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www/philosophy categories.ar.html categories.ca...
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www/philosophy categories.ar.html categories.ca... |
|
Date: |
Fri, 11 Dec 2009 09:26:26 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 09/12/11 09:26:26
Modified files:
philosophy : categories.ar.html categories.ca.html
categories.sr.html categories.tr.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/categories.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/categories.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/categories.sr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.23&r2=1.24
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/categories.tr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
Patches:
Index: categories.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- categories.ar.html 3 Sep 2009 20:25:51 -0000 1.6
+++ categories.ar.html 11 Dec 2009 09:26:06 -0000 1.7
@@ -17,22 +17,25 @@
<p>ÙاØظ Ø£Ùضا <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">ÙÙÙ
ات Ù
ÙØ´ÙÙشة Ùد ترغب ÙÙ
تجاÙزÙا</a>.</p>
-<p id="diagram"><img src="/philosophy/category.jpg" alt="[Ù
خطط
ÙتصاÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
ختÙÙØ©]" /> This diagram by
Chao-Kuei explains the different categories of
-software. It's available as an <a href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig
-file</a>, as a <a href="/philosophy/category.jpg">JPEG picture</a> and as a
-1.5 magnified <a href="/philosophy/category.png">PNG image</a>, under the
-terms of any of the GNU GPL v2 or later, the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the
-Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike v2.0 or later.</p>
+<p id="diagram" class="c">
+<img src="category.png" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+ <p>This diagram by Chao-Kuei explains the different categories of
+software. It's also available as an <a
+href="/philosophy/category.svg">Scalable Vector Graphic</a> and as an <a
+href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig document</a>, under the terms of any of
+the GNU GPL v2 or later, the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the Creative Commons
+Attribution-Share Alike v2.0 or later.</p>
-<dl>
-<dt id="FreeSoftware"><strong>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</strong></dt>
+<h3 id="FreeSoftware">Free software</h3>
- <dd>
- اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ù٠برÙ
جÙات تأت٠Ù
ع
أذÙÙات Ùأ٠شخص باÙاستخداÙ
Ø ÙاÙÙشرØ
+ <p>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ù٠برÙ
جÙات تأت٠Ù
ع
أذÙÙات Ùأ٠شخص باÙاستخداÙ
Ø ÙاÙÙشرØ
ÙاÙتÙزÙØ¹Ø Ø³Ùاء٠ØرÙÙا Ø£Ù Ù
ع تعدÙÙØ§ØªØ Ø³ÙاءÙ
Ù
جاÙÙا Ø£Ù Ù
Ùاب٠رسÙ
. تØدÙØ¯Ø§Ø Ùذا
ÙعÙ٠أ٠اÙØ´ÙÙرة اÙÙ
صدرÙØ© Ùجب أ٠تÙÙÙ Ù
تÙÙرة ”إذا ÙÙ
تÙÙ Ù
ØµØ¯Ø±Ø§Ø ÙÙست
برÙ
جÙات“ Ùذا تعرÙÙ Ù
Ø¨Ø³Ø·Ø Ø±Ø§Ø¬Ø¹ Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">اÙتعرÙ٠اÙÙاÙ
Ù</a>.
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">اÙتعرÙ٠اÙÙاÙ
Ù</a>.</p>
+
<p>إذا Ùا٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ØØ±Ø©Ø ØÙÙÙا ÙÙ
Ù٠أÙ
ÙÙضÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ Øر Ù
ث٠غÙÙØ Ø£Ù
اÙإصدارات اÙØرة Ù
Ù <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ar.html">ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس</a>.</p>
@@ -64,52 +67,53 @@
<p>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة عادة <a
href="/software/reliability.html">Ø£Ùثر ÙØ«ÙÙÙØ©</a> Ù
Ù
اÙبرÙ
جÙات غÙر اÙØرة.</p>
- </dd>
+<h3 id="OpenSource">Open Source software</h3>
-<dt id="OpenSource"><strong>برÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
صدر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØ</strong></dt>
-
- <dd>
+ <p>
اÙÙ
صطÙØ Ø¨Ø±Ù
جÙات “اÙÙ
صدر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØ”
Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù
٠بعض اÙÙاس بÙ
عÙ٠أÙثر
أ٠أÙÙ ÙÙÙس تصÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة. ÙÙس تÙ
اÙ
ا ÙÙس طبÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات: ÙÙ
ÙÙبÙÙÙ
بغض اÙتراخÙص اÙت٠ÙعتبرÙا Ù
ÙÙدة Ø¬Ø¯Ø§Ø ÙÙÙجد
تراخÙص برÙ
جÙات Øرة ÙÙ
ÙÙبÙÙÙا. ÙÙ٠اÙÙر٠Ù٠سعة اÙتصÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙÙ
Ø«Ù:
تÙرÙبا Ù٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ù
صدر
-Ù
ÙتÙØØ ÙÙ٠برÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
صدر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØ Øرة.
+Ù
ÙتÙØØ ÙÙ٠برÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
صدر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØ Øرة.</p>
<p>ÙØÙ ÙÙض٠اÙÙ
صطÙØ ”<a href=
"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة</a>“
ÙØ£ÙÙ ÙØ´Ùر Ø¥Ù٠اÙØرÙØ©—اÙØ´ÙØ¡ اÙØ°Ù Ùا ÙÙ
Ø«ÙÙ Ù
صطÙØ “اÙÙ
صدر
اÙÙ
ÙتÙØ“.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="PublicDomainSoftware"><strong>برÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙعاÙ
Ø©</strong></dt>
- <dd>برÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙعاÙ
Ø© Ù٠برÙ
جÙات
غÙر Ù
ØÙÙظة اÙØÙÙÙ. إذا ÙاÙت اÙØ´ÙÙرة
+<h3 id="PublicDomainSoftware">Public domain software</h3>
+
+ <p>برÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙعاÙ
Ø© Ù٠برÙ
جÙات
غÙر Ù
ØÙÙظة اÙØÙÙÙ. إذا ÙاÙت اÙØ´ÙÙرة
اÙÙ
صدرÙØ© Ù٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙعاÙ
Ø©Ø ÙØ°Ù ØاÙØ© خاصة Ù
Ù <a
href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة غÙر Ù
ترÙÙØ© اÙØÙÙÙ</a>Ø
-اÙت٠تعÙ٠أ٠بعض اÙÙسخ أ٠اÙتعدÙÙات Ùد Ùا
تÙÙÙ Øرة أصÙا.
+اÙت٠تعÙ٠أ٠بعض اÙÙسخ أ٠اÙتعدÙÙات Ùد Ùا
تÙÙÙ Øرة أصÙا.</p>
+
<p>Ù٠بعض اÙØاÙØ§ØªØ Ø§ÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙتشغÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙعاÙ
Ø© ÙÙ٠اÙØ´ÙÙرة
اÙÙ
صدرÙØ© ÙÙست Ù
تاØØ©. ÙØ°Ù ÙÙست برÙ
جÙات ØرةØ
Ùأ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة تتطÙب إتاØØ©
اÙØ´ÙÙرة اÙÙ
صدرÙØ©. بÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ Ù
عظÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة ÙÙست Ù٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙعاÙ
Ø©Ø ÙÙ
Ù
ØÙÙظة اÙØÙÙÙØ ÙÙ
اÙÙÙ ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر أعطÙا
إذÙا ÙاÙÙÙÙا Ùأ٠شخص باستعÙ
اÙÙا
بØرÙØ©Ø Ø¨Ø§Ø³ØªØ®Ø¯Ø§Ù
رخصة برÙ
جÙات Øرة.</p>
+
<p>Ø£ØÙاÙا ÙستخدÙ
اÙÙاس اÙÙ
صطÙØ ”اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙعاÙ
Ø©“ بطرÙÙØ© سائبة بÙ
عÙÙ
<a href="#FreeSoftware">”Øر“</a> Ø£Ù ”Ù
تاØ
Ù
جاÙا“. ÙÙÙ ”اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© اÙعاÙ
Ø©“ Ù
صطÙØ
ÙاÙÙÙÙ ÙÙعÙ٠تØدÙدا
“غÙر Ù
ØÙÙظ اÙØÙÙÙ”. ÙÙتÙضÙØØ ÙÙصÙ
باستخداÙ
”اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©
اÙعاÙ
Ø©“ ÙØ°Ù٠اÙÙ
عÙÙ ÙÙØ·Ø ÙاستخداÙ
اÙÙ
صطÙØات اÙأخر٠ÙØ¥Ùصا٠اÙÙ
عاÙÙ
اÙأخرÙ.</p>
+
<p>تØت اتÙاÙÙØ© بÙرÙØ Ø§Ùت٠ÙÙعتÙا Ù
عظÙ
اÙدÙÙØ Ø£Ù Ø´ÙØ¡ Ù
ÙتÙب تÙÙائÙا Ù
ØÙÙظ
اÙØÙÙÙ. Ùذا ÙتضÙ
٠اÙبراÙ
ج. ÙØ°ÙÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ أردت
ÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ùتبت٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©
اÙعاÙ
Ø©Ø Ùجب أ٠تتخذ بعض اÙإجراءات
اÙÙاÙÙÙÙØ© ÙÙتÙص٠ع٠ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر عÙÙÙØ Ø®ÙاÙ
Ø°ÙÙØ Ø§ÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ù
ØÙÙظ اÙØÙÙÙ.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="CopyleftedSoftware"><strong>اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù
ترÙÙØ©
اÙØÙÙÙ</strong></dt>
- <dd>Copylefted software is free software whose distribution terms
ensure that
+<h3 id="CopyleftedSoftware">Copylefted software</h3>
+
+ <p>Copylefted software is free software whose distribution terms ensure
that
all copies of all versions carry more or less the same distribution terms.
This means, for instance, that copyleft licenses generally disallow others
to add additional requirements to the software (though a limited set of safe
added requirements can be allowed) and require making source code
available. This shields the program, and its modified versions, from some
-of the common ways of making a program proprietary.
+of the common ways of making a program proprietary.</p>
<p>Some copyleft licenses, such as GPL version 3, block other means of
turning
software proprietary.</p>
@@ -118,6 +122,7 @@
<em>ÙÙ</em> Ù
ستخدÙ
اÙØرÙات اÙÙ
ÙضÙ
ÙØ© ÙÙ Ù
صطÙØ
”اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة.“Ø
راجع <a href= "/copyleft/copyleft.ar.html">اÙØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ترÙÙØ©</a> ÙÙ
زÙد Ù
Ù
تÙضÙØ ÙÙÙÙØ© تر٠ØÙÙ٠اÙأعÙ
ا٠ÙÙÙ
اذا ÙستخدÙ
Ù.</p>
+
<p>اÙØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ترÙÙØ© ÙÙرة عاÙ
Ø©Ø Ùتر٠ØÙÙÙ
برÙاÙ
ج ÙعÙÙØ§Ø ØªØتاج Ø¥Ù٠استخداÙ
Ù
جÙ
Ùعة
Ù
٠شرÙØ· اÙتÙزÙع. ÙÙجد اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙطر٠اÙÙ
Ù
ÙÙ ÙÙتابة شرÙØ· تÙزÙع ØÙÙÙ Ù
ترÙÙØ©Ø
Ùذا ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠تÙجد اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠رخص تر٠ØÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة. ÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙÙ
Ù
ارسة
@@ -126,15 +131,17 @@
اÙÙ
ترÙÙØ© عادة تÙÙÙ ”Ù
ستØÙÙØ©“Ø Ù
ا
ÙعÙ٠أÙÙ Ù
٠غÙر اÙÙاÙÙÙ٠دÙ
ج
اÙØ´ÙÙرة باستخداÙ
رخصة Ù
ع اÙØ´ÙÙرة باستخداÙ
رخصة أخرÙØ ÙØ°ÙÙØ Ù
٠اÙجÙد ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع
إذا استخدÙ
اÙÙاس رخصة ØÙÙÙ Ù
ترÙÙØ© ÙاØدة.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware"><strong>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
غÙر Ù
ترÙÙØ© اÙØÙÙÙ</strong></dt>
- <dd>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة غÙر Ù
ترÙÙØ© اÙØÙÙÙ
تأت٠Ù
٠اÙÙ
ؤÙÙ Ù
ع أذÙÙات بإعادة اÙتÙزÙع
-ÙاÙتعدÙÙØ ÙØ£Ùضا إضاÙØ© بعض اÙÙÙÙد Ø¥ÙÙÙا.
- <p>إذا Ùا٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Øرا ÙÙ٠غÙر Ù
ترÙÙ
اÙØÙÙÙØ ØÙÙÙا بعض اÙÙسخ أ٠اÙإصدارات
-اÙÙ
عدÙØ© Ùد Ùا تÙÙÙ Øر أصÙا. شرÙØ© برÙ
جÙات ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠تترجÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø Ù
ع أ٠بدÙÙ
-تعدÙÙØ§ØªØ ÙتÙزع اÙÙ
Ù٠اÙتشغÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ùتج برÙ
جÙات <a href=
-"#ProprietarySoftware">اØتÙارÙØ©</a>.</p>
+<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Non-copylefted free software</h3>
+
+ <p>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة غÙر Ù
ترÙÙØ© اÙØÙÙÙ
تأت٠Ù
٠اÙÙ
ؤÙÙ Ù
ع أذÙÙات بإعادة اÙتÙزÙع
+ÙاÙتعدÙÙØ ÙØ£Ùضا إضاÙØ© بعض اÙÙÙÙد Ø¥ÙÙÙا.</p>
+
+ <p>If a program is free but not copylefted, then some copies or modified
+versions may not be free at all. A software company can compile the program,
+with or without modifications, and distribute the executable file as a <a
+href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a> software product.</p>
+
<p>The <a href="http://www.x.org";>X Window System</a> illustrates this.
The X
Consortium releases X11 with distribution terms that make it non-copylefted
free software. If you wish, you can get a copy which has those distribution
@@ -145,118 +152,149 @@
developers of X11 even made X11 non-free</a> for a while; they were able to
do this because others had contributed their code under the same
non-copyleft license.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="GPL-CoveredSoftware"><strong>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
غطاة
بجÙ‌بÙ‌Ø¥Ù</strong></dt>
- <dd><a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">غÙ٠جÙ‌بÙ‌Ø¥Ù</a>
ÙÙ ÙاØدة Ù
Ù Ù
جÙ
Ùعة
-شرÙØ· اÙتÙزÙع اÙÙ
Øددة Ùتر٠ØÙÙ٠برÙاÙ
ج. Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ ÙستخدÙ
Ùا ÙÙ
عظÙ
برÙ
جÙات غÙÙ.
+<h3 id="GPL-CoveredSoftware">GPL-covered software</h3>
+
+ <p><a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">غÙ٠جÙ‌بÙ‌Ø¥Ù</a>
ÙÙ ÙاØدة Ù
Ù Ù
جÙ
Ùعة
+شرÙØ· اÙتÙزÙع اÙÙ
Øددة Ùتر٠ØÙÙ٠برÙاÙ
ج. Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ ÙستخدÙ
Ùا ÙÙ
عظÙ
برÙ
جÙات غÙÙ.</p>
+
+ <p>To equate free software with GPL-covered software is therefore an
error.</p>
+
+<h3 id="TheGNUsystem">The GNU operating system</h3>
- <p>To equate free software with GPL-covered software is therefore an
error.</p></dd>
+ <p>The <a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU operating system</a> is the
+Unix-like operating system, which is entirely free software, that we in the
+GNU Project have developed since 1984.</p>
-<dt id="TheGNUsystem"><strong>ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ</strong></dt>
- <dd><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.ar.html">ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ</a> ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠شبÙÙ ÙÙÙÙسØ
-Øر باÙÙاÙ
ÙØ Ø§ÙØ°Ù ÙØ·Ùر٠ÙÙ Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ Ù
ÙØ° عاÙ
1984.
<p>ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠شبÙÙ ÙÙÙÙس ÙتÙÙÙ Ù
٠براÙ
ج ÙØ«Ùرة. ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ ÙØتÙÙ Ù٠برÙ
جÙات غÙÙØ
باÙإضاÙØ© Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙØزÙ
اÙآخر٠Ù
Ø«Ù
ÙظاÙ
اÙÙÙÙذة Ø¥Ùس Ùتخ اÙØ°ÙÙÙ ÙÙسا Ù
Ù
برÙ
جÙات غÙÙ.</p>
- <p>Ø£Ù٠إصدار تجرÙب٠ÙÙظاÙ
غÙ٠اÙÙاÙ
Ù ÙاÙ
Ù٠عاÙ
1996. Ùذا ÙتضÙ
٠غÙÙ ÙردØ
-ÙÙاتÙØ§Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ÙØ·Ùرة Ù
ÙØ° عاÙ
1990. Ù٠عاÙ
2001 ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ (بÙ
ا ÙÙ Ø°Ù٠غÙÙ Ùرد) بدأ
-اÙعÙ
٠بثÙØ© ÙاضØØ©Ø ÙÙÙ Ùرد ÙازاÙت تÙتÙد بعض
اÙÙ
زاÙا اÙÙاÙ
Ø©Ø Ùذا Ù٠غÙر
-Ù
ستخدÙ
Ø© بشÙÙ Ùاسع. بÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ <a href=
"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ar.html">ÙظاÙ
-غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس</a>Ø Ùرع ÙÙظاÙ
غÙÙ ÙستخدÙ
ÙÙÙÙس
ÙÙÙاة بدÙا Ù
٠غÙÙ ÙØ±Ø¯Ø ØÙÙ ÙجاØا
-ÙبÙرا Ù
ÙØ° اÙتسعÙÙÙات.</p>
- <p>بÙ
ا أ٠غرض غÙ٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ ØØ±Ø§Ø ÙÙ Ù
ÙÙÙ
ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙÙÙ٠برÙاÙ
جا Øرا. Ùا Ùجب
-Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙÙا جÙ
Ùعا Ù
ترÙÙ٠اÙØÙÙÙØ ÙÙÙØ Ø£Ù ÙÙع
Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ù
Ùاسب ÙاÙÙÙÙا
-ÙÙÙضÙ
٠إذا ساعد ÙÙ Ù
ÙاÙاة اÙØ£Ùدا٠اÙتÙÙÙØ©.
ÙÙÙس ضرÙرÙÙا ÙÙ٠اÙأجزاء أ٠تÙÙÙ
-برÙ
جÙات غÙÙØ Ø°Ø§ØªÙ. غÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙ٠باÙÙعÙ
ÙØتÙ٠برÙ
جÙات Øرة غÙر Ù
ترÙÙØ© اÙØÙÙÙ
-Ù
Ø«Ù ÙظاÙ
اÙÙÙÙذة Ø¥Ùس اÙØ°Ù Ø·ÙÙر ع٠طرÙÙ Ù
شارÙع أخرÙ.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="GNUprograms"><strong>براÙ
ج غÙÙ</strong></dt>
- <dd>”براÙ
ج غÙÙ“ تساÙÙ <a
href="#GNUsoftware">برÙ
جÙات غÙÙ.</a>
+ <p>The first test release of the complete GNU system was in 1996. This
+includes the GNU Hurd, our kernel, developed since 1990. In 2001 the GNU
+system (including the GNU Hurd) began working fairly reliably, but the Hurd
+still lacks some important features, so it is not widely used. Meanwhile,
+the <a href= "/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux system</a>, an offshoot of
+the GNU operating system which uses Linux as the kernel instead of the GNU
+Hurd, has been a great success since the 90s.</p>
+
+ <p>Since the purpose of GNU is to be free, every single component in
the GNU
+operating system has to be free software. They don't all have to be
+copylefted, however; any kind of free software is legally suitable to
+include if it helps meet technical goals. And it isn't necessary for all the
+components to be GNU software, individually. GNU can and does include
+non-copylefted free software such as the X Window System that were developed
+by other projects.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUprograms">GNU programs</h3>
+
+ <p>”براÙ
ج غÙÙ“ تساÙÙ <a
href="#GNUsoftware">برÙ
جÙات غÙÙ.</a>
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙÙÙاÙ٠برÙاÙ
ج غÙ٠إذا Ùا٠Ù
٠برÙ
جÙات غÙÙ. ÙØ٠أÙضا Ø£ØÙاÙا ÙسÙ
ÙÙ
-”ØزÙ
Ø© غÙÙ“.</dd>
-<dt id="GNUsoftware"><strong>برÙ
جÙات غÙÙ</strong></dt>
- <dd><a href="/software/software.html">برÙ
جÙات غÙÙ</a> ÙÙ
برÙ
جÙات تÙصدر تØت رعاÙØ©
+”ØزÙ
Ø© غÙÙ“.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUsoftware">GNU software</h3>
+
+ <p><a href="/software/software.html">برÙ
جÙات غÙÙ</a> ÙÙ
برÙ
جÙات تÙصدر تØت رعاÙØ©
<a href= "/gnu/gnu-history.html">Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ</a>. إذا ÙاÙ
برÙاÙ
ج Ù
٠برÙ
جÙات
غÙÙØ ÙسÙ
Ù٠أÙضا برÙاÙ
ج غÙ٠أ٠ØزÙ
Ø© غÙÙ. Ù
ÙÙ
اÙرأÙ٠أ٠دÙÙÙ ØزÙ
Ø© غÙÙ Ùجب Ø£Ù
ÙØ°Ùر Ø£ÙÙ ÙاØØ¯Ø <a href="/directory">دÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة</a> ÙØدد ÙÙ ØزÙ
-غÙÙ.
+غÙÙ.</p>
+
<p>Ù
عظÙ
برÙ
جÙات غÙÙ <a href=
"/copyleft/copyleft.ar.html">Ù
ترÙÙØ© اÙØÙÙÙ</a>Ø
ÙÙÙ ÙÙس ÙÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙ Ù٠برÙ
جÙات غÙÙ Ùجب Ø£Ù
تÙÙÙ <a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">برÙ
جÙات Øرة</a>.</p>
- <p>بعض برÙ
جÙات غÙÙ Ù
ÙتÙبة بÙاسطة <a href=
"/people/people.html">طاÙÙ
</a> <a
-href="/fsf/fsf.html">Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</a>Ø ÙÙÙ Ù
عظÙ
برÙ
جÙات غÙÙ Ù
ÙساÙÙ
Ø©
-Ù
Ù Ùب٠<a href="/people/people.html">Ù
تطÙعÙÙ</a>. بعض اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
ÙساÙÙ
Ø©
-Ù
ØÙÙظة اÙØÙÙ٠بÙاسطة Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§Ùبعض Ù
ØÙÙظ اÙØÙÙ٠بÙاسطة
-اÙÙ
ساÙÙ
Ù٠اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙتبÙÙ.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="non-freeSoftware"><strong>اÙبرÙ
جÙات غÙر
اÙØرة</strong></dt>
- <dd>اÙبرÙ
جÙات غÙر اÙØرة Ù٠برÙ
جÙات ÙÙست
Øرة. Ùذا ÙتصÙ
Ù <a
+ <p>Some GNU software is written by <a href=
+"http://www.fsf.org/about/staff/";>staff</a> of the <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a>, but most GNU
+software is contributed by <a
+href="/people/people.html">volunteers</a>. Some contributed software is
+copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation; some is copyrighted by the
+contributors who wrote it.</p>
+
+<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Non-free software</h3>
+
+ <p>اÙبرÙ
جÙات غÙر اÙØرة Ù٠برÙ
جÙات ÙÙست
Øرة. Ùذا ÙتصÙ
Ù <a
href="#semi-freeSoftware">اÙبرÙ
جÙات شب٠اÙØرة</a>Ù<a
-href="#ProprietarySoftware">اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ©.</a>.</dd>
+href="#ProprietarySoftware">اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ©.</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="semi-freeSoftware">Semi-free software</h3>
-<dt id="semi-freeSoftware"><strong>اÙبرÙ
جÙات شبÙ
اÙØرة</strong></dt>
- <dd>اÙبرÙ
جÙات شب٠اÙØرة Ù٠برÙ
جÙات ÙÙست
ØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙا تأت٠Ù
ع إذ٠خاص ÙÙاستخداÙ
Ø
+ <p>اÙبرÙ
جÙات شب٠اÙØرة Ù٠برÙ
جÙات ÙÙست
ØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙا تأت٠Ù
ع إذ٠خاص ÙÙاستخداÙ
Ø
ÙاÙÙØ´Ø±Ø ÙاÙتÙزÙØ¹Ø ÙاÙتعدÙÙ (بÙ
ا ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ
تÙزÙع إصدارات Ù
ÙعدÙØ©) Ùأغراض غÙر
-ÙادÙØ© ÙÙربØ. بÙ‌جÙ‌ب٠Ù
ثا٠ÙبرÙاÙ
ج
شب٠Øر.
+ÙادÙØ© ÙÙربØ. بÙ‌جÙ‌ب٠Ù
ثا٠ÙبرÙاÙ
ج
شب٠Øر.</p>
+
<p>اÙبرÙ
جÙات شب٠اÙØرة Ø£Ùض٠بÙØ«Ùر
أخÙاÙÙا Ù
Ù <a href=
"#ProprietarySoftware">اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ©</a>Ø ÙÙÙ Ù
ازاÙت Ù
تأثرة باÙÙ
شاÙÙØ
ÙÙا ÙستطÙع استخداÙ
Ùا ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ Øر.</p>
+
<p>ÙÙÙد تر٠اÙØÙÙÙ Ù
صÙ
Ù
Ø© ÙØÙ
اÙØ© اÙØرÙات
اÙجÙÙرÙØ© ÙجÙ
Ùع اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ. باÙÙسبة ÙÙاØ
اÙÙطا٠اÙÙØÙد ÙØ£Ù ÙÙد Ù
عتبر Ù٠استخداÙ
برÙاÙ
ج ÙÙ Ù
Ùع اÙأشخاص اÙآخرÙÙ Ù
Ù
إضاÙØ© ÙÙÙد أخرÙ. اÙبراÙ
ج شب٠اÙØرة ÙدÙÙا
ÙÙÙد إضاÙÙØ©Ø ØªÙثار Ù
٠أÙدا٠أÙاÙÙØ©
بØتة.</p>
+
<p>Ù
٠اÙÙ
ستØÙ٠تضÙ
Ù٠برÙاÙ
ج شب٠Øر ÙÙ
ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ Øر. Ùذا Ùأ٠شرÙØ· تÙزÙع ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙÙ ÙÙÙ Ù٠اتØاد شرÙØ· اÙتÙزÙع ÙÙÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج ÙÙÙ. إضاÙØ© برÙاÙ
ج شب٠Øر Ø¥ÙÙ
اÙÙظاÙ
سÙÙ Ùجع٠اÙÙظاÙ
<em>ÙÙÙ</em> شب٠Øر
ÙØسب. ÙÙجد سببا٠ÙعدÙ
رغبتÙا ÙÙ
ØدÙØ« Ø°ÙÙ:</p>
+
<ul>
<li>ÙؤÙ
٠أ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ùجب أ٠تÙÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙاØد—بÙ
ا ÙÙ Ø°Ù٠اÙأعÙ
اÙ
اÙتجارÙØ©Ø ÙÙس ÙÙØ· اÙÙ
دارس ÙاÙÙÙاة. ÙرÙد
دعÙØ© اÙأعÙ
ا٠اÙتجارÙØ© Ø¥Ù٠استخداÙ
ÙظاÙ
غÙ٠اÙÙاÙ
ÙØ ÙØ°ÙÙ Ùجب Ø£Ùا ÙضÙ
٠برÙاÙ
ج
شب٠Øر ÙÙÙ.</li>
+
<li>اÙتÙزÙع اÙتجار٠ÙÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠اÙØرØ
بÙ
ا ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ar.html">ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس</a>Ø ÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø¯Ø§Ø ÙاÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ
ÙدرÙÙÙ Ù
ÙائÙ
Ø© تÙزÙع اÙسÙد٠رÙÙ
اÙتجارÙ. تضÙ
Ù٠برÙاÙ
ج شب٠Øر ÙاØد ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
تشغÙ٠سÙÙ ÙسÙب تÙزÙع اÙسÙد٠رÙÙ
اÙتجار٠Ù
ÙÙ.</li>
</ul>
- <p>Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙسÙا غÙر
تجارÙØ©Ø ÙÙØ°Ù٠سÙÙÙÙ Ù
Ùجازا ÙÙا ÙاÙÙÙÙا
-استخداÙ
برÙاÙ
ج شب٠Øر ”داخÙÙا“.
ÙÙÙÙا Ùا ÙÙعÙØ ÙØ£Ù Ùذا سÙضعÙ
-جÙÙدÙا Ù٠اÙسع٠إÙ٠برÙاÙ
ج ÙÙ
Ù٠أÙضا تضÙ
ÙÙÙ Ù٠غÙÙ.</p>
+
+ <p>The <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a>
itself is
+non-commercial, and therefore we would be legally permitted to use a
+semi-free program “internally”. But we don't do that, because
+that would undermine our efforts to obtain a program which we could also
+include in GNU.</p>
+
<p>إذا ÙÙجدت Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© تØتاج اÙتعاÙ
Ù Ù
٠برÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ ØÙÙÙا Øت٠ÙÙ
تÙ٠برÙاÙ
جا Øرا ÙتأدÙØ©
اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø©Ø ÙظاÙ
غÙÙ ÙدÙ٠ثغرة. Ùجب Ø£Ù Ùخبر اÙÙ
تطÙعÙÙ “ÙÙس ÙدÙÙا برÙاÙ
ج
بعد ÙتأدÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø© Ù٠غÙÙØ Ùذا ÙØ£Ù
٠أÙÙÙ
ستÙتبÙÙ ÙاØدا” إذا استخدÙ
Ùا
بأÙÙسÙا برÙاÙ
ج شب٠Øر ÙتأدÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø©Ø Ùذا
سÙضع٠Ù
ا ÙÙÙÙØ Ø³Ùأخذ اÙداÙع (Ù
ÙاØ
ÙÙ
٠اÙآخرÙ٠اÙØ°ÙÙ Ùد ÙستÙ
عÙÙ ÙÙجÙات ÙظرÙا)
ÙÙتابة بدÙÙ Øر. Ùذا ÙØÙ Ùا ÙÙعÙ
Ø°ÙÙ.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="ProprietarySoftware"><strong>اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙاØتÙارÙØ©</strong></dt>
- <dd>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© Ù٠برÙ
جÙات
ÙÙست Øرة أ٠شب٠Øرة. استخدÙ
ÙØ§Ø Ø£Ù Ø¥Ø¹Ø§Ø¯Ø©
+<h3 id="ProprietarySoftware">Proprietary software</h3>
+
+ <p>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© Ù٠برÙ
جÙات ÙÙست
Øرة أ٠شب٠Øرة. استخدÙ
ÙØ§Ø Ø£Ù Ø¥Ø¹Ø§Ø¯Ø©
تÙزÙعÙØ§Ø Ø£Ù ØªØ¹Ø¯ÙÙÙا Ù
ØظÙØ±Ø Ø£Ù ÙتطÙب Ø£Ù
تطÙب اÙإذÙØ Ø£Ù Ù
ÙÙÙد Ù
Ø´ÙÙ ÙبÙر جدا
-بØÙØ« Ùا تستطÙع استخداÙ
٠بØرÙØ©.
+بØÙØ« Ùا تستطÙع استخداÙ
٠بØرÙØ©.</p>
+
<p>Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة تتبع Ùاعدة
Ø£ÙÙا Ùا ÙستطÙع تثبÙت أ٠برÙاÙ
ج اØتÙار٠عÙÙ
ØÙاسÙبÙا Ø¥Ùا بشÙÙ Ù
ؤÙت Ùغرض Ù
Øدد ÙÙتابة
بدÙÙ Øر ÙÙذا اÙبرÙاÙ
ج. جاÙب Ù
Ù ÙذاØ
Ø£ÙÙا Ùا Ùشعر بÙجÙد Ø£Ù Ù
برر ÙتثبÙت برÙاÙ
ج
اØتÙارÙ.</p>
+
<p>عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ Ø´Ø¹Ø±Ùا بÙ
برر ÙتثبÙت
ÙÙÙÙس عÙÙ ØÙاسÙبÙا Ù٠اÙØ«Ù
اÙÙÙØ§ØªØ ÙØ£ÙÙا
ÙÙا ÙستخدÙ
Ùا ÙÙتابة بدÙÙ Øر ÙÙÙÙÙس. اÙØ¢ÙØ Ù
ÙØ° أ٠تÙÙÙر ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ ØØ±Ø Ø§Ùعذر
ÙÙ
Ùعد Ù
ÙائÙ
Ø§Ø ØªØ®ÙصÙا Ù
Ù Ù٠أÙظÙ
Ø© اÙتشغÙÙ
غÙر اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙØ£Ù ØاسÙب جدÙد ÙثتبÙ
Ùجب Ø£Ù Ùشغ٠ÙظاÙ
Øر باÙÙاÙ
Ù.</p>
+
<p>ÙØÙ Ùا ÙÙØ Ø¹ÙÙ Ù
ستخدÙ
٠غÙÙØ Ø£Ù Ø§ÙÙ
ساÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙغÙÙØ Ø¨Ø£Ù Ø¹ÙÙÙÙ
اÙعÙØ´ بÙØ°Ù
اÙÙاعدة. ÙÙ Ùاعدة ÙطعÙاÙا عÙ٠أÙÙسÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙ
ÙØ£Ù
٠أ٠تÙرر اتباعÙا Ø£Ùضا.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="freeware"><strong>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
جاÙÙØ©</strong></dt>
- <dd>Ù
صطÙØ ”برÙ
جÙات Ù
جاÙÙØ©“ ÙÙس
ÙدÙ٠تعرÙÙ Ù
ÙبÙÙ ÙاضØØ ÙÙ٠بشÙ٠عاÙ
+
+<h3 id="freeware">Freeware</h3>
+
+ <p>Ù
صطÙØ ”برÙ
جÙات Ù
جاÙÙØ©“ ÙÙس ÙدÙÙ
تعرÙÙ Ù
ÙبÙÙ ÙاضØØ ÙÙ٠بشÙ٠عاÙ
ÙÙستخدÙ
ÙÙØزÙ
اÙت٠تجÙز إعادة اÙتÙزÙع ÙÙÙ
ÙÙس اÙتعدÙÙ (ÙØ´ÙÙرتÙا اÙÙ
صدرÙØ© غÙر
Ù
تÙÙرة). Ùذ٠اÙØزÙ
<em>ÙÙست</em> برÙ
جÙات ØرةØ
Ùذا Ù
Ù ÙضÙÙ Ùا تستخدÙ
-”برÙ
جÙات Ù
جاÙÙØ©“ ÙÙإشارة Ø¥Ù٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة.</dd>
+”برÙ
جÙات Ù
جاÙÙØ©“ ÙÙإشارة Ø¥Ù٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة.</p>
+
+<h3 id="shareware">Shareware</h3>
+
+ <p>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙصÙبÙØ© Ù٠برÙ
جÙات تأت٠Ù
ع إذ٠ÙÙÙاس بإعادة تÙزÙع ÙØ³Ø®Ø ÙÙÙÙا تÙÙÙ
+أ٠أ٠شخص ÙستÙ
ر Ù٠استخداÙ
Ùسخة <em>Ù
طاÙب</em>
بدÙع رسÙÙ
رخصة.</p>
-<dt id="shareware"><strong>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙصÙبÙØ©</strong></dt>
- <dd>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙصÙبÙØ© Ù٠برÙ
جÙات تأت٠Ù
ع إذ٠ÙÙÙاس بإعادة تÙزÙع ÙØ³Ø®Ø ÙÙÙÙا تÙÙÙ
-أ٠أ٠شخص ÙستÙ
ر Ù٠استخداÙ
Ùسخة <em>Ù
طاÙب</em>
بدÙع رسÙÙ
رخصة.
<p>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙصÙبÙØ© ÙÙست Øرة Ø£Ù ØتÙ
شب٠Øرة. ÙÙجد سببÙÙ ÙعدÙ
ÙÙÙÙا:</p>
+
<ul>
<li>ÙÙ
عظÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙصÙبÙØ©Ø Ø§ÙØ´ÙÙرة
غÙر Ù
تاØØ©Ø ÙØ°ÙÙØ Ùا ÙÙ
Ù٠تعدÙ٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج
أصÙا.</li>
@@ -264,12 +302,11 @@
Ø£Ù Øت٠ÙÙاستخداÙ
اÙخاص ÙÙ Ùشاط غÙر ÙادÙ
ÙÙربØ. (Ù٠اÙÙاÙØ¹Ø Ø§ÙÙاس ÙتجاÙÙÙÙ
شرÙØ· اÙتÙزÙع ÙÙÙعÙÙÙ Ø°Ù٠عÙÙ ÙÙ ØاÙØ ÙÙÙ
اÙشرÙØ· Ùا تجÙزÙ.)</li>
</ul>
- </dd>
-<dt id="PrivateSoftware"><strong>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙخاصة</strong></dt>
- <dd>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙخاصة أ٠اÙÙ
خصصة Ù٠برÙ
جÙات Ù
ÙØ·Ùرة ÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙاØد (عادة Ù
ÙظÙ
Ø© Ø£Ù
+<h3 id="PrivateSoftware">Private software</h3>
+ <p>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙخاصة أ٠اÙÙ
خصصة Ù٠برÙ
جÙات Ù
ÙØ·Ùرة ÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙاØد (عادة Ù
ÙظÙ
Ø© Ø£Ù
شرÙØ©). Ùذا اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙØتÙظ ب٠ÙÙستخدÙ
ÙØ ÙÙا
Ùصدر٠ÙÙعÙ
ÙÙ
سÙاء٠ÙØ´ÙÙرة Ù
صدرÙØ©
-Ø£Ù Ø«ÙائÙØ©.
+Ø£Ù Ø«ÙائÙØ©.</p>
<p>A private program is free software in a trivial sense if its unique
user has
full rights to it.</p>
<p>In general we do not believe it is wrong to develop a program and not
@@ -280,13 +317,14 @@
and the principles of the free software movement.</p>
<p>تÙرÙبا ÙÙ Ùظائ٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ Ù٠تطÙÙر
برÙ
جÙات Ù
Ø®ØµØµØ©Ø ÙØ°ÙÙ Ù
عظÙ
Ù
ÙاÙ
اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙØ
أ٠تÙاد تÙÙÙØ ØªØªÙ
بطرÙÙØ© Ù
ÙسجÙ
Ø© Ù
ع ØرÙØ©
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="commercialSoftware"><strong>اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙتجارÙØ©</strong></dt>
- <dd>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙتجارÙØ© Ù٠برÙ
جÙات تÙØ·Ùر
Ù
Ù Ù
شارÙع تجارÙØ© تÙد٠إÙ٠جÙ٠اÙÙ
ا٠Ù
Ù
+<h3 id="commercialSoftware">Commercial Software</h3>
+
+ <p>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙتجارÙØ© Ù٠برÙ
جÙات تÙØ·Ùر Ù
Ù Ù
شارÙع تجارÙØ© تÙد٠إÙ٠جÙ٠اÙÙ
ا٠Ù
Ù
استخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات. ”تجارٓ
ٔاØتÙارٓ ÙÙسا ÙÙس
اÙØ´ÙØ¡! Ù
عظÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙتجارÙØ© <a
href="#ProprietarySoftware">اØتÙارÙØ©</a>Ø
-ÙÙÙ ÙÙجد برÙ
جÙات تجارÙØ© ØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙÙجد برÙ
جÙات
غÙر تجارÙØ© غÙر Øرة.
+ÙÙÙ ÙÙجد برÙ
جÙات تجارÙØ© ØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙÙجد برÙ
جÙات
غÙر تجارÙØ© غÙر Øرة.</p>
+
<p>For example, GNU Ada is developed by a company. It is always
distributed
under the terms of the GNU GPL, and every copy is free software; but its
developers sell support contracts. When their salesmen speak to prospective
@@ -300,8 +338,6 @@
<p>Please help spread the awareness that free commercial software is
possible. You can do this by making an effort not to say
“commercial” when you mean “proprietary.”</p>
- </dd>
- </dl>
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
@@ -320,11 +356,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
باÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù
-ÙضÙ٠أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
+broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -333,10 +369,9 @@
</p>
<p>
-ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 1996Ø 1997Ø 1998Ø 2001Ø 2006Ø 2007 Ù
ؤسسة
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرةØ
-اÙÙ
ØدÙدةØ
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
<p>اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙ
دخÙØ© اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù
Ùجازة ÙÙ Ù٠أÙØاء اÙعاÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠أرباØØ
Ù٠أ٠ÙسÙØ·Ø Ù
ع Ùضع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاØظة ÙÙ
ÙاØظة
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙØ´Ø±Ø Ù٠عÙ٠اÙاعتبار.
</p>
@@ -352,7 +387,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2009/09/03 20:25:51 $
+$Date: 2009/12/11 09:26:06 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -361,55 +396,57 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>ترجÙ
ات Ùذ٠اÙصÙØØ©</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is Deutsch.-->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- German -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.el.html">Greek</a> [el]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Indonesian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.pl.html">Polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Romanian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Slovenian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.sl.html">Slovensko</a> [sl]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.sl.html">slovensko</a> [sl]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: categories.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- categories.ca.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:34 -0000 1.14
+++ categories.ca.html 11 Dec 2009 09:26:10 -0000 1.15
@@ -17,25 +17,27 @@
<p>Vegeu també <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ca.html">Paraules
confuses que convé evitar</a>.</p>
-<p id="diagram"><img src="/philosophy/category.jpg" alt="[diagrama de les
diferents categories de programari]" /> Aquest diagrama de Chao-Kuei
il·lustra les diferents categories de
-programari. Està disponible en els formats <a
-href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig</a>, <a
-href="/philosophy/category.jpg">JPEG</a> i <a
-href="/philosophy/category.png">PNG</a> (ampliat al 150%), sota els termes i
-condicions de les llicències GNU GPL v2 o posterior, GNU FDL v1.2 o
-posterior i Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike v2.0 o posterior.</p>
+<p id="diagram" class="c">
+<img src="category.png" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+ <p>This diagram by Chao-Kuei explains the different categories of
+software. It's also available as an <a
+href="/philosophy/category.svg">Scalable Vector Graphic</a> and as an <a
+href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig document</a>, under the terms of any of
+the GNU GPL v2 or later, the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the Creative Commons
+Attribution-Share Alike v2.0 or later.</p>
-<dl>
-<dt id="FreeSoftware"><strong>Programari lliure</strong></dt>
+<h3 id="FreeSoftware">Free software</h3>
- <dd>
- Programari lliure és aquell programari que concedeix a tothom
+ <p>Programari lliure és aquell programari que concedeix a tothom
permís per utilitzar-lo, copiar-lo i distribuir-lo amb o sense
modificacions i de forma gratuïta o a canvi d'una quota. Això
implica, particularment, que el codi font ha d'estar disponible:" Si no
és codi font, no es programari". Aquesta és una
definició simplificada; vegeu també una <a
-href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">definició completa</a>.
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">definició completa</a>.</p>
+
<p>Si un programa és lliure pot ser inclòs en un sistema
operatiu
lliure com GNU o les versions lliures del <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html">sistema GNU/Linux</a>.</p>
@@ -77,11 +79,9 @@
href="/software/reliability.ca.html">més fiable</a> que el que no ho
és.</p>
- </dd>
+<h3 id="OpenSource">Open Source software</h3>
-<dt id="OpenSource"><strong>Programari de codi obert</strong></dt>
-
- <dd>
+ <p>
Algunes persones utilitzen l'expressió "programari de codi
obert" per referir-se més o menys al mateix que nosaltres
entenem per programari lliure. No és exactament la mateixa classe de
@@ -89,19 +89,20 @@
restrictives, i es rebutgen certes llicències de programari
lliure. No obstant, les zones que cobreixen les dues categories són
semblants: gairebé tot el programari lliure és de codi obert,
-i gairebé tot el programari de codi obert és lliure.
+i gairebé tot el programari de codi obert és lliure.</p>
<p>Nosaltres preferim l'expressió "<a href=
"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">programari lliure</a>"
perquè fa referència a la llibertat, cosa que no fa "codi
obert".</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="PublicDomainSoftware"><strong>Programari de domini
públic</strong></dt>
- <dd>El programari de domini públic és programari que no
té
+<h3 id="PublicDomainSoftware">Public domain software</h3>
+
+ <p>El programari de domini públic és programari que no
té
copyright. Si el codi font es troba en el domini públic, es tracta
d'un cas especial de <a href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">programari lliure
sense copyleft</a>, la qual cosa implica que algunes còpies o
-versions modificades poden no ser lliures.
+versions modificades poden no ser lliures.</p>
+
<p>En alguns casos, un programa executable pot trobar-se en el domini
públic sense que el seu codi font estigui disponible. En tal cas no
seria programari lliure, ja que l'accés al codi font és un
@@ -110,6 +111,7 @@
copyright, tot i que els titulars del copyright, mitjançant un
llicència de programari lliure, han donat legalment permís a
tothom per utilitzar-lo lliurement.</p>
+
<p>De vegades s'utilitza l'expressió "de domini
públic"
de manera ambigua, donant a entendre que vol dir <a
href="#FreeSoftware">"lliure"</a> o "de franc". Malgrat
@@ -118,22 +120,23 @@
recomanem utilitzar "de domini públic" només en el
seu sentit estricte i utilitzar altres termes per expressar altres
significats.</p>
+
<p>D'acord amb la Convenció de Berna, que han signat la majoria
dels
països, qualsevol cosa que s'escriu té automàticament un
copyright. Això inclou els programes. De manera que, si voleu que un
programa que heu escrit estigui en el domini públic, heu de seguir
una sèrie de passos legals per renunciar als vostres drets d'autor;
si no ho feu, el programa continuarà tenint un copyright.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="CopyleftedSoftware"><strong>Programari amb copyleft</strong></dt>
- <dd>Copylefted software is free software whose distribution terms
ensure that
+<h3 id="CopyleftedSoftware">Copylefted software</h3>
+
+ <p>Copylefted software is free software whose distribution terms ensure
that
all copies of all versions carry more or less the same distribution terms.
This means, for instance, that copyleft licenses generally disallow others
to add additional requirements to the software (though a limited set of safe
added requirements can be allowed) and require making source code
available. This shields the program, and its modified versions, from some
-of the common ways of making a program proprietary.
+of the common ways of making a program proprietary.</p>
<p>Some copyleft licenses, such as GPL version 3, block other means of
turning
software proprietary.</p>
@@ -144,6 +147,7 @@
lliure". Vegeu <a href= "/copyleft/copyleft.ca.html">Què
és el copyleft?</a> per a una explicació més detallada
sobre com funciona i per què el fem servir.</p>
+
<p>El copyleft és un concepte general; per publicar un programa
amb
copyleft, haureu d'utilitzar un conjunt específic de termes de
distribució. Hi ha moltes maneres possibles d'exposar uns termes de
@@ -156,17 +160,18 @@
implica que pot ser il·legal combinar codi sota una llicència
amb codi sota una altra. Per aquesta raó, és bo per a la
comunitat que tothom utilitzi la mateixa llicència de copyleft.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware"><strong>Programari lliure sense
copyleft</strong></dt>
- <dd>El programari lliure sense copyleft ve amb el permís de
l'autor per
+<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Non-copylefted free software</h3>
+
+ <p>El programari lliure sense copyleft ve amb el permís de
l'autor per
modificar-lo i distribuir-lo, però també amb el permís
-d'afegir-hi restriccions addicionals.
- <p>Si un programa és lliure però no té copyleft,
llavors
-algunes còpies o versions modificades poden no ser lliures. Una
-empresa de programari pot compilar el programa, amb o sense modificacions, i
-distribuir el fitxer executable com un producte de programari <a href=
-"#ProprietarySoftware">privatiu</a>.</p>
+d'afegir-hi restriccions addicionals.</p>
+
+ <p>If a program is free but not copylefted, then some copies or modified
+versions may not be free at all. A software company can compile the program,
+with or without modifications, and distribute the executable file as a <a
+href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a> software product.</p>
+
<p>The <a href="http://www.x.org";>X Window System</a> illustrates this.
The X
Consortium releases X11 with distribution terms that make it non-copylefted
free software. If you wish, you can get a copy which has those distribution
@@ -177,99 +182,112 @@
developers of X11 even made X11 non-free</a> for a while; they were able to
do this because others had contributed their code under the same
non-copyleft license.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="GPL-CoveredSoftware"><strong>Programari cobert per la GPL</strong></dt>
- <dd>La <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU GPL (Llicència
Pública
+<h3 id="GPL-CoveredSoftware">GPL-covered software</h3>
+
+ <p>La <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU GPL (Llicència
Pública
General)</a> és un conjunt específic de termes de
distribució per publicar un programa amb copyleft. El Projecte GNU
utilitza aquests termes de distribució a la major part del programari
-GNU.
+GNU.</p>
+
+ <p>To equate free software with GPL-covered software is therefore an
error.</p>
+
+<h3 id="TheGNUsystem">The GNU operating system</h3>
- <p>To equate free software with GPL-covered software is therefore an
error.</p></dd>
+ <p>The <a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU operating system</a> is the
+Unix-like operating system, which is entirely free software, that we in the
+GNU Project have developed since 1984.</p>
-<dt id="TheGNUsystem"><strong>El sistema GNU</strong></dt>
- <dd>El <a href="/gnu/gnu-history.ca.html">sistema GNU</a> és un
sistema
-operatiu a l'estil de Unix completament lliure. L'hem estat desenvolupant al
-Projecte GNU des de 1984.
<p>Un sistema operatiu a l'estil de Unix consta de molts programes. El
sistema
GNU inclou tot el programari GNU i molts altres paquets que no són
programari GNU, com el sistema X Window i TeX.</p>
- <p>La primera versió de prova d'un sistema GNU complet es va
publicar el
-1996. Incloïa GNU Hurd, el nucli que vàrem desenvolupar des de
-1990. Al 2001 el sistema GNU (amb el nucli Hurd) va començar a
-funcionar amb una fiabilitat raonable, però a Hurd encara li mancaven
-algunes prestacions importants, de manera que s'utilitzava poc. Mentrestant,
-el <a href= "/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html">sistema GNU/Linux</a>, una variant
-del sistema GNU que se servia com a nucli de Linux en lloc de Hurd, havia
-tingut un gran èxit durant els 90.</p>
- <p>Com que el propòsit del sistema GNU és ser lliure, cada
-component individual del sistema GNU ha de ser programari lliure. No cal,
-però, que tots ells tinguin copyleft. S'hi pot incloure qualsevol
-tipus de programari lliure des del punt de vista legal si ajuda a assolir
-els objectius tècnics. I tampoc no és necessari que tots els
-components siguin programari GNU. El sistema GNU pot incloure i inclou
-programes lliures sense copyleft (com el sistema X Window) desenvolupats per
-altres projectes.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="GNUprograms"><strong>Programes GNU</strong></dt>
- <dd>"Programes GNU" és el mateix que <a
+ <p>The first test release of the complete GNU system was in 1996. This
+includes the GNU Hurd, our kernel, developed since 1990. In 2001 the GNU
+system (including the GNU Hurd) began working fairly reliably, but the Hurd
+still lacks some important features, so it is not widely used. Meanwhile,
+the <a href= "/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux system</a>, an offshoot of
+the GNU operating system which uses Linux as the kernel instead of the GNU
+Hurd, has been a great success since the 90s.</p>
+
+ <p>Since the purpose of GNU is to be free, every single component in
the GNU
+operating system has to be free software. They don't all have to be
+copylefted, however; any kind of free software is legally suitable to
+include if it helps meet technical goals. And it isn't necessary for all the
+components to be GNU software, individually. GNU can and does include
+non-copylefted free software such as the X Window System that were developed
+by other projects.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUprograms">GNU programs</h3>
+
+ <p>"Programes GNU" és el mateix que <a
href="#GNUsoftware">programari GNU</a>. El programa Nothifixis és un
programa GNU si és programari GNU. De vegades també diem que
-és un "paquet GNU".</dd>
-<dt id="GNUsoftware"><strong>Programari GNU</strong></dt>
- <dd>El <a href="/software/software.ca.html">programari GNU</a> és
+és un "paquet GNU".</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUsoftware">GNU software</h3>
+
+ <p>El <a href="/software/software.ca.html">programari GNU</a> és
programari publicat sota els auspicis del <a href=
"/gnu/gnu-history.ca.html">Projecte GNU</a>. Si un programa és
programari GNU, també diem que és un programa GNU o un paquet
GNU. El manual o el Llegeix-me d'un paquet GNU ha de dir que ho és;
per altra banda, el <a href="/directory">Directori de Programari Lliure</a>
-identifica tots els paquets GNU.
+identifica tots els paquets GNU.</p>
+
<p>La major part del programari GNU té <a href=
"/copyleft/copyleft.ca.html">copyleft</a>, però no tots el
tenen. Malgrat això, tot el programari GNU és i ha de ser <a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">programari lliure</a>.</p>
- <p>Els <a href= "/people/people.ca.html">membres</a> de la <a
-href="/fsf/fsf.html">Free Software Foundation</a> escriuen part del
-programari GNU, però la major part la devem a les contribucions dels
-<a href="/people/people.ca.html">voluntaris</a>. En uns casos, la Free
-Software Foundation és titular del copyright d'aquestes
-contribucions; en altres, els titulars són els mateixos voluntaris.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="non-freeSoftware"><strong>Programari no lliure</strong></dt>
- <dd>És qualsevol programari que no és lliure. Inclou el
programari
+ <p>Some GNU software is written by <a href=
+"http://www.fsf.org/about/staff/";>staff</a> of the <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a>, but most GNU
+software is contributed by <a
+href="/people/people.html">volunteers</a>. Some contributed software is
+copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation; some is copyrighted by the
+contributors who wrote it.</p>
+
+<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Non-free software</h3>
+
+ <p>És qualsevol programari que no és lliure. Inclou el
programari
<a href="#semi-freeSoftware">semilliure</a> i el <a
-href="#ProprietarySoftware">programari privatiu</a>.</dd>
+href="#ProprietarySoftware">programari privatiu</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="semi-freeSoftware">Semi-free software</h3>
-<dt id="semi-freeSoftware"><strong>Programari semilliure</strong></dt>
- <dd>Programari semilliure és aquell programari que no és
lliure,
+ <p>Programari semilliure és aquell programari que no és
lliure,
però ve amb el permís d'ús, còpia,
distribució i modificació (incloent-hi el dret a distribuir
versions modificades) si es fa per a usos no comercials. El PGP és un
-exemple de programa semilliure.
+exemple de programa semilliure.</p>
+
<p>Èticament, el programari semilliure és molt millor que
el <a
href= "#ProprietarySoftware">programari privatiu</a>, però
així i tot planteja problemes pràctics, i per tant no el podem
utilitzar en un sistema operatiu lliure.</p>
+
<p>Les restriccions de copyleft estan dissenyades per protegir les
llibertats
essencials de tots els usuaris. Per a nosaltres, l'única
justificació per imposar importants restriccions en l'ús d'un
programa és impedir que altres persones imposin noves
restriccions. El programes semilliures contenen restriccions addicionals,
motivades purament per objectius egoistes.</p>
+
<p>És impossible incloure programari semilliure en un sistema
operatiu
lliure, ja que els termes de distribució del sistema operatiu lliure
en conjunt són una síntesi dels termes de distribució
de tots els programes que en formen part. Si afegim un programa semilliure,
<em>tot</em> el sistema esdevé semilliure. Hi ha dues raons per les
quals no volem que això passi:</p>
+
<ul>
<li>Creiem que el programari lliure no hauria de ser només per
als
escolars o aficionats, sinó per a tothom, incloent-hi les
empreses. Convidem a les empreses a utilitzar el sistema GNU complet, i per
tant no hem d'incloure-hi cap programa semilliure.</li>
+
<li>La distribució comercial de sistemes operatius lliures,
incloent-hi
el <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html">sistema GNU/Linux</a>, és
molt important, i els usuaris aprecien tenir la possibilitat de comprar
@@ -277,11 +295,13 @@
sistema operatiu podria impedir la seva distribució comercial en
CD-ROM.</li>
</ul>
- <p>La mateixa Free Software Foundation no és una
organització
-comercial, i per tant podríem legalment utilitzar un programa
-semilliure "internament". Però no volem fer-ho,
-perquè això seria malbaratar els nostres esforços per
-aconseguir un programa que també podríem incloure a GNU.</p>
+
+ <p>The <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a>
itself is
+non-commercial, and therefore we would be legally permitted to use a
+semi-free program “internally”. But we don't do that, because
+that would undermine our efforts to obtain a program which we could also
+include in GNU.</p>
+
<p>Si hi ha una tasca que necessita un programa, fins que no tinguem un
programa lliure per fer-la hi haurà una mancança al sistema
GNU. Hem de dir als voluntaris: "No tenim encara un programa per fer
@@ -290,44 +310,51 @@
tasca, perdríem tota la força moral i, a més, nosaltres
o altres persones que comparteixen els nostres punts de vista perdrien els
incentius per escriure un substitut lliure. Per això no ho fem.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="ProprietarySoftware"><strong>Programari privatiu</strong></dt>
- <dd>El programari privatiu és aquell programari que no és
lliure
+<h3 id="ProprietarySoftware">Proprietary software</h3>
+
+ <p>El programari privatiu és aquell programari que no és
lliure
ni semilliure. El seu ús, distribució o modificació es
troba regulat o prohibit, o requereix que demaneu permís, o
conté tals restriccions que no es pot distribuir o modificar
-lliurement.
+lliurement.</p>
+
<p>La Free Software Foundation segueix la regla de no instal·lar
cap
tipus de programari de caràcter privatiu als seus ordinadors, amb
l'excepció d'aquells que s'instal·lin temporalment amb la
intenció concreta d'escriure'n un substitut lliure. Fora d'aquest cas
pensem que no hi ha cap excusa per instal·lar un programa privatiu.</p>
+
<p>Per exemple, estava justificat instal·lar Unix en els nostres
ordinadors als anys 80 perquè el fèiem servir per escriure un
substitut lliure d'Unix. Actualment, com que ja hi ha sistemes operatius
lliures, aquesta excusa ja no val; hem eliminat tots els sistemes operatius
no lliures, i cada ordinador nou ha de funcionar amb un sistema operatiu
completament lliure.</p>
+
<p>No insistim que els usuaris o col·laboradors de GNU segueixin
aquesta
regla. És una norma que vàrem crear per a
nosaltres. Però tenim l'esperança que també decidiu
seguir-la.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="freeware"><strong>Freeware</strong></dt>
- <dd>El terme "freeware" no disposa d'una definició
acceptada
+
+<h3 id="freeware">Freeware</h3>
+
+ <p>El terme "freeware" no disposa d'una definició
acceptada
unànimement; s'utilitza normalment per referir-se a programes que
permeten la distribució però no la modificació (i el
seu codi font no està disponible). Aquests paquets <em>no</em>
són programari lliure; per tant, si us plau, no feu servir la paraula
-"freeware" per referir-vos al programari lliure.</dd>
+"freeware" per referir-vos al programari lliure.</p>
-<dt id="shareware"><strong>Shareware</strong></dt>
- <dd>El shareware és aquell programari que autoritza la
distribució
+<h3 id="shareware">Shareware</h3>
+
+ <p>El shareware és aquell programari que autoritza la
distribució
de còpies, però que adverteix que per fer-ne un ús
-continuat <em>cal</em> pagar una llicència d'ús.
+continuat <em>cal</em> pagar una llicència d'ús.</p>
+
<p>El shareware no és programari lliure ni semilliure, per dues
raons:</p>
+
<ul>
<li>A la major part del shareware, el codi font no està
disponible, i per
tant no es pot modificar el programa.</li>
@@ -337,13 +364,12 @@
termes de distribució i el fan servir igualment, tot i no estar
permès).</li>
</ul>
- </dd>
-<dt id="PrivateSoftware"><strong>Programari privat</strong></dt>
- <dd>El programari privat o personalitzat és aquell programari
dissenyat
+<h3 id="PrivateSoftware">Private software</h3>
+ <p>El programari privat o personalitzat és aquell programari
dissenyat
per a un usuari (normalment una empresa u organització). L'usuari en
qüestió l'utilitza i el custodia, sense fer-ne públic ni
-l'executable ni el codi font.
+l'executable ni el codi font.</p>
<p>A private program is free software in a trivial sense if its unique
user has
full rights to it.</p>
<p>In general we do not believe it is wrong to develop a program and not
@@ -356,16 +382,17 @@
desenvolupar programari personalitzat; per tant, la major part de les feines
de programació es fan o es podrien fer d'una manera compatible amb
els principis del moviment per al programari lliure.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="commercialSoftware"><strong>Programari comercial</strong></dt>
- <dd>El programari comercial és aquell programari que ha estat
+<h3 id="commercialSoftware">Commercial Software</h3>
+
+ <p>El programari comercial és aquell programari que ha estat
desenvolupat per empreses amb l'objectiu d'obtenir diners de l'ús del
programari. "Comercial" i "privatiu" no és el
mateix! La major part del programari comercial és <a
href="#ProprietarySoftware">privatiu</a>, però hi ha programari
comercial que és lliure, i hi ha programari no comercial que no
-és lliure.
+és lliure.</p>
+
<p>For example, GNU Ada is developed by a company. It is always
distributed
under the terms of the GNU GPL, and every copy is free software; but its
developers sell support contracts. When their salesmen speak to prospective
@@ -379,8 +406,6 @@
<p>Please help spread the awareness that free commercial software is
possible. You can do this by making an effort not to say
“commercial” when you mean “proprietary.”</p>
- </dd>
- </dl>
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
@@ -399,12 +424,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Envieu les vostres preguntes sobre la FSF i GNU a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. També hi ha <a
-href="/contact/contact.ca.html">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la
-FSF. <br />Envieu els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o
-suggeriments a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
+broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -416,10 +440,9 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007 Free Software
-Foundation, Inc.,
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
<p>Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en
qualsevol medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que hi aparegui aquesta nota.
</p>
@@ -434,7 +457,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:34 $
+$Date: 2009/12/11 09:26:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -443,55 +466,57 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traduccions d'aquesta pàgina</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is Deutsch.-->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- German -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.el.html">Greek</a> [el]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Indonesian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.pl.html">Polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Romanian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Slovenian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.sl.html">Slovensko</a> [sl]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.sl.html">slovensko</a> [sl]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: categories.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.23
retrieving revision 1.24
diff -u -b -r1.23 -r1.24
--- categories.sr.html 31 Oct 2009 08:25:53 -0000 1.23
+++ categories.sr.html 11 Dec 2009 09:26:10 -0000 1.24
@@ -17,24 +17,25 @@
<p>ÐогледаÑÑе и <a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.sr.html">ÐбÑÑÑÑÑÑе ÑеÑи
коÑе би ÑÑебало избегаваÑи</a>.</p>
-<p id="diagram"><img src="/philosophy/category.jpg" alt="[диÑагÑам
ÑазлиÑиÑиÑ
вÑÑÑа ÑоÑÑвеÑа]" /> ÐваÑ
диÑагÑам, коÑи Ñе наÑÑÑао Чао ÐвеÑ
(<em>Chao-Kuei</em>), пÑÑжа Ñвид Ñ
-ÑазлиÑиÑе вÑÑÑе ÑоÑÑвеÑа. ÐожеÑе га
пÑеÑзеÑи Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ <a
-href="/philosophy/category.fig">даÑоÑеке пÑогÑама
<em>XFig</em></a>, као <a
-href="/philosophy/category.jpg">ÑÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ Ñ ÑоÑмаÑÑ <em>JPEG</em></a>
и као <a
-href="/philosophy/category.png">ÑÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ Ñ ÑоÑмаÑÑ <em>PNG</em></a>,
ÑвеÑанÑ
-1,5 пÑÑа, под одÑедбама ÐÐУ-ове ÐÐРв2 или
каÑниÑе, ÐÐУ-ове СÐРв1.2 или
-каÑниÑе, или ÐÑиеÑÑив комонÑове лиÑенÑе
âÐÑипиÑиваÑе под иÑÑим ÑÑловимаâ
-в2.0 или каÑниÑе.</p>
+<p id="diagram" class="c">
+<img src="category.png" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+ <p>This diagram by Chao-Kuei explains the different categories of
+software. It's also available as an <a
+href="/philosophy/category.svg">Scalable Vector Graphic</a> and as an <a
+href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig document</a>, under the terms of any of
+the GNU GPL v2 or later, the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the Creative Commons
+Attribution-Share Alike v2.0 or later.</p>
-<dl>
-<dt id="FreeSoftware"><strong>Слободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ</strong></dt>
+<h3 id="FreeSoftware">Free software</h3>
- <dd>
- Слободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи Ñвако
може да ÑпоÑÑебÑава, Ñмножава и
+ <p>Слободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи
Ñвако може да ÑпоÑÑебÑава, Ñмножава и
ÑаÑподеÑÑÑе, доÑловно или Ñз измене,
беÑплаÑно или за одÑеÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑенÑ. Ðво,
измеÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑалог, знаÑи да извоÑни код моÑа
да бÑде доÑÑÑпан. âУколико нема
извоÑни код, не Ñади Ñе о ÑоÑÑвеÑÑ.â Ðво Ñе
поÑедноÑÑавÑена деÑиниÑиÑа;
-погледаÑÑе и <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">пÑнÑ
деÑиниÑиÑÑ</a>.
+погледаÑÑе и <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">пÑнÑ
деÑиниÑиÑÑ</a>.</p>
+
<p>Ðко Ñе пÑогÑам Ñлободан, онда Ñе може
ÑкÑÑÑиÑи Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑивни ÑиÑÑем, као ÑÑо
Ñе ÐÐУ, или Ñлободне веÑзиÑе <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sr.html">ÑиÑÑема
ÐÐУ Ñа ÐинÑкÑом</a>.</p>
@@ -73,58 +74,59 @@
<p>Слободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе ÑеÑÑо <a
href="/software/reliability.html">поÑзданиÑи</a> од
неÑлободног ÑоÑÑвеÑа.</p>
- </dd>
+<h3 id="OpenSource">Open Source software</h3>
-<dt id="OpenSource"><strong>СоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑвоÑеног извоÑног
кода</strong></dt>
-
- <dd>
+ <p>
ÐзÑаз âÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ âоÑвоÑеног извоÑног
кодаââ (енгл. <em>âopen sourceâ
software</em>) неки ÑÑди коÑиÑÑе када миÑле на
маÑе или виÑе иÑÑÑ ÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¾
Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ. То ниÑе ÑаÑвим иÑÑа
вÑÑÑа ÑоÑÑвеÑа. Ðни пÑиÑ
ваÑаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐµ
лиÑенÑе коÑе ми ÑмаÑÑамо пÑевиÑе
ÑеÑÑÑикÑивним, а не пÑиÑ
ваÑаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐµ
Ñлободне ÑоÑÑвеÑÑке лиÑенÑе. ÐеÑÑÑим,
Ñазлике Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑиÑеÑÑ Ð²ÑÑÑе ÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ðµ:
ÑкоÑо Ñав Ñлободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе ÑоÑÑвеÑ
оÑвоÑеног извоÑног кода, а ÑкоÑо Ñав
-ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑвоÑеног извоÑног кода Ñе
Ñлободан.
+ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑвоÑеног извоÑног кода Ñе
Ñлободан.</p>
<p>Ðи ÑмаÑÑамо да Ñе изÑаз â<a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Ñлободни
ÑоÑÑвеÑ</a>â
боÑи, ÑÐµÑ Ñе одноÑи на ÑлободÑ, за ÑазликÑ
од изÑаза âоÑвоÑени извоÑни кодâ.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="PublicDomainSoftware"><strong>СоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñ Ñавном
влаÑниÑÑвÑ</strong></dt>
- <dd>СоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñ Ñавном влаÑниÑÑÐ²Ñ (енгл.
<em>public domain</em>) Ñе ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи
+<h3 id="PublicDomainSoftware">Public domain software</h3>
+
+ <p>СоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñ Ñавном влаÑниÑÑÐ²Ñ (енгл.
<em>public domain</em>) Ñе ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи
ниÑе под лиÑенÑом о аÑÑоÑÑким пÑавима. Ðко
Ñе извоÑни код Ñ Ñавном
влаÑниÑÑвÑ, Ñо Ñе поÑебан ÑлÑÑÐ°Ñ <a
href="categories.sr.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">некопилеÑÑованог
Ñлободног ÑоÑÑвеÑа</a>, ÑÑо знаÑи да неки
пÑимеÑÑи или измеÑене веÑзиÑе могÑ
-да бÑÐ´Ñ ÑаÑвим неÑлободни.
+да бÑÐ´Ñ ÑаÑвим неÑлободни.</p>
+
<p>У неким ÑлÑÑаÑевима, извÑÑни пÑогÑам
може да бÑде Ñ Ñавном влаÑниÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð°Ð»Ð¸
извоÑни код ниÑе доÑÑÑпан. Такав ÑоÑÑвеÑ
ниÑе Ñлободан, ÑÐµÑ Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ
заÑ
Ñева доÑÑÑпноÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ñног кода. Ðа Ñо
вÑеме, веÑина Ñлободног ÑоÑÑвеÑа
ниÑе Ñ Ñавном влаÑниÑÑвÑ. Слободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ
Ñе под аÑÑоÑÑким пÑавима, а
ноÑиоÑи аÑÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑава ÑÑ Ð¿Ñавно дали
Ð´Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ñвакоме да ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñлободно
коÑиÑÑи пÑеко Ñлободне ÑоÑÑвеÑÑке
лиÑенÑе.</p>
+
<p>Ðонекад ÑÑди непажÑиво коÑиÑÑе изÑаз
âÑ Ñавном влаÑниÑÑвÑâ, миÑлеÑи на <a
href="categories.sr.html#FreeSoftware">âÑлободноâ</a> или
âбеÑплаÑноâ. ÐеÑÑÑим, изÑаз âÑ Ñавном
влаÑниÑÑвÑâ Ñе пÑавни изÑаз коÑи
пÑеÑизно знаÑи âниÑе под лиÑенÑом о
аÑÑоÑÑким пÑавимаâ. ÐаÑноÑе Ñади, ми
пÑедлажемо ÑпоÑÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ñаза âÑ Ñавном
влаÑниÑÑвÑâ иÑкÑÑÑиво да би Ñе изÑазило
Ñо знаÑеÑе, а дÑÑге изÑазе за дÑÑга
знаÑеÑа.</p>
+
<p>ÐÑема ÐеÑнÑÐºÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð²ÐµÐ½ÑиÑи, коÑÑ Ñе
поÑпиÑала веÑина земаÑа, било ÑÑа ÑÑо Ñе
напиÑано Ñе аÑÑомаÑÑки ÑÑавÑено под
аÑÑоÑÑка пÑава. Тако, Ñколико желиÑе да
пÑогÑам коÑи ÑÑе напиÑали бÑде Ñ Ñавном
влаÑниÑÑвÑ, моÑаÑе да пÑедÑзмеÑе
одÑеÑене пÑавне коÑаке како биÑÑе Ñе
одÑекли аÑÑоÑÑког пÑава коÑе поÑÑоÑи
над Ñим, инаÑе Ñе пÑогÑам под аÑÑоÑÑким
пÑавима.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="CopyleftedSoftware"><strong>ÐопилеÑÑован
ÑоÑÑвеÑ</strong></dt>
- <dd>ÐопилеÑÑован (енгл. <em>Copylefted
software</em>)<sup><a
+<h3 id="CopyleftedSoftware">Copylefted software</h3>
+
+ <p>ÐопилеÑÑован (енгл. <em>Copylefted
software</em>)<sup><a
href="#TransNote2">[2]</a></sup> ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÑеÑÑе Ñлободни
ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÑиÑе одÑедбе
о ÑаÑподели обезбеÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð° пÑимеÑÑи ÑвиÑ
веÑзиÑа имаÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ñе или виÑе иÑÑе
одÑедбе о ÑаÑподели. Ðво, на пÑимеÑ, знаÑи
да лиÑенÑе копилеÑÑа Ñглавном не
дозвоÑаваÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгима да додаÑÑ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑеÑа
пÑи ÑаÑподели или измени ÑоÑÑвеÑа
(пÑеко огÑаниÑеног низа додаÑниÑ
дозвоÑениÑ
ÑÑлова) и заÑ
ÑеваÑÑ
обезбеÑиваÑе
пÑиÑÑÑпа извоÑном кодÑ. Ðво ÑÑиÑи пÑогÑам
и Ñегове измеÑене веÑзиÑе од некиÑ
-наÑÑеÑÑиÑ
наÑина пÑеÑваÑаÑа пÑогÑама Ñ
влаÑниÑки.
+наÑÑеÑÑиÑ
наÑина пÑеÑваÑаÑа пÑогÑама Ñ
влаÑниÑки.</p>
<p>Ðеке лиÑенÑе копилеÑÑа, као ÑÑо Ñе
веÑзиÑа 3 ÐÐÐ, заÑÑÑавÑаÑÑ Ð¸ дÑÑге наÑине
пÑеÑваÑаÑа ÑоÑÑвеÑа Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑниÑки.</p>
@@ -134,6 +136,7 @@
ÑоÑÑвеÑâ подÑазÑмева. ÐогледаÑÑе и ÑекÑÑ <a
href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">ÐопилеÑÑоваÑе</a> за даÑе
обÑаÑÑеÑе
ÑÑнкÑиониÑаÑа копилеÑÑа и због Ñега га ми
коÑиÑÑимо.</p>
+
<p>ÐопилеÑÑ Ñе ÑопÑÑена замиÑао. Ðа
биÑÑе заиÑÑа копилеÑÑовали пÑогÑам, моÑаÑе
да ÑпоÑÑебиÑе одÑеÑен низ одÑедби о
ÑаÑподели. ÐоÑÑо поÑÑоÑи много наÑина да
Ñе ÑаÑÑаве копилеÑÑоване одÑедбе
ÑаÑподеле, Ñ ÑеоÑиÑи може поÑÑоÑаÑи и много
@@ -143,15 +146,17 @@
о копилеÑÑÑ ÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑеÑÑе âнеÑаглаÑнеâ, ÑÑо
знаÑи да Ñе незакониÑо ÑпаÑаÑи код
под Ñедном лиÑенÑом Ñа кодом под дÑÑгом
лиÑенÑом; ÑÑога би било боÑе по
заÑедниÑÑ Ð°ÐºÐ¾ би ÑÑди коÑиÑÑили Ñамо ÑеднÑ
лиÑенÑÑ Ð¾ копилеÑÑÑ.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware"><strong>ÐекопилеÑÑован
Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ</strong></dt>
- <dd>ÐекопилеÑÑован Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ
нÑди аÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ñз дозволе за ÑаÑподеÑиваÑе и
-измене, и додаваÑе огÑаниÑеÑа Ñим
дозволама.
- <p>Уколико Ñе пÑогÑам Ñлободан али не и
копилеÑÑован, неки Ñегови пÑимеÑÑи или
-измеÑене веÑзиÑе Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð¸ да не бÑдÑ
Ñлободни. СоÑÑвеÑÑка ÑиÑма може да
-пÑеведе пÑогÑам Ñа или без измена и
ÑаÑподеÑÑÑе извÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð°ÑоÑÐµÐºÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¾ <a
-href="#ProprietarySoftware">влаÑниÑки</a> ÑоÑÑвеÑÑки
пÑоизвод.</p>
+<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Non-copylefted free software</h3>
+
+ <p>ÐекопилеÑÑован Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ
нÑди аÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ñз дозволе за ÑаÑподеÑиваÑе и
+измене, и додаваÑе огÑаниÑеÑа Ñим
дозволама.</p>
+
+ <p>If a program is free but not copylefted, then some copies or modified
+versions may not be free at all. A software company can compile the program,
+with or without modifications, and distribute the executable file as a <a
+href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a> software product.</p>
+
<p>Ðво илÑÑÑÑÑÑе <a
href="http://www.x.org";>ÐÑозоÑÑки ÑиÑÑем ÐкÑ</a>. ÐкÑ
конзоÑÑиÑÑм (<em>X Consortium</em>) издаÑе ÐкÑ11
(<em>X11</em>) под
одÑедбама о ÑаÑподели коÑе га Ñине
некопилеÑÑованим Ñлободним
@@ -163,101 +168,119 @@
href="/philosophy/x.html">ÐÑадиÑеÑи ÐкÑа11 ÑÑ Ñак
накÑаÑко ÑÑинили ÐкÑ11
неÑлободним.</a> Ðни ÑÑ Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ могли да ÑÑаде
заÑо ÑÑо ÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑали допÑиноÑили
ÑиÑ
овом извоÑном ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ иÑÑом
некопилеÑÑованом лиÑенÑом.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="GPL-CoveredSoftware"><strong>СоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ ÐÐÐ</strong></dt>
- <dd><a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">ÐÐУ-ова ÐÐÐ (опÑÑа
Ñавна лиÑенÑа)</a>
+<h3 id="GPL-CoveredSoftware">GPL-covered software</h3>
+
+ <p><a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">ÐÐУ-ова ÐÐÐ (опÑÑа
Ñавна лиÑенÑа)</a>
пÑедÑÑавÑа поÑебан ÑкÑп одÑедби о
ÑаÑподели намеÑен копилеÑÑоваÑÑ
пÑогÑама. ÐÑоÑÐµÐºÐ°Ñ ÐÐУ Ñе коÑиÑÑи као
âодÑедбе о ÑаÑподелиâ за веÑи део
-ÐÐУ-овог ÑоÑÑвеÑа.
+ÐÐУ-овог ÑоÑÑвеÑа.</p>
+
+ <p>ÐаÑо Ñе погÑеÑно изÑеднаÑаваÑи
Ñлободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñа ÑоÑÑвеÑом под ÐÐÐ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="TheGNUsystem">The GNU operating system</h3>
- <p>ÐаÑо Ñе погÑеÑно изÑеднаÑаваÑи
Ñлободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñа ÑоÑÑвеÑом под ÐÐÐ.</p></dd>
+ <p>The <a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU operating system</a> is the
+Unix-like operating system, which is entirely free software, that we in the
+GNU Project have developed since 1984.</p>
-<dt id="TheGNUsystem"><strong>СиÑÑем ÐÐУ</strong></dt>
- <dd><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.sr.html">СиÑÑем ÐÐУ</a> Ñе
ÑникÑолики опеÑаÑивни
-ÑиÑÑем, и Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑпÑноÑÑи Ñе Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ
коÑи Ñмо ми из ÐÑоÑекÑа ÐÐУ
-гÑадили од 1984.
<p>УникÑолики опеÑаÑивни ÑиÑÑем Ñине
многи пÑогÑами. СиÑÑем ÐÐУ ÑадÑжи Ñав
ÐÐУ-ов ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð¸ многе дÑÑге пакеÑе, као
ÑÑо ÑÑ Ð¿ÑозоÑÑки ÑиÑÑем ÐÐºÑ Ð¸ ТеХ,
коÑи ниÑÑ ÐÐУ-ов ÑоÑÑвеÑ.</p>
- <p>ÐÑво пÑобно издаÑе поÑпÑног ÑиÑÑема
ÐÐУ Ñе обÑавÑено 1996. године,
-ÑкÑÑÑÑÑÑÑи ÐÐУ-ово ÐÑдо, наÑе ÑезгÑо коÑе
гÑадимо од 1990. СиÑÑем ÐÐУ (коÑи
-ÑкÑÑÑÑÑе ÐÐУ-ово ÐÑдо) Ñе 2001. поÑео да
ÑаÑвим пÑиÑÑоÑно ÑÑнкÑиониÑе, али
-ÐÑÐ´Ñ ÑÐ¾Ñ Ñвек недоÑÑаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐµ важне
оÑобине, па Ñе оно маÑовниÑе не
-коÑиÑÑи. У меÑÑвÑеменÑ, велики ÑÑпеÑ
Ñе од
деведеÑеÑиÑ
поÑÑигао <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sr.html">ÑиÑÑем ÐÐУ Ñа
ÐинÑкÑом</a>, изданак
-ÑиÑÑема ÐÐУ коÑи коÑиÑÑи ÐинÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¾ ÑезгÑо
ÑмеÑÑо ÐÐУ-овог ÐÑда.</p>
- <p>ÐоÑÑо Ñе ÑвÑÑ
а ÐÐУ-а да бÑде Ñлободан,
Ñваки део ÑиÑÑема ÐÐУ моÑа да бÑде
-Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ. ÐеÑÑÑим, не моÑа Ñваки
део и да бÑде копилеÑÑован. Ðило
-каква вÑÑÑа Ñлободног ÑоÑÑвеÑа Ñе пÑавно
иÑпÑавна за ÑкÑÑÑиваÑе Ñколико
-помаже да Ñе доÑÑÐ¸Ð³Ð½Ñ ÑаÑ
ниÑки ÑиÑеви.
ТакоÑе, ниÑе поÑÑебно ни да Ñви
-делови поÑединаÑно бÑÐ´Ñ ÐÐУ-ов ÑоÑÑвеÑ.
ÐÐУ може да ÑкÑÑÑÑÑе и ÑкÑÑÑÑÑе
-некопилеÑÑован Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ, као ÑÑо
Ñе пÑозоÑÑки ÑиÑÑем ÐкÑ, коÑи ÑÑ
-изгÑаÑени Ñ Ð¾ÐºÐ²Ð¸ÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
пÑоÑекаÑа.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="GNUprograms"><strong>ÐÐУ-ови пÑогÑами</strong></dt>
- <dd>ÐзÑаз âÐÐУ-ови пÑогÑамиâ има иÑÑо
знаÑеÑе као и <a
+ <p>The first test release of the complete GNU system was in 1996. This
+includes the GNU Hurd, our kernel, developed since 1990. In 2001 the GNU
+system (including the GNU Hurd) began working fairly reliably, but the Hurd
+still lacks some important features, so it is not widely used. Meanwhile,
+the <a href= "/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux system</a>, an offshoot of
+the GNU operating system which uses Linux as the kernel instead of the GNU
+Hurd, has been a great success since the 90s.</p>
+
+ <p>Since the purpose of GNU is to be free, every single component in
the GNU
+operating system has to be free software. They don't all have to be
+copylefted, however; any kind of free software is legally suitable to
+include if it helps meet technical goals. And it isn't necessary for all the
+components to be GNU software, individually. GNU can and does include
+non-copylefted free software such as the X Window System that were developed
+by other projects.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUprograms">GNU programs</h3>
+
+ <p>ÐзÑаз âÐÐУ-ови пÑогÑамиâ има иÑÑо
знаÑеÑе као и <a
href="#GNUsoftware">ÐÐУ-ов ÑоÑÑвеÑ.</a> ÐÑогÑам
âТÑлаÐабаÐанâ Ñе ÐÐУ-ов
пÑогÑам Ñколико Ñе ÐÐУ-ов ÑоÑÑвеÑ. Ðи га
понекад називамо и âÐÐУ-овим
-пакеÑомâ.</dd>
-<dt id="GNUsoftware"><strong>ÐÐУ-ов ÑоÑÑвеÑ</strong></dt>
- <dd><a href="/software/software.html">ÐÐУ-ов ÑоÑÑвеÑ</a>
Ñе ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи Ñе
+пакеÑомâ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUsoftware">GNU software</h3>
+
+ <p><a href="/software/software.html">ÐÐУ-ов ÑоÑÑвеÑ</a>
Ñе ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи Ñе
Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ покÑовиÑеÑÑÑвом <a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.sr.html">ÐÑоÑекÑа
ÐÐУ</a>. Ðко Ñе пÑогÑам ÐÐУ-ов ÑоÑÑвеÑ, ми га
називамо и ÐÐУ-овим
пÑогÑамом. У даÑоÑеÑи ÐÐ ÐЧÐТÐÐÐÐ (<em>README</em>)
или ÑпÑÑÑÑÐ²Ñ ÐÐУ-овог
пакеÑа би ÑÑебало да ÑÑоÑи да Ñе ÑаÑ
пÑогÑам ÐÐУ-ов. ТакоÑе, Ñ <a
href="/directory">ÐаÑÐ°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ñлободног ÑоÑÑвеÑа</a>
ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸ Ñви ÐÐУ-ови
-пакеÑи.
+пакеÑи.</p>
+
<p>ÐеÑина ÐÐУ-овог ÑоÑÑвеÑа Ñе <a
href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">копилеÑÑована</a>, али не и
Ñав ÐÐУ-ов
ÑоÑÑвеÑ. ÐеÑÑÑим, Ñав ÐÐУ-ов ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ñа
да бÑде <a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ</a>.</p>
- <p>Ðеки ÐÐУ-ов ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñали ÑÑди
из <a
-href="/people/people.html">оÑобÑа</a> <a
href="/fsf/fsf.sr.html">ÐадÑжбине
-за Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ</a>, али ÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑинÑ
ÐÐУ-овог ÑоÑÑвеÑа пÑиложили <a
-href="/people/people.html">добÑовоÑÑи</a>. Ðеки
пÑиложени ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе ÑÑавила
-под âаÑÑоÑÑка пÑаваâ ÐадÑжбина за
Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ, а неки дÑÑги пÑилагаÑи
-коÑи ÑÑ Ð³Ð° напиÑали.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="non-freeSoftware"><strong>ÐеÑлободни
ÑоÑÑвеÑ</strong></dt>
- <dd>ÐеÑлободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе Ñав ÑоÑÑвеÑ
коÑи ниÑе Ñлободан. Ðво ÑкÑÑÑÑÑе <a
+ <p>Some GNU software is written by <a href=
+"http://www.fsf.org/about/staff/";>staff</a> of the <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a>, but most GNU
+software is contributed by <a
+href="/people/people.html">volunteers</a>. Some contributed software is
+copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation; some is copyrighted by the
+contributors who wrote it.</p>
+
+<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Non-free software</h3>
+
+ <p>ÐеÑлободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе Ñав ÑоÑÑвеÑ
коÑи ниÑе Ñлободан. Ðво ÑкÑÑÑÑÑе <a
href="#semi-freeSoftware">полÑÑлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ</a> и <a
-href="#ProprietarySoftware">влаÑниÑки ÑоÑÑвеÑ</a>.</dd>
+href="#ProprietarySoftware">влаÑниÑки ÑоÑÑвеÑ</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="semi-freeSoftware">Semi-free software</h3>
-<dt id="semi-freeSoftware"><strong>ÐолÑÑлободни
ÑоÑÑвеÑ</strong></dt>
- <dd>ÐолÑÑлободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе ÑоÑÑвеÑ
коÑи ниÑе Ñлободан, али Ñе иÑпоÑÑÑÑÑе Ñз
+ <p>ÐолÑÑлободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи
ниÑе Ñлободан, али Ñе иÑпоÑÑÑÑÑе Ñз
Ð´Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑединÑима да га коÑиÑÑе,
ÑмножаваÑÑ, ÑаÑподеÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ меÑаÑÑ
(ÑкÑÑÑÑÑÑÑи ÑаÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÑениÑ
веÑзиÑа) Ñ
непÑоÑиÑне ÑвÑÑ
е. ÐÑимеÑ
-полÑÑлободног пÑогÑама Ñе Ðегепе (<em>PGP</em>).
+полÑÑлободног пÑогÑама Ñе Ðегепе
(<em>PGP</em>).</p>
+
<p>ÐолÑÑлободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе еÑиÑки много
боÑи него <a
href="#ProprietarySoftware">влаÑниÑки ÑоÑÑвеÑ</a>, али и
он ÑÑваÑа пÑоблеме,
па га не можемо коÑиÑÑиÑи Ñ Ñлободном
опеÑаÑивном ÑиÑÑемÑ.</p>
+
<p>ÐгÑаниÑеÑа копилеÑÑа ÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑена да
заÑÑиÑе оÑновне Ñлободе ÑвиÑ
коÑиÑника. Ðа Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñе Ñедино опÑавдаÑе за
било коÑе ÑÑÑÑинÑко огÑаниÑеÑе
коÑиÑÑеÑа пÑогÑама ÑпÑеÑаваÑе дÑÑгиÑ
да
додаÑÑ Ð´ÑÑга
огÑаниÑеÑа. ÐолÑÑлободни пÑогÑами ÑадÑже
додаÑна огÑаниÑеÑа, коÑа ÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑала
из ÑиÑÑо ÑебиÑниÑ
Ñазлога.</p>
+
<p>ÐемогÑÑе Ñе ÑкÑÑÑиÑи полÑÑлободни
ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñ Ñлободни опеÑаÑивни ÑиÑÑем. Ðво
ÑÑога ÑÑо одÑедбе о ÑаÑподели опеÑаÑивног
ÑиÑÑема Ñ Ñелини пÑедÑÑавÑаÑÑ Ð·Ð±Ð¸Ñ
одÑедби о ÑаÑподели ÑвиÑ
пÑогÑама коÑи га
Ñине. ÐодаваÑем Ñедног
полÑÑлободног пÑогÑама ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ð¸ ÑиÑÑем
<em>Ñ Ñелини</em> поÑÑао
полÑÑлободан. Ðи не биÑмо желели да Ñе Ñо
деÑи из два Ñазлога:</p>
+
<ul>
<li>ÐеÑÑÑемо да би Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ
ÑÑебало да бÑде Ñлободан за Ñве, ÑкÑÑÑÑÑÑÑи
и ÑиÑме, не Ñамо Ñколе и Ñ
обиÑÑе. Ðи желимо
да подÑÑакнемо ÑиÑме да коÑиÑÑе
Ñео ÑиÑÑем ÐÐУ, и ÑÑога Ñ Ñега не Ñмемо да
ÑкÑÑÑÑÑемо полÑÑлободне пÑогÑаме.</li>
+
<li>ÐомеÑÑиÑална ÑаÑподела ÑлободниÑ
опеÑаÑивниÑ
ÑиÑÑема, ÑкÑÑÑÑÑÑÑи и <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.sr.html">ÑиÑÑем ÐÐУ Ñа
ÐинÑкÑом</a>, Ñе веома
знаÑаÑна, а и коÑиÑниÑи Ñене пÑакÑиÑноÑÑ
комеÑÑиÑалне ÑаÑподеле на
<em>CD-ROM</em>-овима. ÐодаваÑем Ñедног
полÑÑлободног пÑогÑама Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑивни
ÑиÑÑем ÑпÑеÑили биÑмо комеÑÑиÑалнÑ
ÑаÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð° <em>CD-ROM</em>-овима.</li>
</ul>
- <p>Сама ÐадÑжбина за Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ
Ñе некомеÑÑиÑална, и ÑÑога би нама могло
-биÑи дозвоÑено (од ÑÑÑане аÑÑоÑа пÑогÑама)
да коÑиÑÑимо полÑÑлободни пÑогÑам
-âинÑеÑноâ. Ðли ми Ñо не Ñинимо, ÑÐµÑ Ð±Ð¸ Ñо
поÑкопало наÑе напоÑе да набавÑамо
-Ñамо пÑогÑаме коÑе биÑмо могли и да
ÑкÑÑÑимо Ñ ÐÐУ.</p>
+
+ <p>The <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a>
itself is
+non-commercial, and therefore we would be legally permitted to use a
+semi-free program “internally”. But we don't do that, because
+that would undermine our efforts to obtain a program which we could also
+include in GNU.</p>
+
<p>Уколико моÑамо да обавимо неки поÑао
коÑи има везе Ñа ÑоÑÑвеÑом, поÑао Ñе
моÑаÑи да Ñека док не поÑÑане доÑÑÑпан
Ñлободни пÑогÑам коÑи обавÑа ÑаÑ
поÑао. ÐобÑовоÑÑима моÑамо да кажемо: âÐи
ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ð¼Ð¾ пÑогÑам коÑи обавÑа ÑаÑ
@@ -265,41 +288,48 @@
Ñмо коÑиÑÑили полÑÑлободне пÑогÑаме за
ÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñао, ÑкоÑили биÑмо Ñами Ñеби Ñ
ÑÑÑа; неÑÑало би елана (нама и дÑÑгима коÑи
би Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑлÑÑали) за пиÑаÑе
Ñлободне замене. ÐаÑо Ñо не Ñинимо.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="ProprietarySoftware"><strong>ÐлаÑниÑки
ÑоÑÑвеÑ</strong></dt>
- <dd>ÐлаÑниÑки ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи
ниÑе Ñлободан или полÑÑлободан. Ðегово
+<h3 id="ProprietarySoftware">Proprietary software</h3>
+
+ <p>ÐлаÑниÑки ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи
ниÑе Ñлободан или полÑÑлободан. Ðегово
коÑиÑÑеÑе, ÑаÑподела или измена ÑÑ
забÑаÑени, или од Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñ
ÑеваÑÑ Ð´Ð°
ÑÑажиÑе дозволÑ, или ÑÑ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑени Ñ
ÑÐ¾Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑи да Ñо еÑекÑивно не можеÑе
-да ÑÑадиÑе.
+да ÑÑадиÑе.</p>
+
<p>У ÐадÑжбини за Ñлободни ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе
ÑÑководимо пÑавилом да не инÑÑалиÑамо
било коÑи влаÑниÑки пÑогÑам на наÑим
ÑаÑÑнаÑима, оÑим пÑивÑемено, Ñколико Ñе
Ñо Ð±Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð¿Ñ
одно Ñ ÑвÑÑ
Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑа Ñлободне
замене за Ñакав пÑогÑам. Ðан Ñога,
ÑмаÑÑамо да не поÑÑоÑи Ð¸Ð·Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°
инÑÑалиÑаÑе влаÑниÑког пÑогÑама.</p>
+
<p>Ðа пÑимеÑ, оÑамдеÑеÑиÑ
Ñмо Ñе
ÑмаÑÑали да Ñе иÑпÑавно инÑÑалиÑаÑи УникÑ
на
наÑем ÑаÑÑнаÑÑ, ÑÐµÑ Ñмо га коÑиÑÑили да
напиÑемо ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°
УникÑ. ÐÐ°Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ поÑÑоÑи Ð¸Ð·Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñако
неÑÑо, ÑÐµÑ ÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑпни Ñлободни
опеÑаÑивни ÑиÑÑеми; код Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñмо
елиминиÑали Ñве неÑлободне опеÑаÑивне
ÑиÑÑеме, и на Ñваком новом ÑаÑÑнаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи
набавимо Ñе моÑа инÑÑалиÑаÑи
поÑпÑно Ñлободан опеÑаÑивни ÑиÑÑем.</p>
+
<p>Ðи не инÑиÑÑиÑамо на Ñоме да
коÑиÑниÑи ÐÐУ-а, или пÑилагаÑи ÐÐУ-Ñ, овако
поÑÑÑпаÑÑ. То Ñе пÑавило коÑе Ñмо
ÑÑÑановили за Ñебе. Ðли Ñе надамо да ÑеÑе
и ви одлÑÑиÑи да га поÑÑÑÑеÑе.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="freeware"><strong>ФÑивеÑ</strong></dt>
- <dd>ÐзÑаз âÑÑивеÑâ (енгл. <em>freeware</em>)
нема ÑаÑно пÑиÑ
ваÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´ÐµÑиниÑиÑÑ,
+
+<h3 id="freeware">Freeware</h3>
+
+ <p>ÐзÑаз âÑÑивеÑâ (енгл. <em>freeware</em>) нема
ÑаÑно пÑиÑ
ваÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´ÐµÑиниÑиÑÑ,
али Ñе обиÑно коÑиÑÑи за пакеÑе коÑи Ñе
ÑмеÑÑ ÑаÑподеÑиваÑи али не и меÑаÑи
(а ÑиÑ
ов извоÑни код ниÑе доÑÑÑпан). Ðви
пакеÑи <em>ниÑÑ</em> Ñлободни
ÑоÑÑвеÑ, па Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾ да не коÑиÑÑиÑе
изÑаз âÑÑивеÑâ када миÑлиÑе на
-Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ.</dd>
+Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ.</p>
-<dt id="shareware"><strong>ШеÑвеÑ</strong></dt>
- <dd>ШеÑÐ²ÐµÑ (енгл. <em>shareware</em>) Ñе ÑоÑÑвеÑ
ÑиÑе пÑимеÑке ÑÑди ÑмеÑÑ Ð´Ð°
+<h3 id="shareware">Shareware</h3>
+
+ <p>ШеÑÐ²ÐµÑ (енгл. <em>shareware</em>) Ñе ÑоÑÑвеÑ
ÑиÑе пÑимеÑке ÑÑди ÑмеÑÑ Ð´Ð°
ÑаÑподеÑÑÑÑ, али Ñвако ко наÑÑави да
коÑиÑÑи пÑимеÑак <em>моÑа</em> да плаÑи
-ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑенÑиÑаÑа.
+ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑенÑиÑаÑа.</p>
+
<p>ШеÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñе Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ, па Ñак
ни полÑÑлободан. Ðво два Ñазлога заÑÑо
Ñе Ñо Ñако:</p>
+
<ul>
<li>Ðа веÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ ÑеÑвеÑа ниÑе доÑÑÑпан
извоÑни код, па ÑопÑÑе не можеÑе да меÑаÑе
пÑогÑам.</li>
@@ -308,13 +338,12 @@
пÑакÑи, ÑÑди ÑеÑÑо не поÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ñедбе о
ÑаÑподели и поÑед Ñвега вÑÑе опиÑане
ÑадÑе, али Ñо одÑедбама ниÑе дозвоÑено.)</li>
</ul>
- </dd>
-<dt id="PrivateSoftware"><strong>ÐÑиваÑни ÑоÑÑвеÑ</strong></dt>
- <dd>ÐÑиваÑни или пÑилагоÑени ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе
ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи Ñе ÑазвиÑен за Ñедног
+<h3 id="PrivateSoftware">Private software</h3>
+ <p>ÐÑиваÑни или пÑилагоÑени ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе
ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи Ñе ÑазвиÑен за Ñедног
коÑиÑника (Ñглавном за оÑганизаÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
ÑиÑмÑ). Само га ÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑник
поÑедÑÑе и ÑпоÑÑебÑава, и не обÑавÑÑÑе га Ñ
ÑавноÑÑи ни Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ñног кода
-ни Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ð°ÑниÑ
даÑоÑека.
+ни Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ð°ÑниÑ
даÑоÑека.</p>
<p>ÐÑиваÑни пÑогÑам Ñе Ñлободан ÑоÑÑвеÑ
Ñ ÑÑивиÑалном ÑмиÑÐ»Ñ Ð´Ð° Ñегов Ñедини
коÑиÑник има пÑна пÑава на Ñега.</p>
<p>У пÑинÑипÑ, ми не ÑмаÑÑамо да Ñе
погÑеÑно изгÑадиÑи пÑогÑам и не обÑавиÑи
@@ -326,14 +355,15 @@
<p>СкоÑо Ñви пÑогÑамеÑÑки поÑлови имаÑÑ
везе Ñа ÑазвоÑем пÑилагоÑеног
ÑоÑÑвеÑа. ÐаÑо Ñви пÑогÑамеÑÑки поÑлови
ÑеÑÑ, или би могли да бÑдÑ,
Ñеализовани на наÑин коÑи Ñе ÑаглаÑан Ñа
покÑеÑом за Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="commercialSoftware"><strong>ÐомеÑÑиÑални
ÑоÑÑвеÑ</strong></dt>
- <dd>ÐомеÑÑиÑални ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе ÑоÑÑвеÑ
коÑи ÑазвиÑа ÑиÑма коÑа намеÑава да заÑади
+<h3 id="commercialSoftware">Commercial Software</h3>
+
+ <p>ÐомеÑÑиÑални ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñе ÑоÑÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñи
ÑазвиÑа ÑиÑма коÑа намеÑава да заÑади
на ÑпоÑÑеби ÑоÑÑвеÑа. âÐомеÑÑиÑалноâ и
âвлаÑниÑкоâ ниÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑа ÑÑваÑ! ÐеÑина
комеÑÑиÑалног ÑоÑÑвеÑа Ñе <a
href="#ProprietarySoftware">влаÑниÑка</a>, али
поÑÑоÑи и комеÑÑиÑални Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ,
као и некомеÑÑиÑални неÑлободни
-ÑоÑÑвеÑ.
+ÑоÑÑвеÑ.</p>
+
<p>Ðа пÑимеÑ, ÐÐУ-Ð¾Ð²Ñ ÐÐ´Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð³ÑаÑÑÑе
ÑиÑма. Ðна Ñе Ñвек ÑаÑподеÑÑÑе под
одÑедбама ÐÐУ-ове ÐÐÐ, и Ñваки пÑимеÑак Ñе
Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ. ÐеÑÑÑим, Ñени
гÑадиÑеÑи пÑодаÑÑ ÑговоÑе о ÑеÑ
ниÑкоÑ
подÑÑÑи. Ðада ÑиÑ
ови пÑодавÑи
@@ -348,8 +378,6 @@
<p>Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° помогнеÑе да Ñе пÑоÑиÑи
ÑвеÑÑ Ð¾ Ñоме да Ñе могÑÑ Ð¸
комеÑÑиÑални Ñлободни ÑоÑÑвеÑ. ÐожеÑе да
помогнеÑе Ñиме ÑÑо ÑеÑе Ñе
поÑÑÑдиÑи да не говоÑиÑе âкомеÑÑиÑалноâ
када миÑлиÑе на âвлаÑниÑкоâ.</p>
- </dd>
- </dl>
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
@@ -380,11 +408,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑаÑеÑе пиÑаÑа Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð¸ Ñа
ÐСС-ом и ÐÐУ-ом на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÐоÑÑоÑе и <a
-href="/contact/">дÑÑги наÑини да Ñе обÑаÑиÑе</a>
ÐСС-Ñ.<br />Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-ÑаÑеÑе неиÑпÑавне везе и дÑÑге иÑпÑавке
(или пÑедлоге) на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
+broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -394,10 +422,9 @@
</p>
<p>
-<b>ÐÑÑоÑÑка пÑава:</b><br />Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998,
2001, 2006,
-2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа,
без надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз
ÑÑлов да Ñе оÑÑвано ово обавеÑÑеÑе
и обавеÑÑеÑе о аÑÑоÑÑким пÑавима.
@@ -426,7 +453,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2009/10/31 08:25:53 $
+$Date: 2009/12/11 09:26:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -435,55 +462,57 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>ÐÑеводи ове ÑÑÑаниÑе</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is Deutsch.-->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- German -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.el.html">Greek</a> [el]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Indonesian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.pl.html">Polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Romanian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Slovenian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.sl.html">Slovensko</a> [sl]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.sl.html">slovensko</a> [sl]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: categories.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- categories.tr.html 4 Oct 2009 20:26:17 -0000 1.13
+++ categories.tr.html 11 Dec 2009 09:26:10 -0000 1.14
@@ -17,23 +17,26 @@
<p>Ayrıca <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.tr.html">Uzak Durmak
Ä°steyebileceÄiniz KarmaÅık Kelimeler</a>'e dikkat edin.</p>
-<p id="diagram"><img src="/philosophy/category.jpg" alt="[yazılımın farklı
kategorilerinin bir Åeması]" /> Chao-Kuei'nin bu Åeması, farklı yazılım
kategorilerini açıklıyor. GNU GPL v2
-veya daha yenisi, GNU FDL v1.2 veya daha yenisi veya Creative Commons
-Attribution-Share Alike v2.0 lisanslarının herhangi birinin koÅulları
-altında <a href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig dosyası</a>, <a
-href="/philosophy/category.jpg">JPEG resmi</a> ve 1.5 kat büyütülmüŠ<a
-href="/philosophy/category.png">PNG resmi</a> olarak da mevcuttur.</p>
+<p id="diagram" class="c">
+<img src="category.png" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+ <p>This diagram by Chao-Kuei explains the different categories of
+software. It's also available as an <a
+href="/philosophy/category.svg">Scalable Vector Graphic</a> and as an <a
+href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig document</a>, under the terms of any of
+the GNU GPL v2 or later, the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the Creative Commons
+Attribution-Share Alike v2.0 or later.</p>
-<dl>
-<dt id="FreeSoftware"><strong>Ãzgür yazılım</strong></dt>
+<h3 id="FreeSoftware">Free software</h3>
- <dd>
- Ãzgür yazılım, herkese kullanma, çoÄaltma ve daÄıtma
izinlerini, bire-bir
+ <p>Ãzgür yazılım, herkese kullanma, çoÄaltma ve daÄıtma
izinlerini, bire-bir
aynısı veya deÄiÅiklikler ile, bedava veya bir ücret karÅılıÄında
gelen
yazılımdır. Dikkate deÄer anlamda, bu kaynak kodun bulunmak zorunda olduÄu
anlamına gelir. “EÄer, kaynak deÄilse, o yazılım deÄildir.”
Bu
basitleÅtirilmiÅ bir tanımdır; ayrıca <a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">tam
-tanımına</a> bakın.
+tanımına</a> bakın.</p>
+
<p>EÄer bir program özgür ise GNU gibi özgür bir iÅletim
sistemine veya <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> sistemlerin özgür sürümlerine
dahil edilebilir.</p>
@@ -70,34 +73,34 @@
<p>Ãzgür yazılım, çoÄunlukla, özgür olmayan yazılımdan daha
güvenilirdir.</p>
- </dd>
+<h3 id="OpenSource">Open Source software</h3>
-<dt id="OpenSource"><strong>Açık Kaynak yazılım</strong></dt>
-
- <dd>
+ <p>
Bazı kiÅiler tarafından “Açık kaynak” yazılım
kavramı, özgür
yazılım ile az çok aynı anlama gelen kategoriyi ifade etmek için
kullanır. Kesinlikle aynı sınıf yazılım deÄillerdir: bizim çok
kısıtlayıcı
olduÄunu düÅündüÄümüz lisansları kabul ediyorlar ve onların kabul
etmediÄi
bir sürü özgür yazılım lisansı var. Her nasılsa, kategori dahilinde
farklılıklar küçük: neredeyse, tüm özgür yazılımlar, açık kaynak
yazılımdır,
-ve neredeyse, tüm açık kaynak yazılımlar, özgür yazılımdır.
+ve neredeyse, tüm açık kaynak yazılımlar, özgür yazılımdır.</p>
<p>Biz “<a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.tr.html">özgür
yazılım</a>” terimini tercih ediyoruz; çünkü, o özgürlüÄe
iÅaret
eder—“açık kaynak” teriminin yapmadıÄı bir Åey.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="PublicDomainSoftware"><strong>Kamuya açık yazılım</strong></dt>
- <dd>Kamuya açık yazılım, telif hakkı olmayan yazılımdır. EÄer,
kaynak kod kamuya
+<h3 id="PublicDomainSoftware">Public domain software</h3>
+
+ <p>Kamuya açık yazılım, telif hakkı olmayan yazılımdır. EÄer,
kaynak kod kamuya
açık ise, bu bazı kopyalar veya deÄiÅtirilmiÅ sürümlerin, tamamen
özgür
olmayabileceÄi anlamına gelen <a href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">copyleft
-olmayan özgür yazılım</a> özel halidir.
+olmayan özgür yazılım</a> özel halidir.</p>
+
<p>Bazı durumlarda, çalıÅtırılabilir program kamuya açıktır
ama kaynak kod
mevcut deÄildir. Bu özgür yazılım deÄildir, çünkü özgür yazılım
kaynak koda
ulaÅımı gerekli bulur. Bu arada, çoÄu özgür yazılım kamuya açık
deÄildir;
telif hakkı vardır ve telif hakkı sahipleri, herkese özgürlük içinde
kullanma izinlerini, bir özgür yazılım lisansı kullanarak yasal olarak
vermiÅtir.</p>
+
<p>Bazen insanlar, “kamuya açık” terimini, gevÅek bir
biçimde, <a
href="#FreeSoftware">“özgür”</a> veya “ücretsiz olarak
mevcut” anlamında kullanır. Fakat, “kamuya açık” yasal
bir
@@ -105,22 +108,23 @@
gelir. Açık anlamlılık için, sadece bu anlamı için “kamuya
açık”
terimini, baÅka anlamları ifade etmek için diÄer terimleri kullanmanızı
öneriyoruz.</p>
+
<p>ÃoÄu ülkenin imzaladıÄı Berne anlaÅmasında, yazılmıŠher
hangi bir Åey direk
olarak telif hakkına sahiptir. Bu durum programları da içeriyor. Böylece,
eÄer yazdıÄınız bir programı kamuya açık olmasını istiyorsanız,
telif
hakkını çıkarmak için bazı yasal adımlardan geçmek zorundasınız;
yoksa,
program telif hakkına sahiptir.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="CopyleftedSoftware"><strong>Copyleft yazılım</strong></dt>
- <dd>Copyleft yazılım, daÄıtım koÅullarında, bütün kopyaların
ve bütün sürümlerin
+<h3 id="CopyleftedSoftware">Copylefted software</h3>
+
+ <p>Copyleft yazılım, daÄıtım koÅullarında, bütün kopyaların
ve bütün sürümlerin
az çok aynı daÄıtım koÅullarını temin eden özgür yazılımdır.
ÃrneÄin bu,
copyleft lisanlar genellikle diÄerlerinin yazılıma ek koÅullar eklemesine
izin vermez (yine de bazı sınırlı sayıda koÅulların eklenmesine izin
verilebilmektedir) ve kaynak kodunun herkes tarafından eriÅilebilir olarak
bulundurulmasını gerektirir anlamlarına gelir. Bu, programı ve
deÄiÅtirilmiÅ
sürümlerini mülk yazılım haline getirmenin bazı bilindik yollarından bir
-kalkan gibi korur.
+kalkan gibi korur.</p>
<p>GPL'in 3. sürümü gibi bazı lisanslar yazılımların mülke
dönüÅmelerini
saÄlayan diÄer yolları durdurur.</p>
@@ -130,6 +134,7 @@
edilen koÅulları vermektir; Copyleft yazılımın nasıl iÅlediÄi ve neden
onu
kullandıÄımız hakkında daha çok açıklama için <a
href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">Copyleft yazılım</a> sayfasına bakın.</p>
+
<p>Copyleft, genel bir kavramdır; bir yazılımı, copyleft yapmak
için, bazı özel
daÄıtım koÅulları ayarlamanız gerekir. Copyleft özgür yazılım
lisansı
yazmanın bir çok olası yolu vardır, yani, aslında bir çok copyleft
özgür
@@ -139,16 +144,17 @@
yani bir lisans ile yazılmıŠkodu, diÄer lisans ile yazılmıŠolana
birleÅtirmek yasal deÄildir; böylece, eÄer insanlar tek bir copyleft lisans
kullanması toplum için iyidir.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware"><strong>Copyleft olmayan özgür
yazılım</strong></dt>
- <dd>Copyleft-olmayan özgür yazılımlar, yazarından yeniden
daÄıtma ve deÄiÅtirme
-ve ayrıca sonradan kısıtlamalar ekleme izinleri ile gelir.
- <p>EÄer bir program özgür ama copyleft yazılım deÄilse, bazı
kopyaları veya
-deÄiÅtirilmiÅ sürümleri tamamen özgür olmayabilir. Bir yazılım
Åirketi,
-programı, aynen veya deÄiÅikliklerle derleyebilir ve çalıÅtırılabilir
-dosyayı, <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">mülk</a> yazılım ürünü olarak
-daÄıtabilir.</p>
+<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Non-copylefted free software</h3>
+
+ <p>Copyleft-olmayan özgür yazılımlar, yazarından yeniden daÄıtma
ve deÄiÅtirme
+ve ayrıca sonradan kısıtlamalar ekleme izinleri ile gelir.</p>
+
+ <p>If a program is free but not copylefted, then some copies or modified
+versions may not be free at all. A software company can compile the program,
+with or without modifications, and distribute the executable file as a <a
+href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a> software product.</p>
+
<p><a href="http://www.x.org/";>X Pencere Sistemi</a> bunu örnekle
açıklar. X
BirliÄi, X11'i, copyleft olmayan özgür yazılım yapan daÄıtım
koÅulları ile
yayınlar. EÄer isterseniz, o koÅulları içeren ve özgür bir kopyasını
@@ -159,96 +165,115 @@
yazılımının geliÅtiricileri dahi bir ara X11'i özgür-olmayan yazılım
yaptılar</a>; bunu yapabiliyorlardı, çünkü diÄer kiÅiler aynı copyleft
olmayan lisans altında koda katkıda bulundular.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="GPL-CoveredSoftware"><strong>GPL kapsamlı yazılım</strong></dt>
- <dd><a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU GPL (Genel Kamu Lisansı)</a>, bir
programı
+<h3 id="GPL-CoveredSoftware">GPL-covered software</h3>
+
+ <p><a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU GPL (Genel Kamu Lisansı)</a>, bir
programı
copyleft yazılım yapmak için özel bir daÄıtım koÅullarıdır. GNU
projesi,
-çoÄu GNU yazılım için daÄıtım koÅulu olarak kullanır.
+çoÄu GNU yazılım için daÄıtım koÅulu olarak kullanır.</p>
+
+ <p>Dolaisiyle özgür yazılımı GPL ile korunan yazılım ile eÅ
saymak bir hatadır.</p>
+
+<h3 id="TheGNUsystem">The GNU operating system</h3>
- <p>Dolaisiyle özgür yazılımı GPL ile korunan yazılım ile eÅ
saymak bir hatadır.</p></dd>
+ <p>The <a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU operating system</a> is the
+Unix-like operating system, which is entirely free software, that we in the
+GNU Project have developed since 1984.</p>
-<dt id="TheGNUsystem"><strong>GNU sistemi</strong></dt>
- <dd><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU sistemi</a>, Unix-benzeri,
1984'den beri
-GNU projesinde geliÅtirdiÄimiz, tamamen özgür yazılım iÅletim
sistemidir.
<p>Unix-benzeri bir iÅletim sistemi bir çok programdan oluÅur. GNU
sistemi,
bütün GNU yazılımları gibi diÄer, X Pencere Sistemi ve TeX gibi bir çok
GNU
yazılımı olmayan diÄer paketleri de içerir.</p>
- <p>GNU sistemin ilk deneme yayınlanıÅı 1996'dadır. Bu,
çekirdeÄimiz, 1990'dan
-beri geliÅtirilen GNU Hurd çekirdeÄini de içerir. 2001'de, GNU sistemi
(GNU
-Hurd çekirdeÄi de dahil olarak) yeterli derecede çalıÅmaya
baÅlamıÅtır ama
-Hurd hala önemli özelliklere sahip deÄildir, bu yüzden yaygın olarak
-kullanılmamaktadır.. Bu arada, <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux
-sistemi</a>, çekirdek olarak GNU Hurd yerine, 90'lardan beri büyük bir
-baÅarı olan Linux çekirdeÄini kullanan GNU sistemi doÄmuÅtur.</p>
- <p>GNU sisteminin amacı özgür olmak olduÄu için, GNU sistemindeki
her tek
-bileÅen özgür olmak zorundadır. Ancak, hepsinin copyleft yazılımı
olması
-gerekmiyor; eÄer teknik bir hedefe ulaÅmaya yardımcı oluyor ise her hangi
-bir çeÅit özgür yazılımı yasal olarak dahil etmeye uygundur. Ve her
-bileÅenin, tek baÅına GNU yazılımı olması da gerekmiyor. GNU, X Pencere
-Sistemi gibi diÄer projelerde de geliÅtirilmiÅ olan copyleft-olmayan özgür
-yazılımları içerebilir.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="GNUprograms"><strong>GNU programları</strong></dt>
- <dd>“GNU programları” <a href="#GNUsoftware">GNU
yazılımı</a> ile
+ <p>The first test release of the complete GNU system was in 1996. This
+includes the GNU Hurd, our kernel, developed since 1990. In 2001 the GNU
+system (including the GNU Hurd) began working fairly reliably, but the Hurd
+still lacks some important features, so it is not widely used. Meanwhile,
+the <a href= "/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux system</a>, an offshoot of
+the GNU operating system which uses Linux as the kernel instead of the GNU
+Hurd, has been a great success since the 90s.</p>
+
+ <p>Since the purpose of GNU is to be free, every single component in
the GNU
+operating system has to be free software. They don't all have to be
+copylefted, however; any kind of free software is legally suitable to
+include if it helps meet technical goals. And it isn't necessary for all the
+components to be GNU software, individually. GNU can and does include
+non-copylefted free software such as the X Window System that were developed
+by other projects.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUprograms">GNU programs</h3>
+
+ <p>“GNU programları” <a href="#GNUsoftware">GNU
yazılımı</a> ile
aynı anlama gelir. EÄer Foo programı bir GNU yazılımı ise, o bir GNU
-programıdır. Bazen, onun bir “GNU paketi” olduÄunu da
söyleriz.</dd>
-<dt id="GNUsoftware"><strong>GNU yazılımı</strong></dt>
- <dd><a href="/software/software.html">GNU yazılımı</a>, <a
+programıdır. Bazen, onun bir “GNU paketi” olduÄunu da
söyleriz.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUsoftware">GNU software</h3>
+
+ <p><a href="/software/software.html">GNU yazılımı</a>, <a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU projesi</a> himayesi altında yayınlanan
yazılımdır. EÄer bir program GNU yazılımı ise, biz onun aynı zamanda
bir GNU
programı veya GNU paketi olduÄunu da söyleriz. README veya bir GNU paketinin
kılavuzu, öyle olduÄunu söylemelidir; ayrıca, <a href="/directory">Ãzgür
-Yazılım Rehberi</a> bütün GNU paketlerini tanımlar.
+Yazılım Rehberi</a> bütün GNU paketlerini tanımlar.</p>
+
<p>ÃoÄu, ama hepsi deÄil, GNU yazılımı, <a
href="/copyleft/copyleft.tr.html">copyleft</a> yazılımdır; ancak, bütün <a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">GNU yazılımları</a> özgür yazılım
olmak
zorundadır.</p>
- <p>Bazı GNU yazılımları, <a href="/fsf/fsf.html">Ãzgür Yazılım
Vakfı (FSF)</a>
-tarafından yazılmıÅtır ama çoÄu GNU yazılımına <a
-href="/people/people.html">gönüllüler</a> tarafından katkıda
-bulunulmuÅtur. Bazı katkıda bulunan yazılımlar Ãzgür Yazılım Vakfı
-tarafından telif hakkı ile korunur; bazıları da ona katkıda bulunan
yazarlar
-tarafından telif hakkı ile korunmuÅtur.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="non-freeSoftware"><strong>Ãzgür olmayan yazılım</strong></dt>
- <dd>Ãzgür-olmayan yazılım, özgür olmayan yazılımdır. Bu <a
+ <p>Some GNU software is written by <a href=
+"http://www.fsf.org/about/staff/";>staff</a> of the <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a>, but most GNU
+software is contributed by <a
+href="/people/people.html">volunteers</a>. Some contributed software is
+copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation; some is copyrighted by the
+contributors who wrote it.</p>
+
+<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Non-free software</h3>
+
+ <p>Ãzgür-olmayan yazılım, özgür olmayan yazılımdır. Bu <a
href="#semi-freeSoftware">yarı-özgür yazılım</a> ve <a
-href="#ProprietarySoftware">mülk yazılım</a> kategorilerini içerir.</dd>
+href="#ProprietarySoftware">mülk yazılım</a> kategorilerini içerir.</p>
+
+<h3 id="semi-freeSoftware">Semi-free software</h3>
-<dt id="semi-freeSoftware"><strong>Yarı-özgür yazılım</strong></dt>
- <dd>Yarı-özgür yazılım, özgür olmayan yazılımdır ama
bireylere kâr çıkarı
+ <p>Yarı-özgür yazılım, özgür olmayan yazılımdır ama bireylere
kâr çıkarı
olmayan amaçlar için kullanma, kopyalama, daÄıtma ve deÄiÅtirme
(deÄiÅtirilmiÅ sürümlerin daÄıtımı da dahil olarak) izinleri ile
gelir. PGP,
-yarı-özgür yazılıma bir örnektir.
+yarı-özgür yazılıma bir örnektir.</p>
+
<p>Yarı-özgür yazılım, etik olarak <a
href="#ProprietarySoftware">mülk
yazılım</a> kategorisinden daha iyidir, ama yine de problemler ortaya
çıkarır, ve özgür bir iÅletim sisteminde kullanamayız.</p>
+
<p>Copyleft yazılımın kısıtlandırmaları, tüm kullanıcılar
için temel
özgürlükleri korumak için tasarlanmıÅtır. Bizim için bir programın
kullanımındaki anlam ifade eden her hangi bir kısıtlandırmadaki tek haklı
neden, diÄer kiÅilerin baÅka kısıtlandırmalar eklemesini önlemektir.</p>
+
<p>Yarı-özgür bir yazılımı özgür bir iÅletim sistemine dahil
etmek mümkün
deÄildir. Ãünkü, iÅletim sistemi için olan daÄıtım koÅulları,
içindeki bütün
programların daÄıtım programlarının bileÅimidir. Sisteme bir tane
yarı-özgür
program eklemek, onu <em>tamamen</em> yarı özgür yapar. Olmasını
istemediÄimiz iki neden var:</p>
+
<ul>
<li>Ãzgür yazılımın herkes için olması gerektiÄine
inanıyoruz—sadece
okulları ve meraklılara deÄil, ticarete de dahil. Biz, bütün ticari
iÅlerle
ilgili olanları bütün GNU sistemini kullanmaya davet etmek istiyoruz ve bu
yüzden içine yarı-özgür yazılım dahil etmemeliyiz.</li>
+
<li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux sistemi</a> de dahil
olmak üzere
Ãzgür iÅletim sistemlerinin ticari daÄıtımları çok önemlidir ve
kullanıcılar
ticari CD-ROM daÄıtımlarının oluÅunu takdir ederler. Bir tane
yarı-özgür
programı sisteme dahil etmek, ticari CD-ROM daÄıtımını engellerdi.</li>
</ul>
- <p>Ãzgür Yazılım Vakfı, ticari deÄildir ve bu sebeple
yarı-özgür bir programı
-“içimizde” yasal olarak kullanabilme iznimiz vardır. Ama biz
-bunu yapmayız, çünkü bu, GNU içine dahil edebileceÄimiz bir programı
alma
-çabalarımızın altını kazar.</p>
+
+ <p>The <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a>
itself is
+non-commercial, and therefore we would be legally permitted to use a
+semi-free program “internally”. But we don't do that, because
+that would undermine our efforts to obtain a program which we could also
+include in GNU.</p>
+
<p>Yazılımla yapılacak bir iÅ var ise eÄer, iÅi yapmak için
özgür bir
programımız olana kadar, GNU sisteminin bir eksiÄi vardır. Gönüllülere,
“GNU içinde, bu iÅi yapacak bir programımız yok, sizin bir tane
@@ -256,38 +281,45 @@
kullansaydık, bu dediÄimizin altını kazardı; Ãzgür bir deÄiÅimi
yazmanın
(bizim üzerimizdeki ve bizim görüÅlerimizi dinleyen diÄer kiÅilerin
üzerindeki) dikkatini baÅka yöne atardı.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="ProprietarySoftware"><strong>Mülk yazılım</strong></dt>
- <dd>Mülk yazılım, özgür olmayan veya yarı-özgür olmayan
yazılımdır. Kullanımı,
+<h3 id="ProprietarySoftware">Proprietary software</h3>
+
+ <p>Mülk yazılım, özgür olmayan veya yarı-özgür olmayan
yazılımdır. Kullanımı,
yeniden daÄıtımı ve deÄiÅiklik yapmak yasaklanmıÅtır veya izin
almanız için
sormanızı gerektirir veya o kadar kısıtlandırılmıÅtır ki özgür bir
Åekilde
-etkin olarak deÄiÅiklik yapamazsınız.
+etkin olarak deÄiÅiklik yapamazsınız.</p>
+
<p>Ãzgür Yazılım Vakfı, geçici olarak o programın özgür bir
deÄiÅiÄini yazmak
özel amacı dıÅında her hangi bir mülk yazılım yükleyemeyiz kuralını
uygular. Bundan bir yana, bir mülk program yüklemenin olası bir özürü
olmadıÄını hissediyoruz.</p>
+
<p>Ãrnek olarak, 1980'lerde, bilgisayarımıza Unix yüklemenin haklı
olduÄunu
hissettik, çünkü onu, Unix iÅletim sisteminin özgür bir deÄiÅiÄini
yazmak
için kullanıyorduk.</p>
+
<p>GNU kullanıcıları veya GNU'ya katkıda bulunanların bu kural ile
yaÅamasını
ısrar etmiyoruz. Bu kendimiz için yaptıÄımız bir kuraldır. Ama, sizin de
uymaya karar vereceÄinizi umut ediyoruz.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="freeware"><strong>Ãcretsiz yazılım</strong></dt>
- <dd>“Ãcretsiz yazılım” teriminin kabul edilmiÅ açık
bir tanımı
+
+<h3 id="freeware">Freeware</h3>
+
+ <p>“Ãcretsiz yazılım” teriminin kabul edilmiÅ açık
bir tanımı
yoktur, ama genel olarak deÄiÅiklikler olmadan yeniden daÄıtımına izin
veren
(ve kaynak kod da mevcut deÄildir) paketler için kullanılır. Bu paketler
özgür yazılım <em>deÄildirler</em>, yani, lütfen özgür yazılımı
ifade etmek
-için “ücretsiz yazılım” terimini kullanmayın.</dd>
+için “ücretsiz yazılım” terimini kullanmayın.</p>
-<dt id="shareware"><strong>PaylaÅılan yazılım</strong></dt>
- <dd>PaylaÅılan yazılım, insanlara kopyalarını yeniden daÄıtma
izni ile gelen
+<h3 id="shareware">Shareware</h3>
+
+ <p>PaylaÅılan yazılım, insanlara kopyalarını yeniden daÄıtma
izni ile gelen
fakat kullanmaya devam eden kiÅilerin lisans ücreti ödemesi
-<em>gerektiÄini</em> söyler.
+<em>gerektiÄini</em> söyler.</p>
+
<p>PaylaÅılan yazılım, özgür yazılım, hatta yarı-özgür
yazılım bile
deÄildir. Olmamasının iki sebebi vardır:</p>
+
<ul>
<li>ÃoÄu paylaÅılan yazılımın kaynak kodu mevcut deÄildir;
yani, programı
tamamen deÄiÅtiremezsiniz.</li>
@@ -297,12 +329,11 @@
bir Åekilde, bir kopyasını yaparlar ve yüklerler, ama daÄıtım
koÅulları
bunlara izin vermez.)</li>
</ul>
- </dd>
-<dt id="PrivateSoftware"><strong>Ãzel yazılım</strong></dt>
- <dd>Ãzel yazılım, bir kullanıcı için geliÅtirilmiÅ
yazılımdır (genellikle bir
+<h3 id="PrivateSoftware">Private software</h3>
+ <p>Ãzel yazılım, bir kullanıcı için geliÅtirilmiÅ yazılımdır
(genellikle bir
kurum veya Åirket için). Bu kullanıcı, yazılımı saklar ve kullanır, ve
-kamuya, kaynak koduveya çalıÅabilir halini yayınlamaz.
+kamuya, kaynak koduveya çalıÅabilir halini yayınlamaz.</p>
<p>Basit bir anlamda kiÅiye özel bir program eÄer tek kullanıcısı
bütün
haklarına sahipse özgür yazılımdır.</p>
<p>Genel olarak, bir program geliÅtirip de onu yayınlamamanın
yanlıŠolduÄuna
@@ -314,14 +345,15 @@
<p>Programcılar için neredeyse bütün iÅe alımlar özel yazılım
içindir; yani,
çoÄu programlama iÅleri, özgür yazılım hareketi ile uyumlu bir Åekilde
yapılabilinir veya yapılabilinirdi.</p>
- </dd>
-<dt id="commercialSoftware"><strong>Ticari Yazılım</strong></dt>
- <dd>Ticari yazılım, yazılımın kullanımından para kazanmak
amacında olan bir
+<h3 id="commercialSoftware">Commercial Software</h3>
+
+ <p>Ticari yazılım, yazılımın kullanımından para kazanmak
amacında olan bir
ticari iÅ yeri tarafından geliÅtirilmiÅ yazılımdır.
“Ticari” ve
“mülk” aynı Åey deÄildirler! ÃoÄu ticari yazılım, <a
href="#ProprietarySoftware">mülktür</a>, ama ticari özgür yazılımlar da
-vardır, ve ticari olmayan ve özgür olmayan yazılım da vardır.
+vardır, ve ticari olmayan ve özgür olmayan yazılım da vardır.</p>
+
<p>Ãrnek olarak, GNU Ada, bir Åirket tarafından geliÅtirilmiÅtir.
Her zaman GNU
GPL koÅulları altında daÄıtılmıÅtır ve her kopyası özgür
yazılımdır; fakat
onun geliÅtircileri, destek sözleÅmeleri satarlar. Ne zaman
pazarlamacıları,
@@ -336,8 +368,6 @@
<p>Lütfen, ticari özgür yazılımın mümkün olduÄunun bilincini
yaygınlaÅtırılmasına yardımcı olun. Bunu, aslında “mülk”
demek
istediÄinizde “ticari” demeyerek yapabilirsiniz.</p>
- </dd>
- </dl>
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
@@ -365,12 +395,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> adresine iletin. FSF
ile
-iletiÅim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">baÅka yolları</a> da vardır.<br
-/>Lütfen çalıÅmayan baÄlantıları ve baÅka düzeltmeleri veya
önerilerinizi <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> adresine
-gönderin.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
+broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -380,10 +409,9 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007 Free Software
-Foundation, Inc.,
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
<p>Bu makalenin tamamının kelimesi kelimesine kopyalanmasına ve
daÄıtılmasına,
ücret talep etmeksizin, herhangi bir ortamda, bu notu ve yazar hakkı
bildirisini korumak Åartıyla, dünya çapında izin verilmiÅtir.
@@ -424,7 +452,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Son Güncelleme:
-$Date: 2009/10/04 20:26:17 $
+$Date: 2009/12/11 09:26:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -434,55 +462,57 @@
<h4>Bu sayfanın diÄer dillere <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">çevirileri</a>:</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is Deutsch.-->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+ Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+ Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+ If you add a new language here, please
+ advise address@hidden and add it to
+ - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+ - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+ - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+ to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+ Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+ http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+ If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+ use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+ Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- German -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- Greek -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.el.html">Greek</a> [el]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Indonesian -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li>
<!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li>
<!-- Japanese -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.pl.html">Polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Romanian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ro.html">Română</a> [ro]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Slovenian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.sl.html">Slovensko</a> [sl]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/categories.sl.html">slovensko</a> [sl]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
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