www/philosophy philosophy.html digital-inclusio...

[Rob Myers]

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Changes by:     Rob Myers <robmyers>    09/10/17 15:21:27

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        philosophy     : digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html 

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        Converted new essay to HTML and added as per RT #492860 .

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/philosophy.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.307&r2=1.308
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1

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 free software movement, which is the motivation for our development of
 the free software operating system GNU.</p>
 
-<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: 
red; padding: 8px;">NEW</span> &mdash; <a 
href="/philosophy/pirate-party.html">How the Swedish Pirate Party Platform 
Backfires on Free Software</a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: 
red; padding: 8px;">NEW</span> &mdash; <a 
href="/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html">Is Digital Inclusion A 
Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?</a></p>
 
 <p>
 <!-- please leave both these ID attributes here. ... -->
@@ -302,6 +302,8 @@
 <h4>Cultural and Social Issues</h4>
 
 <ul>
+  <li><a href="/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html">Is Digital 
Inclusion A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?</a></li>
+
   <li><a href="/philosophy/wsis.html">World Summit on the Information
   Society</a></li>
 
@@ -457,7 +459,7 @@
 <p>
 Updated:
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-$Date: 2009/09/26 19:42:54 $
+$Date: 2009/10/17 15:21:23 $
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Is Digital Inclusion A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>Is Digital Inclusion A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?</h2>
+<p><font size=-1><a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a>
+</font>
+<br /><font size=-1>President, Free Software Foundation</font>
+</p>
+
+
+<h3>
+<a name="intro"></a>
+INTRODUCTION
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Digital information and communication technology offers the
+possibility of a new world of freedom.  It also offers possibilities
+of surveillance and control which dictatorships of the past could only
+struggle to establish.  The battle to decide between these
+possibilities is being fought now.
+
+<p>
+Activities directed at ``including'' more people in the use of digital
+technology are predicated on the assumption that such inclusion is
+invariably a good thing.  It appears so, when judged solely by
+immediate practical convenience.  However, if we judge also in terms
+of human rights, the question of whether digital inclusion is good or
+bad depends on what kind of digital world we are to be included in.
+If we wish to work towards digital inclusion as a goal, it behooves us
+to make sure it is the good kind.
+
+<p>
+The digital world today faces six major threats to users' freedom:
+surveillance, censorship, proprietary software, restricted formats,
+software as a service, and copyright enforcement.  A program to
+promote ``digital inclusion'' must take account of these threats, so
+as to avoid exposing its intended beneficiaries to them.  First we look
+at the nature of these threats; then we propose measures to resist them,
+collectively and individually.
+
+<p>
+
+<h3>
+<a name="surveillance"></a>
+SURVEILLANCE
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Digital surveillance systems are spreading.  The UK uses computers
+with cameras to track all car travel.  China plans to identify and
+photograph everyone that uses an Internet cafe.<a name="tex2html1"
+  href="#foot100"><sup>1</sup></a>
+<p>
+Cell phones are Big Brother's tools.  Some can be activated by remote
+command to listen to the user's conversations without giving any sign
+of listening, by the police<a name="tex2html3"
+  href="#foot101"><sup>2</sup></a>and by unauthorized individuals.<a 
name="tex2html5"
+  href="#foot102"><sup>3</sup></a>Users are unable to stop this because the 
software in the phone is not
+free/libre, thus not under the users' control.
+
+<p>
+Cell phones also localize the user, even when set to ``idle.''  The
+phone network needs must know roughly where the phone is located in
+order to communicate with it, and can easily record that information
+permanently.  However, networks are designed to locate phones far more
+accurately by triangulation.  They can do it even better with GPS in
+the phone, with or without the user's consent.
+
+<p>
+In many countries, universal digital surveillance does not record what
+you say, only who you talk with.  But that is enough to be quite
+dangerous, since it allows the police to follow social networks.  If a
+known dissident talks with you by phone or email, you are a candidate
+for labeling as a dissident.  It is no use ceasing to communicate by
+phone or email with fellow dissidents when a dictator takes power,
+because his secret police will have access to records of your past
+communications.
+
+<p>
+The European Union mandates keeping records of all phone calls and
+email for periods up to two years.  The stated purpose of this
+surveillance is to ``prevent terrorism.''  Bush's illegal surveillance
+of phone calls also cited this purpose.  Non-state-sponsored terrorism
+is a real danger in a few countries, but the magnitude is often
+exaggerated; more people died in the US in September 2001 from car
+accidents than from terrorism, but we have no Global War on Accidents.
+By contrast, the practice of labeling political opposition as
+``terrorists,'' and using supposed ``anti-terror'' laws to infiltrate
+and sabotage their activities, threatens democracy everywhere.  For
+instance, the US Joint Terrorism Task Force infiltrated a wide range
+of political opposition groups<a name="tex2html7"
+  href="#foot103"><sup>4</sup></a>
+<p>
+False accusations of ``terrorism'' are standard practice for
+suppressing political opposition.  In the US, protesters who smashed
+windows at the 2008 Republican National Convention were charged with
+of ``terrorism.''<a name="tex2html9"
+  href="#foot104"><sup>5</sup></a>More recently, Iran described protesters 
demanding a new election as
+``terrorists.''<a name="tex2html11"
+  href="#foot105"><sup>6</sup></a>  The
+generals who ruled most of South America in the 1970s offered
+precisely that justification for their systematic murder of
+dissidents.<a name="tex2html13"
+  href="#foot20"><sup>7</sup></a>
+<p>
+A free society does not guarantee anonymity in what you do outside
+your home: it is always possible that someone will notice where you
+went on the street, or that a merchant will remember what you bought.
+This information is dispersed, not assembled for ready use.  A
+detective can track down the people who noticed you and ask them for
+it; each person may or may not say what he knows about you.  The
+effort required for this limits how often it is done.
+
+<p>
+By contrast, systematic digital surveillance collects all the
+information about everyone for convenient use for whatever purpose,
+whether it be marketing, infiltration, or arrest of dissidents.
+Because this endangers the people's control over the state, we must
+fight against surveillance whether or not we oppose current government
+policies.  Given of the surveillance and tracking cell phones do, I
+have concluded it is my duty to refuse to have one, despite the
+convenience it would offer.  I have few secrets about my own travels,
+most of which are for publicly announced speeches, but we need to
+fight surveillance even if it is established while we have no
+particular secrets to keep.
+
+<p>
+The UK car travel surveillance system has already been used against
+political dissidents.<a name="tex2html14"
+  href="#foot106"><sup>8</sup></a>
+<p>
+
+<h3>
+<a name="censorship"></a>
+CENSORSHIP
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+When the topic of Internet censorship is mentioned, people are likely
+to think of China, but many supposedly freedom-respecting countries
+have imposed censorship.  Denmark's government has blocked access to a
+secret list of web pages.  Australia's government wants to do
+likewise, but has met strong resistance, so instead it has forbidden
+links to a long list of URLs.  Electronic Frontiers Australia was
+forced, under threat of fines of AUD 11,000 per day, to remove a link
+to an anti-abortion political web site.<a name="tex2html16"
+  href="#foot107"><sup>9</sup></a>Denmark's secret list of forbidden URLs was 
leaked and posted on
+Wikileaks; that page is now on Australia's banned list.<a name="tex2html18"
+  href="#foot108"><sup>10</sup></a>Germany is on the verge of launching 
Internet censorship.<a name="tex2html20"
+  href="#foot109"><sup>11</sup></a>
+<p>
+Censorship of the contents of web sites is also a threat.  India just
+announced a broad plan of censorship that would effectively abolish
+freedom of the press on the Internet.<a name="tex2html22"
+  href="#foot110"><sup>12</sup></a>
+<p>
+Some European countries censor particular political views on the
+Internet.  In the United States, people have been imprisoned as
+``terrorists'' for running a web site which discussed actions taken
+against experiments on animals.<a name="tex2html24"
+  href="#foot28"><sup>13</sup></a>
+<p>
+Another common excuse for censorship is the claim that ``obscene''
+works are dangerous.  I agree that some works are obscene; for
+instance, the gruesome violence in the movie Pulp Fiction revolted me,
+and I will try never to see such a thing again.  But that does not
+justify censoring it; no matter how obscene a work may be, censorship
+is more so.  A variant of this excuse is ``protecting children,''
+which plays to the exaggerated and mostly misplaced fears of
+parents.<a name="tex2html25"
+  href="#foot111"><sup>14</sup></a>
+<p>
+Censorship is nothing new.  What is new is the ease and effectiveness
+of censorship on electronic communication and publication (even where
+a few wizards have ways to bypass it).  China in 1960 achieved
+effective censorship by cutting its population off from the world, but
+that held back the country's development, which was painful for the
+regime as well as for the population.  Today China uses digital
+technology to achieve effective political censorship without cutting
+itself off in other ways.<a name="tex2html27"
+  href="#foot112"><sup>15</sup></a>
+<p>
+
+<h3>
+<a name="control"></a>
+SOFTWARE YOU CAN'T CONTROL
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+In order for computer users to have freedom in their own computing
+activities, they must have control over the software they use.  This
+means it must be <em>free software</em>, which I here call ``free/libre''
+so as to emphasize that this is a matter of freedom, not price.
+
+<p>
+A program is free/libre if it gives the user these four essential
+freedoms:<a name="tex2html29"
+  href="#foot113"><sup>16</sup></a>
+<p>
+0. Freedom to run the program as you wish.
+
+<p>
+1. Freedom to study the source code, and change it to make the program
+do what you wish.
+
+<p>
+2. Freedom to redistribute and/or republish exact copies.  (This is
+the freedom to help your neighbor.)
+
+<p>
+3. Freedom to distribute and/or publish copies of your modified versions.
+(This is the freedom to contribute to your community.)
+
+<p>
+When software is free/libre, the users control what it does.  A
+non-free or <em>proprietary</em> program is under the control of its
+developer, and functions as an instrument to give the developer
+control over the the users.  It may be convenient, or it may not, but
+in either case it imposes on its users a social system that keeps them
+divided and helpless.  Avoiding this injustice and giving users
+control over their computing requires the four freedoms.  Freedoms 0
+and 1 give you control over your own computing, and freedom 3 enables
+users to work together to jointly control their computing, while
+freedom 2 means users are not kept divided.<a name="tex2html31"
+  href="#foot114"><sup>17</sup></a>
+<p>
+Many argue that free/libre software is impossible on theoretical
+economic grounds.  Some of them misinterpret free/libre software as
+``gratis software''; others understand the term correctly, but either
+way they claim that businesses will never want to develop such
+software.  Combining this with a theoretical premise such as ``Useful
+software can only be developed by paying programmers,'' they conclude
+that free software could never exist.  This argument is typically
+presented elliptically in the form of a question such as, ``How can
+programmers make a living if software is free?''  Both premises, as
+well as the conclusion, contradict well-known facts; perhaps the
+elliptical questions are meant to obscure the premises so people will
+not compare them with the facts.
+
+<p>
+We know that free software can be developed because so much of it
+exists.  There are thousands of useful free programs,<a name="tex2html34"
+  href="#foot115"><sup>18</sup></a> and millions of users<a name="tex2html36"
+  href="#foot116"><sup>19</sup></a> run the
+GNU/Linux<a name="tex2html38"
+  href="#foot117"><sup>20</sup></a>operating system.  Thousands of programmers 
write useful free software
+as volunteers.<a name="tex2html40"
+  href="#foot118"><sup>21</sup></a>  Companies such as Red Hat, IBM, Oracle,
+and Google pay programmers to write free software.  I do not know even
+approximately how many paid free software developers there are;
+studying the question would be useful.  Alexandre Zapolsky of the free
+software business event Paris Capitale du Libre
+(<tt><a name="tex2html42"
+  href="http://www.paris-libre.org";>http://www.paris-libre.org</a></tt>) said 
in 2007 that the free software
+companies of France had over 10,000 employees.
+
+<p>
+Most computer users use proprietary software, and are accustomed to
+letting a few companies control their computing.  If you are one of
+them, you may have accepted the view that it is normal and proper for
+those companies, rather than you, to have control.  You may also
+believe that ``reputable'' developers will not use their power to
+mistreat you.  The fact is that they do.
+
+<p>
+Microsoft Windows has features to spy on the user,<a name="tex2html43"
+  href="#foot119"><sup>22</sup></a>Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) 
features designed to stop the
+user from making full use of his own files,<a name="tex2html45"
+  href="#foot120"><sup>23</sup></a> and an all-purpose back door with which
+Microsoft can forcibly change the software in any way at any
+time.<a name="tex2html47"
+  href="#foot121"><sup>24</sup></a>Microsoft can alter any software, not just 
its own.<a name="tex2html49"
+  href="#foot122"><sup>25</sup></a>Cell phones tied to particular phone 
networks may give the network a
+similar back door.  MacOS also has DRM features designed to restrict
+the user.
+
+<p>
+The only known defense against malicious features is to insist on
+software that is controlled by the users: free/libre software.  It is
+not a perfect guarantee, but the alternative is no defense at all.  If
+code is law, those governed by it must have the power to decide what
+it should say.
+
+<p>
+
+<h3>
+<a name="protocols"></a>
+RESTRICTED FORMATS
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Restricted file formats impose private control over communication and
+publication.  Those who control the formats control, in a general
+sense, society's use of information, since it can't be distributed or
+read/viewed without their permission.
+
+<p>
+For instance, text files are often distributed in the secret Microsoft
+Word format, which other developers have only imperfectly been able to
+decode and implement.  This practice is comparable to publishing books
+in a secret alphabet which only officially approved scribes know how
+to read.  Italian public television (RAI) distributes video in VC-1
+format, whose specifications are available only under nondisclosure
+agreement from the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers.
+Ironically, the SMPTE states this in Word file, which is not suitable
+to cite as a reference.<a name="tex2html51"
+  href="#foot123"><sup>26</sup></a>This standard has been partly decoded 
through reverse engineering.
+
+<p>
+Most music distribution on the Internet uses the patented MP3 format,
+and most video uses patented MPEG-4 formats such as DIVX and H.264.
+VC-1 is also patented.<a name="tex2html53"
+  href="#foot124"><sup>27</sup></a>  Any software
+patent directly attacks every user's freedom to use her computer.  Use
+of patented data formats is comparable to mandating that people use
+officially approved scribes rather than do their own reading and
+writing.  Patents on MPEG formats have been used to attack and
+threaten developers and distributors of programs that can handle these
+formats, including free/libre programs.  Some distributors of the
+GNU/Linux system, for instance Red Hat, do not dare to include support
+for these programs.
+
+<p>
+A restricted format is a trap; any and all use of the format has the
+effect of pushing computer users into the trap.  Inclusion in
+dependence on these formats is not a step forward.
+
+<p>
+
+<h3>
+<a name="saas"></a>
+SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+Typical proprietary software gives you only a binary, whose actions
+are controlled by the developer, and not by you.  A new practice
+called ``software as a service,'' or ``SaaS,'' gives you even less
+control.  With SaaS you don't even get a copy of the program you can
+run.  Instead, you send your data to a server, a program runs there,
+and the server sends you back the result.  If users have a binary,
+they could reverse-engineer it and patch it if they are really
+determined.  With SaaS, they can't even do that.
+
+<p>
+Reverse engineering being so difficult, perhaps software as a service
+is little worse than proprietary software.  The point, however, is
+that it is no better.  For users to have control of their computing,
+they must avoid SaaS just as they must avoid proprietary software.
+
+<p>
+For the preparation of this paper I was invited to use an IEEE site
+called <tt><a name="tex2html55"
+  href="pdf-express.org">pdf-express.org</a></tt> to convert my PDF file into 
one with the
+embedded fonts required for the conference proceedings.  Looking at
+that site, I concluded that it was an instance of software as a
+service, and therefore I should not use it.  Another strike against it
+is that it requires users to identify themselves, which is gratuitous
+surveillance.
+
+<p>
+It's not that I'm specifically worried that this site is malicious.  I
+cannot trust the IEEE implicitly, since I disapprove of its
+restrictions on redistributing the papers it publishes, but there is
+little scope in that particular site's job for intentional
+mistreatment of its users (aside from the gratuitous surveillance).
+However, the point is not whether this particular site abuses its
+power.  The point is that we should not let ourselves become
+accustomed to granting others that sort of power over us.  The habit
+of handing over control of our computing to others is a dangerous one.
+The way to resist the practice is to refuse invitations to follow it.
+
+<p>
+The only way to maintain your control over your computing is to do it
+using your own copy of a free/libre program.
+
+<p>
+
+<h3>
+<a name="copyright"></a>
+COPYRIGHT AND SHARING
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+The biggest conflict over freedom in the Internet is the War on
+Sharing: the attempt by the publishing industry to prevent Internet
+users from enjoying the capability to copy and share information.
+
+<p>
+Copyright was established in the age of the printing press as an
+industrial regulation on the business of writing and publishing.  The
+aim was to encourage the publication of a diversity of written works.
+The means used was to require publishers to get the author's
+permission to publish recent writings.  This enabled authors to get
+income from publishers, which facilitated and encouraged writing.  The
+general reading public received the benefit of this, while losing
+little: copyright restricted only publication, not the things an
+ordinary reader could do, so it was easy to enforce and met with
+little opposition.  That made copyright arguably a beneficial system
+for the public, and therefore legitimate.
+
+<p>
+Well and good--back then.
+
+<p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="waronsharing"></a>
+The War on Sharing
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Nowadays, computers and networks provide superior means for
+distributing and manipulating information, including published
+software, musical recordings, texts, images, and videos.  Networks
+offer the possibility of unlimited access to all sorts of data--an
+information utopia.
+
+<p>
+The works that people use to do practical jobs, such as software,
+recipes, text fonts, educational works and reference works, must be
+free/libre so that the users can control (individually and
+collectively) the jobs that they do with these works.  That argument
+does not apply to other kinds of works, such as those which state what
+certain people thought, and artistic works, so it is not ethically
+obligatory for them to be free/libre.  But there is a minimum freedom
+that the public must have for all published works: the freedom to
+share exact copies noncommercially.  Sharing is good; sharing creates
+the bonds of society.  When copying and sharing a book was so
+difficult that one would hardly ask such a large favor, the issue of
+freedom to share was moot.  Today, the Internet makes sharing easy,
+and thus makes the freedom to share essential.
+
+<p>
+One obstacle stands in the way of this utopia: copyright.  Readers and
+listeners who make use of their new ability to copy and share
+published information are technically copyright infringers.  The same
+law which formerly acted as a beneficial industrial regulation on
+publishers has now become a restriction on the public it was meant to
+benefit.
+
+<p>
+In a democracy, a law that prohibits a popular and useful activity is
+usually soon relaxed. Not so where corporations have more political
+power than the public.  The entertainment companies' lobby is
+determined to prevent the public from taking advantage of the power of
+their computers, and has found copyright a suitable tool.  Under their
+influence, rather than relaxing copyright rules to permit productive
+and free use of the Internet, governments have made it stricter than
+ever, forbidding the act of sharing.
+
+<p>
+The publishers and their friendly governments would like to go to any
+length they can get away with to wage the War on Sharing.  In the US,
+the record companies' legal arm (the RIAA) regularly sues teenagers
+for hundreds of thousands of dollars, and one sharer was fined almost
+two million.<a name="tex2html56"
+  href="#foot125"><sup>28</sup></a>The French government recently passed a law 
(HADOPI) to abolish the
+principle of due process of law, by punishing Internet users with
+disconnection on the mere accusation of copying.  Only certain
+selected, government-approved organizations were empowered to make
+such accusations; thus, this law meant to abolish Libert&#233;,
+Egalit&#233;, and Fraternit&#233; with one blow.  The law was rejected as
+unconstitutional by the Constitutional Council.<a name="tex2html58"
+  href="#foot126"><sup>29</sup></a>A similar law in New Zealand was withdrawn 
this year after public
+protests.  The European Parliament recently voted against imposing
+similar injustice on the whole European Union, but the EU's weak form
+of democracy does not give Parliament the final decision.  Some would
+like to go even further: a UK member of parliament proposed ten years'
+imprisonment for noncommercial sharing.
+
+<p>
+The US, Canada, the European Union, and various other countries are
+engaged in negotiating the ``Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement.''
+The negotiations are secret, but Canada reluctantly published a list
+of suggestions it received from private parties, and HADOPI-style
+punishment without trial was one of them.<a name="tex2html60"
+  href="#foot127"><sup>30</sup></a>The suggestion is likely to have come from 
the copyright lobby, which
+has great influence in the US government and others, so the danger is
+not negligible.  European officials may seek to use this treaty to
+circumvent the European Parliament, following a practice known as
+``policy laundering.''
+
+<p>
+The corporations that profit most from copyright legally exercise it
+in the name of the authors (most of whom actually gain little).  They
+would have us believe that copyright is a natural right of authors,
+and that we the public must suffer it no matter how painful it is.
+They call sharing ``piracy,'' equating helping your neighbor with
+attacking a ship.
+
+<p>
+Public anger over these measures is growing, but it is held back by
+propaganda.  Terms such as ``piracy,''<a name="tex2html62"
+  href="#foot128"><sup>31</sup></a>  ``protecting
+authors'' and ``intellectual property,''<a name="tex2html64"
+  href="#foot129"><sup>32</sup></a> and claims that reading, viewing or 
listening to
+anything without paying is ``theft,'' have convinced many readers that
+their rights and interests do not count.  This propaganda implicitly
+assumes that publishers deserve the special power which they exercise
+in the name of the authors), and that we are morally obliged to suffer
+whatever measures might be needed to maintain their power.
+
+<p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="digitalrestrictionsmanagement"></a>
+Digital restrictions management
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+The publishers aim to do more than punish sharing.  They have realized
+that by publishing works in encrypted format, which can be viewed
+only with software designed to control the users, they could gain
+unprecedented power over all use of these works.  They could compel
+people to pay, and also to identify themselves, every time they wish
+to read a book, listen to a song, or watch a video.  They could make
+people's copies disappear on a planned schedule.  They could even make
+copies unreadable at will, if they have all-purpose back-doors such as
+found in Windows, or special features for the purpose.<a name="tex2html66"
+  href="#foot130"><sup>33</sup></a>
+<p>
+Designing products and media to restrict the user is called Digital
+Restrictions Management, or DRM.<a name="tex2html68"
+  href="#foot66"><sup>34</sup></a>  Its purpose
+is an injustice: to deny computer users what would otherwise be their
+legal rights in using their copies of published works.  Its method is
+a second injustice, since it imposes the use of proprietary software.
+
+<p>
+The publishers gained US government support for their dream of total
+power with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA).  This
+law gave publishers power, in effect, to write their own copyright
+rules, by implementing them in the code of the authorized player
+software.  Even reading or listening is illegal when the software
+is designed to block it.
+
+<p>
+The DMCA has an exception: it does not forbid uses that qualify as
+``fair use.''  But it strips this exception of practical effect by
+censoring any software that people could use to do these things.
+Under the DMCA, any program that could be used to break digital
+handcuffs is banned unless it has other comparably important
+``commercially significant'' uses.  (The denial of validity to any
+other kind of significance, such as social or ethical significance,
+explicitly endorses business' domination of society.)  Practically
+speaking, the limited right to disobey your software jailer is
+meaningless since the means to do so is not available.
+
+<p>
+Similar software censorship laws have since been adopted in the
+European Union, Australia, and New Zealand, and other countries.
+Canada has tried to do this for several years, but opposition there
+has blocked it.  The publishers' lobbies seek to impose these
+restrictions on all countries; for instance, the US demands them in
+trade treaties.  WIPO (the World ``Intellectual Property''
+Organization) helps, by promoting two treaties whose sole point is to
+require laws such as these.  Signing these treaties does no good for a
+country's citizens, and there is no good reason why any country should
+sign them.  But when countries do sign, politicians can cite
+``compliance with treaty obligations'' as an excuse for software
+censorship.
+
+<p>
+We still have the same old freedoms in using paper books and other
+analog media.  But if e-books replace printed books, those freedoms
+will not transfer.  Imagine: no more used book stores; no more lending
+a book to your friend; no more borrowing one from the public
+library--no more ``leaks'' that might give someone a chance to read
+without paying.  No more purchasing a book anonymously with cash--you
+can only buy an e-book with a credit card, thus enabling computerized
+surveillance--and public libraries become retail outlets.  That is the
+world the publishers want for us.  If you buy the Amazon Kindle (we
+call it the Swindle) or the Sony Reader (we call it the Shreader for
+what it threatens to do to books), you pay to establish that world.
+
+<p>
+
+<h3>
+<a name="supportingartists"></a>
+SUPPORTING THE ARTS
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+The publishers tell us that a War on Sharing is the only way to keep
+art alive.  Supporting the arts is a desirable goal, but it could not
+justify these means.  Fortunately, it does not require them either.
+Public sharing of copies tends to call attention to obscure or niche
+works: when Monty Python put its video files on the net for download,
+its sales increased by a factor of over 200.<a name="tex2html69"
+  href="#foot131"><sup>35</sup></a>Meanwhile, digital technology also offers 
new ways to support the
+arts.
+
+<p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="donations"></a>
+Donations
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+The singer Jane Siberry (now known as Issa) offered her music for
+download through her own web site, allowing people to pay whatever
+amount they wish.  (The site, <tt><a name="tex2html71"
+  href="sheeba.ca">sheeba.ca</a></tt>, currently says it is
+being redesigned but suggests the general policy will continue.)  The
+average price paid per song was more than the $.99 that the major
+record companies charge.<a name="tex2html72"
+  href="#foot132"><sup>36</sup></a>
+<p>
+Bestsellers also can still do well without stopping people from
+sharing.  Stephen King got hundreds of thousands of dollars selling a
+serialized unencrypted e-book with no technical obstacle to sharing of
+copies.  Radiohead made millions in 2007 by inviting fans to copy an
+album and pay what they wished, while it was also shared on the Internet.
+In 2008, Nine Inch Nails released an album with permission to share
+copies and made 750,000 dollars in a few days.<a name="tex2html74"
+  href="#foot133"><sup>37</sup></a>
+<p>
+Even hampered by today's inconvenient methods of sending money to
+artists, voluntary contributions from fans can support them.  Kevin
+Kelly, former editor of Wired Magazine, estimates the artist need only
+find approximately 1,000 true fans in order to earn a living from
+their support.<a name="tex2html76"
+  href="#foot134"><sup>38</sup></a>
+<p>
+But when computer networks provide an easy anonymous method for
+sending someone a small amount of money, without requiring a credit
+card, voluntary support for artists will become far more effective.
+Every player could have a button you can press, ``Click here to
+send the artists one dollar.''  (The optimal amount may vary between
+countries; in India, one rupee might be a better choice.)  Wouldn't
+you press it, at least once a week?
+
+<p>
+Why, today, would you hesitate to send one dollar to an artist, once a
+week or even once a day?  Not because you would miss the dollar, but
+because of the inconvenience of sending it.  Remove the inconvenience,
+and voluntary support for artists will soar.
+
+<p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="tax"></a>
+Tax-based support
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Another way to support the arts is with tax funds: perhaps
+with a special tax on blank media or Internet connectivity, or with
+general revenue.<a name="tex2html78"
+  href="#foot135"><sup>39</sup></a>  If this is to succeed in supporting 
artists,
+the state should distribute the tax money directly and entirely to
+them, and make sure it cannot under any pretext be taken from them by
+publishers such as record companies.  Thus, in order to design this
+tax system to achieve the valid goal of ``supporting the arts,'' we
+must first reject the misguided goal of ``compensating the
+rights-holders.''
+
+<p>
+The state should not distribute this tax money in linear proportion to
+popularity, because that would give most of it to superstars,
+leaving little to support all the other artists.  I therefore
+recommend using a function whose derivative is positive but tends
+towards zero, such as cube root.  With cube root, if superstar A has
+1000 times the popularity of successful artist B, A will get 10 times
+as much money as B.  (A linear system would give A 1000 times as much
+as B.)  This way, although each superstar still gets a larger share
+than other artists, the superstars together will get only a small
+fraction of the funds, so that the system can adequately support a
+large number of fairly popular artists.  This system would use its
+funds efficiently for the support of art.
+
+<p>
+I propose this system for art because art is where the controversy is.
+There is no fundamental reason why a tax-based system should not also
+be used to support functional works that ought to be free/libre, such
+as software and encyclopedias, but there is a practical difficulty in
+doing so: it is common for those works to have thousands of coauthors,
+and figuring out the right way to divide the funds among them might be
+difficult even with the cooperation and generosity of everyone
+involved.  Fortunately it appears not to be necessary to solve this
+problem, because people already put so much effort into developing
+free/libre functional works.
+
+<p>
+Francis Muguet<a name="tex2html80"
+  href="#foot79"><sup>40</sup></a> and I have developed a new
+proposal called the M&#233;c&#233;nat Global (or Global Patronage) which
+combines the idea of tax-support and voluntary payments.<a name="tex2html81"
+  href="#foot136"><sup>41</sup></a>  Every Internet subscriber would
+pay a monthly fee to support certain arts that are shared on the
+Internet.  Each user could optionally divide up to a certain maximum
+portion of her fee among her choice of works; the funds for each work
+would be divided among the creative contributors to the work (but not
+the publishers).  The totals thus assigned to various artists would
+also provide a measure of each artist's popularity.  The system would
+then distribute the rest of the money on the basis of that popularity,
+using a cube-root or similar tapering-off function.
+
+<p>
+
+<h3>
+<a name="makingitgood"></a>
+MAKING DIGITAL INCLUSION GOOD
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+The paper so far describes the factors that can make digital inclusion
+good or bad.  These factors are part of human society and subject to
+our influence.  Beyond just asking whether and when digital inclusion
+is a good thing, we can consider how to make sure it is good.
+
+<p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="legally"></a>
+Defending freedom legally
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Full victory over the threats to digital freedom can only be achieved
+through changes in laws.  Systematic collection or retention of
+information on any person using computers and/or networks should
+require a specific court order; travel and communication within any
+country should normally be anonymous.  States should reject censorship
+and adopt constitutional protections against it.  States should
+protect their computing sovereignty by using only free software, and
+schools should teach only free software in order to carry out their
+mission to educate good citizens of a strong, free and cooperating
+society.
+
+<p>
+To respect computer users' freedom to operate their computers, states
+should not allow patents to apply to software or (more generally)
+using computers in particular ways.  States should mandate their own
+use of freely implementable, publicly documented formats for all
+communication with the public, and should lead the private sector also
+to use only these formats.  To make copyright acceptable in the
+network age, noncommercial copying and sharing of published works
+should be legal.  Commercial use of DRM should be prohibited, and
+independently developed free software to access DRM formats should be
+lawful.
+
+<p>
+To make these changes in laws happen, we need to organize.  The
+Electronic Frontier Foundation (<tt><a name="tex2html83"
+  href="eff.org">eff.org</a></tt>) campaigns against
+censorship and surveillance.  End Software Patents
+(<tt><a name="tex2html84"
+  href="endsoftpatents.org">endsoftpatents.org</a></tt>) and the League for 
Programming Freedom
+(<tt><a name="tex2html85"
+  href="progfree.org">progfree.org</a></tt>) campaign against software 
patents.  The Free
+Software Foundation campaigns against DRM through the site
+<tt><a name="tex2html86"
+  href="DefectiveByDesign.org">DefectiveByDesign.org</a></tt>.
+
+<p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="personally"></a>
+Defending freedom personally
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+While we fight these legislative battles, we should also personally
+reject products and services designed to take away our freedom.  To
+resist surveillance, we should avoid identifying ourselves to web
+sites unless it is inherently necessary, and we should buy things
+anonymously--with cash, not with bank cards.  To maintain control of
+our computing, we should not use proprietary software or software as a
+service.
+
+<p>
+Above all, we should never buy or use products that implement DRM
+handcuffs unless we personally have the means to break them.  Products
+with DRM are a trap; don't take the bait!
+
+<p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="others"></a>
+Defending others' freedom
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+We can take direct action to protect others' freedom in the digital
+world.  For instance, we can remove the passwords from our wireless
+networks--it is safe, and it weakens government surveillance power.
+(The way to protect the privacy of our own Internet communications, to
+the extent that it is possible, is with end-to-end encryption.)  If
+others use enough of the bandwidth to cause actual inconvenience, we
+need to protect ourselves, but we can try gentle methods first (such
+as talking with the neighbors, or setting a password occasionally for
+a day or two), and keep the option of a permanent password as a last
+resort.
+
+<p>
+When we publish, we should grant the users of our work the freedoms
+they deserve, by applying an explicit license appropriate to the type
+of work.  For works that state your thoughts or observations, and
+artistic works, the license should permit at least noncommercial
+redistribution of exact copies; any Creative Commons license is
+suitable.  (I insisted on such a license for this article.)  Works
+that do functional jobs, such as software, reference works and
+educational works, should carry a free/libre license that grants users
+the four freedoms.
+
+<p>
+
+<h4>
+<a name="inclusioninfreedom"></a>
+inclusion in freedom
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+In our efforts to help others in practical ways, we must avoid doing
+them harm at a deeper level.  Until freedom is generally assured in
+Internet use, projects for digital inclusion must take special care
+that the computing they promote is the freedom-respecting kind.  This
+means using free/libre software--certainly not Windows or MacOS.
+This means using free, documented formats, without DRM.  It also means
+not exposing the supposed beneficiaries to surveillance or censorship
+through the computing practices to which they are being introduced.
+
+<p>
+
+<h2>Footnotes</h2>
+
+<dl>
+<dt><a name="foot100">... cafe.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html1"><sup>1</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html2"
+  
href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24510571-2703,00.html";>http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24510571-2703,00.html</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot101">... police</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html3"><sup>2</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html4"
+  
href="http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/remotely_eavesd_1.html";>http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/remotely_eavesd_1.html</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot102">... individuals.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html5"><sup>3</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html6"
+  
href="http://www.firstcoastnews.com/news/local/news-article.aspx?storyid=84936";>http://www.firstcoastnews.com/news/local/news-article.aspx?storyid=84936</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot103">... groups</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html7"><sup>4</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html8"
+  
href="http://www.aclu.org/safefree/spyfiles/24011res20060131.html";>http://www.aclu.org/safefree/spyfiles/24011res20060131.html</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot104">... ``terrorism.''</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html9"><sup>5</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html10"
+  
href="http://democracynow.org/2008/9/4/eight_members_of_rnc_activist_group";>http://democracynow.org/2008/9/4/eight_members_of_rnc_activist_group</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot105">...
+``terrorists.''</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html11"><sup>6</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html12"
+  
href="http://abcnews.go.com/international/story?id=7891929";>http://abcnews.go.com/international/story?id=7891929</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot20">...
+dissidents.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html13"><sup>7</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See the documentary, Condor: the First War on
+  Terror, by Rodrigo V&#225;squez (2003).
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot106">... dissidents.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html14"><sup>8</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html15"
+  
href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/whos_watching_you/8064333.stm";>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/whos_watching_you/8064333.stm</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot107">... site.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html16"><sup>9</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html17"
+  
href="http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/302161/watchdog_threatens_online_rights_group_11k_fine?fp=16&amp;fpid=1";>http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/302161/watchdog_threatens_online_rights_group_11k_fine?fp=16&amp;fpid=1</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot108">... list.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html18"><sup>10</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html19"
+  
href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2009/03/17/1237054787635.html";>http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2009/03/17/1237054787635.html</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot109">... censorship.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html20"><sup>11</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See <tt><a name="tex2html21"
+  
href="http://netzpolitik.org/2009/the-dawning-of-internet-censorship-in-germany/";>http://netzpolitik.org/2009/the-dawning-of-internet-censorship-in-germany/</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot110">... Internet.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html22"><sup>12</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See <tt><a name="tex2html23"
+  
href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Govt-gearing-up-to-gag-news-websites/articleshow/4562292.cms";>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Govt-gearing-up-to-gag-news-websites/articleshow/4562292.cms</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot28">... animals.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html24"><sup>13</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>I support medical research
+  using animals, as well as abortion rights.  Our defense of political
+  freedom should not be limited to causes we agree with.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot111">...
+parents.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html25"><sup>14</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html26"
+  
href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/homepage/story/28029.html";>http://www.mcclatchydc.com/homepage/story/28029.html</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot112">... ways.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html27"><sup>15</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html28"
+  
href="http://www.networkworld.com/news/2009/052909-20-years-after-tiananmen-china.html
+  
">http://www.networkworld.com/news/2009/052909-20-years-after-tiananmen-china.html
+  </a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot113">...
+freedoms:</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html29"><sup>16</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See <tt><a name="tex2html30"
+  
href="http://gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html";>http://gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot114">... divided.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html31"><sup>17</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html32"
+  
href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html";>http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a></tt>
 and
+  <tt><a name="tex2html33"
+  
href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/shouldbefree.html";>http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/shouldbefree.html</a></tt>
 for other
+  arguments.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot115">... programs,</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html34"><sup>18</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html35"
+  href="http://directory.fsf.org";>http://directory.fsf.org</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot116">... users</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html36"><sup>19</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html37"
+  
href="http:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_adoption">http:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_adoption</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot117">...
+GNU/Linux</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html38"><sup>20</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See <tt><a name="tex2html39"
+  
href="http://gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html";>http://gnu.org/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot118">... volunteers.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html40"><sup>21</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html41"
+  
href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/fs-motives.html";>http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/fs-motives.html</a></tt>
+  for some of their motives.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot119">... user,</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html43"><sup>22</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html44"
+  
href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/02/28/windows_update_keeps_tabs/";>http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/02/28/windows_update_keeps_tabs/</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot120">... files,</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html45"><sup>23</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html46"
+  href="http://badvista.org";>http://badvista.org</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot121">...
+time.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html47"><sup>24</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html48"
+  
href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=201806263";>http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=201806263</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot122">... own.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html49"><sup>25</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html50"
+  
href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2009/05/microsoft_update_quietly_insta.html";>http://voices.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2009/05/microsoft_update_quietly_insta.html</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot123">... reference.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html51"><sup>26</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>The standard in machine-readable form
+  is only available to be ``leased'';
+  <tt><a name="tex2html52"
+  
href="http://www.smpte.org/standards/LicenseAgreement_CD-ROM.pdf";>http://www.smpte.org/standards/LicenseAgreement_CD-ROM.pdf</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot124">... patented.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html53"><sup>27</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html54"
+  
href="http://www.mpegla.com/news/n_06-08-17_pr.pdf";>http://www.mpegla.com/news/n_06-08-17_pr.pdf</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot125">... million.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html56"><sup>28</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html57"
+  
href="http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2009/06/jammie-thomas-retrial-verdict.ars";>http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2009/06/jammie-thomas-retrial-verdict.ars</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot126">... Council.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html58"><sup>29</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html59"
+  
href="http://www.laquadrature.net/fr/hadopi-is-dead-three-strikes-killed-by-highest-court";>http://www.laquadrature.net/fr/hadopi-is-dead-three-strikes-killed-by-highest-court</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot127">... them.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html60"><sup>30</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html61"
+  
href="http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2008/11/canadian-wish-list-for-secret-acta-treaty-long-varied.ars";>http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2008/11/canadian-wish-list-for-secret-acta-treaty-long-varied.ars</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot128">... ``piracy,''</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html62"><sup>31</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html63"
+  
href="gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot129">... property,''</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html64"><sup>32</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html65"
+  
href="http://gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.html";>http://gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.html</a></tt>
 for why this propaganda
+  term is harmful.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot130">... purpose.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html66"><sup>33</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See <tt><a name="tex2html67"
+  
href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/tcpa-faq.html";>http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/tcpa-faq.html</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot66">... DRM.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html68"><sup>34</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>Those publishers, in an act
+  of doublespeak, call it ``Digital Rights Management''.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot131">... 200.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html69"><sup>35</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html70"
+  
href="http://www.boingboing.net/2009/01/23/monty-pythons-free-w.html";>http://www.boingboing.net/2009/01/23/monty-pythons-free-w.html</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot132">... charge.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html72"><sup>36</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html73"
+  
href="http://www.37signals.com/svn/posts/419-jane-siberrys-you-decide-what-feels-right-pricing";>http://www.37signals.com/svn/posts/419-jane-siberrys-you-decide-what-feels-right-pricing</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot133">... days.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html74"><sup>37</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html75"
+  
href="http://www.boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html";>http://www.boingboing.net/2008/03/05/nine-inch-nails-made.html</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot134">... support.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html76"><sup>38</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html77"
+  
href="http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php";>http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot135">... revenue.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html78"><sup>39</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See <tt><a name="tex2html79"
+  
href="http://gnu.org/philosophy/dat.html";>http://gnu.org/philosophy/dat.html</a></tt>
+  for my 1992 proposal.
+
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot79">... Muguet</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html80"><sup>40</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>Head of the Knowledge Networks and Information
+  Society lab at the University of Geneva.
+</dd>
+<dt><a name="foot136">... payments.</a><a
+ href="digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html81"><sup>41</sup></a></dt>
+<dd>See
+  <tt><a name="tex2html82"
+  href="http://mecenat-global.org";>http://mecenat-global.org</a></tt>.
+
+</dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p><i><b>This essay was first published in the ITU's
+2009 Kaleidoscope conference in Mar del Plata, Argentina</b></i></p>
+
+</div>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to 
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+Please see the 
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+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2009 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-No
+Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this
+license,
+visit <a 
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/</a>
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+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
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