards Archive</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/award/2001/">Award 2001</a></li>
<li><a href="/wwwhurdes/">Old Hurd website</a></li>
</ul>
@@ -363,12 +364,18 @@
</ul>
<!-- The following are inaccessible, but existing, directories -->
-<!--<li><a href="/fsfc/"></a></li>-->
-<!--<li><a href="/fsfe/"></a></li>-->
-<!--<li><a href="/gnubiz/"></a></li>-->
-<!--<li><a href="/gnuwork/"></a></li>-->
-<!--<li><a href="/orgs/"></a></li>-->
-<!--<li><a href="/rms-essays/"></a></li>-->
+<!--<li>
+<a href="/fsfc/"></a></li>-->
+<!--<li>
+<a href="/fsfe/"></a></li>-->
+<!--<li>
+<a href="/gnubiz/"></a></li>-->
+<!--<li>
+<a href="/gnuwork/"></a></li>-->
+<!--<li>
+<a href="/orgs/"></a></li>-->
+<!--<li>
+<a href="/rms-essays/"></a></li>-->
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
@@ -386,8 +393,9 @@
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
@@ -396,8 +404,9 @@
2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</address>
<p>
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any
-medium, provided this notice is preserved.
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -409,7 +418,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ðновлено:
-$Date: 2011/07/13 17:36:48 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:39 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -433,7 +442,8 @@
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right, cf. -->
-<!-- <http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php> -->
+<!-- <http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php>
+ -->
<!-- If ISO 639-1 code is not available, use the 3 letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
@@ -441,6 +451,8 @@
<li><a
href="/server/sitemap.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/server/sitemap.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a href="/server/sitemap.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/server/sitemap.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: server/po/outdated.af.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.af.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.af.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:46 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.af.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:43 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -16,7 +17,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.ar.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.ar.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.ar.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:46 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.ar.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:43 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -16,7 +17,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.bg.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.bg.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.bg.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:46 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.bg.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:43 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -16,7 +17,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.ca.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.ca.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.ca.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:47 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.ca.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:43 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -16,7 +17,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.cs.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.cs.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.cs.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:47 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.cs.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:44 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.de.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.de.po,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- server/po/outdated.de.po 30 Aug 2011 13:57:45 -0000 1.2
+++ server/po/outdated.de.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:44 -0000 1.3
@@ -6,17 +6,31 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-28 18:38+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Joerg Kohne <joeko (AT) online (PUNKT) de>\n"
"Language-Team: German <address@hidden>\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
-"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please "
+#| "send updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
+#| "address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source "
+#| "is:"
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
-msgstr "<strong>Bitte beachten Sie:</strong> Bei diesem Werk bzw. Inhalt
handelt es sich um eine Ãbersetzung aus dem Englischen. Es ist möglich, dass
nachträgliche Ãnderungen bzw. Ergänzungen im englischen Original in dieser
Ãbersetzung nicht berücksichtigt sind. Bitte unterstützen Sie uns und <a
href=\"http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-de/\";>kontaktieren Sie uns</a>. Die
aktuelle Ãbersetzungsquelle finden Sie unter:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
+msgstr ""
+"<strong>Bitte beachten Sie:</strong> Bei diesem Werk bzw. Inhalt handelt es "
+"sich um eine Ãbersetzung aus dem Englischen. Es ist möglich, dass "
+"nachträgliche Ãnderungen bzw. Ergänzungen im englischen Original in dieser
"
+"Ãbersetzung nicht berücksichtigt sind. Bitte unterstützen Sie uns und <a "
+"href=\"http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-de/\";>kontaktieren Sie uns</a>. "
+"Die aktuelle Ãbersetzungsquelle finden Sie unter:"
Index: server/po/outdated.el.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.el.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.el.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:47 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.el.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:44 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- server/po/outdated.es.po 27 Aug 2011 17:42:58 -0000 1.2
+++ server/po/outdated.es.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:44 -0000 1.3
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 19:39+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Xavier Reina <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Spanish <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -17,13 +18,19 @@
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please "
+#| "send updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
+#| "address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source "
+#| "is:"
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
"<strong>Aviso:</strong> esta traducción puede que no esté actualizada. Por "
"favor envÃe las actualizaciones a <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-"\"><address@hidden></a>. La URL para obtener el último "
-"código fuente es:"
-
+"\"><address@hidden></a>. La URL para obtener el último código "
+"fuente es:"
Index: server/po/outdated.fa.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.fa.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.fa.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:47 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.fa.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:44 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -16,7 +17,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.fr.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:47 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.fr.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:44 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.he.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.he.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.he.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:47 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.he.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:44 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.id.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.id.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.id.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:47 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.id.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:44 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -16,7 +17,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.it.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.it.po,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- server/po/outdated.it.po 28 Aug 2011 13:54:41 -0000 1.3
+++ server/po/outdated.it.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:44 -0000 1.4
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-28 15:45+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Andrea Pescetti <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Italian\n"
@@ -16,10 +17,17 @@
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please "
+#| "send updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
+#| "address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source "
+#| "is:"
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
"<strong>Attenzione:</strong> questa traduzione potrebbe non essere "
"aggiornata. Per sapere come aggiornarla contattate il <a href=\"http://";
Index: server/po/outdated.ja.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.ja.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.ja.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:47 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.ja.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:44 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.ml.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.ml.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.ml.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:48 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.ml.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:44 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -16,7 +17,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.nb.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.nb.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.nb.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:48 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.nb.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:44 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.nl.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.nl.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.nl.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:48 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.nl.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:45 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.pl.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.pl.po,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- server/po/outdated.pl.po 29 Aug 2011 15:44:09 -0000 1.2
+++ server/po/outdated.pl.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:45 -0000 1.3
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-29 09:43-0600\n"
"Last-Translator: Jan Owoc <jsowoc AT gmail.com>\n"
"Language-Team: Polish <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -19,10 +20,17 @@
"X-Generator: Virtaal 0.7.0\n"
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please "
+#| "send updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
+#| "address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source "
+#| "is:"
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
"<strong>Uwaga:</strong> to tÅumaczenie może byÄ nieaktualne. Prosimy o "
"przesÅanie aktualnego tÅumaczenia na adres <a href=\"mailto:web-";
Index: server/po/outdated.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.pot,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.pot 27 Aug 2011 12:25:48 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.pot 3 Sep 2011 08:35:45 -0000 1.2
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-# @Language@ translation for http://www.gnu.org/server/outdated.html
-# Copyright (C) 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-# This file is distributed under the same license as the original text.
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <address@hidden>, YEAR.
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
-"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -17,8 +17,9 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a "
-"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. "
-"The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> "
+"to find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found "
+"at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.pt-br.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.pt-br.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.pt-br.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:48 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.pt-br.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:45 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.pt.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.pt.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.pt.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:48 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.pt.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:45 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.ro.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.ro.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.ro.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:48 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.ro.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:45 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -18,7 +19,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.ru.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:48 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.ru.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:45 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Ineiev <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Russian <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -17,12 +18,19 @@
"10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n"
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please "
+#| "send updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
+#| "address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source "
+#| "is:"
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
"<strong>Ðнимание:</strong> возможно, ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод
ÑÑÑаÑел. ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, "
-"пожалÑйÑÑа, Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a "
-"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. "
-"ÐоÑледнÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ÑÑ
одного Ñайла
пеÑевода можно полÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑÑлке:"
+"пожалÑйÑÑа, Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><address@hidden></a>. ÐоÑледнÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ÑÑ
одного Ñайла "
+"пеÑевода можно полÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑÑлке:"
Index: server/po/outdated.sk.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.sk.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.sk.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:49 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.sk.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:45 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.sq.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.sq.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.sq.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:49 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.sq.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:45 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -16,7 +17,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.sr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.sr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.sr.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:49 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.sr.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:45 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -18,7 +19,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.ta.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.ta.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.ta.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:49 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.ta.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:45 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -16,7 +17,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.tr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.tr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.tr.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:49 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.tr.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:45 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.uk.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.uk.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.uk.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:50 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.uk.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:45 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -18,7 +19,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.vi.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.vi.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.vi.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:50 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.vi.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:46 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -17,7 +18,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/outdated.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/outdated.zh-cn.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- server/po/outdated.zh-cn.po 27 Aug 2011 12:25:50 -0000 1.1
+++ server/po/outdated.zh-cn.po 3 Sep 2011 08:35:46 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: outdated.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2011-09-03 04:25-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-08-27 11:27+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n"
"Language-Team: Generic <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -16,7 +17,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"<strong>Warning:</strong> this translation may be out of date. Please send "
-"updates to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><web-"
-"address@hidden></a>. The URL for the latest translation source is:"
+"This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date; "
+"GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a href=\"mailto:web-";
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> to find out how "
+"you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/standards/README.translations.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/standards/README.translations.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- server/standards/README.translations.ca.html 20 Apr 2010 08:26:45
-0000 1.6
+++ server/standards/README.translations.ca.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:53
-0000 1.7
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ca.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
@@ -9,30 +8,32 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
<h2>Guia per a la traducció de les pà gines del web de GNU</h2>
+<a href="/graphics/atypinggnu.ca.html"><img style="float: right;"
+ src="/graphics/gnu-type-sm.jpg"
+ alt="A Typing GNU" title="A Typing GNU Hacker" />
+</a>
+
<div class="announcement">
- <blockquote><p>Most important: <span class="highlight"><em>Do NOT translate
the raw HTML
-source</em>.</span></p>
- <p>If you want to submit a translation or help translation efforts, please
-contact the relevant existing team <a
-href="#TranslationsUnderway">below</a>. If there is no team established for
-your language, please write to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
-<address@hidden></a> after reading the <a
-href="/software/trans-coord/manual/">manuals</a>.
- </p></blockquote>
+ <blockquote><p>El més important: <span class="highlight"><em>NO traduïu el
codi
+HTML</em>.</span></p>
+ <p>Si voleu enviar una traducció o ajudar en les tasques de traducció,
+contacteu si us plau amb l'equip de traducció corresponent, que trobareu <a
+href="#TranslationsUnderway">més avall</a>. Si no hi ha cap equip establert
+per al vostre idioma, escriviu si us plau a <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>,
+després de llegir els <a href="/software/trans-coord/manual/">manuals</a>.</p>
+ </blockquote>
</div>
-<a href="/graphics/atypinggnu.ca.html"><img src="/graphics/gnu-type-sm.jpg"
- alt="[imatge d'un GNU escrivint a mà quina]" width="137" height="114" /></a>
-
<h3 id="SEC1">Guia general</h3>
<ul>
- <li>Before doing anything, please read
+ <li>Abans de fer res, llegiu si us plau
<ul>
<li>la <a href="/server/standards/readme_index.html">guia</a> per als
voluntaris
del lloc web de GNU, </li>
<li>les <a href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html">directrius d'estil i
d'HTML</a>, http://www.gnu.org/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html </li>
- <li>the <a href="/software/trans-coord/manual/">GNUN</a> manuals.</li>
+ <li>els manuals de <a href="/software/trans-coord/manual/">GNUN</a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Després de llegir aquesta pà gina, dirigiu-vos a la secció <a
@@ -45,10 +46,12 @@
<h3 id="LanguageCodes">Codis d'idioma</h3>
<ul>
- <li><a href="http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php";>ISO
-639</a> gives the two-letter language codes in its 2<sup>nd</sup> column.
-If a two-letter language code is not assigned, 3-letter (ISO 639-2) can be
-used. Later versions of RFC 1766 and ISO 639 may exist.</li>
+ <li>La norma <a
+href="http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php";>ISO 639</a>
+proporciona un codi d'idioma de dues lletres a la segona columna. Si a un
+idioma no se li ha assignat un codi de dues lletres, es pot utilitzar un
+codi de tres lletres (ISO 639-2). Pot haver-hi versions posteriors de RFC
+1766 i ISO 639.</li>
<li>Si el codi no és a la ISO 639, intenteu trobar el codi correcte. La ISO
3166
conté els codis dels països. La llengua no és el mateix que el paÃs. Ãs un
@@ -58,8 +61,8 @@
<h3 id="SEC3">Què traduir</h3>
<ul>
- <li>Cal traduir tant les pà gines com els Ãndexs de les seccions que les
-aglutinen, com per exemple home.html i philosophy/philosophy.html.</li>
+ <li>Documents should be converted together with their “glue
pages”,
+such as <code>home.html</code> and
<code>philosophy/philosophy.html</code>.</li>
<li>No traduïu res que estigui dins d'aquests directoris:
<dl>
<dt><code>/software/</code> </dt>
@@ -70,18 +73,19 @@
<dd>Aquà trobareu com <a href="/brave-gnu-world/translations.html">ajudar a
traduir</a> el <cite>Brave GNU World</cite>. </dd>
</dl></li>
- <li>Quan traduïu "GNU's Not Unix", assegureu-vos si us plau que la
traducció
-sigui també recursiva. Si no podeu imaginar cap traducció recursiva,
-utilitzeu aquest format: “GNU's Not Unix” (GNU är inte
-Unix).
+ <li>When translating “GNU's Not Unix”, please ensure that the
+translation remains recursive. If a recursive translation cannot be
+conceived, <br />use the following format: “GNU's Not Unix (<span
xml:lang="sv"
+lang="sv">GNU är inte Unix</span>)”.
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="SEC3.1">Traducció de la pà gina principal</h3>
<ul>
<li>La traducció de la pà gina principal ha d'incloure la llista completa
de
-traduccions mitjançant un SSI (Server Side Include).<br/> L'etiqueta SSI que
-cal posar és aquesta:
+traduccions mitjançant un SSI (Server Side Include).
+
+ <p>L'etiqueta SSI que cal posar és aquesta:</p>
<pre>
<!--#include file="translations.include" -->
</pre>
@@ -114,19 +118,19 @@
<h3 id="SEC6">Noms dels fitxers</h3>
<ul>
- <li>Les traduccions han d'anomenar-se
-<code>PAGENAME.LG.html</code>. <code>LG</code> és el <a
-href="#LanguageCodes">codi de l'idioma</a>. Per exemple, una traducció a
-l'alemany de home.html ha de dir-se <code>home.de.html</code>.</li>
- <li>Si existeix un enllaç simbòlic a <code>index.html</code> que apunta a
una
-altra pà gina <code>other.html</code>, creeu un enllaç simbòlic anomenat
-<code>index.LG.html</code> que apunti a la traducció corresponent
-<code>other.LG.html</code>.</li>
+ <li>Translations should be named <code>article.LANG.html</code> where
+<code>LANG</code> is the <a href="#LanguageCodes">language code</a>.<br />
+For example, a German translation of <em>home.html</em> should be named
+<code>home.de.html</code>.</li>
+ <li>There exists a symlink <code>index.html</code> pointing to some other
file
+<code>other.html</code>. Create a symlink named
+<code>index.LANG.html</code> pointing to the correct translation
+<code>other.LANG.html</code>.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="SEC6A">Eines per ajudar els traductors</h3>
<ul>
- <li>See <a href="/software/gnun/">GNUnited Nations</a>.</li>
+ <li>Vegeu <a href="/software/gnun/">GNUnited Nations</a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="SEC7">Mantenir les traduccions al dia</h3>
@@ -137,19 +141,16 @@
modified in cvs (for the www module). The traffic is around 4-5 mails per
day, more on weekends. It's suggested that you save all such email and burst
through them about once a week to make sure the translations are current.
-You may also use <code>make report TEAM=LANG</code> if you have <a
+You may also use <kbd>make report TEAM=LANG</kbd> if you have <a
href="/software/gnun/">GNUN</a> installed.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="TranslationsUnderway">Traduccions en curs</h3>
-<p>
-El codi de l'idioma va seguit del nom de l'idioma i del nom i adreça de
+<p>El codi de l'idioma va seguit del nom de l'idioma i del nom i adreça de
correu del coordinador de l'equip.</p>
-<p>
-Equips de traducció:
-</p>
+<p>Equips de traducció:</p>
<ul>
<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical-->
@@ -166,67 +167,70 @@
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/mbf";>Hossam Hossny</a>, <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/hatem";>Hatem Hossny</a>)
</li>
-<li><code>az</code> - Ãzeri (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/igrar";>Igrar Huseynov</a>)
+<li><code>az</code> - Azerbaijani (<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/igrar";>Igrar Huseynov</a> - New
+coordinator needed)
</li>
<li><code>bg</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-bg";>Búlgar</a> (<a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/yavor";>Yavor Doganov</a>)
</li>
<li><code>bn</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-bn";>BengalÃ</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/suzan";>Khandakar Mujahidul Islam</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-bn";>Bengali</a> (<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/suzan";>Khandakar Mujahidul Islam</a> -
+New coordinator needed)
</li>
<li><code>ca</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ca";>Català </a> (<a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/puigpe";>Miquel Puigpelat</a>)
</li>
<li><code>cs</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-cs";>Txec</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/mkysela";>Martin Kysela</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-cs";>Czech</a> (New coordinator
+needed)
</li>
<li><code>da</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-da";>Danès</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/erikg";>Erik Gravgaard</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-da";>Danish</a> (<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/erikg";>Erik Gravgaard</a> - New
+coordinator needed)
</li>
<li><code>de</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-de";>Alemany</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/ri_st";>Richard Steuer</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-de";>German</a> (<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/joeko";>Joerg Kohne</a>)
</li>
<li><code>el</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-el";>Greek</a> (<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-el";>Grec</a> (<a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/gzarkadas";>Georgios Zarkadas</a>)
</li>
<li><code>eo</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-eo";>Esperanto</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/civodul";>Ludovic Courtès</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/civodul";>Ludovic Courtès</a> -
+New coordinator needed)
</li>
<li><code>es</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-es";>Castellà </a> (<a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/xavi_";>Xavier Reina</a>)
</li>
<li><code>fa</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-fa";>Persa</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/someeh";>A. E. Some‘eh</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-fa";>Farsi/Persian</a> (<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/esmaeeli";>Abbas Esmaeeli
+Some‘eh</a>)
</li>
<li><code>fi</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-fi";>Finès</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/solarius";>Ville</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-fi";>Finnish</a> (<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/solarius";>Ville</a> - New coordinator
+needed)
</li>
<li><code>fr</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-fr";>French</a> (New coordinator
-needed, please contact <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
-<address@hidden></a> and <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
-<address@hidden></a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-fr";>French</a> (<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/barbier";>Denis Barbier</a>)
</li>
<li><code>he</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-he";>Hebreu</a> (Es necessita
-coordinador, contacteu si us plau amb <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";> <address@hidden></a>)
+coordiandor)
</li>
<li><code>id</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-id";>Indonesi</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/rms46";>Rahmat M. Samik-Ibrahim</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-id";>Indonesi</a> (Es necessita
+coordinador)
</li>
<li><code>it</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-it";>Italià </a> (<a
@@ -236,16 +240,21 @@
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ja";>Japonès</a> (<a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/mhatta";>Masayuki Hatta</a>)
</li>
-<li><code>ko</code> - Coreà (Song Chang-hun, <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>)
+<li><code>ko</code> - Korean (Song Chang-hun, <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> - New coordinator
+needed)
</li>
<li><code>ku</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ku";>Kurd</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/ulas";>Abdullah Ulas</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ku";>Kurdish</a> (New coordinator
+needed)
</li>
<li><code>ml</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ml";>Malaialam</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/aeshyamae";>Shyam Karanattu</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ml";>Malayalam</a> (New
+coordinator needed)
+</li>
+<li><code>nb</code> - <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-nb";>Noruec
+Bokmål</a> (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/att";>Andreas
+Tolfsen</a>)
</li>
<li><code>nl</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-nl";>Neerlandès</a> (<a
@@ -255,21 +264,15 @@
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/att";>Andreas Tolfsen</a>, es necessita
un coordinador permanent)
</li>
-<li><code>nb</code> - <a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-nb";>Noruec
-Bokmål</a> (<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/att";>Andreas
-Tolfsen</a>)
-</li>
-<li><code>pl</code> - Polish (New coordinator needed, please contact <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>)
+<li><code>pl</code> - <a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-pl";>Polonès</a> (<a
+href="https:/savannah.gnu.org/users/jsowoc">Jan Owoc</a>)
</li>
-<li><code>pt</code> - Portuguès (Es necessita coordinador, escriviu si us
plau a
-<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>)
+<li><code>pt</code> - Portuguès (Es necessita coordinador)
</li>
<li><code>pt-br</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-pt-br";>Portuguès brasiler</a>
-(Es necessita coordinador, escriviu si us plau a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>)
+(Es necessita coordinador)
</li>
<li><code>ro</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ro";>Romanès</a> (<a
@@ -277,11 +280,13 @@
</li>
<li><code>ru</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/www-ru";>Rus</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/jimcrow";>Anatoly A. Kazantsev</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/jimcrow";>Anatoly A. Kazantsev</a>, <a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/ineiev";>Pavel Kraritonov</a>)
</li>
<li><code>sk</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/www-sk";>Slovak</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/dominiks";>Dominik Smatana</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/dominiks";>Dominik Smatana</a> - New
+coordinator needed)
</li>
<li><code>sq</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-sq";>Albanès</a> (<a
@@ -296,13 +301,12 @@
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/amachutechie";>Sri Ramadoss</a>)
</li>
<li><code>th</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-th";>Tailandès</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/chaitat";>Chaitat Piriyasatit</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-th";>Tailandès</a> (Es necessita
+coordinador)
</li>
<li><code>tl</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-tl";>Tagà log</a> (S'estÃ
-reformant l'equip, escriviu si us plau a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-tl";>Tagà log</a> (Es necessita
+coordinador)
</li>
<li><code>tr</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-tr";>Turc</a> (<a
@@ -313,43 +317,43 @@
href="https://savannah.nongnu.org/users/sudyr";>Evgeniy Sudyr</a>)
</li>
<li><code>zh-cn</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn";>Xinès simplificat</a> (<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn";>Xinés simplificat</a> (<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/monnand";>Nan Deng</a>, <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/zeuux";>Bill Xu</a>, <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/chxiaobin";>Chen Xiaobin</a>)
</li>
<li><code>zh-tw</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";>Xinès tradicional</a>
-(<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/zeuux";>Bill Xu</a>, <a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn";>Xinés tradicional</a> (<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/monnand";>Nan Deng</a>, <a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/zeuux";>Bill Xu</a>, <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/chxiaobin";>Chen Xiaobin</a>)
</li>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
</ul>
-Noteu que
+<p>Noteu que</p>
<ul>
<li><code>en</code> - Anglès </li>
</ul>
-és un cas especial. La major part del web és escrit en anglès, que de fet
és
+<p>és un cas especial. La major part del web és escrit en anglès, que de
fet és
l'idioma del Projecte GNU. <em>Ocasionalment</em> necessitem traduccions a
l'anglès de documents en altres llengües. Ãs millor notificar-ho al
coordinador de l'equip de l'idioma pel que vulgueu oferir-vos, ja que primer
sempre contactem amb ell. Si no hi ha cap equip i esteu disposats a ajudar
en això, escriviu si us plau a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
<h3 id="Notes">Notes finals</h3>
-Si traduïu una pà gina per a www.gnu.org, inseriu si us plau la següent
-etiqueta a l'encapçalament (entre <code><HEAD>...</HEAD></code>
-o <code><head></code> en xhtml). Canvieu
-<code>address@hidden</code> per l'adreça del vostre equip de
-traducció: <br />
+<p>If you translate a page for www.gnu.org, please insert the following tag in
+the <code><head></code> section. Where
+<code>address@hidden</code> is the forwarding address for your
+translations team, for example for the Spanish translation team:</p>
<pre>
<link rev="translated" href="mailto:address@hidden" />
</pre>
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -358,26 +362,25 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ca.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
+<p>Envieu les vostres preguntes sobre la FSF i GNU a <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. També hi ha <a
+href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la FSF.
+<br />
+Envieu si us plau els enllaços trencats i altres correccions o suggeriments
+a <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
-<p>
-Vegeu la <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.ca.html">Guia de
+<p>Vegeu la <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.ca.html">Guia de
traducció</a> per informar-vos sobre la coordinació i publicació de les
traduccions d'aquest article. Contacteu amb l'<a
href="/server/standards/translations/ca/">Equip de traducció</a> per
-col·laborar en la traducció al català del web de GNU.
-</p>
+col·laborar en la traducció al català del web de GNU.</p>
<p>Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en
-qualsevol medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que es conservi aquesta nota.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -385,11 +388,10 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traducció: <a href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 20 de gener de
2009.</div>
- <p>
-<!-- timestamp start -->
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2010/04/20 08:26:45 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:53 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -403,24 +405,31 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traduccions d'aquesta pà gina</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right, cf. -->
-<!-- <http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php> -->
-<!-- If ISO 639-1 code is not available, use the 3 letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: server/standards/README.translations.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.27
retrieving revision 1.28
diff -u -b -r1.27 -r1.28
--- server/standards/README.translations.fr.html 26 Jun 2011 00:31:36
-0000 1.27
+++ server/standards/README.translations.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:53
-0000 1.28
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
@@ -9,6 +8,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
<h2>Guide de traduction des pages web de www.gnu.org</h2>
+<a href="/graphics/atypinggnu.fr.html"><img style="float: right;"
+ src="/graphics/gnu-type-sm.jpg"
+ alt="A Typing GNU" title="A Typing GNU Hacker" />
+</a>
+
<div class="announcement">
<blockquote><p>Le plus important : <span class="highlight"><em>NE PAS
traduire le
source HTML</em>.</span></p>
@@ -17,13 +21,10 @@
href="#TranslationsUnderway">ci-dessous</a>. S'il n'existe pas encore
d'équipe pour votre langue, veuillez écrire à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";> <address@hidden></a>
-après avoir lu les <a href="/software/trans-coord/manual/">manuels</a>.
- </p></blockquote>
+après avoir lu les <a href="/software/trans-coord/manual/">manuels</a>.</p>
+ </blockquote>
</div>
-<a href="/graphics/atypinggnu.fr.html"><img src="/graphics/gnu-type-sm.jpg"
- alt="[Image d'un GNU tapant à la machine]" width="137" height="114" /></a>
-
<h3 id="SEC1">Guide général</h3>
<ul>
<li>Avant de faire quoi que ce soit, veuillez lire
@@ -61,8 +62,8 @@
<h3 id="SEC3">Ce qu'il faut traduire</h3>
<ul>
- <li>Les documents doivent être conservés ensemble avec leurs « pages
-collantes », tels que home.html et philosophy/philosophy.html</li>
+ <li>Documents should be converted together with their “glue
pages”,
+such as <code>home.html</code> and
<code>philosophy/philosophy.html</code>.</li>
<li>Ne traduisez rien dans ces répertoires :
<dl>
<dt><code>/software/</code> </dt>
@@ -74,19 +75,19 @@
<dd>Voilà comment <a href="/brave-gnu-world/translations.html">aider à la
traduction</a> <cite>de Brave GNU World</cite>. </dd>
</dl></li>
- <li>Quand vous traduisez « GNU N'est pas Unix » (NdT :
-« GNU's Not Unix »), veuillez vous assurez que la traduction reste
-récursive. Si une traduction récursive ne peut être conçue, utiliser la
-forme suivante : « GNU's Not Unix » (GNU är inte Unix).
+ <li>When translating “GNU's Not Unix”, please ensure that the
+translation remains recursive. If a recursive translation cannot be
+conceived, <br />use the following format: “GNU's Not Unix (<span
xml:lang="sv"
+lang="sv">GNU är inte Unix</span>)”.
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="SEC3.1">Traduire la page d'accueil</h3>
<ul>
<li>La page d'accueil traduite doit contenir la liste complète des
traductions
-via SSI.<br/>
+via SSI.
- L'élément SSI nécessaire ressemble à cela :
+ <p>L'élément SSI nécessaire ressemble à cela :</p>
<pre>
<!--#include file="translations.include" -->
</pre>
@@ -121,14 +122,14 @@
<h3 id="SEC6">Les noms de fichier</h3>
<ul>
- <li>Les traductions doivent être nommées <code>NOMPAGE.LG.html</code> où
-<code>LG</code> est le <a href="#LanguageCodes">code à deux lettres de la
-langue</a>. Par exemple une traduction en allemand de home.html doit être
-nommée <code>home.de.html</code>.</li>
- <li>Il existe un lien symbolique de <code>index.html</code> qui pointe vers
un
-autre fichier <code>autre.html</code>. Créer le lien symbolique nommé
-<code>index.LG.html</code> pointant vers la traduction correcte
-<code>autre.LG.html</code></li>
+ <li>Translations should be named <code>article.LANG.html</code> where
+<code>LANG</code> is the <a href="#LanguageCodes">language code</a>.<br />
+For example, a German translation of <em>home.html</em> should be named
+<code>home.de.html</code>.</li>
+ <li>There exists a symlink <code>index.html</code> pointing to some other
file
+<code>other.html</code>. Create a symlink named
+<code>index.LANG.html</code> pointing to the correct translation
+<code>other.LANG.html</code>.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="SEC6A">Les outils pour aider les traducteurs</h3>
@@ -138,27 +139,22 @@
<h3 id="SEC7">Maintenir les traductions à jour</h3>
<ul>
- <li>Pour que toutes les traductions restent à jour, vous devez vous abonner
à la
-liste de diffusion <a
-href="http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/www-commits";>www-commits</a>.
-Vous recevrez alors un courrier électronique pour chaque page qui est
-modifiée dans le cvs (pour le module www). Le trafic est d'environ 4 ou 5
-courriels par jour, un peu plus le week-end. Il est suggéré que vous
-sauvegardiez tout ces courriels et que vous les examiniez une fois par
-semaine pour vous assurer que les traductions sont à jour. Vous pouvez aussi
-utiliser <code>make report TEAM=LANG</code> si vous avez installé <a
-href="/software/gnun/">GNUN</a>.</li>
+ <li>For all translations to be kept current, you should subscribe to the <a
+href="http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/www-commits";>www-commits</a>
+mailing list. Then you will get sent one email for each page that is
+modified in cvs (for the www module). The traffic is around 4-5 mails per
+day, more on weekends. It's suggested that you save all such email and burst
+through them about once a week to make sure the translations are current.
+You may also use <kbd>make report TEAM=LANG</kbd> if you have <a
+href="/software/gnun/">GNUN</a> installed.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="TranslationsUnderway">Traductions en cours</h3>
-<p>
-Les codes de langues sont suivis par le nom de langue, et le nom et
+<p>Les codes de langues sont suivis par le nom de langue, et le nom et
l'adresse électronique de l'animateur de l'équipe de traduction.</p>
-<p>
-Ãquipes de traductions :
-</p>
+<p>Ãquipes de traductions :</p>
<ul>
<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical-->
@@ -175,28 +171,31 @@
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/mbf";>Hossam Hossny</a>, <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/hatem";>Hatem Hossny</a>)
</li>
-<li><code>az</code> - Azéri (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/igrar";>Igrar Huseynov</a>)
+<li><code>az</code> - Azerbaijani (<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/igrar";>Igrar Huseynov</a> - New
+coordinator needed)
</li>
<li><code>bg</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-bg";>Bulgare</a> (<a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/yavor";>Yavor Doganov</a>)
</li>
<li><code>bn</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-bn";>Bengalî</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/suzan";>Khandakar Mujahidul Islam</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-bn";>Bengali</a> (<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/suzan";>Khandakar Mujahidul Islam</a> -
+New coordinator needed)
</li>
<li><code>ca</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ca";>Catalan</a> (<a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/puigpe";>Miquel Puigpelat</a>)
</li>
<li><code>cs</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-cs";>Tchèque</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/mkysela";>Martin Kysela</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-cs";>Czech</a> (New coordinator
+needed)
</li>
<li><code>da</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-da";>Danois</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/erikg";>Erik Gravgaard</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-da";>Danish</a> (<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/erikg";>Erik Gravgaard</a> - New
+coordinator needed)
</li>
<li><code>de</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-de";>Allemand</a> (<a
@@ -208,19 +207,22 @@
</li>
<li><code>eo</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-eo";>Esperanto</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/civodul";>Ludovic Courtès</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/civodul";>Ludovic Courtès</a> -
+New coordinator needed)
</li>
<li><code>es</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-es";>Espagnol</a> (<a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/xavi_";>Xavier Reina</a>)
</li>
<li><code>fa</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-fa";>Farsi/Perse</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/someeh";>A. E. Some‘eh</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-fa";>Farsi/Persian</a> (<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/esmaeeli";>Abbas Esmaeeli
+Some‘eh</a>)
</li>
<li><code>fi</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-fi";>Finnois</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/solarius";>Ville</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-fi";>Finnish</a> (<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/solarius";>Ville</a> - New coordinator
+needed)
</li>
<li><code>fr</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-fr";>Français</a> (<a
@@ -242,16 +244,17 @@
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ja";>Japonais</a> (<a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/mhatta";>Masayuki Hatta</a>)
</li>
-<li><code>ko</code> - Coréen (Song Chang-hun, <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
+<li><code>ko</code> - Korean (Song Chang-hun, <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> - New coordinator
+needed)
</li>
<li><code>ku</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ku";>Kurde</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/ulas";>Abdullah Ulas</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ku";>Kurdish</a> (New coordinator
+needed)
</li>
<li><code>ml</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ml";>Malayalam</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/aeshyamae";>Shyam Karanattu</a>)
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ml";>Malayalam</a> (New
+coordinator needed)
</li>
<li><code>nb</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-nb";>Norvégien Bokmål</a>
@@ -286,8 +289,9 @@
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/ineiev";>Pavel Kraritonov</a>)
</li>
<li><code>sk</code> - <a
-href="https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/www-sk";>Slovaque</a> (<a
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/dominiks";>Dominik Smatana</a>)
+href="https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/www-sk";>Slovak</a> (<a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/users/dominiks";>Dominik Smatana</a> - New
+coordinator needed)
</li>
<li><code>sq</code> - <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-sq";>Albanais</a> (<a
@@ -330,11 +334,11 @@
<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
</ul>
-Notez que
+<p>Notez que</p>
<ul>
<li><code>en</code> - Anglais </li>
</ul>
-est un cas spécial. L'original de ce site est écrit en anglais, qui est la
+<p>est un cas spécial. L'original de ce site est écrit en anglais, qui est la
langue de-facto du projet GNU. Nous avons <em>occasionnellement</em> besoin
de documents originaux écrits dans d'autres langues à traduire en
anglais. Il est recommandé de contacter l'animateur de l'équipe de
@@ -342,22 +346,19 @@
volontaire car nous le contactons toujours en premier. S'il n'existe pas
d'équipe de traduction dans votre langue et que vous voulez nous aider dans
ces cas-là , merci de nous contacter à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
<h3 id="Notes">Notes finales</h3>
-Si vous traduisez une page pour www.gnu.org, merci d'insérer l'élément
-suivant, dans la section <code><HEAD>...</HEAD></code> (ou
-<code><head></code> pour du xhtml), où
-<code>address@hidden</code> est l'adresse de votre équipe de
-traduction :
- <br />
+<p>If you translate a page for www.gnu.org, please insert the following tag in
+the <code><head></code> section. Where
+<code>address@hidden</code> is the forwarding address for your
+translations team, for example for the Spanish translation team:</p>
<pre>
<link rev="translated" href="mailto:address@hidden" />
</pre>
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -367,28 +368,26 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
+<p>Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
<br />
Veuillez envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page
web à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
-<p>
-Veuillez consulter le <a
+<p>Veuillez consulter le <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html">README des
traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission
-de traductions de cet article.
-</p>
+de traductions de cet article.</p>
<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
-permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
-préservée.</p>
+<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
+</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -399,7 +398,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/06/26 00:31:36 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:53 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -436,6 +435,8 @@
<li><a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
+<!-- German -->
+<li><a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
Index: software/reliability.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/reliability.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- software/reliability.fa.html 2 Aug 2009 20:30:42 -0000 1.4
+++ software/reliability.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:59 -0000 1.5
@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@
ÙÙÙز ÙÙ
ب٠Ù
Ûزا٠Ùاب٠تÙجÙÛ Ø¨Ø§ شکست Ù
Ùاج٠Ù
ÛâشدÙد. (ابزارÙØ§Û Ø§Ø³Ø§Ø³Û
Ú¯ÙÙ/ÙÛÙÙکس ب٠طرز Ù
ØسÙØ³Û Ø¨Ùتر از آ٠سÛستÙ
âÙØ§Û ØªØ¬Ø§Ø±Û Ø¨Ùد.)“</p>
-<p>Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¬Ø²Ø¦Ûات بÛشتر Ù
ÙاÙÙ٠آÙا٠را Ù
طاÙعÙ
Ú©ÙÛد: <a
-href="ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/pub/paradyn/technical_papers/fuzz-revisited.ps";>دÛدار
-Ù
جدد با Fuzz: آزÙ
اÛØ´ دÙبارÙÙ ÙابÙÛت اطÙ
ÛÙاÙ
ابزارÙا ٠سرÙÛسâÙØ§Û ÛÙÙÛکس
-(پستâاسکرÛپت Û±Û´Û¶ Ú©ÛÙÙباÛت)</a> ÙÙشتÙÙ
بارتÙÙ Ù
ÛÙر <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>Ø Ø¯ÛÙÛد
Ú©ÙسکÛØ
-Cjin Pheow LeeØ Vivekananda MagantyØ Ravi MurthyØ Ajitkumar NatarajanØ Ù
+<p>For details, see their paper: <a
+href="ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/pub/paradyn/technical_papers/fuzz-revisited.ps";>
+Fuzz Revisited: A Re-examination of the Reliability of Unix Utilities and
+Services (postscript 223k)</a> by Barton P. Miller <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>, David Koski,
+Cjin Pheow Lee, Vivekananda Maganty, Ravi Murthy, Ajitkumar Natarajan, and
Jeff Steidl.</p>
<h3 id="WhyReliable">Úرا ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد Ùاب٠اطÙ
ÛÙاÙâتر است</h3>
@@ -68,12 +68,12 @@
<h3 id="CancerClinicReliesOnFreeSoftware">Ù
رکز درÙ
ا٠سرطا٠بر
رÙÛ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد تکÛ٠کرد٠است!</h3>
-<p>Ù
رکز درÙ
ا٠سرطا٠راجر Ù
ارÛس در ÙراگÙØ
داکÙØªØ§Û Ø´Ù
اÙÛ (ÙÙ
ا٠Ùراگ٠ک٠اخÛرا Ù
ØÙ
-ÙÙÙع ÛÚ© ÙÛÙÙ
Ù ÛÚ© سÛ٠بÙد٠است) از سÛستÙ
âعاÙ
Ù Ú¯Ù٠با پاÛÙÙ ÙÛÙÙکس استÙادÙ
-Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙØ¯Ø Úرا Ú©Ù ÙابÙÛت اطÙ
ÛÙا٠بسÛار ضرÙرÛ
است. ÛÚ© شبک٠از Ù
اشÛÙâÙاÛ
-Ú¯ÙÙ/ÙÛÙÙکس سÛستÙ
اطÙØ§Ø¹Ø§ØªÛ Ø±Ø§ ادار٠Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙØ¯Ø Ø¯Ø±Ù
اÙâÙØ§Û Ø¯Ø§Ø±ÙÛÛ Ø±Ø§ سازÙ
اÙâدÙÛ
-Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙØ¯Ø Ù Ø¨Ø³ÛØ§Ø±Û Ø§Ø¹Ù
ا٠دÛگر را اÙجاÙ
Ù
ÛâدÙÙد. شبک٠باÛد ÙÙ
Ùار٠ÙÙگاÙ
ÙÛاز
-در اختÛار کارکÙا٠Ù
رکز Ùرار داشت٠باشد.</p>
+<p>The Roger Maris Cancer Center in Fargo, North Dakota (the same Fargo which
+was the scene of a movie and a flood) uses Linux-based GNU systems precisely
+because reliability is essential. A network of GNU/Linux machines runs the
+information system, coordinates drug therapies, and performs many other
+functions. This network needs to be available to the Center's staff at a
+moment's notice.</p>
<p>بر طب٠اظÙارات دکتر جÛ.دابÙÛÙ.ÙتستÛÙ <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>:</p>
@@ -87,46 +87,39 @@
</p>
</blockquote>
-<h3 id="Bulletproof">ابزارÙØ§Û Ø¶Ø¯ Ú¯ÙÙÙÙÙ Ú¯ÙÙ!</h3>
-
-<p>اسکات Ù
اکسÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> تÙاش براÛ
ØØ°Ù
-”اشکاÙات Fuzz“ از ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ú¯Ù٠را
ÙداÛت Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙØ¯Ø Ø¨Ù Ø§Û٠ترتÛب
-Ø¢ÙÙا ØØªÛ Ø¨ÛØ´ از اÛÙ Ùاب٠اطÙ
ÛÙا٠خÙاÙÙد شد.
Ø´Ù
ا Ù
ÛâتÙاÙÛد در رابط٠با اÛÙ
-پرÙÚ٠در <a
-href="http://home.pacbell.net/s-max/scott/bulletproof-penguin.html";>http://home.pacbell.net/s-max/scott/bulletproof-penguin.html</a>
-بÛشتر Ù
طاÙع٠کÙÛد.</p>
-
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fa.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-ÙØ·Ùا سÙاÙات ٠پرسشâÙØ§Û Ø®Ùد در رابط٠با Ú¯ÙÙ
٠بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ را بÙ
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> ارساÙ
Ú©ÙÛد. ÙÙ
ÚÙÛÙ <a
-href="/contact/">راÙâÙØ§Û Ø¯ÛÚ¯Ø±Û Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ØªÙ
اس</a> با
بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ ÙجÙد
-دارد. <br /> ÙØ·Ùا ÙÛÙÚ©âÙØ§Û Ø®Ø±Ø§Ø¨ Ù Ûا Ù
Ø´Ú©Ùات
دÛگر Ûا Ù¾ÛØ´ÙÙادات Ø®Ùد را ب٠<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> ارسا٠کÙÛد.
-</p>
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
-<p>
-ÙØ·Ùا Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø§Ø·Ùاعات بÛشتر جÙت ÙÙ
اÙÙÚ¯Û Ù
ارسا٠ترجÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û Ø§ÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠صÙØÙÙ <a
+<p>ÙØ·Ùا Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø§Ø·Ùاعات بÛشتر جÙت ÙÙ
اÙÙÚ¯Û Ù
ارسا٠ترجÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û Ø§ÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠صÙØÙÙ <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">راÙÙÙ
Ø§Û ØªØ±Ø¬Ù
ÙâÙا</a> را
-ببÛÙÛد.
-</p>
+ببÛÙÛد.</p>
-<p>
-Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
-2007, 2008 <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>Free Software Foundation</a>, Inc.,</p>
-<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p> ÙسخÙâØ¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÙ
٠ب٠کÙÙ
٠٠تÙزÛع ک٠اÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙ٠در سراسر جÙا٠٠در Ùر
-رساÙÙâاÛØ Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠پرداخت Ø٠اÙ
تÛاز Ù
جاز Ù
ÛâØ¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø§ اÛ٠شرط ک٠اÛ٠اعÙاÙ/ØÙ
-اÙ
تÛاز ØÙظ Ø´Ùد.
+<p>Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
+2007, 2008, 2009, 2011 <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>Free Software
+Foundation</a>, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -134,11 +127,10 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
</div>
- <p>
-<!-- timestamp start -->
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:30:42 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -147,20 +139,24 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>ترجÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û Ø§Û٠صÙØÙ</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/software/reliability.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
Index: software/reliability.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/reliability.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- software/reliability.ml.html 2 Aug 2009 20:30:42 -0000 1.5
+++ software/reliability.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:59 -0000 1.6
@@ -44,12 +44,11 @@
(à´
à´à´¿à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´¨à´¾à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµ
à´µàµà´£àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´³àµà´³ à´àµà´¨àµ/ലിനà´àµà´¸àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´µàµà´¯à´¾à´µà´¸à´¾à´¯à´¿à´
à´µàµà´¯àµà´¹à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµà´à´¾à´³àµâ വളരàµ
à´®àµà´àµà´à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ ).”</p>
-<p>à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ വിവരà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµ à´
വരàµà´àµ à´ªàµà´ªàµà´ªà´°àµâ
à´à´¾à´£àµà´:ബാരàµâà´àµà´à´¨àµâ
-.പി.മിലàµà´²à´±à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ<a
-href="ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/pub/paradyn/technical_papers/fuzz-revisited.ps";>à´¯àµà´£à´¿à´àµà´¸àµ
-à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµà´¯àµà´
à´¸àµà´µà´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµà´¯àµà´
വിശàµà´µà´¸à´¨àµà´¯à´¤à´¯àµà´àµ à´ªàµà´¨:പരിശàµà´§à´¨
-(à´ªàµà´¸àµà´±àµà´±àµà´¸àµà´àµà´°à´¿à´ªàµà´±àµà´±àµ 146k)</a>,
ബാരàµâà´àµà´à´¨àµâ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>,David Koski,
+<p>For details, see their paper: <a
+href="ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/pub/paradyn/technical_papers/fuzz-revisited.ps";>
+Fuzz Revisited: A Re-examination of the Reliability of Unix Utilities and
+Services (postscript 223k)</a> by Barton P. Miller <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>, David Koski,
Cjin Pheow Lee, Vivekananda Maganty, Ravi Murthy, Ajitkumar Natarajan, and
Jeff Steidl.</p>
@@ -79,14 +78,12 @@
<h3 id="CancerClinicReliesOnFreeSoftware">à´àµà´¯à´¾à´¨àµâസരàµâ
à´à´¿à´à´¿à´¤àµà´¸à´¾à´²à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´¨àµ
à´à´¶àµà´°à´¯à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ!</h3>
-<p>à´µà´à´àµà´à´¨àµâ Dakotaയിലൠഫാരàµâà´àµ(à´
à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´à´¾à´²à´¤àµà´¤àµ à´à´°àµ
à´à´²à´àµà´à´¿à´¤àµà´°à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´ à´à´°àµ
-à´µàµà´³àµà´³à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´
à´µàµà´¦à´¿à´¯à´¾à´¯ à´
തൠഫാരàµâà´àµ)യിലൠRoger
Maris à´àµà´¯à´¾à´¨àµâസരàµâ
-à´à´¿à´à´¿à´¤àµà´¸à´¾à´²à´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ ലിനà´àµà´¸àµ à´
à´à´¿à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´¨à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¨àµ à´µàµà´¯àµà´¹à´àµà´à´³à´¾à´£àµàµ
-à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµ,
à´à´¾à´°à´£à´ à´
വിà´àµ വിശàµà´µà´¾à´¸àµà´¯à´¤
-à´
à´¤àµà´¯à´¾à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ. à´àµà´¨àµ/ലിനà´àµà´¸àµ
യനàµà´¤àµà´°à´¸à´à´µà´¿à´§à´¾à´¨à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ à´à´°àµ
à´¶àµà´à´à´²
-വിവരശàµà´à´°à´¸à´à´µà´¿à´§à´¾à´¨à´¤àµà´¤àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµà´,
മരàµà´¨àµà´¨àµ à´à´¿à´à´¿à´¤àµà´¸à´à´³àµ
-à´à´àµà´ªà´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµà´, മറàµà´±àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¨à´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´à´¯àµà´ à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´
à´¶àµà´à´à´²
-à´à´¿à´à´¿à´¤àµà´¸à´¾à´²à´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµ
à´àµà´²à´¿à´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâà´àµà´àµ
à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¯àµà´ªàµà´´àµà´
à´²à´àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´àµà´àµà´£àµà´à´¤àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.</p>
+<p>The Roger Maris Cancer Center in Fargo, North Dakota (the same Fargo which
+was the scene of a movie and a flood) uses Linux-based GNU systems precisely
+because reliability is essential. A network of GNU/Linux machines runs the
+information system, coordinates drug therapies, and performs many other
+functions. This network needs to be available to the Center's staff at a
+moment's notice.</p>
<p>Dr. G.W. Wettstein <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>പറയàµà´¨àµà´¨àµ:</p>
@@ -100,47 +97,38 @@
</p>
</blockquote>
-<h3 id="Bulletproof">à´¬àµà´³àµà´³à´±àµà´±àµ à´ªàµà´°àµà´«àµ
à´àµà´¨àµ à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´àµà´à´³àµâ!</h3>
-
-<p>à´àµà´¨àµ à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ
നിനàµà´¨àµàµ “à´«à´¸àµà´¸àµ à´¬à´àµà´àµ”
à´¤àµà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤àµàµ
-à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ
വിശàµà´µà´¸à´¨àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´¸àµà´àµà´àµà´àµ മാà´àµà´¸àµâà´µàµà´²àµ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
à´¨àµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´µà´
-നലàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨ à´à´°àµ à´¸à´à´à´
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.
à´à´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´ªàµà´ªà´±àµà´±à´¿ à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ
-വായിà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
-href="http://home.pacbell.net/s-max/scott/bulletproof-penguin.html";>http://home.pacbell.net/s-max/scott/bulletproof-penguin.html</a>
-സനàµà´¦à´°àµâശിà´àµà´àµà´.</p>
-
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ml.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ -നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµ
-വിനൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ </a>.
<br
-/>à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯ à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµàµ നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> à´à´¨àµà´¨
-വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
-</p>
-
-<p>
-à´ à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
തരàµâà´àµà´à´®à´¯à´¿à´²àµâ
à´ªà´àµà´àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´
സമരàµâà´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´ <a
-href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">പരിà´à´¾à´·à´¾
സഹായി</a>à´à´¾à´£àµà´.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´ © 1997, 1998, 1999,2001, 2002,
2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
-2007, 2008 <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>à´«àµà´°àµ
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´«àµà´£àµà´àµà´·à´¨àµâ</a>,
-à´à´¨àµâà´àµ.,</p>
-<address>51 à´«àµà´°à´¾à´àµà´àµà´²à´¿à´¨àµâ
à´¸àµà´±àµà´±àµà´°àµà´±àµà´±àµ, à´
à´àµà´à´¾à´ നില,
à´¬àµà´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´£àµâ, à´à´ à´ 02110, à´¯àµà´à´¸àµà´</address>
-<p> à´ à´
റിയിപàµà´ªàµà´,à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶
à´àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´
നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´
à´à´¨àµà´¨
-നിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯àµà´àµ, സമàµà´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£
à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ പദാനàµà´ªà´¦
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´ വിതരണവàµà´, à´à´¤àµ
-മാധàµà´¯à´®à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´,യാതàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´±àµà´¯à´²àµâà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>à´ à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
തരàµâà´àµà´à´®à´¯à´¿à´²àµâ
à´ªà´àµà´àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´
സമരàµâà´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´ <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">പരിà´à´¾à´·à´¾
സഹായി</a>à´à´¾à´£àµà´.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
+2007, 2008, 2009, 2011 <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>Free Software
+Foundation</a>, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -148,11 +136,10 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
<strong>Remya Thottingal</strong> <address@hidden></div>
- <p>
-<!-- timestamp start -->
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:30:42 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -161,20 +148,24 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>ഠതാളിനàµà´±àµ തരàµâà´àµà´à´®</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/software/reliability.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
Index: software/reliability.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/reliability.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- software/reliability.zh-cn.html 10 Jul 2010 20:28:12 -0000 1.4
+++ software/reliability.zh-cn.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:59 -0000 1.5
@@ -24,12 +24,13 @@
<p>Millerè¿è¯´é３å¨1990å°1995å¹´æé´æ们æ¯è¾çåä¸ç³»ç»ä¸æä¸ä¸ªçæ¬æäºå¼äººæ³¨ç®çæ¹è¿ï¼ä½æ¯è¿æ¯æé大ç失败ï¼GNU/Linuxåºæ¬åºç¨ç¨åºä»ç¶æ¯åä¸ç³»ç»æå¼äººæ³¨ç®ç好å¤ï¼ã”</p>
-<p>æ´å¤ç»èï¼è¯·åçä»ä»¬çæ¥åï¼<a
-href="ftp://grilled.cs.wisc.edu/technical_papers/fuzz-revisited.ps";>Fuzz
-Revisited:
Unixåºç¨åæå¡çå¯ä¿¡èµç¨åº¦çéæ°æ£æ¥(åè®°146k)</a> ä½è
ï¼Barton P. Miller <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";>mailto:address@hidden</a>, David Koski,
+<p>For details, see their paper: <a
+href="ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/pub/paradyn/technical_papers/fuzz-revisited.ps";>
+Fuzz Revisited: A Re-examination of the Reliability of Unix Utilities and
+Services (postscript 223k)</a> by Barton P. Miller <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>, David Koski,
Cjin Pheow Lee, Vivekananda Maganty, Ravi Murthy, Ajitkumar Natarajan, and
-Jeff Steidl. </p>
+Jeff Steidl.</p>
<h3 id="WhyReliable">为ä»ä¹èªç±è½¯ä»¶æ´å å¼å¾ä¿¡èµï¼</h3>
@@ -41,7 +42,12 @@
<h3 id="CancerClinicReliesOnFreeSoftware">ççæ²»çè¯æï¼The Roger Maris
Cancer Centerï¼ä¿¡èµèªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼</h3>
-<p>å¨ç¾å½åå¡ç½æ¥çº³å·çFargoï¼Fargoä¹æ¯æè¿ä¸é¨çµå½±åä¸åºæ´ªæ°´çåçå°ï¼ï¼ç½æ°ç丽æ¯ççæ²»çè¯ææ£å¥½ä½¿ç¨åºäºLinuxçGNUç³»ç»ï¼åå
æ¯å
¶é«åº¦çå¯é
æ§ãä¸ä¸ªåºäºGNU/Linuxç计ç®æºç½ç»è¿è¡ä¿¡æ¯ç³»ç»ï¼è¾
å©è¯ç©æ²»çï¼æ§è¡çå¾å¤éè¦çåè½ãè¿ä¸ªç½ç»é
åå¨ç´§æ¥æ
åµä¸ç»äºæ²»çä¸å¿èåææ¯æ¯æã</p>
+<p>The Roger Maris Cancer Center in Fargo, North Dakota (the same Fargo which
+was the scene of a movie and a flood) uses Linux-based GNU systems precisely
+because reliability is essential. A network of GNU/Linux machines runs the
+information system, coordinates drug therapies, and performs many other
+functions. This network needs to be available to the Center's staff at a
+moment's notice.</p>
<p>Dr.G.W.Wettstein <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>å¨ä¿¡ä¸è¯´ï¼ </p>
@@ -52,38 +58,37 @@
</p>
</blockquote>
-<h3 id="Bulletproof">GNUåºç¨è½¯ä»¶çç»´æ¤</h3>
-
-<p><a href="mailto:address@hidden";>Scott
Maxwell</a>æ£å¨åªåä»GNU软件ä¸æé¤"fuzz
-bugs"ï¼è¿ä½¿å¾GNU软件æ´å å¯é ãä½ å¯ä»¥å¨ <a
-href="http://home.pacbell.net/s-max/scott/bulletproof-penguin.html";>http://home.pacbell.net/s-max/scott/bulletproof-penguin.html</a>é
读è¿ä»½ææ¡£ã</p>
-
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
<div style="font-size: small;">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.zh-cn.html" -->
<div id="footer">
-<p>
-请å°æå
³èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼(FSF) & GNU çæ¥è¯¢ &
é®é¢åéå°<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ãä¹å¯ä»¥éè¿ <a
-href="/contact/">å
¶ä»èç³»æ¹æ³</a>
èç³»èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼(FSF)ã请å°æå
³ç½é¡µç建议åéå°<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ï¼å
¶ä»é®é¢åéå°<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-è¥æ¨æ³ç¿»è¯æ¬æï¼è¯·åç<a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ç¿»è¯æå</a>ã
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
-2007, 2008 <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>Free Software Foundation</a>, Inc.,</p>
-<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
-<p> å
¨æå¨ä¿è¯å®æ´æ§çåæä¸å¯ä»¥å¨ä»»æåªä½è½¬è½½ï¼ä½é¡»ä¿çæ¤æ
注ã
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>è¥æ¨æ³ç¿»è¯æ¬æï¼è¯·åç<a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ç¿»è¯æå</a>ã</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
+2007, 2008, 2009, 2011 <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>Free Software
+Foundation</a>, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -91,11 +96,10 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
ç¿»è¯ï¼å¼ ä¸é³<br />æ ¡å¯¹ï¼è¡æ亮</div>
- <p>
-<!-- timestamp start -->
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
æ´æ°
-$Date: 2010/07/10 20:28:12 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -104,20 +108,24 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>å
¶ä»è¯è¨</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities.
+
+ See also '(web-trans)Capitalization':
+
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
+ -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Catalan -->
<li><a href="/software/reliability.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
Index: software/software.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/software.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- software/software.ar.html 27 Jan 2011 01:29:21 -0000 1.9
+++ software/software.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:59 -0000 1.10
@@ -79,47 +79,51 @@
اÙÙائÙ
Ø© Ø Ø§Ùرجاء إرسا٠اÙبرÙد اÙØ¥ÙÙترÙÙÙ
عÙÙ <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+<p>There are also comprehensive lists of <a
+href="/manual/manual.html">documentation for GNU packages</a> (arranged by
+category), and <a href="/graphics/package-logos.html">GNU package
logos</a>.</p>
+
<!-- regenerate when official list changes, via
- gm generate packages html
+ gm generate packages html (or see the Makefile)
in the womb/gnumaint CVS source directory on savannah. -->
-<p>
-
<!--#include virtual="/software/allgnupkgs.html" -->
-</p>
-
-
<h3>ØزÙ
غÙ٠غÙر Ùشطة</h3>
-<p>ÙادرÙا Ù
ا تÙÙÙ ØزÙ
غÙ٠غÙر ÙØ´Ø·Ø©Ø ÙÙد تÙÙÙ
ÙØ°Ù٠عÙ
ÙÙ
Ùا بسبب استبدÙÙا أ٠دÙ
جÙا
-Ù
ع ØزÙ
أخرÙ, ÙÙا ÙائÙ
Ø© بصÙØات اÙÙ
شارÙع
اÙÙدÙÙ
Ø© (اÙت٠ÙترÙÙا ÙÙ
ا ÙاÙت):<a
-href="gnu3dkit/">3dkit</a>Ø <a href="abcsh/">abcsh</a>Ø <a
-href="awacs/">awacs</a>Ø <a href="cfs-el/">cfs-el</a>Ø <a
-href="checker/">checker</a>Ø <a href="dgs/">dgs</a>
-(display ghostscript)Ø <a href="dld/">dld</a>Ø <a
-href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/DrGenius/";>dr.genius</a>Ø <a
-href="elib/">elib</a>Ø <a href="ffp/">ffp</a>Ø <a href="fhp/">fhp</a>Ø <a
-href="free/">free (gnu.free)</a>Ø <a href="gcron/">gcron</a> (see <a
-href="mcron/">mcron</a>)Ø <a href="gfe/">gfe</a>Ø <a
+<p>GNU packages are occasionally decommissioned, generally because they've been
+superseded by, or integrated into, other packages. If you have time and
+interest in resurrecting any of these, please contact
+<<tt>address@hidden</tt>>. Here is the list; we leave the old
+project pages up (when they existed): <a href="aroundme/">aroundme</a>, <a
+href="gnu3dkit/">3dkit</a>, <a href="abcsh/">abcsh</a>, <a
+href="awacs/">awacs</a>, <a href="cfs-el/">cfs-el</a>, <a
+href="checker/">checker</a>, <a href="cons/">cons</a>, <a
+href="dgs/">dgs</a> (display ghostscript), <a href="dld/">dld</a>, <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/DrGenius/";>dr.genius</a>, <a
+href="elib/">elib</a>, <a href="ffp/">ffp</a>, <a href="fhp/">fhp</a>, <a
+href="free/">free (gnu.free)</a>, <a href="gcron/">gcron</a> (see <a
+href="mcron/">mcron</a>), <a href="gfe/">gfe</a>, <a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/GNU/ggv.html";>ggv</a> (see <a
-href="gv/">gv</a>)Ø <a
-href="http://www.ideacode.com//assets/gicqd/";>gicqd</a>Ø <a
-href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/giptables/";>giptables</a>Ø <a
-href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/gnochive/";>gnochive</a>Ø <a
-href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/gnotepad/";>gnotepad+</a>Ø gnubiosØ
-gnucadØ gnupedia (راجع <a
href="http://ar.wikipedia.org";>ÙÙÙÙبÙدÙا</a>)Ø <a
-href="gnusql">gnusql</a>Ø <a href="gnustep-db/">gnustep-db</a>Ø <a
-href="gnuts/">gnuts</a>Ø <a href="goose/">goose</a>Ø <a
-href="gphoto/">gphoto</a>Ø <a href="graphics/">graphics</a>Ø <a
-href="grover/">grover</a>Ø <a href="gtkeditor/">gtkeditor</a>Ø <a
-href="gtkeyboard/">gtkeyboard</a>Ø <a href="hegemonie/">hegemonie</a>Ø <a
-href="lengualibre">lengualibre</a>Ø leonardoØ manaØ <a
-href="messenger/">messenger</a>Ø <a href="mgcp/">mgcp</a>Ø <a
-href="mll2html/">mll2html</a>Ø <a href="obst/">obst</a>Ø <a
-href="octal/">octal</a>Ø p2cØ <a href="patchwork/">patchwork</a>Ø <a
-href="pips/">pips</a>Ø <a href="poc/">poc</a>Ø <a href="rat/">rat</a>Ø <a
-href="sweater/">sweater</a>Ø <a href="toutdoux/">toutdoux</a>Ø <a
-href="webpublish/">webpublish</a>Ø <a href="xbase/">xbase</a>Ø <a
-href="xinfo/">xinfo</a>Ø <a href="xmhtml/">xmhtml</a>.
+href="gv/">gv</a>), <a
+href="http://www.ideacode.com//assets/gicqd/";>gicqd</a>, <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/giptables/";>giptables</a>, <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/gnochive/";>gnochive</a>, gnotary, <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/gnotepad/";>gnotepad+</a>, gnubios,
+gnucad, <a href="gnufi/">gnufi</a>, gnupedia (see <a
+href="http://wikipedia.org";>wikipedia</a>), <a href="gnusql">gnusql</a>, <a
+href="gnustep-db/">gnustep-db</a>, <a href="gnuts/">gnuts</a>, <a
+href="goose/">goose</a>, <a href="gphoto/">gphoto</a>, <a
+href="graphics/">graphics</a>, grover, <a href="gtkeditor/">gtkeditor</a>,
+<a href="gtkeyboard/">gtkeyboard</a>, <a href="guss/">guss</a>, <a
+href="hegemonie/">hegemonie</a>, <a href="lengualibre">lengualibre</a>,
+leonardo, libopts (see <a href="autogen/">autogen</a>), mana, <a
+href="messenger/">messenger</a>, <a href="mgcp/">mgcp</a>, <a
+href="mll2html/">mll2html</a>, <a href="obst/">obst</a>, <a
+href="octal/">octal</a>, p2c, <a href="patchwork/">patchwork</a>, <a
+href="pips/">pips</a>, <a href="poc/">poc</a>, <a href="rat/">rat</a>, <a
+href="songanizer/">songanizer</a>, <a href="sweater/">sweater</a>, <a
+href="toutdoux/">toutdoux</a>, <a href="webpublish/">webpublish</a>, <a
+href="xbase/">xbase</a>, <a href="xinfo/">xinfo</a>, <a
+href="xmhtml/">xmhtml</a>, <a href="zebra/">zebra</a>.
</p>
@@ -134,11 +138,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
باÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù
-ÙضÙ٠أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -148,8 +153,9 @@
<p>ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 1996Ø 1997Ø 1998Ø 1999Ø 2000Ø 2001Ø 2002Ø
2003Ø 2004Ø
2005Ø 2006Ø 2007Ø 2008Ø 2009 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرةØ
اÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ,</p>
-<p>ÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùسخ ÙتÙزÙع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© ÙاÙ
ÙØ©Ù
ØرÙÙÙا Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ø¨Ø´Ø±Ø· إبÙاء Ùذا
-اÙإخطار Ùإخطار ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -163,7 +169,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدثÙت:
-$Date: 2011/01/27 01:29:21 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: software/software.el.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/software.el.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- software/software.el.html 27 Mar 2011 00:28:26 -0000 1.10
+++ software/software.el.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:59 -0000 1.11
@@ -93,25 +93,25 @@
Ïη λίÏÏα, ÏαÏακαλοÏμε ÏÏείλÏε μήνÏ
μα ÏÏο <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+<p>There are also comprehensive lists of <a
+href="/manual/manual.html">documentation for GNU packages</a> (arranged by
+category), and <a href="/graphics/package-logos.html">GNU package
logos</a>.</p>
+
<!-- regenerate when official list changes, via
- gm generate packages html
+ gm generate packages html (or see the Makefile)
in the womb/gnumaint CVS source directory on savannah. -->
-<p>
-
<!--#include virtual="/software/allgnupkgs.html" -->
-</p>
-
-
<h3>ΠαÏοÏλιÏμÎνα ÏακÎÏα GNU</h3>
-<p>ΠεÏιÏÏαÏιακά, κάÏοια ÏακÎÏα GNU
ÏαÏοÏλίζονÏαι, καÏά κÏÏιο λÏγο εÏειδή ÎÏοÏ
ν
-ανÏικαÏαÏÏαθεί αÏÏ, ή ενÏÏμαÏÏθεί Ïε άλλα
ÏακÎÏα. ÎÎ´Ï ÎµÎ¯Î½Î±Î¹ η ÏÏεÏική
-λίÏÏα· αÏήνοÏ
με ÏÎ¹Ï ÏαλιÎÏ ÏÎµÎ»Î¯Î´ÎµÏ ÏÏν
ÎÏγÏν (ÏÏαν Ï
ÏήÏÏαν): <a
-href="aroundme/">aroundme</a>, <a href="gnu3dkit/">3dkit</a>, <a
-href="abcsh/">abcsh</a>, <a href="awacs/">awacs</a>, <a
-href="cfs-el/">cfs-el</a>, <a href="checker/">checker</a>, <a
-href="cons/">cons</a>, <a href="dgs/">dgs</a> (display ghostscript), <a
-href="dld/">dld</a>, <a
+<p>GNU packages are occasionally decommissioned, generally because they've been
+superseded by, or integrated into, other packages. If you have time and
+interest in resurrecting any of these, please contact
+<<tt>address@hidden</tt>>. Here is the list; we leave the old
+project pages up (when they existed): <a href="aroundme/">aroundme</a>, <a
+href="gnu3dkit/">3dkit</a>, <a href="abcsh/">abcsh</a>, <a
+href="awacs/">awacs</a>, <a href="cfs-el/">cfs-el</a>, <a
+href="checker/">checker</a>, <a href="cons/">cons</a>, <a
+href="dgs/">dgs</a> (display ghostscript), <a href="dld/">dld</a>, <a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/DrGenius/";>dr.genius</a>, <a
href="elib/">elib</a>, <a href="ffp/">ffp</a>, <a href="fhp/">fhp</a>, <a
href="free/">free (gnu.free)</a>, <a href="gcron/">gcron</a> (see <a
@@ -122,19 +122,18 @@
href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/giptables/";>giptables</a>, <a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/gnochive/";>gnochive</a>, gnotary, <a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/gnotepad/";>gnotepad+</a>, gnubios,
-gnucad, <a href="gnufi/">gnufi</a>, gnupedia (βλ. <a
+gnucad, <a href="gnufi/">gnufi</a>, gnupedia (see <a
href="http://wikipedia.org";>wikipedia</a>), <a href="gnusql">gnusql</a>, <a
href="gnustep-db/">gnustep-db</a>, <a href="gnuts/">gnuts</a>, <a
href="goose/">goose</a>, <a href="gphoto/">gphoto</a>, <a
-href="graphics/">graphics</a>, <a href="grover/">grover</a>, <a
-href="gtkeditor/">gtkeditor</a>, <a href="gtkeyboard/">gtkeyboard</a>, <a
-href="guss/">guss</a>, <a href="hegemonie/">hegemonie</a>, <a
-href="lengualibre">lengualibre</a>, leonardo, libopts (βλ. <a
-href="autogen/">autogen</a>), mana, <a href="messenger/">messenger</a>, <a
-href="mgcp/">mgcp</a>, <a href="mll2html/">mll2html</a>, <a
-href="obst/">obst</a>, <a href="octal/">octal</a>, p2c, <a
-href="patchwork/">patchwork</a>, <a href="pips/">pips</a>, <a
-href="poc/">poc</a>, <a href="rat/">rat</a>, <a
+href="graphics/">graphics</a>, grover, <a href="gtkeditor/">gtkeditor</a>,
+<a href="gtkeyboard/">gtkeyboard</a>, <a href="guss/">guss</a>, <a
+href="hegemonie/">hegemonie</a>, <a href="lengualibre">lengualibre</a>,
+leonardo, libopts (see <a href="autogen/">autogen</a>), mana, <a
+href="messenger/">messenger</a>, <a href="mgcp/">mgcp</a>, <a
+href="mll2html/">mll2html</a>, <a href="obst/">obst</a>, <a
+href="octal/">octal</a>, p2c, <a href="patchwork/">patchwork</a>, <a
+href="pips/">pips</a>, <a href="poc/">poc</a>, <a href="rat/">rat</a>, <a
href="songanizer/">songanizer</a>, <a href="sweater/">sweater</a>, <a
href="toutdoux/">toutdoux</a>, <a href="webpublish/">webpublish</a>, <a
href="xbase/">xbase</a>, <a href="xinfo/">xinfo</a>, <a
@@ -170,9 +169,9 @@
<p>ΠνεÏ
μαÏικά δικαιÏμαÏα © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
2000, 2001, 2002, 2003,
2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 ÎδÏÏ
μα ÎλεÏθεÏοÏ
ÎογιÏμικοÏ, Inc.</p>
-<p>ÎÏιÏÏÎÏεÏαι η καÏά λÎξη ανÏιγÏαÏή και
διανομή ÏλοÏ
αÏ
ÏÎ¿Ï ÏοÏ
άÏθÏοÏ
-ÏαγκοÏμίÏÏ, ÏÏÏÎ¯Ï ÎµÏίδομα ÏÏ
γγÏαÏÎÏÏ, Ïε
οÏοιοδήÏοÏε μÎÏο, με Ïην ÏÏοÏÏÏθεÏη
-ÏÏι αÏ
Ïή η ειδοÏοίηÏη διαÏηÏείÏαι.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -186,7 +185,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ÎνημεÏÏθηκε:
-$Date: 2011/03/27 00:28:26 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: software/software.sk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/software.sk.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- software/software.sk.html 27 May 2010 08:25:45 -0000 1.8
+++ software/software.sk.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:59 -0000 1.9
@@ -16,16 +16,20 @@
obsahujúcich výluÄne slobodný softvér</a>.</span></p>
</div>
-<p>Na vyhľadanie nejakého konkrétneho balÃÄka so slobodným softvérom,
Äi už
-<acronym title="GNU Nie je Unix!">GNU</acronym> alebo nie-GNU, použite
-prosÃm <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/";>Knižnicu slobodného
softvéru</a>:
-kategorizovanú databázu slobodného softvéru s podporou vyhľadávania.
-Knižnica je aktÃvne spravovaná <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Nadáciou pre
-slobodný softvér</a> a obsahuje odkazy na domovské stránky jednotlivých
-programov (ak sú dostupné). Obsahuje tiež zoznam <a
-href="http://directory.fsf.org/GNU/";>vÅ¡etkých GNU balÃÄkov</a>. <a
-href="/doc/doc.html">Odkazy na dokumentáciu k slobodnému softvéru</a> sú k
-dispozÃcii na samostatnej stránke.</p>
+<p>If you're looking for a whole system to install, see our <a
+href="/distros/free-distros.html">list of GNU/Linux distributions which are
+entirely free software</a>.</p>
+
+<p>To look for individual free software packages, both <acronym title="GNU's
+Not Unix!">GNU</acronym> and non-GNU, please see the <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/";>Free Software Directory</a>: a categorized,
+searchable database of free software. The Directory is actively maintained
+by the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a> and
+includes links to program home pages where available, as well as entries for
+<a href="http://directory.fsf.org/GNU/";>all GNU packages</a>. Another list
+of <a href="#allgnupkgs">all GNU packages</a> is below. <a
+href="/doc/doc.html">Free software documentation links</a> are listed
+separately.</p>
<p>Spravujeme tiež zoznam <a
href="http://www.fsf.org/campaigns/priority.html";>softvérových projektov s
@@ -42,9 +46,9 @@
ostatných licencià pre slobodný softvér nájdete na stránke <a
href="/licenses/licenses.html">Licencie</a>.</p>
-<p>Ponúkame vám tiež <a href="/software/for-windows.html">krátky zoznam
-slobodného softvéru pre Microsoft Windows</a>, pre užÃvateľov Windows,
ktorÃ
-by sa radi dozvedeli viac o slobodnom softvéri.</p>
+<p>Finally, here is <a href="/software/for-windows.html">a short list of free
+software for Microsoft Windows</a>, for the Windows user who would like to
+try free software.</p>
<h3 id="getgnu">Ako zÃskaÅ¥ GNU softvér</h3>
@@ -60,31 +64,47 @@
<li>ZÃskanÃm kópie od známeho. (Aj v tomto prÃpade prosÃm poskytnite
dotáciu,
ak je to možné.)</li>
-<li>Kúpou poÄÃtaÄa s výhradne slobodným GNU/Linux operaÄným systémom
-predinÅ¡talovaným jednou zo <a href="/links/companies.html">spoloÄnostÃ</a>,
-ktoré túto možnosť ponúkajú.</li>
-
-<li>ZÃskanÃm zdrojových kódov od vývojárov nejakého balÃÄka a ich
následnou
-kompiláciou. Takýmto spôsobom máte možnosť vyskúšať najnovšie
verzie. Mnohé
-GNU bal̀ky maj̼ svoje zdrojov̩ s̼bory umiestnen̩ na GNU hostingu <a
-href="http://savannah.gnu.org/";>savannah.gnu.org</a>. Niektor̩ bal̀ky
-využÃvajú iné možnosti uloženia zdrových súborov; bližšie
informácie sa
-dozviete na domovskej stránke prÃsluÅ¡ného balÃÄka.</li>
+<li>Download a <a href="/distros/free-distros.html">wholly free GNU/Linux
+distribution</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Buy a computer with a wholly free GNU/Linux system preinstalled from <a
+href="/links/companies.html">one of the companies</a> that offers this.</li>
+
+<li>Get the development sources for a package and build them, to help with
+development. Many GNU packages keep their development sources at the GNU
+hosting site <a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/";>savannah.gnu.org</a>. Some
+packages use other source repositories, or have none at all. Each package's
+web pages should give the specifics.</li>
</ul>
+<h3><a name="allgnupkgs" id="allgnupkgs">All GNU packages</a></h3>
+
+<p>Here is a list of all current GNU packages, using their package identifiers
+(rather than long names) for brevity, and sorted alphabetically. If you
+have corrections to or questions about this list, please email <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>There are also comprehensive lists of <a
+href="/manual/manual.html">documentation for GNU packages</a> (arranged by
+category), and <a href="/graphics/package-logos.html">GNU package
logos</a>.</p>
+
+<!-- regenerate when official list changes, via
+ gm generate packages html (or see the Makefile)
+ in the womb/gnumaint CVS source directory on savannah. -->
+<!--#include virtual="/software/allgnupkgs.html" -->
<h3>Vyraden̩ GNU bal̀ky</h3>
<p>GNU packages are occasionally decommissioned, generally because they've been
superseded by, or integrated into, other packages. If you have time and
interest in resurrecting any of these, please contact
<<tt>address@hidden</tt>>. Here is the list; we leave the old
-project pages up (when they existed): <a href="gnu3dkit/">3dkit</a>, <a
-href="abcsh/">abcsh</a>, <a href="awacs/">awacs</a>, <a
-href="cfs-el/">cfs-el</a>, <a href="checker/">checker</a>, <a
-href="cons/">cons</a>, <a href="dgs/">dgs</a> (display ghostscript), <a
-href="dld/">dld</a>, <a
+project pages up (when they existed): <a href="aroundme/">aroundme</a>, <a
+href="gnu3dkit/">3dkit</a>, <a href="abcsh/">abcsh</a>, <a
+href="awacs/">awacs</a>, <a href="cfs-el/">cfs-el</a>, <a
+href="checker/">checker</a>, <a href="cons/">cons</a>, <a
+href="dgs/">dgs</a> (display ghostscript), <a href="dld/">dld</a>, <a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/DrGenius/";>dr.genius</a>, <a
href="elib/">elib</a>, <a href="ffp/">ffp</a>, <a href="fhp/">fhp</a>, <a
href="free/">free (gnu.free)</a>, <a href="gcron/">gcron</a> (see <a
@@ -93,23 +113,24 @@
href="gv/">gv</a>), <a
href="http://www.ideacode.com//assets/gicqd/";>gicqd</a>, <a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/giptables/";>giptables</a>, <a
-href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/gnochive/";>gnochive</a>, <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/gnochive/";>gnochive</a>, gnotary, <a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/gnotepad/";>gnotepad+</a>, gnubios,
gnucad, <a href="gnufi/">gnufi</a>, gnupedia (see <a
href="http://wikipedia.org";>wikipedia</a>), <a href="gnusql">gnusql</a>, <a
href="gnustep-db/">gnustep-db</a>, <a href="gnuts/">gnuts</a>, <a
href="goose/">goose</a>, <a href="gphoto/">gphoto</a>, <a
-href="graphics/">graphics</a>, <a href="grover/">grover</a>, <a
-href="gtkeditor/">gtkeditor</a>, <a href="gtkeyboard/">gtkeyboard</a>, <a
-href="guss/">guss</a>, <a href="hegemonie/">hegemonie</a>, <a
-href="lengualibre">lengualibre</a>, leonardo, mana, <a
+href="graphics/">graphics</a>, grover, <a href="gtkeditor/">gtkeditor</a>,
+<a href="gtkeyboard/">gtkeyboard</a>, <a href="guss/">guss</a>, <a
+href="hegemonie/">hegemonie</a>, <a href="lengualibre">lengualibre</a>,
+leonardo, libopts (see <a href="autogen/">autogen</a>), mana, <a
href="messenger/">messenger</a>, <a href="mgcp/">mgcp</a>, <a
href="mll2html/">mll2html</a>, <a href="obst/">obst</a>, <a
href="octal/">octal</a>, p2c, <a href="patchwork/">patchwork</a>, <a
href="pips/">pips</a>, <a href="poc/">poc</a>, <a href="rat/">rat</a>, <a
-href="sweater/">sweater</a>, <a href="toutdoux/">toutdoux</a>, <a
-href="webpublish/">webpublish</a>, <a href="xbase/">xbase</a>, <a
-href="xinfo/">xinfo</a>, <a href="xmhtml/">xmhtml</a>.
+href="songanizer/">songanizer</a>, <a href="sweater/">sweater</a>, <a
+href="toutdoux/">toutdoux</a>, <a href="webpublish/">webpublish</a>, <a
+href="xbase/">xbase</a>, <a href="xinfo/">xinfo</a>, <a
+href="xmhtml/">xmhtml</a>, <a href="zebra/">zebra</a>.
</p>
@@ -124,11 +145,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-VaÅ¡e otázky pre FSF & GNU posielajte prosÃm na <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Môžete tiež
využiť <a
-href="/contact/">iné spôsoby ako kontaktovaÅ¥</a> FSF. <br /> ProsÃm
-upozornite nás na nefunkÄné odkazy, chyby a možné vylepÅ¡enia na <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -140,9 +162,9 @@
<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Doslovné kopÃrovanie a distribúcia celého tohto Älánku sú povolené
na celom
-svete, bez poplatku, na ľubovoľnom médiu, za predpokladu, že toto
oznámenie
-a copyright zostanú zachované.
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -155,7 +177,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizované:
-$Date: 2010/05/27 08:25:45 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -207,6 +229,8 @@
<li><a href="/software/software.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Slovak -->
<li><a href="/software/software.sk.html">slovenčina</a> [sk]</li>
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<li><a
href="/software/software.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Index: software/software.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/software.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- software/software.zh-cn.html 7 Sep 2010 08:27:07 -0000 1.1
+++ software/software.zh-cn.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:59 -0000 1.2
@@ -47,6 +47,9 @@
<li>ä»æåé£éè·åãï¼åæ
·ï¼å¦ææè½åï¼æ¬¢è¿æ¨æ款ãï¼</li>
+<li>å¦ææ¨éè¦å®è£
ä¸ä¸ªå®æ´çæä½ç³»ç»ï¼è¯·èè<a
href="/distros/free-distros.html">å
¨é¨ç±èªç±è½¯ä»¶ç»æç
+GNU/Linux åè¡ç</a> ã</li>
+
<li>ä» <a href="/links/companies.html">è¿äºå
¬å¸</a> è´ä¹°é¢è£
äºå®å
¨èªç±ç GNU/Linux æä½ç³»ç»ç计ç®æºã</li>
<li>æ¨å¯ä»¥èèè·å软件å
å¼åä¸çæºä»£ç
并èªè¡ç¼è¯ï¼ä»¥ä¾¿å¯ä»¥åä¸å°æ们çå¼åä¸ãå¾å¤ GNU
软件å
éè¿ä½¿ç¨ GNU çæ管ç½ç« <a
@@ -55,39 +58,58 @@
</ul>
+<h3><a name="allgnupkgs" id="allgnupkgs">All GNU packages</a></h3>
+
+<p>Here is a list of all current GNU packages, using their package identifiers
+(rather than long names) for brevity, and sorted alphabetically. If you
+have corrections to or questions about this list, please email <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>There are also comprehensive lists of <a
+href="/manual/manual.html">documentation for GNU packages</a> (arranged by
+category), and <a href="/graphics/package-logos.html">GNU package
logos</a>.</p>
+
+<!-- regenerate when official list changes, via
+ gm generate packages html (or see the Makefile)
+ in the womb/gnumaint CVS source directory on savannah. -->
+<!--#include virtual="/software/allgnupkgs.html" -->
<h3>éå½¹ç GNU 软件</h3>
-<p>é¨å GNU
软件ç±äºè¢«æ´å¥½ç软件代æ¿ææ¯è¢«éæå°å«ç软件å
ä¸èéå½¹ãå¦ææ¨ææ¶é´åå
´è¶£è®©å®ä»¬æ¢å¤çæºï¼è¯·èç³»
-<<tt>address@hidden</tt>>ãä¸é¢æ¯é役软件çå表ï¼æ们ä»ç¶ä¿çäºå®ä»¬ç项ç®é¡µé¢ï¼åªè¦å®ä»¬è¿åå¨ï¼ï¼<a
+<p>GNU packages are occasionally decommissioned, generally because they've been
+superseded by, or integrated into, other packages. If you have time and
+interest in resurrecting any of these, please contact
+<<tt>address@hidden</tt>>. Here is the list; we leave the old
+project pages up (when they existed): <a href="aroundme/">aroundme</a>, <a
href="gnu3dkit/">3dkit</a>, <a href="abcsh/">abcsh</a>, <a
href="awacs/">awacs</a>, <a href="cfs-el/">cfs-el</a>, <a
href="checker/">checker</a>, <a href="cons/">cons</a>, <a
-href="dgs/">dgs</a> (ç¨äºæ¾ç¤ºghostscript), <a href="dld/">dld</a>, <a
+href="dgs/">dgs</a> (display ghostscript), <a href="dld/">dld</a>, <a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/DrGenius/";>dr.genius</a>, <a
href="elib/">elib</a>, <a href="ffp/">ffp</a>, <a href="fhp/">fhp</a>, <a
-href="free/">free (gnu.free)</a>, <a href="gcron/">gcron</a> (åè <a
+href="free/">free (gnu.free)</a>, <a href="gcron/">gcron</a> (see <a
href="mcron/">mcron</a>), <a href="gfe/">gfe</a>, <a
-href="http://directory.fsf.org/GNU/ggv.html";>ggv</a> (åè <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/GNU/ggv.html";>ggv</a> (see <a
href="gv/">gv</a>), <a
href="http://www.ideacode.com//assets/gicqd/";>gicqd</a>, <a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/giptables/";>giptables</a>, <a
-href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/gnochive/";>gnochive</a>, <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/gnochive/";>gnochive</a>, gnotary, <a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/gnotepad/";>gnotepad+</a>, gnubios,
-gnucad, <a href="gnufi/">gnufi</a>, gnupedia (åè <a
+gnucad, <a href="gnufi/">gnufi</a>, gnupedia (see <a
href="http://wikipedia.org";>wikipedia</a>), <a href="gnusql">gnusql</a>, <a
href="gnustep-db/">gnustep-db</a>, <a href="gnuts/">gnuts</a>, <a
href="goose/">goose</a>, <a href="gphoto/">gphoto</a>, <a
-href="graphics/">graphics</a>, <a href="grover/">grover</a>, <a
-href="gtkeditor/">gtkeditor</a>, <a href="gtkeyboard/">gtkeyboard</a>, <a
-href="guss/">guss</a>, <a href="hegemonie/">hegemonie</a>, <a
-href="lengualibre">lengualibre</a>, leonardo, mana, <a
+href="graphics/">graphics</a>, grover, <a href="gtkeditor/">gtkeditor</a>,
+<a href="gtkeyboard/">gtkeyboard</a>, <a href="guss/">guss</a>, <a
+href="hegemonie/">hegemonie</a>, <a href="lengualibre">lengualibre</a>,
+leonardo, libopts (see <a href="autogen/">autogen</a>), mana, <a
href="messenger/">messenger</a>, <a href="mgcp/">mgcp</a>, <a
href="mll2html/">mll2html</a>, <a href="obst/">obst</a>, <a
href="octal/">octal</a>, p2c, <a href="patchwork/">patchwork</a>, <a
href="pips/">pips</a>, <a href="poc/">poc</a>, <a href="rat/">rat</a>, <a
-href="sweater/">sweater</a>, <a href="toutdoux/">toutdoux</a>, <a
-href="webpublish/">webpublish</a>, <a href="xbase/">xbase</a>, <a
-href="xinfo/">xinfo</a>, <a href="xmhtml/">xmhtml</a>ã
+href="songanizer/">songanizer</a>, <a href="sweater/">sweater</a>, <a
+href="toutdoux/">toutdoux</a>, <a href="webpublish/">webpublish</a>, <a
+href="xbase/">xbase</a>, <a href="xinfo/">xinfo</a>, <a
+href="xmhtml/">xmhtml</a>, <a href="zebra/">zebra</a>.
</p>
@@ -102,10 +124,12 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-请å°æå
³èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼ä¸ GNU
çæ¥è¯¢ä¸é®é¢ï¼ä»¥è±è¯ï¼åéå°<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ãæ¨ä¹å¯ä»¥éè¿ <a
-href="/contact/">å
¶å®æ¹æ³</a> èç³»èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼ã <br
/>åç°ä»»ä½é误åé¾æ¥æå
¶å®éè¦æ´æ£çå°æ¹ï¼æä»»ä½å»ºè®®ï¼ï¼è¯·åéé®ä»¶è³
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ã
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -115,7 +139,9 @@
<p>çæææ © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼</p>
-<p>æ¬æå
许å¨ä¸åæ´å
容çåæä¸æ é使ç¨è´¹çå
¨æå¤å¶ååå¸å¨å
¨çä»»ä½åªä½ï¼ä½éä¿çæ¤æ³¨è®°åçæ声æã
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -127,7 +153,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
æåæ´æ°ï¼
-$Date: 2010/09/07 08:27:07 $
+$Date: 2011/09/03 08:35:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: server/outdated.af.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.af.html
diff -N server/outdated.af.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.af.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:35 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.ar.html
diff -N server/outdated.ar.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.ar.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:35 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.bg.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.bg.html
diff -N server/outdated.bg.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.bg.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:35 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.ca.html
diff -N server/outdated.ca.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.ca.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:35 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.cs.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.cs.html
diff -N server/outdated.cs.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.cs.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:35 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.de.html
diff -N server/outdated.de.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.de.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:35 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.el.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.el.html
diff -N server/outdated.el.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.el.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:35 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.es.html
diff -N server/outdated.es.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.es.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:35 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.fa.html
diff -N server/outdated.fa.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.fa.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:36 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.fr.html
diff -N server/outdated.fr.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:36 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.he.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.he.html
diff -N server/outdated.he.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.he.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:36 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.id.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.id.html
diff -N server/outdated.id.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.id.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:36 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.it.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.it.html
diff -N server/outdated.it.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.it.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:36 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.ja.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.ja.html
diff -N server/outdated.ja.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.ja.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:36 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.ml.html
diff -N server/outdated.ml.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.ml.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:36 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.nb.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.nb.html
diff -N server/outdated.nb.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.nb.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:37 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.nl.html
diff -N server/outdated.nl.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.nl.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:37 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.pl.html
diff -N server/outdated.pl.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.pl.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:37 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.pt-br.html
diff -N server/outdated.pt-br.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.pt-br.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:37 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.pt.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.pt.html
diff -N server/outdated.pt.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.pt.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:37 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.ro.html
diff -N server/outdated.ro.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.ro.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:37 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.ru.html
diff -N server/outdated.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.ru.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:37 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.sk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.sk.html
diff -N server/outdated.sk.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.sk.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:38 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.sq.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.sq.html
diff -N server/outdated.sq.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.sq.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:38 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.sr.html
diff -N server/outdated.sr.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.sr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:38 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.ta.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.ta.html
diff -N server/outdated.ta.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.ta.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:38 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.tr.html
diff -N server/outdated.tr.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.tr.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:38 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.uk.html
diff -N server/outdated.uk.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.uk.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:38 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.vi.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.vi.html
diff -N server/outdated.vi.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.vi.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:38 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
Index: server/outdated.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/outdated.zh-cn.html
diff -N server/outdated.zh-cn.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/outdated.zh-cn.html 3 Sep 2011 08:35:38 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<div id="outdated">
+<p>
+This translation hasn't been updated in some time and may be out of date;
+GNU translators need your help. Please contact <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a> to
+find out how you can help. The latest translation source can be found at:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--#echo encoding="none" var="PO_FILE" -->
+</p>
+</div>
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