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www fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.ar.html licenses/...


From: Yavor Doganov
Subject: www fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.ar.html licenses/...
Date: Mon, 30 Nov 2009 09:26:06 +0000

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     Yavor Doganov <yavor>   09/11/30 09:26:06

Modified files:
        fry            : happy-birthday-to-gnu.ar.html 
        licenses/old-licenses: old-licenses.ar.html old-licenses.ca.html 
        philosophy     : free-software-intro.fr.html 
                         misinterpreting-copyright.fr.html 
                         not-ipr.fr.html 
                         open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html 
                         philosophy.fr.html pragmatic.fr.html 
        philosophy/po  : not-ipr.fr.po 
                         open-source-misses-the-point.fr.po 
                         philosophy.fr.po pragmatic.fr.po 

Log message:
        Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-software-intro.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.19&r2=1.20
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/philosophy.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.83&r2=1.84
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/pragmatic.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.23&r2=1.24
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/philosophy.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.34&r2=1.35
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/pragmatic.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8

Patches:
Index: fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.ar.html   29 Oct 2009 08:25:33 -0000      1.7
+++ fry/happy-birthday-to-gnu.ar.html   30 Nov 2009 09:25:38 -0000      1.8
@@ -26,10 +26,12 @@
 
 </style>
 
+    <script type="text/javascript" 
src="http://static.fsf.org/nosvn/mwEmbed/mv_embed.js";></script>
+
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
 <h2 class="center">فراي الحرية &mdash; &rdquo;عيد ميلاد 
سعيد لغنو&ldquo;</h2>
 
-<p style="text-align: center;"><video 
src="http://ftp.gnu.org/video/Stephen_Fry-Happy_Birthday_GNU-hq_600px_780kbit.ogv";
 width="600" height="336" poster="http://ftp.gnu.org/video/fry720.jpg"; 
autoplay="true" controls="true"><a 
href="happy-birthday-to-gnu-download.html">نزّل الفيديو</a><img 
src="http://ftp.gnu.org/video/fry720.jpg"; alt="شغّل 
الفيديو"/></a></video></p>
+<p style="text-align: center; width: 600px; margin: 1em auto"><video 
src="http://ftp.gnu.org/video/Stephen_Fry-Happy_Birthday_GNU-hq_600px_780kbit.ogv";
 style="width: 600px; height: 336px" 
thumbnail="http://ftp.gnu.org/video/fry720.jpg"; controls></video></p>
 
 <p class="center">السيد <a href="http://www.stephenfry.com/";>ستيفن 
فراي</a> يعرّفك على
 البرمجيات الحرة، ويذكرك بعيد ميلاد مميز 
جدا.</p>
@@ -227,7 +229,7 @@
  <p><!-- timestamp start -->
 حُدّثت:
 
-$Date: 2009/10/29 08:25:33 $
+$Date: 2009/11/30 09:25:38 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.ar.html  12 Oct 2009 20:25:59 -0000      
1.10
+++ licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.ar.html  30 Nov 2009 09:25:46 -0000      
1.11
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@
 </p>
 
 <ul>
-  <li><a href="/licenses/old-licenses/library.html">رخصة غنو العم
ومية المكتبية
-الإصدار 2.0</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/licenses/old-licenses/lgpl-2.0.html">GNU LIbrary General Public
+License, version 2.0</a></li>
 </ul>
 
 <h4>الإصدارات القديمة لرخصة غنو للوثائق 
الحرّة</h4>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 حُدِّث في:
 
-$Date: 2009/10/12 20:25:59 $
+$Date: 2009/11/30 09:25:46 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.ca.html  9 Oct 2009 08:25:50 -0000       
1.5
+++ licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.ca.html  30 Nov 2009 09:25:46 -0000      
1.6
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@
 </p>
 
 <ul>
-  <li><a href="/licenses/old-licenses/library.html">Llicència Pública 
General de
-GNU per a Biblioteques, versió 2.0</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/licenses/old-licenses/lgpl-2.0.html">GNU LIbrary General Public
+License, version 2.0</a></li>
 </ul>
 
 <h4>Versions anteriors de la Llicència de Documentació Lliure de GNU</h4>
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Updated:
 
-$Date: 2009/10/09 08:25:50 $
+$Date: 2009/11/30 09:25:46 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/free-software-intro.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-software-intro.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- philosophy/free-software-intro.fr.html      29 Nov 2009 21:26:39 -0000      
1.12
+++ philosophy/free-software-intro.fr.html      30 Nov 2009 09:25:51 -0000      
1.13
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 Le fait qu'un programme soit libre dépend essentiellement de sa
 licence. Cependant, un programme peut-être non-libre car vous n'avez pas
 accès à son code source, ou car le matériel ne vous permet pas de mettre en
-œuvre une version modifié (ceci s'appelle «&nbsnp;Tivoïsation&nbsp;»).
+œuvre une version modifié (ceci s'appelle «&nbsp;Tivoïsation&nbsp;»).
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour&nbsp;:
 
-$Date: 2009/11/29 21:26:39 $
+$Date: 2009/11/30 09:25:51 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.fr.html        29 Nov 2009 21:26:39 
-0000      1.19
+++ philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.fr.html        30 Nov 2009 09:25:51 
-0000      1.20
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 La Cour Supr&ecirc;me a affirm&eacute; &agrave; maintes reprises que la
 promotion du progr&egrave;s signifie que les travaux couverts par le droit
 d'auteur b&eacute;n&eacute;ficient aux utilisateurs. Par exemple, dans
-<e>Fox Film contre Doyal</em>, la cour a statu&eacute;&nbsp;:</p>
+<em>Fox Film contre Doyal</em>, la cour a statu&eacute;&nbsp;:</p>
 <blockquote><p>
 Le seul int&eacute;r&ecirc;t des &Eacute;tats-Unis et l'objet premier de
 conf&eacute;rer le monopole [du droit d'auteur] reposent sur les
@@ -816,7 +816,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour&nbsp;:
 
-$Date: 2009/11/29 21:26:39 $
+$Date: 2009/11/30 09:25:51 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html  27 Oct 2009 08:26:12 -0000      1.12
+++ philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html  30 Nov 2009 09:25:52 -0000      1.13
@@ -12,59 +12,81 @@
 <p>par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
 
 <p>
-It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and
-trademarks&mdash;three separate and different entities involving three
-separate and different sets of laws&mdash;into one pot and call it
-&ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;.  The distorting and confusing term did
-not arise by accident.  Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it.
-The clearest way out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School, the
-widespread use of the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; is a fashion
-that followed the 1967 founding of the World &ldquo;Intellectual
-Property&rdquo; Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
-years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
-interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The term carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking about
-copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property rights for
-physical objects. (This analogy is at odds with the legal philosophies of
-copyright law, of patent law, and of trademark law, but only specialists
-know that.) These laws are in fact not much like physical property law, but
-use of this term leads legislators to change them to be more so.  Since that
-is the change desired by the companies that exercise copyright, patent and
-trademark powers, the bias introduced by the term &ldquo;intellectual
-property&rdquo; suits them.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The bias is reason enough to reject the term, and people have often asked me
-to propose some other name for the overall category&mdash;or have proposed
-their own alternatives (often humorous).  Suggestions include IMPs, for
-Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for Government-Originated Legally
-Enforced Monopolies.  Some speak of &ldquo;exclusive rights regimes&rdquo;,
-but referring to restrictions as &ldquo;rights&rdquo; is doublethink too.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a mistake
-to replace &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; with any other term.  A
-different name will not address the term's deeper problem:
-overgeneralization.  There is no such unified thing as &ldquo;intellectual
-property&rdquo;&mdash;it is a mirage.  The only reason people think it makes
-sense as a coherent category is that widespread use of the term has misled
-them.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; is at best a catch-all to lump
-together disparate laws.  Nonlawyers who hear one term applied to these
-various laws tend to assume they are based on a common principle and
-function similarly.
+C'est devenu &agrave; la mode de d&eacute;crire le copyright, les brevets,
+et les marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es comme
+&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;. Cette mode
+n'est pas apparue par accident &mdash; le terme d&eacute;forme et rend
+confus syst&eacute;matiquement ces probl&egrave;mes, et son utilisation a
+&eacute;t&eacute; et est soutenue par ceux qui profitent de cette
+confusion. Quiconque souhaite r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir clairement &agrave;
+une quelconque de ces lois ferait bien de rejeter le terme.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Selon le Professeur Mark Lemley, exer&ccedil;ant actuellement &agrave; la
+Stanford Law School, l'utilisation tr&egrave;s r&eacute;pandue du terme
+&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; est une
+mode suivie depuis la cr&eacute;ation en 1967 de l'Organisation mondiale de
+la &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;, et est
+devenue r&eacute;ellement courante depuis ces derni&egrave;res
+ann&eacute;es. (L'OMPI est formellement une organisation des Nations Unies,
+mais elle repr&eacute;sente en faitles int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts des
+d&eacute;tenteurs de copyrights, de brevets et de marques
+d&eacute;pos&eacute;es).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Un effet du terme est la distorsion qui n'est pas difficile de voir&nbsp;:
+il sugg&egrave;re de penser au copyright, aux brevets et aux marques
+d&eacute;pos&eacute;es par analogie avec les droits de
+propri&eacute;t&eacute; pour les objets physiques. (Cette analogie est
+&agrave; l'oppos&eacute; des doctrines de droit de la loi sur le copyright,
+de la loi sur les brevets, et de la loi sur les marques
+d&eacute;pos&eacute;es, mais seuls les sp&eacute;cialistes le savent). Ces
+lois sont en fait peu semblables &agrave; la loi sur la
+propri&eacute;t&eacute; physique, mais l'utilisation de ce terme conduit les
+l&eacute;gislateurs &agrave; les changer pour qu'elles en soient plus
+proches. Puisque c'est le changement voulu par les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s
+qui se servent des pouvoirs du copyright, des brevets et des marques
+d&eacute;pos&eacute;es, ces soci&eacute;t&eacute;s ont &oelig;uvr&eacute;
+pour mettre ce terme &agrave; la mode.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ceux qui pr&eacute;f&eacute;reraient juger ces probl&egrave;mes sur leurs
+m&eacute;rites devraient rejeter un terme biais&eacute; pour en
+parler. Beaucoup m'ont demand&eacute; de proposer un autre nom pour la
+cat&eacute;gorie &mdash; ou m'ont propos&eacute; des alternatives
+eux-m&ecirc;mes. Ces suggestions incluent IMP pour &laquo;&nbsp;Imposed
+Monopoly Privileges&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;Privil&egrave;ges de
+monopoles impos&eacute;s&nbsp;&raquo;), et GOLEM, pour
+&laquo;&nbsp;Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies&nbsp;&raquo;
+(&laquo;&nbsp;Monopoles d'origine gouvernementale mis en application
+l&eacute;galement&nbsp;&raquo;). Certains parlent de
+&laquo;&nbsp;r&eacute;gimes de droits exclusifs&nbsp;&raquo;, mais assimiler
+des restrictions &agrave; des &laquo;&nbsp;droits&nbsp;&raquo; est
+biais&eacute; aussi.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Certaines de ces substitutions seraient une amélioration, mais c'est une
+erreur de remplacer &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute;
+intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; par un autre terme. Un nom diff&eacute;rent ne
+r&egrave;glerait pas le probl&egrave;me plus profond de ce terme&nbsp;: la
+banalisation. Il n'existe pas de chose unifi&eacute;e telle que la
+&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;. C'est un
+mirage, qui semble avoir une existence coh&eacute;rente seulement parce que
+le terme le sugg&egrave;re.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Le terme &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;
+est un terme fourre-tout pour m&ecirc;ler des lois disparates. Les
+n&eacute;ophytes en droit qui entendent le terme
+&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;
+appliqu&eacute; &agrave; diverses lois, tendent &agrave; croire qu'il y a
+plusieurs variations d'un principe commun, et qu'elles fonctionnent de
+mani&egrave;re similaire.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -76,89 +98,116 @@
 </p>
 
 <p>
-Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the
-details of expression of a work.  Patent law was intended to promote the
-publication of useful ideas, at the price of giving the one who publishes an
-idea a temporary monopoly over it&mdash;a price that may be worth paying in
-some fields and not in others.
+La loi sur le copyright a &eacute;t&eacute; con&ccedil;ue pour promouvoir
+les &oelig;uvres litt&eacute;raires et l'art, et couvre les d&eacute;tails
+d'une &oelig;uvre litt&eacute;raire ou artistique. La loi sur les brevets a
+&eacute;t&eacute; con&ccedil;ue pour encourager la publication
+d'id&eacute;es, au prix d'un monopole limit&eacute; sur ces id&eacute;es
+&mdash; un prix n&eacute;cessaire dans certains domaines et pas dans
+d'autres.
 </p>
 
 <p>
-Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular way
-of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.
-Legislators under the influence of the term &ldquo;intellectual
-property&rdquo;, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
-incentives for advertising.
+La loi sur les marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es n'&eacute;tait pas
+destin&eacute;e &agrave; promouvoir une quelconque activit&eacute;
+commerciale, mais seulement pour permettre aux acheteurs de savoir ce qu'ils
+ach&egrave;tent; cependant, les l&eacute;gislateurs sous l'influence de la
+&laquo;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&raquo;, l'ont modifi&eacute;e
+en un sch&eacute;ma qui fournit des incitations &agrave; faire de la
+publicit&eacute;.
 </p>
 
 <p>
-Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every
-detail, as well as in their basic purposes and methods.  Thus, if you learn
-some fact about copyright law, you'd be wise to assume that patent law is
-different.  You'll rarely go wrong!
+Puisque ces lois ont &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es
+ind&eacute;pendamment l'une de l'autre, elles sont diff&eacute;rentes dans
+chaque d&eacute;tail, comme dans leurs propos ou leurs m&eacute;thodes de
+base. Par cons&eacute;quent, si vous apprenez quelque chose sur la loi sur
+le copyright, vous feriez mieux de supposer que la loi sur les brevets est
+diff&eacute;rente. Vous vous tromperez rarement de cette fa&ccedil;on.
 </p>
 
 <p>
-People often say &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; when they really mean
-some larger or smaller category.  For instance, rich countries often impose
-unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of them.  Some of these
-laws are &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; laws, and others are not;
-nonetheless, critics of the practice often grab for that label because it
-has become familiar to them.  By using it, they misrepresent the nature of
-the issue.  It would be better to use an accurate term, such as
-&ldquo;legislative colonization&rdquo;, that gets to the heart of the
-matter.
+Les gens disent souvent &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute;
+intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; quand ils veulent vraiment qualifier une autre
+cat&eacute;gorie, plus &eacute;tendue ou plus restreinte que la
+&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;. Par
+exemple, les pays riches imposent souvent des lois injustes aux pays pauvres
+pour leur extorquer de l'argent. Certaines sont souvent des lois sur la
+&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;, mais pas
+toutes&nbsp;; n&eacute;anmoins, les gens utilisent souvent ce terme car il
+leur est devenu familier, et travestit la nature du probl&egrave;me. Il
+serait bien mieux d'utiliser un terme comme &laquo;&nbsp;colonisation
+l&eacute;gislative&nbsp;&raquo; qui est au c&oelig;ur du sujet et
+&eacute;vite la d&eacute;naturation de son &eacute;tendue.
 </p>
 
 <p>
-Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term.  Even law professors
-who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the seductiveness of the
-term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;, and make general statements that
-conflict with facts they know.  For example, one professor wrote in 2006:
+Les hommes de loi ne sont pas les seuls &agrave; se m&eacute;prendre sur ce
+terme. M&ecirc;me les professeurs de droit qui enseignent ces lois sont
+leurr&eacute;s par le terme de &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute;
+intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; dans des d&eacute;clarations
+g&eacute;n&eacute;rales qui sont en contradiction avec les faits qu'ils
+connaissent. Le terme les distrait d'utiliser leurs connaissances. Par
+exemple, un professeur a &eacute;crit en 2006&nbsp;:
 </p>
 
 <blockquote><p>
-Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers of the
-US constitution had a principled, pro-competitive attitude to intellectual
-property.  They knew rights might be necessary, but&hellip;they tied
-congress's hands, restricting its power in multiple ways.
+&laquo;&nbsp;Contrairement &agrave; leur descendants qui travaillent
+&agrave; l'<abbr title="Organisation mondiale de la propri&eacute;t&eacute;
+intellectuelle">OMPI</abbr>, les fondateurs de la Constitution
+am&eacute;ricaine avaient une attitude de principe pro-concurrentielle vis
+&agrave; vis de la propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle. Il savaient que
+des droits seraient peut-&ecirc;tre n&eacute;cessaires mais&hellip; ils ont
+li&eacute; les mains du Congr&egrave;s, en restreignant son pouvoir de
+diverses mani&egrave;res&nbsp;&raquo;.
 </p></blockquote>
 
 <p>
-That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
-Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law.  That clause,
-though, has nothing to do with trademark law.  The term &ldquo;intellectual
-property&rdquo; led that professor to make false generalization.
+Cette affirmation se ref&egrave;re &agrave; l'article 1 clause 8 de la
+Constitution am&egrave;ricaine qui autorise des lois sur les droits
+d'auteurs et des lois sur les brevets, mais cet article n'a rien &agrave;
+voir avec les lois sur les marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es. Le terme
+&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; a conduit
+ce professeur &agrave; une fausse g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation.
 </p>
 
 <p>
-The term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; also leads to simplistic
-thinking.  It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form that
-these disparate laws have&mdash;that they create artificial privileges for
-certain parties&mdash;and to disregard the details which form their
-substance: the specific restrictions each law places on the public, and the
-consequences that result.  This simplistic focus on the form encourages an
-&ldquo;economistic&rdquo; approach to all these issues.
+Le terme &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;
+conduit &eacute;galement &agrave; une r&eacute;flexion simpliste. Il
+am&egrave;ne les gens &agrave; se concentrer sur la portion congrue de ces
+lois disparates, qui est qu'elles ont cr&eacute;&eacute; des
+privil&egrave;ges artificiels pour certaines parties, et &agrave; ignorer
+leur contenu &mdash; les restrictions sp&eacute;cifiques que chacune d'elles
+exercent sur le public, et les cons&eacute;quences qui en
+r&eacute;sultent. Ceci encourage une approche
+&laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;conomistique&nbsp;&raquo; de tous ces probl&egrave;mes.
 </p>
 
 <p>
-Economics operates here, as it often does, as a vehicle for unexamined
-assumptions.  These include assumptions about values, such as that amount of
-production matters while freedom and way of life do not, and factual
-assumptions which are mostly false, such as that copyrights on music
-supports musicians, or that patents on drugs support life-saving research.
+L'&eacute;conomie, comme souvent, op&egrave;re comme un v&eacute;hicule pour
+des valeurs non examin&eacute;es, comme par exemple, la quantit&eacute; de
+production importe, alors que la libert&eacute; et le mode de vie non, et
+des postulats qui ne sont que tr&egrave;s superficiellement vrais, comme par
+exemple, que le droit d'auteur aide les musiciens, ou que les brevets sur
+les m&eacute;dicaments aident la recherche &agrave; sauver des vies.
 </p>
 
 <p>
-Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term
-&ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;, the specific issues raised by the
-various laws become nearly invisible.  These issues arise from the specifics
-of each law&mdash;precisely what the term &ldquo;intellectual
-property&rdquo; encourages people to ignore.  For instance, one issue
-relating to copyright law is whether music sharing should be allowed; patent
-law has nothing to do with this.  Patent law raises issues such as whether
-poor countries should be allowed to produce life-saving drugs and sell them
-cheaply to save lives; copyright law has nothing to do with such matters.
+Pour celui qui a une vue g&eacute;n&eacute;rique, les probl&egrave;mes
+sp&eacute;cifiques de la politique publique soulev&eacute;s par la loi sur
+le droit d'auteur, et les probl&egrave;mes, diff&eacute;rents,
+soulev&eacute;s par la loi sur les brevets ou toute autre loi, sont presque
+invisibles. Ces probl&egrave;mes proviennent des sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s
+de chaque loi &mdash; pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment ce que le terme
+&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; encourage
+les gens &agrave; ignorer. Par exemple, un probl&egrave;me relatif &agrave;
+la loi sur le droit d'auteur est de savoir si le partage de la musique
+devrait &ecirc;tre autoris&eacute;. La loi sur les brevets n'a rien &agrave;
+voir avec ceci.Mais la loi sur les brevets soul&egrave;ve le probl&egrave;me
+de savoir si les pays pauvres devraient &ecirc;tre autoris&eacute;s &agrave;
+produire des m&eacute;dicament qui sauvent des vies et les vendre bon
+march&eacute; pour sauver des vies. La loi sur le droit d'auteur n'a rien
+&agrave; voir avec cela.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -173,20 +222,24 @@
 </p>
 
 <p>
-Thus, any opinions about &ldquo;the issue of intellectual property&rdquo;
-and any generalizations about this supposed category are almost surely
-foolish.  If you think all those laws are one issue, you will tend to choose
-your opinions from a selection of sweeping overgeneralizations, none of
-which is any good.
+Par cons&eacute;quent, toute opinion &agrave; propos de &laquo;&nbsp;la
+question de propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; est presque
+s&ucirc;rement absurde. Si vous pensez que toutes ces lois ne sont qu'un
+même probl&egrave;me, vous aurez tendance &agrave; choisir vos opinions
+&agrave; partir d'une s&eacute;lection de g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisations,
+dont aucune d'elles n'est bonne.
 </p>
 
 <p>
-If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or
-copyrights, or trademarks, the first step is to forget the idea of lumping
-them together, and treat them as separate topics.  The second step is to
-reject the narrow perspectives and simplistic picture the term
-&ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; suggests.  Consider each of these issues
-separately, in its fullness, and you have a chance of considering them well.
+Si vous voulez r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir clairement au sujet des
+probl&egrave;mes soulev&eacute;s par les brevets, les copyrights ou les
+marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es, ou m&ecirc;me apprendre ce que ces lois
+disent, la premi&egrave;re &eacute;tape est d'oublier l'id&eacute;e de les
+mettre toutes dans le m&ecirc;me panier, et de les traiter comme des sujets
+s&eacute;par&eacute;s. Si vous voulez &eacute;crire des articles qui
+informent le public et encourage &agrave; r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir
+clairement, traiter chacune de ces lois s&eacute;par&eacute;ment; ne
+sugg&eacute;rez pas de g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation &agrave; leur propos.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -236,7 +289,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour&nbsp;:
 
-$Date: 2009/10/27 08:26:12 $
+$Date: 2009/11/30 09:25:52 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html
===================================================================
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retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html     14 Nov 2009 09:26:18 
-0000      1.15
+++ philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html     30 Nov 2009 09:25:52 
-0000      1.16
@@ -3,11 +3,13 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
 
 <!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software - GNU Project - Free
+<title>Pourquoi l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; passe &agrave; 
cot&eacute;
+du probl&egrave;me que soul&egrave;ve le logiciel libre - GNU Project - Free
 Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software</h2>
+<h2>Pourquoi l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; passe &agrave; cot&eacute;
+du probl&egrave;me que soul&egrave;ve le logiciel libre</h2>
 
 <p>par <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
 
@@ -21,154 +23,200 @@
 &agrave; &laquo;&nbsp;bi&egrave;re gratuite&nbsp;&raquo;<sup><a
 href="#TransNote2"></a></sup>.</p>
 
-<p>These freedoms are vitally important.  They are essential, not just for the
-individual users' sake, but for society as a whole because they promote
-social solidarity&mdash;that is, sharing and cooperation.  They become even
-more important as our culture and life activities are increasingly
-digitized.  In a world of digital sounds, images, and words, free software
-becomes increasingly essential for freedom in general.</p>
-
-<p>Tens of millions of people around the world now use free software; the
-schools of regions of India and Spain now teach all students to use the free
-<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux operating system</a>.  Most of
-these users, however, have never heard of the ethical reasons for which we
-developed this system and built the free software community, because
-nowadays this system and community are more often spoken of as &ldquo;open
-source,&rdquo;, attributing them to a different philosophy in which these
-freedoms are hardly mentioned.</p>
-
-<p>The free software movement has campaigned for computer users' freedom since
-1983.  In 1984 we launched the development of the free operating system GNU,
-so that we could avoid the nonfree operating systems that deny freedom to
-their users.  During the 1980s, we developed most of the essential
-components of the system and designed the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU
-General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) to release them under&mdash;a license
-designed specifically to protect freedom for all users of a program.</p>
-
-<p>Not all of the users and developers of free software agreed with the goals
-of the free software movement.  In 1998, a part of the free software
-community splintered off and began campaigning in the name of &ldquo;open
-source.&rdquo; The term was originally proposed to avoid a possible
-misunderstanding of the term &ldquo;free software,&rdquo; but it soon became
-associated with philosophical views quite different from those of the free
-software movement.</p>
-
-<p>Some of the supporters of open source considered the term a &ldquo;marketing
-campaign for free software,&rdquo; which would appeal to business executives
-by highlighting the software's practical benefits, while not raising issues
-of right and wrong that they might not like to hear.  Other supporters
-flatly rejected the free software movement's ethical and social values.
-Whichever their views, when campaigning for open source, they neither cited
-nor advocated those values.  The term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; quickly
-became associated with ideas and arguments based only on practical values,
-such as making or having powerful, reliable software.  Most of the
-supporters of open source have come to it since then, and they make the same
-association.</p>
-
-<p>Nearly all open source software is free software.  The two terms describe
-almost the same category of software, but they stand for views based on
-fundamentally different values.  Open source is a development methodology;
-free software is a social movement.  For the free software movement, free
-software is an ethical imperative, because only free software respects the
-users' freedom.  By contrast, the philosophy of open source considers issues
-in terms of how to make software &ldquo;better&rdquo;&mdash;in a practical
-sense only.  It says that nonfree software is an inferior solution to the
-practical problem at hand.  For the free software movement, however, nonfree
-software is a social problem, and the solution is to stop using it and move
-to free software.</p>
-
-<p>&ldquo;Free software.&rdquo; &ldquo;Open source.&rdquo; If it's the same
-software, does it matter which name you use? Yes, because different words
-convey different ideas.  While a free program by any other name would give
-you the same freedom today, establishing freedom in a lasting way depends
-above all on teaching people to value freedom.  If you want to help do this,
-it is essential to speak of &ldquo;free software.&rdquo;</p>
-
-<p>We in the free software movement don't think of the open source camp as an
-enemy; the enemy is proprietary (nonfree) software.  But we want people to
-know we stand for freedom, so we do not accept being mislabeled as open
-source supporters.</p>
-
-<h3>Common Misunderstandings of &ldquo;Free Software&rdquo; and &ldquo;Open
-Source&rdquo;</h3>
-
-<p>The term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; is prone to misinterpretation: an
-unintended meaning, &ldquo;software you can get for zero price,&rdquo; fits
-the term just as well as the intended meaning, &ldquo;software which gives
-the user certain freedoms.&rdquo; We address this problem by publishing the
-definition of free software, and by saying &ldquo;Think of &lsquo;free
-speech,&rsquo; not &lsquo;free beer.&rsquo;&rdquo; This is not a perfect
-solution; it cannot completely eliminate the problem.  An unambiguous and
-correct term would be better, if it didn't present other problems.</p>
-
-<p>Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of their own.
-We've looked at many that people have suggested, but none is so clearly
-&ldquo;right&rdquo; that switching to it would be a good idea.  (For
-instance, in some contexts the French and Spanish word &ldquo;libre&rdquo;
-works well, but people in India do not recognize it at all.)  Every proposed
-replacement for &ldquo;free software&rdquo; has some kind of semantic
-problem&mdash;and this includes &ldquo;open source software.&rdquo;</p>
-
-<p>The <a href="http://opensource.org/docs/osd";>official definition of
-&ldquo;open source software&rdquo;</a> (which is published by the Open
-Source Initiative and is too long to include here) was derived indirectly
-from our criteria for free software.  It is not the same; it is a little
-looser in some respects, so open source supporters have accepted a few
-licenses that we consider unacceptably restrictive of the users.
-Nonetheless, it is fairly close to our definition in practice.</p>
-
-<p>However, the obvious meaning for the expression &ldquo;open source
-software&rdquo;&mdash;and the one most people seem to think it
-means&mdash;is &ldquo;You can look at the source code.&rdquo; That criterion
-is much weaker than the free software definition, much weaker also than the
-official definition of open source.  It includes many programs that are
-neither free nor open source.</p>
+<p>Ces libert&eacute;s sont d'une importance vitale. Elles sont essentielles,
+pas juste pour les enjeux individuels des utilisateurs, mais parce qu'elles
+promeuvent la solidarit&eacute; sociale, que sont le partage et la
+coop&eacute;ration. Elles deviennent encore plus importantes &agrave; mesure
+que de plus en plus notre culture et les activit&eacute;s quotidiennes sont
+num&eacute;ris&eacute;s. Dans un monde de sons, d'images et de mots
+num&eacute;riques, le logiciel libre devient de plus en plus
+n&eacute;cessaire pour la libert&eacute; en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral.</p>
+
+<p>Des dizaines de millions de personnes &agrave; travers le monde utilisent
+maintenant le logiciel libre&nbsp;; les &eacute;coles des r&eacute;gions de
+l'Inde et de l'Espagne enseignent maintenant &agrave; tous les
+&eacute;tudiants &agrave; utiliser le <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html">syst&egrave;me d'exploitation libre
+GNU/Linux</a>. Mais la plupart des utilisateurs n'ont jamais entendu parler
+des raisons &eacute;thiques pour lesquelles nous avons
+d&eacute;velopp&eacute; ce syst&egrave;me et b&acirc;ti la communaut&eacute;
+du logiciel libre, parce qu'aujourd'hui ce syst&egrave;me et la
+communaut&eacute; sont plus souvent d&eacute;crits comme &laquo;&nbsp;open
+source&nbsp;&raquo;<sup><a href="#TransNote3">3</a></sup> et
+attribu&eacute;s &agrave; une philosophie diff&eacute;rente dans laquelle
+ces libert&eacute;s sont &agrave; peine mentionn&eacute;es.</p>
+
+<p>Le mouvement du logiciel libre a fait campagne pour la libert&eacute; des
+utilisateurs d'ordinateur depuis 1983. En 1984 nous avons lanc&eacute; le
+d&eacute;veloppement du syst&egrave;me d'exploitation libre GNU, pour
+pouvoir ainsi &eacute;viter d'utiliser un syst&egrave;me qui refuse la
+libert&eacute; &agrave; ses utilisateurs. Durant les ann&eacute;es 80, nous
+avons d&eacute;velopp&eacute; la majeure partie des composants essentiels
+d'un tel syst&egrave;me, tout autant que la <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU
+General Public License</a>, une licence con&ccedil;ue sp&eacute;cifiquement
+pour prot&eacute;ger la libert&eacute; pour tous les utilisateurs d'un
+programme.</p>
+
+<p>Cependant, tous les utilisateurs et les d&eacute;veloppeurs de logiciel
+libre n'&eacute;taient pas en accord avec les buts du mouvement du logiciel
+libre. En 1998, une partie de la communaut&eacute; du logiciel libre s'est
+mise &agrave; part et a commenc&eacute; &agrave; faire campagne au nom de
+l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo;. Le terme fut originellement
+propos&eacute; pour &eacute;viter une possible incompr&eacute;hension du
+terme &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo; (ndt&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;free
+software&nbsp;&raquo;) mais il fut bient&ocirc;t associ&eacute; avec des
+points de vue philosophique compl&egrave;tement diff&eacute;rents de ceux du
+mouvement du logiciel libre.</p>
+
+<p>Certains des partisans de l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo;
+consid&eacute;raient cela comme &laquo;&nbsp;une campagne marketing pour le
+logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo; qui plairait aux cadres des entreprises en
+citant les avantages pratiques, tout en &eacute;vitant les id&eacute;es de
+bien ou de mal qu'ils pourraient ne pas aimer entendre. D'autres partisans
+rejet&egrave;rent cat&eacute;goriquement les valeurs morales et sociales du
+mouvement du logiciel libre. Quel que fut leur point de vue, pendant leur
+campagne sur l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; ils ne
+mentionn&egrave;rent ou ne pr&eacute;conis&egrave;rent pas ces valeurs. Le
+terme &laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; devint rapidement associ&eacute;
+avec la pratique de ne citer que les valeurs pratiques, tel que faire des
+logiciels puissants et fiables. La plupart des d&eacute;fenseurs de
+l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; se sont ralli&eacute;s &agrave;
+celui-ci depuis, et cette pratique est celle dont ils se servent.</p>
+
+<p>Pratiquement tous les logiciels &laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; sont
+des logiciels libres&nbsp;; les deux termes d&eacute;crivent pratiquement la
+m&ecirc;me cat&eacute;gorie de logiciel. Mais ils repr&eacute;sentent des
+vues bas&eacute;es sur des valeurs fondamentalement
+diff&eacute;rentes. L'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; est une
+m&eacute;thodologie de d&eacute;veloppement&nbsp;; le logiciel libre est un
+mouvement social. Pour le mouvement du logiciel libre, le logiciel libre est
+un imp&eacute;ratif &eacute;thique, parce que seul le logiciel libre
+respecte la libert&eacute; de l'utilisateur. En revanche, la philosophie de
+l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; consid&egrave;re uniquement les
+questions pratiques en termes de performance. Cela signifie que les
+logiciels non-libres sont des solutions sous-optimales. Pour le mouvement du
+logiciel libre cependant, les logiciels non-libres sont un probl&egrave;me
+social et migrer vers les logiciels libres est une solution.</p>
+
+<p>&laquo;&nbsp;Logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo;. &laquo;&nbsp;Open
+source&nbsp;&raquo;. Si ce sont les m&ecirc;mes logiciels, le nom
+utilis&eacute; pour les qualifier est-il important&nbsp;? Oui, parce que des
+mots diff&eacute;rents v&eacute;hiculent des id&eacute;es
+diff&eacute;rentes. Bien qu'un programme libre avec n'importe quel autre nom
+vous donnerait la m&ecirc;me libert&eacute; aujourd'hui,
+l'&eacute;tablissement de la libert&eacute; de mani&egrave;re durable
+d&eacute;pend par dessus tout de l'enseignement de la valeur de  la
+libert&eacute;. Si vous voulez aider &agrave; faire cela, il est essentiel
+de parler de &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo;.</p>
+
+<p>Nous, dans le mouvement du logiciel libre, nous ne consid&eacute;rons pas le
+mouvement &laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; comme un ennemi&nbsp;;
+l'ennemi est le logiciel propri&eacute;taire. Mais nous voulons que les gens
+sachent que nous repr&eacute;sentons la libert&eacute;, alors nous
+n'acceptons pas d'&ecirc;tre incorrectement assimil&eacute;s aux
+d&eacute;fenseurs de l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo;.</p>
+
+<h3>Malentendus courants sur le &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo; et
+l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo;<sup><a
+href="#TransNote4">4</a></sup></h3>
+
+<p>Le terme de &laquo;&nbsp;free sofware&nbsp;&raquo; souffre d'un
+probl&egrave;me de mauvaise interpr&eacute;tation&nbsp;: une signification
+fortuite, &laquo;&nbsp;un logiciel que vous pouvez avoir
+gratuitement&nbsp;&raquo; correspond au terme aussi bien que la
+signification voulue, &laquo;&nbsp;un logiciel qui donne certaines
+libert&eacute;s &agrave; l'utilisateur&nbsp;&raquo;. Nous traitons ce
+probl&egrave;me en publiant la d&eacute;finition de logiciel libre, et en
+disant &laquo;&nbsp;Pensez &agrave; la libert&eacute; d'expression, pas
+&agrave; la bi&egrave;re gratuite&nbsp;&raquo;<sup><a
+href="#TransNote5">5</a></sup>. Ce n'est pas une solution parfaite, cela ne
+peut pas compl&egrave;tement &eacute;liminer le probl&egrave;me. Un terme
+correct non ambigu serait meilleur, s'il n'avait pas d'autres
+probl&egrave;mes.</p>
+
+<p>Malheureusement, toutes les alternatives en anglais ont leurs propres
+probl&egrave;mes. Nous avons &eacute;tudi&eacute; de nombreuses alternatives
+que les gens nous ont propos&eacute;es, mais aucune n'est aussi clairement
+&laquo;&nbsp;juste&nbsp;&raquo; pour que changer soit une bonne
+id&eacute;e. (Par exemple, dans certains contextes, le mot français/espagnol
+«&nbsp;libre&nbsp;» peut être utilisé, mais les gens en Inde ne
+reconnaissent pas le mot du tout). Tous les remplacements
+sugg&eacute;r&eacute;s pour &laquo;&nbsp;free software&nbsp;&raquo; ont des
+probl&egrave;mes de s&eacute;mantique, ce qui inclut &laquo;&nbsp;open
+source software&nbsp;&raquo;.</p>
+
+<p>La <a href="http://opensource.org/docs/osd";>d&eacute;finition officielle
+d'un &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel open source&nbsp;&raquo;</a> (qui est
+publi&eacute;e par l'Open Source Initiative est trop longue pour &ecirc;tre
+cit&eacute;e ici) &eacute;tait indirectement d&eacute;riv&eacute;e de nos
+crit&egrave;res pour le logiciel libre. Ce n'est pas la m&ecirc;me&nbsp;:
+elle est un peu plus laxiste &agrave; quelques &eacute;gards, en
+cons&eacute;quence de quoi les d&eacute;fenseurs de l'open source ont
+accept&eacute; quelques licences que nous consid&eacute;rons inadmissibles
+par les restrictions qu'elles imposent aux utilisateurs. N&eacute;ammoins,
+elle est assez pr&egrave;s de notre d&eacute;finition dans la pratique.</p>
+
+<p>Cependant, la signification &eacute;vidente de &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel open
+source&nbsp;&raquo; est &laquo;&nbsp;Vous pouvez regardez le code
+source&nbsp;&raquo; et la plupart des gens semble penser que c'est ce que
+cela signifie. C'est un crit&egrave;re beaucoup plus faible que celui du
+logiciel libre, et beaucoup plus faible que la d&eacute;finition officielle
+de l'open source. Elle inclut beaucoup de programmes qui ne sont ni libres,
+ni open source.</p>
 
 <p><!-- It was from http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf, but
 that page is no longer available. -->
-Since that obvious meaning for &ldquo;open source&rdquo; is not the meaning
-that its advocates intend, the result is that most people misunderstand the
-term.  According to writer Neal Stephenson, &ldquo;Linux is &lsquo;open
-source&rsquo; software meaning, simply, that anyone can get copies of its
-source code files.&rdquo; I don't think he deliberately sought to reject or
-dispute the &ldquo;official&rdquo; definition.  I think he simply applied
-the conventions of the English language to come up with a meaning for the
-term.  The state of Kansas published a similar definition: &ldquo;Make use
-of open-source software (OSS).  OSS is software for which the source code is
-freely and publicly available, though the specific licensing agreements vary
-as to what one is allowed to do with that code.&rdquo;</p>
-
-<p>The <i>New York Times</i> has <a
-href="http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html";>
-run an article that stretches the meaning of the term</a> to refer to user
-beta testing&mdash;letting a few users try an early version and give
-confidential feedback&mdash;which proprietary software developers have
-practiced for decades.</p>
-
-<p>Open source supporters try to deal with this by pointing to their official
-definition, but that corrective approach is less effective for them than it
-is for us.  The term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; has two natural meanings,
-one of which is the intended meaning, so a person who has grasped the idea
-of &ldquo;free speech, not free beer&rdquo; will not get it wrong again.
-But the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; has only one natural meaning, which
-is different from the meaning its supporters intend.  So there is no
-succinct way to explain and justify its official definition.  That makes for
-worse confusion.</p>
-
-<p>Another misunderstanding of &ldquo;open source&rdquo; is the idea that it
-means &ldquo;not using the GNU GPL.&rdquo; This tends to accompany another
-misunderstanding that &ldquo;free software&rdquo; means &ldquo;GPL-covered
-software.&rdquo; These are equally mistaken, since the GNU GPL is accepted
-as an open source license and most of the open source licenses qualify as
-free software licenses.</p>
-
-<h3>Different Values Can Lead to Similar Conclusions&hellip;but Not Always</h3>
-
-<p>Radical groups in the 1960s had a reputation for factionalism: some
-organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy, and the
-two daughter groups treated each other as enemies despite having similar
-basic goals and values.  The right wing made much of this and used it to
-criticize the entire left.</p>
+Puisque la signification évidente pour «&nbsp;open source&nbsp;» n'est pas
+la signification que ses défenseurs entendent, le résultat est que la
+plupart des gens se comprennent mal le terme. Selon Neal Stephenson,
+«&nbsp;Linux est un logiciel «&nbsp;open source&nbsp;» signifie, simplement,
+que quiconque peut obtenir des copies de son code source&nbsp;». Je ne pense
+pas qu'il ait délibérément cherché à rejeter ou à remettre en cause la
+définition «&nbsp;officielle&nbsp;». Je pense qu'il a simplement appliqué
+les conventions de la langue anglaise pour en arriver à une signification
+pour ce terme. L'état du Kansas a publié une définition similaire&nbsp;:
+«&nbsp;Utiliser des logiciels open source (OSS). Les logiciels open source
+sont des logiciels pour lesquels le code est librement et publiquement
+disponible, bien que les accords de licence spécifiques varient sur ce que
+l'on peut faire avec ce code&nbsp;».</p>
+
+<p>Le New York Times a <a
+href="http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html";>étendu
+le terme</a> pour référer aux bêta tests d'utilisateur &mdash;&nbsp;laisser
+quelques utilisateurs essayer une pré-version et donner un retour
+confidentiel&nbsp;&mdash; ce que les développeurs de logiciels propriétaires
+pratiquent depuis des décennies.</p>
+
+<p>Les supporters de l'open source essaient de traiter ceci en renvoyant
+&agrave; leur d&eacute;finition officielle, mais cette approche corrective
+est moins efficace pour eux qu'elle ne l'est pour nous. Le terme
+&laquo;&nbsp;free software&nbsp;&raquo; a deux significations naturelles,
+l'une d'entre elle est la signification escompt&eacute;e, ainsi une personne
+qui aura saisi l'id&eacute;e de &laquo;&nbsp;free speech, not free
+beer&nbsp;&raquo; ne pourra plus d&egrave;s lors se tromper sur son
+sens. Ainsi il n'y a aucune mani&egrave;re succincte d'expliquer et de
+justifier la d&eacute;finition officielle d'&laquo;&nbsp;open
+source&nbsp;&raquo;. Cela rend encore pire la confusion.</p>
+
+<p>Un autre malentendu de l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo;, est
+l'id&eacute;e que cela signifie &laquo;&nbsp;ne pas utiliser la GNU
+GPL&nbsp;&raquo;. Cela tend &agrave; accompagner le malentendu de
+&laquo;&nbsp;logiciel libre&rdquo; &eacute;gale &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel
+couvert par la GPL&nbsp;&raquo;. Ce sont deux erreurs, puisque la GNU GPL
+est consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme une licence open source, et la plupart
+des licences open source sont consid&eacute;r&eacute;es comme des licences
+de logiciels libres.</p>
+
+<h3>Des valeurs diff&eacute;rentes peuvent amener &agrave; des conclusions
+similaires&hellip; mais pas toujours</h3>
+
+<p>Les groupes radicaux dans les ann&eacute;es 60 avaient une r&eacute;putation
+pour le sectarisme&nbsp;: quelques organismes se sont scind&eacute;s en deux
+en raison des d&eacute;saccords sur des d&eacute;tails de strat&eacute;gie
+et les deux groupes r&eacute;sultants se sont trait&eacute;s l'un l'autre
+comme des ennemis en d&eacute;pit du fait qu'ils aient les m&ecirc;mes buts
+et des valeurs de base semblables. La droite a fait grand cas de ceci et a
+utilis&eacute; cela pour critiquer la gauche toute enti&egrave;re.</p>
 
 <p>Certains essaient de d&eacute;pr&eacute;cier le mouvement du logiciel libre
 en comparant notre d&eacute;saccord avec l'open source avec les
@@ -178,19 +226,23 @@
 n&ocirc;tres m&egrave;nent dans beaucoup de cas au m&ecirc;me comportement
 pratique, comme d&eacute;velopper du logiciel libre.</p>
 
-<p>As a result, people from the free software movement and the open source camp
-often work together on practical projects such as software development.  It
-is remarkable that such different philosophical views can so often motivate
-different people to participate in the same projects.  Nonetheless, there
-are situations where these fundamentally different views lead to very
-different actions.</p>
-
-<p>The idea of open source is that allowing users to change and redistribute
-the software will make it more powerful and reliable.  But this is not
-guaranteed.  Developers of proprietary software are not necessarily
-incompetent.  Sometimes they produce a program that is powerful and
-reliable, even though it does not respect the users' freedom.  Free software
-activists and open source enthusiasts will react very differently to that.</p>
+<p>En cons&eacute;quence, les gens du mouvement du logiciel libre et du camp de
+l'open source travaillent souvent ensemble sur des projets pratiques tels
+que le d&eacute;veloppement de logiciel. Il est remarquable que de telles
+diff&eacute;rences de point de vue philosophiques puissent tellement souvent
+motiver des personnes diff&eacute;rentes &agrave; participer aux m&ecirc;mes
+projets. N&eacute;anmoins, ces vues sont tr&egrave;s diff&eacute;rentes et
+il y a des situations o&ugrave; elles m&egrave;nent &agrave; des actions
+tr&egrave;s diff&eacute;rentes.</p>
+
+<p>L'id&eacute;e de l'open source c'est que permettre aux utilisateurs de
+modifier et redistribuer le logiciel le rendra plus puissant et fiable.Mais
+ce n'est pas garanti. Les d&eacute;veloppeurs de logiciel
+propri&eacute;taire ne sont pas n&eacute;cessairement
+incomp&eacute;tents. Parfois il produisent un programme qui est puissant et
+fiable, bien qu'il ne respecte pas les libert&eacute;s des utilisateurs. Les
+activistes du logiciel libre et les supporters de l'open source vont
+r&eacute;agir très différemment &agrave; cela.</p>
 
 <p>Un supporter de l'open source, un qui n'est pas du tout influenc&eacute; par
 les id&eacute;aux du logiciel libre, dira, &laquo;&nbsp;Je suis surpris que
@@ -200,63 +252,77 @@
 d'attitude incite des arrangements qui emportent avec eux notre
 libert&eacute;, la menant &agrave; sa perte.</p>
 
-<p>The free software activist will say, &ldquo;Your program is very attractive,
-but I value my freedom more.  So I reject your program.  Instead I will
-support a project to develop a free replacement.&rdquo; If we value our
-freedom, we can act to maintain and defend it.</p>
+<p>L'activiste du logiciel libre dira &laquo;&nbsp;Votre programme est vraiment
+attrayant, mais pas au prix de ma libert&eacute;. Je dois donc faire
+sans. Au lieu de cela je soutiendrai un projet pour d&eacute;velopper un
+remplacement libre. Si nous accordons de la valeur &agrave; notre
+libert&eacute;, nous pouvons agir pour la maintenir et la d&eacute;fendre.</p>
 
-<h3>Powerful, Reliable Software Can Be Bad</h3>
+<h3>Le logiciel puissant et fiable peut &ecirc;tre mauvais</h3>
 
 <p>L'id&eacute;e que nous voulons que le logiciel soit puissant et fiable vient
 de la supposition que le logiciel est fait pour servir ses
 utilisateurs. S'il est puissant et fiable, il les sert mieux.</p>
 
-<p>But software can be said to serve its users only if it respects their
-freedom.  What if the software is designed to put chains on its users? Then
-powerfulness means the chains are more constricting, and reliability that
-they are harder to remove.  Malicious features, such as spying on the users,
-restricting the users, back doors, and imposed upgrades are common in
-proprietary software, and some open source supporters want to implement them
-in open source programs.</p>
-
-<p>Under pressure from the movie and record companies, software for individuals
-to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict them.  This
-malicious feature is known as Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) (see <a
-href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a> and is the
-antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims to provide.  And
-not just in spirit: since the goal of DRM is to trample your freedom, DRM
-developers try to make it hard, impossible, or even illegal for you to
-change the software that implements the DRM.</p>
-
-<p>Yet some open source supporters have proposed &ldquo;open source DRM&rdquo;
-software.  Their idea is that, by publishing the source code of programs
-designed to restrict your access to encrypted media and by allowing others
-to change it, they will produce more powerful and reliable software for
-restricting users like you.  The software would then be delivered to you in
-devices that do not allow you to change it.</p>
-
-<p>This software might be open source and use the open source development
-model, but it won't be free software since it won't respect the freedom of
-the users that actually run it.  If the open source development model
-succeeds in making this software more powerful and reliable for restricting
-you, that will make it even worse.</p>
-
-<h3>Fear of Freedom</h3>
-
-<p>The main initial motivation of those who split off the open source camp from
-the free software movement was that the ethical ideas of &ldquo;free
-software&rdquo; made some people uneasy.  That's true: raising ethical
-issues such as freedom, talking about responsibilities as well as
-convenience, is asking people to think about things they might prefer to
-ignore, such as whether their conduct is ethical.  This can trigger
-discomfort, and some people may simply close their minds to it.  It does not
-follow that we ought to stop talking about these issues.</p>
-
-<p>That is, however, what the leaders of open source decided to do.  They
-figured that by keeping quiet about ethics and freedom, and talking only
-about the immediate practical benefits of certain free software, they might
-be able to &ldquo;sell&rdquo; the software more effectively to certain
-users, especially business.</p>
+<p>Mais on ne peut dire d'un logiciel qu'il sert ses utilisateurs seulement
+s'il respecte leur libert&eacute;. Que dire si le logiciel est con&ccedil;u
+pour encha&icirc;ner ses utilisateurs&nbsp;? La fiabilit&eacute; ne signifie
+alors uniquement que les cha&icirc;nes sont plus difficiles &agrave;
+retirer. Les fonctionnalités malicieuses, telles que l'espionnage des
+utilisateurs, les portes dérobées, les restrictions et les mises à jour
+forcées sont des pratiques courantes dans les logiciels propriétaires, et
+certains défenseurs de l'open source veulent les introduire dans les
+programmes open source.</p>
+
+<p>Sous la pression des compagnies de film et de disque, les logiciels &agrave;
+usage individuel sont de plus en plus con&ccedil;us sp&eacute;cifiquement
+pour imposer des restrictions. Ce dispositif malveillant est connu sous le
+nom de DRM, ou Digital Restrictions Management (ndt&nbsp;: Gestion
+Num&eacute;rique des Droits) (voir <a
+href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>), et c'est
+l'antith&egrave;se dans l'esprit de la libert&eacute; que le logiciel libre
+vise &agrave; fournir. Et pas simplement dans l'esprit&nbsp;: puisque le but
+des DRM est de pi&eacute;tiner votre libert&eacute;, les concepteurs de DRM
+essayent de rendre difficile, impossible ou m&ecirc;me ill&eacute;gal pour
+vous de modifier le logiciel qui met en application les DRM.</p>
+
+<p>Pourtant quelques d&eacute;fenseurs de l'open source ont propos&eacute; des
+logiciels &laquo;&nbsp;DRM open source&nbsp;&raquo;. Leur id&eacute;e est
+qu'en publiant le code source de leur programme con&ccedil;u pour
+restreindre votre acc&egrave;s aux medias chiffr&eacute;s, et en autorisant
+d'autres &agrave; le modifier, ils produiront un logiciel pluspuissant et
+plus fiable pour limiter le droit des utilisateurs comme vous. Il vous sera
+alors livr&eacute; dans des dispositifs qui ne vous permettent pas de le
+changer.</p>
+
+<p>Ce logiciel pourrait &ecirc;tre &laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; et
+utiliser le mod&egrave;le de d&eacute;veloppement open source&nbsp;; mais il
+ne sera pas un logiciel libre, &eacute;tant donn&eacute; qu'il ne respectera
+pas la libert&eacute; des utilisateurs qui l'utiliseront. Si le
+mod&egrave;le de d&eacute;veloppement open source r&eacute;ussi &agrave;
+r&eacute;aliser un logiciel plus puissant et fiable pour limiter vos droits,
+cela le rendra encore pire.</p>
+
+<h3>La crainte de la libert&eacute;</h3>
+
+<p>La principale motivation initiale pour le terme &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel open
+source&nbsp;&raquo; est que les id&eacute;es &eacute;thiques du
+&laquo;&nbsp;logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo; rend certaines personnes mal
+&agrave; l'aise. C'est vrai&nbsp;: parler de libert&eacute;, de
+probl&egrave;mes d'&eacute;thique, de responsabilit&eacute;s aussi bien que
+de commodit&eacute;s, c'est demander aux gens de penser &agrave; des choses
+qu'ils pr&eacute;f&eacute;reraient ignorer, comme leur conduite est-elle
+&eacute;thique ou non. Ceci peut d&eacute;clencher un malaise et certains
+peuvent simplement fermer leurs esprits &agrave; cela. Il ne s'en suit pas
+que nous devrions cesser de parler de ces choses.</p>
+
+<p>Cependant, c'est ce que les dirigeants de l'&laquo;&nbsp;open
+source&nbsp;&raquo; ont d&eacute;cid&eacute; de faire. Ils se sont
+figur&eacute; qu'en passant sous silence l'&eacute;thique et la
+libert&eacute;, et en ne parlant que des b&eacute;n&eacute;fices
+imm&eacute;diats de certains logiciels libres, ils seraient &agrave;
+m&ecirc;me de &laquo;&nbsp;vendre&nbsp;&raquo; le logiciel plus efficacement
+&agrave; certains utilisateurs, particuli&egrave;rement aux entreprises.</p>
 
 <p>Cette approche &agrave; prouv&eacute; son efficacit&eacute;, dans ses
 propres termes. La rh&eacute;torique de l'open source &agrave; convaincu
@@ -273,47 +339,62 @@
 partie du chemin pour devenir des d&eacute;fenseurs de leur propre
 libert&eacute;.</p>
 
-<p>Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to proprietary
-software for some practical advantage.  Countless companies seek to offer
-such temptation, some even offering copies gratis.  Why would users decline?
-Only if they have learned to value the freedom free software gives them, to
-value freedom in and of itself rather than the technical and practical
-convenience of specific free software.  To spread this idea, we have to talk
-about freedom.  A certain amount of the &ldquo;keep quiet&rdquo; approach to
-business can be useful for the community, but it is dangerous if it becomes
-so common that the love of freedom comes to seem like an eccentricity.</p>
-
-<p>That dangerous situation is exactly what we have.  Most people involved with
-free software, especially its distributors, say little about
-freedom&mdash;usually because they seek to be &ldquo;more acceptable to
-business.&rdquo; Nearly all GNU/Linux operating system distributions add
-proprietary packages to the basic free system, and they invite users to
-consider this an advantage rather than a flaw.</p>
-
-<p>Proprietary add-on software and partially nonfree GNU/Linux distributions
-find fertile ground because most of our community does not insist on freedom
-with its software.  This is no coincidence.  Most GNU/Linux users were
-introduced to the system through &ldquo;open source&rdquo; discussion, which
-doesn't say that freedom is a goal.  The practices that don't uphold freedom
-and the words that don't talk about freedom go hand in hand, each promoting
-the other.  To overcome this tendency, we need more, not less, talk about
-freedom.</p>
+<p>T&ocirc;t ou tard, ces utilisateurs seront invit&eacute;s &agrave; retourner
+vers le logiciel propri&eacute;taire pour quelques avantages
+pratiques. D'innombrables compagnies cherchent &agrave; offrir une telle
+tentation, certaines offrent m&ecirc;me des copies gratuites. Pourquoi les
+utilisateurs refuseraient-ils&nbsp;? C'est seulement s'ils ont appris la
+valeur de la libert&eacute; que le logiciel libre leur donne, la valeur de
+cette libert&eacute; en tant que telle plut&ocirc;t que la commodit&eacute;
+technique et pratique de logiciels libres sp&eacute;cifiques. Pour diffuser
+cette id&eacute;e, nous devons parler de logiciel libre. Une certaine
+quantit&eacute; de l'approche &laquo;&nbsp; passer sous silence
+&nbsp;&raquo; avec les entreprises peut &ecirc;tre utile pour la
+communaut&eacute;, mais elle est dangereuse si elle devient si commune que
+l'amour de la libert&eacute; en vient &agrave; sembler comme une
+excentricit&eacute;.</p>
+
+<p>Cette dangereuse situation est exactement ce que nous avons. La plupart des
+gens impliqu&eacute; dans le logiciel libre en disent peu sur la
+libert&eacute;, habituellement parce qu'ils cherchent &agrave; sembler
+&laquo;&nbsp;plus acceptables pour les entreprises&nbsp;&raquo;. Les
+distributeurs de logiciel montrent particuli&egrave;rement ce
+mod&egrave;le. Pratiquement tous les distributeurs de syst&egrave;me
+d'exploitation GNU/Linux ajoutent des paquetages propri&eacute;taires au
+syst&egrave;me de base libre, et ils invitent les utilisateurs &agrave;
+consid&eacute;rer cela comme un avantage, plut&ocirc;t qu'un pas en
+arri&egrave;re vis-&agrave;-vis de la libert&eacute;.</p>
+
+<p>Les greffons logiciels propri&eacute;taires et particuli&egrave;rement les
+distributions non-libres GNU/Linux, trouvent un sol fertile parce que notre
+communaut&eacute; n'insiste pas sur la libert&eacute; de ses logiciels. Ce
+n'est pas une co&iuml;ncidence. La plupart des utilisateurs GNU/Linux furent
+introduits au syst&egrave;me par un discours &laquo;&nbsp;open
+source&nbsp;&raquo; qui ne leur a pas dit que la libert&eacute; &eacute;tait
+le but. Les aspects pratiques qui n'impliquent pas la libert&eacute; et les
+discours qui ne parlent pas de libert&eacute; vont de pair, l'un favorisant
+l'autre. Pour surmonter cette tendance, nous avons besoin de plus parler de
+libert&eacute;, pas l'inverse.</p>
 
 <h3>Conclusion</h3>
 
-<p>As the advocates of open source draw new users into our community, we free
-software activists must shoulder the task of bringing the issue of freedom
-to their attention.  We have to say, &ldquo;It's free software and it gives
-you freedom!&rdquo;&mdash;more and louder than ever.  Every time you say
-&ldquo;free software&rdquo; rather than &ldquo;open source,&rdquo; you help
-our campaign.</p>
+<p>Alors que ceux qui pr&eacute;conisent l'open source am&egrave;nent de
+nouveaux utilisateurs dans notre communaut&eacute;, nous, activistes du
+logiciel libre, devons travailler encore plus pour porter l'attention de ces
+nouveaux utilisateurs sur les probl&egrave;mes de libert&eacute;. Nous
+devons leur dire &laquo;&nbsp;C'est le logiciel libre et il te donne la
+libert&eacute;&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo; plus souvent et plus fort que
+jamais. Chaque fois que vous dites &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo;
+plut&ocirc;t qu'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; vous aidez notre
+campagne.</p>
 
 <h4>Apostille</h4>
 
 <p>
-Joe Barr's article, <a
-href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>&ldquo;Live and
-let license,&rdquo;</a> gives his perspective on this issue.</p>
+Joe Barr a &eacute;crit un article intitul&eacute; <a
+href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>Live and let
+license</a><sup><a href="#TransNote6">6</a></sup> qui donne sa perspective
+sur cette question.</p>
 
 <p>
 L'<a href="http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>article sur
@@ -345,10 +426,10 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
 <div id="footer">
 <p>
-Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.  There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.  <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
+envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions à <a
 href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.
 </p>
 
@@ -367,7 +448,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour&nbsp;:
 
-$Date: 2009/11/14 09:26:18 $
+$Date: 2009/11/30 09:25:52 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/philosophy.fr.html
===================================================================
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diff -u -b -r1.83 -r1.84
--- philosophy/philosophy.fr.html       2 Aug 2009 20:29:40 -0000       1.83
+++ philosophy/philosophy.fr.html       30 Nov 2009 09:25:54 -0000      1.84
@@ -8,26 +8,25 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
 <h2>Philosophie du Projet GNU</h2>
 
-<p>Cette page recense une série d'articles décrivant la philosophie du
-mouvement pour le logiciel libre, qui est la motivation de notre
-développement du système d'exploitation libre GNU.</p>
-
-<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: 
red; padding:
-8px;">NOUVEAU</span> &mdash; <a
-href="/philosophy/pirate-party.fr.html">Pourquoi les propositions du Parti
-Pirate suédois se retournent contre le logiciel libre</a></p>
-
-<p>
-
-<!-- please leave both these ID attributes here. ... -->
-<!-- ... we removed this as an H$ section as it was duplicating the  -->
-<!-- same information on links.html, but it's possible that some users -->
-<!-- have the URLs bookmarked or on their pages. -len -->
-<a id="TOCFreedomOrganizations">Nous</a> <a
-id="FreedomOrganizations">conservons</a> aussi une liste d'<a
-href="/links/links.fr.html#FreedomOrganizations">organisations qui oeuvrent
-pour la libert&eacute; dans le d&eacute;veloppement informatique et les
-communications &eacute;lectroniques</a>.</p>
+<p>Notre développement du système d'exploitation libre GNU est motivé par la
+philosophie de mouvement du logiciel libre. Cette page fournit une
+introduction à cette philosophy, des liens vers les derniers articles sur le
+sujet et des liens vers d'autres ressources.</p>
+
+<h3 id="new">Derniers articles</h3>
+<p>Sortis des presses, voici les derniers articles publiés sur les logiciels
+libres et le projet GNU.</p>
+<ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html">Lest CodePlex 
perplex</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.html">Le danger des 
brevets
+logiciels</a></li>
+  <li> <a href="/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html">L'inclusion
+numérique est-elle une bonne chose&nbsp;? Comment pouvons-nous nous en
+assurer&nbdp;?</a></li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.fr.html">Pourquoi les propositions du
+Parti Pirate suédois se retournent contre le logiciel libre</a></li>
+  <li> <a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.fr.html">Le piège 
JavaScript</a></li>
+</ul>
 
 <h3 id="aboutfs">&Agrave; propos du logiciel libre</h3>
 <p>
@@ -48,447 +47,52 @@
 libre&nbsp;?</a></li>
   <li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.fr.html">Pourquoi les logiciels ne 
devraient
 pas avoir de propri&eacute;taires</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.fr.html">Pourquoi le logiciel devrait
-&ecirc;tre libre</a>. (C'est un essai plus ancien et plus long sur le
-m&ecirc;me sujet que le pr&eacute;c&eacute;dent).</li>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.fr.html">Copyleft&nbsp;: Id&eacute;alisme
+pragmatique</a></li>
   <li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc.fr.html">Pourquoi les logiciels libres ont
 besoin de manuels libres</a></li>
   <li><a href="/philosophy/selling.fr.html">Vendre des logiciels libres</a> ce
 n'est pas un problème&nbsp;!</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">Cat&eacute;gories de logiciels
-libres et non libres</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/software/reliability.fr.html">Le logiciel libre est plus
-fiable</a>&nbsp;!</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html">Pourquoi
-l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; passe &agrave; c&ocirc;t&eacute; du
-probl&egrave;me que soul&egrave;ve le logiciel libre&nbsp;?</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.fr.html">Linux, GNU et la 
liberté</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/gnutella.fr.html" id="Gnutella">&Agrave; propos de
-Gnutella</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/schools.fr.html">Pourquoi les &eacute;coles ne
-devraient utiliser exclusivement que des logiciels libres</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/my_doom.fr.html">MyDoom et vous</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.fr.html">15 ans de 
logiciels
-libres</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.fr.html">Le mouvement du 
logiciel
-libre</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.fr.html">Votre
-libert&eacute; a besoin de logiciels libres</a></li>
   <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.fr.html">Raisons d'écrire des logiciels
 libres</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="aboutgnu">À propos du système d'exploitation GNU</h3>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.fr.html">Annonce initiale du projet
-GNU</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.fr.html">Le Manifeste GNU</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.fr.html">Br&egrave;ve histoire du projet 
GNU</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.fr.html">Le projet GNU</a>, une description 
plus
-longue et plus compl&egrave;te du projet et de son histoire.</li>
-  <li><a href="/fsf/fsf.fr.html">Qu'est-ce que la Free Software Foundation
-(Fondation pour le logiciel libre)&nbsp;?</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.fr.html">Pourquoi GNU/Linux&nbsp;?</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="LicensingFreeSoftware">Licences de Logiciels Libres</h3>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/licenses/licenses.fr.html">Informations g&eacute;n&eacute;rales
-sur les licences et le copyleft</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/licenses/license-list.fr.html">Une liste de licences de 
logiciels
-libres sp&eacute;cifiques</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/licenses/gpl-faq.fr.html">Foire aux questions sur les licences
-GNU</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.fr.html">Pourquoi vous ne devriez pas
-utiliser la Lesser GPL pour votre prochaine biblioth&egrave;que</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/copyleft/copyleft.fr.html">Copyleft</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.fr.html">Pourquoi le 
copyleft&nbsp;?</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/university.fr.html">&Eacute;crire des logiciels 
libres
-si vous travaillez &agrave; l'universit&eacute;</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.fr.html">Copyleft&nbsp;: Id&eacute;alisme
-pragmatique</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">Le piège JavaScript</a> 
&mdash;
-Il se peut que vous exécutiez des programmes non-libres sur votre ordinateur
-toute la journée sans le savoir &mdash;&nbsp;par l'intermédiaire de votre
-navigateur Web.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/vaccination.html">Code viral et vaccination</a>, un
-article de Robert J. Chassell</li>
-  <li><a href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/20050211.html";>Censorship 
envy
-and licensing</a> (Tentation de censure et licence)</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/x.fr.html">Le pi&egrave;ge X Window System</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/apsl.fr.html">Les probl&egrave;mes avec la licence
-Apple</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/bsd.fr.html">Le probl&egrave;me de la licence 
BSD</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl.fr.html">La Netscape Public License a 
de
-s&eacute;rieux probl&egrave;mes</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/udi.fr.html">La communaut&eacute; du logiciel libre 
et
-UDI</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/gates.fr.html">Ce ne sont pas des barri&egrave;res 
mais
-une prison</a>, un article de Richard Stallman publi&eacute; dans BBC News
-en 2008</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft.fr.html">Microsoft est-il le grand
-Satan&nbsp;?</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.fr.html">Le proc&egrave;s 
antitrust
-de Microsoft et le logiciel libre</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-verdict.fr.html">&Agrave; propos du 
verdict
-Microsoft</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.fr.html">Le nouveau monopole 
de
-Microsoft</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/plan-nine.fr.html" id="PlanNineLicense">Les
-probl&egrave;mes de la licence de Plan 9</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/motif.fr.html" id="MotifLicense">La nouvelle licence
-Motif</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/using-gfdl.fr.html" id="UsingGFDL">Utiliser la FDL
-GNU</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.fr.html" id="GPLAmericanWay">La GNU
-GPL et l'American Way</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-dream.fr.html" id="GPLAmericanDream">La
-GNU GPL et le R&ecirc;ve am&eacute;ricain</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.fr.html" id="EnforcingGPL">Faire
-respecter la GPL GNU</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.fr.html"
-id="FreedomOrPower">Libert&eacute; ou pouvoir&nbsp;?</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.fr.html"
-id="NoWordAttachments">Nous pouvons mettre un terme aux pi&egrave;ces
-jointes Word</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/java-trap.fr.html" id="JavaTrap">Libre mais
-entrav&eacute; - Le pi&egrave;ge Java</a> (Bien qu'en D&eacute;cembre 2006,
-Sun est en train de <a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html";>republier sa
-plateforme Java sous la licence GPL GNU</a>, le probl&egrave;me
-d&eacute;crit dans cet article demeure important)</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.fr.html"
-id="FightingSoftwarePatents">Combattre les brevets logiciels  -
-S&eacute;par&eacute;ment ou Ensemble</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.fr.html"
-id="SoftwareLiteraryPatents">Les brevets logiciels et les brevets
-litt&eacute;raires</a> par Richard M. Stallman, qui parle du brevetage des
-techniques artistiques, le brevet am&eacute;ricain (6&nbsp;935&nbsp;954) qui
-couvre la conception de personnages de jeu qui commencent &agrave;
-halluciner quand (d'apr&egrave;s le jeu) ils sont rendus fous. Ce qui est
-tr&egrave;s proche des exemples hypoth&eacute;tiques donn&eacute;s dans cet
-article.
-  </li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/rtlinux-patent.fr.html">La version compatible GPL 
de la
-&laquo;&nbsp;Open Patent RTLinux License&nbsp;&raquo; effective</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="Laws">L&eacute;gislation</h3>
-
-<h4>Copyright</h4>
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.fr.html">Pourquoi les propositions du
-Parti Pirate suédois se retournent contre le logiciel libre</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.fr.html">Mauvaise
-interpr&eacute;tation du droit d'auteur</a> est un autre essai de <a
-href="http://www.stallman.org";>RichardStallman</a> sur les d&eacute;fauts
-dans les d&eacute;fenses populaires de la loi sur le droit d'auteur.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.fr.html">Le Brief Amicus Curiae de la 
FSF
-dans l'affaire Eldred v. Ashcroft de la Cour Supr&ecirc;me des
-&Eacute;tats-Unis d'Am&eacute;rique</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.fr.html">La science doit
-&laquo;&nbsp;mettre de c&ocirc;t&eacute; les droits
-d'auteur&nbsp;&raquo;</a>, un autre papier de <a
-href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> paru dans <a
-href="http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/stallman.html";>Les
-d&eacute;bats Web de Nature</a> (Nature Webdebates) en 2001, qui explique
-comment le copyright freine le progr&egrave;s dans la recherche
-scientifique. Vous pourriez aussi être intéressé par <a
-href="http://www.publiclibraryofscience.org";>La bibliothèque publique de la
-science</a>, qui est dédiée à la mise à disposition libre des recherches
-scientifiques pour tous sur Internet.</li>
-
-  <li><a 
href="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.fr.html">R&eacute;&eacute;valuer
-le copyright&nbsp;: le public doit avoir le dernier mot</a></li>
-
-  <li><a
-href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/cyber/complaint_orig.html";>Eldred
-contre Reno</a> au sujet d'un proc&egrave;s visant &agrave; annuler une loi
-qui &eacute;tend le copyright de 20 ans de plus.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.fr.html">Libert&eacute; ou
-copyright&nbsp;?</a> par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
-Stallman</a> (une <a
-href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old.fr.html">version plus
-ancienne</a> de cet essai est également disponible).</li>
-
-  <li><a href="copyright-versus-community.fr.html" 
id="StallmanTalkLSM">Copyright
-contre communaut&eacute; &agrave; l'&acirc;ge des r&eacute;seaux
-informatiques</a>&nbsp;: est une transcription litt&eacute;rale d'un
-discours de <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> &agrave;
-la Conf&eacute;rence sur le logiciel libre de juillet 2000.</li>
-
-  <li><a
-href="http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/resources/feedback/OIIFB_GPL2_20040903.pdf";>Une
-traduction en anglais</a> de la fameuse d&eacute;cision du District Court de
-Munich(Allemagne) concernant l'applicabilit&eacute; et la validit&eacute; de
-la GPL. La traduction a &eacute;t&eacute; faite par l'Oxford Internet
-Institute.</li>
-  
-<!-- This link is broken
-  <li><a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
-  Excellent Copyright Policies</a></li>
-  -->
-</ul>
-
-<h4>Gestion des restrictions numériques</h4>
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="http://www.bostonreview.net/BR33.2/stallman.php";>La racine de ce
-probl&egrave;me est le logiciel contr&ocirc;l&eacute; par son
-d&eacute;veloppeur</a>, par Richard&nbsp;M. Stallman.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html">Le
-&laquo;&nbsp;Progr&egrave;s&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;: du bon et du mauvais</a>,
-par Richard M. Stallman.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/why-audio-format-matters.fr.html">Pourquoi les 
formats
-audio comptent</a> par Karl Fogel</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/opposing-drm.fr.html">S'opposer &agrave; la
-m&eacute;gestion des droits num&eacute;riques</a>, par Richard M. Stallman
-qui r&eacute;pond &agrave; quelques questions communes sur les <abbr
-title="Digital Rights Management">DRM</abbr>.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks.fr.html">Livres &eacute;lectroniques :
-libert&eacute; ou copyright</a> une version l&eacute;g&agrave;rement
-modifi&eacute;e de l'article, publi&eacute; &agrave; l'origine dans
-Technology Review en 2000, par <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard
-Stallman</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html">Pouvez-vous faire confiance
-&agrave; votre ordinateur?</a>, un travail de <a
-href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> sur les initiatives de
-la soi-disant &laquo;&nbsp;informatique de confiance&nbsp;&raquo;.</li>
-
   <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.fr.html">Le droit de lire : une courte
 histoire dystopienne</a> par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
 Stallman</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-<h4>Le terme de propagande <a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html#IntellectualProperty">«&nbsp;Propriété
-intellectuelle&nbsp;»</a></h4>
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.fr.html">Ne laissez pas la
-&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;
-d&eacute;former votre ethos</a> par Richard M. Stallman.</li>
-
-  <li>Commentaires de Richard Stallman sur <a
-href="/philosophy/ipjustice.fr.html">le rejet de l'ICLC de la Directive de
-renforcement de la propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle</a></li>
-
-  <li>Richard Stallman a &eacute;crit <a
-href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.fr.html">une critique sur
-&laquo;&nbsp;L'affaire contre la propri&eacute;t&eacute;
-intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; de Boldrin et Levine.</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">Vous avez dit
-&laquo;&nbsp;Propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;?
-C'est un s&eacute;duisant mirage</a>. Un essai sur la vraie signification du
-terme &laquo;&nbsp;Propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;, par
-Richard M. Stallman</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h4>Brevets</h4>
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/w3c-patent.fr.html">Position de la FSF sur la 
politique
-de brevet &laquo;&nbsp;libres de droits&nbsp;&raquo;
-(&laquo;&nbsp;Royalty-Free&nbsp;&raquo;) du Consortium W3 (W3C)</a>
-r&eacute;&eacute;crit</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/guardian-article.fr.html">Joutes verbales (That's
-fighting talk)</a>, une version l&eacute;g&agrave;rement modifi&eacute;e de
-l'article, publi&eacute; &agrave; l'origine dans <a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk";>The Guardian</a> de Londres par <a
-href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> et Nick Hill.</li>
-
-  <li>Comment prot&eacute;ger le <a href="/philosophy/protecting.fr.html">droit
-d'&eacute;crire des logiciels</a> (ind&eacute;pendamment du fait qu'ils
-soient libres ou non)</li>
-
-  <li>Dans <a
-href="http://www.eff.org/IP/DMCA/Felten_v_RIAA/20010606_eff_felten_pr.html";>Felten
-v. RIAA</a>, des scientifiques demandent &agrave; une cour de juger que le
-Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) ne les emp&ecirc;che pas de publier
-leur recherche.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="http://www.eff.org/IP/Video/MPAA_DVD_cases/";>L'archive de l'EFF
-&laquo;&nbsp;Intellectual Property : MPAA (Motion Picture Association of
-America) DVD Cases&nbsp;&raquo;</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.fr.html">Une 
r&eacute;forme
-des brevets n'est pas suffisante</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/savingeurope.fr.html">Sauver l'Europe des brevets
-logiciels</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon.fr.html">Boycottez Amazon&nbsp;!</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf";
-id="SequentialIPandI">Innovation s&eacute;quentielle, brevets, et
-imitation</a> est un article qui pr&eacute;sente un mod&egrave;le
-math&eacute;matique montrant comment les brevets peuvent freiner le
-progr&egrave;s dans des domaines comme celui du logiciel.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/hague.fr.html">Le danger de La Haye</a></li>
-
-  <li><a
-href="http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/comment/story/0,12449,1540984,00.html";>Soft
-sell</a>. Un article de Richard M. Stallman publi&eacute; dans <a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk";>The Guardian</a>.</li>
-
-  <li><a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2005/jun/23/onlinesupplement.insideit";>L'absurdité
-des brevets</a>, un article de Richard M. Stallman publié dans <a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk";>The Guardian</a>.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/trivial-patent.fr.html">L'anatomie d'un brevet
-trivial</a>, par Richard M. Stallman.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/gif.fr.html">Pourquoi il n'y a pas de fichiers GIF 
sur
-les pages Web de GNU</a>. Cette histoire est une illustration historique du
-danger des brevets logiciels&nbsp;; ces brevets particuliers ne sont plus un
-prob&egrave;me maintenant (voir la <a href="#venuenote">note de bas de
-page</a> ci-dessous. Pour des d&eacute;tails sur la <a
-href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html#UseofGraphics">politique concernant
-les fichiers GIF</a> sur notre site Web, veuillez consulter le <a
-href="/server/standards/">guide de conduite Web</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-
-<h4>Problèmes culturels et sociaux</h4>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/wsis.fr.html">Sommet mondial sur la
-soci&eacute;t&eacute; de l'information</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.fr.html">L'introduction par 
Lawrence
-Lessig</a> &agrave; <a
-href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><i>Free
-Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman</i></a>
-est disponible &agrave; la lecture.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/wassenaar.fr.html">On recherche des
-b&eacute;n&eacute;voles de la cryptographie logicielle dans des pays sans
-contr&ocirc;le des exportations</a>.</li>
-
-  <li>Comment prot&eacute;ger les <a
-href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.fr.html">libert&eacute;s d'expression, de
-la presse et d'association</a> sur Interne</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/privacyaction.fr.html">Prot&eacute;ger l'anonymat
-postal</a>, une campagne pour r&eacute;sister &agrave; une proposition de
-r&egrave;glement du Service postal des &Eacute;tats-Unis pour collecter des
-informations sur ses clients.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/ucita.fr.html">Pourquoi nous devons contrer 
UCITA</a></li>
-
-  <li><a
-href="http://www.infoworld.com/articles/op/xml/00/11/27/001127opfoster.xml";>A
-world with UCITA may allow fine print to outweigh the right thing</a> par Ed
-Foster <a
-href="mailto:gripe&#64;infoworld.com";>&lt;gripe&#64;infoworld.com&gt;</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/second-sight.fr.html">Logiciels libres et
-(e-)gouvernement</a>. Un article du journal The Guardian, par Richard
-M. Stallman (initialement publié sous le titre 
«&nbsp;Clairvoyance&nbsp;»)</li>
-
-  <li><a 
href="http://www.insnet.org/ins_headlines.rxml?cust=212&amp;id=967";>Free
-Software and Sustainable Development</a> - Un court article par Richard
-Stallman concernant l'utilisation de logiciels propri&eacute;taires dans le
-d&eacute;veloppement culturel.</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-
-<h4>Divers</h4>
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.fr.html">Le curieux
-non-&eacute;v&eacute;nement de Sun dans la p&eacute;nombre</a> par Richard
-M. Stallman.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="http://counterpunch.org/baker08192004.html";>Pourquoi avons-nous
-besoin de machines &agrave; voter &agrave; base de logiciel libre</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.fr.html">SCO, GNU et Linux</a>, 
par
-Richard Stallman, parle de la fa&ccedil;on dont les poursuites judiciaires
-de SCO contre IBM, sont relatives au travail du projet GNU. Veuillez
-consulter la <a href="/philosophy/sco/sco.fr.html">page de la r&eacute;ponse
-de la FSF &agrave; SCO</a>pour plus de d&eacute;tails sur ce sujet.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.fr.html">La d&eacute;claration de la 
FSF
-en r&eacute;ponse au jugement final r&eacute;vis&eacute; propos&eacute; dans
-Microsoft contre &Eacute;tats-Unis, soumise au Minist&egrave;re de la
-justice am&eacute;ricain dans le cadre du Tunney Act</a>.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/new-monopoly.fr.html">Le Cong&egrave;s 
am&eacute;ricain
-menace d'établir une nouvelle sorte de monopole</a>, une tentative du
-congr&egrave;s pour cr&eacute;er un monopole priv&eacute; sur des
-informations publiques connues.</li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/dat.fr.html">La bonne fa&ccedil;on de taxer les 
DAT</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/censoring-emacs.fr.html">Censurer mon logiciel</a>, 
par
-<a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a></li>
-
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.fr.html">Des &eacute;tudes montrent que 
la
-r&eacute;mun&eacute;ration n'est souvent pas une motivation</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3 id="terminology">Terminologie et d&eacute;finitions</h3>
-
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.fr.html">Termes pr&ecirc;tant 
&agrave;
-confusion</a> qu'il vaut mieux &eacute;viter</li>
   <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html">Pourquoi
 l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; passe &agrave; c&ocirc;t&eacute; du
 probl&egrave;me que soul&egrave;ve le logiciel libre&nbsp;?</a></li>
-  <li><a
-href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.fr.html">&laquo;&nbsp;Logiciel
-open source&nbsp;&raquo; ou &laquo;&nbsp;Logiciel
-libre&nbsp;&raquo;</a>&nbsp;? (C'est un essai plus ancien sur le m&ecirc;me
-sujet que l'essai pr&eacute;c&eacute;dent).</li>
-  <li>Richard Stallman a &eacute;crit <a
-href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.fr.html">lettre &agrave;
-l'&eacute;diteur</a> du Dr. Dobb's Journal de juin qui explique encore plus
-la diff&eacute;rence entre les mouvements du Logiciel Libre et Open 
Source.</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.fr.html">Cat&eacute;gories de logiciels
-libres et non libres</a></li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.fr.html">Traductions du terme
-&laquo;&nbsp;logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo;</a> en diverses langues</li>
 </ul>
 
-<h3 id="upholding">Maintenir la libert&eacute; des logiciels</h3>
+<h3>Liens vers d'autres articles</h3>
 
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/use-free-software.fr.html">La communaut&eacute; du
-logiciel libre apr&egrave;s 20 ans</a>, avec un grand succ&egrave;s mais
-incomplet, et maintenant&nbsp;?</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/mcvoy.fr.html">Merci Larry McVoy</a> par Richard
-M. Stallman</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/social-inertia.fr.html">Vaincre l'inertie 
sociale</a>,
-par Richard M. Stallman</li>
-  <li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">Éviter les compromis 
ruineux</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>Humour philosophique</h3>
+<p>Nous avons beaucoup d'articles qui tiennent sur une seule page. Vous pouvez
+les trouver sur les pages liées ici.</p>
 
 <ul>
-<li><a href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">Humour philosophique</a>. Nous n'avons
-pas &agrave; &ecirc;tre s&eacute;rieux <i>tout</i> le temps.</li>
+<li id="EssaysAndArticles"><a 
href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.fr.html">Essais et
+articles</a>. Cette page recense une série d'articles décrivant la
+philosophie du mouvement pour le logiciel libre, qui est la motivation de
+notre développement du système d'exploitation libre GNU.</li>
+<li id="Speeches"><a 
href="/philosophy/speeches-and-interview.fr.html">Discours et
+entretiens</a>. Liens vers les entretiens et les transcriptions de discours
+sur les logiciels libres et le projet GNU.</li>
+<li id="ThirdPartyIdeas"><a 
href="/philosophy/third-party-ideas.fr.html">Idées de tierces
+parties</a>. Ces articles donnent les opinions d'autres personnes en faveur
+du logiciel libre, ou des problèmes liés, et ne parlent pas du projet GNU
+&mdash;&nbsp;mais nous sommes plus ou moins d'accord avec.</li>
 </ul>
 
-<h2>D'autres articles sur la philosophie de GNU</h2>
+<p>
 
-<ul>
-<li id="Speeches"><a href="speeches-and-interview.fr.html">Discours et 
entretiens</a></li>
-<li id="ThirdPartyIdeas"><a href="third-party-ideas.fr.html">Id&eacute;es de 
tierces personnes</a></li>
-</ul>
+<!-- please leave both these ID attributes here. ... -->
+<!-- ... we removed this as an H$ section as it was duplicating the  -->
+<!-- same information on links.html, but it's possible that some users -->
+<!-- have the URLs bookmarked or on their pages. -len -->
+<a id="TOCFreedomOrganizations">Nous</a> <a
+id="FreedomOrganizations">conservons</a> aussi une liste d'<a
+href="/links/links.fr.html#FreedomOrganizations">organisations qui oeuvrent
+pour la libert&eacute; dans le d&eacute;veloppement informatique et les
+communications &eacute;lectroniques</a>.</p>
 
 
 
@@ -505,9 +109,8 @@
 Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
 href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
 href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> à l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -519,8 +122,7 @@
 
 <p>
 Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
-2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,</p>
-<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</address>
+2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
 <p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
 permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
 préservée.
@@ -536,7 +138,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour&nbsp;:
 
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:40 $
+$Date: 2009/11/30 09:25:54 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
@@ -550,69 +152,71 @@
 <div id="translations">
 <h4>Traductions de cette page</h4>
 
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
-<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
-<!-- English is.  If you add a new language here, please -->
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-<!--      one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!--    - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!--      to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!--     http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
+     Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
+     Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
+     If you add a new language here, please
+     advise address@hidden and add it to
+      - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
+      - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
+      - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
+      to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
+     Please also check you have the language code right; see:
+     http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
+     If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
+     use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
+     Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
 <ul class="translations-list">
 <!-- Arabic -->
 <li><a 
href="/philosophy/philosophy.ar.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;</a>&nbsp;[ar]</li>
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href="/philosophy/philosophy.bg.html">&#x431;&#x44A;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x430;&#x440;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;</a>&nbsp;[bg]</li>
 <!-- Bosnian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.bs.html">Bosanski</a>&nbsp;[bs]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.bs.html">bosanski</a>&nbsp;[bs]</li>
 <!-- Catalan -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.ca.html">Catal&#x00e0;</a>&nbsp;[ca]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.ca.html">catal&#x00e0;</a>&nbsp;[ca]</li>
 <!-- Czech -->
 <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.cs.html">&#x010c;esky</a>&nbsp;[cs]</li>
 <!-- Danish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.da.html">Dansk</a>&nbsp;[da]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.da.html">dansk</a>&nbsp;[da]</li>
 <!-- German -->
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-<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.es.html">Espa&#x00f1;ol</a>&nbsp;[es]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.es.html">espa&#x00f1;ol</a>&nbsp;[es]</li>
 <!-- Finnish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.fi.html">Suomi</a>&nbsp;[fi]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.fi.html">suomi</a>&nbsp;[fi]</li>
 <!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.fr.html">Fran&#x00e7;ais</a>&nbsp;[fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.fr.html">fran&#x00e7;ais</a>&nbsp;[fr]</li>
 <!-- Galician -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.gl.html">Galego</a>&nbsp;[gl]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.gl.html">galego</a>&nbsp;[gl]</li>
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-<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.hu.html">Magyar</a>&nbsp;[hu]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.hu.html">magyar</a>&nbsp;[hu]</li>
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Indonesia</a>&nbsp;[id]</li>
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-<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.it.html">Italiano</a>&nbsp;[it]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.it.html">italiano</a>&nbsp;[it]</li>
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+<li><a 
href="/philosophy/philosophy.mk.html">&#x043c;&#x0430;&#x043a;&#x0435;&#x0434;&#x043e;&#x043d;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;</a>&nbsp;[mk]</li>
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+<li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.pl.html">polski</a>&nbsp;[pl]</li>
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Brasil</a>&nbsp;[pt-br]</li>
 <!-- Romanian -->
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href="/philosophy/philosophy.ro.html">Rom&#x00e2;n&#x0103;</a>&nbsp;[ro]</li>
+<li><a 
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+<li><a 
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href="/philosophy/philosophy.sr.html">&#x0421;&#x0440;&#x043f;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;</a>&nbsp;[sr]</li>
+<li><a 
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 <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
 <li><a 
href="/philosophy/philosophy.zh-tw.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-tw]</li>
 </ul>

Index: philosophy/pragmatic.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/pragmatic.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.23
retrieving revision 1.24
diff -u -b -r1.23 -r1.24
--- philosophy/pragmatic.fr.html        26 Nov 2009 09:26:10 -0000      1.23
+++ philosophy/pragmatic.fr.html        30 Nov 2009 09:25:55 -0000      1.24
@@ -13,10 +13,12 @@
 par <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard 
Stallman</strong></a></p>
 
 <p>
-Every decision a person makes stems from the person's values and goals.
-People can have many different goals and values; fame, profit, love,
-survival, fun, and freedom, are just some of the goals that a good person
-might have.  When the goal is a matter of principle, we call that idealism.</p>
+Toute d&eacute;cision prise par une personne d&eacute;coule de ses valeurs
+et buts. Les gens peuvent avoir beaucoup de buts et valeurs
+diff&eacute;rents&nbsp;; la gloire, le profit, l'amour, la survivance,
+l'amusement, ou la libert&eacute;, ne sont qu'une partie des buts qu'une
+personne normale peut avoir. Quand ce but est d'aider les autres aussi bien
+que soi m&ecirc;me, cela s'appelle de l'id&eacute;alisme.</p>
 
 <p>
 C'est un but id&eacute;aliste qui motive mon travail pour le logiciel
@@ -26,30 +28,37 @@
 qui emp&ecirc;chent la coop&eacute;ration, et rendre ainsi notre
 soci&eacute;t&eacute; meilleure.</p>
 <p>
-That's the basic reason why the GNU General Public License is written the
-way it is&mdash;as a <a href="/copyleft"> copyleft</a>.  All code added to a
-GPL-covered program must be free software, even if it is put in a separate
-file.  I make my code available for use in free software, and not for use in
-proprietary software, in order to encourage other people who write software
-to make it free as well.  I figure that since proprietary software
-developers use copyright to stop us from sharing, we cooperators can use
-copyright to give other cooperators an advantage of their own: they can use
-our code.</p>
-<p>
-Not everyone who uses the GNU GPL has this goal.  Many years ago, a friend
-of mine was asked to rerelease a copylefted program under noncopyleft terms,
-and he responded more or less like this:</p>
+C'est pour cette raison fondamentale que la GNU General Public License est
+&eacute;crite de cette mani&egrave;re &mdash; comme un <a
+href="/copyleft/copyleft.fr.html"> copyleft</a>. Tout code ajout&eacute;
+&agrave; un programme couvert par la GPL doit &ecirc;tre un programme libre,
+m&ecirc;me s'il est plac&eacute; dans un fichier s&eacute;par&eacute;. Je
+mets mon code &agrave; disposition pour une utilisation dans des logiciels
+libres, et pas pour un usage avec des logiciels propri&eacute;taires, afin
+d'encourager ceux qui programment des logiciels &agrave; les rendre libres
+&eacute;galement. Je suppose que, comme les d&eacute;veloppeurs de logiciels
+propri&eacute;taires utilisent le copyright pour nous emp&ecirc;cher de
+partager, nous, coop&eacute;rateurs, pouvons utiliser le copyright pour
+donner aux autres coop&eacute;rateurs un avantage bien &agrave; eux&nbsp;:
+ils peuvent utiliser notre code.</p>
+<p>
+Ceux qui utilisent la GNU GPL n'ont pas tous ce but. Il y a plusieurs
+ann&eacute;es, on a demand&eacute; &agrave; un de mes amis de
+r&eacute;&eacute;diter un programme copyleft&eacute; sous des termes non
+copyleft&eacute;s, et il a plus ou moins r&eacute;pondu ainsi&nbsp;:</p>
 <blockquote><p>
-&ldquo;Sometimes I work on free software, and sometimes I work on
-proprietary software&mdash;but when I work on proprietary software, I expect
-to get <em>paid</em>.&rdquo;
+«&nbsp;Parfois je travaille sur des logiciels libres et parfois sur des
+logiciels propri&eacute;taires&nbsp;; mais quand je travaille sur des
+logiciels propri&eacute;taires, j'exige d'&ecirc;tre
+<em>pay&eacute;</em>&nbsp;».
 </p></blockquote>
 
 <p>
-He was willing to share his work with a community that shares software, but
-saw no reason to give a handout to a business making products that would be
-off-limits to our community.  His goal was different from mine, but he
-decided that the GNU GPL was useful for his goal too.</p>
+Il voulait bien partager son travail avec une communaut&eacute; qui
+partageait les logiciels mais ne voyait aucune raison d'aider un entreprise
+commerciale dont les produits seraient interdits &agrave; notre
+communaut&eacute;. Son but &eacute;tait diff&eacute;rent du mien mais il a
+d&eacute;cid&eacute; que la GNU GPL le satisfaisait &eacute;galement.</p>
 <p>
 Si vous voulez accomplir quelque chose dans le monde, l'id&eacute;alisme ne
 suffit pas&nbsp;; le choix d'une m&eacute;thode qui m&egrave;ne &agrave;
@@ -80,13 +89,15 @@
 Ces exemples datent de plusieurs ann&eacute;es, mais la GNU GPL continue
 &agrave; nous apporter toujours plus de logiciels libres.</p>
 <p>
-Many GNU libraries are covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License, but
-not all.  One GNU library which is covered by the ordinary GNU GPL is
-Readline, which implements command-line editing.  I once found out about a
-nonfree program which was designed to use Readline, and told the developer
-this was not allowed.  He could have taken command-line editing out of the
-program, but what he actually did was rerelease it under the GPL.  Now it is
-free software.</p>
+Beaucoup de biblioth&egrave;ques GNU sont couvertes par la GNU Lesser
+Library General Public License, mais pas toutes. Readline, qui met en
+&oelig;uvre l'&eacute;dition de ligne de commande, est une des
+biblioth&egrave;ques GNU couvertes par la GNU GPL classique. Un jour, j'ai
+d&eacute;couvert un programme propri&eacute;taire con&ccedil;u pour utiliser
+Readline, et j'ai dit au d&eacute;veloppeur que cela &eacute;tait
+interdit. Il aurait pu sortir du programme l'&eacute;dition de ligne de
+commande, mais ce qu'il fit en fait, fut de le r&eacute;&eacute;diter sous
+la GPL. Maintenant, c'est un logiciel libre.</p>
 <p>
 Les programmeurs qui con&ccedil;oivent des am&eacute;liorations pour GCC (
 ou Emacs, Bash, Linux ou tout programme couvert par la GPL ) sont souvent
@@ -139,31 +150,37 @@
 long terme, nous nous sentons tous mieux si nous y avons
 r&eacute;sist&eacute;.</p>
 <p>
-The temptation and pressure are harder to recognize when they come
-indirectly, through free software organizations that have adopted a policy
-of catering to proprietary software.  The X Consortium (and its successor,
-the Open Group) offers an example: funded by companies that made proprietary
-software, they strived for a decade to persuade programmers not to use
-copyleft.  When the Open Group tried to <a href="/philosophy/x.html">make
-X11R6.4 nonfree software</a>, those of us who had resisted that pressure
-were glad that we did.</p>
-<p>
-In September 1998, several months after X11R6.4 was released with nonfree
-distribution terms, the Open Group reversed its decision and rereleased it
-under the same noncopyleft free software license that was used for X11R6.3.
-Thank you, Open Group&mdash;but this subsequent reversal does not invalidate
-the conclusions we draw from the fact that adding the restrictions was
-<em>possible</em>.</p>
-<p>
-Pragmatically speaking, thinking about greater long-term goals will
-strengthen your will to resist this pressure.  If you focus your mind on the
-freedom and community that you can build by staying firm, you will find the
-strength to do it.  &ldquo;Stand for something, or you will fall for
-anything.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>
-And if cynics ridicule freedom, ridicule community&hellip;if
-&ldquo;hard-nosed realists&rdquo; say that profit is the only
-ideal&hellip;just ignore them, and use copyleft all the same.</p>
+Il est plus difficile de reconna&icirc;tre les pressions et tentations quand
+elles viennent indirectement, au travers d'organisations pour les logiciels
+libres qui ont adopt&eacute; une politique satisfaisant aux logiciels
+propri&eacute;taires. Le Consortium X (et son successeur l'Open Group) en
+sont un exemple&nbsp;: fond&eacute; par des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s qui font
+des logiciels propri&eacute;taires, ils se sont efforc&eacute;s de persuader
+les programmeurs de ne pas utiliser de copyleft pendant des
+d&eacute;cennies. Maintenant que l'Open Group a <a
+href="/philosophy/x.fr.html">fait de X11R6.4 un logiciel
+propri&eacute;taire</a>, ceux d'entre nous qui ont r&eacute;sist&eacute;
+&agrave; cette pression sont heureux de l'avoir fait.</p>
+<p>
+En septembre 1998, plusieurs mois apr&egrave;s que X11R6.4 ait
+&eacute;t&eacute; distribu&eacute; sous une licence non-libre, l'Open Group
+a revu sa d&eacute;cision et l'a redistribu&eacute; sous la m&ecirc;me
+licence de logiciel libre non-copyleft&eacute; que X11R6.3. Merci, l'Open
+Group&nbsp;; mais ce revirement ult&eacute;rieur n'infirme pas les
+conclusions que nous avions tir&eacute;es du fait que l'ajout de
+restrictions &eacute;tait <em>possible</em>.</p>
+<p>
+Pour parler pragmatiquement, avoir une vision &agrave; plus long terme
+affermira votre volont&eacute; de r&eacute;sister &agrave; cette
+pression. Si vous concentrez votre attention sur la libert&eacute; et la
+communaut&eacute; que vous pouvez b&acirc;tir en restant ferme, vous
+trouverez la force de le faire. &laquo;&nbsp;Restez debout pour quelque
+chose ou vous tomberez pour rien&nbsp;&raquo;.</p>
+<p>
+Et si des personnes cyniques ridiculisent la libert&eacute;, la
+communaut&eacute;&hellip; si des &laquo;&nbsp;r&eacute;alistes
+forcen&eacute;s&nbsp;&raquo; disent que le profit est le seul
+id&eacute;al&hellip; ignorez-les et utilisez le copyleft tout de 
m&ecirc;me.</p>
 
 <hr />
 <h4>Cet article est publi&eacute; dans le livre <a
@@ -181,10 +198,10 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
 <div id="footer">
 <p>
-Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.  There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.  <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
+href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
+envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions à <a
 href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.
 </p>
 
@@ -212,7 +229,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Dernière mise à jour&nbsp;:
 
-$Date: 2009/11/26 09:26:10 $
+$Date: 2009/11/30 09:25:55 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/po/not-ipr.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/po/not-ipr.fr.po 29 Nov 2009 17:55:29 -0000      1.5
+++ philosophy/po/not-ipr.fr.po 30 Nov 2009 09:26:00 -0000      1.6
@@ -15,227 +15,388 @@
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
 
 # type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "Did You Say &ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;? It's a Seductive 
Mirage - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
-msgstr "Vous avez dit &laquo;Propri&eacute;t&eacute; 
intellectuelle&raquo;&nbsp;? Un s&eacute;duisant mirage - GNU Project - Free 
Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgid ""
+"Did You Say &ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;? It's a Seductive Mirage - "
+"GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+"Vous avez dit &laquo;Propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&raquo;&nbsp;? Un "
+"s&eacute;duisant mirage - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
 
 # type: Content of: <h2>
-msgid "Did You Say &ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;? It's a Seductive 
Mirage"
-msgstr "Vous avez dit &laquo;Propri&eacute;t&eacute; 
intellectuelle&raquo;&nbsp;? Un s&eacute;duisant mirage"
+msgid ""
+"Did You Say &ldquo;Intellectual Property&rdquo;? It's a Seductive Mirage"
+msgstr ""
+"Vous avez dit &laquo;Propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&raquo;&nbsp;? Un "
+"s&eacute;duisant mirage"
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
 msgid "by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard M. Stallman</a>"
 msgstr "par <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard M. Stallman</a>"
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and trademarks "
-#| "&mdash; three separate and different entities involving three separate "
-#| "and different sets of laws &mdash; into one pot and call it &ldquo;"
-#| "intellectual property&rdquo;. The distorting and confusing term did not "
-#| "arise by accident. Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it. "
-#| "The clearest way out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely."
-msgid "It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and 
trademarks&mdash;three separate and different entities involving three separate 
and different sets of laws&mdash;into one pot and call it &ldquo;intellectual 
property&rdquo;.  The distorting and confusing term did not arise by accident.  
Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it.  The clearest way out of 
the confusion is to reject the term entirely."
-msgstr "C'est devenu &agrave; la mode de d&eacute;crire le copyright, les 
brevets, et les marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es comme 
&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;. Cette mode 
n'est pas apparue par accident &mdash; le terme d&eacute;forme et rend confus 
syst&eacute;matiquement ces probl&egrave;mes, et son utilisation a 
&eacute;t&eacute; et est soutenue par ceux qui profitent de cette confusion. 
Quiconque souhaite r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir clairement &agrave; une quelconque 
de ces lois ferait bien de rejeter le terme."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School, the "
-#| "widespread use of the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; is a "
-#| "fashion that followed the 1967 founding of the World &ldquo;Intellectual "
-#| "Property&rdquo; Organization, and only became really common in recent "
-#| "years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the "
-#| "interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.)"
-msgid "According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School, the 
widespread use of the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; is a fashion 
that followed the 1967 founding of the World &ldquo;Intellectual 
Property&rdquo; Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent 
years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the 
interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.)"
-msgstr "Selon le Professeur Mark Lemley, exer&ccedil;ant actuellement &agrave; 
la Stanford Law School, l'utilisation tr&egrave;s r&eacute;pandue du terme 
&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; est une mode 
suivie depuis la cr&eacute;ation en 1967 de l'Organisation mondiale de la 
&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;, et est 
devenue r&eacute;ellement courante depuis ces derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es. 
(L'OMPI est formellement une organisation des Nations Unies, mais elle 
repr&eacute;sente en faitles int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts des d&eacute;tenteurs de 
copyrights, de brevets et de marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es)."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The term carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking "
-#| "about copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property rights "
-#| "for physical objects. (This analogy is at odds with the legal "
-#| "philosophies of copyright law, of patent law, and of trademark law, but "
-#| "only specialists know that.) These laws are in fact not much like "
-#| "physical property law, but use of this term leads legislators to change "
-#| "them to be more so. Since that is the change desired by the companies "
-#| "that exercise copyright, patent and trademark powers, the bias of &ldquo;"
-#| "intellectual property&rdquo; suits them."
-msgid "The term carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking 
about copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property rights for 
physical objects. (This analogy is at odds with the legal philosophies of 
copyright law, of patent law, and of trademark law, but only specialists know 
that.) These laws are in fact not much like physical property law, but use of 
this term leads legislators to change them to be more so.  Since that is the 
change desired by the companies that exercise copyright, patent and trademark 
powers, the bias introduced by the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; 
suits them."
-msgstr "Un effet du terme est la distorsion qui n'est pas difficile de 
voir&nbsp;: il sugg&egrave;re de penser au copyright, aux brevets et aux 
marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es par analogie avec les droits de 
propri&eacute;t&eacute; pour les objets physiques. (Cette analogie est &agrave; 
l'oppos&eacute; des doctrines de droit de la loi sur le copyright, de la loi 
sur les brevets, et de la loi sur les marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es, mais 
seuls les sp&eacute;cialistes le savent). Ces lois sont en fait peu semblables 
&agrave; la loi sur la propri&eacute;t&eacute; physique, mais l'utilisation de 
ce terme conduit les l&eacute;gislateurs &agrave; les changer pour qu'elles en 
soient plus proches. Puisque c'est le changement voulu par les 
soci&eacute;t&eacute;s qui se servent des pouvoirs du copyright, des brevets et 
des marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es, ces soci&eacute;t&eacute;s ont 
&oelig;uvr&eacute; pour mettre ce terme &agrave; la mode."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The bias is enough reason to reject the term, and people have often asked "
-#| "me to propose some other name for the overall category &mdash; or have "
-#| "proposed their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions include "
-#| "IMPs, for Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for Government-"
-#| "Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of &ldquo;exclusive "
-#| "rights regimes&rdquo;, but referring to restrictions as &ldquo;"
-#| "rights&rdquo; is doublethink too."
-msgid "The bias is reason enough to reject the term, and people have often 
asked me to propose some other name for the overall category&mdash;or have 
proposed their own alternatives (often humorous).  Suggestions include IMPs, 
for Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for Government-Originated Legally 
Enforced Monopolies.  Some speak of &ldquo;exclusive rights regimes&rdquo;, but 
referring to restrictions as &ldquo;rights&rdquo; is doublethink too."
-msgstr "Ceux qui pr&eacute;f&eacute;reraient juger ces probl&egrave;mes sur 
leurs m&eacute;rites devraient rejeter un terme biais&eacute; pour en parler. 
Beaucoup m'ont demand&eacute; de proposer un autre nom pour la cat&eacute;gorie 
&mdash; ou m'ont propos&eacute; des alternatives eux-m&ecirc;mes. Ces 
suggestions incluent IMP pour &laquo;&nbsp;Imposed Monopoly 
Privileges&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;Privil&egrave;ges de monopoles 
impos&eacute;s&nbsp;&raquo;), et GOLEM, pour &laquo;&nbsp;Government-Originated 
Legally Enforced Monopolies&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;Monopoles d'origine 
gouvernementale mis en application l&eacute;galement&nbsp;&raquo;). Certains 
parlent de &laquo;&nbsp;r&eacute;gimes de droits exclusifs&nbsp;&raquo;, mais 
assimiler des restrictions &agrave; des &laquo;&nbsp;droits&nbsp;&raquo; est 
biais&eacute; aussi."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a "
-#| "mistake to replace &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; with any other "
-#| "term. A different name will not address the term's deeper problem: "
-#| "overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as &ldquo;intellectual "
-#| "property&rdquo;&mdash;it is a mirage. The only reason people think it "
-#| "makes sense as a coherent category is that widespread use of the term "
-#| "gives that impression."
-msgid "Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a 
mistake to replace &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; with any other term.  A 
different name will not address the term's deeper problem: overgeneralization.  
There is no such unified thing as &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;&mdash;it 
is a mirage.  The only reason people think it makes sense as a coherent 
category is that widespread use of the term has misled them."
-msgstr "Certaines de ces substitutions seraient une amélioration, mais c'est 
une erreur de remplacer &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; 
intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; par un autre terme. Un nom diff&eacute;rent ne 
r&egrave;glerait pas le probl&egrave;me plus profond de ce terme&nbsp;: la 
banalisation. Il n'existe pas de chose unifi&eacute;e telle que la 
&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;. C'est un 
mirage, qui semble avoir une existence coh&eacute;rente seulement parce que le 
terme le sugg&egrave;re."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; is at best a catch-all to "
-#| "lump together disparate laws. Non-lawyers who hear one term applied to "
-#| "these various laws tend to assume they are based on a common principle, "
-#| "and function similarly."
-msgid "The term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; is at best a catch-all to 
lump together disparate laws.  Nonlawyers who hear one term applied to these 
various laws tend to assume they are based on a common principle and function 
similarly."
-msgstr "Le terme &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; 
intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; est un terme fourre-tout pour m&ecirc;ler des lois 
disparates. Les n&eacute;ophytes en droit qui entendent le terme 
&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; 
appliqu&eacute; &agrave; diverses lois, tendent &agrave; croire qu'il y a 
plusieurs variations d'un principe commun, et qu'elles fonctionnent de 
mani&egrave;re similaire."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Nothing could be further from the case.  These laws originated 
separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different 
rules, and raise different public policy issues."
-msgstr " Rien n'est moins vrai.Ces lois produites s&eacute;par&eacute;ment, 
ont &eacute;volu&eacute; diff&eacute;remment, couvrent diff&eacute;rentes 
activit&eacute;s, ont des r&egrave;gles diff&eacute;rentes et soul&egrave;vent 
des probl&egrave;mes de politique publique diff&eacute;rents."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the "
-#| "details of expression of a work. Patent law was intended to promote the "
-#| "publication of useful ideas, at the price of giving the one who publishes "
-#| "an idea a temporary monopoly over it&mdash;a price that may be worth "
-#| "paying in some fields and not in others."
-msgid "Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers 
the details of expression of a work.  Patent law was intended to promote the 
publication of useful ideas, at the price of giving the one who publishes an 
idea a temporary monopoly over it&mdash;a price that may be worth paying in 
some fields and not in others."
-msgstr "La loi sur le copyright a &eacute;t&eacute; con&ccedil;ue pour 
promouvoir les &oelig;uvres litt&eacute;raires et l'art, et couvre les 
d&eacute;tails d'une &oelig;uvre litt&eacute;raire ou artistique. La loi sur 
les brevets a &eacute;t&eacute; con&ccedil;ue pour encourager la publication 
d'id&eacute;es, au prix d'un monopole limit&eacute; sur ces id&eacute;es 
&mdash; un prix n&eacute;cessaire dans certains domaines et pas dans d'autres."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular "
-#| "way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying. "
-#| "Legislators under the influence of &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;, "
-#| "however, have turned it into a scheme that provides incentives for "
-#| "advertising."
-msgid "Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular 
way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.  
Legislators under the influence of the term &ldquo;intellectual 
property&rdquo;, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides incentives 
for advertising."
-msgstr "La loi sur les marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es n'&eacute;tait pas 
destin&eacute;e &agrave; promouvoir une quelconque activit&eacute; commerciale, 
mais seulement pour permettre aux acheteurs de savoir ce qu'ils 
ach&egrave;tent; cependant, les l&eacute;gislateurs sous l'influence de la 
&laquo;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&raquo;, l'ont modifi&eacute;e en 
un sch&eacute;ma qui fournit des incitations &agrave; faire de la 
publicit&eacute;."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every "
-#| "detail, as well as in their basic purposes and methods. Thus, if you "
-#| "learn some fact about copyright law, you'd be wise to assume that patent "
-#| "law is different. You'll rarely go wrong!"
-msgid "Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every 
detail, as well as in their basic purposes and methods.  Thus, if you learn 
some fact about copyright law, you'd be wise to assume that patent law is 
different.  You'll rarely go wrong!"
-msgstr "Puisque ces lois ont &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es 
ind&eacute;pendamment l'une de l'autre, elles sont diff&eacute;rentes dans 
chaque d&eacute;tail, comme dans leurs propos ou leurs m&eacute;thodes de base. 
Par cons&eacute;quent, si vous apprenez quelque chose sur la loi sur le 
copyright, vous feriez mieux de supposer que la loi sur les brevets est 
diff&eacute;rente. Vous vous tromperez rarement de cette fa&ccedil;on."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "People often say &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; when they really "
-#| "mean some larger or smaller category. For instance, rich countries often "
-#| "impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of them. Some "
-#| "of these laws are &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; laws, and others "
-#| "are not; nonetheless, critics of the practice often grab for that label "
-#| "because it has become familiar to them. By using it, they misrepresent "
-#| "the nature of the issue. It would be better to use an accurate term, such "
-#| "as &ldquo;legislative colonization&rdquo;, that gets to the heart of the "
-#| "matter."
-msgid "People often say &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; when they really 
mean some larger or smaller category.  For instance, rich countries often 
impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of them.  Some of 
these laws are &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; laws, and others are not; 
nonetheless, critics of the practice often grab for that label because it has 
become familiar to them.  By using it, they misrepresent the nature of the 
issue.  It would be better to use an accurate term, such as &ldquo;legislative 
colonization&rdquo;, that gets to the heart of the matter."
-msgstr "Les gens disent souvent &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; 
intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; quand ils veulent vraiment qualifier une autre 
cat&eacute;gorie, plus &eacute;tendue ou plus restreinte que la 
&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;. Par exemple, 
les pays riches imposent souvent des lois injustes aux pays pauvres pour leur 
extorquer de l'argent. Certaines sont souvent des lois sur la 
&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;, mais pas 
toutes&nbsp;; n&eacute;anmoins, les gens utilisent souvent ce terme car il leur 
est devenu familier, et travestit la nature du probl&egrave;me. Il serait bien 
mieux d'utiliser un terme comme &laquo;&nbsp;colonisation 
l&eacute;gislative&nbsp;&raquo; qui est au c&oelig;ur du sujet et &eacute;vite 
la d&eacute;naturation de son &eacute;tendue."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law professors "
-#| "who teach these laws are lured by, and distracted by, the seductiveness "
-#| "of the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;, and make general "
-#| "statements that conflict with facts they know. For example, one professor "
-#| "wrote in 2006:"
-msgid "Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term.  Even law 
professors who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the seductiveness 
of the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;, and make general statements 
that conflict with facts they know.  For example, one professor wrote in 2006:"
-msgstr "Les hommes de loi ne sont pas les seuls &agrave; se m&eacute;prendre 
sur ce terme. M&ecirc;me les professeurs de droit qui enseignent ces lois sont 
leurr&eacute;s par le terme de &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; 
intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; dans des d&eacute;clarations 
g&eacute;n&eacute;rales qui sont en contradiction avec les faits qu'ils 
connaissent. Le terme les distrait d'utiliser leurs connaissances. Par exemple, 
un professeur a &eacute;crit en 2006&nbsp;:"
+msgid ""
+"It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and trademarks&mdash;"
+"three separate and different entities involving three separate and different "
+"sets of laws&mdash;into one pot and call it &ldquo;intellectual "
+"property&rdquo;.  The distorting and confusing term did not arise by "
+"accident.  Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it.  The clearest "
+"way out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely."
+msgstr ""
+"C'est devenu &agrave; la mode de d&eacute;crire le copyright, les brevets, "
+"et les marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es comme &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;"
+"t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;. Cette mode n'est pas apparue par "
+"accident &mdash; le terme d&eacute;forme et rend confus syst&eacute;"
+"matiquement ces probl&egrave;mes, et son utilisation a &eacute;t&eacute; et "
+"est soutenue par ceux qui profitent de cette confusion. Quiconque souhaite "
+"r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir clairement &agrave; une quelconque de ces lois "
+"ferait bien de rejeter le terme."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School, the "
+"widespread use of the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; is a fashion "
+"that followed the 1967 founding of the World &ldquo;Intellectual "
+"Property&rdquo; Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent "
+"years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the "
+"interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.)"
+msgstr ""
+"Selon le Professeur Mark Lemley, exer&ccedil;ant actuellement &agrave; la "
+"Stanford Law School, l'utilisation tr&egrave;s r&eacute;pandue du terme "
+"&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; est une "
+"mode suivie depuis la cr&eacute;ation en 1967 de l'Organisation mondiale de "
+"la &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;, et est "
+"devenue r&eacute;ellement courante depuis ces derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;"
+"es. (L'OMPI est formellement une organisation des Nations Unies, mais elle "
+"repr&eacute;sente en faitles int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts des d&eacute;tenteurs de "
+"copyrights, de brevets et de marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es)."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The term carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking about "
+"copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property rights for "
+"physical objects. (This analogy is at odds with the legal philosophies of "
+"copyright law, of patent law, and of trademark law, but only specialists "
+"know that.) These laws are in fact not much like physical property law, but "
+"use of this term leads legislators to change them to be more so.  Since that "
+"is the change desired by the companies that exercise copyright, patent and "
+"trademark powers, the bias introduced by the term &ldquo;intellectual "
+"property&rdquo; suits them."
+msgstr ""
+"Un effet du terme est la distorsion qui n'est pas difficile de voir&nbsp;: "
+"il sugg&egrave;re de penser au copyright, aux brevets et aux marques "
+"d&eacute;pos&eacute;es par analogie avec les droits de propri&eacute;"
+"t&eacute; pour les objets physiques. (Cette analogie est &agrave; "
+"l'oppos&eacute; des doctrines de droit de la loi sur le copyright, de la loi "
+"sur les brevets, et de la loi sur les marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es, mais "
+"seuls les sp&eacute;cialistes le savent). Ces lois sont en fait peu "
+"semblables &agrave; la loi sur la propri&eacute;t&eacute; physique, mais "
+"l'utilisation de ce terme conduit les l&eacute;gislateurs &agrave; les "
+"changer pour qu'elles en soient plus proches. Puisque c'est le changement "
+"voulu par les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s qui se servent des pouvoirs du "
+"copyright, des brevets et des marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es, ces "
+"soci&eacute;t&eacute;s ont &oelig;uvr&eacute; pour mettre ce terme &agrave; "
+"la mode."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The bias is reason enough to reject the term, and people have often asked me "
+"to propose some other name for the overall category&mdash;or have proposed "
+"their own alternatives (often humorous).  Suggestions include IMPs, for "
+"Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for Government-Originated Legally "
+"Enforced Monopolies.  Some speak of &ldquo;exclusive rights regimes&rdquo;, "
+"but referring to restrictions as &ldquo;rights&rdquo; is doublethink too."
+msgstr ""
+"Ceux qui pr&eacute;f&eacute;reraient juger ces probl&egrave;mes sur leurs "
+"m&eacute;rites devraient rejeter un terme biais&eacute; pour en parler. "
+"Beaucoup m'ont demand&eacute; de proposer un autre nom pour la cat&eacute;"
+"gorie &mdash; ou m'ont propos&eacute; des alternatives eux-m&ecirc;mes. Ces "
+"suggestions incluent IMP pour &laquo;&nbsp;Imposed Monopoly Privileges&nbsp;"
+"&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;Privil&egrave;ges de monopoles impos&eacute;s&nbsp;"
+"&raquo;), et GOLEM, pour &laquo;&nbsp;Government-Originated Legally Enforced "
+"Monopolies&nbsp;&raquo; (&laquo;&nbsp;Monopoles d'origine gouvernementale "
+"mis en application l&eacute;galement&nbsp;&raquo;). Certains parlent de "
+"&laquo;&nbsp;r&eacute;gimes de droits exclusifs&nbsp;&raquo;, mais assimiler "
+"des restrictions &agrave; des &laquo;&nbsp;droits&nbsp;&raquo; est "
+"biais&eacute; aussi."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a mistake "
+"to replace &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; with any other term.  A "
+"different name will not address the term's deeper problem: "
+"overgeneralization.  There is no such unified thing as &ldquo;intellectual "
+"property&rdquo;&mdash;it is a mirage.  The only reason people think it makes "
+"sense as a coherent category is that widespread use of the term has misled "
+"them."
+msgstr ""
+"Certaines de ces substitutions seraient une amélioration, mais c'est une "
+"erreur de remplacer &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;"
+"&raquo; par un autre terme. Un nom diff&eacute;rent ne r&egrave;glerait pas "
+"le probl&egrave;me plus profond de ce terme&nbsp;: la banalisation. Il "
+"n'existe pas de chose unifi&eacute;e telle que la &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;"
+"t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;. C'est un mirage, qui semble avoir une "
+"existence coh&eacute;rente seulement parce que le terme le sugg&egrave;re."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; is at best a catch-all to lump "
+"together disparate laws.  Nonlawyers who hear one term applied to these "
+"various laws tend to assume they are based on a common principle and "
+"function similarly."
+msgstr ""
+"Le terme &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; "
+"est un terme fourre-tout pour m&ecirc;ler des lois disparates. Les n&eacute;"
+"ophytes en droit qui entendent le terme &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; "
+"intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; appliqu&eacute; &agrave; diverses lois, tendent "
+"&agrave; croire qu'il y a plusieurs variations d'un principe commun, et "
+"qu'elles fonctionnent de mani&egrave;re similaire."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Nothing could be further from the case.  These laws originated separately, "
+"evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and "
+"raise different public policy issues."
+msgstr ""
+" Rien n'est moins vrai.Ces lois produites s&eacute;par&eacute;ment, ont "
+"&eacute;volu&eacute; diff&eacute;remment, couvrent diff&eacute;rentes "
+"activit&eacute;s, ont des r&egrave;gles diff&eacute;rentes et soul&egrave;"
+"vent des probl&egrave;mes de politique publique diff&eacute;rents."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the "
+"details of expression of a work.  Patent law was intended to promote the "
+"publication of useful ideas, at the price of giving the one who publishes an "
+"idea a temporary monopoly over it&mdash;a price that may be worth paying in "
+"some fields and not in others."
+msgstr ""
+"La loi sur le copyright a &eacute;t&eacute; con&ccedil;ue pour promouvoir "
+"les &oelig;uvres litt&eacute;raires et l'art, et couvre les d&eacute;tails "
+"d'une &oelig;uvre litt&eacute;raire ou artistique. La loi sur les brevets a "
+"&eacute;t&eacute; con&ccedil;ue pour encourager la publication d'id&eacute;"
+"es, au prix d'un monopole limit&eacute; sur ces id&eacute;es &mdash; un prix "
+"n&eacute;cessaire dans certains domaines et pas dans d'autres."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular way "
+"of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.  "
+"Legislators under the influence of the term &ldquo;intellectual "
+"property&rdquo;, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides "
+"incentives for advertising."
+msgstr ""
+"La loi sur les marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es n'&eacute;tait pas "
+"destin&eacute;e &agrave; promouvoir une quelconque activit&eacute; "
+"commerciale, mais seulement pour permettre aux acheteurs de savoir ce qu'ils "
+"ach&egrave;tent; cependant, les l&eacute;gislateurs sous l'influence de la "
+"&laquo;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&raquo;, l'ont modifi&eacute;e "
+"en un sch&eacute;ma qui fournit des incitations &agrave; faire de la "
+"publicit&eacute;."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every "
+"detail, as well as in their basic purposes and methods.  Thus, if you learn "
+"some fact about copyright law, you'd be wise to assume that patent law is "
+"different.  You'll rarely go wrong!"
+msgstr ""
+"Puisque ces lois ont &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es ind&eacute;"
+"pendamment l'une de l'autre, elles sont diff&eacute;rentes dans chaque "
+"d&eacute;tail, comme dans leurs propos ou leurs m&eacute;thodes de base. Par "
+"cons&eacute;quent, si vous apprenez quelque chose sur la loi sur le "
+"copyright, vous feriez mieux de supposer que la loi sur les brevets est "
+"diff&eacute;rente. Vous vous tromperez rarement de cette fa&ccedil;on."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"People often say &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; when they really mean "
+"some larger or smaller category.  For instance, rich countries often impose "
+"unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of them.  Some of these "
+"laws are &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; laws, and others are not; "
+"nonetheless, critics of the practice often grab for that label because it "
+"has become familiar to them.  By using it, they misrepresent the nature of "
+"the issue.  It would be better to use an accurate term, such as &ldquo;"
+"legislative colonization&rdquo;, that gets to the heart of the matter."
+msgstr ""
+"Les gens disent souvent &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; "
+"intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; quand ils veulent vraiment qualifier une autre "
+"cat&eacute;gorie, plus &eacute;tendue ou plus restreinte que la &laquo;&nbsp;"
+"propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;. Par exemple, les pays "
+"riches imposent souvent des lois injustes aux pays pauvres pour leur "
+"extorquer de l'argent. Certaines sont souvent des lois sur la &laquo;&nbsp;"
+"propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo;, mais pas toutes&nbsp;; "
+"n&eacute;anmoins, les gens utilisent souvent ce terme car il leur est devenu "
+"familier, et travestit la nature du probl&egrave;me. Il serait bien mieux "
+"d'utiliser un terme comme &laquo;&nbsp;colonisation l&eacute;gislative&nbsp;"
+"&raquo; qui est au c&oelig;ur du sujet et &eacute;vite la d&eacute;"
+"naturation de son &eacute;tendue."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term.  Even law professors "
+"who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the seductiveness of the "
+"term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;, and make general statements that "
+"conflict with facts they know.  For example, one professor wrote in 2006:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les hommes de loi ne sont pas les seuls &agrave; se m&eacute;prendre sur ce "
+"terme. M&ecirc;me les professeurs de droit qui enseignent ces lois sont "
+"leurr&eacute;s par le terme de &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; "
+"intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; dans des d&eacute;clarations g&eacute;n&eacute;"
+"rales qui sont en contradiction avec les faits qu'ils connaissent. Le terme "
+"les distrait d'utiliser leurs connaissances. Par exemple, un professeur a "
+"&eacute;crit en 2006&nbsp;:"
 
 # type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers of "
-#| "the US constitution had a principled, pro-competitive attitude to "
-#| "intellectual property. They knew rights might be necessary, but&hellip;"
-#| "they tied congress's hands, restricting its power in multiple ways."
-msgid "Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers of 
the US constitution had a principled, pro-competitive attitude to intellectual 
property.  They knew rights might be necessary, but&hellip;they tied congress's 
hands, restricting its power in multiple ways."
-msgstr "&laquo;&nbsp;Contrairement &agrave; leur descendants qui travaillent 
&agrave; l'<abbr title=\"Organisation mondiale de la propri&eacute;t&eacute; 
intellectuelle\">OMPI</abbr>, les fondateurs de la Constitution 
am&eacute;ricaine avaient une attitude de principe pro-concurrentielle vis 
&agrave; vis de la propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle. Il savaient que des 
droits seraient peut-&ecirc;tre n&eacute;cessaires mais&hellip; ils ont 
li&eacute; les mains du Congr&egrave;s, en restreignant son pouvoir de diverses 
mani&egrave;res&nbsp;&raquo;."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "That statement refers to the article 1 section 8, clause 8 in the US "
-#| "Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That clause, "
-#| "though, has nothing to do with trademark law. The term &ldquo;"
-#| "intellectual property&rdquo; led that professor into a false "
-#| "generalization."
-msgid "That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US 
Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law.  That clause, 
though, has nothing to do with trademark law.  The term &ldquo;intellectual 
property&rdquo; led that professor to make false generalization."
-msgstr "Cette affirmation se ref&egrave;re &agrave; l'article 1 clause 8 de la 
Constitution am&egrave;ricaine qui autorise des lois sur les droits d'auteurs 
et des lois sur les brevets, mais cet article n'a rien &agrave; voir avec les 
lois sur les marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es. Le terme 
&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; a conduit ce 
professeur &agrave; une fausse g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; also leads to simplistic "
-#| "thinking. It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form that "
-#| "these disparate laws have&mdash;that they create artificial privileges "
-#| "for certain parties&mdash;and to disregard the details which form their "
-#| "substance: the specific restrictions each law places on the public, and "
-#| "the consequences that result. This simplistic focus on the form "
-#| "encourages an &ldquo;economistic&rdquo; approach to all these issues."
-msgid "The term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; also leads to simplistic 
thinking.  It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form that 
these disparate laws have&mdash;that they create artificial privileges for 
certain parties&mdash;and to disregard the details which form their substance: 
the specific restrictions each law places on the public, and the consequences 
that result.  This simplistic focus on the form encourages an 
&ldquo;economistic&rdquo; approach to all these issues."
-msgstr "Le terme &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; 
intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; conduit &eacute;galement &agrave; une 
r&eacute;flexion simpliste. Il am&egrave;ne les gens &agrave; se concentrer sur 
la portion congrue de ces lois disparates, qui est qu'elles ont 
cr&eacute;&eacute; des privil&egrave;ges artificiels pour certaines parties, et 
&agrave; ignorer leur contenu &mdash; les restrictions sp&eacute;cifiques que 
chacune d'elles exercent sur le public, et les cons&eacute;quences qui en 
r&eacute;sultent. Ceci encourage une approche 
&laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;conomistique&nbsp;&raquo; de tous ces probl&egrave;mes."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Economics operates here, as it often does, as a vehicle for unexamined "
-#| "assumptions.  These include assumptions about values, such as that amount "
-#| "of production matters, while freedom and way of life do not, and factual "
-#| "assumptions which are mostly false, such as that copyrights on music "
-#| "supports musicians, or that patents on drugs support life-saving research."
-msgid "Economics operates here, as it often does, as a vehicle for unexamined 
assumptions.  These include assumptions about values, such as that amount of 
production matters while freedom and way of life do not, and factual 
assumptions which are mostly false, such as that copyrights on music supports 
musicians, or that patents on drugs support life-saving research."
-msgstr "L'&eacute;conomie, comme souvent, op&egrave;re comme un 
v&eacute;hicule pour des valeurs non examin&eacute;es, comme par exemple, la 
quantit&eacute; de production importe, alors que la libert&eacute; et le mode 
de vie non, et des postulats qui ne sont que tr&egrave;s superficiellement 
vrais, comme par exemple, que le droit d'auteur aide les musiciens, ou que les 
brevets sur les m&eacute;dicaments aident la recherche &agrave; sauver des 
vies."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Another problem is that, at the broad scale of &ldquo;intellectual "
-#| "property&rdquo;, the specific issues raised by the various laws become "
-#| "nearly invisible.  These issues arise from the specifics of each "
-#| "law&mdash;precisely what the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; "
-#| "encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue relating to "
-#| "copyright law is whether music sharing should be allowed. Patent law has "
-#| "nothing to do with this.  Patent law raises issues such as whether poor "
-#| "countries should be allowed to produce life-saving drugs and sell them "
-#| "cheaply to save lives. Copyright law has nothing to do with such matters."
-msgid "Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term 
&ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;, the specific issues raised by the various 
laws become nearly invisible.  These issues arise from the specifics of each 
law&mdash;precisely what the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; 
encourages people to ignore.  For instance, one issue relating to copyright law 
is whether music sharing should be allowed; patent law has nothing to do with 
this.  Patent law raises issues such as whether poor countries should be 
allowed to produce life-saving drugs and sell them cheaply to save lives; 
copyright law has nothing to do with such matters."
-msgstr "Pour celui qui a une vue g&eacute;n&eacute;rique, les probl&egrave;mes 
sp&eacute;cifiques de la politique publique soulev&eacute;s par la loi sur le 
droit d'auteur, et les probl&egrave;mes, diff&eacute;rents, soulev&eacute;s par 
la loi sur les brevets ou toute autre loi, sont presque invisibles. Ces 
probl&egrave;mes proviennent des sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s de chaque loi 
&mdash; pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment ce que le terme 
&laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; encourage les 
gens &agrave; ignorer. Par exemple, un probl&egrave;me relatif &agrave; la loi 
sur le droit d'auteur est de savoir si le partage de la musique devrait 
&ecirc;tre autoris&eacute;. La loi sur les brevets n'a rien &agrave; voir avec 
ceci.Mais la loi sur les brevets soul&egrave;ve le probl&egrave;me de savoir si 
les pays pauvres devraient &ecirc;tre autoris&eacute;s &agrave; produire des 
m&eacute;dicament qui sauvent des vies et les vendre bon march&eacute; pour 
sauver des vies. La loi sur le droit d'auteur n'a rien &agrave; voir avec cela."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Neither of these issues is solely economic in nature, and their 
noneconomic aspects are very different; using the shallow economic 
overgeneralization as the basis for considering them means ignoring the 
differences.  Putting the two laws in the &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; 
pot obstructs clear thinking about each one."
-msgstr "Aucun de ces probl&egrave;mes n'est par nature seulement 
&eacute;conomique, et leurs aspects non-&eacute;nonomiques sont tr&egrave;s 
diff&eacute;rents&nbsp;; utiliser la sur-g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation 
&eacute;conomique superficielle comme base pour les appr&eacute;hender implique 
d'ignorer les diff&eacute;rences. Mettre les deux lois dans le m&ecirc;me pot 
de la &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; 
emp&ecirc;che d'avoir un raisonnement clair pour chacune d'elles."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Thus, any opinions about &ldquo;the issue of intellectual property&rdquo; "
-#| "and any generalizations about this supposed category are almost surely "
-#| "foolish. If you think all those laws are one issue, you will tend to "
-#| "choose your opinions from a selection of sweeping overgeneralizations, "
-#| "none of which is any good."
-msgid "Thus, any opinions about &ldquo;the issue of intellectual 
property&rdquo; and any generalizations about this supposed category are almost 
surely foolish.  If you think all those laws are one issue, you will tend to 
choose your opinions from a selection of sweeping overgeneralizations, none of 
which is any good."
-msgstr "Par cons&eacute;quent, toute opinion &agrave; propos de 
&laquo;&nbsp;la question de propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; 
est presque s&ucirc;rement absurde. Si vous pensez que toutes ces lois ne sont 
qu'un même probl&egrave;me, vous aurez tendance &agrave; choisir vos opinions 
&agrave; partir d'une s&eacute;lection de g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisations, dont 
aucune d'elles n'est bonne."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or "
-#| "copyrights, or trademarks, the first step is to forget the idea of "
-#| "lumping them together, and treat them as separate topics. The second step "
-#| "is to reject the narrow perspectives and simplistic picture the term "
-#| "&ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; suggests. Consider each of these "
-#| "issues separately, in its fullness, and you have a chance of considering "
-#| "them well."
-msgid "If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or 
copyrights, or trademarks, the first step is to forget the idea of lumping them 
together, and treat them as separate topics.  The second step is to reject the 
narrow perspectives and simplistic picture the term &ldquo;intellectual 
property&rdquo; suggests.  Consider each of these issues separately, in its 
fullness, and you have a chance of considering them well."
-msgstr "Si vous voulez r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir clairement au sujet des 
probl&egrave;mes soulev&eacute;s par les brevets, les copyrights ou les marques 
d&eacute;pos&eacute;es, ou m&ecirc;me apprendre ce que ces lois disent, la 
premi&egrave;re &eacute;tape est d'oublier l'id&eacute;e de les mettre toutes 
dans le m&ecirc;me panier, et de les traiter comme des sujets 
s&eacute;par&eacute;s. Si vous voulez &eacute;crire des articles qui informent 
le public et encourage &agrave; r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir clairement, traiter 
chacune de ces lois s&eacute;par&eacute;ment; ne sugg&eacute;rez pas de 
g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation &agrave; leur propos."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "And when it comes to reforming WIPO, among other things <a 
href=\"http://www.fsfeurope.org/documents/wiwo.html\";>let's call for changing 
its name</a>."
-msgstr "Et quand viendra le temps de la r&eacute;forme de l'OMPI, entre autres 
choses, <a href=\"http://www.fsfeurope.org/documents/wiwo.html\";>appelons 
&agrave; changer son nom</a>."
+msgid ""
+"Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers of the "
+"US constitution had a principled, pro-competitive attitude to intellectual "
+"property.  They knew rights might be necessary, but&hellip;they tied "
+"congress's hands, restricting its power in multiple ways."
+msgstr ""
+"&laquo;&nbsp;Contrairement &agrave; leur descendants qui travaillent "
+"&agrave; l'<abbr title=\"Organisation mondiale de la propri&eacute;t&eacute; "
+"intellectuelle\">OMPI</abbr>, les fondateurs de la Constitution am&eacute;"
+"ricaine avaient une attitude de principe pro-concurrentielle vis &agrave; "
+"vis de la propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle. Il savaient que des droits "
+"seraient peut-&ecirc;tre n&eacute;cessaires mais&hellip; ils ont li&eacute; "
+"les mains du Congr&egrave;s, en restreignant son pouvoir de diverses "
+"mani&egrave;res&nbsp;&raquo;."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US "
+"Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law.  That clause, "
+"though, has nothing to do with trademark law.  The term &ldquo;intellectual "
+"property&rdquo; led that professor to make false generalization."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette affirmation se ref&egrave;re &agrave; l'article 1 clause 8 de la "
+"Constitution am&egrave;ricaine qui autorise des lois sur les droits "
+"d'auteurs et des lois sur les brevets, mais cet article n'a rien &agrave; "
+"voir avec les lois sur les marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es. Le terme &laquo;"
+"&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; a conduit ce "
+"professeur &agrave; une fausse g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; also leads to simplistic "
+"thinking.  It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form that "
+"these disparate laws have&mdash;that they create artificial privileges for "
+"certain parties&mdash;and to disregard the details which form their "
+"substance: the specific restrictions each law places on the public, and the "
+"consequences that result.  This simplistic focus on the form encourages an "
+"&ldquo;economistic&rdquo; approach to all these issues."
+msgstr ""
+"Le terme &laquo;&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; "
+"conduit &eacute;galement &agrave; une r&eacute;flexion simpliste. Il "
+"am&egrave;ne les gens &agrave; se concentrer sur la portion congrue de ces "
+"lois disparates, qui est qu'elles ont cr&eacute;&eacute; des privil&egrave;"
+"ges artificiels pour certaines parties, et &agrave; ignorer leur contenu "
+"&mdash; les restrictions sp&eacute;cifiques que chacune d'elles exercent sur "
+"le public, et les cons&eacute;quences qui en r&eacute;sultent. Ceci "
+"encourage une approche &laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;conomistique&nbsp;&raquo; de "
+"tous ces probl&egrave;mes."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Economics operates here, as it often does, as a vehicle for unexamined "
+"assumptions.  These include assumptions about values, such as that amount of "
+"production matters while freedom and way of life do not, and factual "
+"assumptions which are mostly false, such as that copyrights on music "
+"supports musicians, or that patents on drugs support life-saving research."
+msgstr ""
+"L'&eacute;conomie, comme souvent, op&egrave;re comme un v&eacute;hicule pour "
+"des valeurs non examin&eacute;es, comme par exemple, la quantit&eacute; de "
+"production importe, alors que la libert&eacute; et le mode de vie non, et "
+"des postulats qui ne sont que tr&egrave;s superficiellement vrais, comme par "
+"exemple, que le droit d'auteur aide les musiciens, ou que les brevets sur "
+"les m&eacute;dicaments aident la recherche &agrave; sauver des vies."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term &ldquo;"
+"intellectual property&rdquo;, the specific issues raised by the various laws "
+"become nearly invisible.  These issues arise from the specifics of each "
+"law&mdash;precisely what the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; "
+"encourages people to ignore.  For instance, one issue relating to copyright "
+"law is whether music sharing should be allowed; patent law has nothing to do "
+"with this.  Patent law raises issues such as whether poor countries should "
+"be allowed to produce life-saving drugs and sell them cheaply to save lives; "
+"copyright law has nothing to do with such matters."
+msgstr ""
+"Pour celui qui a une vue g&eacute;n&eacute;rique, les probl&egrave;mes "
+"sp&eacute;cifiques de la politique publique soulev&eacute;s par la loi sur "
+"le droit d'auteur, et les probl&egrave;mes, diff&eacute;rents, soulev&eacute;"
+"s par la loi sur les brevets ou toute autre loi, sont presque invisibles. "
+"Ces probl&egrave;mes proviennent des sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s de chaque "
+"loi &mdash; pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment ce que le terme &laquo;&nbsp;"
+"propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; encourage les gens "
+"&agrave; ignorer. Par exemple, un probl&egrave;me relatif &agrave; la loi "
+"sur le droit d'auteur est de savoir si le partage de la musique devrait "
+"&ecirc;tre autoris&eacute;. La loi sur les brevets n'a rien &agrave; voir "
+"avec ceci.Mais la loi sur les brevets soul&egrave;ve le probl&egrave;me de "
+"savoir si les pays pauvres devraient &ecirc;tre autoris&eacute;s &agrave; "
+"produire des m&eacute;dicament qui sauvent des vies et les vendre bon "
+"march&eacute; pour sauver des vies. La loi sur le droit d'auteur n'a rien "
+"&agrave; voir avec cela."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Neither of these issues is solely economic in nature, and their noneconomic "
+"aspects are very different; using the shallow economic overgeneralization as "
+"the basis for considering them means ignoring the differences.  Putting the "
+"two laws in the &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; pot obstructs clear "
+"thinking about each one."
+msgstr ""
+"Aucun de ces probl&egrave;mes n'est par nature seulement &eacute;conomique, "
+"et leurs aspects non-&eacute;nonomiques sont tr&egrave;s diff&eacute;"
+"rents&nbsp;; utiliser la sur-g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation &eacute;conomique "
+"superficielle comme base pour les appr&eacute;hender implique d'ignorer les "
+"diff&eacute;rences. Mettre les deux lois dans le m&ecirc;me pot de la &laquo;"
+"&nbsp;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; emp&ecirc;che "
+"d'avoir un raisonnement clair pour chacune d'elles."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Thus, any opinions about &ldquo;the issue of intellectual property&rdquo; "
+"and any generalizations about this supposed category are almost surely "
+"foolish.  If you think all those laws are one issue, you will tend to choose "
+"your opinions from a selection of sweeping overgeneralizations, none of "
+"which is any good."
+msgstr ""
+"Par cons&eacute;quent, toute opinion &agrave; propos de &laquo;&nbsp;la "
+"question de propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&nbsp;&raquo; est presque "
+"s&ucirc;rement absurde. Si vous pensez que toutes ces lois ne sont qu'un "
+"même probl&egrave;me, vous aurez tendance &agrave; choisir vos opinions "
+"&agrave; partir d'une s&eacute;lection de g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisations, "
+"dont aucune d'elles n'est bonne."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or "
+"copyrights, or trademarks, the first step is to forget the idea of lumping "
+"them together, and treat them as separate topics.  The second step is to "
+"reject the narrow perspectives and simplistic picture the term &ldquo;"
+"intellectual property&rdquo; suggests.  Consider each of these issues "
+"separately, in its fullness, and you have a chance of considering them well."
+msgstr ""
+"Si vous voulez r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir clairement au sujet des probl&egrave;"
+"mes soulev&eacute;s par les brevets, les copyrights ou les marques d&eacute;"
+"pos&eacute;es, ou m&ecirc;me apprendre ce que ces lois disent, la "
+"premi&egrave;re &eacute;tape est d'oublier l'id&eacute;e de les mettre "
+"toutes dans le m&ecirc;me panier, et de les traiter comme des sujets "
+"s&eacute;par&eacute;s. Si vous voulez &eacute;crire des articles qui "
+"informent le public et encourage &agrave; r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir "
+"clairement, traiter chacune de ces lois s&eacute;par&eacute;ment; ne "
+"sugg&eacute;rez pas de g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation &agrave; leur propos."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And when it comes to reforming WIPO, among other things <a href=\"http://www.";
+"fsfeurope.org/documents/wiwo.html\">let's call for changing its name</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Et quand viendra le temps de la r&eacute;forme de l'OMPI, entre autres "
+"choses, <a href=\"http://www.fsfeurope.org/documents/wiwo.html\";>appelons "
+"&agrave; changer son nom</a>."
 
 # type: Content of: <div>
 #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
@@ -243,21 +404,46 @@
 msgstr " "
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.  There are also <a 
href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.  <br /> Please send 
broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
-msgstr "Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a 
href=\"/contact/\">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez 
envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux <a 
href=\"/people/webmeisters.html\">webmestres de GNU</a> à l'adresse <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.  There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other "
+"ways to contact</a> the FSF.  <br /> Please send broken links and other "
+"corrections or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a href=\"mailto:";
+"address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a 
href=\"/contact/"
+"\">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez envoyer les "
+"liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux <a href=\"/"
+"people/webmeisters.html\">webmestres de GNU</a> à l'adresse <a 
href=\"mailto:";
+"address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Please see the <a 
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> for 
information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
-msgstr "Veuillez consulter le <a 
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html\">README des 
traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission de 
traductions de cet article."
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"Veuillez consulter le <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html"
+"\">README des traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et "
+"la soumission de traductions de cet article."
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Copyright &copy; 2004, 2006 Richard M. Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying 
and distribution of this entire article is permitted worldwide without royalty 
in any medium provided this notice is preserved."
-msgstr "Copyright &copy; 2004, 2006 Richard M. Stallman <br />La reproduction 
exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est permise sur n'importe 
quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit préservée."
+msgid ""
+"Copyright &copy; 2004, 2006 Richard M. Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and "
+"distribution of this entire article is permitted worldwide without royalty "
+"in any medium provided this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright &copy; 2004, 2006 Richard M. Stallman <br />La reproduction exacte "
+"et la distribution intégrale de cet article est permise sur n'importe quel "
+"support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit préservée."
 
 # type: Content of: <div><div>
 #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
 msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
-msgstr "Traduction&nbsp;: Cédric Corazza.<br /> Révision&nbsp;: <a 
href=\"mailto:trad-gnu&#64;april.org\";>trad-gnu&#64;april.org</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"Traduction&nbsp;: Cédric Corazza.<br /> Révision&nbsp;: <a href=\"mailto:";
+"trad-gnu&#64;april.org\">trad-gnu&#64;april.org</a>"
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
 #.  timestamp start
@@ -267,4 +453,3 @@
 # type: Content of: <div><h4>
 msgid "Translations of this page"
 msgstr "Traductions de cette page"
-

Index: philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.po    29 Nov 2009 17:55:30 
-0000      1.8
+++ philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.po    30 Nov 2009 09:26:01 
-0000      1.9
@@ -16,460 +16,824 @@
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
 
 # type: Content of: <title>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software - GNU Project - Free "
-#| "Software Foundation (FSF)"
-msgid "Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software - GNU Project - Free 
Software Foundation (FSF)"
-msgstr "Pourquoi l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; passe &agrave; 
cot&eacute; du probl&egrave;me que soul&egrave;ve le logiciel libre - GNU 
Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgid ""
+"Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software - GNU Project - Free "
+"Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+"Pourquoi l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; passe &agrave; cot&eacute; "
+"du probl&egrave;me que soul&egrave;ve le logiciel libre - GNU Project - Free "
+"Software Foundation (FSF)"
 
 # type: Content of: <h2>
-#| msgid "Why &ldquo;Open Source&rdquo; misses the point of Free Software"
 msgid "Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software"
-msgstr "Pourquoi l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; passe &agrave; 
cot&eacute; du probl&egrave;me que soul&egrave;ve le logiciel libre"
+msgstr ""
+"Pourquoi l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; passe &agrave; cot&eacute; "
+"du probl&egrave;me que soul&egrave;ve le logiciel libre"
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
 msgid "by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong>"
 msgstr "par <strong>Richard Stallman</strong>"
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "When we call software &ldquo;free,&rdquo; we mean that it respects the 
<a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">users' essential freedoms</a>: the freedom 
to run it, to study and change it, and to redistribute copies with or without 
changes.  This is a matter of freedom, not price, so think of &ldquo;free 
speech,&rdquo; not &ldquo;free beer.&rdquo;"
-msgstr "Quand on dit qu'un logiciel est &laquo;&nbsp;libre&nbsp;&raquo;, on 
entend par l&agrave; qu'il respecte <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html\">les 
libert&eacute;s essentielles de l'utilisateur</a>&nbsp;: la libert&eacute; de 
l'utiliser, de l'&eacute;tudier et de le modifier, et de redistribuer des 
copies avec ou sans modification. C'est une question de libert&eacute;, pas de 
prix, pensez donc &agrave; &laquo;&nbsp;libert&eacute; 
d'expression&nbsp;&raquo;<sup><a href=\"#TransNote1\">1</a></sup> et pas 
&agrave; &laquo;&nbsp;bi&egrave;re gratuite&nbsp;&raquo;<sup><a 
href=\"#TransNote2\"></a></sup>."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "These freedoms are vitally important.  They are essential, not just for "
-#| "the individual users' sake, but because they promote social "
-#| "solidarity&mdash;that is, sharing and cooperation.  They become even more "
-#| "important as more and more of our culture and life activities are "
-#| "digitized.  In a world of digital sounds, images and words, free software "
-#| "comes increasingly to equate with freedom in general."
-msgid "These freedoms are vitally important.  They are essential, not just for 
the individual users' sake, but for society as a whole because they promote 
social solidarity&mdash;that is, sharing and cooperation.  They become even 
more important as our culture and life activities are increasingly digitized.  
In a world of digital sounds, images, and words, free software becomes 
increasingly essential for freedom in general."
-msgstr "Ces libert&eacute;s sont d'une importance vitale. Elles sont 
essentielles, pas juste pour les enjeux individuels des utilisateurs, mais 
parce qu'elles promeuvent la solidarit&eacute; sociale, que sont le partage et 
la coop&eacute;ration. Elles deviennent encore plus importantes &agrave; mesure 
que de plus en plus notre culture et les activit&eacute;s quotidiennes sont 
num&eacute;ris&eacute;s. Dans un monde de sons, d'images et de mots 
num&eacute;riques, le logiciel libre devient de plus en plus n&eacute;cessaire 
pour la libert&eacute; en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Tens of millions of people around the world now use free software; the "
-#| "schools of regions of India and Spain now teach all students to use the "
-#| "free <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux operating system</a>.  "
-#| "But most of these users have never heard of the ethical reasons for which "
-#| "we developed this system and built the free software community, because "
-#| "today this system and community are more often described as &ldquo;open "
-#| "source,&rdquo; and attributed to a different philosophy in which these "
-#| "freedoms are hardly mentioned."
-msgid "Tens of millions of people around the world now use free software; the 
schools of regions of India and Spain now teach all students to use the free <a 
href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux operating system</a>.  Most of these 
users, however, have never heard of the ethical reasons for which we developed 
this system and built the free software community, because nowadays this system 
and community are more often spoken of as &ldquo;open source,&rdquo;, 
attributing them to a different philosophy in which these freedoms are hardly 
mentioned."
-msgstr "Des dizaines de millions de personnes &agrave; travers le monde 
utilisent maintenant le logiciel libre&nbsp;; les &eacute;coles des 
r&eacute;gions de l'Inde et de l'Espagne enseignent maintenant &agrave; tous 
les &eacute;tudiants &agrave; utiliser le <a 
href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html\">syst&egrave;me d'exploitation libre 
GNU/Linux</a>. Mais la plupart des utilisateurs n'ont jamais entendu parler des 
raisons &eacute;thiques pour lesquelles nous avons d&eacute;velopp&eacute; ce 
syst&egrave;me et b&acirc;ti la communaut&eacute; du logiciel libre, parce 
qu'aujourd'hui ce syst&egrave;me et la communaut&eacute; sont plus souvent 
d&eacute;crits comme &laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo;<sup><a 
href=\"#TransNote3\">3</a></sup> et attribu&eacute;s &agrave; une philosophie 
diff&eacute;rente dans laquelle ces libert&eacute;s sont &agrave; peine 
mentionn&eacute;es."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The free software movement has campaigned for computer users' freedom "
-#| "since 1983.  In 1984 we launched the development of the free operating "
-#| "system GNU, so we could avoid the non-free operating systems that deny "
-#| "freedom to their users.  During the 80s, we developed most of the "
-#| "essential components of such a system, as well as the <a href=\"/licenses/"
-#| "gpl.html\">GNU General Public License</a>, a license designed "
-#| "specifically to protect freedom for all users of a program."
-msgid "The free software movement has campaigned for computer users' freedom 
since 1983.  In 1984 we launched the development of the free operating system 
GNU, so that we could avoid the nonfree operating systems that deny freedom to 
their users.  During the 1980s, we developed most of the essential components 
of the system and designed the <a href=\"/licenses/gpl.html\">GNU General 
Public License</a> (GNU GPL) to release them under&mdash;a license designed 
specifically to protect freedom for all users of a program."
-msgstr "Le mouvement du logiciel libre a fait campagne pour la libert&eacute; 
des utilisateurs d'ordinateur depuis 1983. En 1984 nous avons lanc&eacute; le 
d&eacute;veloppement du syst&egrave;me d'exploitation libre GNU, pour pouvoir 
ainsi &eacute;viter d'utiliser un syst&egrave;me qui refuse la libert&eacute; 
&agrave; ses utilisateurs. Durant les ann&eacute;es 80, nous avons 
d&eacute;velopp&eacute; la majeure partie des composants essentiels d'un tel 
syst&egrave;me, tout autant que la <a href=\"/licenses/gpl.html\">GNU General 
Public License</a>, une licence con&ccedil;ue sp&eacute;cifiquement pour 
prot&eacute;ger la libert&eacute; pour tous les utilisateurs d'un programme."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "However, not all of the users and developers of free software agreed with "
-#| "the goals of the free software movement.  In 1998, a part of the free "
-#| "software community splintered off and began campaigning in the name of "
-#| "&ldquo;open source.&rdquo; The term was originally proposed to avoid a "
-#| "possible misunderstanding of the term &ldquo;free software,&rdquo; but it "
-#| "soon became associated with philosophical views quite different from "
-#| "those of the free software movement."
-msgid "Not all of the users and developers of free software agreed with the 
goals of the free software movement.  In 1998, a part of the free software 
community splintered off and began campaigning in the name of &ldquo;open 
source.&rdquo; The term was originally proposed to avoid a possible 
misunderstanding of the term &ldquo;free software,&rdquo; but it soon became 
associated with philosophical views quite different from those of the free 
software movement."
-msgstr "Cependant, tous les utilisateurs et les d&eacute;veloppeurs de 
logiciel libre n'&eacute;taient pas en accord avec les buts du mouvement du 
logiciel libre. En 1998, une partie de la communaut&eacute; du logiciel libre 
s'est mise &agrave; part et a commenc&eacute; &agrave; faire campagne au nom de 
l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo;. Le terme fut originellement 
propos&eacute; pour &eacute;viter une possible incompr&eacute;hension du terme 
&laquo;&nbsp;logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo; (ndt&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;free 
software&nbsp;&raquo;) mais il fut bient&ocirc;t associ&eacute; avec des points 
de vue philosophique compl&egrave;tement diff&eacute;rents de ceux du mouvement 
du logiciel libre."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Some of the proponents of &ldquo;open source&rdquo; considered it a "
-#| "&ldquo;marketing campaign for free software,&rdquo; which would appeal to "
-#| "business executives by citing practical benefits, while avoiding ideas of "
-#| "right and wrong that they might not like to hear.  Other proponents "
-#| "flatly rejected the free software movement's ethical and social values.  "
-#| "Whichever their views, when campaigning for &ldquo;open source&rdquo; "
-#| "they did not cite or advocate those values.  The term &ldquo;open "
-#| "source&rdquo; quickly became associated with the practice of citing only "
-#| "practical values, such as making powerful, reliable software.  Most of "
-#| "the supporters of &ldquo;open source&rdquo; have come to it since then, "
-#| "and that practice is what they take it to mean."
-msgid "Some of the supporters of open source considered the term a 
&ldquo;marketing campaign for free software,&rdquo; which would appeal to 
business executives by highlighting the software's practical benefits, while 
not raising issues of right and wrong that they might not like to hear.  Other 
supporters flatly rejected the free software movement's ethical and social 
values.  Whichever their views, when campaigning for open source, they neither 
cited nor advocated those values.  The term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; quickly 
became associated with ideas and arguments based only on practical values, such 
as making or having powerful, reliable software.  Most of the supporters of 
open source have come to it since then, and they make the same association."
-msgstr "Certains des partisans de l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; 
consid&eacute;raient cela comme &laquo;&nbsp;une campagne marketing pour le 
logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo; qui plairait aux cadres des entreprises en citant 
les avantages pratiques, tout en &eacute;vitant les id&eacute;es de bien ou de 
mal qu'ils pourraient ne pas aimer entendre. D'autres partisans 
rejet&egrave;rent cat&eacute;goriquement les valeurs morales et sociales du 
mouvement du logiciel libre. Quel que fut leur point de vue, pendant leur 
campagne sur l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; ils ne 
mentionn&egrave;rent ou ne pr&eacute;conis&egrave;rent pas ces valeurs. Le 
terme &laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; devint rapidement associ&eacute; 
avec la pratique de ne citer que les valeurs pratiques, tel que faire des 
logiciels puissants et fiables. La plupart des d&eacute;fenseurs de 
l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; se sont ralli&eacute;s &agrave; 
celui-ci depuis, et cette pratique est celle dont ils se servent."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Nearly all open source software is free software; the two terms describe "
-#| "almost the same category of software.  But they stand for views based on "
-#| "fundamentally different values.  Open source is a development "
-#| "methodology; free software is a social movement.  For the free software "
-#| "movement, free software is an ethical imperative, because only free "
-#| "software respects the users' freedom.  By contrast, the philosophy of "
-#| "open source considers issues in terms of how to make software &ldquo;"
-#| "better&rdquo;&mdash;in a practical sense only.  It says that non-free "
-#| "software is a suboptimal solution.  For the free software movement, "
-#| "however, non-free software is a social problem, and moving to free "
-#| "software is the solution."
-msgid "Nearly all open source software is free software.  The two terms 
describe almost the same category of software, but they stand for views based 
on fundamentally different values.  Open source is a development methodology; 
free software is a social movement.  For the free software movement, free 
software is an ethical imperative, because only free software respects the 
users' freedom.  By contrast, the philosophy of open source considers issues in 
terms of how to make software &ldquo;better&rdquo;&mdash;in a practical sense 
only.  It says that nonfree software is an inferior solution to the practical 
problem at hand.  For the free software movement, however, nonfree software is 
a social problem, and the solution is to stop using it and move to free 
software."
-msgstr "Pratiquement tous les logiciels &laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; 
sont des logiciels libres&nbsp;; les deux termes d&eacute;crivent pratiquement 
la m&ecirc;me cat&eacute;gorie de logiciel. Mais ils repr&eacute;sentent des 
vues bas&eacute;es sur des valeurs fondamentalement diff&eacute;rentes. 
L'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; est une m&eacute;thodologie de 
d&eacute;veloppement&nbsp;; le logiciel libre est un mouvement social. Pour le 
mouvement du logiciel libre, le logiciel libre est un imp&eacute;ratif 
&eacute;thique, parce que seul le logiciel libre respecte la libert&eacute; de 
l'utilisateur. En revanche, la philosophie de l'&laquo;&nbsp;open 
source&nbsp;&raquo; consid&egrave;re uniquement les questions pratiques en 
termes de performance. Cela signifie que les logiciels non-libres sont des 
solutions sous-optimales. Pour le mouvement du logiciel libre cependant, les 
logiciels non-libres sont un probl&egrave;me social et migrer vers les 
logiciels libres est une solution."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Free software.  Open source.  If it's the same software, does it matter "
-#| "which name you use? Yes, because different words convey different ideas.  "
-#| "While a free program by any other name would give you the same freedom "
-#| "today, establishing freedom in a lasting way depends above all on "
-#| "teaching people to value freedom.  If you want to help do this, it is "
-#| "essential to speak about &ldquo;free software.&rdquo;"
-msgid "&ldquo;Free software.&rdquo; &ldquo;Open source.&rdquo; If it's the 
same software, does it matter which name you use? Yes, because different words 
convey different ideas.  While a free program by any other name would give you 
the same freedom today, establishing freedom in a lasting way depends above all 
on teaching people to value freedom.  If you want to help do this, it is 
essential to speak of &ldquo;free software.&rdquo;"
-msgstr "&laquo;&nbsp;Logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo;. &laquo;&nbsp;Open 
source&nbsp;&raquo;. Si ce sont les m&ecirc;mes logiciels, le nom 
utilis&eacute; pour les qualifier est-il important&nbsp;? Oui, parce que des 
mots diff&eacute;rents v&eacute;hiculent des id&eacute;es diff&eacute;rentes. 
Bien qu'un programme libre avec n'importe quel autre nom vous donnerait la 
m&ecirc;me libert&eacute; aujourd'hui, l'&eacute;tablissement de la 
libert&eacute; de mani&egrave;re durable d&eacute;pend par dessus tout de 
l'enseignement de la valeur de  la libert&eacute;. Si vous voulez aider 
&agrave; faire cela, il est essentiel de parler de &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel 
libre&nbsp;&raquo;."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "We in the free software movement don't think of the open source camp as "
-#| "an enemy; the enemy is proprietary (non-free) software.  But we want "
-#| "people to know we stand for freedom, so we do not accept being "
-#| "misidentified as open source supporters."
-msgid "We in the free software movement don't think of the open source camp as 
an enemy; the enemy is proprietary (nonfree) software.  But we want people to 
know we stand for freedom, so we do not accept being mislabeled as open source 
supporters."
-msgstr "Nous, dans le mouvement du logiciel libre, nous ne consid&eacute;rons 
pas le mouvement &laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; comme un ennemi&nbsp;; 
l'ennemi est le logiciel propri&eacute;taire. Mais nous voulons que les gens 
sachent que nous repr&eacute;sentons la libert&eacute;, alors nous n'acceptons 
pas d'&ecirc;tre incorrectement assimil&eacute;s aux d&eacute;fenseurs de 
l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo;."
+msgid ""
+"When we call software &ldquo;free,&rdquo; we mean that it respects the <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">users' essential freedoms</a>: the freedom "
+"to run it, to study and change it, and to redistribute copies with or "
+"without changes.  This is a matter of freedom, not price, so think of &ldquo;"
+"free speech,&rdquo; not &ldquo;free beer.&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+"Quand on dit qu'un logiciel est &laquo;&nbsp;libre&nbsp;&raquo;, on entend "
+"par l&agrave; qu'il respecte <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html\">les "
+"libert&eacute;s essentielles de l'utilisateur</a>&nbsp;: la libert&eacute; "
+"de l'utiliser, de l'&eacute;tudier et de le modifier, et de redistribuer des "
+"copies avec ou sans modification. C'est une question de libert&eacute;, pas "
+"de prix, pensez donc &agrave; &laquo;&nbsp;libert&eacute; d'expression&nbsp;"
+"&raquo;<sup><a href=\"#TransNote1\">1</a></sup> et pas &agrave; &laquo;&nbsp;"
+"bi&egrave;re gratuite&nbsp;&raquo;<sup><a href=\"#TransNote2\"></a></sup>."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"These freedoms are vitally important.  They are essential, not just for the "
+"individual users' sake, but for society as a whole because they promote "
+"social solidarity&mdash;that is, sharing and cooperation.  They become even "
+"more important as our culture and life activities are increasingly "
+"digitized.  In a world of digital sounds, images, and words, free software "
+"becomes increasingly essential for freedom in general."
+msgstr ""
+"Ces libert&eacute;s sont d'une importance vitale. Elles sont essentielles, "
+"pas juste pour les enjeux individuels des utilisateurs, mais parce qu'elles "
+"promeuvent la solidarit&eacute; sociale, que sont le partage et la "
+"coop&eacute;ration. Elles deviennent encore plus importantes &agrave; mesure "
+"que de plus en plus notre culture et les activit&eacute;s quotidiennes sont "
+"num&eacute;ris&eacute;s. Dans un monde de sons, d'images et de mots "
+"num&eacute;riques, le logiciel libre devient de plus en plus n&eacute;"
+"cessaire pour la libert&eacute; en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Tens of millions of people around the world now use free software; the "
+"schools of regions of India and Spain now teach all students to use the free "
+"<a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux operating system</a>.  Most of "
+"these users, however, have never heard of the ethical reasons for which we "
+"developed this system and built the free software community, because "
+"nowadays this system and community are more often spoken of as &ldquo;open "
+"source,&rdquo;, attributing them to a different philosophy in which these "
+"freedoms are hardly mentioned."
+msgstr ""
+"Des dizaines de millions de personnes &agrave; travers le monde utilisent "
+"maintenant le logiciel libre&nbsp;; les &eacute;coles des r&eacute;gions de "
+"l'Inde et de l'Espagne enseignent maintenant &agrave; tous les &eacute;"
+"tudiants &agrave; utiliser le <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html"
+"\">syst&egrave;me d'exploitation libre GNU/Linux</a>. Mais la plupart des "
+"utilisateurs n'ont jamais entendu parler des raisons &eacute;thiques pour "
+"lesquelles nous avons d&eacute;velopp&eacute; ce syst&egrave;me et b&acirc;"
+"ti la communaut&eacute; du logiciel libre, parce qu'aujourd'hui ce "
+"syst&egrave;me et la communaut&eacute; sont plus souvent d&eacute;crits "
+"comme &laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo;<sup><a href=\"#TransNote3\">3</"
+"a></sup> et attribu&eacute;s &agrave; une philosophie diff&eacute;rente dans "
+"laquelle ces libert&eacute;s sont &agrave; peine mentionn&eacute;es."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The free software movement has campaigned for computer users' freedom since "
+"1983.  In 1984 we launched the development of the free operating system GNU, "
+"so that we could avoid the nonfree operating systems that deny freedom to "
+"their users.  During the 1980s, we developed most of the essential "
+"components of the system and designed the <a href=\"/licenses/gpl.html\">GNU "
+"General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) to release them under&mdash;a license "
+"designed specifically to protect freedom for all users of a program."
+msgstr ""
+"Le mouvement du logiciel libre a fait campagne pour la libert&eacute; des "
+"utilisateurs d'ordinateur depuis 1983. En 1984 nous avons lanc&eacute; le "
+"d&eacute;veloppement du syst&egrave;me d'exploitation libre GNU, pour "
+"pouvoir ainsi &eacute;viter d'utiliser un syst&egrave;me qui refuse la "
+"libert&eacute; &agrave; ses utilisateurs. Durant les ann&eacute;es 80, nous "
+"avons d&eacute;velopp&eacute; la majeure partie des composants essentiels "
+"d'un tel syst&egrave;me, tout autant que la <a href=\"/licenses/gpl.html"
+"\">GNU General Public License</a>, une licence con&ccedil;ue sp&eacute;"
+"cifiquement pour prot&eacute;ger la libert&eacute; pour tous les "
+"utilisateurs d'un programme."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Not all of the users and developers of free software agreed with the goals "
+"of the free software movement.  In 1998, a part of the free software "
+"community splintered off and began campaigning in the name of &ldquo;open "
+"source.&rdquo; The term was originally proposed to avoid a possible "
+"misunderstanding of the term &ldquo;free software,&rdquo; but it soon became "
+"associated with philosophical views quite different from those of the free "
+"software movement."
+msgstr ""
+"Cependant, tous les utilisateurs et les d&eacute;veloppeurs de logiciel "
+"libre n'&eacute;taient pas en accord avec les buts du mouvement du logiciel "
+"libre. En 1998, une partie de la communaut&eacute; du logiciel libre s'est "
+"mise &agrave; part et a commenc&eacute; &agrave; faire campagne au nom de "
+"l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo;. Le terme fut originellement "
+"propos&eacute; pour &eacute;viter une possible incompr&eacute;hension du "
+"terme &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo; (ndt&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;free "
+"software&nbsp;&raquo;) mais il fut bient&ocirc;t associ&eacute; avec des "
+"points de vue philosophique compl&egrave;tement diff&eacute;rents de ceux du "
+"mouvement du logiciel libre."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Some of the supporters of open source considered the term a &ldquo;marketing "
+"campaign for free software,&rdquo; which would appeal to business executives "
+"by highlighting the software's practical benefits, while not raising issues "
+"of right and wrong that they might not like to hear.  Other supporters "
+"flatly rejected the free software movement's ethical and social values.  "
+"Whichever their views, when campaigning for open source, they neither cited "
+"nor advocated those values.  The term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; quickly "
+"became associated with ideas and arguments based only on practical values, "
+"such as making or having powerful, reliable software.  Most of the "
+"supporters of open source have come to it since then, and they make the same "
+"association."
+msgstr ""
+"Certains des partisans de l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; "
+"consid&eacute;raient cela comme &laquo;&nbsp;une campagne marketing pour le "
+"logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo; qui plairait aux cadres des entreprises en "
+"citant les avantages pratiques, tout en &eacute;vitant les id&eacute;es de "
+"bien ou de mal qu'ils pourraient ne pas aimer entendre. D'autres partisans "
+"rejet&egrave;rent cat&eacute;goriquement les valeurs morales et sociales du "
+"mouvement du logiciel libre. Quel que fut leur point de vue, pendant leur "
+"campagne sur l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; ils ne mentionn&egrave;"
+"rent ou ne pr&eacute;conis&egrave;rent pas ces valeurs. Le terme &laquo;"
+"&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; devint rapidement associ&eacute; avec la "
+"pratique de ne citer que les valeurs pratiques, tel que faire des logiciels "
+"puissants et fiables. La plupart des d&eacute;fenseurs de l'&laquo;&nbsp;"
+"open source&nbsp;&raquo; se sont ralli&eacute;s &agrave; celui-ci depuis, et "
+"cette pratique est celle dont ils se servent."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Nearly all open source software is free software.  The two terms describe "
+"almost the same category of software, but they stand for views based on "
+"fundamentally different values.  Open source is a development methodology; "
+"free software is a social movement.  For the free software movement, free "
+"software is an ethical imperative, because only free software respects the "
+"users' freedom.  By contrast, the philosophy of open source considers issues "
+"in terms of how to make software &ldquo;better&rdquo;&mdash;in a practical "
+"sense only.  It says that nonfree software is an inferior solution to the "
+"practical problem at hand.  For the free software movement, however, nonfree "
+"software is a social problem, and the solution is to stop using it and move "
+"to free software."
+msgstr ""
+"Pratiquement tous les logiciels &laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; sont "
+"des logiciels libres&nbsp;; les deux termes d&eacute;crivent pratiquement la "
+"m&ecirc;me cat&eacute;gorie de logiciel. Mais ils repr&eacute;sentent des "
+"vues bas&eacute;es sur des valeurs fondamentalement diff&eacute;rentes. "
+"L'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; est une m&eacute;thodologie de "
+"d&eacute;veloppement&nbsp;; le logiciel libre est un mouvement social. Pour "
+"le mouvement du logiciel libre, le logiciel libre est un imp&eacute;ratif "
+"&eacute;thique, parce que seul le logiciel libre respecte la libert&eacute; "
+"de l'utilisateur. En revanche, la philosophie de l'&laquo;&nbsp;open "
+"source&nbsp;&raquo; consid&egrave;re uniquement les questions pratiques en "
+"termes de performance. Cela signifie que les logiciels non-libres sont des "
+"solutions sous-optimales. Pour le mouvement du logiciel libre cependant, les "
+"logiciels non-libres sont un probl&egrave;me social et migrer vers les "
+"logiciels libres est une solution."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"&ldquo;Free software.&rdquo; &ldquo;Open source.&rdquo; If it's the same "
+"software, does it matter which name you use? Yes, because different words "
+"convey different ideas.  While a free program by any other name would give "
+"you the same freedom today, establishing freedom in a lasting way depends "
+"above all on teaching people to value freedom.  If you want to help do this, "
+"it is essential to speak of &ldquo;free software.&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+"&laquo;&nbsp;Logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo;. &laquo;&nbsp;Open source&nbsp;"
+"&raquo;. Si ce sont les m&ecirc;mes logiciels, le nom utilis&eacute; pour "
+"les qualifier est-il important&nbsp;? Oui, parce que des mots diff&eacute;"
+"rents v&eacute;hiculent des id&eacute;es diff&eacute;rentes. Bien qu'un "
+"programme libre avec n'importe quel autre nom vous donnerait la m&ecirc;me "
+"libert&eacute; aujourd'hui, l'&eacute;tablissement de la libert&eacute; de "
+"mani&egrave;re durable d&eacute;pend par dessus tout de l'enseignement de la "
+"valeur de  la libert&eacute;. Si vous voulez aider &agrave; faire cela, il "
+"est essentiel de parler de &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo;."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We in the free software movement don't think of the open source camp as an "
+"enemy; the enemy is proprietary (nonfree) software.  But we want people to "
+"know we stand for freedom, so we do not accept being mislabeled as open "
+"source supporters."
+msgstr ""
+"Nous, dans le mouvement du logiciel libre, nous ne consid&eacute;rons pas le "
+"mouvement &laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; comme un ennemi&nbsp;; "
+"l'ennemi est le logiciel propri&eacute;taire. Mais nous voulons que les gens "
+"sachent que nous repr&eacute;sentons la libert&eacute;, alors nous "
+"n'acceptons pas d'&ecirc;tre incorrectement assimil&eacute;s aux d&eacute;"
+"fenseurs de l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo;."
 
 # type: Content of: <h3>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Common misunderstandings of &ldquo;free software&rdquo; and &ldquo;open "
-#| "source&rdquo;"
-msgid "Common Misunderstandings of &ldquo;Free Software&rdquo; and &ldquo;Open 
Source&rdquo;"
-msgstr "Malentendus courants sur le &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo; 
et l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo;<sup><a 
href=\"#TransNote4\">4</a></sup>"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; has a problem of misinterpretation: "
-#| "an unintended meaning, &ldquo;software you can get for zero price,&rdquo; "
-#| "fits the term just as well as the intended meaning, &ldquo;software which "
-#| "gives the user certain freedoms.&rdquo; We address this problem by "
-#| "publishing the definition of free software, and by saying &ldquo;Think of "
-#| "free speech, not free beer.&rdquo; This is not a perfect solution; it "
-#| "cannot completely eliminate the problem.  An unambiguous, correct term "
-#| "would be better, if it didn't have other problems."
-msgid "The term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; is prone to misinterpretation: an 
unintended meaning, &ldquo;software you can get for zero price,&rdquo; fits the 
term just as well as the intended meaning, &ldquo;software which gives the user 
certain freedoms.&rdquo; We address this problem by publishing the definition 
of free software, and by saying &ldquo;Think of &lsquo;free speech,&rsquo; not 
&lsquo;free beer.&rsquo;&rdquo; This is not a perfect solution; it cannot 
completely eliminate the problem.  An unambiguous and correct term would be 
better, if it didn't present other problems."
-msgstr "Le terme de &laquo;&nbsp;free sofware&nbsp;&raquo; souffre d'un 
probl&egrave;me de mauvaise interpr&eacute;tation&nbsp;: une signification 
fortuite, &laquo;&nbsp;un logiciel que vous pouvez avoir 
gratuitement&nbsp;&raquo; correspond au terme aussi bien que la signification 
voulue, &laquo;&nbsp;un logiciel qui donne certaines libert&eacute;s &agrave; 
l'utilisateur&nbsp;&raquo;. Nous traitons ce probl&egrave;me en publiant la 
d&eacute;finition de logiciel libre, et en disant &laquo;&nbsp;Pensez &agrave; 
la libert&eacute; d'expression, pas &agrave; la bi&egrave;re 
gratuite&nbsp;&raquo;<sup><a href=\"#TransNote5\">5</a></sup>. Ce n'est pas une 
solution parfaite, cela ne peut pas compl&egrave;tement &eacute;liminer le 
probl&egrave;me. Un terme correct non ambigu serait meilleur, s'il n'avait pas 
d'autres probl&egrave;mes."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of their "
-#| "own.  We've looked at many alternatives that people have suggested, but "
-#| "none is so clearly &ldquo;right&rdquo; that switching to it would be a "
-#| "good idea.  (For instance, in some contexts the French/Spanish word "
-#| "\"libre\" can be used, but people in India do not recognize the word at "
-#| "all.)  Every proposed replacement for &ldquo;free software&rdquo; has "
-#| "some kind of semantic problem&mdash;and this includes &ldquo;open source "
-#| "software.&rdquo;"
-msgid "Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of their 
own.  We've looked at many that people have suggested, but none is so clearly 
&ldquo;right&rdquo; that switching to it would be a good idea.  (For instance, 
in some contexts the French and Spanish word &ldquo;libre&rdquo; works well, 
but people in India do not recognize it at all.)  Every proposed replacement 
for &ldquo;free software&rdquo; has some kind of semantic problem&mdash;and 
this includes &ldquo;open source software.&rdquo;"
-msgstr "Malheureusement, toutes les alternatives en anglais ont leurs propres 
probl&egrave;mes. Nous avons &eacute;tudi&eacute; de nombreuses alternatives 
que les gens nous ont propos&eacute;es, mais aucune n'est aussi clairement 
&laquo;&nbsp;juste&nbsp;&raquo; pour que changer soit une bonne id&eacute;e. 
(Par exemple, dans certains contextes, le mot français/espagnol 
«&nbsp;libre&nbsp;» peut être utilisé, mais les gens en Inde ne 
reconnaissent pas le mot du tout). Tous les remplacements 
sugg&eacute;r&eacute;s pour &laquo;&nbsp;free software&nbsp;&raquo; ont des 
probl&egrave;mes de s&eacute;mantique, ce qui inclut &laquo;&nbsp;open source 
software&nbsp;&raquo;."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The <a href=\"http://opensource.org/docs/osd\";>official definition of "
-#| "&ldquo;open source software&rdquo;</a> (which is published by the Open "
-#| "Source Initiative and too long to cite here) was derived indirectly from "
-#| "our criteria for free software.  It is not the same; it is a little "
-#| "looser in some respects, so open source supporters have accepted a few "
-#| "licenses that we consider unacceptably restrictive of the users.  "
-#| "Nonetheless, it is fairly close to our definition in practice."
-msgid "The <a href=\"http://opensource.org/docs/osd\";>official definition of 
&ldquo;open source software&rdquo;</a> (which is published by the Open Source 
Initiative and is too long to include here) was derived indirectly from our 
criteria for free software.  It is not the same; it is a little looser in some 
respects, so open source supporters have accepted a few licenses that we 
consider unacceptably restrictive of the users.  Nonetheless, it is fairly 
close to our definition in practice."
-msgstr "La <a href=\"http://opensource.org/docs/osd\";>d&eacute;finition 
officielle d'un &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel open source&nbsp;&raquo;</a> (qui est 
publi&eacute;e par l'Open Source Initiative est trop longue pour &ecirc;tre 
cit&eacute;e ici) &eacute;tait indirectement d&eacute;riv&eacute;e de nos 
crit&egrave;res pour le logiciel libre. Ce n'est pas la m&ecirc;me&nbsp;: elle 
est un peu plus laxiste &agrave; quelques &eacute;gards, en cons&eacute;quence 
de quoi les d&eacute;fenseurs de l'open source ont accept&eacute; quelques 
licences que nous consid&eacute;rons inadmissibles par les restrictions 
qu'elles imposent aux utilisateurs. N&eacute;ammoins, elle est assez 
pr&egrave;s de notre d&eacute;finition dans la pratique."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "However, the obvious meaning for the expression &ldquo;open source "
-#| "software&rdquo; is &ldquo;You can look at the source code,&rdquo; and "
-#| "most people seem to think that's what it means.  That is a much weaker "
-#| "criterion than free software, and much weaker than the official "
-#| "definition of open source.  It includes many programs that are neither "
-#| "free nor open source."
-msgid "However, the obvious meaning for the expression &ldquo;open source 
software&rdquo;&mdash;and the one most people seem to think it means&mdash;is 
&ldquo;You can look at the source code.&rdquo; That criterion is much weaker 
than the free software definition, much weaker also than the official 
definition of open source.  It includes many programs that are neither free nor 
open source."
-msgstr "Cependant, la signification &eacute;vidente de &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel 
open source&nbsp;&raquo; est &laquo;&nbsp;Vous pouvez regardez le code 
source&nbsp;&raquo; et la plupart des gens semble penser que c'est ce que cela 
signifie. C'est un crit&egrave;re beaucoup plus faible que celui du logiciel 
libre, et beaucoup plus faible que la d&eacute;finition officielle de l'open 
source. Elle inclut beaucoup de programmes qui ne sont ni libres, ni open 
source."
+msgid ""
+"Common Misunderstandings of &ldquo;Free Software&rdquo; and &ldquo;Open "
+"Source&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+"Malentendus courants sur le &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo; et "
+"l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo;<sup><a href=\"#TransNote4\">4</a></"
+"sup>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; is prone to misinterpretation: an "
+"unintended meaning, &ldquo;software you can get for zero price,&rdquo; fits "
+"the term just as well as the intended meaning, &ldquo;software which gives "
+"the user certain freedoms.&rdquo; We address this problem by publishing the "
+"definition of free software, and by saying &ldquo;Think of &lsquo;free "
+"speech,&rsquo; not &lsquo;free beer.&rsquo;&rdquo; This is not a perfect "
+"solution; it cannot completely eliminate the problem.  An unambiguous and "
+"correct term would be better, if it didn't present other problems."
+msgstr ""
+"Le terme de &laquo;&nbsp;free sofware&nbsp;&raquo; souffre d'un probl&egrave;"
+"me de mauvaise interpr&eacute;tation&nbsp;: une signification fortuite, "
+"&laquo;&nbsp;un logiciel que vous pouvez avoir gratuitement&nbsp;&raquo; "
+"correspond au terme aussi bien que la signification voulue, &laquo;&nbsp;un "
+"logiciel qui donne certaines libert&eacute;s &agrave; l'utilisateur&nbsp;"
+"&raquo;. Nous traitons ce probl&egrave;me en publiant la d&eacute;finition "
+"de logiciel libre, et en disant &laquo;&nbsp;Pensez &agrave; la "
+"libert&eacute; d'expression, pas &agrave; la bi&egrave;re gratuite&nbsp;"
+"&raquo;<sup><a href=\"#TransNote5\">5</a></sup>. Ce n'est pas une solution "
+"parfaite, cela ne peut pas compl&egrave;tement &eacute;liminer le "
+"probl&egrave;me. Un terme correct non ambigu serait meilleur, s'il n'avait "
+"pas d'autres probl&egrave;mes."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of their own.  "
+"We've looked at many that people have suggested, but none is so clearly "
+"&ldquo;right&rdquo; that switching to it would be a good idea.  (For "
+"instance, in some contexts the French and Spanish word &ldquo;libre&rdquo; "
+"works well, but people in India do not recognize it at all.)  Every proposed "
+"replacement for &ldquo;free software&rdquo; has some kind of semantic "
+"problem&mdash;and this includes &ldquo;open source software.&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+"Malheureusement, toutes les alternatives en anglais ont leurs propres "
+"probl&egrave;mes. Nous avons &eacute;tudi&eacute; de nombreuses alternatives "
+"que les gens nous ont propos&eacute;es, mais aucune n'est aussi clairement "
+"&laquo;&nbsp;juste&nbsp;&raquo; pour que changer soit une bonne id&eacute;e. "
+"(Par exemple, dans certains contextes, le mot français/espagnol «&nbsp;"
+"libre&nbsp;» peut être utilisé, mais les gens en Inde ne reconnaissent pas 
"
+"le mot du tout). Tous les remplacements sugg&eacute;r&eacute;s pour &laquo;"
+"&nbsp;free software&nbsp;&raquo; ont des probl&egrave;mes de s&eacute;"
+"mantique, ce qui inclut &laquo;&nbsp;open source software&nbsp;&raquo;."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The <a href=\"http://opensource.org/docs/osd\";>official definition of &ldquo;"
+"open source software&rdquo;</a> (which is published by the Open Source "
+"Initiative and is too long to include here) was derived indirectly from our "
+"criteria for free software.  It is not the same; it is a little looser in "
+"some respects, so open source supporters have accepted a few licenses that "
+"we consider unacceptably restrictive of the users.  Nonetheless, it is "
+"fairly close to our definition in practice."
+msgstr ""
+"La <a href=\"http://opensource.org/docs/osd\";>d&eacute;finition officielle "
+"d'un &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel open source&nbsp;&raquo;</a> (qui est "
+"publi&eacute;e par l'Open Source Initiative est trop longue pour &ecirc;tre "
+"cit&eacute;e ici) &eacute;tait indirectement d&eacute;riv&eacute;e de nos "
+"crit&egrave;res pour le logiciel libre. Ce n'est pas la m&ecirc;me&nbsp;: "
+"elle est un peu plus laxiste &agrave; quelques &eacute;gards, en cons&eacute;"
+"quence de quoi les d&eacute;fenseurs de l'open source ont accept&eacute; "
+"quelques licences que nous consid&eacute;rons inadmissibles par les "
+"restrictions qu'elles imposent aux utilisateurs. N&eacute;ammoins, elle est "
+"assez pr&egrave;s de notre d&eacute;finition dans la pratique."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, the obvious meaning for the expression &ldquo;open source "
+"software&rdquo;&mdash;and the one most people seem to think it means&mdash;"
+"is &ldquo;You can look at the source code.&rdquo; That criterion is much "
+"weaker than the free software definition, much weaker also than the official "
+"definition of open source.  It includes many programs that are neither free "
+"nor open source."
+msgstr ""
+"Cependant, la signification &eacute;vidente de &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel open "
+"source&nbsp;&raquo; est &laquo;&nbsp;Vous pouvez regardez le code "
+"source&nbsp;&raquo; et la plupart des gens semble penser que c'est ce que "
+"cela signifie. C'est un crit&egrave;re beaucoup plus faible que celui du "
+"logiciel libre, et beaucoup plus faible que la d&eacute;finition officielle "
+"de l'open source. Elle inclut beaucoup de programmes qui ne sont ni libres, "
+"ni open source."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
 #.  It was from http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf, but
 #. that page is no longer available.
-msgid "Since that obvious meaning for &ldquo;open source&rdquo; is not the 
meaning that its advocates intend, the result is that most people misunderstand 
the term.  According to writer Neal Stephenson, &ldquo;Linux is &lsquo;open 
source&rsquo; software meaning, simply, that anyone can get copies of its 
source code files.&rdquo; I don't think he deliberately sought to reject or 
dispute the &ldquo;official&rdquo; definition.  I think he simply applied the 
conventions of the English language to come up with a meaning for the term.  
The state of Kansas published a similar definition: &ldquo;Make use of 
open-source software (OSS).  OSS is software for which the source code is 
freely and publicly available, though the specific licensing agreements vary as 
to what one is allowed to do with that code.&rdquo;"
-msgstr "Puisque la signification évidente pour «&nbsp;open source&nbsp;» 
n'est pas la signification que ses défenseurs entendent, le résultat est que 
la plupart des gens se comprennent mal le terme. Selon Neal Stephenson, 
«&nbsp;Linux est un logiciel «&nbsp;open source&nbsp;» signifie, simplement, 
que quiconque peut obtenir des copies de son code source&nbsp;». Je ne pense 
pas qu'il ait délibérément cherché à rejeter ou à remettre en cause la 
définition «&nbsp;officielle&nbsp;». Je pense qu'il a simplement appliqué 
les conventions de la langue anglaise pour en arriver à une signification pour 
ce terme. L'état du Kansas a publié une définition similaire&nbsp;: 
«&nbsp;Utiliser des logiciels open source (OSS). Les logiciels open source 
sont des logiciels pour lesquels le code est librement et publiquement 
disponible, bien que les accords de licence spécifiques varient sur ce que 
l'on peut faire avec ce code&nbsp;»."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The New York Times has <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/external/";
-#| "gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-"
-#| "37415.html\"> stretched the term</a> to refer to user beta testing "
-#| "&mdash; letting a few users try an early version and give confidential "
-#| "feedback &mdash; which proprietary software developers have practiced for "
-#| "decades."
-msgid "The <i>New York Times</i> has <a 
href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html\";>
 run an article that stretches the meaning of the term</a> to refer to user 
beta testing&mdash;letting a few users try an early version and give 
confidential feedback&mdash;which proprietary software developers have 
practiced for decades."
-msgstr "Le New York Times a <a 
href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html\";>étendu
 le terme</a> pour référer aux bêta tests d'utilisateur &mdash;&nbsp;laisser 
quelques utilisateurs essayer une pré-version et donner un retour 
confidentiel&nbsp;&mdash; ce que les développeurs de logiciels propriétaires 
pratiquent depuis des décennies."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Open source supporters try to deal with this by pointing to their "
-#| "official definition, but that corrective approach is less effective for "
-#| "them than it is for us.  The term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; has two "
-#| "natural meanings, one of which is the intended meaning, so a person who "
-#| "has grasped the idea of &ldquo;free speech, not free beer&rdquo; will not "
-#| "get it wrong again.  But &ldquo;open source&rdquo; has only one natural "
-#| "meaning, which is different from the meaning its supporters intend.  So "
-#| "there is no succinct way to explain and justify the official definition "
-#| "of &ldquo;open source.&rdquo; That makes for worse confusion."
-msgid "Open source supporters try to deal with this by pointing to their 
official definition, but that corrective approach is less effective for them 
than it is for us.  The term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; has two natural 
meanings, one of which is the intended meaning, so a person who has grasped the 
idea of &ldquo;free speech, not free beer&rdquo; will not get it wrong again.  
But the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; has only one natural meaning, which is 
different from the meaning its supporters intend.  So there is no succinct way 
to explain and justify its official definition.  That makes for worse 
confusion."
-msgstr "Les supporters de l'open source essaient de traiter ceci en renvoyant 
&agrave; leur d&eacute;finition officielle, mais cette approche corrective est 
moins efficace pour eux qu'elle ne l'est pour nous. Le terme &laquo;&nbsp;free 
software&nbsp;&raquo; a deux significations naturelles, l'une d'entre elle est 
la signification escompt&eacute;e, ainsi une personne qui aura saisi 
l'id&eacute;e de &laquo;&nbsp;free speech, not free beer&nbsp;&raquo; ne pourra 
plus d&egrave;s lors se tromper sur son sens. Ainsi il n'y a aucune 
mani&egrave;re succincte d'expliquer et de justifier la d&eacute;finition 
officielle d'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo;. Cela rend encore pire la 
confusion."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Another misunderstanding of &ldquo;open source&rdquo; is the idea that it "
-#| "means &ldquo;not using the GNU GPL&rdquo;.  It tends to accompany a "
-#| "misundertanding of &ldquo;free software&rdquo;, equating it to &ldquo;GPL-"
-#| "covered software&rdquo;.  These are equally mistaken, since the GNU GPL "
-#| "is considered an open source license, and most of the open source "
-#| "licenses are considered free software licenses."
-msgid "Another misunderstanding of &ldquo;open source&rdquo; is the idea that 
it means &ldquo;not using the GNU GPL.&rdquo; This tends to accompany another 
misunderstanding that &ldquo;free software&rdquo; means &ldquo;GPL-covered 
software.&rdquo; These are equally mistaken, since the GNU GPL is accepted as 
an open source license and most of the open source licenses qualify as free 
software licenses."
-msgstr "Un autre malentendu de l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo;, est 
l'id&eacute;e que cela signifie &laquo;&nbsp;ne pas utiliser la GNU 
GPL&nbsp;&raquo;. Cela tend &agrave; accompagner le malentendu de 
&laquo;&nbsp;logiciel libre&rdquo; &eacute;gale &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel couvert 
par la GPL&nbsp;&raquo;. Ce sont deux erreurs, puisque la GNU GPL est 
consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme une licence open source, et la plupart des 
licences open source sont consid&eacute;r&eacute;es comme des licences de 
logiciels libres."
+msgid ""
+"Since that obvious meaning for &ldquo;open source&rdquo; is not the meaning "
+"that its advocates intend, the result is that most people misunderstand the "
+"term.  According to writer Neal Stephenson, &ldquo;Linux is &lsquo;open "
+"source&rsquo; software meaning, simply, that anyone can get copies of its "
+"source code files.&rdquo; I don't think he deliberately sought to reject or "
+"dispute the &ldquo;official&rdquo; definition.  I think he simply applied "
+"the conventions of the English language to come up with a meaning for the "
+"term.  The state of Kansas published a similar definition: &ldquo;Make use "
+"of open-source software (OSS).  OSS is software for which the source code is "
+"freely and publicly available, though the specific licensing agreements vary "
+"as to what one is allowed to do with that code.&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+"Puisque la signification évidente pour «&nbsp;open source&nbsp;» n'est pas 
la "
+"signification que ses défenseurs entendent, le résultat est que la plupart "
+"des gens se comprennent mal le terme. Selon Neal Stephenson, «&nbsp;Linux 
est "
+"un logiciel «&nbsp;open source&nbsp;» signifie, simplement, que quiconque "
+"peut obtenir des copies de son code source&nbsp;». Je ne pense pas qu'il ait 
"
+"délibérément cherché à rejeter ou à remettre en cause la définition 
«&nbsp;"
+"officielle&nbsp;». Je pense qu'il a simplement appliqué les conventions de "
+"la langue anglaise pour en arriver à une signification pour ce terme. 
L'état "
+"du Kansas a publié une définition similaire&nbsp;: «&nbsp;Utiliser des "
+"logiciels open source (OSS). Les logiciels open source sont des logiciels "
+"pour lesquels le code est librement et publiquement disponible, bien que les "
+"accords de licence spécifiques varient sur ce que l'on peut faire avec ce "
+"code&nbsp;»."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The <i>New York Times</i> has <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/external/";
+"gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-"
+"37415.html\"> run an article that stretches the meaning of the term</a> to "
+"refer to user beta testing&mdash;letting a few users try an early version "
+"and give confidential feedback&mdash;which proprietary software developers "
+"have practiced for decades."
+msgstr ""
+"Le New York Times a <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/external/";
+"gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-"
+"37415.html\">étendu le terme</a> pour référer aux bêta tests 
d'utilisateur "
+"&mdash;&nbsp;laisser quelques utilisateurs essayer une pré-version et donner 
"
+"un retour confidentiel&nbsp;&mdash; ce que les développeurs de logiciels "
+"propriétaires pratiquent depuis des décennies."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Open source supporters try to deal with this by pointing to their official "
+"definition, but that corrective approach is less effective for them than it "
+"is for us.  The term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; has two natural meanings, "
+"one of which is the intended meaning, so a person who has grasped the idea "
+"of &ldquo;free speech, not free beer&rdquo; will not get it wrong again.  "
+"But the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; has only one natural meaning, which "
+"is different from the meaning its supporters intend.  So there is no "
+"succinct way to explain and justify its official definition.  That makes for "
+"worse confusion."
+msgstr ""
+"Les supporters de l'open source essaient de traiter ceci en renvoyant "
+"&agrave; leur d&eacute;finition officielle, mais cette approche corrective "
+"est moins efficace pour eux qu'elle ne l'est pour nous. Le terme &laquo;"
+"&nbsp;free software&nbsp;&raquo; a deux significations naturelles, l'une "
+"d'entre elle est la signification escompt&eacute;e, ainsi une personne qui "
+"aura saisi l'id&eacute;e de &laquo;&nbsp;free speech, not free beer&nbsp;"
+"&raquo; ne pourra plus d&egrave;s lors se tromper sur son sens. Ainsi il n'y "
+"a aucune mani&egrave;re succincte d'expliquer et de justifier la d&eacute;"
+"finition officielle d'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo;. Cela rend "
+"encore pire la confusion."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Another misunderstanding of &ldquo;open source&rdquo; is the idea that it "
+"means &ldquo;not using the GNU GPL.&rdquo; This tends to accompany another "
+"misunderstanding that &ldquo;free software&rdquo; means &ldquo;GPL-covered "
+"software.&rdquo; These are equally mistaken, since the GNU GPL is accepted "
+"as an open source license and most of the open source licenses qualify as "
+"free software licenses."
+msgstr ""
+"Un autre malentendu de l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo;, est "
+"l'id&eacute;e que cela signifie &laquo;&nbsp;ne pas utiliser la GNU GPL&nbsp;"
+"&raquo;. Cela tend &agrave; accompagner le malentendu de &laquo;&nbsp;"
+"logiciel libre&rdquo; &eacute;gale &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel couvert par la "
+"GPL&nbsp;&raquo;. Ce sont deux erreurs, puisque la GNU GPL est consid&eacute;"
+"r&eacute;e comme une licence open source, et la plupart des licences open "
+"source sont consid&eacute;r&eacute;es comme des licences de logiciels libres."
 
 # type: Content of: <h3>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Different values can lead to similar conclusions&hellip;but not always"
 msgid "Different Values Can Lead to Similar Conclusions&hellip;but Not Always"
-msgstr "Des valeurs diff&eacute;rentes peuvent amener &agrave; des conclusions 
similaires&hellip; mais pas toujours"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Radical groups in the 1960s had a reputation for factionalism: some "
-#| "organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy, and "
-#| "the two daughter groups treated each other as enemies despite having "
-#| "similar basic goals and values.  The right-wing made much of this, and "
-#| "used it to criticize the entire left."
-msgid "Radical groups in the 1960s had a reputation for factionalism: some 
organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy, and the 
two daughter groups treated each other as enemies despite having similar basic 
goals and values.  The right wing made much of this and used it to criticize 
the entire left."
-msgstr "Les groupes radicaux dans les ann&eacute;es 60 avaient une 
r&eacute;putation pour le sectarisme&nbsp;: quelques organismes se sont 
scind&eacute;s en deux en raison des d&eacute;saccords sur des d&eacute;tails 
de strat&eacute;gie et les deux groupes r&eacute;sultants se sont 
trait&eacute;s l'un l'autre comme des ennemis en d&eacute;pit du fait qu'ils 
aient les m&ecirc;mes buts et des valeurs de base semblables. La droite a fait 
grand cas de ceci et a utilis&eacute; cela pour critiquer la gauche toute 
enti&egrave;re."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Some try to disparage the free software movement by comparing our 
disagreement with open source to the disagreements of those radical groups.  
They have it backwards.  We disagree with the open source camp on the basic 
goals and values, but their views and ours lead in many cases to the same 
practical behavior&mdash;such as developing free software."
-msgstr "Certains essaient de d&eacute;pr&eacute;cier le mouvement du logiciel 
libre en comparant notre d&eacute;saccord avec l'open source avec les 
d&eacute;saccords de ces groupes radicaux. Ces personnes ne font que reculer. 
Nous sommes en d&eacute;saccord avec le camp de l'open source sur les buts et 
les valeurs de base, mais leurs points de vue et les n&ocirc;tres m&egrave;nent 
dans beaucoup de cas au m&ecirc;me comportement pratique, comme 
d&eacute;velopper du logiciel libre."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "As a result, people from the free software movement and the open source "
-#| "camp often work together on practical projects such as software "
-#| "development.  It is remarkable that such different philosophical views "
-#| "can so often motivate different people to participate in the same "
-#| "projects.  Nonetheless, these views are very different, and there are "
-#| "situations where they lead to very different actions."
-msgid "As a result, people from the free software movement and the open source 
camp often work together on practical projects such as software development.  
It is remarkable that such different philosophical views can so often motivate 
different people to participate in the same projects.  Nonetheless, there are 
situations where these fundamentally different views lead to very different 
actions."
-msgstr "En cons&eacute;quence, les gens du mouvement du logiciel libre et du 
camp de l'open source travaillent souvent ensemble sur des projets pratiques 
tels que le d&eacute;veloppement de logiciel. Il est remarquable que de telles 
diff&eacute;rences de point de vue philosophiques puissent tellement souvent 
motiver des personnes diff&eacute;rentes &agrave; participer aux m&ecirc;mes 
projets. N&eacute;anmoins, ces vues sont tr&egrave;s diff&eacute;rentes et il y 
a des situations o&ugrave; elles m&egrave;nent &agrave; des actions tr&egrave;s 
diff&eacute;rentes."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The idea of open source is that allowing users to change and redistribute "
-#| "the software will make it more powerful and reliable.  But this is not "
-#| "guaranteed.  Developers of proprietary software are not necessarily "
-#| "incompetent.  Sometimes they produce a program which is powerful and "
-#| "reliable, even though it does not respect the users' freedom.  How will "
-#| "free software activists and open source enthusiasts react to that?"
-msgid "The idea of open source is that allowing users to change and 
redistribute the software will make it more powerful and reliable.  But this is 
not guaranteed.  Developers of proprietary software are not necessarily 
incompetent.  Sometimes they produce a program that is powerful and reliable, 
even though it does not respect the users' freedom.  Free software activists 
and open source enthusiasts will react very differently to that."
-msgstr "L'id&eacute;e de l'open source c'est que permettre aux utilisateurs de 
modifier et redistribuer le logiciel le rendra plus puissant et fiable.Mais ce 
n'est pas garanti. Les d&eacute;veloppeurs de logiciel propri&eacute;taire ne 
sont pas n&eacute;cessairement incomp&eacute;tents. Parfois il produisent un 
programme qui est puissant et fiable, bien qu'il ne respecte pas les 
libert&eacute;s des utilisateurs. Les activistes du logiciel libre et les 
supporters de l'open source vont r&eacute;agir très différemment &agrave; 
cela."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "A pure open source enthusiast, one that is not at all influenced by the 
ideals of free software, will say, &ldquo;I am surprised you were able to make 
the program work so well without using our development model, but you did.  How 
can I get a copy?&rdquo; This attitude will reward schemes that take away our 
freedom, leading to its loss."
-msgstr "Un supporter de l'open source, un qui n'est pas du tout 
influenc&eacute; par les id&eacute;aux du logiciel libre, dira, &laquo;&nbsp;Je 
suis surpris que vous ayez &eacute;t&eacute; capable de faire fonctionner ce 
programme si bien sans utiliser notre mod&egrave;le de d&eacute;veloppement, 
mais vous l'avez fait. Comment puis-je avoir une copie&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;. Ce 
genre d'attitude incite des arrangements qui emportent avec eux notre 
libert&eacute;, la menant &agrave; sa perte."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The free software activist will say, &ldquo;Your program is very "
-#| "attractive, but not at the price of my freedom.  So I have to do without "
-#| "it.  Instead I will support a project to develop a free replacement."
-#| "&rdquo; If we value our freedom, we can act to maintain and defend it."
-msgid "The free software activist will say, &ldquo;Your program is very 
attractive, but I value my freedom more.  So I reject your program.  Instead I 
will support a project to develop a free replacement.&rdquo; If we value our 
freedom, we can act to maintain and defend it."
-msgstr "L'activiste du logiciel libre dira &laquo;&nbsp;Votre programme est 
vraiment attrayant, mais pas au prix de ma libert&eacute;. Je dois donc faire 
sans. Au lieu de cela je soutiendrai un projet pour d&eacute;velopper un 
remplacement libre. Si nous accordons de la valeur &agrave; notre 
libert&eacute;, nous pouvons agir pour la maintenir et la d&eacute;fendre."
+msgstr ""
+"Des valeurs diff&eacute;rentes peuvent amener &agrave; des conclusions "
+"similaires&hellip; mais pas toujours"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Radical groups in the 1960s had a reputation for factionalism: some "
+"organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy, and the "
+"two daughter groups treated each other as enemies despite having similar "
+"basic goals and values.  The right wing made much of this and used it to "
+"criticize the entire left."
+msgstr ""
+"Les groupes radicaux dans les ann&eacute;es 60 avaient une r&eacute;putation "
+"pour le sectarisme&nbsp;: quelques organismes se sont scind&eacute;s en deux "
+"en raison des d&eacute;saccords sur des d&eacute;tails de strat&eacute;gie "
+"et les deux groupes r&eacute;sultants se sont trait&eacute;s l'un l'autre "
+"comme des ennemis en d&eacute;pit du fait qu'ils aient les m&ecirc;mes buts "
+"et des valeurs de base semblables. La droite a fait grand cas de ceci et a "
+"utilis&eacute; cela pour critiquer la gauche toute enti&egrave;re."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Some try to disparage the free software movement by comparing our "
+"disagreement with open source to the disagreements of those radical groups.  "
+"They have it backwards.  We disagree with the open source camp on the basic "
+"goals and values, but their views and ours lead in many cases to the same "
+"practical behavior&mdash;such as developing free software."
+msgstr ""
+"Certains essaient de d&eacute;pr&eacute;cier le mouvement du logiciel libre "
+"en comparant notre d&eacute;saccord avec l'open source avec les d&eacute;"
+"saccords de ces groupes radicaux. Ces personnes ne font que reculer. Nous "
+"sommes en d&eacute;saccord avec le camp de l'open source sur les buts et les "
+"valeurs de base, mais leurs points de vue et les n&ocirc;tres m&egrave;nent "
+"dans beaucoup de cas au m&ecirc;me comportement pratique, comme d&eacute;"
+"velopper du logiciel libre."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As a result, people from the free software movement and the open source camp "
+"often work together on practical projects such as software development.  It "
+"is remarkable that such different philosophical views can so often motivate "
+"different people to participate in the same projects.  Nonetheless, there "
+"are situations where these fundamentally different views lead to very "
+"different actions."
+msgstr ""
+"En cons&eacute;quence, les gens du mouvement du logiciel libre et du camp de "
+"l'open source travaillent souvent ensemble sur des projets pratiques tels "
+"que le d&eacute;veloppement de logiciel. Il est remarquable que de telles "
+"diff&eacute;rences de point de vue philosophiques puissent tellement souvent "
+"motiver des personnes diff&eacute;rentes &agrave; participer aux m&ecirc;mes "
+"projets. N&eacute;anmoins, ces vues sont tr&egrave;s diff&eacute;rentes et "
+"il y a des situations o&ugrave; elles m&egrave;nent &agrave; des actions "
+"tr&egrave;s diff&eacute;rentes."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The idea of open source is that allowing users to change and redistribute "
+"the software will make it more powerful and reliable.  But this is not "
+"guaranteed.  Developers of proprietary software are not necessarily "
+"incompetent.  Sometimes they produce a program that is powerful and "
+"reliable, even though it does not respect the users' freedom.  Free software "
+"activists and open source enthusiasts will react very differently to that."
+msgstr ""
+"L'id&eacute;e de l'open source c'est que permettre aux utilisateurs de "
+"modifier et redistribuer le logiciel le rendra plus puissant et fiable.Mais "
+"ce n'est pas garanti. Les d&eacute;veloppeurs de logiciel propri&eacute;"
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+"produisent un programme qui est puissant et fiable, bien qu'il ne respecte "
+"pas les libert&eacute;s des utilisateurs. Les activistes du logiciel libre "
+"et les supporters de l'open source vont r&eacute;agir très différemment "
+"&agrave; cela."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A pure open source enthusiast, one that is not at all influenced by the "
+"ideals of free software, will say, &ldquo;I am surprised you were able to "
+"make the program work so well without using our development model, but you "
+"did.  How can I get a copy?&rdquo; This attitude will reward schemes that "
+"take away our freedom, leading to its loss."
+msgstr ""
+"Un supporter de l'open source, un qui n'est pas du tout influenc&eacute; par "
+"les id&eacute;aux du logiciel libre, dira, &laquo;&nbsp;Je suis surpris que "
+"vous ayez &eacute;t&eacute; capable de faire fonctionner ce programme si "
+"bien sans utiliser notre mod&egrave;le de d&eacute;veloppement, mais vous "
+"l'avez fait. Comment puis-je avoir une copie&nbsp;?&nbsp;&raquo;. Ce genre "
+"d'attitude incite des arrangements qui emportent avec eux notre "
+"libert&eacute;, la menant &agrave; sa perte."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The free software activist will say, &ldquo;Your program is very attractive, "
+"but I value my freedom more.  So I reject your program.  Instead I will "
+"support a project to develop a free replacement.&rdquo; If we value our "
+"freedom, we can act to maintain and defend it."
+msgstr ""
+"L'activiste du logiciel libre dira &laquo;&nbsp;Votre programme est vraiment "
+"attrayant, mais pas au prix de ma libert&eacute;. Je dois donc faire sans. "
+"Au lieu de cela je soutiendrai un projet pour d&eacute;velopper un "
+"remplacement libre. Si nous accordons de la valeur &agrave; notre "
+"libert&eacute;, nous pouvons agir pour la maintenir et la d&eacute;fendre."
 
 # type: Content of: <h3>
-#| msgid "Powerful, reliable software can be bad"
 msgid "Powerful, Reliable Software Can Be Bad"
 msgstr "Le logiciel puissant et fiable peut &ecirc;tre mauvais"
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The idea that we want software to be powerful and reliable comes from 
the supposition that the software is designed to serve its users.  If it is 
powerful and reliable, that means it serves them better."
-msgstr "L'id&eacute;e que nous voulons que le logiciel soit puissant et fiable 
vient de la supposition que le logiciel est fait pour servir ses utilisateurs. 
S'il est puissant et fiable, il les sert mieux."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "But software can only be said to serve its users if it respects their "
-#| "freedom.  What if the software is designed to put chains on its users? "
-#| "Then powerfulness only means the chains are more constricting, and "
-#| "reliability that they are harder to remove.  Malicious features, such as "
-#| "spying on the users, restricting the users, back doors, and imposed "
-#| "upgrades are common in proprietary software, and some open source "
-#| "supporters want to do likewise."
-msgid "But software can be said to serve its users only if it respects their 
freedom.  What if the software is designed to put chains on its users? Then 
powerfulness means the chains are more constricting, and reliability that they 
are harder to remove.  Malicious features, such as spying on the users, 
restricting the users, back doors, and imposed upgrades are common in 
proprietary software, and some open source supporters want to implement them in 
open source programs."
-msgstr "Mais on ne peut dire d'un logiciel qu'il sert ses utilisateurs 
seulement s'il respecte leur libert&eacute;. Que dire si le logiciel est 
con&ccedil;u pour encha&icirc;ner ses utilisateurs&nbsp;? La fiabilit&eacute; 
ne signifie alors uniquement que les cha&icirc;nes sont plus difficiles 
&agrave; retirer. Les fonctionnalités malicieuses, telles que l'espionnage des 
utilisateurs, les portes dérobées, les restrictions et les mises à jour 
forcées sont des pratiques courantes dans les logiciels propriétaires, et 
certains défenseurs de l'open source veulent les introduire dans les 
programmes open source."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Under the pressure of the movie and record companies, software for "
-#| "individuals to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict "
-#| "them.  This malicious feature is known as DRM, or Digital Restrictions "
-#| "Management (see <a href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org/";
-#| "\">DefectiveByDesign.org</a>), and it is the antithesis in spirit of the "
-#| "freedom that free software aims to provide.  And not just in spirit: "
-#| "since the goal of DRM is to trample your freedom, DRM developers try to "
-#| "make it hard, impossible, or even illegal for you to change the software "
-#| "that implements the DRM."
-msgid "Under pressure from the movie and record companies, software for 
individuals to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict them.  
This malicious feature is known as Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) (see 
<a href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org/\";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a> and is the 
antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims to provide.  And 
not just in spirit: since the goal of DRM is to trample your freedom, DRM 
developers try to make it hard, impossible, or even illegal for you to change 
the software that implements the DRM."
-msgstr "Sous la pression des compagnies de film et de disque, les logiciels 
&agrave; usage individuel sont de plus en plus con&ccedil;us 
sp&eacute;cifiquement pour imposer des restrictions. Ce dispositif malveillant 
est connu sous le nom de DRM, ou Digital Restrictions Management (ndt&nbsp;: 
Gestion Num&eacute;rique des Droits) (voir <a 
href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org/\";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>), et c'est 
l'antith&egrave;se dans l'esprit de la libert&eacute; que le logiciel libre 
vise &agrave; fournir. Et pas simplement dans l'esprit&nbsp;: puisque le but 
des DRM est de pi&eacute;tiner votre libert&eacute;, les concepteurs de DRM 
essayent de rendre difficile, impossible ou m&ecirc;me ill&eacute;gal pour vous 
de modifier le logiciel qui met en application les DRM."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Yet some open source supporters have proposed &ldquo;open source "
-#| "DRM&rdquo; software.  Their idea is that by publishing the source code of "
-#| "programs designed to restrict your access to encrypted media, and "
-#| "allowing others to change it, they will produce more powerful and "
-#| "reliable software for restricting users like you.  Then it will be "
-#| "delivered to you in devices that do not allow you to change it."
-msgid "Yet some open source supporters have proposed &ldquo;open source 
DRM&rdquo; software.  Their idea is that, by publishing the source code of 
programs designed to restrict your access to encrypted media and by allowing 
others to change it, they will produce more powerful and reliable software for 
restricting users like you.  The software would then be delivered to you in 
devices that do not allow you to change it."
-msgstr "Pourtant quelques d&eacute;fenseurs de l'open source ont 
propos&eacute; des logiciels &laquo;&nbsp;DRM open source&nbsp;&raquo;. Leur 
id&eacute;e est qu'en publiant le code source de leur programme con&ccedil;u 
pour restreindre votre acc&egrave;s aux medias chiffr&eacute;s, et en 
autorisant d'autres &agrave; le modifier, ils produiront un logiciel 
pluspuissant et plus fiable pour limiter le droit des utilisateurs comme vous. 
Il vous sera alors livr&eacute; dans des dispositifs qui ne vous permettent pas 
de le changer."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "This software might be &ldquo;open source,&rdquo; and use the open source "
-#| "development model; but it won't be free software, since it won't respect "
-#| "the freedom of the users that actually run it.  If the open source "
-#| "development model succeeds in making this software more powerful and "
-#| "reliable for restricting you, that will make it even worse."
-msgid "This software might be open source and use the open source development 
model, but it won't be free software since it won't respect the freedom of the 
users that actually run it.  If the open source development model succeeds in 
making this software more powerful and reliable for restricting you, that will 
make it even worse."
-msgstr "Ce logiciel pourrait &ecirc;tre &laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; 
et utiliser le mod&egrave;le de d&eacute;veloppement open source&nbsp;; mais il 
ne sera pas un logiciel libre, &eacute;tant donn&eacute; qu'il ne respectera 
pas la libert&eacute; des utilisateurs qui l'utiliseront. Si le mod&egrave;le 
de d&eacute;veloppement open source r&eacute;ussi &agrave; r&eacute;aliser un 
logiciel plus puissant et fiable pour limiter vos droits, cela le rendra encore 
pire."
+msgid ""
+"The idea that we want software to be powerful and reliable comes from the "
+"supposition that the software is designed to serve its users.  If it is "
+"powerful and reliable, that means it serves them better."
+msgstr ""
+"L'id&eacute;e que nous voulons que le logiciel soit puissant et fiable vient "
+"de la supposition que le logiciel est fait pour servir ses utilisateurs. "
+"S'il est puissant et fiable, il les sert mieux."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But software can be said to serve its users only if it respects their "
+"freedom.  What if the software is designed to put chains on its users? Then "
+"powerfulness means the chains are more constricting, and reliability that "
+"they are harder to remove.  Malicious features, such as spying on the users, "
+"restricting the users, back doors, and imposed upgrades are common in "
+"proprietary software, and some open source supporters want to implement them "
+"in open source programs."
+msgstr ""
+"Mais on ne peut dire d'un logiciel qu'il sert ses utilisateurs seulement "
+"s'il respecte leur libert&eacute;. Que dire si le logiciel est con&ccedil;u "
+"pour encha&icirc;ner ses utilisateurs&nbsp;? La fiabilit&eacute; ne signifie "
+"alors uniquement que les cha&icirc;nes sont plus difficiles &agrave; "
+"retirer. Les fonctionnalités malicieuses, telles que l'espionnage des "
+"utilisateurs, les portes dérobées, les restrictions et les mises à jour "
+"forcées sont des pratiques courantes dans les logiciels propriétaires, et "
+"certains défenseurs de l'open source veulent les introduire dans les "
+"programmes open source."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Under pressure from the movie and record companies, software for individuals "
+"to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict them.  This "
+"malicious feature is known as Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) (see <a "
+"href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org/\";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a> and is the "
+"antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims to provide.  And "
+"not just in spirit: since the goal of DRM is to trample your freedom, DRM "
+"developers try to make it hard, impossible, or even illegal for you to "
+"change the software that implements the DRM."
+msgstr ""
+"Sous la pression des compagnies de film et de disque, les logiciels &agrave; "
+"usage individuel sont de plus en plus con&ccedil;us sp&eacute;cifiquement "
+"pour imposer des restrictions. Ce dispositif malveillant est connu sous le "
+"nom de DRM, ou Digital Restrictions Management (ndt&nbsp;: Gestion "
+"Num&eacute;rique des Droits) (voir <a href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org/";
+"\">DefectiveByDesign.org</a>), et c'est l'antith&egrave;se dans l'esprit de "
+"la libert&eacute; que le logiciel libre vise &agrave; fournir. Et pas "
+"simplement dans l'esprit&nbsp;: puisque le but des DRM est de pi&eacute;"
+"tiner votre libert&eacute;, les concepteurs de DRM essayent de rendre "
+"difficile, impossible ou m&ecirc;me ill&eacute;gal pour vous de modifier le "
+"logiciel qui met en application les DRM."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Yet some open source supporters have proposed &ldquo;open source DRM&rdquo; "
+"software.  Their idea is that, by publishing the source code of programs "
+"designed to restrict your access to encrypted media and by allowing others "
+"to change it, they will produce more powerful and reliable software for "
+"restricting users like you.  The software would then be delivered to you in "
+"devices that do not allow you to change it."
+msgstr ""
+"Pourtant quelques d&eacute;fenseurs de l'open source ont propos&eacute; des "
+"logiciels &laquo;&nbsp;DRM open source&nbsp;&raquo;. Leur id&eacute;e est "
+"qu'en publiant le code source de leur programme con&ccedil;u pour "
+"restreindre votre acc&egrave;s aux medias chiffr&eacute;s, et en autorisant "
+"d'autres &agrave; le modifier, ils produiront un logiciel pluspuissant et "
+"plus fiable pour limiter le droit des utilisateurs comme vous. Il vous sera "
+"alors livr&eacute; dans des dispositifs qui ne vous permettent pas de le "
+"changer."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This software might be open source and use the open source development "
+"model, but it won't be free software since it won't respect the freedom of "
+"the users that actually run it.  If the open source development model "
+"succeeds in making this software more powerful and reliable for restricting "
+"you, that will make it even worse."
+msgstr ""
+"Ce logiciel pourrait &ecirc;tre &laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; et "
+"utiliser le mod&egrave;le de d&eacute;veloppement open source&nbsp;; mais il "
+"ne sera pas un logiciel libre, &eacute;tant donn&eacute; qu'il ne respectera "
+"pas la libert&eacute; des utilisateurs qui l'utiliseront. Si le mod&egrave;"
+"le de d&eacute;veloppement open source r&eacute;ussi &agrave; r&eacute;"
+"aliser un logiciel plus puissant et fiable pour limiter vos droits, cela le "
+"rendra encore pire."
 
 # type: Content of: <h3>
-#| msgid "Fear of freedom"
 msgid "Fear of Freedom"
 msgstr "La crainte de la libert&eacute;"
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The main initial motivation for the term &ldquo;open source "
-#| "software&rdquo; is that the ethical ideas of &ldquo;free software&rdquo; "
-#| "make some people uneasy.  That's true: talking about freedom, about "
-#| "ethical issues, about responsibilities as well as convenience, is asking "
-#| "people to think about things they might prefer to ignore, such as whether "
-#| "their conduct is ethical.  This can trigger discomfort, and some people "
-#| "may simply close their minds to it.  It does not follow that we ought to "
-#| "stop talking about these things."
-msgid "The main initial motivation of those who split off the open source camp 
from the free software movement was that the ethical ideas of &ldquo;free 
software&rdquo; made some people uneasy.  That's true: raising ethical issues 
such as freedom, talking about responsibilities as well as convenience, is 
asking people to think about things they might prefer to ignore, such as 
whether their conduct is ethical.  This can trigger discomfort, and some people 
may simply close their minds to it.  It does not follow that we ought to stop 
talking about these issues."
-msgstr "La principale motivation initiale pour le terme &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel 
open source&nbsp;&raquo; est que les id&eacute;es &eacute;thiques du 
&laquo;&nbsp;logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo; rend certaines personnes mal &agrave; 
l'aise. C'est vrai&nbsp;: parler de libert&eacute;, de probl&egrave;mes 
d'&eacute;thique, de responsabilit&eacute;s aussi bien que de 
commodit&eacute;s, c'est demander aux gens de penser &agrave; des choses qu'ils 
pr&eacute;f&eacute;reraient ignorer, comme leur conduite est-elle 
&eacute;thique ou non. Ceci peut d&eacute;clencher un malaise et certains 
peuvent simplement fermer leurs esprits &agrave; cela. Il ne s'en suit pas que 
nous devrions cesser de parler de ces choses."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "However, that is what the leaders of &ldquo;open source&rdquo; decided to "
-#| "do.  They figured that by keeping quiet about ethics and freedom, and "
-#| "talking only about the immediate practical benefits of certain free "
-#| "software, they might be able to &ldquo;sell&rdquo; the software more "
-#| "effectively to certain users, especially business."
-msgid "That is, however, what the leaders of open source decided to do.  They 
figured that by keeping quiet about ethics and freedom, and talking only about 
the immediate practical benefits of certain free software, they might be able 
to &ldquo;sell&rdquo; the software more effectively to certain users, 
especially business."
-msgstr "Cependant, c'est ce que les dirigeants de l'&laquo;&nbsp;open 
source&nbsp;&raquo; ont d&eacute;cid&eacute; de faire. Ils se sont 
figur&eacute; qu'en passant sous silence l'&eacute;thique et la libert&eacute;, 
et en ne parlant que des b&eacute;n&eacute;fices imm&eacute;diats de certains 
logiciels libres, ils seraient &agrave; m&ecirc;me de 
&laquo;&nbsp;vendre&nbsp;&raquo; le logiciel plus efficacement &agrave; 
certains utilisateurs, particuli&egrave;rement aux entreprises."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "This approach has proved effective, in its own terms.  The rhetoric of 
open source has convinced many businesses and individuals to use, and even 
develop, free software, which has extended our community&mdash;but only at the 
superficial, practical level.  The philosophy of open source, with its purely 
practical values, impedes understanding of the deeper ideas of free software; 
it brings many people into our community, but does not teach them to defend it. 
 That is good, as far as it goes, but it is not enough to make freedom secure.  
Attracting users to free software takes them just part of the way to becoming 
defenders of their own freedom."
-msgstr "Cette approche &agrave; prouv&eacute; son efficacit&eacute;, dans ses 
propres termes. La rh&eacute;torique de l'open source &agrave; convaincu 
beaucoup d'entreprises et d'individus &agrave; utiliser, et m&ecirc;me &agrave; 
d&eacute;velopper du logiciel libre, ce qui a &eacute;tendu notre 
communaut&eacute;, mais seulement au niveau superficiel et pratique. La 
philosophie de l'open source avec ses valeurs purement pratiques, emp&ecirc;che 
la compr&eacute;hension des id&eacute;es plus profondes du logiciel 
libre&nbsp;; elle apporte beaucoup de monde dans notre communaut&eacute;, mais 
ne leur enseigne pas &agrave; la d&eacute;fendre. Cela est bon, tant que les 
choses vont bien, mais ce n'est pas assez pour instaurer une libert&eacute; 
durable. Attirer des utilisateurs vers le logiciel libre ne fait que leur faire 
prendre une partie du chemin pour devenir des d&eacute;fenseurs de leur propre 
libert&eacute;."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to proprietary "
-#| "software for some practical advantage.  Countless companies seek to offer "
-#| "such temptation, some even offering copies gratis.  Why would users "
-#| "decline? Only if they have learned to value the freedom free software "
-#| "gives them, to value freedom as such rather than the technical and "
-#| "practical convenience of specific free software.  To spread this idea, we "
-#| "have to talk about freedom.  A certain amount of the &ldquo;keep "
-#| "quiet&rdquo; approach to business can be useful for the community, but it "
-#| "is dangerous if it becomes so common that the love of freedom comes to "
-#| "seem like an eccentricity."
-msgid "Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to 
proprietary software for some practical advantage.  Countless companies seek to 
offer such temptation, some even offering copies gratis.  Why would users 
decline? Only if they have learned to value the freedom free software gives 
them, to value freedom in and of itself rather than the technical and practical 
convenience of specific free software.  To spread this idea, we have to talk 
about freedom.  A certain amount of the &ldquo;keep quiet&rdquo; approach to 
business can be useful for the community, but it is dangerous if it becomes so 
common that the love of freedom comes to seem like an eccentricity."
-msgstr "T&ocirc;t ou tard, ces utilisateurs seront invit&eacute;s &agrave; 
retourner vers le logiciel propri&eacute;taire pour quelques avantages 
pratiques. D'innombrables compagnies cherchent &agrave; offrir une telle 
tentation, certaines offrent m&ecirc;me des copies gratuites. Pourquoi les 
utilisateurs refuseraient-ils&nbsp;? C'est seulement s'ils ont appris la valeur 
de la libert&eacute; que le logiciel libre leur donne, la valeur de cette 
libert&eacute; en tant que telle plut&ocirc;t que la commodit&eacute; technique 
et pratique de logiciels libres sp&eacute;cifiques. Pour diffuser cette 
id&eacute;e, nous devons parler de logiciel libre. Une certaine quantit&eacute; 
de l'approche &laquo;&nbsp; passer sous silence &nbsp;&raquo; avec les 
entreprises peut &ecirc;tre utile pour la communaut&eacute;, mais elle est 
dangereuse si elle devient si commune que l'amour de la libert&eacute; en vient 
&agrave; sembler comme une excentricit&eacute;."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "That dangerous situation is exactly what we have.  Most people involved "
-#| "with free software say little about freedom&mdash;usually because they "
-#| "seek to be &ldquo;more acceptable to business.&rdquo; Software "
-#| "distributors especially show this pattern.  Nearly all GNU/Linux "
-#| "operating system distributions add proprietary packages to the basic free "
-#| "system, and they invite users to consider this an advantage, rather than "
-#| "a step backwards from freedom."
-msgid "That dangerous situation is exactly what we have.  Most people involved 
with free software, especially its distributors, say little about 
freedom&mdash;usually because they seek to be &ldquo;more acceptable to 
business.&rdquo; Nearly all GNU/Linux operating system distributions add 
proprietary packages to the basic free system, and they invite users to 
consider this an advantage rather than a flaw."
-msgstr "Cette dangereuse situation est exactement ce que nous avons. La 
plupart des gens impliqu&eacute; dans le logiciel libre en disent peu sur la 
libert&eacute;, habituellement parce qu'ils cherchent &agrave; sembler 
&laquo;&nbsp;plus acceptables pour les entreprises&nbsp;&raquo;. Les 
distributeurs de logiciel montrent particuli&egrave;rement ce mod&egrave;le. 
Pratiquement tous les distributeurs de syst&egrave;me d'exploitation GNU/Linux 
ajoutent des paquetages propri&eacute;taires au syst&egrave;me de base libre, 
et ils invitent les utilisateurs &agrave; consid&eacute;rer cela comme un 
avantage, plut&ocirc;t qu'un pas en arri&egrave;re vis-&agrave;-vis de la 
libert&eacute;."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Proprietary add-on software and partially non-free GNU/Linux "
-#| "distributions find fertile ground because most of our community does not "
-#| "insist on freedom with its software.  This is no coincidence.  Most GNU/"
-#| "Linux users were introduced to the system by &ldquo;open source&rdquo; "
-#| "discussion which doesn't say that freedom is a goal.  The practices that "
-#| "don't uphold freedom and the words that don't talk about freedom go hand "
-#| "in hand, each promoting the other.  To overcome this tendency, we need "
-#| "more, not less, talk about freedom."
-msgid "Proprietary add-on software and partially nonfree GNU/Linux 
distributions find fertile ground because most of our community does not insist 
on freedom with its software.  This is no coincidence.  Most GNU/Linux users 
were introduced to the system through &ldquo;open source&rdquo; discussion, 
which doesn't say that freedom is a goal.  The practices that don't uphold 
freedom and the words that don't talk about freedom go hand in hand, each 
promoting the other.  To overcome this tendency, we need more, not less, talk 
about freedom."
-msgstr "Les greffons logiciels propri&eacute;taires et particuli&egrave;rement 
les distributions non-libres GNU/Linux, trouvent un sol fertile parce que notre 
communaut&eacute; n'insiste pas sur la libert&eacute; de ses logiciels. Ce 
n'est pas une co&iuml;ncidence. La plupart des utilisateurs GNU/Linux furent 
introduits au syst&egrave;me par un discours &laquo;&nbsp;open 
source&nbsp;&raquo; qui ne leur a pas dit que la libert&eacute; &eacute;tait le 
but. Les aspects pratiques qui n'impliquent pas la libert&eacute; et les 
discours qui ne parlent pas de libert&eacute; vont de pair, l'un favorisant 
l'autre. Pour surmonter cette tendance, nous avons besoin de plus parler de 
libert&eacute;, pas l'inverse."
+msgid ""
+"The main initial motivation of those who split off the open source camp from "
+"the free software movement was that the ethical ideas of &ldquo;free "
+"software&rdquo; made some people uneasy.  That's true: raising ethical "
+"issues such as freedom, talking about responsibilities as well as "
+"convenience, is asking people to think about things they might prefer to "
+"ignore, such as whether their conduct is ethical.  This can trigger "
+"discomfort, and some people may simply close their minds to it.  It does not "
+"follow that we ought to stop talking about these issues."
+msgstr ""
+"La principale motivation initiale pour le terme &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel open "
+"source&nbsp;&raquo; est que les id&eacute;es &eacute;thiques du &laquo;&nbsp;"
+"logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo; rend certaines personnes mal &agrave; l'aise. "
+"C'est vrai&nbsp;: parler de libert&eacute;, de probl&egrave;mes d'&eacute;"
+"thique, de responsabilit&eacute;s aussi bien que de commodit&eacute;s, c'est "
+"demander aux gens de penser &agrave; des choses qu'ils pr&eacute;f&eacute;"
+"reraient ignorer, comme leur conduite est-elle &eacute;thique ou non. Ceci "
+"peut d&eacute;clencher un malaise et certains peuvent simplement fermer "
+"leurs esprits &agrave; cela. Il ne s'en suit pas que nous devrions cesser de "
+"parler de ces choses."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"That is, however, what the leaders of open source decided to do.  They "
+"figured that by keeping quiet about ethics and freedom, and talking only "
+"about the immediate practical benefits of certain free software, they might "
+"be able to &ldquo;sell&rdquo; the software more effectively to certain "
+"users, especially business."
+msgstr ""
+"Cependant, c'est ce que les dirigeants de l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;"
+"&raquo; ont d&eacute;cid&eacute; de faire. Ils se sont figur&eacute; qu'en "
+"passant sous silence l'&eacute;thique et la libert&eacute;, et en ne parlant "
+"que des b&eacute;n&eacute;fices imm&eacute;diats de certains logiciels "
+"libres, ils seraient &agrave; m&ecirc;me de &laquo;&nbsp;vendre&nbsp;&raquo; "
+"le logiciel plus efficacement &agrave; certains utilisateurs, "
+"particuli&egrave;rement aux entreprises."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This approach has proved effective, in its own terms.  The rhetoric of open "
+"source has convinced many businesses and individuals to use, and even "
+"develop, free software, which has extended our community&mdash;but only at "
+"the superficial, practical level.  The philosophy of open source, with its "
+"purely practical values, impedes understanding of the deeper ideas of free "
+"software; it brings many people into our community, but does not teach them "
+"to defend it.  That is good, as far as it goes, but it is not enough to make "
+"freedom secure.  Attracting users to free software takes them just part of "
+"the way to becoming defenders of their own freedom."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette approche &agrave; prouv&eacute; son efficacit&eacute;, dans ses "
+"propres termes. La rh&eacute;torique de l'open source &agrave; convaincu "
+"beaucoup d'entreprises et d'individus &agrave; utiliser, et m&ecirc;me "
+"&agrave; d&eacute;velopper du logiciel libre, ce qui a &eacute;tendu notre "
+"communaut&eacute;, mais seulement au niveau superficiel et pratique. La "
+"philosophie de l'open source avec ses valeurs purement pratiques, emp&ecirc;"
+"che la compr&eacute;hension des id&eacute;es plus profondes du logiciel "
+"libre&nbsp;; elle apporte beaucoup de monde dans notre communaut&eacute;, "
+"mais ne leur enseigne pas &agrave; la d&eacute;fendre. Cela est bon, tant "
+"que les choses vont bien, mais ce n'est pas assez pour instaurer une "
+"libert&eacute; durable. Attirer des utilisateurs vers le logiciel libre ne "
+"fait que leur faire prendre une partie du chemin pour devenir des d&eacute;"
+"fenseurs de leur propre libert&eacute;."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to proprietary "
+"software for some practical advantage.  Countless companies seek to offer "
+"such temptation, some even offering copies gratis.  Why would users decline? "
+"Only if they have learned to value the freedom free software gives them, to "
+"value freedom in and of itself rather than the technical and practical "
+"convenience of specific free software.  To spread this idea, we have to talk "
+"about freedom.  A certain amount of the &ldquo;keep quiet&rdquo; approach to "
+"business can be useful for the community, but it is dangerous if it becomes "
+"so common that the love of freedom comes to seem like an eccentricity."
+msgstr ""
+"T&ocirc;t ou tard, ces utilisateurs seront invit&eacute;s &agrave; retourner "
+"vers le logiciel propri&eacute;taire pour quelques avantages pratiques. "
+"D'innombrables compagnies cherchent &agrave; offrir une telle tentation, "
+"certaines offrent m&ecirc;me des copies gratuites. Pourquoi les utilisateurs "
+"refuseraient-ils&nbsp;? C'est seulement s'ils ont appris la valeur de la "
+"libert&eacute; que le logiciel libre leur donne, la valeur de cette "
+"libert&eacute; en tant que telle plut&ocirc;t que la commodit&eacute; "
+"technique et pratique de logiciels libres sp&eacute;cifiques. Pour diffuser "
+"cette id&eacute;e, nous devons parler de logiciel libre. Une certaine "
+"quantit&eacute; de l'approche &laquo;&nbsp; passer sous silence &nbsp;"
+"&raquo; avec les entreprises peut &ecirc;tre utile pour la "
+"communaut&eacute;, mais elle est dangereuse si elle devient si commune que "
+"l'amour de la libert&eacute; en vient &agrave; sembler comme une "
+"excentricit&eacute;."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"That dangerous situation is exactly what we have.  Most people involved with "
+"free software, especially its distributors, say little about freedom&mdash;"
+"usually because they seek to be &ldquo;more acceptable to business.&rdquo; "
+"Nearly all GNU/Linux operating system distributions add proprietary packages "
+"to the basic free system, and they invite users to consider this an "
+"advantage rather than a flaw."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette dangereuse situation est exactement ce que nous avons. La plupart des "
+"gens impliqu&eacute; dans le logiciel libre en disent peu sur la "
+"libert&eacute;, habituellement parce qu'ils cherchent &agrave; sembler "
+"&laquo;&nbsp;plus acceptables pour les entreprises&nbsp;&raquo;. Les "
+"distributeurs de logiciel montrent particuli&egrave;rement ce mod&egrave;le. "
+"Pratiquement tous les distributeurs de syst&egrave;me d'exploitation GNU/"
+"Linux ajoutent des paquetages propri&eacute;taires au syst&egrave;me de base "
+"libre, et ils invitent les utilisateurs &agrave; consid&eacute;rer cela "
+"comme un avantage, plut&ocirc;t qu'un pas en arri&egrave;re vis-&agrave;-vis "
+"de la libert&eacute;."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Proprietary add-on software and partially nonfree GNU/Linux distributions "
+"find fertile ground because most of our community does not insist on freedom "
+"with its software.  This is no coincidence.  Most GNU/Linux users were "
+"introduced to the system through &ldquo;open source&rdquo; discussion, which "
+"doesn't say that freedom is a goal.  The practices that don't uphold freedom "
+"and the words that don't talk about freedom go hand in hand, each promoting "
+"the other.  To overcome this tendency, we need more, not less, talk about "
+"freedom."
+msgstr ""
+"Les greffons logiciels propri&eacute;taires et particuli&egrave;rement les "
+"distributions non-libres GNU/Linux, trouvent un sol fertile parce que notre "
+"communaut&eacute; n'insiste pas sur la libert&eacute; de ses logiciels. Ce "
+"n'est pas une co&iuml;ncidence. La plupart des utilisateurs GNU/Linux furent "
+"introduits au syst&egrave;me par un discours &laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;"
+"&raquo; qui ne leur a pas dit que la libert&eacute; &eacute;tait le but. Les "
+"aspects pratiques qui n'impliquent pas la libert&eacute; et les discours qui "
+"ne parlent pas de libert&eacute; vont de pair, l'un favorisant l'autre. Pour "
+"surmonter cette tendance, nous avons besoin de plus parler de "
+"libert&eacute;, pas l'inverse."
 
 # type: Content of: <h3>
 msgid "Conclusion"
 msgstr "Conclusion"
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "As the advocates of open source draw new users into our community, we "
-#| "free software activists have to work even more to bring the issue of "
-#| "freedom to those new users' attention.  We have to say, &ldquo;It's free "
-#| "software and it gives you freedom!&rdquo;&mdash;more and louder than "
-#| "ever.  Every time you say &ldquo;free software&rdquo; rather than &ldquo;"
-#| "open source,&rdquo; you help our campaign."
-msgid "As the advocates of open source draw new users into our community, we 
free software activists must shoulder the task of bringing the issue of freedom 
to their attention.  We have to say, &ldquo;It's free software and it gives you 
freedom!&rdquo;&mdash;more and louder than ever.  Every time you say 
&ldquo;free software&rdquo; rather than &ldquo;open source,&rdquo; you help our 
campaign."
-msgstr "Alors que ceux qui pr&eacute;conisent l'open source am&egrave;nent de 
nouveaux utilisateurs dans notre communaut&eacute;, nous, activistes du 
logiciel libre, devons travailler encore plus pour porter l'attention de ces 
nouveaux utilisateurs sur les probl&egrave;mes de libert&eacute;. Nous devons 
leur dire &laquo;&nbsp;C'est le logiciel libre et il te donne la 
libert&eacute;&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo; plus souvent et plus fort que jamais. Chaque 
fois que vous dites &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo; plut&ocirc;t 
qu'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; vous aidez notre campagne."
+msgid ""
+"As the advocates of open source draw new users into our community, we free "
+"software activists must shoulder the task of bringing the issue of freedom "
+"to their attention.  We have to say, &ldquo;It's free software and it gives "
+"you freedom!&rdquo;&mdash;more and louder than ever.  Every time you say "
+"&ldquo;free software&rdquo; rather than &ldquo;open source,&rdquo; you help "
+"our campaign."
+msgstr ""
+"Alors que ceux qui pr&eacute;conisent l'open source am&egrave;nent de "
+"nouveaux utilisateurs dans notre communaut&eacute;, nous, activistes du "
+"logiciel libre, devons travailler encore plus pour porter l'attention de ces "
+"nouveaux utilisateurs sur les probl&egrave;mes de libert&eacute;. Nous "
+"devons leur dire &laquo;&nbsp;C'est le logiciel libre et il te donne la "
+"libert&eacute;&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo; plus souvent et plus fort que jamais. "
+"Chaque fois que vous dites &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo; "
+"plut&ocirc;t qu'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; vous aidez notre "
+"campagne."
 
 # type: Content of: <h4>
 msgid "Footnotes"
 msgstr "Apostille"
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Joe Barr wrote an article called <a href=\"http://www.itworld.com/";
-#| "AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/\">Live and let license</a> that gives his "
-#| "perspective on this issue."
-msgid "Joe Barr's article, <a 
href=\"http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/\";>&ldquo;Live and 
let license,&rdquo;</a> gives his perspective on this issue."
-msgstr "Joe Barr a &eacute;crit un article intitul&eacute; <a 
href=\"http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/\";>Live and let 
license</a><sup><a href=\"#TransNote6\">6</a></sup> qui donne sa perspective 
sur cette question."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Lakhani and Wolf's <a 
href=\"http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.pdf\";>paper on the 
motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable fraction 
are motivated by the view that software should be free.  This was despite the 
fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site that does not 
support the view that this is an ethical issue."
-msgstr "L'<a 
href=\"http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.pdf\";>article sur la 
motivation des d&eacute;veloppeurs de logiciel libre</a> de Lakhani et Wolf dit 
qu'une fraction consid&eacute;rable est motiv&eacute;e par la perspective que 
le logiciel devrait &ecirc;tre libre. Cela malgr&eacute; le fait qu'ils ont 
examin&eacute; les d&eacute;veloppeurs de SourceForge, un site qui ne soutient 
pas le point de vue qui veut qu'il s'agit d'un probl&egrave;me &eacute;thique."
+msgid ""
+"Joe Barr's article, <a href=\"http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/";
+"LWD010523vcontrol4/\">&ldquo;Live and let license,&rdquo;</a> gives his "
+"perspective on this issue."
+msgstr ""
+"Joe Barr a &eacute;crit un article intitul&eacute; <a href=\"http://www.";
+"itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/\">Live and let license</a><sup><a "
+"href=\"#TransNote6\">6</a></sup> qui donne sa perspective sur cette question."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Lakhani and Wolf's <a href=\"http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.";
+"pdf\">paper on the motivation of free software developers</a> says that a "
+"considerable fraction are motivated by the view that software should be "
+"free.  This was despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on "
+"SourceForge, a site that does not support the view that this is an ethical "
+"issue."
+msgstr ""
+"L'<a href=\"http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.pdf\";>article sur "
+"la motivation des d&eacute;veloppeurs de logiciel libre</a> de Lakhani et "
+"Wolf dit qu'une fraction consid&eacute;rable est motiv&eacute;e par la "
+"perspective que le logiciel devrait &ecirc;tre libre. Cela malgr&eacute; le "
+"fait qu'ils ont examin&eacute; les d&eacute;veloppeurs de SourceForge, un "
+"site qui ne soutient pas le point de vue qui veut qu'il s'agit d'un "
+"probl&egrave;me &eacute;thique."
 
 # type: Content of: <div>
 #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
 msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
-msgstr "<b>Notes du traducteur</b>&nbsp;: <ol><li id=\"TransNote1\">Free 
speech en anglais.</li><li id=\"TransNote2\">Free beer en anglais.</li><li 
id=\"TransNote3\">&agrave; code source ouvert.</li><li id=\"TransNote4\">Ce 
paragraphe traite de l'amalgame qui existe dans le terme &laquo;&nbsp;logiciel 
libre&nbsp;&raquo; dans la langue anglaise. En effet, en anglais on parle de 
&laquo;&nbsp;free software&nbsp;&raquo;, le mot &laquo;&nbsp;free&nbsp;&raquo; 
pouvant s'interpr&eacute;ter aussi bien par &laquo;&nbsp;libre&nbsp;&raquo; que 
par &laquo;&nbsp;gratuit&nbsp;&raquo;. En fran&ccedil;ais cet amalgame n'existe 
pas.</li><li id=\"TransNote5\">&laquo;&nbsp;Think of free speech, not free 
beer.&nbsp;&raquo;).</li><li id=\"TransNote6\">Vivre et mettre sous 
licencie.</li></ol>"
+msgstr ""
+"<b>Notes du traducteur</b>&nbsp;: <ol><li id=\"TransNote1\">Free speech en "
+"anglais.</li><li id=\"TransNote2\">Free beer en anglais.</li><li id="
+"\"TransNote3\">&agrave; code source ouvert.</li><li id=\"TransNote4\">Ce "
+"paragraphe traite de l'amalgame qui existe dans le terme &laquo;&nbsp;"
+"logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo; dans la langue anglaise. En effet, en anglais on "
+"parle de &laquo;&nbsp;free software&nbsp;&raquo;, le mot &laquo;&nbsp;"
+"free&nbsp;&raquo; pouvant s'interpr&eacute;ter aussi bien par &laquo;&nbsp;"
+"libre&nbsp;&raquo; que par &laquo;&nbsp;gratuit&nbsp;&raquo;. En fran&ccedil;"
+"ais cet amalgame n'existe pas.</li><li id=\"TransNote5\">&laquo;&nbsp;Think "
+"of free speech, not free beer.&nbsp;&raquo;).</li><li id=\"TransNote6"
+"\">Vivre et mettre sous licencie.</li></ol>"
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-#| "\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.  There are also <a 
href=\"/contact/\">other "
-#| "ways to contact</a> the FSF.  <br /> Please send broken links and other "
-#| "corrections or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-#| "\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
-msgid "Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.  There are also <a 
href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.  <br /> Please send 
broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>."
-msgstr "Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a 
href=\"/contact/\">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez 
envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions à <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>."
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;"
+"address@hidden&gt;</a>.  There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF.  <br /> Please send broken links and other corrections "
+"or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden"
+"org&gt;</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a href=\"mailto:";
+"address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a 
href=\"/contact/"
+"\">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez envoyer les "
+"liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions à <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\">&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>."
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Copyright &copy; 2007 Richard Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and 
distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium, provided this 
notice is preserved."
-msgstr "Copyright &copy; 2007 Richard Stallman <br />La reproduction exacte et 
la distribution intégrale de cet article est permise sur n'importe quel 
support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit préservée."
+msgid ""
+"Copyright &copy; 2007 Richard Stallman <br /> Verbatim copying and "
+"distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium, provided "
+"this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright &copy; 2007 Richard Stallman <br />La reproduction exacte et la "
+"distribution intégrale de cet article est permise sur n'importe quel support 
"
+"d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit préservée."
 
 # type: Content of: <div><div>
 #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
 msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
-msgstr "Traduction&nbsp;: Mathieu Stumpf.<br />Révision&nbsp;: <a 
href=\"mailto:trad-gnu&#64;april.org\";>trad-gnu&#64;april.org</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"Traduction&nbsp;: Mathieu Stumpf.<br />Révision&nbsp;: <a 
href=\"mailto:trad-";
+"gnu&#64;april.org\">trad-gnu&#64;april.org</a>"
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
 #.  timestamp start
@@ -479,4 +843,3 @@
 # type: Content of: <div><h4>
 msgid "Translations of this page"
 msgstr "Traductions de cette page"
-

Index: philosophy/po/philosophy.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/philosophy.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.34
retrieving revision 1.35
diff -u -b -r1.34 -r1.35
--- philosophy/po/philosophy.fr.po      29 Nov 2009 17:55:30 -0000      1.34
+++ philosophy/po/philosophy.fr.po      30 Nov 2009 09:26:01 -0000      1.35
@@ -16,122 +16,217 @@
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
 
 # type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "Philosophy of the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation 
(FSF)"
-msgstr "Philosophie du Projet GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation 
(FSF)"
+msgid ""
+"Philosophy of the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+"Philosophie du Projet GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
 
 # type: Content of: <h2>
 msgid "Philosophy of the GNU Project"
 msgstr "Philosophie du Projet GNU"
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Our development of the GNU free software operating system is motivated 
by the philosophy of the free software movement. This page provides an 
introduction to that philosopy, links to the latest articles we have on the 
subject, and links to further resources."
-msgstr "Notre développement du système d'exploitation libre GNU est motivé 
par la philosophie de mouvement du logiciel libre. Cette page fournit une 
introduction à cette philosophy, des liens vers les derniers articles sur le 
sujet et des liens vers d'autres ressources."
+msgid ""
+"Our development of the GNU free software operating system is motivated by "
+"the philosophy of the free software movement. This page provides an "
+"introduction to that philosopy, links to the latest articles we have on the "
+"subject, and links to further resources."
+msgstr ""
+"Notre développement du système d'exploitation libre GNU est motivé par la "
+"philosophie de mouvement du logiciel libre. Cette page fournit une "
+"introduction à cette philosophy, des liens vers les derniers articles sur le 
"
+"sujet et des liens vers d'autres ressources."
 
 # type: Content of: <h3>
 msgid "Latest Articles"
 msgstr "Derniers articles"
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Hot off the presses, here are the latest published articles on free 
software and the GNU project."
-msgstr "Sortis des presses, voici les derniers articles publiés sur les 
logiciels libres et le projet GNU."
+msgid ""
+"Hot off the presses, here are the latest published articles on free software "
+"and the GNU project."
+msgstr ""
+"Sortis des presses, voici les derniers articles publiés sur les logiciels "
+"libres et le projet GNU."
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html\">Lest CodePlex perplex</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html\">Lest CodePlex perplex</a>"
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.html\">The Danger of "
+"Software Patents</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.html\">Le danger des "
+"brevets logiciels</a>"
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html\">Is Digital "
+"Inclusion A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html\">L'inclusion "
+"numérique est-elle une bonne chose&nbsp;? Comment pouvons-nous nous en "
+"assurer&nbdp;?</a>"
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/pirate-party.html\">How the Swedish Pirate Party "
+"Platform Backfires on Free Software</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/pirate-party.fr.html\">Pourquoi les propositions du "
+"Parti Pirate suédois se retournent contre le logiciel libre</a>"
 
 # type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#| msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/why-copyleft.html\">Why Copyleft?</a>"
-msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html\">Lest CodePlex 
perplex</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html\">Lest CodePlex 
perplex</a>"
-
-# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a href=\"/philosophy/savingeurope.html\">Saving Europe from Software "
-#| "Patents</a>"
-msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.html\">The Danger of 
Software Patents</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.html\">Le danger des 
brevets logiciels</a>"
-
-# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html\">Is Digital 
Inclusion A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html\">L'inclusion 
numérique est-elle une bonne chose&nbsp;? Comment pouvons-nous nous en 
assurer&nbdp;?</a>"
-
-# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/pirate-party.html\">How the Swedish Pirate Party 
Platform Backfires on Free Software</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/pirate-party.fr.html\">Pourquoi les propositions 
du Parti Pirate suédois se retournent contre le logiciel libre</a>"
-
-# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#| msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/x.html\">The X Window System Trap</a>"
 msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/javascript-trap.html\">The Javascript Trap</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/javascript-trap.fr.html\">Le piège 
JavaScript</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/javascript-trap.fr.html\">Le piège JavaScript</a>"
 
 # type: Content of: <h2>
 msgid "About Free Software"
 msgstr "&Agrave; propos du logiciel libre"
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Free software is a matter of freedom: people should be free to use 
software in all the ways that are socially useful.  Software differs from 
material objects&mdash;such as chairs, sandwiches, and gasoline&mdash;in that 
it can be copied and changed much more easily.  These possibilities make 
software as useful as it is; we believe software users should be able to make 
use of them."
-msgstr "Le logiciel libre est une question de libert&eacute;&nbsp;: tout le 
monde devrait pouvoir &ecirc;tre libre d'utiliser des logiciels de toutes les 
fa&ccedil;ons qui sont utiles socialement. Le logiciel diff&egrave;re des 
objets mat&eacute;riels (tels que des chaises, des sandwiches et de l'essence) 
en ce qu'il peut &ecirc;tre copi&eacute; et modifi&eacute; beaucoup plus 
facilement. Ces possibilit&eacute;s rendent le logiciel aussi utile qu'il peut 
l'&ecirc;tre; nous croyons que les utilisateurs de logiciels devraient pouvoir 
les utiliser."
+msgid ""
+"Free software is a matter of freedom: people should be free to use software "
+"in all the ways that are socially useful.  Software differs from material "
+"objects&mdash;such as chairs, sandwiches, and gasoline&mdash;in that it can "
+"be copied and changed much more easily.  These possibilities make software "
+"as useful as it is; we believe software users should be able to make use of "
+"them."
+msgstr ""
+"Le logiciel libre est une question de libert&eacute;&nbsp;: tout le monde "
+"devrait pouvoir &ecirc;tre libre d'utiliser des logiciels de toutes les "
+"fa&ccedil;ons qui sont utiles socialement. Le logiciel diff&egrave;re des "
+"objets mat&eacute;riels (tels que des chaises, des sandwiches et de "
+"l'essence) en ce qu'il peut &ecirc;tre copi&eacute; et modifi&eacute; "
+"beaucoup plus facilement. Ces possibilit&eacute;s rendent le logiciel aussi "
+"utile qu'il peut l'&ecirc;tre; nous croyons que les utilisateurs de "
+"logiciels devraient pouvoir les utiliser."
 
 # type: Content of: <ul><li>
 msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">What is Free Software?</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html\">Qu'est-ce qu'un logiciel 
libre&nbsp;?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html\">Qu'est-ce qu'un logiciel libre&nbsp;?"
+"</a>"
 
 # type: Content of: <ul><li>
-msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/why-free.html\">Why Software Should Not Have 
Owners</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/why-free.fr.html\">Pourquoi les logiciels ne 
devraient pas avoir de propri&eacute;taires</a>"
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/why-free.html\">Why Software Should Not Have Owners</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/why-free.fr.html\">Pourquoi les logiciels ne devraient "
+"pas avoir de propri&eacute;taires</a>"
 
 # type: Content of: <ul><li>
 msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/pragmatic.html\">Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/pragmatic.fr.html\">Copyleft&nbsp;: 
Id&eacute;alisme pragmatique</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/pragmatic.fr.html\">Copyleft&nbsp;: Id&eacute;alisme "
+"pragmatique</a>"
 
 # type: Content of: <ul><li>
-msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-doc.html\">Why Free Software Needs Free 
Documentation</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-doc.fr.html\">Pourquoi les logiciels libres 
ont besoin de manuels libres</a>"
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/free-doc.html\">Why Free Software Needs Free "
+"Documentation</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/free-doc.fr.html\">Pourquoi les logiciels libres ont "
+"besoin de manuels libres</a>"
 
 # type: Content of: <ul><li>
 msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/selling.html\">Selling Free Software</a> is OK!"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/selling.fr.html\">Vendre des logiciels 
libres</a> ce n'est pas un problème&nbsp;!"
-
-# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/fs-motives.html\">Motives For Writing Free 
Software</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/fs-motives.fr.html\">Raisons d'écrire des 
logiciels libres</a>"
-
-# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/right-to-read.html\">The Right to Read: A 
Dystopian Short Story</a> by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";> Richard 
Stallman</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/right-to-read.fr.html\">Le droit de lire : une 
courte histoire dystopienne</a> par <a 
href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a>"
-
-# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\">Why 
&ldquo;Open Source&rdquo; misses the point of Free Software</a>"
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html\">Pourquoi 
l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; passe &agrave; c&ocirc;t&eacute; du 
probl&egrave;me que soul&egrave;ve le logiciel libre&nbsp;?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/selling.fr.html\">Vendre des logiciels libres</a> ce "
+"n'est pas un problème&nbsp;!"
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/fs-motives.html\">Motives For Writing Free Software</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/fs-motives.fr.html\">Raisons d'écrire des logiciels "
+"libres</a>"
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/right-to-read.html\">The Right to Read: A Dystopian "
+"Short Story</a> by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";> Richard Stallman</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/right-to-read.fr.html\">Le droit de lire : une courte "
+"histoire dystopienne</a> par <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard "
+"Stallman</a>"
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\">Why &ldquo;Open "
+"Source&rdquo; misses the point of Free Software</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html\">Pourquoi "
+"l'&laquo;&nbsp;open source&nbsp;&raquo; passe &agrave; c&ocirc;t&eacute; du "
+"probl&egrave;me que soul&egrave;ve le logiciel libre&nbsp;?</a>"
 
 # type: Content of: <h2>
-#| msgid "More philosophy articles"
 msgid "Links to more philosophy articles"
 msgstr "Liens vers d'autres articles"
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "We have many more articles than can fit on a single page. You can find 
them on the pages linked here."
-msgstr "Nous avons beaucoup d'articles qui tiennent sur une seule page. Vous 
pouvez les trouver sur les pages liées ici."
+msgid ""
+"We have many more articles than can fit on a single page. You can find them "
+"on the pages linked here."
+msgstr ""
+"Nous avons beaucoup d'articles qui tiennent sur une seule page. Vous pouvez "
+"les trouver sur les pages liées ici."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "This page lists a series of articles describing the philosophy of the "
-#| "free software movement, which is the motivation for our development of "
-#| "the free software operating system GNU."
-msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html\"> Essays and 
articles.</a> A series of articles describing the philosophy of the free 
software movement, which is the motivation for our development of the free 
software operating system GNU."
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/essays-and-articles.fr.html\">Essais et 
articles</a>. Cette page recense une série d'articles décrivant la 
philosophie du mouvement pour le logiciel libre, qui est la motivation de notre 
développement du système d'exploitation libre GNU."
-
-# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/speeches-and-interview.html\">Speeches and 
interviews.</a> Links to interviews and Transcriptions of speeches about free 
software and the GNU project."
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/speeches-and-interview.fr.html\">Discours et 
entretiens</a>. Liens vers les entretiens et les transcriptions de discours sur 
les logiciels libres et le projet GNU."
-
-# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/third-party-ideas.html\">Third party ideas.</a> 
These articles give other people's philosophical opinions in support of free 
software, or related issues, and don't speak for the GNU project&mdash;but we 
more or less agree with them."
-msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/third-party-ideas.fr.html\">Idées de tierces 
parties</a>. Ces articles donnent les opinions d'autres personnes en faveur du 
logiciel libre, ou des problèmes liés, et ne parlent pas du projet GNU 
&mdash;&nbsp;mais nous sommes plus ou moins d'accord avec."
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html\"> Essays and articles.</a> A "
+"series of articles describing the philosophy of the free software movement, "
+"which is the motivation for our development of the free software operating "
+"system GNU."
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/essays-and-articles.fr.html\">Essais et articles</a>. "
+"Cette page recense une série d'articles décrivant la philosophie du "
+"mouvement pour le logiciel libre, qui est la motivation de notre "
+"développement du système d'exploitation libre GNU."
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/speeches-and-interview.html\">Speeches and interviews."
+"</a> Links to interviews and Transcriptions of speeches about free software "
+"and the GNU project."
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/speeches-and-interview.fr.html\">Discours et "
+"entretiens</a>. Liens vers les entretiens et les transcriptions de discours "
+"sur les logiciels libres et le projet GNU."
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/third-party-ideas.html\">Third party ideas.</a> These "
+"articles give other people's philosophical opinions in support of free "
+"software, or related issues, and don't speak for the GNU project&mdash;but "
+"we more or less agree with them."
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/philosophy/third-party-ideas.fr.html\">Idées de tierces parties</"
+"a>. Ces articles donnent les opinions d'autres personnes en faveur du "
+"logiciel libre, ou des problèmes liés, et ne parlent pas du projet GNU "
+"&mdash;&nbsp;mais nous sommes plus ou moins d'accord avec."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
 #.  please leave both these ID attributes here. ...
 #.  ... we removed this as an H$ section as it was duplicating the
 #.  same information on links.html, but it's possible that some users
 #.  have the URLs bookmarked or on their pages. -len
-msgid "<a id=\"TOCFreedomOrganizations\">We</a> <a 
id=\"FreedomOrganizations\">also</a> keep a list of <a 
href=\"/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations\">Organizations that Work for 
Freedom in Computer Development and Electronic Communications</a>."
-msgstr "<a id=\"TOCFreedomOrganizations\">Nous</a> <a 
id=\"FreedomOrganizations\">conservons</a> aussi une liste d'<a 
href=\"/links/links.fr.html#FreedomOrganizations\">organisations qui oeuvrent 
pour la libert&eacute; dans le d&eacute;veloppement informatique et les 
communications &eacute;lectroniques</a>."
+msgid ""
+"<a id=\"TOCFreedomOrganizations\">We</a> <a id=\"FreedomOrganizations"
+"\">also</a> keep a list of <a href=\"/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations"
+"\">Organizations that Work for Freedom in Computer Development and "
+"Electronic Communications</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"<a id=\"TOCFreedomOrganizations\">Nous</a> <a id=\"FreedomOrganizations"
+"\">conservons</a> aussi une liste d'<a href=\"/links/links.fr."
+"html#FreedomOrganizations\">organisations qui oeuvrent pour la "
+"libert&eacute; dans le d&eacute;veloppement informatique et les "
+"communications &eacute;lectroniques</a>."
 
 # type: Content of: <div>
 #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
@@ -139,34 +234,52 @@
 msgstr " "
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-#| "\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.  There are also <a 
href=\"/contact/\">other "
-#| "ways to contact</a> the FSF.  <br /> Please send broken links and other "
-#| "corrections or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-#| "\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
-msgid "Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.  There are also <a 
href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.  <br /> Please send 
broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>."
-msgstr "Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a 
href=\"/contact/\">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez 
envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions à <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>."
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;"
+"address@hidden&gt;</a>.  There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF.  <br /> Please send broken links and other corrections "
+"or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden"
+"org&gt;</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a href=\"mailto:";
+"address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a 
href=\"/contact/"
+"\">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez envoyer les "
+"liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions à <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\">&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>."
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Please see the <a 
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> for 
information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
-msgstr "Veuillez consulter le <a 
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html\">README des 
traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission de 
traductions de cet article."
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"Veuillez consulter le <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html"
+"\">README des traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et "
+"la soumission de traductions de cet article."
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, "
-#| "2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
-msgid "Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 
2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
-msgstr "Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 
2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgid ""
+"Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, "
+"2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, "
+"2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted 
in any medium, provided this notice is preserved."
-msgstr "La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article 
est permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice 
soit préservée."
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any "
+"medium, provided this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+"La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est "
+"permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit "
+"préservée."
 
 # type: Content of: <div><div>
 #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
 msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
-msgstr "Traduction&nbsp;: Odile Bénassy.<br />Révision&nbsp;: <a 
href=\"mailto:trad-gnu&#64;april.org\";>trad-gnu&#64;april.org</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"Traduction&nbsp;: Odile Bénassy.<br />Révision&nbsp;: <a 
href=\"mailto:trad-";
+"gnu&#64;april.org\">trad-gnu&#64;april.org</a>"
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
 #.  timestamp start
@@ -176,4 +289,3 @@
 # type: Content of: <div><h4>
 msgid "Translations of this page"
 msgstr "Traductions de cette page"
-

Index: philosophy/po/pragmatic.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/pragmatic.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- philosophy/po/pragmatic.fr.po       29 Nov 2009 17:55:30 -0000      1.7
+++ philosophy/po/pragmatic.fr.po       30 Nov 2009 09:26:01 -0000      1.8
@@ -16,166 +16,368 @@
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
 
 # type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation 
(FSF)"
-msgstr "Copyleft : Id&eacute;alisme pragmatique - GNU Project - Free Software 
Foundation (FSF)"
+msgid ""
+"Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+"Copyleft : Id&eacute;alisme pragmatique - GNU Project - Free Software "
+"Foundation (FSF)"
 
 # type: Content of: <h2>
 msgid "Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism"
 msgstr "Copyleft&nbsp;: Id&eacute;alisme pragmatique"
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard 
Stallman</strong></a>"
-msgstr "par <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard 
Stallman</strong></a>"
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Every decision a person makes stems from the person's values and goals.  "
-#| "People can have many different goals and values; fame, profit, love, "
-#| "survival, fun, and freedom, are just some of the goals that a good person "
-#| "might have.  When the goal is to help others as well as oneself, we call "
-#| "that idealism."
-msgid "Every decision a person makes stems from the person's values and goals. 
 People can have many different goals and values; fame, profit, love, survival, 
fun, and freedom, are just some of the goals that a good person might have.  
When the goal is a matter of principle, we call that idealism."
-msgstr "Toute d&eacute;cision prise par une personne d&eacute;coule de ses 
valeurs et buts. Les gens peuvent avoir beaucoup de buts et valeurs 
diff&eacute;rents&nbsp;; la gloire, le profit, l'amour, la survivance, 
l'amusement, ou la libert&eacute;, ne sont qu'une partie des buts qu'une 
personne normale peut avoir. Quand ce but est d'aider les autres aussi bien que 
soi m&ecirc;me, cela s'appelle de l'id&eacute;alisme."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "My work on free software is motivated by an idealistic goal: spreading 
freedom and cooperation.  I want to <a 
href=\"/philosophy/why-copyleft.html\">encourage free software to spread</a>, 
replacing proprietary software that forbids cooperation, and thus make our 
society better."
-msgstr "C'est un but id&eacute;aliste qui motive mon travail pour le logiciel 
libre&nbsp;: propager la libert&eacute; et la coop&eacute;ration. Je veux <a 
href=\"/philosophy/why-copyleft.fr.html\">encourager la diffusion des logiciels 
libres</a> et le remplacement des logiciels propri&eacute;taires qui 
emp&ecirc;chent la coop&eacute;ration, et rendre ainsi notre 
soci&eacute;t&eacute; meilleure."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "That's the basic reason why the GNU General Public License is written the "
-#| "way it is&mdash;as a copyleft.  All code added to a GPL-covered program "
-#| "must be free software, even if it is put in a separate file.  I make my "
-#| "code available for use in free software, and not for use in proprietary "
-#| "software, in order to encourage other people who write software to make "
-#| "it free as well.  I figure that since proprietary software developers use "
-#| "copyright to stop us from sharing, we cooperators can use copyright to "
-#| "give other cooperators an advantage of their own: they can use our code."
-msgid "That's the basic reason why the GNU General Public License is written 
the way it is&mdash;as a <a href=\"/copyleft\"> copyleft</a>.  All code added 
to a GPL-covered program must be free software, even if it is put in a separate 
file.  I make my code available for use in free software, and not for use in 
proprietary software, in order to encourage other people who write software to 
make it free as well.  I figure that since proprietary software developers use 
copyright to stop us from sharing, we cooperators can use copyright to give 
other cooperators an advantage of their own: they can use our code."
-msgstr "C'est pour cette raison fondamentale que la GNU General Public License 
est &eacute;crite de cette mani&egrave;re &mdash; comme un <a 
href=\"/copyleft/copyleft.fr.html\"> copyleft</a>. Tout code ajout&eacute; 
&agrave; un programme couvert par la GPL doit &ecirc;tre un programme libre, 
m&ecirc;me s'il est plac&eacute; dans un fichier s&eacute;par&eacute;. Je mets 
mon code &agrave; disposition pour une utilisation dans des logiciels libres, 
et pas pour un usage avec des logiciels propri&eacute;taires, afin d'encourager 
ceux qui programment des logiciels &agrave; les rendre libres &eacute;galement. 
Je suppose que, comme les d&eacute;veloppeurs de logiciels propri&eacute;taires 
utilisent le copyright pour nous emp&ecirc;cher de partager, nous, 
coop&eacute;rateurs, pouvons utiliser le copyright pour donner aux autres 
coop&eacute;rateurs un avantage bien &agrave; eux&nbsp;: ils peuvent utiliser 
notre code."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Not everyone who uses the GNU GPL has this goal.  Many years ago, a "
-#| "friend of mine was asked to rerelease a copylefted program under non-"
-#| "copyleft terms, and he responded more or less like this:"
-msgid "Not everyone who uses the GNU GPL has this goal.  Many years ago, a 
friend of mine was asked to rerelease a copylefted program under noncopyleft 
terms, and he responded more or less like this:"
-msgstr "Ceux qui utilisent la GNU GPL n'ont pas tous ce but. Il y a plusieurs 
ann&eacute;es, on a demand&eacute; &agrave; un de mes amis de 
r&eacute;&eacute;diter un programme copyleft&eacute; sous des termes non 
copyleft&eacute;s, et il a plus ou moins r&eacute;pondu ainsi&nbsp;:"
+msgid ""
+"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>"
+msgstr ""
+"par <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></"
+"a>"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Every decision a person makes stems from the person's values and goals.  "
+"People can have many different goals and values; fame, profit, love, "
+"survival, fun, and freedom, are just some of the goals that a good person "
+"might have.  When the goal is a matter of principle, we call that idealism."
+msgstr ""
+"Toute d&eacute;cision prise par une personne d&eacute;coule de ses valeurs "
+"et buts. Les gens peuvent avoir beaucoup de buts et valeurs diff&eacute;"
+"rents&nbsp;; la gloire, le profit, l'amour, la survivance, l'amusement, ou "
+"la libert&eacute;, ne sont qu'une partie des buts qu'une personne normale "
+"peut avoir. Quand ce but est d'aider les autres aussi bien que soi m&ecirc;"
+"me, cela s'appelle de l'id&eacute;alisme."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"My work on free software is motivated by an idealistic goal: spreading "
+"freedom and cooperation.  I want to <a href=\"/philosophy/why-copyleft.html"
+"\">encourage free software to spread</a>, replacing proprietary software "
+"that forbids cooperation, and thus make our society better."
+msgstr ""
+"C'est un but id&eacute;aliste qui motive mon travail pour le logiciel "
+"libre&nbsp;: propager la libert&eacute; et la coop&eacute;ration. Je veux <a "
+"href=\"/philosophy/why-copyleft.fr.html\">encourager la diffusion des "
+"logiciels libres</a> et le remplacement des logiciels propri&eacute;taires "
+"qui emp&ecirc;chent la coop&eacute;ration, et rendre ainsi notre soci&eacute;"
+"t&eacute; meilleure."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"That's the basic reason why the GNU General Public License is written the "
+"way it is&mdash;as a <a href=\"/copyleft\"> copyleft</a>.  All code added to "
+"a GPL-covered program must be free software, even if it is put in a separate "
+"file.  I make my code available for use in free software, and not for use in "
+"proprietary software, in order to encourage other people who write software "
+"to make it free as well.  I figure that since proprietary software "
+"developers use copyright to stop us from sharing, we cooperators can use "
+"copyright to give other cooperators an advantage of their own: they can use "
+"our code."
+msgstr ""
+"C'est pour cette raison fondamentale que la GNU General Public License est "
+"&eacute;crite de cette mani&egrave;re &mdash; comme un <a href=\"/copyleft/"
+"copyleft.fr.html\"> copyleft</a>. Tout code ajout&eacute; &agrave; un "
+"programme couvert par la GPL doit &ecirc;tre un programme libre, m&ecirc;me "
+"s'il est plac&eacute; dans un fichier s&eacute;par&eacute;. Je mets mon code "
+"&agrave; disposition pour une utilisation dans des logiciels libres, et pas "
+"pour un usage avec des logiciels propri&eacute;taires, afin d'encourager "
+"ceux qui programment des logiciels &agrave; les rendre libres &eacute;"
+"galement. Je suppose que, comme les d&eacute;veloppeurs de logiciels "
+"propri&eacute;taires utilisent le copyright pour nous emp&ecirc;cher de "
+"partager, nous, coop&eacute;rateurs, pouvons utiliser le copyright pour "
+"donner aux autres coop&eacute;rateurs un avantage bien &agrave; eux&nbsp;: "
+"ils peuvent utiliser notre code."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Not everyone who uses the GNU GPL has this goal.  Many years ago, a friend "
+"of mine was asked to rerelease a copylefted program under noncopyleft terms, "
+"and he responded more or less like this:"
+msgstr ""
+"Ceux qui utilisent la GNU GPL n'ont pas tous ce but. Il y a plusieurs "
+"ann&eacute;es, on a demand&eacute; &agrave; un de mes amis de r&eacute;"
+"&eacute;diter un programme copyleft&eacute; sous des termes non "
+"copyleft&eacute;s, et il a plus ou moins r&eacute;pondu ainsi&nbsp;:"
 
 # type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Sometimes I work on free software, and sometimes I work on proprietary "
-#| "software&mdash;but when I work on proprietary software, I expect to get "
-#| "<em>paid</em>."
-msgid "&ldquo;Sometimes I work on free software, and sometimes I work on 
proprietary software&mdash;but when I work on proprietary software, I expect to 
get <em>paid</em>.&rdquo;"
-msgstr "«&nbsp;Parfois je travaille sur des logiciels libres et parfois sur 
des logiciels propri&eacute;taires&nbsp;; mais quand je travaille sur des 
logiciels propri&eacute;taires, j'exige d'&ecirc;tre 
<em>pay&eacute;</em>&nbsp;»."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "He was willing to share his work with a community that shares software, "
-#| "but saw no reason to give a handout to a business making products that "
-#| "would be off limits to our community.  His goal was different from mine, "
-#| "but he decided that the GNU GPL was useful for his goal too."
-msgid "He was willing to share his work with a community that shares software, 
but saw no reason to give a handout to a business making products that would be 
off-limits to our community.  His goal was different from mine, but he decided 
that the GNU GPL was useful for his goal too."
-msgstr "Il voulait bien partager son travail avec une communaut&eacute; qui 
partageait les logiciels mais ne voyait aucune raison d'aider un entreprise 
commerciale dont les produits seraient interdits &agrave; notre 
communaut&eacute;. Son but &eacute;tait diff&eacute;rent du mien mais il a 
d&eacute;cid&eacute; que la GNU GPL le satisfaisait &eacute;galement."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "If you want to accomplish something in the world, idealism is not 
enough&mdash;you need to choose a method that works to achieve the goal.  In 
other words, you need to be &ldquo;pragmatic.&rdquo; Is the GPL pragmatic? 
Let's look at its results."
-msgstr "Si vous voulez accomplir quelque chose dans le monde, 
l'id&eacute;alisme ne suffit pas&nbsp;; le choix d'une m&eacute;thode qui 
m&egrave;ne &agrave; l'accomplissement de ce but est n&eacute;cessaire. En 
d'autres termes, vous devez &ecirc;tre &laquo;&nbsp;pragmatique&nbsp;&raquo;. 
La GPL est-elle pragmatique&nbsp;? Regardons ses accomplissements."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Consider GNU C++.  Why do we have a free C++ compiler? Only because the 
GNU GPL said it had to be free.  GNU C++ was developed by an industry 
consortium, MCC, starting from the GNU C compiler.  MCC normally makes its work 
as proprietary as can be.  But they made the C++ front end free software, 
because the GNU GPL said that was the only way they could release it.  The C++ 
front end included many new files, but since they were meant to be linked with 
GCC, the GPL did apply to them.  The benefit to our community is evident."
-msgstr "Consid&eacute;rons GNU C++. Pourquoi existe-t-il un compilateur C++ 
libre&nbsp;? Uniquement parce que la GNU GPL indiquait qu'il devait &ecirc;tre 
libre. MCC, un consortium industriel, a d&eacute;velopp&eacute; GNU C++ 
&agrave; partir du compilateur GNU C. En temps normal, MCC rend sa production 
aussi propri&eacute;taire que possible. Mais ils ont fait une interface C++ 
libre parce que c'&eacute;tait la seule possibilit&eacute; de l'&eacute;diter 
que leur laissait la GNU GPL. L'interface C++ comportait beaucoup de nouveaux 
fichiers, mais comme ils &eacute;taient pr&eacute;vus pour &ecirc;tre 
li&eacute;s &agrave; GCC, la GPL s'appliquait &agrave; eux. Le 
b&eacute;n&eacute;fice pour notre communaut&eacute; est &eacute;vident."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Consider GNU Objective C.  NeXT initially wanted to make this front end 
proprietary; they proposed to release it as <samp>.o</samp> files, and let 
users link them with the rest of GCC, thinking this might be a way around the 
GPL's requirements.  But our lawyer said that this would not evade the 
requirements, that it was not allowed.  And so they made the Objective C front 
end free software."
-msgstr "Consid&eacute;rons GNU Objective C. Au d&eacute;but, NeXT voulait 
rendre cette interface propri&eacute;taire&nbsp;; ils avaient l'intention de 
l'&eacute;diter sous la forme de fichiers <samp>.o</samp> et de laisser aux 
utilisateurs le soin de les attacher au reste de GCC, pensant pouvoir ainsi 
contourner les conditions de la GPL. Mais nos juristes ont dit que cela 
n'esquivait pas ces conditions et &eacute;tait interdit. Et ainsi l'interface 
Objective C fut un logiciel libre."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Those examples happened years ago, but the GNU GPL continues to bring 
us more free software."
-msgstr "Ces exemples datent de plusieurs ann&eacute;es, mais la GNU GPL 
continue &agrave; nous apporter toujours plus de logiciels libres."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Many GNU libraries are covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License, "
-#| "but not all.  One GNU library which is covered by the ordinary GNU GPL is "
-#| "Readline, which implements command-line editing.  I once found out about "
-#| "a non-free program which was designed to use Readline, and told the "
-#| "developer this was not allowed.  He could have taken command-line editing "
-#| "out of the program, but what he actually did was rerelease it under the "
-#| "GPL.  Now it is free software."
-msgid "Many GNU libraries are covered by the GNU Lesser General Public 
License, but not all.  One GNU library which is covered by the ordinary GNU GPL 
is Readline, which implements command-line editing.  I once found out about a 
nonfree program which was designed to use Readline, and told the developer this 
was not allowed.  He could have taken command-line editing out of the program, 
but what he actually did was rerelease it under the GPL.  Now it is free 
software."
-msgstr "Beaucoup de biblioth&egrave;ques GNU sont couvertes par la GNU Lesser 
Library General Public License, mais pas toutes. Readline, qui met en 
&oelig;uvre l'&eacute;dition de ligne de commande, est une des 
biblioth&egrave;ques GNU couvertes par la GNU GPL classique. Un jour, j'ai 
d&eacute;couvert un programme propri&eacute;taire con&ccedil;u pour utiliser 
Readline, et j'ai dit au d&eacute;veloppeur que cela &eacute;tait interdit. Il 
aurait pu sortir du programme l'&eacute;dition de ligne de commande, mais ce 
qu'il fit en fait, fut de le r&eacute;&eacute;diter sous la GPL. Maintenant, 
c'est un logiciel libre."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The programmers who write improvements to GCC (or Emacs, or Bash, or 
Linux, or any GPL-covered program) are often employed by companies or 
universities.  When the programmer wants to return his improvements to the 
community, and see his code in the next release, the boss may say, &ldquo;Hold 
on there&mdash;your code belongs to us! We don't want to share it; we have 
decided to turn your improved version into a proprietary software 
product.&rdquo;"
-msgstr "Les programmeurs qui con&ccedil;oivent des am&eacute;liorations pour 
GCC ( ou Emacs, Bash, Linux ou tout programme couvert par la GPL ) sont souvent 
employ&eacute;s par des entreprises ou des universit&eacute;s. Lorsque le 
programmeur veut remettre son am&eacute;lioration &agrave; la communaut&eacute; 
et voir son code dans la prochaine &eacute;dition, il est probable que son 
patron lui dise&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Attendez un peu&nbsp;; votre code nous 
appartient&nbsp;! Nous ne voulons pas le partager&nbsp;; nous avons 
d&eacute;cid&eacute; de placer votre version am&eacute;lior&eacute;e dans un 
logiciel propri&eacute;taire&nbsp;&raquo;."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Here the GNU GPL comes to the rescue.  The programmer shows the boss 
that this proprietary software product would be copyright infringement, and the 
boss realizes that he has only two choices: release the new code as free 
software, or not at all.  Almost always he lets the programmer do as he 
intended all along, and the code goes into the next release."
-msgstr "C'est &agrave; ce moment qu'intervient la GNU GPL. Le programmeur 
montre &agrave; son patron que ce logiciel propri&eacute;taire serait une 
violation de copyright, et ce dernier r&eacute;alise qu'il ne lui reste que 
deux possibilit&eacute;s&nbsp;: publier le code en tant que logiciel libre ou 
pas du tout. Il laisse presque toujours le programmeur faire ce qu'il voulait 
initialement et le code est inclus dans la prochaine version."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "The GNU GPL is not Mr. Nice Guy.  It says &ldquo;no&rdquo; to some of 
the things that people sometimes want to do.  There are users who say that this 
is a bad thing&mdash;that the GPL &ldquo;excludes&rdquo; some proprietary 
software developers who &ldquo;need to be brought into the free software 
community.&rdquo;"
-msgstr "La GNU GPL n'est pas M. Chic Type. Elle dit 
&laquo;&nbsp;non&nbsp;&raquo; &agrave; certaines choses qu'on aimerait parfois 
faire. Certains utilisateurs disent qu'il est dommage que la GPL 
&laquo;&nbsp;exclut&nbsp;&raquo; certains d&eacute;veloppeurs de logiciels 
propri&eacute;taires qui &laquo;&nbsp;auraient besoin d'&ecirc;tre 
amen&eacute;s &agrave; la communaut&eacute; du logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo;."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "But we are not excluding them from our community; they are choosing not 
to enter.  Their decision to make software proprietary is a decision to stay 
out of our community.  Being in our community means joining in cooperation with 
us; we cannot &ldquo;bring them into our community&rdquo; if they don't want to 
join."
-msgstr "Mais nous ne les excluons pas de notre communaut&eacute;&nbsp;; ils 
ont choisi de ne pas y entrer. D&eacute;cider de concevoir des logiciels 
propri&eacute;taires, c'est d&eacute;cider de rester en dehors de notre 
communaut&eacute;. Appartenir &agrave; notre communaut&eacute; signifie prendre 
part &agrave; notre coop&eacute;ration&nbsp;; nous ne pouvons pas 
&laquo;&nbsp;les amener &agrave; notre communaut&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo; s'ils ne 
le d&eacute;sirent pas."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "What we <em>can</em> do is offer them an inducement to join.  The GNU 
GPL is designed to make an inducement from our existing software: &ldquo;If you 
will make your software free, you can use this code.&rdquo; Of course, it won't 
win 'em all, but it wins some of the time."
-msgstr "Ce que nous <em>pouvons</em> faire, c'est les inciter &agrave; nous 
rejoindre. La GNU GPL est faite pour utiliser comme app&acirc;ts les logiciels 
que nous poss&eacute;dons&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Si vous faites des logiciels 
libres, vous pourrez utiliser ces codes&nbsp;&raquo;. Bien s&ucirc;r, cela ne 
les convaincra pas tous, mais nous en gagnerons un de temps en temps."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "Proprietary software development does not contribute to our community, 
but its developers often want handouts from us.  Free software users can offer 
free software developers strokes for the ego&mdash;recognition and 
gratitude&mdash;but it can be very tempting when a business tells you, 
&ldquo;Just let us put your package in our proprietary program, and your 
program will be used by many thousands of people!&rdquo; The temptation can be 
powerful, but in the long run we are all better off if we resist it."
-msgstr "La r&eacute;alisation de logiciels propri&eacute;taires ne participe 
pas &agrave; notre communaut&eacute;, mais ses d&eacute;veloppeurs souhaitent 
souvent une aide de notre part. Les utilisateurs de logiciels libres peuvent 
offrir des encouragements pour l'&eacute;go des d&eacute;veloppeurs de 
logiciels libres &mdash; reconnaissance et gratitude &mdash; mais ils peuvent 
&ecirc;tre tent&eacute;s lorsqu'une entreprise leur dit&nbsp;: 
&laquo;&nbsp;Laissez-nous juste placer votre logiciel dans notre programme 
propri&eacute;taire et il sera utilis&eacute; par des milliers de 
gens&nbsp;!&nbsp;&raquo; La tentation peut &ecirc;tre forte, mais &agrave; long 
terme, nous nous sentons tous mieux si nous y avons r&eacute;sist&eacute;."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The temptation and pressure are harder to recognize when they come "
-#| "indirectly, through free software organizations that have adopted a "
-#| "policy of catering to proprietary software.  The X Consortium (and its "
-#| "successor, the Open Group) offers an example: funded by companies that "
-#| "made proprietary software, they have strived for a decade to persuade "
-#| "programmers not to use copyleft.  Now that the Open Group has <a href=\"/"
-#| "philosophy/x.html\">made X11R6.4 non-free software</a>, those of us who "
-#| "resisted that pressure are glad that we did."
-msgid "The temptation and pressure are harder to recognize when they come 
indirectly, through free software organizations that have adopted a policy of 
catering to proprietary software.  The X Consortium (and its successor, the 
Open Group) offers an example: funded by companies that made proprietary 
software, they strived for a decade to persuade programmers not to use 
copyleft.  When the Open Group tried to <a href=\"/philosophy/x.html\">make 
X11R6.4 nonfree software</a>, those of us who had resisted that pressure were 
glad that we did."
-msgstr "Il est plus difficile de reconna&icirc;tre les pressions et tentations 
quand elles viennent indirectement, au travers d'organisations pour les 
logiciels libres qui ont adopt&eacute; une politique satisfaisant aux logiciels 
propri&eacute;taires. Le Consortium X (et son successeur l'Open Group) en sont 
un exemple&nbsp;: fond&eacute; par des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s qui font des 
logiciels propri&eacute;taires, ils se sont efforc&eacute;s de persuader les 
programmeurs de ne pas utiliser de copyleft pendant des d&eacute;cennies. 
Maintenant que l'Open Group a <a href=\"/philosophy/x.fr.html\">fait de X11R6.4 
un logiciel propri&eacute;taire</a>, ceux d'entre nous qui ont 
r&eacute;sist&eacute; &agrave; cette pression sont heureux de l'avoir fait."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "[In September 1998, several months after X11R6.4 was released with non-"
-#| "free distribution terms, the Open Group reversed its decision and "
-#| "rereleased it under the same non-copyleft free software license that was "
-#| "used for X11R6.3.  Thank you, Open Group&mdash;but this subsequent "
-#| "reversal does not invalidate the conclusions we draw from the fact that "
-#| "adding the restrictions was <em>possible</em>.]"
-msgid "In September 1998, several months after X11R6.4 was released with 
nonfree distribution terms, the Open Group reversed its decision and rereleased 
it under the same noncopyleft free software license that was used for X11R6.3.  
Thank you, Open Group&mdash;but this subsequent reversal does not invalidate 
the conclusions we draw from the fact that adding the restrictions was 
<em>possible</em>."
-msgstr "En septembre 1998, plusieurs mois apr&egrave;s que X11R6.4 ait 
&eacute;t&eacute; distribu&eacute; sous une licence non-libre, l'Open Group a 
revu sa d&eacute;cision et l'a redistribu&eacute; sous la m&ecirc;me licence de 
logiciel libre non-copyleft&eacute; que X11R6.3. Merci, l'Open Group&nbsp;; 
mais ce revirement ult&eacute;rieur n'infirme pas les conclusions que nous 
avions tir&eacute;es du fait que l'ajout de restrictions &eacute;tait 
<em>possible</em>."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Pragmatically speaking, thinking about greater long-term goals will "
-#| "strengthen your will to resist this pressure.  If you focus your mind on "
-#| "the freedom and community that you can build by staying firm, you will "
-#| "find the strength to do it.  &ldquo;Stand for something, or you will fall "
-#| "for nothing.&rdquo;"
-msgid "Pragmatically speaking, thinking about greater long-term goals will 
strengthen your will to resist this pressure.  If you focus your mind on the 
freedom and community that you can build by staying firm, you will find the 
strength to do it.  &ldquo;Stand for something, or you will fall for 
anything.&rdquo;"
-msgstr "Pour parler pragmatiquement, avoir une vision &agrave; plus long terme 
affermira votre volont&eacute; de r&eacute;sister &agrave; cette pression. Si 
vous concentrez votre attention sur la libert&eacute; et la communaut&eacute; 
que vous pouvez b&acirc;tir en restant ferme, vous trouverez la force de le 
faire. &laquo;&nbsp;Restez debout pour quelque chose ou vous tomberez pour 
rien&nbsp;&raquo;."
-
-# type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "And if cynics ridicule freedom, ridicule community&hellip;if &ldquo;hard "
-#| "nosed realists&rdquo; say that profit is the only ideal&hellip;just "
-#| "ignore them, and use copyleft all the same."
-msgid "And if cynics ridicule freedom, ridicule community&hellip;if 
&ldquo;hard-nosed realists&rdquo; say that profit is the only ideal&hellip;just 
ignore them, and use copyleft all the same."
-msgstr "Et si des personnes cyniques ridiculisent la libert&eacute;, la 
communaut&eacute;&hellip; si des &laquo;&nbsp;r&eacute;alistes 
forcen&eacute;s&nbsp;&raquo; disent que le profit est le seul 
id&eacute;al&hellip; ignorez-les et utilisez le copyleft tout de m&ecirc;me."
+msgid ""
+"&ldquo;Sometimes I work on free software, and sometimes I work on "
+"proprietary software&mdash;but when I work on proprietary software, I expect "
+"to get <em>paid</em>.&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+"«&nbsp;Parfois je travaille sur des logiciels libres et parfois sur des "
+"logiciels propri&eacute;taires&nbsp;; mais quand je travaille sur des "
+"logiciels propri&eacute;taires, j'exige d'&ecirc;tre <em>pay&eacute;</"
+"em>&nbsp;»."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"He was willing to share his work with a community that shares software, but "
+"saw no reason to give a handout to a business making products that would be "
+"off-limits to our community.  His goal was different from mine, but he "
+"decided that the GNU GPL was useful for his goal too."
+msgstr ""
+"Il voulait bien partager son travail avec une communaut&eacute; qui "
+"partageait les logiciels mais ne voyait aucune raison d'aider un entreprise "
+"commerciale dont les produits seraient interdits &agrave; notre "
+"communaut&eacute;. Son but &eacute;tait diff&eacute;rent du mien mais il a "
+"d&eacute;cid&eacute; que la GNU GPL le satisfaisait &eacute;galement."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If you want to accomplish something in the world, idealism is not "
+"enough&mdash;you need to choose a method that works to achieve the goal.  In "
+"other words, you need to be &ldquo;pragmatic.&rdquo; Is the GPL pragmatic? "
+"Let's look at its results."
+msgstr ""
+"Si vous voulez accomplir quelque chose dans le monde, l'id&eacute;alisme ne "
+"suffit pas&nbsp;; le choix d'une m&eacute;thode qui m&egrave;ne &agrave; "
+"l'accomplissement de ce but est n&eacute;cessaire. En d'autres termes, vous "
+"devez &ecirc;tre &laquo;&nbsp;pragmatique&nbsp;&raquo;. La GPL est-elle "
+"pragmatique&nbsp;? Regardons ses accomplissements."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Consider GNU C++.  Why do we have a free C++ compiler? Only because the GNU "
+"GPL said it had to be free.  GNU C++ was developed by an industry "
+"consortium, MCC, starting from the GNU C compiler.  MCC normally makes its "
+"work as proprietary as can be.  But they made the C++ front end free "
+"software, because the GNU GPL said that was the only way they could release "
+"it.  The C++ front end included many new files, but since they were meant to "
+"be linked with GCC, the GPL did apply to them.  The benefit to our community "
+"is evident."
+msgstr ""
+"Consid&eacute;rons GNU C++. Pourquoi existe-t-il un compilateur C++ "
+"libre&nbsp;? Uniquement parce que la GNU GPL indiquait qu'il devait &ecirc;"
+"tre libre. MCC, un consortium industriel, a d&eacute;velopp&eacute; GNU C++ "
+"&agrave; partir du compilateur GNU C. En temps normal, MCC rend sa "
+"production aussi propri&eacute;taire que possible. Mais ils ont fait une "
+"interface C++ libre parce que c'&eacute;tait la seule possibilit&eacute; de "
+"l'&eacute;diter que leur laissait la GNU GPL. L'interface C++ comportait "
+"beaucoup de nouveaux fichiers, mais comme ils &eacute;taient pr&eacute;vus "
+"pour &ecirc;tre li&eacute;s &agrave; GCC, la GPL s'appliquait &agrave; eux. "
+"Le b&eacute;n&eacute;fice pour notre communaut&eacute; est &eacute;vident."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Consider GNU Objective C.  NeXT initially wanted to make this front end "
+"proprietary; they proposed to release it as <samp>.o</samp> files, and let "
+"users link them with the rest of GCC, thinking this might be a way around "
+"the GPL's requirements.  But our lawyer said that this would not evade the "
+"requirements, that it was not allowed.  And so they made the Objective C "
+"front end free software."
+msgstr ""
+"Consid&eacute;rons GNU Objective C. Au d&eacute;but, NeXT voulait rendre "
+"cette interface propri&eacute;taire&nbsp;; ils avaient l'intention de "
+"l'&eacute;diter sous la forme de fichiers <samp>.o</samp> et de laisser aux "
+"utilisateurs le soin de les attacher au reste de GCC, pensant pouvoir ainsi "
+"contourner les conditions de la GPL. Mais nos juristes ont dit que cela "
+"n'esquivait pas ces conditions et &eacute;tait interdit. Et ainsi "
+"l'interface Objective C fut un logiciel libre."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Those examples happened years ago, but the GNU GPL continues to bring us "
+"more free software."
+msgstr ""
+"Ces exemples datent de plusieurs ann&eacute;es, mais la GNU GPL continue "
+"&agrave; nous apporter toujours plus de logiciels libres."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Many GNU libraries are covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License, but "
+"not all.  One GNU library which is covered by the ordinary GNU GPL is "
+"Readline, which implements command-line editing.  I once found out about a "
+"nonfree program which was designed to use Readline, and told the developer "
+"this was not allowed.  He could have taken command-line editing out of the "
+"program, but what he actually did was rerelease it under the GPL.  Now it is "
+"free software."
+msgstr ""
+"Beaucoup de biblioth&egrave;ques GNU sont couvertes par la GNU Lesser "
+"Library General Public License, mais pas toutes. Readline, qui met en &oelig;"
+"uvre l'&eacute;dition de ligne de commande, est une des biblioth&egrave;ques "
+"GNU couvertes par la GNU GPL classique. Un jour, j'ai d&eacute;couvert un "
+"programme propri&eacute;taire con&ccedil;u pour utiliser Readline, et j'ai "
+"dit au d&eacute;veloppeur que cela &eacute;tait interdit. Il aurait pu "
+"sortir du programme l'&eacute;dition de ligne de commande, mais ce qu'il fit "
+"en fait, fut de le r&eacute;&eacute;diter sous la GPL. Maintenant, c'est un "
+"logiciel libre."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The programmers who write improvements to GCC (or Emacs, or Bash, or Linux, "
+"or any GPL-covered program) are often employed by companies or "
+"universities.  When the programmer wants to return his improvements to the "
+"community, and see his code in the next release, the boss may say, &ldquo;"
+"Hold on there&mdash;your code belongs to us! We don't want to share it; we "
+"have decided to turn your improved version into a proprietary software "
+"product.&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+"Les programmeurs qui con&ccedil;oivent des am&eacute;liorations pour GCC "
+"( ou Emacs, Bash, Linux ou tout programme couvert par la GPL ) sont souvent "
+"employ&eacute;s par des entreprises ou des universit&eacute;s. Lorsque le "
+"programmeur veut remettre son am&eacute;lioration &agrave; la "
+"communaut&eacute; et voir son code dans la prochaine &eacute;dition, il est "
+"probable que son patron lui dise&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Attendez un peu&nbsp;; "
+"votre code nous appartient&nbsp;! Nous ne voulons pas le partager&nbsp;; "
+"nous avons d&eacute;cid&eacute; de placer votre version am&eacute;"
+"lior&eacute;e dans un logiciel propri&eacute;taire&nbsp;&raquo;."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Here the GNU GPL comes to the rescue.  The programmer shows the boss that "
+"this proprietary software product would be copyright infringement, and the "
+"boss realizes that he has only two choices: release the new code as free "
+"software, or not at all.  Almost always he lets the programmer do as he "
+"intended all along, and the code goes into the next release."
+msgstr ""
+"C'est &agrave; ce moment qu'intervient la GNU GPL. Le programmeur montre "
+"&agrave; son patron que ce logiciel propri&eacute;taire serait une violation "
+"de copyright, et ce dernier r&eacute;alise qu'il ne lui reste que deux "
+"possibilit&eacute;s&nbsp;: publier le code en tant que logiciel libre ou pas "
+"du tout. Il laisse presque toujours le programmeur faire ce qu'il voulait "
+"initialement et le code est inclus dans la prochaine version."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The GNU GPL is not Mr. Nice Guy.  It says &ldquo;no&rdquo; to some of the "
+"things that people sometimes want to do.  There are users who say that this "
+"is a bad thing&mdash;that the GPL &ldquo;excludes&rdquo; some proprietary "
+"software developers who &ldquo;need to be brought into the free software "
+"community.&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+"La GNU GPL n'est pas M. Chic Type. Elle dit &laquo;&nbsp;non&nbsp;&raquo; "
+"&agrave; certaines choses qu'on aimerait parfois faire. Certains "
+"utilisateurs disent qu'il est dommage que la GPL &laquo;&nbsp;exclut&nbsp;"
+"&raquo; certains d&eacute;veloppeurs de logiciels propri&eacute;taires qui "
+"&laquo;&nbsp;auraient besoin d'&ecirc;tre amen&eacute;s &agrave; la "
+"communaut&eacute; du logiciel libre&nbsp;&raquo;."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But we are not excluding them from our community; they are choosing not to "
+"enter.  Their decision to make software proprietary is a decision to stay "
+"out of our community.  Being in our community means joining in cooperation "
+"with us; we cannot &ldquo;bring them into our community&rdquo; if they don't "
+"want to join."
+msgstr ""
+"Mais nous ne les excluons pas de notre communaut&eacute;&nbsp;; ils ont "
+"choisi de ne pas y entrer. D&eacute;cider de concevoir des logiciels "
+"propri&eacute;taires, c'est d&eacute;cider de rester en dehors de notre "
+"communaut&eacute;. Appartenir &agrave; notre communaut&eacute; signifie "
+"prendre part &agrave; notre coop&eacute;ration&nbsp;; nous ne pouvons pas "
+"&laquo;&nbsp;les amener &agrave; notre communaut&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo; s'ils "
+"ne le d&eacute;sirent pas."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"What we <em>can</em> do is offer them an inducement to join.  The GNU GPL is "
+"designed to make an inducement from our existing software: &ldquo;If you "
+"will make your software free, you can use this code.&rdquo; Of course, it "
+"won't win 'em all, but it wins some of the time."
+msgstr ""
+"Ce que nous <em>pouvons</em> faire, c'est les inciter &agrave; nous "
+"rejoindre. La GNU GPL est faite pour utiliser comme app&acirc;ts les "
+"logiciels que nous poss&eacute;dons&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;Si vous faites des "
+"logiciels libres, vous pourrez utiliser ces codes&nbsp;&raquo;. Bien s&ucirc;"
+"r, cela ne les convaincra pas tous, mais nous en gagnerons un de temps en "
+"temps."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Proprietary software development does not contribute to our community, but "
+"its developers often want handouts from us.  Free software users can offer "
+"free software developers strokes for the ego&mdash;recognition and "
+"gratitude&mdash;but it can be very tempting when a business tells you, "
+"&ldquo;Just let us put your package in our proprietary program, and your "
+"program will be used by many thousands of people!&rdquo; The temptation can "
+"be powerful, but in the long run we are all better off if we resist it."
+msgstr ""
+"La r&eacute;alisation de logiciels propri&eacute;taires ne participe pas "
+"&agrave; notre communaut&eacute;, mais ses d&eacute;veloppeurs souhaitent "
+"souvent une aide de notre part. Les utilisateurs de logiciels libres peuvent "
+"offrir des encouragements pour l'&eacute;go des d&eacute;veloppeurs de "
+"logiciels libres &mdash; reconnaissance et gratitude &mdash; mais ils "
+"peuvent &ecirc;tre tent&eacute;s lorsqu'une entreprise leur dit&nbsp;: "
+"&laquo;&nbsp;Laissez-nous juste placer votre logiciel dans notre programme "
+"propri&eacute;taire et il sera utilis&eacute; par des milliers de gens&nbsp;!"
+"&nbsp;&raquo; La tentation peut &ecirc;tre forte, mais &agrave; long terme, "
+"nous nous sentons tous mieux si nous y avons r&eacute;sist&eacute;."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The temptation and pressure are harder to recognize when they come "
+"indirectly, through free software organizations that have adopted a policy "
+"of catering to proprietary software.  The X Consortium (and its successor, "
+"the Open Group) offers an example: funded by companies that made proprietary "
+"software, they strived for a decade to persuade programmers not to use "
+"copyleft.  When the Open Group tried to <a href=\"/philosophy/x.html\">make "
+"X11R6.4 nonfree software</a>, those of us who had resisted that pressure "
+"were glad that we did."
+msgstr ""
+"Il est plus difficile de reconna&icirc;tre les pressions et tentations quand "
+"elles viennent indirectement, au travers d'organisations pour les logiciels "
+"libres qui ont adopt&eacute; une politique satisfaisant aux logiciels "
+"propri&eacute;taires. Le Consortium X (et son successeur l'Open Group) en "
+"sont un exemple&nbsp;: fond&eacute; par des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s qui font "
+"des logiciels propri&eacute;taires, ils se sont efforc&eacute;s de persuader "
+"les programmeurs de ne pas utiliser de copyleft pendant des d&eacute;"
+"cennies. Maintenant que l'Open Group a <a href=\"/philosophy/x.fr.html"
+"\">fait de X11R6.4 un logiciel propri&eacute;taire</a>, ceux d'entre nous "
+"qui ont r&eacute;sist&eacute; &agrave; cette pression sont heureux de "
+"l'avoir fait."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In September 1998, several months after X11R6.4 was released with nonfree "
+"distribution terms, the Open Group reversed its decision and rereleased it "
+"under the same noncopyleft free software license that was used for X11R6.3.  "
+"Thank you, Open Group&mdash;but this subsequent reversal does not invalidate "
+"the conclusions we draw from the fact that adding the restrictions was "
+"<em>possible</em>."
+msgstr ""
+"En septembre 1998, plusieurs mois apr&egrave;s que X11R6.4 ait &eacute;"
+"t&eacute; distribu&eacute; sous une licence non-libre, l'Open Group a revu "
+"sa d&eacute;cision et l'a redistribu&eacute; sous la m&ecirc;me licence de "
+"logiciel libre non-copyleft&eacute; que X11R6.3. Merci, l'Open Group&nbsp;; "
+"mais ce revirement ult&eacute;rieur n'infirme pas les conclusions que nous "
+"avions tir&eacute;es du fait que l'ajout de restrictions &eacute;tait "
+"<em>possible</em>."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Pragmatically speaking, thinking about greater long-term goals will "
+"strengthen your will to resist this pressure.  If you focus your mind on the "
+"freedom and community that you can build by staying firm, you will find the "
+"strength to do it.  &ldquo;Stand for something, or you will fall for "
+"anything.&rdquo;"
+msgstr ""
+"Pour parler pragmatiquement, avoir une vision &agrave; plus long terme "
+"affermira votre volont&eacute; de r&eacute;sister &agrave; cette pression. "
+"Si vous concentrez votre attention sur la libert&eacute; et la "
+"communaut&eacute; que vous pouvez b&acirc;tir en restant ferme, vous "
+"trouverez la force de le faire. &laquo;&nbsp;Restez debout pour quelque "
+"chose ou vous tomberez pour rien&nbsp;&raquo;."
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"And if cynics ridicule freedom, ridicule community&hellip;if &ldquo;hard-"
+"nosed realists&rdquo; say that profit is the only ideal&hellip;just ignore "
+"them, and use copyleft all the same."
+msgstr ""
+"Et si des personnes cyniques ridiculisent la libert&eacute;, la "
+"communaut&eacute;&hellip; si des &laquo;&nbsp;r&eacute;alistes forcen&eacute;"
+"s&nbsp;&raquo; disent que le profit est le seul id&eacute;al&hellip; ignorez-"
+"les et utilisez le copyleft tout de m&ecirc;me."
 
 # type: Content of: <h4>
-msgid "This essay is published in <a 
href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/\";><cite>Free 
Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."
-msgstr "Cet article est publi&eacute; dans le livre <a 
href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/\";><cite>Free 
Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of RichardM. Stallman</cite></a>."
+msgid ""
+"This essay is published in <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-";
+"software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
+"Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Cet article est publi&eacute; dans le livre <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/";
+"product/free-software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The "
+"Selected Essays of RichardM. Stallman</cite></a>."
 
 # type: Content of: <div>
 #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
@@ -183,32 +385,48 @@
 msgstr " "
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-#| "\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.  There are also <a 
href=\"/contact/\">other "
-#| "ways to contact</a> the FSF.  <br /> Please send broken links and other "
-#| "corrections or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-#| "\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
-msgid "Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.  There are also <a 
href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.  <br /> Please send 
broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>."
-msgstr "Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a 
href=\"/contact/\">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez 
envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions à <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>."
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;"
+"address@hidden&gt;</a>.  There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF.  <br /> Please send broken links and other corrections "
+"or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden"
+"org&gt;</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a href=\"mailto:";
+"address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a 
href=\"/contact/"
+"\">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez envoyer les "
+"liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions à <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\">&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>."
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Please see the <a 
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> for 
information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
-msgstr "Veuillez consulter le <a 
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html\">README des 
traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission de 
traductions de cet article."
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"Veuillez consulter le <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html"
+"\">README des traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et "
+"la soumission de traductions de cet article."
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid "Copyright &copy; 1998, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
 msgid "Copyright &copy; 1998, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
 msgstr "Copyright &copy; 1998, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted 
in any medium without royalty provided this notice is preserved."
-msgstr "La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article 
est permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice 
soit préservée."
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any "
+"medium without royalty provided this notice is preserved."
+msgstr ""
+"La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est "
+"permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit "
+"préservée."
 
 # type: Content of: <div><div>
 #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
 msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
-msgstr "Traduction&nbsp;: ?<br />Révision&nbsp;: <a 
href=\"mailto:trad-gnu&#64;april.org\";>trad-gnu&#64;april.org</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"Traduction&nbsp;: ?<br />Révision&nbsp;: <a 
href=\"mailto:trad-gnu&#64;april.";
+"org\">trad-gnu&#64;april.org</a>"
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
 #.  timestamp start
@@ -218,4 +436,3 @@
 # type: Content of: <div><h4>
 msgid "Translations of this page"
 msgstr "Traductions de cette page"
-




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