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www/bulletins bull6.html
|
From: |
Joakim Olsson |
|
Subject: |
www/bulletins bull6.html |
|
Date: |
Tue, 29 Jul 2008 21:41:31 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Joakim Olsson <jocke> 08/07/29 21:41:31
Modified files:
bulletins : bull6.html
Log message:
Fixed invalid HTML.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/bulletins/bull6.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
Patches:
Index: bull6.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/bulletins/bull6.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- bull6.html 7 Feb 2007 02:34:52 -0000 1.3
+++ bull6.html 29 Jul 2008 21:41:21 -0000 1.4
@@ -1,1612 +1,1291 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
-<HTML>
-<HEAD>
-<TITLE>GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 6 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</TITLE>
-<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:address@hidden";>
-</HEAD>
-<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#1F00FF" ALINK="#FF0000"
VLINK="#9900DD">
-<H1>GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 6</H1>
-
-<!-- These quick navigation menu bar lines can't be longer then about -->
-<!-- 72 characters or lynx will break then poorly. -->
-<!-- If we add more then 2 lines, they will become too cluttered to be -->
-<!-- quickly and easily understood. -->
-<!-- Obviously, we list ONLY the most useful/important URLs here. -->
-
-<!-- Some major categories should have this menu at the top -->
-<!-- <CENTER> -->
-<!-- <A HREF="/index.html" -->
-<!-- NAME = "index">Home</A>| -->
-<!-- <A HREF="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Philosophy</a>| -->
-<!-- <A HREF="/order/order.html">Order</A>| -->
-<!-- <A HREF="/order/ftp.html">Download</A>| -->
-<!-- <A HREF="/software/software.html">Software</A>| -->
-<!-- <A HREF="/doc/doc.html">Documentation</a> -->
-<!-- </CENTER> -->
-
-<A HREF="/graphics/gnu-head-sm.jpg"><IMG SRC="/graphics/gnu-head-sm.jpg"
- ALT=" [image of the Head of a GNU] "
- WIDTH="129" HEIGHT="122"></A>
-<P>
-<P><HR><P>
-<H1>Table of Contents</H1>
-<UL>
-<UL>
-<UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC1" HREF="bull6.html#SEC1">Contents</A>
-</UL>
-</UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC2" HREF="bull6.html#SEC2">Blank Page</A>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC3" HREF="bull6.html#SEC3">GNU's Who</A>
-<UL>
-<UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC4" HREF="bull6.html#SEC4">GNU's Bulletin</A>
-</UL>
-</UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC5" HREF="bull6.html#SEC5">What Is the Free Software
Foundation?</A>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC6" HREF="bull6.html#SEC6">What Is Copyleft?</A>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC7" HREF="bull6.html#SEC7">GNU in Japan</A>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC8" HREF="bull6.html#SEC8">The General Public License as a
Subroutine</A>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC9" HREF="bull6.html#SEC9">GNUsworthy Flashes</A>
-<UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC10" HREF="bull6.html#SEC10">GNU Wish List</A>
-</UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC11" HREF="bull6.html#SEC11">My Thoughts on the GNU License</A>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC12" HREF="bull6.html#SEC12">GNU Documentation</A>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC13" HREF="bull6.html#SEC13">GNU Project Status Report</A>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC14" HREF="bull6.html#SEC14">GNU "Clip Art" Contest</A>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC15" HREF="bull6.html#SEC15">GNU Software Available Now</A>
-<UL>
-<UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC16" HREF="bull6.html#SEC16">Contents of Release tape</A>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC17" HREF="bull6.html#SEC17">Contents of Beta Test Tape</A>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC18" HREF="bull6.html#SEC18">Contents of X11 Tape.</A>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC19" HREF="bull6.html#SEC19">VMS Emacs and Compiler Tapes</A>
-</UL>
-</UL>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC20" HREF="bull6.html#SEC20">How To Get GNU Software</A>
-<LI><A NAME="TOC21" HREF="bull6.html#SEC21">Thank GNUs</A>
-</UL>
-<P><HR><P>
-
-
-
-<H3><A NAME="SEC1" HREF="bull6.html#TOC1">Contents</A></H3>
-
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC2" HREF="bull6.html#TOC2">Blank Page</A></H1>
-
-<P>
-This page is blank so the numbering come out right.
-
-</P>
-
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC3" HREF="bull6.html#TOC3">GNU's Who</A></H1>
-
-<P>
-<B>Randy Smith</B> has joined us as a full-time programmer. He is
-currently maintaining and extending GDB. Our summer people, <B>Pete
-TerMaat</B>, <B>Phil Nelson</B>, and <B>Mike Haertel</B>, have returned to
-school--to study or to teach. Pete worked on GDB, Phil on the GNU
-versions of `cpio' and `dbm', and Mike, who continues to work for us
-part time, on `diff', `egrep' and `sort'.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-<B>Joe Arceneaux</B> spent a couple of weeks with us this fall making Emacs
-version 19 work with X windows version 11.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-<B>Nobuyuki</B> and <B>Mieko</B> <B>Hikichi</B> continue with us on loan from
-Software Research Associates in Tokyo. At FSF, Nobu is extending GDB
-with a C interpreter that he is writing. Mieko is helping user-test GNU
-documentation and is translating some of it into Japanese. <B>Diane
-Barlow Close</B>, our first full-time technical writer, is writing the
-documentation for all of the small Unix utilities that have been
-completed for us, while living in San Diego, CA.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Meanwhile, <B>Brian Fox</B> is still working for us at UC Santa Barbara.
-He recently completed GNU's version of `sh', the `Bourne Again Shell',
-that incorporates features found in the Korn and C shells. <B>Jay
-Fenlason</B> is writing a spreadsheet program for the project and
-maintaining the GNU assembler, `tar', and `sed'.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-<B>Opus Goldstein</B> is our jack-of-all-trades office staff. If you call
-our office, she is the one who answers. She fills the orders, and
-handles the day-to-day operations of the Foundation. <B>Robert
-Chassell</B> is our Treasurer. Besides dealing with corporate issues not
-related to programming, he is working on an elementary introduction to
-programming in Emacs Lisp.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-<B>Richard Stallman</B> continues to do countless tasks, including refining
-the C compiler, GNU Emacs, etc. and their documentation. <B>Paul Rubin</B>
-is writing a graphic editing extension for GNU Emacs. Finally,
-<B>Len Tower</B> continues as our electronic JOAT (jack-of-all-trades),
-handling mailing lists, information requests, system mothering et al.
-
-</P>
-
-
-
-<H3><A NAME="SEC4" HREF="bull6.html#TOC4">GNU's Bulletin</A></H3>
-
-<P>
-Copyright (C) 1989 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Written by: Randy Smith, Paul Rubin, Robert Chassell, <BR>
-Leonard H. Tower Jr., Richard Stallman and Opus Goldstein
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Illustrations: Etienne Suvasa
-
-</P>
-
-<BLOCKQUOTE>
-<P>
-Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies of
-this document as received, in any medium, provided that the copyright
-notice and permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor
-grants the recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted
-by this notice.
-</BLOCKQUOTE>
-
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC5" HREF="bull6.html#TOC5">What Is the Free Software
Foundation?</A></H1>
-
-<P>
-The Free Software Foundation is dedicated to eliminating restrictions on
-copying, redistribution, understanding and modification of computer
-programs. We do this by promoting the development and use of free
-software in all areas of computer use. Specifically, we are putting
-together a complete integrated software system called "GNU" (GNU's Not
-Unix) that will be upward compatible with Unix. Some large parts of
-this system are already working and we are distributing them now.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-The word "free" in our name refers to two specific freedoms: first,
-the freedom to copy a program and give it away to your friends and
-co-workers; second, the freedom to change a program as you wish, by
-having full access to source code. Furthermore, you can study the
-source and learn how such programs are written. You may then be able to
-port it, improve it, and share your changes with others.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Other organizations distribute whatever free software happens to be
-available. By contrast, FSF concentrates on development of new free
-software, building toward a GNU system complete enough to eliminate the
-need to purchase a proprietary system.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Besides developing GNU, the Foundation has secondary functions:
-producing tapes and printed manuals of GNU software, carrying out
-distribution, and accepting gifts to support GNU development. We are
-tax exempt; you can deduct donations to us on your tax returns. Our
-development effort is funded partly from donations and partly from
-distribution fees. Note that the distribution fees purchase just the
-service of distribution: you never have to pay anyone license fees to
-use GNU software, and you always have the freedom to make your copy from
-a friend's computer at no charge (provided your friend is willing).
-
-</P>
-<P>
-The Foundation also maintains a Service Directory: a list of people who
-offer service for pay to individual users of GNU programs and systems.
-Service can mean answering questions for new users, customizing
-programs, porting to new systems, or anything else. Contact us if you
-want to be listed.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-After we create our programs, we continually update and improve them.
-We release between 2 and 20 updates a year, for various programs. Doing
-this while developing new programs takes a lot of work, so any donations
-of pertinent source code and documentation, machines, labor or money are
-always appreciated.
-
-</P>
-
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC6" HREF="bull6.html#TOC6">What Is Copyleft?</A></H1>
-
-<P>
-In the article "What Is the Free Software Foundation," we
-state that "you never have to pay anyone license fees to use GNU
-software, and you always have the freedom to make your copy from a
-friend's computer at no charge." What exactly do we mean by this,
-and how do we make sure that it stays true?
-
-</P>
-<P>
-The simplest way to make a program free is to put it in the public domain.
-Then people who get it from sharers can share it with others. But bad
-citizens can also do what they like to do: sell binary-only versions under
-typical don't-share-with-your-neighbor licenses. They would thus enjoy the
-benefits of the freeness of the original program while withholding these
-benefits from the users. It could easily come about that most users get
-the program this way, and our goal of making the program free for
-<EM>all</EM> users would have been undermined.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-To prevent this from happening, we don't normally place GNU programs in the
-public domain. Instead, we protect them by what we call <EM>copylefts</EM>.
-A copyleft is a legal instrument that makes everybody free to copy a
-program as long as the person getting the copy gets with it the freedom to
-distribute further copies, and the freedom to modify their copy (which
-means that they must get access to the source code). Typical software
-companies use copyrights to take away these freedoms; now we software
-sharers use copylefts to preserve these freedoms.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-The copyleft used by the GNU project is made from a combination of a
-copyright notice and the <EM>GNU General Public License</EM>. The
-copyright notice is the usual kind. The General Public License is a
-copying license which basically says that you have the freedoms we want
-you to have and that you can't take these freedoms away from anyone
-else. (The actual document consists of several pages of rather
-complicated legalbol that our lawyer said we needed.) A copy of the
-complete license is included in all GNU source code distributions and
-many manuals, and we will send you a printed copy on request.
-
-</P>
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC7" HREF="bull6.html#TOC7">GNU in Japan</A></H1>
-<P>
-by Mieko Hikichi
-
-</P>
-<P>
-The GNU Project was described in a seminar at the Unix Fair in Tokyo
-last December This seminar was the first official introduction of GNU in
-Japan.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-I had translated the GNU's Bulletin into Japanese and 500 copies were
-distributed. Mr. Yoshitaka Tokugawa talked about what is GNU, how to
-get GNU software and about the GNU license. This was followed by a talk
-about the Japanese version of GNU Emacs by Mr. Handa Ken'ichi.
-
-</P>
-
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC8" HREF="bull6.html#TOC8">The General Public License as a
Subroutine</A></H1>
-
-<P>
-We are about to make a sweeping, revolutionary change in the General
-Public License. The terms for copying will be essentially unchanged,
-but the architecture of the legalbol framework used to embody them will
-make a quantum leap.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-In the past, each copylefted program had to have its own copy of the
-General Public License contained in it. Often it was necessary to
-modify the license to mention the name of the program it applied to.
-Other people who wanted to copyleft programs had to modify the text
-even more, to replace our name with theirs.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-To make it easier to copyleft programs, we have been improving on the
-legalbol architecture of the General Public License to produce a new
-version that serves as a general-purpose subroutine: it can apply to
-any program without modification, no matter who is publishing it. All
-that's needed is a brief notice in the program itself, to say that the
-General Public License applies. Directions on doing this accompany
-the General Public License, so you can easily copyleft your programs.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-We've also taken the opportunity to make it explicit that any subsequent
-changes in future versions the General Public License cannot take away
-the rights you were previously given, if you have a program that you
-received under an earlier version.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-The new version will appear soon; new GNU programs and new versions of
-existing GNU software will refer to it to specify their copying
-conditions.
-
-</P>
-
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC9" HREF="bull6.html#TOC9">GNUsworthy Flashes</A></H1>
-
-
-<UL>
-<LI>
-
-<B>Donation from Hewlett-Packard</B>
-
-As part of their program to make their machines more attractive to
-academic users, Hewlett-Packard is giving us $100,000. This money was
-given to us to make sure that we have funds to rent office space for
-several years. Of course, if someone were to give us office space, we
-could use the money to hire more people.
-
-In addition, the company is supporting Michael Tiemann's work at
-Stanford to port G<CODE>++</CODE> to the Spectrum.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>New Machines</B>
-
-Since the last GNUs Bull in June 1988, we have received three new machines
-on loan and three as gifts. Thinking Machine, Inc. has loaned us a
-Sun 4/110, and Intel has loaned us an Intel 386. K. Richard Magill has
-given us an AT&T Unix PC and Hewlett-Packard is giving us three
-Spectrums in addition to the funds mentioned above. This makes for a
-total of 13 machines given or loaned to FSF.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Some parts of BSD are becoming free</B>
-
-After years of urging from us and others, the people who maintain
-Berkeley Unix have decided to release various parts of it (those which
-don't contain AT&T code) separately as free software. This includes
-substantial programs which we hope to use in GNU, such as TCP/IP support
-and possibly the C-shell.
-
-The files freed in the 4.3 BSD-Tahoe distribution are now on the beta
-test tape.
-
-Also, the next release of Berkeley Unix may contain the Make, AWK, and
-`sh' from the GNU Project instead of those from Unix. The reason is
-that the people at Berkeley would like to have improvements in these
-programs like those in system V.3, but they find the new restrictions on
-V.3 licenses unpalatable. Both we and they hope they never get a V.3
-license. We may help them avoid it by providing alternative software.
-
-GNU Make already supports the system V features, as does GAWK. Both
-programs are in beta test.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>The Bison manual is here</B>
-
-Dick Karpinski of UCSF offered a prize of $1000 for a usable draft of a
-manual for Bison (our species of Yacc). Chuck Donnelly responded with
-a draft which we have turned into a final version. Texinfo source comes
-on both the release and beta test tapes. Hardcopy may be ordered
-directly from the Foundation.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Ghostscript status</B>
-
-Ghostscript, the free Postscript for GNU, is being distributed. It is
-now in beta test.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>NeXT, Inc. is using GNU software on their machines</B>
-
-NeXT has decided to use GNU Emacs, GCC, GAS and GDB as part of their
-standard operating system; they are the first computer manufacturer to
-do so. Other manufacturers have expressed an interest; we are awaiting
-developments.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Distribution of 80386 Floppies on hold</B>
-
-We are holding investigating distribution of floppies for 80386 machines
-until we have a working library. Since system V on the 80386 usually
-comes with no library as well as no C compiler, no assembler and no
-linker, we don't think this distribution medium will be worth while
-until we can supply all of them.
-
-This is being worked on, but it will not be ready very soon. We will
-announce on the <CODE>info-gnu</CODE> mailing list and
<CODE>gnu.announce</CODE>
-newsgroup when we have more information.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>texi2roff</B>
-
-Beverly Erlebacher of Toronto, Canada wrote `texi2roff'. This program
-translates GNU Texinfo files into a format that can be printed by the
-Unix `[nt]roff' programs utilizing the `mm', `ms' or `me' macro
-packages. Though we won't be maintaining this program, we include it on
-our tapes to allow people without TeX to print out our documentation.
-
-</UL>
-
-
-
-<H2><A NAME="SEC10" HREF="bull6.html#TOC10">GNU Wish List</A></H2>
-
-<P>
-Wishes for this issue are for:
-
-</P>
-
-<UL>
-<LI>
-
-Volunteers to help write utilities and documentation. One important
-programming project is writing a Fortran compiler front end for GCC;
-documentation particularly needed includes manuals for Ghostscript and
-FLEX.
-
-<LI>
-
-FSF is looking to hire additional full-time people to work on Project
-GNU both as programmers and as technical writers. We are looking for a
-few good entities (male or female, carbon or silicon based) to work for
-an activist wage. You must either be in Cambridge, Mass or be able to
-maintain good electronic communication with us. Contact
-<CODE>address@hidden</CODE> or send mail to Richard Stallman c/o the
-Free Software Foundation if you are interested.
-
-<LI>
-
-Office space (lent or donated) in or around Kendall Square.
-
-<LI>
-
-Professors who might be interested in sponsoring research assistantships
-with full or partial FSF support to do GNU development, or hosting FSF
-employees.
-
-<LI>
-
-Money, as always. Please remember, donations are tax-deductible. With
-the latest donations, we have been able to expand our staff.
-
-One way to give us a small amount of money is to order a distribution
-tape or two. This may not count as a donation for tax purposes, but for
-many people it can qualify as a business expense.
-
-<LI>
-
-Someone skilled in compiler maintenance who could take over GCC
-maintenance for RMS. This would probably be be a full-time job.
-
-<LI>
-
-Interesting, fun GNU graphics. Ghostscript source or otherwise.
-See <CITE>GNU "Clip Art" Contest</CITE> later in this issue for more
-details.
-
-<LI>
-
-Copies of newspaper and journal articles mentioning the GNU Project.
-Send these to the addresses on the front cover.
-
-</UL>
-
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC11" HREF="bull6.html#TOC11">My Thoughts on the GNU
License</A></H1>
-
-<P>
-by Doug Lea
-
-</P>
-<P>
-<EM>[This article is reproduced from a posting to the <CODE>info-g++</CODE>
-and <CODE>info-gcc</CODE> mailing lists and does not necessarily represent the
-opinions of the Free Software Foundation.--- Editor]</EM>
-
-</P>
-<P>
-I have not participated publicly in the recent discussions about the
-legal ramifications of the GNU License Agreement until now because (1) I
-am not a lawyer and (2) I find myself in agreement with Stallman's
-decision to proceed very carefully in deciding whether and how to modify
-the Agreement to accommodate people who would like to sell works that
-may or may not be considered as `derived' from GNU software, depending
-on what `derived' is defined to mean.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-However, the recent proposal by Gilmore and others appears to demand a
-personal response from me (not RMS or FSF) as the author of most of GNU
-`libg<CODE>++</CODE>'. I would like to briefly outline why I support FSF
-goals, and specifically, the Agreement, in a way that bears only
-indirectly on legal principles.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-I am, primarily, a teacher in a liberal arts college. As such, I stand
-for the `free' dissemination of ideas. Historically, (please forgive
-any botching of historical facts to suit my needs, but that's what
-history is for!) the main tool by which intellectual property has been
-allowed to be widely disseminated (read `taught') while at the same time
-both crediting originators, and protecting the works from corruption,
-mis--attribution, and so on, has been the notion of Copyright. For
-these reasons, the introduction of copyright laws is widely considered
-to have been an important step in accelerating intellectual and
-scientific progress.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Sadly, in the science of computing, this solution has not stood up
-well. While, in many disciplines, the price of a copyrighted work to
-be used for study is well within the reach of those who could best
-benefit from it (e.g., a copy of "War and Peace" might be $5, or
-even $50, but not $50,000), the economics of computing have, for the
-most part, priced copyrighted software out of the reach of students
-(and most others). Most readers would agree that the study of
-high-quality existing programs is among the better methods for
-learning about the art of programming. These days, one cannot
-legally show, discuss, and teach from, say, Unix or Lotus source code.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-I believe that Stallman's notion that the economics of copyright can be
-separated from its role in the protection and propagation of
-intellectual property is as good a solution to this dilemma as we are
-likely to get. There are many of us, especially those of us in academe,
-who are actually very pleased to devote some time and effort to writing
-software without any direct monetyary compensation. For all sorts of
-reasons. (For example, in my case, with `libg<CODE>++</CODE>', as a means to
-further investigate the pragmatics of object-oriented programming and so
-on. Or maybe it's just incorrigible hacking. Whatever. )
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Now I, and many others, I suspect, are not terribly worried about
-maintaining proper authorship credit, etc., of such work. The reason
-that the GNU License Agreement is attractive is mainly that it keeps
-accessible the work that I intended to be accessible, but also
-generally offers all other benefits that Copyright engenders, but
-that the mere act of placing work in the `public domain' would not.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-It is an unfortunate fact that the GNU Agreement currently stands in
-the way of such work being used in honest ways by honest programmers
-who do have to worry about the economic ramifications. I personally
-hope that exactly the right accommodations are made to allow fair and
-sensible use while maintaining the ideals that make the GNU solution
-work. There are many sticky legalistic points involved in doing so. I
-do hope that Stallman is able to find such a solution soon enough to
-make alternative approaches less attractive, but not so hastily as to
-compromise the goals of FSF (which I am sure he will not do).
-
-</P>
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC12" HREF="bull6.html#TOC12">GNU Documentation</A></H1>
-
-<P>
-Software distributed as part of the GNU system always comes with sources
-for both on-line documentation and printable manuals. On-line
-documentation is provided because printed documentation is often
-misplaced or is being read by someone else when you want it; and
-because, in many situations, it is easier to find the piece of
-information that you need in an interactive on-line help system. At the
-same time, printed documentation is provided because it is often easier
-to read or preferred.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-When GNU documentation is printed, it is produced as a typeset book with
-chapters, indices, cross references and the like. The on-line
-documentation is a menu-driven system which also uses indices and cross
-references.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-However, instead of writing two different documents, one for the on-line
-documentation and the other for the printed manual, GNU documentation
-uses a single Texinfo source file for both purposes. This saves the
-effort of writing two different documents and means that when the system
-is revised, only one source file has to be revised.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Since the single Texinfo source file is used for a dual task--to create
-both the on-line documentation and the printed manual--it must be
-written in a special format so that the chapters and sections of the
-printed manual will correspond to the nodes of the on-line documentation
-and the indices and cross references will correspond to various menus.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-To make the printed manual, the Texinfo source file is processed through
-the TeX typesetting program. To make the on-line documentation,
-using GNU Emacs, the Texinfo source file is processed with the <KBD>M-x
-texinfo-format-buffer</KBD> command; the resulting Info file is installed in
-the <TT>`info'</TT> directory which you reach by typing <KBD>C-h i</KBD>.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-(Non-GNU software distributed by the Free Software Foundation does not
-always have Texinfo documentation, although we encourage everyone to
-document with it.)
-
-</P>
-<P>
-All of the following manuals, which we are currently distributing on our
-tapes, are also available in hardcopy from the Foundation; see the order
-form on the inside back cover.
-
-</P>
-
-<UL>
-<LI>
-
-<B>Emacs Manual</B>
-
-The <CITE>Emacs Manual</CITE> describes how to use GNU Emacs. The manual not
-only explains Emacs' editing features, but it also explains advanced
-features, such as outline mode and regular expression search. The
-manual tells how to use the special modes for programming in languages
-sucha as C and Lisp, how to use the tags utility, and how to compile and
-correct code. It also describes how to make your own keybindings and
-make other elementary customizations.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Texinfo Manual</B>
-
-The <CITE>Texinfo Manual</CITE> describes how to write documents in Texinfo
-source code. It describes the markup language used to create both an
-Info file and a printed document from the same source file: how to make
-tables and lists, how to make chapters and nodes, how to make indices
-and cross references. The manual also describe how to use Texinfo Mode
-in GNU Emacs and how to catch mistakes.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Termcap Manual</B>
-
-The <CITE>Termcap Manual</CITE> is often described as "Twice as much as you
-ever wanted to know about Termcap". The manual describes the format
-of the Termcap data base, the definitions of terminal capabilities and
-how to find and interrogate a terminal description. This manual is
-primarily for programmers.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Bison Manual</B>
-
-The <CITE>Bison Manual</CITE> describes how to write a grammar description
-that Bison can convert into a C program that can parse that grammar.
-It describes the concepts and then provides a series of increasingly
-complex examples before describing what goes on in considerable
-detail.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>GDB Manual</B>
-
-The <CITE>GDB Manual</CITE> explains how to use the GNU DeBugger. It
-describes how to run your program under control of the debugger, how to
-examine and alter data within the program, and how to modify the flow of
-control within the program. It also explains how to use GDB through GNU
-Emacs, with auto-display of source lines.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>GAWK Manual</B>
-
-The <CITE>GAWK Manual</CITE> describes how to use the GNU implementation of
-AWK. It is written for someone who has never used AWK before, and
-describes all the features of this powerful string manipulating
-language.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Make Manual</B>
-
-The <CITE>Make Manual</CITE> describes the GNU Make utility, a program used to
-recompile parts of other programs when and as needed. The manual tells
-how to write a Makefile, which describes how to recompile the parts of
-your program and how they depend on each other.
-
-</UL>
-
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC13" HREF="bull6.html#TOC13">GNU Project Status Report</A></H1>
-
-
-<UL>
-<LI>
-
-<B>GNU Emacs</B>
-
-GNU Emacs 18 is now being distributed. It is in wide use on several
-kinds of BSD 4.2 and 4.3 systems and on system V, VMS and Apollo Domain.
-Version 18.52, the current version, adds support for the 80386, the
-Sun 4, the Convex, the IRIS 4D and the HP 9000 series 800; also
-support for system V.3.
-
-Berkeley is distributing GNU Emacs with the 4.3 distribution, DEC is
-distributing it with Unix systems on Vaxes, and NeXT is shipping it.
-
-Emacs 18 maintenance is about to be finished, and version 19 is being
-worked on. New features so far include multiple X windows, scroll bars,
-per-buffer redefinition of mouse commands, support for European
-character sets, source-level debugging for Emacs Lisp, and floating
-point numbers. Planned possible new features include:
-
-
-<UL>
-<LI>
-
-Associating property lists with portions of the text in a buffer.
-<LI>
-
-Using the properties to control which text is visible.
-<LI>
-
-Different visibility conditions for many windows showing one buffer.
-<LI>
-
-Incremental syntax analysis for various programming languages.
-<LI>
-
-An object-oriented graphics-drawing extension.
-<LI>
-
-Hooks to be run if point moves outside a certain range.
-</UL>
-
-Once I get time to work on it, it will take several months of work to
-do this, so don't ask when Emacs 19 will be available for beta test.
-We will announce it.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Improved GAWK available</B>
-
-David Trueman has written the new System V extensions to GAWK and the
-results are now available on the beta tape. Meanwhile, a manual for
-GAWK is on its way.
-<LI>
-
-<B>Shells</B>
-
-Brian Fox has now completed GNU's version of `sh', called the `Bourne
-Again Shell'. In addition to Korn shell features, it now has job
-control and both Emacs-style and `csh'-style command history.
-
-There is a good chance that the C Shell from BSD will be declared free
-software by Berkeley, so we won't need to write that.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Kernel</B>
-
-We hope to use the MACH message-passing kernel being developed at CMU.
-The current version of MACH is not free, and cannot be, because it
-contains the file system code from BSD. However, the MACH
-developers say that all this will be replaced with free code, or at
-least moved into user processes, and MACH will be free then.
-This version of MACH is supposed to be released in a few months
-(as of December 1988).
-
-If MACH does not become available, then we will probably develop the
-GNU kernel starting with either MIT's TRIX kernel or Berkeley's Sprite
-system. TRIX is a remote procedure call kernel that runs and
-supports basic Unix compatibility at about the level of version 7. So
-it needs a lot of additional features. Sprite is mostly at the
-architectural level of BSD Unix, but with a fancy distributed file
-system and process migration.
-
-One thing we are considering is adapting the file system from
-Berkeley's Sprite kernel for use in MACH. This file system was
-designed from the beginning to work in a distributed manner. The file
-system is the largest part of MACH that needs replacement, now that
-the Berkeley TCP/IP code, also used in MACH, has been declared free.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>GNU DeBugger</B>
-
-The GNU source-level C debugger, GDB, is now being distributed along
-with Emacs version 18. Currently it runs under BSD 4.2 and 4.3 on Vaxes
-and Suns. It can also run stand-alone so we can use it to debug the
-kernel. An over-the-ethernet debugging mode may be added. Work is
-being done on debugging of multiple process parallel programs.
-
-GDB support for the 32000 is in the current version. GDB can now read
-COFF executables, and it is just starting to work on system V.
-
-GDB 3.0, recently released for testing, can read symbol tables
-incrementally; this results in much faster startup and much less memory
-use. It also has C<CODE>++</CODE> support and can run on the 80386 and the
-Sun 4, as well as on some Gould machines.
-
-Future versions of GDB may support watchpoints, and command editing
-with identifier completion.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>C Compiler</B>
-
-The GNU C Compiler GCC is now nearly reliable. It supports the May
-1988 draft of ANSI C. People are still reporting bugs, but they also
-say they think there are fewer bugs than in commercial compilers.
-Some of these bugs were uncovered by John Gilmore, who has been
-compiling all of BSD Unix with GNU C. A review comparing GCC with two
-commercial C compilers appeared in the March, 1988 issue of Unix
-Review magazine.
-
-The compiler performs automatic register allocation, common
-subexpression elimination, invariant code motion from loops, induction
-variable optimizations, constant propagation and copy propagation,
-delaying popping of function call arguments, tail recursion
-elimination, plus many local optimizations that are automatically
-deduced from the machine description.
-
-CPUs supported include the 680x0, Vax, 32x32, 80386, Sparc (Sun 4), SPUR
-and Alliant. Ports for the Convex, the IBM 370, the IBM PC/RT, the 3b2,
-some sort of Gould machine, the HP Spectrum, the AMD 29000, the MIPS
-RISC chips, and the Motorola 88000 are on their way.
-
-GCC makes shorter and faster 68020 code than the new Sun compiler with
--O. The new Sun compiler can't beat GCC despite taking 3 times as long.
-As of version 1.31, GCC also wins on the Sun 4. GCC makes shorter Vax
-code than the Tartan C compiler with -O4, but we haven't been able to
-compare the running speed of that code. A National 32000 port done by
-Michael Tiemann on a Sequent 32000 system is said to be more reliable
-than Sequent's compiler and yields a 40% speedup for several programs
-including a Prolog interpreter.
-
-In the future, if we have time, we would like to implement some more
-language extensions, plus facilities for precompilation of header files
-to save time when the headers are large and the source files are small.
-We might also do some other language front ends, but there seems to be
-enough interest among remote GNUers in doing this that we might as well
-leave it to them.
-
-Enough internal documentation is included for people interested in
-retargeting the compiler to other CPUs to do so.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>GNU C for VMS</B>
-
-Fed up with the deficiencies of the VMS C compiler, David Kashtan
-from SRI decided to spend a couple of weeks and make GNU C run on
-VMS. After making considerable changes to satisfy the VMS C compiler,
-he got it running and was able to take most of the changes out.
-The VMS support code is now part of the regular compiler distribution.
-
-The ordinary VMS C compiler (even if you have it) has bugs and
-therefore cannot compile GNU C: you need an executable of GNU C. We
-offer mag tapes containing VMS binaries of GNU C (as well as sources)
-so you can get started.
-
-Other GNU programs currently working on VMS include GNU Emacs and Bison.
-
-Please don't ask us to devote effort to additional VMS support, because
-it is peripheral to the GNU project. We merge in and support VMS ports
-that users do, because it is hard to refuse to pass along work that
-other people have done. But even when the changes are clean, this
-drains considerable effort from our real goal, which is to produce a
-complete integrated system. (When they aren't clean, we summon up the
-courage to ignore them.) Merging VMS GNU Emacs and reorganizing the
-changes to ease future maintenance consumed several weeks even though
-the "real work" was done by others. We hope we have learned not to let
-this happen again.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>COFF support</B>
-
-It is now possible to run the entire suite of GNU software tools
-on system V, replacing COFF entirely.
-
-First you install the GNU compiler, assembler, linker and other
-utilities. Then you use the program `Robotussin'---COFF medicine for
-your computer--to convert the system libraries from COFF format
-to GNU (i.e. BSD) format.
-
-When you compile programs, you will get ordinary GNU/BSD object files.
-Linking these with the GNU linker will produce GNU/BSD executables with
-a small amount of COFF header material to encapsulate them so that the
-kernel can run them. The other GNU utilities such as `size', `nm'
-and `strip' know how to operate on these encapsulated files.
-
-We can't afford to take the time to implement or even maintain actual
-COFF support in these utilities. Completing the GNU system is more
-important to us.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Compiler-related programs</B>
-
-
-<UL>
-<LI>
-
-<B>C<CODE>++</CODE></B>
-
-Michael Tiemann of Stanford University (once of MCC) has written a
-C<CODE>++</CODE> compiler as an extension of GNU C. This is the first
-compiler that compiles C<CODE>++</CODE> directly instead of preprocessing it
-into C.
-
-A review comparing G<CODE>++</CODE> with two commercial C<CODE>++</CODE>
compilers
-appeared in the November, 1988 issue of Unix Review magazine. The high
-marks convinced us it was time to start beta testing, so C<CODE>++</CODE> is
-now included on the beta tape.
-We are now working on integrating it with the C compiler; the design
-issues have been solved and a merged version will probably be released
-by the end of February.
-GDB version 3.0 includes support for debugging C<CODE>++</CODE> code, which
-will make the program GDB<CODE>+</CODE> obsolete.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Assembler</B>
-
-We have a partially-portable one pass assembler, GAS, that is almost
-twice as fast as the Unix assembler. It now works for Vaxes, 680x0,
-32x32 and 80386. Porting it to other machines should not be hard.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>C<CODE>++</CODE> library</B>
-
-Doug Lea is writing `libg<CODE>++</CODE>', a library including utility classes
-support for C<CODE>++</CODE>.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Object file utilities</B>
-
-The GNU replacements for `ld', `nm', `size', `gprof', `strip', `ranlib',
-etc., were recently released for testing as part of the GCC test
-distribution.
-The GNU linker `ld' runs significantly faster than the BSD version. Our
-`ld' is the only one that will give you source-line numbered error
-messages for multiply-defined symbols and undefined references.
-<LI>
-
-<B>`gprof' replacement</B>
-
-Foundation staffer Jay Fenlason has completed a profiler to go
-with GNU C, compatible with `gprof' from Berkeley Unix. It is now
-in the binary file utilities release.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>GNU Make extended</B>
-
-We have been distributing the GNU Make for several months. An extended
-version, which includes more text-processing capabilities and static
-rules, will be released soon.
-Here is how a GNU Makefile can say that the file <TT>`foo'</TT> is linked
-from the object files of all C source files in the current directory:
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+<html>
+<head>
-<PRE>
+ <title>GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 6 - GNU Project - Free Software
+ Foundation (FSF)</title>
+ <link rev="made" href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#1F00FF" alink=
+"#FF0000" vlink="#9900DD">
+ <h1>GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 6</h1>
+ <!-- These quick navigation menu bar lines can't be longer then about -->
+ <!-- 72 characters or lynx will break then poorly. -->
+ <!-- If we add more then 2 lines, they will become too cluttered to be -->
+ <!-- quickly and easily understood. -->
+ <!-- Obviously, we list ONLY the most useful/important URLs here. -->
+ <!-- Some major categories should have this menu at the top -->
+ <!-- <CENTER> -->
+ <!-- <A HREF="/index.html" -->
+ <!-- NAME = "index">Home</A>| -->
+ <!-- <A HREF="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Philosophy</a>| -->
+ <!-- <A HREF="/order/order.html">Order</A>| -->
+ <!-- <A HREF="/order/ftp.html">Download</A>| -->
+ <!-- <A HREF="/software/software.html">Software</A>| -->
+ <!-- <A HREF="/doc/doc.html">Documentation</a> -->
+ <!-- </CENTER> -->
+ <a href="/graphics/gnu-head-sm.jpg"><img src=
+ "/graphics/gnu-head-sm.jpg" alt=" [image of the Head of a GNU] "
+ width="129" height="122"></a>
+ <hr>
+
+ <h1>Table of Contents</h1>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li style="list-style: none; display: inline">
+ <div style="margin-left: 2em">
+ <ul>
+ <li><a name="TOC1" href="bull6.html#SEC1" id=
+ "TOC1">Contents</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </li>
+
+ <li><a name="TOC2" href="bull6.html#SEC2" id="TOC2">Blank
+ Page</a></li>
+
+ <li>
+ <a name="TOC3" href="bull6.html#SEC3" id="TOC3">GNU's Who</a>
+
+ <div style="margin-left: 2em">
+ <ul>
+ <li><a name="TOC4" href="bull6.html#SEC4" id="TOC4">GNU's
+ Bulletin</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </li>
+
+ <li><a name="TOC5" href="bull6.html#SEC5" id="TOC5">What Is the
+ Free Software Foundation?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a name="TOC6" href="bull6.html#SEC6" id="TOC6">What Is
+ Copyleft?</a></li>
+
+ <li><a name="TOC7" href="bull6.html#SEC7" id="TOC7">GNU in
+ Japan</a></li>
+
+ <li><a name="TOC8" href="bull6.html#SEC8" id="TOC8">The General
+ Public License as a Subroutine</a></li>
+
+ <li>
+ <a name="TOC9" href="bull6.html#SEC9" id="TOC9">GNUsworthy
+ Flashes</a>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><a name="TOC10" href="bull6.html#SEC10" id="TOC10">GNU
+ Wish List</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+
+ <li><a name="TOC11" href="bull6.html#SEC11" id="TOC11">My
+ Thoughts on the GNU License</a></li>
+
+ <li><a name="TOC12" href="bull6.html#SEC12" id="TOC12">GNU
+ Documentation</a></li>
+
+ <li><a name="TOC13" href="bull6.html#SEC13" id="TOC13">GNU
+ Project Status Report</a></li>
+
+ <li><a name="TOC14" href="bull6.html#SEC14" id="TOC14">GNU
+ "Clip Art" Contest</a></li>
+
+ <li>
+ <a name="TOC15" href="bull6.html#SEC15" id="TOC15">GNU
+ Software Available Now</a>
+
+ <div style="margin-left: 2em">
+ <ul>
+ <li><a name="TOC16" href="bull6.html#SEC16" id=
+ "TOC16">Contents of Release tape</a></li>
+
+ <li><a name="TOC17" href="bull6.html#SEC17" id=
+ "TOC17">Contents of Beta Test Tape</a></li>
+
+ <li><a name="TOC18" href="bull6.html#SEC18" id=
+ "TOC18">Contents of X11 Tape.</a></li>
+
+ <li><a name="TOC19" href="bull6.html#SEC19" id=
+ "TOC19">VMS Emacs and Compiler Tapes</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </li>
+
+ <li><a name="TOC20" href="bull6.html#SEC20" id="TOC20">How To
+ Get GNU Software</a></li>
+
+ <li><a name="TOC21" href="bull6.html#SEC21" id="TOC21">Thank
+ GNUs</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ <hr>
+
+ <h3><a name="SEC1" href="bull6.html#TOC1" id=
+ "SEC1">Contents</a></h3>
+
+ <h1><a name="SEC2" href="bull6.html#TOC2" id="SEC2">Blank
+ Page</a></h1>
+
+ <p>This page is blank so the numbering come out right.</p>
+
+ <h1><a name="SEC3" href="bull6.html#TOC3" id="SEC3">GNU's
+ Who</a></h1>
+
+ <p><b>Randy Smith</b> has joined us as a full-time programmer. He
+ is currently maintaining and extending GDB. Our summer people,
+ <b>Pete TerMaat</b>, <b>Phil Nelson</b>, and <b>Mike Haertel</b>,
+ have returned to school--to study or to teach. Pete worked on
+ GDB, Phil on the GNU versions of `cpio' and `dbm', and Mike, who
+ continues to work for us part time, on `diff', `egrep' and
+ `sort'.</p>
+
+ <p><b>Joe Arceneaux</b> spent a couple of weeks with us this fall
+ making Emacs version 19 work with X windows version 11.</p>
+
+ <p><b>Nobuyuki</b> and <b>Mieko</b> <b>Hikichi</b> continue with
+ us on loan from Software Research Associates in Tokyo. At FSF,
+ Nobu is extending GDB with a C interpreter that he is writing.
+ Mieko is helping user-test GNU documentation and is translating
+ some of it into Japanese. <b>Diane Barlow Close</b>, our first
+ full-time technical writer, is writing the documentation for all
+ of the small Unix utilities that have been completed for us,
+ while living in San Diego, CA.</p>
+
+ <p>Meanwhile, <b>Brian Fox</b> is still working for us at UC
+ Santa Barbara. He recently completed GNU's version of `sh', the
+ `Bourne Again Shell', that incorporates features found in the
+ Korn and C shells. <b>Jay Fenlason</b> is writing a spreadsheet
+ program for the project and maintaining the GNU assembler, `tar',
+ and `sed'.</p>
+
+ <p><b>Opus Goldstein</b> is our jack-of-all-trades office staff.
+ If you call our office, she is the one who answers. She fills the
+ orders, and handles the day-to-day operations of the Foundation.
+ <b>Robert Chassell</b> is our Treasurer. Besides dealing with
+ corporate issues not related to programming, he is working on an
+ elementary introduction to programming in Emacs Lisp.</p>
+
+ <p><b>Richard Stallman</b> continues to do countless tasks,
+ including refining the C compiler, GNU Emacs, etc. and their
+ documentation. <b>Paul Rubin</b> is writing a graphic editing
+ extension for GNU Emacs. Finally, <b>Len Tower</b> continues as
+ our electronic JOAT (jack-of-all-trades), handling mailing lists,
+ information requests, system mothering et al.</p>
+
+ <h3><a name="SEC4" href="bull6.html#TOC4" id="SEC4">GNU's
+ Bulletin</a></h3>
+
+ <p>Copyright (C) 1989 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+ <p>Written by: Randy Smith, Paul Rubin, Robert Chassell,<br>
+ Leonard H. Tower Jr., Richard Stallman and Opus Goldstein</p>
+
+ <p>Illustrations: Etienne Suvasa</p>
+
+ <blockquote>
+ <p>Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute
+ verbatim copies of this document as received, in any medium,
+ provided that the copyright notice and permission notice are
+ preserved, and that the distributor grants the recipient
+ permission for further redistribution as permitted by this
+ notice.</p>
+ </blockquote>
+
+ <h1><a name="SEC5" href="bull6.html#TOC5" id="SEC5">What Is the
+ Free Software Foundation?</a></h1>
+
+ <p>The Free Software Foundation is dedicated to eliminating
+ restrictions on copying, redistribution, understanding and
+ modification of computer programs. We do this by promoting the
+ development and use of free software in all areas of computer
+ use. Specifically, we are putting together a complete integrated
+ software system called "GNU" (GNU's Not Unix) that will be upward
+ compatible with Unix. Some large parts of this system are already
+ working and we are distributing them now.</p>
+
+ <p>The word "free" in our name refers to two specific freedoms:
+ first, the freedom to copy a program and give it away to your
+ friends and co-workers; second, the freedom to change a program
+ as you wish, by having full access to source code. Furthermore,
+ you can study the source and learn how such programs are written.
+ You may then be able to port it, improve it, and share your
+ changes with others.</p>
+
+ <p>Other organizations distribute whatever free software happens
+ to be available. By contrast, FSF concentrates on development of
+ new free software, building toward a GNU system complete enough
+ to eliminate the need to purchase a proprietary system.</p>
+
+ <p>Besides developing GNU, the Foundation has secondary
+ functions: producing tapes and printed manuals of GNU software,
+ carrying out distribution, and accepting gifts to support GNU
+ development. We are tax exempt; you can deduct donations to us on
+ your tax returns. Our development effort is funded partly from
+ donations and partly from distribution fees. Note that the
+ distribution fees purchase just the service of distribution: you
+ never have to pay anyone license fees to use GNU software, and
+ you always have the freedom to make your copy from a friend's
+ computer at no charge (provided your friend is willing).</p>
+
+ <p>The Foundation also maintains a Service Directory: a list of
+ people who offer service for pay to individual users of GNU
+ programs and systems. Service can mean answering questions for
+ new users, customizing programs, porting to new systems, or
+ anything else. Contact us if you want to be listed.</p>
+
+ <p>After we create our programs, we continually update and
+ improve them. We release between 2 and 20 updates a year, for
+ various programs. Doing this while developing new programs takes
+ a lot of work, so any donations of pertinent source code and
+ documentation, machines, labor or money are always
+ appreciated.</p>
+
+ <h1><a name="SEC6" href="bull6.html#TOC6" id="SEC6">What Is
+ Copyleft?</a></h1>
+
+ <p>In the article "What Is the Free Software Foundation," we
+ state that "you never have to pay anyone license fees to use GNU
+ software, and you always have the freedom to make your copy from
+ a friend's computer at no charge." What exactly do we mean by
+ this, and how do we make sure that it stays true?</p>
+
+ <p>The simplest way to make a program free is to put it in the
+ public domain. Then people who get it from sharers can share it
+ with others. But bad citizens can also do what they like to do:
+ sell binary-only versions under typical
+ don't-share-with-your-neighbor licenses. They would thus enjoy
+ the benefits of the freeness of the original program while
+ withholding these benefits from the users. It could easily come
+ about that most users get the program this way, and our goal of
+ making the program free for <em>all</em> users would have been
+ undermined.</p>
+
+ <p>To prevent this from happening, we don't normally place GNU
+ programs in the public domain. Instead, we protect them by what
+ we call <em>copylefts</em>. A copyleft is a legal instrument that
+ makes everybody free to copy a program as long as the person
+ getting the copy gets with it the freedom to distribute further
+ copies, and the freedom to modify their copy (which means that
+ they must get access to the source code). Typical software
+ companies use copyrights to take away these freedoms; now we
+ software sharers use copylefts to preserve these freedoms.</p>
+
+ <p>The copyleft used by the GNU project is made from a
+ combination of a copyright notice and the <em>GNU General Public
+ License</em>. The copyright notice is the usual kind. The General
+ Public License is a copying license which basically says that you
+ have the freedoms we want you to have and that you can't take
+ these freedoms away from anyone else. (The actual document
+ consists of several pages of rather complicated legalbol that our
+ lawyer said we needed.) A copy of the complete license is
+ included in all GNU source code distributions and many manuals,
+ and we will send you a printed copy on request.</p>
+
+ <h1><a name="SEC7" href="bull6.html#TOC7" id="SEC7">GNU in
+ Japan</a></h1>
+
+ <p>by Mieko Hikichi</p>
+
+ <p>The GNU Project was described in a seminar at the Unix Fair in
+ Tokyo last December This seminar was the first official
+ introduction of GNU in Japan.</p>
+
+ <p>I had translated the GNU's Bulletin into Japanese and 500
+ copies were distributed. Mr. Yoshitaka Tokugawa talked about what
+ is GNU, how to get GNU software and about the GNU license. This
+ was followed by a talk about the Japanese version of GNU Emacs by
+ Mr. Handa Ken'ichi.</p>
+
+ <h1><a name="SEC8" href="bull6.html#TOC8" id="SEC8">The General
+ Public License as a Subroutine</a></h1>
+
+ <p>We are about to make a sweeping, revolutionary change in the
+ General Public License. The terms for copying will be essentially
+ unchanged, but the architecture of the legalbol framework used to
+ embody them will make a quantum leap.</p>
+
+ <p>In the past, each copylefted program had to have its own copy
+ of the General Public License contained in it. Often it was
+ necessary to modify the license to mention the name of the
+ program it applied to. Other people who wanted to copyleft
+ programs had to modify the text even more, to replace our name
+ with theirs.</p>
+
+ <p>To make it easier to copyleft programs, we have been improving
+ on the legalbol architecture of the General Public License to
+ produce a new version that serves as a general-purpose
+ subroutine: it can apply to any program without modification, no
+ matter who is publishing it. All that's needed is a brief notice
+ in the program itself, to say that the General Public License
+ applies. Directions on doing this accompany the General Public
+ License, so you can easily copyleft your programs.</p>
+
+ <p>We've also taken the opportunity to make it explicit that any
+ subsequent changes in future versions the General Public License
+ cannot take away the rights you were previously given, if you
+ have a program that you received under an earlier version.</p>
+
+ <p>The new version will appear soon; new GNU programs and new
+ versions of existing GNU software will refer to it to specify
+ their copying conditions.</p>
+
+ <h1><a name="SEC9" href="bull6.html#TOC9" id="SEC9">GNUsworthy
+ Flashes</a></h1>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><b>Donation from Hewlett-Packard</b> As part of their
+ program to make their machines more attractive to academic
+ users, Hewlett-Packard is giving us $100,000. This money was
+ given to us to make sure that we have funds to rent office
+ space for several years. Of course, if someone were to give us
+ office space, we could use the money to hire more people. In
+ addition, the company is supporting Michael Tiemann's work at
+ Stanford to port G<code>++</code> to the Spectrum.</li>
+
+ <li><b>New Machines</b> Since the last GNUs Bull in June 1988,
+ we have received three new machines on loan and three as gifts.
+ Thinking Machine, Inc. has loaned us a Sun 4/110, and Intel has
+ loaned us an Intel 386. K. Richard Magill has given us an
+ AT&T Unix PC and Hewlett-Packard is giving us three
+ Spectrums in addition to the funds mentioned above. This makes
+ for a total of 13 machines given or loaned to FSF.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Some parts of BSD are becoming free</b> After years of
+ urging from us and others, the people who maintain Berkeley
+ Unix have decided to release various parts of it (those which
+ don't contain AT&T code) separately as free software. This
+ includes substantial programs which we hope to use in GNU, such
+ as TCP/IP support and possibly the C-shell. The files freed in
+ the 4.3 BSD-Tahoe distribution are now on the beta test tape.
+ Also, the next release of Berkeley Unix may contain the Make,
+ AWK, and `sh' from the GNU Project instead of those from Unix.
+ The reason is that the people at Berkeley would like to have
+ improvements in these programs like those in system V.3, but
+ they find the new restrictions on V.3 licenses unpalatable.
+ Both we and they hope they never get a V.3 license. We may help
+ them avoid it by providing alternative software. GNU Make
+ already supports the system V features, as does GAWK. Both
+ programs are in beta test.</li>
+
+ <li><b>The Bison manual is here</b> Dick Karpinski of UCSF
+ offered a prize of $1000 for a usable draft of a manual for
+ Bison (our species of Yacc). Chuck Donnelly responded with a
+ draft which we have turned into a final version. Texinfo source
+ comes on both the release and beta test tapes. Hardcopy may be
+ ordered directly from the Foundation.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Ghostscript status</b> Ghostscript, the free Postscript
+ for GNU, is being distributed. It is now in beta test.</li>
+
+ <li><b>NeXT, Inc. is using GNU software on their machines</b>
+ NeXT has decided to use GNU Emacs, GCC, GAS and GDB as part of
+ their standard operating system; they are the first computer
+ manufacturer to do so. Other manufacturers have expressed an
+ interest; we are awaiting developments.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Distribution of 80386 Floppies on hold</b> We are
+ holding investigating distribution of floppies for 80386
+ machines until we have a working library. Since system V on the
+ 80386 usually comes with no library as well as no C compiler,
+ no assembler and no linker, we don't think this distribution
+ medium will be worth while until we can supply all of them.
+ This is being worked on, but it will not be ready very soon. We
+ will announce on the <code>info-gnu</code> mailing list and
+ <code>gnu.announce</code> newsgroup when we have more
+ information.</li>
+
+ <li><b>texi2roff</b> Beverly Erlebacher of Toronto, Canada
+ wrote `texi2roff'. This program translates GNU Texinfo files
+ into a format that can be printed by the Unix `[nt]roff'
+ programs utilizing the `mm', `ms' or `me' macro packages.
+ Though we won't be maintaining this program, we include it on
+ our tapes to allow people without TeX to print out our
+ documentation.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <h2><a name="SEC10" href="bull6.html#TOC10" id="SEC10">GNU Wish
+ List</a></h2>
+
+ <p>Wishes for this issue are for:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>Volunteers to help write utilities and documentation. One
+ important programming project is writing a Fortran compiler
+ front end for GCC; documentation particularly needed includes
+ manuals for Ghostscript and FLEX.</li>
+
+ <li>FSF is looking to hire additional full-time people to work
+ on Project GNU both as programmers and as technical writers. We
+ are looking for a few good entities (male or female, carbon or
+ silicon based) to work for an activist wage. You must either be
+ in Cambridge, Mass or be able to maintain good electronic
+ communication with us. Contact
+ <code>address@hidden</code> or send mail to Richard
+ Stallman c/o the Free Software Foundation if you are
+ interested.</li>
+
+ <li>Office space (lent or donated) in or around Kendall
+ Square.</li>
+
+ <li>Professors who might be interested in sponsoring research
+ assistantships with full or partial FSF support to do GNU
+ development, or hosting FSF employees.</li>
+
+ <li>Money, as always. Please remember, donations are
+ tax-deductible. With the latest donations, we have been able to
+ expand our staff. One way to give us a small amount of money is
+ to order a distribution tape or two. This may not count as a
+ donation for tax purposes, but for many people it can qualify
+ as a business expense.</li>
+
+ <li>Someone skilled in compiler maintenance who could take over
+ GCC maintenance for RMS. This would probably be be a full-time
+ job.</li>
+
+ <li>Interesting, fun GNU graphics. Ghostscript source or
+ otherwise. See <cite>GNU "Clip Art" Contest</cite> later in
+ this issue for more details.</li>
+
+ <li>Copies of newspaper and journal articles mentioning the GNU
+ Project. Send these to the addresses on the front cover.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <h1><a name="SEC11" href="bull6.html#TOC11" id="SEC11">My
+ Thoughts on the GNU License</a></h1>
+
+ <p>by Doug Lea</p>
+
+ <p><em>[This article is reproduced from a posting to the
+ <code>info-g++</code> and <code>info-gcc</code> mailing lists and
+ does not necessarily represent the opinions of the Free Software
+ Foundation.--- Editor]</em></p>
+
+ <p>I have not participated publicly in the recent discussions
+ about the legal ramifications of the GNU License Agreement until
+ now because (1) I am not a lawyer and (2) I find myself in
+ agreement with Stallman's decision to proceed very carefully in
+ deciding whether and how to modify the Agreement to accommodate
+ people who would like to sell works that may or may not be
+ considered as `derived' from GNU software, depending on what
+ `derived' is defined to mean.</p>
+
+ <p>However, the recent proposal by Gilmore and others appears to
+ demand a personal response from me (not RMS or FSF) as the author
+ of most of GNU `libg<code>++</code>'. I would like to briefly
+ outline why I support FSF goals, and specifically, the Agreement,
+ in a way that bears only indirectly on legal principles.</p>
+
+ <p>I am, primarily, a teacher in a liberal arts college. As such,
+ I stand for the `free' dissemination of ideas. Historically,
+ (please forgive any botching of historical facts to suit my
+ needs, but that's what history is for!) the main tool by which
+ intellectual property has been allowed to be widely disseminated
+ (read `taught') while at the same time both crediting
+ originators, and protecting the works from corruption,
+ mis--attribution, and so on, has been the notion of Copyright.
+ For these reasons, the introduction of copyright laws is widely
+ considered to have been an important step in accelerating
+ intellectual and scientific progress.</p>
+
+ <p>Sadly, in the science of computing, this solution has not
+ stood up well. While, in many disciplines, the price of a
+ copyrighted work to be used for study is well within the reach of
+ those who could best benefit from it (e.g., a copy of "War and
+ Peace" might be $5, or even $50, but not $50,000), the economics
+ of computing have, for the most part, priced copyrighted software
+ out of the reach of students (and most others). Most readers
+ would agree that the study of high-quality existing programs is
+ among the better methods for learning about the art of
+ programming. These days, one cannot legally show, discuss, and
+ teach from, say, Unix or Lotus source code.</p>
+
+ <p>I believe that Stallman's notion that the economics of
+ copyright can be separated from its role in the protection and
+ propagation of intellectual property is as good a solution to
+ this dilemma as we are likely to get. There are many of us,
+ especially those of us in academe, who are actually very pleased
+ to devote some time and effort to writing software without any
+ direct monetyary compensation. For all sorts of reasons. (For
+ example, in my case, with `libg<code>++</code>', as a means to
+ further investigate the pragmatics of object-oriented programming
+ and so on. Or maybe it's just incorrigible hacking. Whatever.
+ )</p>
+
+ <p>Now I, and many others, I suspect, are not terribly worried
+ about maintaining proper authorship credit, etc., of such work.
+ The reason that the GNU License Agreement is attractive is mainly
+ that it keeps accessible the work that I intended to be
+ accessible, but also generally offers all other benefits that
+ Copyright engenders, but that the mere act of placing work in the
+ `public domain' would not.</p>
+
+ <p>It is an unfortunate fact that the GNU Agreement currently
+ stands in the way of such work being used in honest ways by
+ honest programmers who do have to worry about the economic
+ ramifications. I personally hope that exactly the right
+ accommodations are made to allow fair and sensible use while
+ maintaining the ideals that make the GNU solution work. There are
+ many sticky legalistic points involved in doing so. I do hope
+ that Stallman is able to find such a solution soon enough to make
+ alternative approaches less attractive, but not so hastily as to
+ compromise the goals of FSF (which I am sure he will not do).</p>
+
+ <h1><a name="SEC12" href="bull6.html#TOC12" id="SEC12">GNU
+ Documentation</a></h1>
+
+ <p>Software distributed as part of the GNU system always comes
+ with sources for both on-line documentation and printable
+ manuals. On-line documentation is provided because printed
+ documentation is often misplaced or is being read by someone else
+ when you want it; and because, in many situations, it is easier
+ to find the piece of information that you need in an interactive
+ on-line help system. At the same time, printed documentation is
+ provided because it is often easier to read or preferred.</p>
+
+ <p>When GNU documentation is printed, it is produced as a typeset
+ book with chapters, indices, cross references and the like. The
+ on-line documentation is a menu-driven system which also uses
+ indices and cross references.</p>
+
+ <p>However, instead of writing two different documents, one for
+ the on-line documentation and the other for the printed manual,
+ GNU documentation uses a single Texinfo source file for both
+ purposes. This saves the effort of writing two different
+ documents and means that when the system is revised, only one
+ source file has to be revised.</p>
+
+ <p>Since the single Texinfo source file is used for a dual
+ task--to create both the on-line documentation and the printed
+ manual--it must be written in a special format so that the
+ chapters and sections of the printed manual will correspond to
+ the nodes of the on-line documentation and the indices and cross
+ references will correspond to various menus.</p>
+
+ <p>To make the printed manual, the Texinfo source file is
+ processed through the TeX typesetting program. To make the
+ on-line documentation, using GNU Emacs, the Texinfo source file
+ is processed with the <kbd>M-x texinfo-format-buffer</kbd>
+ command; the resulting Info file is installed in the
+ <tt>`info'</tt> directory which you reach by typing <kbd>C-h
+ i</kbd>.</p>
+
+ <p>(Non-GNU software distributed by the Free Software Foundation
+ does not always have Texinfo documentation, although we encourage
+ everyone to document with it.)</p>
+
+ <p>All of the following manuals, which we are currently
+ distributing on our tapes, are also available in hardcopy from
+ the Foundation; see the order form on the inside back cover.</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><b>Emacs Manual</b> The <cite>Emacs Manual</cite> describes
+ how to use GNU Emacs. The manual not only explains Emacs'
+ editing features, but it also explains advanced features, such
+ as outline mode and regular expression search. The manual tells
+ how to use the special modes for programming in languages sucha
+ as C and Lisp, how to use the tags utility, and how to compile
+ and correct code. It also describes how to make your own
+ keybindings and make other elementary customizations.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Texinfo Manual</b> The <cite>Texinfo Manual</cite>
+ describes how to write documents in Texinfo source code. It
+ describes the markup language used to create both an Info file
+ and a printed document from the same source file: how to make
+ tables and lists, how to make chapters and nodes, how to make
+ indices and cross references. The manual also describe how to
+ use Texinfo Mode in GNU Emacs and how to catch mistakes.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Termcap Manual</b> The <cite>Termcap Manual</cite> is
+ often described as "Twice as much as you ever wanted to know
+ about Termcap". The manual describes the format of the Termcap
+ data base, the definitions of terminal capabilities and how to
+ find and interrogate a terminal description. This manual is
+ primarily for programmers.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Bison Manual</b> The <cite>Bison Manual</cite> describes
+ how to write a grammar description that Bison can convert into
+ a C program that can parse that grammar. It describes the
+ concepts and then provides a series of increasingly complex
+ examples before describing what goes on in considerable
+ detail.</li>
+
+ <li><b>GDB Manual</b> The <cite>GDB Manual</cite> explains how
+ to use the GNU DeBugger. It describes how to run your program
+ under control of the debugger, how to examine and alter data
+ within the program, and how to modify the flow of control
+ within the program. It also explains how to use GDB through GNU
+ Emacs, with auto-display of source lines.</li>
+
+ <li><b>GAWK Manual</b> The <cite>GAWK Manual</cite> describes
+ how to use the GNU implementation of AWK. It is written for
+ someone who has never used AWK before, and describes all the
+ features of this powerful string manipulating language.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Make Manual</b> The <cite>Make Manual</cite> describes
+ the GNU Make utility, a program used to recompile parts of
+ other programs when and as needed. The manual tells how to
+ write a Makefile, which describes how to recompile the parts of
+ your program and how they depend on each other.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <h1><a name="SEC13" href="bull6.html#TOC13" id="SEC13">GNU
+ Project Status Report</a></h1>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>
+ <b>GNU Emacs</b> GNU Emacs 18 is now being distributed. It is
+ in wide use on several kinds of BSD 4.2 and 4.3 systems and
+ on system V, VMS and Apollo Domain. Version 18.52, the
+ current version, adds support for the 80386, the Sun 4, the
+ Convex, the IRIS 4D and the HP 9000 series 800; also support
+ for system V.3. Berkeley is distributing GNU Emacs with the
+ 4.3 distribution, DEC is distributing it with Unix systems on
+ Vaxes, and NeXT is shipping it. Emacs 18 maintenance is about
+ to be finished, and version 19 is being worked on. New
+ features so far include multiple X windows, scroll bars,
+ per-buffer redefinition of mouse commands, support for
+ European character sets, source-level debugging for Emacs
+ Lisp, and floating point numbers. Planned possible new
+ features include:
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>Associating property lists with portions of the text in
+ a buffer.</li>
+
+ <li>Using the properties to control which text is
+ visible.</li>
+
+ <li>Different visibility conditions for many windows
+ showing one buffer.</li>
+
+ <li>Incremental syntax analysis for various programming
+ languages.</li>
+
+ <li>An object-oriented graphics-drawing extension.</li>
+
+ <li>Hooks to be run if point moves outside a certain
+ range.</li>
+ </ul>Once I get time to work on it, it will take several
+ months of work to do this, so don't ask when Emacs 19 will be
+ available for beta test. We will announce it.
+ </li>
+
+ <li><b>Improved GAWK available</b> David Trueman has written
+ the new System V extensions to GAWK and the results are now
+ available on the beta tape. Meanwhile, a manual for GAWK is on
+ its way.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Shells</b> Brian Fox has now completed GNU's version of
+ `sh', called the `Bourne Again Shell'. In addition to Korn
+ shell features, it now has job control and both Emacs-style and
+ `csh'-style command history. There is a good chance that the C
+ Shell from BSD will be declared free software by Berkeley, so
+ we won't need to write that.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Kernel</b> We hope to use the MACH message-passing
+ kernel being developed at CMU. The current version of MACH is
+ not free, and cannot be, because it contains the file system
+ code from BSD. However, the MACH developers say that all this
+ will be replaced with free code, or at least moved into user
+ processes, and MACH will be free then. This version of MACH is
+ supposed to be released in a few months (as of December 1988).
+ If MACH does not become available, then we will probably
+ develop the GNU kernel starting with either MIT's TRIX kernel
+ or Berkeley's Sprite system. TRIX is a remote procedure call
+ kernel that runs and supports basic Unix compatibility at about
+ the level of version 7. So it needs a lot of additional
+ features. Sprite is mostly at the architectural level of BSD
+ Unix, but with a fancy distributed file system and process
+ migration. One thing we are considering is adapting the file
+ system from Berkeley's Sprite kernel for use in MACH. This file
+ system was designed from the beginning to work in a distributed
+ manner. The file system is the largest part of MACH that needs
+ replacement, now that the Berkeley TCP/IP code, also used in
+ MACH, has been declared free.</li>
+
+ <li><b>GNU DeBugger</b> The GNU source-level C debugger, GDB,
+ is now being distributed along with Emacs version 18. Currently
+ it runs under BSD 4.2 and 4.3 on Vaxes and Suns. It can also
+ run stand-alone so we can use it to debug the kernel. An
+ over-the-ethernet debugging mode may be added. Work is being
+ done on debugging of multiple process parallel programs. GDB
+ support for the 32000 is in the current version. GDB can now
+ read COFF executables, and it is just starting to work on
+ system V. GDB 3.0, recently released for testing, can read
+ symbol tables incrementally; this results in much faster
+ startup and much less memory use. It also has C<code>++</code>
+ support and can run on the 80386 and the Sun 4, as well as on
+ some Gould machines. Future versions of GDB may support
+ watchpoints, and command editing with identifier
+ completion.</li>
+
+ <li><b>C Compiler</b> The GNU C Compiler GCC is now nearly
+ reliable. It supports the May 1988 draft of ANSI C. People are
+ still reporting bugs, but they also say they think there are
+ fewer bugs than in commercial compilers. Some of these bugs
+ were uncovered by John Gilmore, who has been compiling all of
+ BSD Unix with GNU C. A review comparing GCC with two commercial
+ C compilers appeared in the March, 1988 issue of Unix Review
+ magazine. The compiler performs automatic register allocation,
+ common subexpression elimination, invariant code motion from
+ loops, induction variable optimizations, constant propagation
+ and copy propagation, delaying popping of function call
+ arguments, tail recursion elimination, plus many local
+ optimizations that are automatically deduced from the machine
+ description. CPUs supported include the 680x0, Vax, 32x32,
+ 80386, Sparc (Sun 4), SPUR and Alliant. Ports for the Convex,
+ the IBM 370, the IBM PC/RT, the 3b2, some sort of Gould
+ machine, the HP Spectrum, the AMD 29000, the MIPS RISC chips,
+ and the Motorola 88000 are on their way. GCC makes shorter and
+ faster 68020 code than the new Sun compiler with -O. The new
+ Sun compiler can't beat GCC despite taking 3 times as long. As
+ of version 1.31, GCC also wins on the Sun 4. GCC makes shorter
+ Vax code than the Tartan C compiler with -O4, but we haven't
+ been able to compare the running speed of that code. A National
+ 32000 port done by Michael Tiemann on a Sequent 32000 system is
+ said to be more reliable than Sequent's compiler and yields a
+ 40% speedup for several programs including a Prolog
+ interpreter. In the future, if we have time, we would like to
+ implement some more language extensions, plus facilities for
+ precompilation of header files to save time when the headers
+ are large and the source files are small. We might also do some
+ other language front ends, but there seems to be enough
+ interest among remote GNUers in doing this that we might as
+ well leave it to them. Enough internal documentation is
+ included for people interested in retargeting the compiler to
+ other CPUs to do so.</li>
+
+ <li><b>GNU C for VMS</b> Fed up with the deficiencies of the
+ VMS C compiler, David Kashtan from SRI decided to spend a
+ couple of weeks and make GNU C run on VMS. After making
+ considerable changes to satisfy the VMS C compiler, he got it
+ running and was able to take most of the changes out. The VMS
+ support code is now part of the regular compiler distribution.
+ The ordinary VMS C compiler (even if you have it) has bugs and
+ therefore cannot compile GNU C: you need an executable of GNU
+ C. We offer mag tapes containing VMS binaries of GNU C (as well
+ as sources) so you can get started. Other GNU programs
+ currently working on VMS include GNU Emacs and Bison. Please
+ don't ask us to devote effort to additional VMS support,
+ because it is peripheral to the GNU project. We merge in and
+ support VMS ports that users do, because it is hard to refuse
+ to pass along work that other people have done. But even when
+ the changes are clean, this drains considerable effort from our
+ real goal, which is to produce a complete integrated system.
+ (When they aren't clean, we summon up the courage to ignore
+ them.) Merging VMS GNU Emacs and reorganizing the changes to
+ ease future maintenance consumed several weeks even though the
+ "real work" was done by others. We hope we have learned not to
+ let this happen again.</li>
+
+ <li><b>COFF support</b> It is now possible to run the entire
+ suite of GNU software tools on system V, replacing COFF
+ entirely. First you install the GNU compiler, assembler, linker
+ and other utilities. Then you use the program
+ `Robotussin'---COFF medicine for your computer--to convert the
+ system libraries from COFF format to GNU (i.e. BSD) format.
+ When you compile programs, you will get ordinary GNU/BSD object
+ files. Linking these with the GNU linker will produce GNU/BSD
+ executables with a small amount of COFF header material to
+ encapsulate them so that the kernel can run them. The other GNU
+ utilities such as `size', `nm' and `strip' know how to operate
+ on these encapsulated files. We can't afford to take the time
+ to implement or even maintain actual COFF support in these
+ utilities. Completing the GNU system is more important to
+ us.</li>
+
+ <li>
+ <b>Compiler-related programs</b>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><b>C<code>++</code></b> Michael Tiemann of Stanford
+ University (once of MCC) has written a C<code>++</code>
+ compiler as an extension of GNU C. This is the first
+ compiler that compiles C<code>++</code> directly instead of
+ preprocessing it into C. A review comparing
+ G<code>++</code> with two commercial C<code>++</code>
+ compilers appeared in the November, 1988 issue of Unix
+ Review magazine. The high marks convinced us it was time to
+ start beta testing, so C<code>++</code> is now included on
+ the beta tape. We are now working on integrating it with
+ the C compiler; the design issues have been solved and a
+ merged version will probably be released by the end of
+ February. GDB version 3.0 includes support for debugging
+ C<code>++</code> code, which will make the program
+ GDB<code>+</code> obsolete.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Assembler</b> We have a partially-portable one pass
+ assembler, GAS, that is almost twice as fast as the Unix
+ assembler. It now works for Vaxes, 680x0, 32x32 and 80386.
+ Porting it to other machines should not be hard.</li>
+
+ <li><b>C<code>++</code> library</b> Doug Lea is writing
+ `libg<code>++</code>', a library including utility classes
+ support for C<code>++</code>.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Object file utilities</b> The GNU replacements for
+ `ld', `nm', `size', `gprof', `strip', `ranlib', etc., were
+ recently released for testing as part of the GCC test
+ distribution. The GNU linker `ld' runs significantly faster
+ than the BSD version. Our `ld' is the only one that will
+ give you source-line numbered error messages for
+ multiply-defined symbols and undefined references.</li>
+
+ <li><b>`gprof' replacement</b> Foundation staffer Jay
+ Fenlason has completed a profiler to go with GNU C,
+ compatible with `gprof' from Berkeley Unix. It is now in
+ the binary file utilities release.</li>
+
+ <li>
+ <b>GNU Make extended</b> We have been distributing the
+ GNU Make for several months. An extended version, which
+ includes more text-processing capabilities and static
+ rules, will be released soon. Here is how a GNU Makefile
+ can say that the file <tt>`foo'</tt> is linked from the
+ object files of all C source files in the current
+ directory:
+ <pre>
objects:=$(subst .c,.o,$(wildcard *.c))
foo: $(objects)
$(CC) -o foo $(objects) $(LDFLAGS)
-</PRE>
+</pre>GNU Make also supports parallelism.
+ </li>
-GNU Make also supports parallelism.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>C library</B>
-
-Roland McGrath, who contributed a great deal to GNU Make, has a nearly
-complete set of ANSI C library functions. We hope they will be ready
-some time this spring. These join the GNU `malloc', `regexp' and
-Termcap libraries that have existed for some time. A newer, better
-`malloc' may be written soon.
-Meanwhile, Steve Moshier has contributed a full series of mathematical
-library functions.</UL>
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Preliminary Ghostscript available</B>
-
-We have just started to distribute Ghostscript, the free GNU software that
-provides nearly all the facilities of a Postscript interpreter.
-It supports X version 11. Peter Deutsch is still doing some
-work on it.
-5~
-Right now, Ghostscript will accept commands in Postscript and execute
-them by drawing on an X window. It needs enhancement:
-
-
-<UL>
-<LI>
-
-to serve as a previewer for multi-page files.
-<LI>
-
-to serve other X clients by drawing on their windows.
-<LI>
-
-to improve both the performance and the visual quality of the output.
-<LI>
-
-more fonts.
-</UL>
-
-Ghostscript also includes a C-callable graphics library (for client
-programs that don't want to deal with the Postscript language), and also
-supports IBM PCs and compatibles with EGA graphics (but please don't ask
-the FSF staff any questions about this; we don't use PCs and don't have
-time to learn anything about them).
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Finger</B>
-
-We will have a daemon-based Finger program soon. The daemon polls a
-selected set of hosts and thus is able to tell you where each person is
-logged in.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Send</B>
-
-We are now trying out a Send program for sending immediate messages
-to other users on the same machine or other machines.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>GNU mailer</B>
-
-Landon Noll and Ronald Karr of Amdahl are writing a mail queuing and
-delivery system, called `smail'. This project will be a supported
-part of the Amdahl UTS system--and it will be available on exactly the
-same terms as GNU Emacs!
-
-We may use this mailer for the GNU system, or another mailer, `zmailer',
-that Rayan Zachariasen is writing, or a combination of the two.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Window system</B>
-
-We plan to use the X window system written at MIT. This system is
-already available free.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Other utilities</B>
-
-The GNU `ls', AWK, Make and `ld' are in regular use. Our free
-replacement for Yacc is called Bison. We also have `cron'. We now have
-the world's fastest `grep'/`egrep' and the world's fastest `diff'. A
-new fast `sort' has just been finished.
-A "fast lex" called FLEX recently became available; we are now
-distributing it.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Documentation system</B>
-
-We now have a truly compatible pair of programs which can convert
-a file of Texinfo format documentation into either a printed manual
-or an Info file.
-
-See <CITE>GNU Documentation</CITE> earlier in this issue for more information.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Possible target machines</B>
-
-The GNU Operating System will require a CPU that uses 32-bit addresses
-and integers and addresses to the 8-bit byte. 1 megabyte of core should
-be enough, though 2 meg would probably make a noticeable improvement in
-performance. Running some of the system in 1/2 meg may be possible, but
-certainly not GNU Emacs. GNU Emacs requires more than a megabyte of
-addressable memory. We expect that virtual memory will be required.
-
-A hard disk will be essential; at least 20 meg will be needed to hold
-a minimal system. Plus more space for the user's files, of course.
-We recommend at least 80 meg for a personal GNU system.
-
-This is not to say that it will be impossible to adapt some or all
-of GNU for other kinds of machines; but it may be difficult, and
-We don't consider it part of our job to try to reduce that difficulty.
-
-We have nothing to say about any specific models of microcomputer,
-as we do not follow hardware products.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Porting</B>
-
-It is too early to inquire about porting GNU (except GNU Emacs and GNU C).
-First, we have to finish it.
-
-</UL>
-
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC14" HREF="bull6.html#TOC14">GNU "Clip Art" Contest</A></H1>
-
-<P>
-We are looking for freely redistributable art work and graphics to
-enhance our publications. The art should be about the GNU Project or
-the free software movement. We offer a GNU Manual of the artist choice,
-for each piece of art work which we publish. Ghostscript source or more
-traditional media welcome. Send submissions to one of the addresses on
-the front cover. Our thanks to the Icon Project at the University of
-Arizona for the idea of running this contest.
-
-</P>
-
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC15" HREF="bull6.html#TOC15">GNU Software Available Now</A></H1>
-
-<P>
-We now offer three Unix software source distribution tapes, plus VMS
-tapes for GNU Emacs and GNU C that include sources and VMS executables.
-The first Unix tape (called the "Release" or "Emacs" tape) contains
-GNU Emacs as well as various other well-tested programs that we consider
-reliable. The second ("Beta test" or "Compiler") tape contains the
-GNU C compiler and related utilities, and other new programs that are
-less thoroughly tested. The third ("X11") tape contains the X11
-distribution from the MIT X consortium. Until recently, this software
-had been provided on the Beta test tape, but the third release of the
-X11 distribution is too big to fit on this tape. See the order form for
-details about media, etc.
-
-</P>
-
-
-<H3><A NAME="SEC16" HREF="bull6.html#TOC16">Contents of Release tape</A></H3>
-
-
-<UL>
-<LI>
-
-<B>GNU Emacs</B>
-
-In 1975, Richard Stallman developed the first Emacs: the extensible,
-customizable real-time display editor. GNU Emacs is his second
-implementation of Emacs. It's the first Emacs available on Unix systems
-that offers true Lisp, smoothly integrated into the editor, for writing
-extensions. It also provides a special interface to MIT's free X window
-system, versions 10 and 11, which makes redisplay very fast. The
-current version is GNU Emacs 18.52; version 18.53 should be released by
-the time this bulletin sees press.
-
-GNU Emacs has been in widespread use since 1985 and often displaces
-proprietary implementations of Emacs because of its greater reliability as
-well as its good features and easier extensibility.
-
-GNU Emacs (as of version 18.52) has run on many kinds of Unix systems:
-those made by Alliant (system releases 1 to 4), Altos 3068, Amdahl
-(UTS), Apollo, AT&T (3b machines and 7300 pc), CCI 5/32 and 6/32,
-Celerity, Convex, Digital (Vax, not PDP-11; BSD, and SysV), Dual, Elxsi
-6400, Encore (DPC and APC), Gould, HP (9000 series 200, 300 or 800
-(Spectrum) but not series 500), HLH Orion 1/05, IBM (RT/PC running 4.2
-and AIX), Integrated Solutions (Optimum V with 68020 and VMEbus), Intel
-80386 (BSD, SysV, and Xenix), Iris (2500, 2500 Turbo and 4D), LMI (Nu),
-Masscomp, Megatest, MIPS, NCR (Tower 32), Nixdorf Targon 31, Plexus,
-Pyramid, Sequent Balance, SONY News, Stride (system release 2), Sun (any
-kind), Tahoe, Tektronix (NS16000 system & 4300), Texas Instruments (Nu),
-VAX (BSD, SysV, VMS) and Whitechapel (MG1).
-
-GNU Emacs use is described by the GNU Emacs Manual, which comes as a
-Texinfo file with the software. You can read it on-line in Info form or
-print out your own copy. Typeset manuals are also available from the Free
-Software Foundation.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Texinfo</B>
-
-Texinfo is the documentation system used for all GNU manuals. Documents
-are written in a simple formatting language that can produce either
-printed manuals using a special set of TeX macros, or on-line
-structured documentation that can be read using the Info browser.
-Included with Texinfo is a newly expanded tutorial manual on how to
-write documents using Texinfo.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>GDB</B>
-
-GDB (the GNU Debugger) is the source-level C debugger written for the
-GNU project in 1986. It offers many features not usually found in
-debuggers on Unix, such as a history that records all values examined
-within the debugger for concise later reference, multi-line user-defined
-commands, and a strong self-documentation capability. It currently runs
-on Vaxes under 4.2 and 4.3bsd, on Sun 3 under systems version 2 and 3
-and 4, on the SPARC (Sun 4) under systems version 3.2 and 4.0, HP9K320,
-ISI, Merlin, Sony NEWS, Gould NPL and PN, i386, and on some 32000
-systems.
-
-On-line help and a users' manual for GDB comes with the software;
-the printed version of the manual is also available from the Foundation.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Bison</B>
-
-Bison is an upward-compatible replacement parser generator for Yacc,
-with additional features. It has been in use for several years. Bison
-is used for compiling GNU C, so it is included on the GNU CC beta tape
-as well. A users' manual for Bison comes with the software; the printed
-version is also available from the Foundation.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>X Window System</B>
-
-Version 10 of X Windows is distributed on the GNU Emacs tape; version 11
-(which is totally incompatible) is distributed on the X11 tape. Emacs
-version 18.52 supports both versions 10 and 11.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>MIT Scheme</B>
-
-Scheme is a simplified, lexically scoped dialect of Lisp, designed at MIT
-and other universities for two purposes: teaching students of programming,
-and researching new parallel programming constructs and compilation
-techniques. MIT Scheme is written in C and runs on many kinds of Unix
-systems.
-
-It now conforms to the
-"Revised^3 Report On The Algorithmic Language Scheme"
-(MIT AI Lab Memo 848a), for which TeX source is included
-in the distribution.
-<LI>
-
-<B>T</B>
-
-A variant of Scheme developed at Yale University, T is intended for
-production use in program development. T contains a native-code
-optimizing compiler that produces code that runs at speeds comparable to
-the running speeds of programs written in conventional languages. It
-runs on BSD Vaxes and a few types of 68020 systems. T is written in
-itself and cannot be bootstrapped without a binary (included), but it is
-great if you can use it. Some documentation files are included in the
-distribution.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>GNU Chess and Hack</B>
-
-GNU Chess is a chess program written in C by John Stanback and Stuart
-Cracraft. It includes an extensive opening book and was recently rated
-by USCF Senior Master IM Larry Kaufman at around USCF 1950 (close to
-expert level) when run on a Sun 3 workstation. On a Sun 4, it should
-play at nearly master level.
-
-Hack is a display oriented adventure game similar to Rogue.
-
-</UL>
-
-
-
-<H3><A NAME="SEC17" HREF="bull6.html#TOC17">Contents of Beta Test Tape</A></H3>
-
-<P>
-The programs on this tape are all recent releases and can be considered
-to be at various stages of user testing. As always, we solicit your
-comments and bug reports. This tape is also known as the Compiler tape.
-
-</P>
-
-<UL>
-<LI>
-
-<B>GNU CC</B>
-
-The GNU C compiler is a fairly portable optimizing compiler. It
-generates good code for the 32000, 680x0, 80386, Alliant, SPARC, SPUR,
-and Vax CPUs. Machines using these CPUs include the Encore NS32000,
-Genix NS32000, Sequent NS32000, AT&T 3b1, HP-UX 68000/68020, ISI
-68000/68020, Sony NEWS, All Sun's, Intel 386, Sequent Intel 386, Alliant
-FX/8, and Vax machines. It supports full ANSI C as of the latest draft
-standard. Included with the compiler are the GNU assembler GAS, Make,
-Bison (also on the Emacs release tape), and the perfect-hash
-hash-table generating utility, plus the object file utilities `ld',
-`nm', `size', `strip', `ar', `ranlib' and `gprof' and the Texinfo source
-of <CITE>The GCC Manual</CITE> (for people interested in extending or
-retargeting the compiler).
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>GAWK and FLEX</B>
-
-GAWK is GNU's version of the Unix AWK utility. FLEX is a
-mostly-compatible replacement for the Unix `lex' scanner generator
-written by Vern Paxson of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. FLEX
-generates far more efficient scanners than `lex' does.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>`tar'</B>
-
-GNU tar includes multivolume support, automatic compression and
-decompression of archives, remote archives, and special features to
-allow `tar' to be used for incremental and full backups of file systems.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Freed files from the U.C. Berkeley 4.3-tahoe release</B>
-
-These files have been declared by Berkeley to be free of AT&T code, and
-may be freely redistributed. They include complete sources for some
-utility programs and games, as well as library routines and partial
-sources for many others.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>`diff' and `grep'</B>
-
-These programs are GNU's versions of the Unix programs of the same name.
-They are much faster than their Unix counterparts.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>Ghostscript, `gnuplot' and `texi2roff'</B>
-
-Ghostscript is GNU's graphics language. It is almost fully compatible
-with the postscript language. It supports X version 11.
-
-`Gnuplot' is an interactive program for plotting mathematical
-expressions and data. Oddly enough, the program was neither done for
-nor named for the GNU Project--the name is a coincidence. However, we
-are now distributing it.
-
-`texi2roff' translates GNU Texinfo files into a format that can be
-printed by the Unix [nt]roff programs utilizing the mm, ms or me macro
-packages. It is included so that people who don't have a copy of TeX
-can print out GNU documentation.
-
-<LI>
-
-<B>`g++', `libg++' and `oops'</B>
-
-G<CODE>++</CODE> is a front-end for GCC, that compiles C<CODE>++</CODE>, an
-object-oriented language that is upward compatible with C. Since
-G<CODE>++</CODE> depends on GCC, it can only be used with the corresponding
-version of GCC.
-
-<B>libg++</B> (the GNU C<CODE>++</CODE> library) is a collection of C++ classes
-and support tools for use with G<CODE>++</CODE>.
-
-OOPS (Object-Oriented Program Support) class library is a portable
-collection of classes similar to those in Smalltalk-80 that has been
-developed by Keith Gorlen of NIH, using the C<CODE>++</CODE> programming.
-
-</UL>
-
-
-
-<H3><A NAME="SEC18" HREF="bull6.html#TOC18">Contents of X11 Tape.</A></H3>
-
-<P>
-X is a portable, network transparent window system for bitmap displays
-written at MIT and DEC. It runs Sun, DEC VAXstation, and various other
-current bitmap displays. X supports overlapping windows and fully
-recursive subwindows, and provides hooks for several different styles of
-user interface. Applications include a terminal emulator, bitmap
-editor, several window managers, clock, window dump and undump programs,
-and several typesetting previewers.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-The X11 tape contains Version 11, Release 3 of the MIT/DEC X window
-system. X11 is more powerful than, but incompatible with, the
-no-longer-supported version 10. MIT no longer labels Version 11 `beta
-test' but is still releasing frequent patches and updates.
+ <li><b>C library</b> Roland McGrath, who contributed a
+ great deal to GNU Make, has a nearly complete set of ANSI C
+ library functions. We hope they will be ready some time
+ this spring. These join the GNU `malloc', `regexp' and
+ Termcap libraries that have existed for some time. A newer,
+ better `malloc' may be written soon. Meanwhile, Steve
+ Moshier has contributed a full series of mathematical
+ library functions.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+
+ <li>
+ <b>Preliminary Ghostscript available</b> We have just started
+ to distribute Ghostscript, the free GNU software that
+ provides nearly all the facilities of a Postscript
+ interpreter. It supports X version 11. Peter Deutsch is still
+ doing some work on it. 5~ Right now, Ghostscript will accept
+ commands in Postscript and execute them by drawing on an X
+ window. It needs enhancement:
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>to serve as a previewer for multi-page files.</li>
+
+ <li>to serve other X clients by drawing on their
+ windows.</li>
+
+ <li>to improve both the performance and the visual quality
+ of the output.</li>
+
+ <li>more fonts.</li>
+ </ul>Ghostscript also includes a C-callable graphics library
+ (for client programs that don't want to deal with the
+ Postscript language), and also supports IBM PCs and
+ compatibles with EGA graphics (but please don't ask the FSF
+ staff any questions about this; we don't use PCs and don't
+ have time to learn anything about them).
+ </li>
+
+ <li><b>Finger</b> We will have a daemon-based Finger program
+ soon. The daemon polls a selected set of hosts and thus is able
+ to tell you where each person is logged in.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Send</b> We are now trying out a Send program for
+ sending immediate messages to other users on the same machine
+ or other machines.</li>
+
+ <li><b>GNU mailer</b> Landon Noll and Ronald Karr of Amdahl are
+ writing a mail queuing and delivery system, called `smail'.
+ This project will be a supported part of the Amdahl UTS
+ system--and it will be available on exactly the same terms as
+ GNU Emacs! We may use this mailer for the GNU system, or
+ another mailer, `zmailer', that Rayan Zachariasen is writing,
+ or a combination of the two.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Window system</b> We plan to use the X window system
+ written at MIT. This system is already available free.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Other utilities</b> The GNU `ls', AWK, Make and `ld' are
+ in regular use. Our free replacement for Yacc is called Bison.
+ We also have `cron'. We now have the world's fastest
+ `grep'/`egrep' and the world's fastest `diff'. A new fast
+ `sort' has just been finished. A "fast lex" called FLEX
+ recently became available; we are now distributing it.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Documentation system</b> We now have a truly compatible
+ pair of programs which can convert a file of Texinfo format
+ documentation into either a printed manual or an Info file. See
+ <cite>GNU Documentation</cite> earlier in this issue for more
+ information.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Possible target machines</b> The GNU Operating System
+ will require a CPU that uses 32-bit addresses and integers and
+ addresses to the 8-bit byte. 1 megabyte of core should be
+ enough, though 2 meg would probably make a noticeable
+ improvement in performance. Running some of the system in 1/2
+ meg may be possible, but certainly not GNU Emacs. GNU Emacs
+ requires more than a megabyte of addressable memory. We expect
+ that virtual memory will be required. A hard disk will be
+ essential; at least 20 meg will be needed to hold a minimal
+ system. Plus more space for the user's files, of course. We
+ recommend at least 80 meg for a personal GNU system. This is
+ not to say that it will be impossible to adapt some or all of
+ GNU for other kinds of machines; but it may be difficult, and
+ We don't consider it part of our job to try to reduce that
+ difficulty. We have nothing to say about any specific models of
+ microcomputer, as we do not follow hardware products.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Porting</b> It is too early to inquire about porting GNU
+ (except GNU Emacs and GNU C). First, we have to finish it.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <h1><a name="SEC14" href="bull6.html#TOC14" id="SEC14">GNU "Clip
+ Art" Contest</a></h1>
+
+ <p>We are looking for freely redistributable art work and
+ graphics to enhance our publications. The art should be about the
+ GNU Project or the free software movement. We offer a GNU Manual
+ of the artist choice, for each piece of art work which we
+ publish. Ghostscript source or more traditional media welcome.
+ Send submissions to one of the addresses on the front cover. Our
+ thanks to the Icon Project at the University of Arizona for the
+ idea of running this contest.</p>
+
+ <h1><a name="SEC15" href="bull6.html#TOC15" id="SEC15">GNU
+ Software Available Now</a></h1>
+
+ <p>We now offer three Unix software source distribution tapes,
+ plus VMS tapes for GNU Emacs and GNU C that include sources and
+ VMS executables. The first Unix tape (called the "Release" or
+ "Emacs" tape) contains GNU Emacs as well as various other
+ well-tested programs that we consider reliable. The second ("Beta
+ test" or "Compiler") tape contains the GNU C compiler and related
+ utilities, and other new programs that are less thoroughly
+ tested. The third ("X11") tape contains the X11 distribution from
+ the MIT X consortium. Until recently, this software had been
+ provided on the Beta test tape, but the third release of the X11
+ distribution is too big to fit on this tape. See the order form
+ for details about media, etc.</p>
+
+ <h3><a name="SEC16" href="bull6.html#TOC16" id="SEC16">Contents
+ of Release tape</a></h3>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><b>GNU Emacs</b> In 1975, Richard Stallman developed the
+ first Emacs: the extensible, customizable real-time display
+ editor. GNU Emacs is his second implementation of Emacs. It's
+ the first Emacs available on Unix systems that offers true
+ Lisp, smoothly integrated into the editor, for writing
+ extensions. It also provides a special interface to MIT's free
+ X window system, versions 10 and 11, which makes redisplay very
+ fast. The current version is GNU Emacs 18.52; version 18.53
+ should be released by the time this bulletin sees press. GNU
+ Emacs has been in widespread use since 1985 and often displaces
+ proprietary implementations of Emacs because of its greater
+ reliability as well as its good features and easier
+ extensibility. GNU Emacs (as of version 18.52) has run on many
+ kinds of Unix systems: those made by Alliant (system releases 1
+ to 4), Altos 3068, Amdahl (UTS), Apollo, AT&T (3b machines
+ and 7300 pc), CCI 5/32 and 6/32, Celerity, Convex, Digital
+ (Vax, not PDP-11; BSD, and SysV), Dual, Elxsi 6400, Encore (DPC
+ and APC), Gould, HP (9000 series 200, 300 or 800 (Spectrum) but
+ not series 500), HLH Orion 1/05, IBM (RT/PC running 4.2 and
+ AIX), Integrated Solutions (Optimum V with 68020 and VMEbus),
+ Intel 80386 (BSD, SysV, and Xenix), Iris (2500, 2500 Turbo and
+ 4D), LMI (Nu), Masscomp, Megatest, MIPS, NCR (Tower 32),
+ Nixdorf Targon 31, Plexus, Pyramid, Sequent Balance, SONY News,
+ Stride (system release 2), Sun (any kind), Tahoe, Tektronix
+ (NS16000 system & 4300), Texas Instruments (Nu), VAX (BSD,
+ SysV, VMS) and Whitechapel (MG1). GNU Emacs use is described by
+ the GNU Emacs Manual, which comes as a Texinfo file with the
+ software. You can read it on-line in Info form or print out
+ your own copy. Typeset manuals are also available from the Free
+ Software Foundation.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Texinfo</b> Texinfo is the documentation system used for
+ all GNU manuals. Documents are written in a simple formatting
+ language that can produce either printed manuals using a
+ special set of TeX macros, or on-line structured documentation
+ that can be read using the Info browser. Included with Texinfo
+ is a newly expanded tutorial manual on how to write documents
+ using Texinfo.</li>
+
+ <li><b>GDB</b> GDB (the GNU Debugger) is the source-level C
+ debugger written for the GNU project in 1986. It offers many
+ features not usually found in debuggers on Unix, such as a
+ history that records all values examined within the debugger
+ for concise later reference, multi-line user-defined commands,
+ and a strong self-documentation capability. It currently runs
+ on Vaxes under 4.2 and 4.3bsd, on Sun 3 under systems version 2
+ and 3 and 4, on the SPARC (Sun 4) under systems version 3.2 and
+ 4.0, HP9K320, ISI, Merlin, Sony NEWS, Gould NPL and PN, i386,
+ and on some 32000 systems. On-line help and a users' manual for
+ GDB comes with the software; the printed version of the manual
+ is also available from the Foundation.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Bison</b> Bison is an upward-compatible replacement
+ parser generator for Yacc, with additional features. It has
+ been in use for several years. Bison is used for compiling GNU
+ C, so it is included on the GNU CC beta tape as well. A users'
+ manual for Bison comes with the software; the printed version
+ is also available from the Foundation.</li>
+
+ <li><b>X Window System</b> Version 10 of X Windows is
+ distributed on the GNU Emacs tape; version 11 (which is totally
+ incompatible) is distributed on the X11 tape. Emacs version
+ 18.52 supports both versions 10 and 11.</li>
+
+ <li><b>MIT Scheme</b> Scheme is a simplified, lexically scoped
+ dialect of Lisp, designed at MIT and other universities for two
+ purposes: teaching students of programming, and researching new
+ parallel programming constructs and compilation techniques. MIT
+ Scheme is written in C and runs on many kinds of Unix systems.
+ It now conforms to the "Revised^3 Report On The Algorithmic
+ Language Scheme" (MIT AI Lab Memo 848a), for which TeX source
+ is included in the distribution.</li>
+
+ <li><b>T</b> A variant of Scheme developed at Yale University,
+ T is intended for production use in program development. T
+ contains a native-code optimizing compiler that produces code
+ that runs at speeds comparable to the running speeds of
+ programs written in conventional languages. It runs on BSD
+ Vaxes and a few types of 68020 systems. T is written in itself
+ and cannot be bootstrapped without a binary (included), but it
+ is great if you can use it. Some documentation files are
+ included in the distribution.</li>
+
+ <li><b>GNU Chess and Hack</b> GNU Chess is a chess program
+ written in C by John Stanback and Stuart Cracraft. It includes
+ an extensive opening book and was recently rated by USCF Senior
+ Master IM Larry Kaufman at around USCF 1950 (close to expert
+ level) when run on a Sun 3 workstation. On a Sun 4, it should
+ play at nearly master level. Hack is a display oriented
+ adventure game similar to Rogue.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <h3><a name="SEC17" href="bull6.html#TOC17" id="SEC17">Contents
+ of Beta Test Tape</a></h3>
+
+ <p>The programs on this tape are all recent releases and can be
+ considered to be at various stages of user testing. As always, we
+ solicit your comments and bug reports. This tape is also known as
+ the Compiler tape.</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><b>GNU CC</b> The GNU C compiler is a fairly portable
+ optimizing compiler. It generates good code for the 32000,
+ 680x0, 80386, Alliant, SPARC, SPUR, and Vax CPUs. Machines
+ using these CPUs include the Encore NS32000, Genix NS32000,
+ Sequent NS32000, AT&T 3b1, HP-UX 68000/68020, ISI
+ 68000/68020, Sony NEWS, All Sun's, Intel 386, Sequent Intel
+ 386, Alliant FX/8, and Vax machines. It supports full ANSI C as
+ of the latest draft standard. Included with the compiler are
+ the GNU assembler GAS, Make, Bison (also on the Emacs release
+ tape), and the perfect-hash hash-table generating utility, plus
+ the object file utilities `ld', `nm', `size', `strip', `ar',
+ `ranlib' and `gprof' and the Texinfo source of <cite>The GCC
+ Manual</cite> (for people interested in extending or
+ retargeting the compiler).</li>
+
+ <li><b>GAWK and FLEX</b> GAWK is GNU's version of the Unix AWK
+ utility. FLEX is a mostly-compatible replacement for the Unix
+ `lex' scanner generator written by Vern Paxson of the Lawrence
+ Berkeley Laboratory. FLEX generates far more efficient scanners
+ than `lex' does.</li>
+
+ <li><b>`tar'</b> GNU tar includes multivolume support,
+ automatic compression and decompression of archives, remote
+ archives, and special features to allow `tar' to be used for
+ incremental and full backups of file systems.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Freed files from the U.C. Berkeley 4.3-tahoe release</b>
+ These files have been declared by Berkeley to be free of
+ AT&T code, and may be freely redistributed. They include
+ complete sources for some utility programs and games, as well
+ as library routines and partial sources for many others.</li>
+
+ <li><b>`diff' and `grep'</b> These programs are GNU's versions
+ of the Unix programs of the same name. They are much faster
+ than their Unix counterparts.</li>
+
+ <li><b>Ghostscript, `gnuplot' and `texi2roff'</b> Ghostscript
+ is GNU's graphics language. It is almost fully compatible with
+ the postscript language. It supports X version 11. `Gnuplot' is
+ an interactive program for plotting mathematical expressions
+ and data. Oddly enough, the program was neither done for nor
+ named for the GNU Project--the name is a coincidence. However,
+ we are now distributing it. `texi2roff' translates GNU Texinfo
+ files into a format that can be printed by the Unix [nt]roff
+ programs utilizing the mm, ms or me macro packages. It is
+ included so that people who don't have a copy of TeX can print
+ out GNU documentation.</li>
+
+ <li><b>`g++', `libg++' and `oops'</b> G<code>++</code> is a
+ front-end for GCC, that compiles C<code>++</code>, an
+ object-oriented language that is upward compatible with C.
+ Since G<code>++</code> depends on GCC, it can only be used with
+ the corresponding version of GCC. <b>libg++</b> (the GNU
+ C<code>++</code> library) is a collection of C++ classes and
+ support tools for use with G<code>++</code>. OOPS
+ (Object-Oriented Program Support) class library is a portable
+ collection of classes similar to those in Smalltalk-80 that has
+ been developed by Keith Gorlen of NIH, using the
+ C<code>++</code> programming.</li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <h3><a name="SEC18" href="bull6.html#TOC18" id="SEC18">Contents
+ of X11 Tape.</a></h3>
+
+ <p>X is a portable, network transparent window system for bitmap
+ displays written at MIT and DEC. It runs Sun, DEC VAXstation, and
+ various other current bitmap displays. X supports overlapping
+ windows and fully recursive subwindows, and provides hooks for
+ several different styles of user interface. Applications include
+ a terminal emulator, bitmap editor, several window managers,
+ clock, window dump and undump programs, and several typesetting
+ previewers.</p>
+
+ <p>The X11 tape contains Version 11, Release 3 of the MIT/DEC X
+ window system. X11 is more powerful than, but incompatible with,
+ the no-longer-supported version 10. MIT no longer labels Version
+ 11 `beta test' but is still releasing frequent patches and
+ updates.</p>
+
+ <h3><a name="SEC19" href="bull6.html#TOC19" id="SEC19">VMS Emacs
+ and Compiler Tapes</a></h3>
+
+ <p>We offer a VMS backup tape of the GNU Emacs editor, and a
+ separate tape containing the beta-test GNU C compiler. The VMS
+ compiler tape also contains Bison (needed to compile GCC), GAS
+ (needed to assemble GCC's output) and some library and include
+ files. Both VMS tapes include executables that you can bootstrap
+ from.</p>
+
+ <h1><a name="SEC20" href="bull6.html#TOC20" id="SEC20">How To Get
+ GNU Software</a></h1>
+
+ <p>All the software and publications from the Free Software
+ Foundation are distributed with permission to copy and
+ redistribute. The easiest way to get a copy of GNU software is
+ from someone else who has it. Just copy it from them.</p>
+
+ <p>If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest
+ software from the host <tt>`prep.ai.mit.edu'</tt>. For more
+ information, read the file
+ <tt>`/u2/emacs/GETTING.GNU.SOFTWARE'</tt> on that host.</p>
+
+ <p>If you cannot get the software from a friend or over the net,
+ or if you would feel more confident getting copies straight from
+ us, or if you would like to contribute some funds to our efforts,
+ the Free Software Foundation distributes tapes for a copying and
+ distribution fee. See the order form on the inside back
+ cover.</p>
+
+ <p>If you do not have net access, and your computers cannot use
+ the media we distribute on, you must get our software from third
+ party groups--people and organizations that do not work with us,
+ but have our software in other forms. For your convenience, other
+ groups that are helping to spread GNU software are listed below.
+ Please note that the Free Software Foundation is <i>not</i>
+ affiliated with them in any way, and is not responsible for
+ either the currency of their versions or the swiftness of their
+ responses.</p>
+
+ <p>These Internet sites have some GNU programs available for
+ anonymous FTP:</p>
+ <pre>
+louie.udel.edu, scam.berkeley.edu, spam.istc.sri.com,
+bu-it.bu.edu, uunet.uu.net, nic.nyser.net,
+wsmr-simtel20.army.mil (under <tt>`PD:<Unix.GNU>'</tt>),
+and cc.utah.edu (VMS GNU Emacs).
+</pre>
-</P>
+ <p>Those on the SPAN network can ask <tt>rdss::corbet</tt>.</p>
+ <p>Information on how to obtain some GNU programs using UUCP is
+ available via electronic mail from:</p>
+ <pre>
+hao!scicom!qetzal!upba!ugn!nepa!denny, address@hidden,
+uunet!hutch!barber, hqda-ai!merlin, acornrc!bob,
+ames!killer!wisner, mit-eddie!bloom-beacon!ht!spt!gz,
+sun!nosun!illian!darylm, or address@hidden
+</pre>
-<H3><A NAME="SEC19" HREF="bull6.html#TOC19">VMS Emacs and Compiler
Tapes</A></H3>
+ <p>Ohio State also makes GNU programs available via UUCP. They
+ post their instructions monthly to newsgroup
+ <code>comp.sources.d</code> on USENET. Current details from Karl
+ Kleinpaste <code>address@hidden</code> or
+ <code>...!osu-cis!karl</code>; or Bob Sutterfield (substitute
+ <code>bob</code> for <code>karl</code> in the above
+ addresses).</p>
-<P>
-We offer a VMS backup tape of the GNU Emacs editor, and a separate tape
-containing the beta-test GNU C compiler. The VMS compiler tape also
-contains Bison (needed to compile GCC), GAS (needed to assemble GCC's
-output) and some library and include files. Both VMS tapes include
-executables that you can bootstrap from.
+ <p>Information on obtaining floppy disks of GNU Emacs for the
+ AT&T Unix PC (aka 3B1 or PC7300) is available via electronic
+ mail from: <code>address@hidden</code>.</p>
-</P>
+ <h1><a name="SEC21" href="bull6.html#TOC21" id="SEC21">Thank
+ GNUs</a></h1>
+ <p>Thanks to all those mentioned in GNUsworthy Flashes and the
+ GNU Project Status Report.</p>
+ <p>Thanks to Hewlett-Packard for their very large cash donation
+ and two Spectrum workstations.</p>
-<H1><A NAME="SEC20" HREF="bull6.html#TOC20">How To Get GNU Software</A></H1>
+ <p>Thanks to the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, and its
+ director, <b>Professor Michael Dertouzos</b>. LCS has provided
+ FSF with the loan of a Microvax for program development.</p>
-<P>
-All the software and publications from the Free Software Foundation are
-distributed with permission to copy and redistribute. The easiest way to
-get a copy of GNU software is from someone else who has it. Just copy it
-from them.
+ <p>Thanks to the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory for
+ invaluable assistance of many kinds.</p>
-</P>
-<P>
-If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest software from
-the host <TT>`prep.ai.mit.edu'</TT>. For more information, read the file
-<TT>`/u2/emacs/GETTING.GNU.SOFTWARE'</TT> on that host.
+ <p>Thanks to <b>Dr. T. Smith</b>, <b>Dave Probert</b>, and the CS
+ Department at UCSB for giving GNU staffer Brian Fox resources and
+ space, and special personal thanks from Brian to <b>Matt
+ Wette</b> for invaluable aid and support.</p>
-</P>
-<P>
-If you cannot get the software from a friend or over the net, or if you
-would feel more confident getting copies straight from us, or if you would
-like to contribute some funds to our efforts, the Free Software Foundation
-distributes tapes for a copying and distribution fee. See the order form
-on the inside back cover.
+ <p>Thanks to <b>Brewster Kahle</b> of Thinking Machines, Inc. for
+ the loan of a Sun 4/110.</p>
-</P>
-<P>
-If you do not have net access, and your computers cannot use the media
-we distribute on, you must get our software from third party
-groups--people and organizations that do not work with us, but have our
-software in other forms. For your convenience, other groups that are
-helping to spread GNU software are listed below. Please note that the
-Free Software Foundation is <I>not</I> affiliated with them in any way, and
-is not responsible for either the currency of their versions or the
-swiftness of their responses.
+ <p>Thanks to <b>K. Richard Magill</b> for his donation of an
+ AT&T Unix PC.</p>
-</P>
-<P>
-These Internet sites have some GNU programs available for anonymous FTP:
+ <p>Thanks to <b>Arnold Robbins</b> and <b>Dave Trueman</b> for
+ their work on GAWK and the GAWK manual.</p>
-</P>
+ <p>Thanks to <b>Barry Kleinman</b> and <b>Andre Mesarovic</b> of
+ Index Technology for copying Sun cartridge tapes and to <b>Mark
+ Nahabedian</b> of Phoenix Technologies Ltd. for copying Sun
+ cartridge tapes at the 11th hour.</p>
-<PRE>
-louie.udel.edu, scam.berkeley.edu, spam.istc.sri.com,
-bu-it.bu.edu, uunet.uu.net, nic.nyser.net,
-wsmr-simtel20.army.mil (under <TT>`PD:<Unix.GNU>'</TT>),
-and cc.utah.edu (VMS GNU Emacs).
-</PRE>
-
-<P>
-Those on the SPAN network can ask <TT>rdss::corbet</TT>.
+ <p>Thanks to <b>John Klensin</b> of the INFOODS Project at MIT
+ for making our VMS master tapes.</p>
-</P>
-<P>
-Information on how to obtain some GNU programs using UUCP is available via
-electronic mail from:
+ <p>Thanks to Sony Corp. and to Software Research Associates,
+ Inc., both of Tokyo, for sending us Sony workstations. SRA has
+ also given us a cash donation and lent us a full-time staff
+ programmer and a technical writer.</p>
-</P>
-
-<PRE>
-hao!scicom!qetzal!upba!ugn!nepa!denny, address@hidden,
-uunet!hutch!barber, hqda-ai!merlin, acornrc!bob,
-ames!killer!wisner, mit-eddie!bloom-beacon!ht!spt!gz,
-sun!nosun!illian!darylm, or address@hidden
-</PRE>
+ <p>Thanks to NeXT, Inc., for their cash donation.</p>
-<P>
-Ohio State also makes GNU programs available via UUCP. They post their
-instructions monthly to newsgroup <CODE>comp.sources.d</CODE> on USENET.
-Current details from Karl Kleinpaste <CODE>address@hidden</CODE>
-or <CODE>...!osu-cis!karl</CODE>; or Bob Sutterfield (substitute
<CODE>bob</CODE>
-for <CODE>karl</CODE> in the above addresses).
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Information on obtaining floppy disks of GNU Emacs for the AT&T Unix PC
-(aka 3B1 or PC7300) is available via electronic mail from:
-<CODE>address@hidden</CODE>.
-
-</P>
-
-
-<H1><A NAME="SEC21" HREF="bull6.html#TOC21">Thank GNUs</A></H1>
-
-<P>
-Thanks to all those mentioned in GNUsworthy Flashes and the GNU Project
-Status Report.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to Hewlett-Packard for their very large cash donation and two
-Spectrum workstations.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, and its director,
-<B>Professor Michael Dertouzos</B>. LCS has provided FSF with the loan
-of a Microvax for program development.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory for invaluable
-assistance of many kinds.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to <B>Dr. T. Smith</B>, <B>Dave Probert</B>, and the CS Department at
UCSB
-for giving GNU staffer Brian Fox resources and space, and special personal
-thanks from Brian to <B>Matt Wette</B> for invaluable aid and support.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to <B>Brewster Kahle</B> of Thinking Machines, Inc. for the loan
-of a Sun 4/110.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to <B>K. Richard Magill</B> for his donation of an AT&T Unix PC.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to <B>Arnold Robbins</B> and <B>Dave Trueman</B> for their work on GAWK
-and the GAWK manual.
-
-</P>
-
-<P>
-Thanks to <B>Barry Kleinman</B> and <B>Andre Mesarovic</B> of Index Technology
-for copying Sun cartridge tapes and to <B>Mark Nahabedian</B> of Phoenix
-Technologies Ltd. for copying Sun cartridge tapes at the 11th hour.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to <B>John Klensin</B> of the INFOODS Project at MIT for making our
-VMS master tapes.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to Sony Corp. and to Software Research Associates, Inc., both of
-Tokyo, for sending us Sony workstations. SRA has also given us a cash
-donation and lent us a full-time staff programmer and a technical
-writer.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to NeXT, Inc., for their cash donation.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to the Mach Project in the Department of Computer Science at
-Carnegie Mellon University, for lending us a Sun 3/60 and 300 MB disk
-drive.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to all those who have contributed ports and extensions, as well as
-those who have contributed other source code, documentation, and good bug
-reports.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-Thanks to those who sent money and offered help. Thanks also to those
-who support us by ordering Emacs manuals and distribution tapes.
-
-</P>
-<P>
-The creation of this bulletin is our way of thanking all who have
-expressed interest in what we are doing.
+ <p>Thanks to the Mach Project in the Department of Computer
+ Science at Carnegie Mellon University, for lending us a Sun 3/60
+ and 300 MB disk drive.</p>
-</P>
+ <p>Thanks to all those who have contributed ports and extensions,
+ as well as those who have contributed other source code,
+ documentation, and good bug reports.</p>
+ <p>Thanks to those who sent money and offered help. Thanks also
+ to those who support us by ordering Emacs manuals and
+ distribution tapes.</p>
-<PRE>
+ <p>The creation of this bulletin is our way of thanking all who
+ have expressed interest in what we are doing.</p>
+ <pre>
-------
| |
Free Software Foundation, Inc. | stamp |
@@ -1614,36 +1293,31 @@
Cambridge, MA 02139 USA | here |
| |
-------
-</PRE>
+</pre>
+ <hr>
+
+ <p>This document was generated on 7 May 1998 using the <a href=
+ "http://wwwinfo.cern.ch/dis/texi2html/";>texi2html</a> translator
+ version 1.52.</p>
+ <hr>
+ Return to <a href="/home.html">GNU's home page</a>.
+
+ <p>Please send FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to
+ <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are
+ also <a href="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to contact</a>
+ the FSF.</p>
+
+ <p>Please send comments on these web pages to <a href=
+ "mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>,
+ send other questions to <a href=
+ "mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Copyright (C) 1989 Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin
+ St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</p>
+
+ <p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
+ permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.</p>
+ <hr>
+</body>
+</html>
-<P><HR><P>
-This document was generated on 7 May 1998 using the
-<A HREF="http://wwwinfo.cern.ch/dis/texi2html/";>texi2html</A>
-translator version 1.52.</P>
-
-<HR>
-
-Return to <A HREF="/home.html">GNU's home page</A>.
-<P>
-
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to
-
-<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>.
-There are also <A HREF="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to
-contact</A> the FSF.
-<P>
-
-Please send comments on these web pages to
-
-<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>,
-send other questions to
-<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>.
-<P>
-Copyright (C) 1989 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
-51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA
-<P>
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
-permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.<P>
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