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www/philosophy nit-india.html
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
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Subject: |
www/philosophy nit-india.html |
|
Date: |
Thu, 24 May 2007 20:30:19 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 07/05/24 20:30:19
Modified files:
philosophy : nit-india.html
Log message:
* Templated.
* Fixed a bunch of typos and grammatical errors.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/nit-india.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
Patches:
Index: nit-india.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/nit-india.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- nit-india.html 13 Apr 2007 14:32:42 -0000 1.4
+++ nit-india.html 24 May 2007 20:30:12 -0000 1.5
@@ -1,46 +1,20 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en">
-
-<head>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
<title>Stallman's Speech at National Institute of Technology, Trichy, India,
17 February 2004 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content='text/html; charset=utf-8' />
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gnu.css" />
-<link rev="made" href="mailto:address@hidden"; />
-</head>
-
-<!-- This document is in XML, and xhtml 1.0 -->
-<!-- Please make sure to properly nest your tags -->
-<!-- and ensure that your final document validates -->
-<!-- consistent with W3C xhtml 1.0 and CSS standards -->
-<!-- See validator.w3.org -->
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a href="#translations">Translations</a> of this page</p>
-
-<h3>National Institute of Technology - Trichy - India - 17 February 2004</h3>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>National Institute of Technology - Trichy - India - 17 February 2004</h2>
<p>
by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>
</p>
-<p>
-<a href="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html"><img
src="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
- alt=" [image of a Philosophical Gnu] "
- width="160" height="200" /></a>
-</p>
-
- <p>Transcript of the speech on "Free Software" by Dr. Richard Stallman on
-Feb 17, 2004 at the National Institute of Technology, Trichy, TN,
-India.
+ <p><em>Transcript of the speech on “Free Software” by
+Dr. Richard Stallman on Feb 17, 2004 at the National Institute of
+Technology, Trichy, TN, India.</em>
</p>
- <p>[MOC] We will be starting off with the video conferencing session in a
-short while, audience please note, the questions should be written on
-a piece of paper, and handed over to MOC desk. The questions should be
-written on a piece of paper, and handed over to the MOC desk. We have
+ <p><b>[MOC]</b> We will be starting off with the video conferencing
+session in a short while, audience please note, the questions should
+be written on a piece of paper, and handed over to MOC desk. We have
volunteers all around waiting with papers, so please use them to ask
your questions. Dr. Richard Stallman has a hearing problem and
therefore he will not be able to understand your language.
@@ -71,7 +45,7 @@
it is possible to produce software without computer users having to
give up their freedom. A man who needs no introduction, but
nevertheless must be introduced for sake formality. Dr. Richard
-Stallman is the founder of the GNU project. 1984 to develop the free
+Stallman is the founder of the GNU project, 1984 to develop the free
operating system, GNU. And thereby give computer users the freedom,
that most of them had lost. GNU is a free software. Everyone is free
to copy it, and redistribute it, as well as make changes, either large
@@ -80,9 +54,11 @@
<p>Dr. Richard Stallman graduated from Harvard in 1974, with a B.A in
physics. During his college years he also worked as a staff hacker, at
-the MIT AI lab, learning operating system development on the fly. In
-1984, he resigned from MIT to start the GNU project. He has received
-numerous prizes and awards for his work, which need no mention.
+the <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> AI
+lab, learning operating system development on the fly. In 1984, he
+resigned from <abbr>MIT</abbr> to start the GNU project. He has
+received numerous prizes and awards for his work, which need no
+mention.
</p>
<p>Today Linux based systems, variants of the GNU system based on the
@@ -95,7 +71,7 @@
software movement, Dr. Richard Stallman. [applause] [silence]
</p>
-<p>[RMS] Should I start?
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Should I start?
[silence]
</p>
@@ -107,10 +83,10 @@
people could possibly be a bit quieter, I guess that I can start.
</p>
-<p>[MOC] Audience please maintain silence. Thank you.
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> Audience please maintain silence. Thank you.
</p>
-<p>[RMS] Or may be it is just the system that is generating noise. I
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Or may be it is just the system that is generating noise. I
can't tell, I can't hear, if its people talking or it's some artifact
of the communication system. It's just coming across as lot of noise
to me. Just turn the volume down some how, I will see how to do
@@ -123,25 +99,25 @@
room noise is getting tremendous.
</p>
-<p>Okay. Lets see. [silence] Well I guess, I will just start, if that's
-the thing to do. My speech today well... Is it the time I should
-start. Or people are still coming into the room, should I wait a
-couple of more minutes.
+<p>Okay. Lets see. [silence] Well I guess, I will just start, if
+that's the thing to do. My speech today well… Is it the time I
+should start. Or people are still coming into the room, should I wait
+a couple of more minutes.
</p>
-<p>[MOC] Sir, we can start.
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> Sir, we can start.
</p>
-<p>[RMS] I see people coming in. I will wait till the people come in
-and get seated.
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> I see people coming in. I will wait till the people
+come in and get seated.
</p>
-<p>[MOC] Sir, it is getting late, I think we can start.
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> Sir, it is getting late, I think we can start.
</p>
-<p>[RMS] Okay. What is free software? Free Software is software that
-respects the freedom of the users. This doesn't have anything to do
-with price, at least not directly. I am not talking about gratis
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Okay. What is free software? Free Software is software
+that respects the freedom of the users. This doesn't have anything to
+do with price, at least not directly. I am not talking about gratis
software. I don't mean software that you get without paying. That is
actually a side issue that is not particularly relevant. I mean
software that you can use in freedom. Software that respects the
@@ -195,25 +171,25 @@
put it back in disguise.
</p>
-<p>About a year ago, some developers... some researchers found out that,
-they figured out that, Windows XP when it asked for an upgrade, also
-reports to Microsoft, what's installed on your disk. And it does this
-secretly, it sends the list of files encrypted, so that it was
-impossible for people to tell easily that this was going on. They had
-to work hard [FIXME: 12:10] ??? to determine what information Windows
-was sending back to Microsoft. But, Windows is not the only software
-package, non-free software package that [FIXME: 12:30 spys] on
-you. Windows media player also spys on you. Every time you access
-something, it sends a report to Microsoft, saying what you are looking
-at. And Real Player also spys on you. So Microsoft is not the only
-non-free software developer guilty of this kind of special
-mistreatment of the users. The Teebo(?) spys on you. Some people
-enthusiastic on Teebo, because it is based on GNU and Linux to some
+<p>About a year ago, some developers… some researchers found
+out that, they figured out that, Windows XP when it asked for an
+upgrade, also reports to Microsoft, what's installed on your disk. And
+it does this secretly, it sends the list of files encrypted, so that
+it was impossible for people to tell easily that this was going
+on. They had to work hard [FIXME: 12:10] ??? to determine what
+information Windows was sending back to Microsoft. But, Windows is not
+the only software package, non-free software package that [FIXME:
+12:30 spies] on you. Windows media player also spies on you. Every time
+you access something, it sends a report to Microsoft, saying what you
+are looking at. And Real Player also spies on you. So Microsoft is not
+the only non-free software developer guilty of this kind of special
+mistreatment of the users. The Tivo spies on you. Some people
+enthusiastic on Tivo, because it is based on GNU and Linux to some
extent.
</p>
-<p>But it also contains non-free software. And it is designed to spy on
-you, and report what you watch. I am told there are many other
+<p>But it also contains non-free software. And it is designed to spy
+on you, and report what you watch. I am told there are many other
programs that are spy-ware. Then there are programs that do other
nasty things to you. For instance there are programs that reconfigure
your computer, so for instance that it will display ads for you all
@@ -227,18 +203,18 @@
features designed to stop you from doing things. Software developers
like to talk about how their programs could do things for you. But
sometimes they design programs that will refuse to do things for
-you. This is often called DRM - Digital Restrictions Management. Where
-programs are designed to refuse to access files for you, to refuse to
-let you save files, or copy files or convert files.
+you. This is often called DRM — Digital Restrictions
+Management. Where programs are designed to refuse to access files for
+you, to refuse to let you save files, or copy files or convert files.
</p>
-<p>Even more bizarre, there is a malicious feature in the music sharing
-program, Kaza, where the company... the developers sell time on your
-computer. So, other people will pay Kaza, so that they can run their
-programs on your computer. They don't pay you. In fact, this was being
-kept secret. The developers of Kaza didn't say to the users, "By the
-way, we are going to be selling time on your computer." People had to
-figure this out.
+<p>Even more bizarre, there is a malicious feature in the music
+sharing program, Kazaa, where the company… the developers sell
+time on your computer. So, other people will pay Kazaa, so that they
+can run their programs on your computer. They don't pay you. In fact,
+this was being kept secret. The developers of Kazaa didn't say to the
+users, “By the way, we are going to be selling time on your
+computer.” People had to figure this out.
</p>
<p>So, I am telling you examples, that I have heard of. But you never
@@ -247,8 +223,8 @@
source. Without freedom one, the freedom to help yourself, the freedom
to study the source code and change it to do what you want, you can't
tell what the program is really doing. All you can do is put blind
-faith in the developer. The developer says, "The program does this"
-Now you either believe it or you don't.
+faith in the developer. The developer says, “The program does
+this” Now you either believe it or you don't.
</p>
<p>Of course, not all developers of non-free software are putting
@@ -281,48 +257,49 @@
taking control of our computers and our software.
</p>
-<p>...That there are a million users and all of them want a certain
-change in a certain program. They want it to work like this way
-instead. Well, in those million people, just by luck, there will be a
-thousand who know how to program. Sooner or later there will be a ten
-of them, who read the source of the program, and made the change and
-publish a modified version that does what they want. And there are
+<p>…That there are a million users and all of them want a
+certain change in a certain program. They want it to work like this
+way instead. Well, in those million people, just by luck, there will
+be a thousand who know how to program. Sooner or later there will be a
+ten of them, who read the source of the program, and made the change
+and publish a modified version that does what they want. And there are
million other people who want the same thing. So, they will use the
modified version. They all get a change to have what they
want. Because a few of them made the change.
</p>
-<p>With freedom three, a few people can make change and it then becomes
-available to many people. And this way, any collectivity of users can
-take control over their software. What happens if there is a group of
-people who want a change but none of them knows how to
+<p>With freedom three, a few people can make change and it then
+becomes available to many people. And this way, any collectivity of
+users can take control over their software. What happens if there is a
+group of people who want a change but none of them knows how to
program. Suppose if only 500 people and none of them is a
programmer. Now, suppose it is 10000 but they are all people who have
stores, so that they don't know how to program. Well, with free
software they can still make use of freedom one and three. They can
all put together some money and when they have collected the money
-they can go to a programmer or to a programming company and say, "How
-much would you charge, to make this particular change and when can you
-have it done?"
+they can go to a programmer or to a programming company and say,
+“How much would you charge, to make this particular change and
+when can you have it done?”
</p>
-<p>And if they don't like what that particular company says, they can go
-to a different company and say, "What would you charge to make this
-change and when can you have it done?" They can choose who they are
-going to deal with. And this illustrates the fact that free software
-means that there is a free market, for all kinds of services such as,
-to make the program do what you want. With non-free software, support
-is a monopoly, because only the developer has the source code and only
-the developer can make any change.
+<p>And if they don't like what that particular company says, they can
+go to a different company and say, “What would you charge to
+make this change and when can you have it done?” They can choose
+who they are going to deal with. And this illustrates the fact that
+free software means that there is a free market, for all kinds of
+services such as, to make the program do what you want. With non-free
+software, support is a monopoly, because only the developer has the
+source code and only the developer can make any change.
</p>
<p>So if you don't like what the program does, you have to go to the
-developer and beg, "Oh, please developer, please do my change for me."
-And probably the developer says, "You are not important enough, why
-should I care about you. There are just a hundred thousand of you why
-should I care." But with free software, there is a free market for
-support and if the developer isn't interested in what you want some
-body else will be, especially if you have some money to pay.
+developer and beg, “Oh, please developer, please do my change
+for me.” And probably the developer says, “You are not
+important enough, why should I care about you. There are just a
+hundred thousand of you why should I care.” But with free
+software, there is a free market for support and if the developer
+isn't interested in what you want some body else will be, especially
+if you have some money to pay.
</p>
<p>There are users of software who consider good support crucial and they
@@ -336,7 +313,7 @@
non-free programs to do the same job, which ever one you choose the
support for it is going to be a monopoly afterwards, so at the
beginning you get a choice, but afterwards you are stuck in a
-monopoly. Thats the paradox you have a choice between monopolies. In
+monopoly. That's the paradox you have a choice between monopolies. In
other words you get to choose who is going to be your master. But a
choice of masters is not freedom, with free software you don't have to
choose a master. You get to choose freedom, you don't have to choose
@@ -352,8 +329,8 @@
life where you help other people.
</p>
-<p>Now, the spirit... the most important resource of any society is the
-spirit of good will, the spirit of readiness to help your
+<p>Now, the spirit… the most important resource of any society
+is the spirit of good will, the spirit of readiness to help your
neighbors. Of course, nobody spends a 100% of time helping his
neighbors, nobody does a 100% of whatever other people ask. And that
is appropriate because you have to take care of yourself also. But
@@ -371,42 +348,43 @@
<p>So what does it mean when powerful social institutions start saying
sharing with your neighbor is wrong, they are discouraging people from
-helping each other reducing the level of cooperation . They are
+helping each other reducing the level of cooperation. They are
poisoning this essential resource. What does it mean when they say if
you help your neighbor you are a pirate. They are saying that to share
-with your neighbor is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship. Thats
+with your neighbor is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship. That
morality is upside down, because attacking ships are really really bad
but helping your neighbor is good and must be encouraged and what does
it mean when the start making harsh punishments for people who share
with their neighbors. How much fear is it going to take before people
are too scared to help their neighbors. Do you want to be living in a
-society filled with this level of terror. The only .... for what they
-are doing is terror campaign. In 2 countries so far in Argentina and
-then in Germany, these companies, the developers of non-free software
-have sent public threats, threatening people would be raped in prison
-for using unauthorized copies of software. The only thing you can call
-it when people are threatening others will rape is a terror campaign
-and we should put and end to this terrorism, right away.
-</p>
-
-<p>Now, why did I say that freedom two, the freedom to help your neighbor
-is necessary to live an upright life. Because if you agree to license
-for a non-free program, you have partly participated in the evil. You
-have put yourself in a bad moral situation. By using a program that
-does not give you freedom two, the freedom to help your neighbor, you
-have put yourself in a moral dilemma, potentially. It may never
-happen, but as soon as somebody comes to you and says, could I have a
-copy of this program. You are now in a moral dilemma, where you have
-to choose between two evils. One evil is make a copy help your
-neighbor, but you violate the license, the other evil is you follow
-the license but you are a bad neighbor. They are both wrong, so you
-have to choose the lesser evil, the lesser evil in my opinion is to
-share with your neighbor and violate the license. Because your neigh
-deserves... presuming this person had done nothing wrong, hasn't
-mistreated you, then he deserves your cooperation. Where as, who ever
-tried to divide you from your neighbors is doing something very very
-wrong and doesn't deserve your cooperation, so if you got to do
-something wrong, you got to do it to somebody who deserves it.
+society filled with this level of terror. The only … for what
+they are doing is terror campaign. In 2 countries so far in Argentina
+and then in Germany, these companies, the developers of non-free
+software have sent public threats, threatening people would be raped
+in prison for using unauthorized copies of software. The only thing
+you can call it when people are threatening others will rape is a
+terror campaign and we should put and end to this terrorism, right
+away.
+</p>
+
+<p>Now, why did I say that freedom two, the freedom to help your
+neighbor is necessary to live an upright life. Because if you agree to
+license for a non-free program, you have partly participated in the
+evil. You have put yourself in a bad moral situation. By using a
+program that does not give you freedom two, the freedom to help your
+neighbor, you have put yourself in a moral dilemma, potentially. It
+may never happen, but as soon as somebody comes to you and says, could
+I have a copy of this program. You are now in a moral dilemma, where
+you have to choose between two evils. One evil is make a copy help
+your neighbor, but you violate the license, the other evil is you
+follow the license but you are a bad neighbor. They are both wrong, so
+you have to choose the lesser evil, the lesser evil in my opinion is
+to share with your neighbor and violate the license. Because your
+neigh deserves… presuming this person had done nothing wrong,
+hasn't mistreated you, then he deserves your cooperation. Where as,
+who ever tried to divide you from your neighbors is doing something
+very very wrong and doesn't deserve your cooperation, so if you got to
+do something wrong, you got to do it to somebody who deserves it.
</p>
<p>However, once you recognize this, once you realize, that using this
@@ -416,31 +394,32 @@
the non-free program. If you insist on using and having only free
software then you cant ever get into this moral dilemma. Because when
ever your friend asks you for a copy of the program, you will be able
-to say "sure," and it wont be any evil because free software means you
-are free to distribute copies. It means you have not promised that you
-refuse to share with other people. You can share and there is nothing
-bad about the situation. So once you recognize that, using and having
-the non free program means putting yourself in a potential moral
-dilemma, you say no to it. And that way you avoid the moral
-dilemma. You stay in a position where you can live in a upright life
-and you are not going to find yourself forced to do something wrong.
+to say “sure,” and it wont be any evil because free
+software means you are free to distribute copies. It means you have
+not promised that you refuse to share with other people. You can share
+and there is nothing bad about the situation. So once you recognize
+that, using and having the non free program means putting yourself in
+a potential moral dilemma, you say no to it. And that way you avoid
+the moral dilemma. You stay in a position where you can live in a
+upright life and you are not going to find yourself forced to do
+something wrong.
</p>
<p>Once I was in the audience when John Perry Barlow was giving his
speech, and he asked raise your hand if you don't have any
unauthorized copies of software and only one person in the audience
-raised his hand, it was me. And he saw that and he said, "Oh, of
-course you." He knew that all my copies were legal authorized copies
-because the programs were all free software. There are people who made
-copies from me were all authorized to copy the program and give me a
-copy. And all my copies were authorized.
+raised his hand, it was me. And he saw that and he said, “Oh, of
+course you.” He knew that all my copies were legal authorized
+copies because the programs were all free software. There are people
+who made copies from me were all authorized to copy the program and
+give me a copy. And all my copies were authorized.
</p>
<p>The information police, who are trying to put people in prison for
having unauthorized copies, are doing something wrong. What they are
-doing is something illegitimate, what ah... what is it
-called... NASCOM, what they are doing is wrong, but at the same time I
-don't want to have to be sneaking when I give you copies of the
+doing is something illegitimate, what ah… what is it
+called… NASCOM, what they are doing is wrong, but at the same
+time I don't want to have to be sneaking when I give you copies of the
software, so I would rather use the free software and then I can stand
up even with the police watching. And I can give you a copy and I
don't have to be scared we don't have to live in fear, by choosing
@@ -455,7 +434,7 @@
<p>Now, none of these is a question of price. Free software does not mean
you can get it at zero price. In fact it is perfectly legitimate for
-people to sell copies. Thats an example of freedom two, freedom two is
+people to sell copies. That's an example of freedom two, freedom two is
the freedom to make copies and distribute it to others. That includes
selling them if you wish. You are free to make copies and sell
them. It is true that typically people won't pay a large amount of
@@ -506,7 +485,7 @@
non-free software. And schools in India are using non-free
software. This is a terrible mistake, it is a foolish and disastrous
policy, governments of course deserves to use free software. Every
-computer user deserver to have the four freedoms, and that includes
+computer user deserves to have the four freedoms, and that includes
government agencies that use software. But when it is a government
agency it has a responsibility, a duty to choose free
software. Because government agency does data processing for the
@@ -517,21 +496,22 @@
control over what their computers are doing.
</p>
-<p>I see a lot of people moving around, what's happening... what's
-happening.... I can't hear you, the sound is turned off apparently...
+<p>I see a lot of people moving around, what's happening…
+what's happening… I can't hear you, the sound is turned off
+apparently…
</p>
-<p>[MOC] Sir, we are collecting questions.
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> Sir, we are collecting questions.
</p>
-<p>[RMS] Any way I hope it is over now. I will continue. So government
-agencies have a duty to make sure that they continue to control,
-what's going on in their own computers.
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Any way I hope it is over now. I will continue. So
+government agencies have a duty to make sure that they continue to
+control, what's going on in their own computers.
</p>
-<p>So I see, you are collecting the questions already. But I am not even
-finished yet! Anyway... I am probably about a half finished. OK, now I
-understand. So okay, I will continue.
+<p>So I see, you are collecting the questions already. But I am not
+even finished yet! Anyway… I am probably about a half
+finished. OK, now I understand. So okay, I will continue.
</p>
<p>Because remember, if you are using a non-free program, you don't
@@ -588,7 +568,7 @@
to become accessories, in maintaining their grip. And this should not
be surprising. If you compare Microsoft with other forms of
colonialism, you will see a lot of similarities. Because you see,
-non-free software is a system of colonialism. The developers...
+non-free software is a system of colonialism. The developers…
Instead of one country colonizing another, it is various companies
trying to colonize the whole world. And they do this, using divide
conquer tactics. Keeping the user divided and helpless. And if you
@@ -613,42 +593,43 @@
fascinated by computers. They are going want to learn everything about
what is going on inside that computer. They are going to want to learn
how does this program work. If they are using non-free software, the
-teacher has to tell them, "Sorry, you can't learn that, I can't learn
-that. It's a secret. Nobody is allowed to learn that." Non-free
-software prohibits education. But with free software, the teacher can
-say, "Go ahead. Here's the source code for this program. Read it. You
-can learn. And then, now that you have read the source code, try
-making a change, try making a small change in this program. And then try
-making another. Try changing that program. Try changing that program."
-And this way the students who are fascinated by computers will learn
-to write good software.
+teacher has to tell them, “Sorry, you can't learn that, I can't
+learn that. It's a secret. Nobody is allowed to learn that.”
+Non-free software prohibits education. But with free software, the
+teacher can say, “Go ahead. Here's the source code for this
+program. Read it. You can learn. And then, now that you have read the
+source code, try making a change, try making a small change in this
+program. And then try making another. Try changing that program. Try
+changing that program.” And this way the students who are
+fascinated by computers will learn to write good software.
</p>
-<p>As far as I can tell, some people are born with the skill program, are
-born with their brains growing so that they will have the skill to
+<p>As far as I can tell, some people are born with the skill program,
+are born with their brains growing so that they will have the skill to
program. They will be natural programmers. But writing clear
understandable software is something you have to learn. That's
-judgment. The way you learn is by reading lots of source and by changing
-lots of programs. That way you learn what makes a program easy to
-understand and easy to change. Every time you try to read a program
-and it is hard to figure out a certain part, you learn this is not the
-way to write clear code. Non-free software doesn't help you do
+judgment. The way you learn is by reading lots of source and by
+changing lots of programs. That way you learn what makes a program
+easy to understand and easy to change. Every time you try to read a
+program and it is hard to figure out a certain part, you learn this is
+not the way to write clear code. Non-free software doesn't help you do
this. Non-free software just keeps you in the dark. But if the schools
of India switched to free software, then they can offer the students
the opportunity to learn to be good programmers. To learn the same way
I learnt. In the 1970s, I had a special opportunity. I worked at the
-AI lab at MIT. And there, we had our own time sharing system, which
-was free software. We would share with anybody. In fact, we were
-delighted anytime when somebody was interested in any part of it. We
-were delighted anytime somebody wanted to join us in using it and then
-help develop it. And so I had the opportunity to read all these
-different programs that were part of the system, and make changes in
-them. And by doing this over and over again, for years, I learnt to
-be a good programmer. I had to go to one particular place on earth, to
-have this opportunity, which was very unusual, very rare. Today any PC
-running the GNU plus Linux operating system, will offer you this
-opportunity. Every school in India that has a computer can offer its
-students the same opportunity, that I could only get at MIT.
+AI lab at <abbr>MIT</abbr>. And there, we had our own time sharing
+system, which was free software. We would share with anybody. In fact,
+we were delighted anytime when somebody was interested in any part of
+it. We were delighted anytime somebody wanted to join us in using it
+and then help develop it. And so I had the opportunity to read all
+these different programs that were part of the system, and make
+changes in them. And by doing this over and over again, for years, I
+learnt to be a good programmer. I had to go to one particular place on
+earth, to have this opportunity, which was very unusual, very
+rare. Today any PC running the GNU plus Linux operating system, will
+offer you this opportunity. Every school in India that has a computer
+can offer its students the same opportunity, that I could only get at
+<abbr>MIT</abbr>.
</p>
<p>So schools should use free software for the sake of education, but
@@ -664,31 +645,32 @@
citizenship.
</p>
-<p>Three weeks ago.... No it was two weeks ago, when i met with Dr. Kalam
-and explained to him about why schools should use free software and
-about how non-free software is colonial system, I was really
-delighted, because he understood it instantly. He recognized the
-analogy, how the colonial powers tried to recruit the [FIXME: 51:40
-weaks] ??? to become their assistants for keeping the rest of the
-population inline. And then, the most delightful part was that some
-people from Microsoft were waiting to see him next. I am sure when he
-spoke with them... that this comparison will go through his mind, as
-they try to convince him to do something or other, as they offered
-some kind of inducement to help keep India inline. What happened in
-that meeting, of course I don't know; because I wasn't there in his
-subsequent meeting with Microsoft. But I'm sure with this analogy
-running through his minds, he would have had some effect and I hope it
-will have some effect on you. When you, as part of the Indian [FIXME:
-52:30] ??? are invited to help keep India inline. That you recognize that
-it's your duty to say no. When somebody invites you to join in a free
-software movement, where we weave our own code together, that you'll
-recognize that this is the way to put an end to colonialism.
+<p>Three weeks ago… No it was two weeks ago, when i met with
+Dr. Kalam and explained to him about why schools should use free
+software and about how non-free software is colonial system, I was
+really delighted, because he understood it instantly. He recognized
+the analogy, how the colonial powers tried to recruit the [FIXME:
+51:40 weaks] ??? to become their assistants for keeping the rest of
+the population inline. And then, the most delightful part was that
+some people from Microsoft were waiting to see him next. I am sure
+when he spoke with them… that this comparison will go through
+his mind, as they try to convince him to do something or other, as
+they offered some kind of inducement to help keep India inline. What
+happened in that meeting, of course I don't know; because I wasn't
+there in his subsequent meeting with Microsoft. But I'm sure with this
+analogy running through his minds, he would have had some effect and I
+hope it will have some effect on you. When you, as part of the Indian
+[FIXME: 52:30] ??? are invited to help keep India inline. That you
+recognize that it's your duty to say no. When somebody invites you to
+join in a free software movement, where we weave our own code
+together, that you'll recognize that this is the way to put an end to
+colonialism.
</p>
-<p>Well, when somebody says, "What?! we have an office in India; we were
-spending a million dollars a year paying a few people in
+<p>Well, when somebody says, “What?! we have an office in India;
+we were spending a million dollars a year paying a few people in
India. Doesn't this make it okay for us the colonizer of the rest of
-India." Well, you will recognize how stupid is this. The British
+India.” Well, you will recognize how stupid is this. The British
employed people in India too, but that didn't make colonialism a good
thing; didn't make it legitimate; didn't make it ethical. Because
every computer user deserves freedom.
@@ -716,32 +698,32 @@
that would give them freedom.
</p>
-<p>I figured, by making it compatible with some existing popular systems,
-we'll have more users and thus the community of freedom, the free
-world would grow bigger. And I gave the system the name GNU, which
-stands for GNU's Not Unix. It's a humorous way of giving credit to the
-ideas of Unix. It's a recursive acronym and that was a traditional
-programmers of having fun and giving credit at the same time. At the
-same time the word GNU, is used for lots of word plays, it's a word
-that has a lot of humor associated with it which makes it the best
-possible name for anything. I should explain that the word GNU is the
-name of an animal that was in Africa. We use the animal as our
-symbol. So if you see a smiling animal with some horns that is
+<p>I figured, by making it compatible with some existing popular
+systems, we'll have more users and thus the community of freedom, the
+free world would grow bigger. And I gave the system the name GNU,
+which stands for GNU's Not Unix. It's a humorous way of giving credit
+to the ideas of Unix. It's a recursive acronym and that was a
+traditional programmers of having fun and giving credit at the same
+time. At the same time the word GNU, is used for lots of word plays,
+it's a word that has a lot of humor associated with it which makes it
+the best possible name for anything. I should explain that the word
+GNU is the name of an animal that was in Africa. We use the animal as
+our symbol. So if you see a smiling animal with some horns that is
associated with our software, that's a gnu. So 20 years and 1 month
-ago, in January 1984, I quit my job at MIT and began developing the
-GNU system. I didn't do it all myself, of course, I was also trying to
-recruit other people to help and gradually over the years more and
-more people joined in. During the 1980s, well we had only a few parts
-of the GNU system; some of these parts were superior and so people
-would take them and install them on their non-free systems. For
-instance, the GNU Emacs text editor and the GNU C compiler. These were
-programs that people would learn even on top of their non-free Unix
-system. But our real goal was not just to have a few popular programs,
-the goal was to make a complete system. So that we should reject the
-non-free systems; reject non-free software, escape from the bondage of
-non-free software. So we kept filling in these gaps in the system and
-by the early 90s we had just one important gap remaining and that was
-the kernel.
+ago, in January 1984, I quit my job at <abbr>MIT</abbr> and began
+developing the GNU system. I didn't do it all myself, of course, I was
+also trying to recruit other people to help and gradually over the
+years more and more people joined in. During the 1980s, well we had
+only a few parts of the GNU system; some of these parts were superior
+and so people would take them and install them on their non-free
+systems. For instance, the GNU Emacs text editor and the GNU C
+compiler. These were programs that people would learn even on top of
+their non-free Unix system. But our real goal was not just to have a
+few popular programs, the goal was to make a complete system. So that
+we should reject the non-free systems; reject non-free software,
+escape from the bondage of non-free software. So we kept filling in
+these gaps in the system and by the early 90s we had just one
+important gap remaining and that was the kernel.
</p>
<p>In 1991, a college student in Finland, wrote a free kernel and
@@ -775,22 +757,23 @@
whole operating system in an embedded computer.
</p>
-<p>So there is a lot of confusion. People say Linux, and sometimes they
-mean an entire operating system that you could run on a desktop or a
-server, and sometimes they mean just this kernel, which is enough for a
-embedded machine and that's all. So, if you want to avoid confusing
-people, you need to distinguish them, use different names for
-different things. When you are talking about the kernel, please call
-it `Linux'. That was written by a person, who chose the name Linux. And
-we ought to use the name he chose. When you are talking of the
-operating system, that's mostly GNU. And when I started developing it,
-I chose the name GNU. So please call this combination GNU plus
-Linux. All I am asking for, is a equal mention, for the principle
-developers of the system, the GNU project. We wrote the largest part
-of the system, and we had the vision for doing this whole job. Please
-give us equal mention. We need it. We need it, so that we can spread
-the philosophy. Teach people the ethical reasons. The social and
-political issues that are stake here. Why software should be free.
+<p>So there is a lot of confusion. People say Linux, and sometimes
+they mean an entire operating system that you could run on a desktop
+or a server, and sometimes they mean just this kernel, which is enough
+for a embedded machine and that's all. So, if you want to avoid
+confusing people, you need to distinguish them, use different names
+for different things. When you are talking about the kernel, please
+call it ‘Linux’. That was written by a person, who chose
+the name Linux. And we ought to use the name he chose. When you are
+talking of the operating system, that's mostly GNU. And when I started
+developing it, I chose the name GNU. So please call this combination
+GNU plus Linux. All I am asking for, is a equal mention, for the
+principle developers of the system, the GNU project. We wrote the
+largest part of the system, and we had the vision for doing this whole
+job. Please give us equal mention. We need it. We need it, so that we
+can spread the philosophy. Teach people the ethical reasons. The
+social and political issues that are stake here. Why software should
+be free.
</p>
<p>Now, it was suggested I should talk about, some issues having to do
@@ -836,13 +819,13 @@
controller. Because there wasn't really much danger. There wasn't much
scope for putting in malicious feature into people's disk
controllers. Because, how would they send a command to your disk
-controller. It just wasn't really feasible, to do those things. But, as
-these controllers get to be more... as the hardware gets more and more
-powerful hardware can be put in a smaller place, it becomes feasible,
-that somebody could put back doors, into your disk controller, into your
-CPU, into your network card. Now, how do you know that your network
-card isn't setup to receive some secret message, which is going to
-tell it to start spying on you somehow.
+controller. It just wasn't really feasible, to do those things. But,
+as these controllers get to be more… as the hardware gets more
+and more powerful hardware can be put in a smaller place, it becomes
+feasible, that somebody could put back doors, into your disk
+controller, into your CPU, into your network card. Now, how do you
+know that your network card isn't setup to receive some secret
+message, which is going to tell it to start spying on you somehow.
</p>
<p>So these issues start mattering, once the hardware becomes powerful
@@ -851,44 +834,44 @@
hardware, is really software. A lot of device controllers nowadays,
have computers in them. And there is software to get downloaded into
this computer, and that software should be free. That's the only way
-we can trust it . That's the only way we can tell that it doesn't have
+we can trust it. That's the only way we can tell that it doesn't have
some secret back door feature, to spy on us. It has got to be free
software.
</p>
-<p>So, the general rule is, if people ask me the question, "Does this
-apply to computers that are embedded?" I thought about this and I
-reached the conclusion, that if new software can be loaded into this
-computer, then it's visibly a computer, it really is a computer, for
-you the user. And that means you must have the freedom to control the
-software. But more recently, another issue is arising, that if the
+<p>So, the general rule is, if people ask me the question, “Does
+this apply to computers that are embedded?” I thought about this
+and I reached the conclusion, that if new software can be loaded into
+this computer, then it's visibly a computer, it really is a computer,
+for you the user. And that means you must have the freedom to control
+the software. But more recently, another issue is arising, that if the
device can talk to the network, whether that's the Internet, or the
-cell phone network, or whatever. If it can talk to other people, then you
-don't know whether it is spying on you. So, it has to be free
+cell phone network, or whatever. If it can talk to other people, then
+you don't know whether it is spying on you. So, it has to be free
software. Consider for instance, portable phones. You shouldn't use a
-portable, unless the software is free. There really have been dangerous
-malicious features, in portable phones. There are portable phones in
-Europe which have this feature, that somebody can remotely tell the
-phone to listen to you. It really is a spy device, in the most
-classical sense. And if you have a portable phone, do you know who
-could be spying on you at any time? You don't unless you are... unless
-the software in your portable phone is a free software. So, we must
-insist on free software for this portable phones. That's just one of
-the reasons I won't use a portable phone. Because the portable phone
-network is a surveillance device. It can keep records of where you
-go. It can keep a permanent record of where you have been at all the
-time. And I think this is so dangerous such as threat to our freedom,
-that we must refuse to have these phones. They're dangerous, they're
-poison.
+portable, unless the software is free. There really have been
+dangerous malicious features, in portable phones. There are portable
+phones in Europe which have this feature, that somebody can remotely
+tell the phone to listen to you. It really is a spy device, in the
+most classical sense. And if you have a portable phone, do you know
+who could be spying on you at any time? You don't unless you
+are… unless the software in your portable phone is a free
+software. So, we must insist on free software for this portable
+phones. That's just one of the reasons I won't use a portable
+phone. Because the portable phone network is a surveillance device. It
+can keep records of where you go. It can keep a permanent record of
+where you have been at all the time. And I think this is so dangerous
+such as threat to our freedom, that we must refuse to have these
+phones. They're dangerous, they're poison.
</p>
<p>Any way for more information I would like to refer you the gnu
projects web site, which is www.gnu.org and also to the web site of
-the free software foundation of India, which is FSFIndia no sorry... I
-... no it's... It's gnu.org.in that's gnu.org.in. If you would like to
-help free software in India, please get in touch with FSF-India so
-that you can combine your efforts with other people and together you
-can fight for freedom.
+the free software foundation of India, which is FSFIndia no
+sorry… I … no it's… It's gnu.org.in that's
+gnu.org.in. If you would like to help free software in India, please
+get in touch with FSF-India so that you can combine your efforts with
+other people and together you can fight for freedom.
</p>
<p>From now I'll accept questions.
@@ -897,25 +880,27 @@
<p>Oh boy, am I sleepy!
</p>
-<p>[MOC] Sir, we will be reading out the questions one by one collected
-from the audience, and... then you can answer the questions.
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> Sir, we will be reading out the questions one by one
+collected from the audience, and… then you can answer the
+questions.
</p>
-<p>[RMS] Okay, if one person asks multiple questions, please give them to
-me one at a time.
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Okay, if one person asks multiple questions, please
+give them to me one at a time.
</p>
-<p>[MOC] Yes, sir.
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> Yes, sir.
</p>
-<p>The first question comes from H. Sundar Raman. His question is, "What
-is the difference between Open Source Software and Free Software?"
+<p>The first question comes from H. Sundar Raman. His question is,
+“What is the difference between Open Source Software and Free
+Software?”
</p>
<p>[RMS yawns]
</p>
-<p>[RMS] I should first explain that Free Software and Open Source each
-has two related meanings.
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> I should first explain that Free Software and Open
+Source each has two related meanings.
</p>
<p>I am looking at a mirror image of myself. So it's hard to me to see
@@ -923,13 +908,13 @@
</p>
<p>Each one refers to a categorical software and each one refers to a
-philosophical movement. So there is the free software... the free
+philosophical movement. So there is the free software… the free
software is a category of licenses. And there is the free software
movement and it's philosophy. Likewise open source is a category of
licenses and a philosophy. For we can compare the free software
-movement and the open source movement... sorry, we can compare free
-software as a category of software with open source as a category of
-software. And we can compare the free software movement philosophy
+movement and the open source movement… sorry, we can compare
+free software as a category of software with open source as a category
+of software. And we can compare the free software movement philosophy
with the open source philosophy. And what you find is as categories of
software they are very close together. Open source is a category of
licenses just as free software is a category of licenses. And these
@@ -950,17 +935,17 @@
source movement doesn't say you should insist on open source
software. They say that it may be convenient or advantageous. They
sight practical values only. They say that they have a superior
-design... sorry a superior development model - superior in its shallow
-technical sense, that it usually produces technically better
-software. But that's the most they will say. They won't say that this
-is an ethical imperative, they won't say that software should be open
-source, they won't say that closed source software is an attempt to
-colonize you and you should escape. They won't say anything like that
-and in-fact the reason for their movement is specifically not to say
-that; to cover that up. And so when it comes to the philosophical
-foundation what they say and what we say are as different as night and
-day. And that's why I am always very unhappy when anybody associates
-me or my work with open source.
+design… sorry a superior development model — superior in
+its shallow technical sense, that it usually produces technically
+better software. But that's the most they will say. They won't say
+that this is an ethical imperative, they won't say that software
+should be open source, they won't say that closed source software is
+an attempt to colonize you and you should escape. They won't say
+anything like that and in-fact the reason for their movement is
+specifically not to say that; to cover that up. And so when it comes
+to the philosophical foundation what they say and what we say are as
+different as night and day. And that's why I am always very unhappy
+when anybody associates me or my work with open source.
</p>
<p>The people who developed, who are motivated by the open source
@@ -974,14 +959,14 @@
<p>So next question please.
</p>
-<p>[MOC] The next question comes from Advait Thumbde. His question is
-freedom to copy may not generate enough money; which is essential to
-fund resources for technological development. Where as many rival
-firms...
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The next question comes from Advait Thumbde. His
+question is freedom to copy may not generate enough money; which is
+essential to fund resources for technological development. Where as
+many rival firms…
</p>
-<p>[RMS interrupts] No. That's false. That's false. Money is not
-essential for technological development, not in the software
+<p><b>[RMS interrupts]</b> No. That's false. That's false. Money is
+not essential for technological development, not in the software
field. May be in an other field it is because other fields are much
more difficult. It cause a lot of money to setup a factory to build
hardware. Well, that requires an investment. But we have proved, in
@@ -1023,20 +1008,21 @@
<p>Finally, I should say that you might want to get money to do
something; you might want to make money out of an activity. And this
-is not wrong, not in itself. But if the activity itself is wrong then you
-can't justify it by saying I'm going to get money. You know, the
+is not wrong, not in itself. But if the activity itself is wrong then
+you can't justify it by saying I'm going to get money. You know, the
[FIXME 81:00] get money; but that's no excuse for robing
people. Non-free software is ethically poison. It's a scheme to keep
people divided and helpless. It's a form of colonization. And that's
-wrong. So when a person says to me "I'm going to make my program
+wrong. So when a person says to me “I'm going to make my program
proprietary so that I can get money, so that I can work full time
-developing the program" I say to him "That's like saying you're going
-to rob people so that you can get money, so that you can spend full
-time robing people." It's all wrong. And you shouldn't do it.
+developing the program” I say to him “That's like saying
+you're going to rob people so that you can get money, so that you can
+spend full time robing people.” It's all wrong. And you
+shouldn't do it.
</p>
-<p>I believe that people who contribute to society made
-it... Well... People contribute to society it's a good idea if we
+<p>I believe that people who contribute to society made it…
+Well… People contribute to society it's a good idea if we
reward them for it. And when people are doing things that harm
society, it's a good idea if we find ways to punish them for it. That
will encourage people to do things that contribute to society and not
@@ -1047,61 +1033,63 @@
deserves punishment not reward. Another way to look at it is to
realize that to use a non-free program is either to be foolish or
unethical or both. Which means that, for me, these non-free program
-...is... might as well be nothing because I am not going to use
-it. Ethical people, people who insists on living an up-right life are
-going to reject it any way. So his program is only avail.. only going
-to be of used to suckers. Who don't have well trained
-consciousness. And what good is that? So the person says to me "I can
-only develop this program if I make it proprietary; that's the only
-way I can bring in enough money so that I can spend the time
-developing this program." I'm not going to tell him that can't be
-true because I don't know his circumstances. If he says that there is
-no way he can develop this program unless he has paid full time and if
-he says that he doesn't know any way to get payed full time except to
-make the program proprietary; I'm not going to tell him this is false
-because he knows his situation. What I will tell him is, "Please don't
-develop the program." Developing the program in that way would be evil
-or would be harmful. So it's better if you don't do it at all. Do
-something else. Because a few years from now sooner or later some one
-else will be in a different situation. Some one will be able to write
-this program with out subjugating the users. And we could afford to
-wait a few years so that we keep our freedom. Freedom is worth a small
+…is… might as well be nothing because I am not going to
+use it. Ethical people, people who insists on living an up-right life
+are going to reject it any way. So his program is only avail…
+only going to be of used to suckers. Who don't have well trained
+consciousness. And what good is that? So the person says to me
+“I can only develop this program if I make it proprietary;
+that's the only way I can bring in enough money so that I can spend
+the time developing this program.” I'm not going to tell him
+that can't be true because I don't know his circumstances. If he says
+that there is no way he can develop this program unless he has paid
+full time and if he says that he doesn't know any way to get payed
+full time except to make the program proprietary; I'm not going to
+tell him this is false because he knows his situation. What I will
+tell him is, “Please don't develop the program.”
+Developing the program in that way would be evil or would be
+harmful. So it's better if you don't do it at all. Do something
+else. Because a few years from now sooner or later some one else will
+be in a different situation. Some one will be able to write this
+program with out subjugating the users. And we could afford to wait a
+few years so that we keep our freedom. Freedom is worth a small
sacrifice. We can wait a few years.
</p>
<p>So next question.
</p>
-<p>[MOC] His next question is "All intellectual work like books are
-proprietary". Is it not justified in case of software?
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> His next question is “All intellectual work like
+books are proprietary”. Is it not justified in case of software?
</p>
-<p>[RMS] Well, he is mistaken. There are plenty of free books as well. In
-fact more and more the movement is catching on to makes books free,
-free as in freedom I mean. Now, we started doing this in the
-1980's. The manuals for GNU software that are developed by the GNU
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Well, he is mistaken. There are plenty of free books
+as well. In fact more and more the movement is catching on to makes
+books free, free as in freedom I mean. Now, we started doing this in
+the 1980's. The manuals for GNU software that are developed by the GNU
project are all free in the sense that you are free to copy them. They
are not gratis at-least not always. We print copies and we sell them
and we sell them for more than the production cost because we're
-trying to raise money. So, you know, of-course this was to produce
+trying to raise money. So, you know, of course this was to produce
re-charge this much because we're trying to raise substantial money
with these books. But you are free to copy and change them. And you
-could even get the source code through the Internet, the source code for
-the books. And now we are not the only ones. There is now a movement
-for free text books. In-fact there are projects in India and elsewhere
-to develop free educational materials to make available to schools. A
-complete curriculum of free educational materials. Because educational
-materials should be free. And so I suggest that you look at the site
-gnowledge.org. That's like knowledge but spells with a `g' instead of
-a `k'. And you will see one of these initiatives being carried out by
-Prof. Nagarjuna in Mumbai.
-</p>
-
-<p>Also, I should mention the free encyclopedia - Wikipedia. It's the
-largest encyclopedia in history. I believe, it now has more than a
-hundred and sixty thousand entries. Which is far more than any other
-encyclopedia has ever had. Like around twice. And this has been done
-in just a few years; by the public.
+could even get the source code through the Internet, the source code
+for the books. And now we are not the only ones. There is now a
+movement for free text books. In-fact there are projects in India and
+elsewhere to develop free educational materials to make available to
+schools. A complete curriculum of free educational materials. Because
+educational materials should be free. And so I suggest that you look
+at the site <a href="http://gnowledge.org";>gnowledge.org</a>. That's
+like knowledge but spells with a ‘g’ instead of a
+‘k’. And you will see one of these initiatives being
+carried out by Prof. Nagarjuna in Mumbai.
+</p>
+
+<p>Also, I should mention the free encyclopedia —
+Wikipedia. It's the largest encyclopedia in history. I believe, it now
+has more than a hundred and sixty thousand entries. Which is far more
+than any other encyclopedia has ever had. Like around twice. And this
+has been done in just a few years; by the public.
</p>
<p>So, if we were to believe these threats, ???? people say the only way
@@ -1118,14 +1106,14 @@
<p>Next question.
</p>
-<p>[MOC] The next question is from Ganapathy. He says "I believe the
-greatest challenge to free software lies in getting quality software
-which means quality software developers. But enough drive has to be
-there for them to spend time and brain. So what do you suggest for
-getting enthusiastic developers."
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The next question is from Ganapathy. He says “I
+believe the greatest challenge to free software lies in getting
+quality software which means quality software developers. But enough
+drive has to be there for them to spend time and brain. So what do you
+suggest for getting enthusiastic developers.”
</p>
-<p>[RMS interrupts] That's not true.
+<p><b>[RMS interrupts]</b> That's not true.
</p>
<p>Well, you know I keep getting questions from people who believe things
@@ -1133,66 +1121,67 @@
community and they're guessing wrong.
</p>
-<p>The fact is free software has a reputation for high quality. The GNU
-plus Linux operating system initially began catching on back in the
-90's because of its high quality. People discovered that it would stay
-up for months. That they would find... the only time the system went
-down is when the power failed. And this contrasts with non-free
-software that's often quite unreliable. So you see this often, you
-will see people foolishly making the assumptions that free software
-can't work. They don't know any thing but they're making it all up.
-Now, why is this? I guess because non-free software is so common, they
-make the assumption it must work well.
+<p>The fact is free software has a reputation for high quality. The
+GNU plus Linux operating system initially began catching on back in
+the 90's because of its high quality. People discovered that it would
+stay up for months. That they would find… the only time the
+system went down is when the power failed. And this contrasts with
+non-free software that's often quite unreliable. So you see this
+often, you will see people foolishly making the assumptions that free
+software can't work. They don't know any thing but they're making it
+all up. Now, why is this? I guess because non-free software is so
+common, they make the assumption it must work well.
</p>
<p>Do you think that people use Windows because it is good? What a
ridiculous idea. People use Windows because other people use Windows
and that's the only reason. Well, no that's not the only
-reason... they use Windows because it comes on their computers. These
-are the two reasons. The only reason that... let any one... one thing
-in the usual thing why does some alternative survive; only because
-it's better. Free software has to be twice as good. In order to get
-practically minded people to choose it. Of course you can hear my
-scorn in the term practically minded. These are people who don't value
-their freedom. They're fools. A fool and this freedom are soon
-parted. But there are plenty of fools; especially in a lot of
-organizations are people who believe that they are not supposed to pay
-attention to ethics or freedom. They are only supposed to pay
-attention to short-term practicalities. Which is a recipe for making
-bad decisions. For hurting society. But that's the way they are. So
-why is it that even those people some times choose free software?
-Because it has practical advantages. For instances it's powerful and
-it's reliable.
+reason… they use Windows because it comes on their
+computers. These are the two reasons. The only reason that… let
+any one… one thing in the usual thing why does some alternative
+survive; only because it's better. Free software has to be twice as
+good. In order to get practically minded people to choose it. Of
+course you can hear my scorn in the term practically minded. These are
+people who don't value their freedom. They're fools. A fool and this
+freedom are soon parted. But there are plenty of fools; especially in
+a lot of organizations are people who believe that they are not
+supposed to pay attention to ethics or freedom. They are only supposed
+to pay attention to short-term practicalities. Which is a recipe for
+making bad decisions. For hurting society. But that's the way they
+are. So why is it that even those people some times choose free
+software? Because it has practical advantages. For instances it's
+powerful and it's reliable.
</p>
<p>Next question
</p>
-<p>[MOC] The next question is from Subramani. Distributing the software
-as a free copy is user friendly but is it business friendly. Don't you
-think it will disturb the economic balance in the software.
-</p>
-
-<p>This is utterly foolish. First of all, remember that I explain that
-free software is a matter of freedom not price. Free software does not
-mean that it is gratis. But sometimes it's gratis. On the other hand
-some time you can get non-free software gratis. That doesn't make it
-ethically legitimate, because it's still tramples your freedom. It
-still keeps you divided and helpless, even if you didn't have to
-pay. Schools in India can get Windows gratis. But it's still
-harmful. So the issue is not about price. The issue is about whether
-the software respects your freedom. And this... this... idea there is
-some kind of balance. I don't know what in the world he is talking
-about? But remember if a business is making money by subjugating
-people, that's bad, that's some thing we should bring to an end. There
-are many businesses that operate by mistreating people. And those
-businesses are bad. They don't have a right to continue. They deserved
-to be brought to an end. I won't say that non-free software is the
-biggest such problem. Because, you know child labor is very common
-but I don't think that's mostly free software development. I think
-it's mostly other things. There are many ways that a business can
-be... can operate that is harmful to society. And we have to put in an
-end to that.
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The next question is from Subramani. Distributing the
+software as a free copy is user friendly but is it business
+friendly. Don't you think it will disturb the economic balance in the
+software.
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> This is utterly foolish. First of all, remember that I
+explain that free software is a matter of freedom not price. Free
+software does not mean that it is gratis. But sometimes it's
+gratis. On the other hand some time you can get non-free software
+gratis. That doesn't make it ethically legitimate, because it's still
+tramples your freedom. It still keeps you divided and helpless, even
+if you didn't have to pay. Schools in India can get Windows
+gratis. But it's still harmful. So the issue is not about price. The
+issue is about whether the software respects your freedom. And
+this… this… idea there is some kind of balance. I don't
+know what in the world he is talking about? But remember if a business
+is making money by subjugating people, that's bad, that's some thing
+we should bring to an end. There are many businesses that operate by
+mistreating people. And those businesses are bad. They don't have a
+right to continue. They deserved to be brought to an end. I won't say
+that non-free software is the biggest such problem. Because, you know
+child labor is very common but I don't think that's mostly free
+software development. I think it's mostly other things. There are many
+ways that a business can be… can operate that is harmful to
+society. And we have to put in an end to that.
</p>
<p>Or in looking at Coca Cola, poisoning people, while draining away the
@@ -1203,44 +1192,45 @@
organizers in Colombia. So join the boycott. Don't buy Coke.
</p>
-<p>So I hope... I said this basically to illustrate that there are many
-ways a business can conduct itself unethically. And businesses that
-conduct itself unethically don't have a right to continue. They're not
-legitimate and they shouldn't be treated as legitimate. Non-free
-software development is an example because what ever the program
-itself does, the license subjugate the users. And that's wrong.
+<p>So I hope… I said this basically to illustrate that there
+are many ways a business can conduct itself unethically. And
+businesses that conduct itself unethically don't have a right to
+continue. They're not legitimate and they shouldn't be treated as
+legitimate. Non-free software development is an example because what
+ever the program itself does, the license subjugate the users. And
+that's wrong.
</p>
<p>Next question.
</p>
-<p>[MOC] Windows is supporting regional languages and it's helping the
-people of India but GNU doesn't have this feature. What is your
-suggestion in this regard?
-</p>
-
-<p>He is mistaken. You know, I have never given a speech where so many
-questions that make false statements, criticizing the free software
-movement in a ways that are not true. Why is it... you know I can
-understand not knowing. Every one of us is born completely
-ignorant. And every one of us, in any particular subject starts out
-knowing nothing. But why are peoples here are so ready to make
-assumptions when they don't know. Why do not admit you don't know? Why
-these people believes things which are false. Which clearly they don't
-have good evidence for.
-</p>
-
-<p>Actually, Windows... doesn't it support all the Indian languages? And
-are the other hand free software does. And it is not just Windows by
-the way, there are many other non-free software packages and non-free
-means you can't change it. With free software you can change it. So if
-you want a program to support your favorite language and it's
-non-free, you have to beg and plead with that developer to cater to
-you. But if the program is free software, you don't have to beg
-anybody. You can just do it. And this is what happening. People in
-India are adapting GNU/Linux to various different Indian
-languages. And if they haven't yet done your favorite language, you
-can start the project. You are not helpless. Launch the project to
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> Windows is supporting regional languages and it's
+helping the people of India but GNU doesn't have this feature. What is
+your suggestion in this regard?
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> He is mistaken. You know, I have never given a speech
+where so many questions that make false statements, criticizing the
+free software movement in a ways that are not true. Why is it…
+you know I can understand not knowing. Every one of us is born
+completely ignorant. And every one of us, in any particular subject
+starts out knowing nothing. But why are peoples here are so ready to
+make assumptions when they don't know. Why do not admit you don't
+know? Why these people believes things which are false. Which clearly
+they don't have good evidence for.
+</p>
+
+<p>Actually, Windows… doesn't it support all the Indian
+languages? And are the other hand free software does. And it is not
+just Windows by the way, there are many other non-free software
+packages and non-free means you can't change it. With free software
+you can change it. So if you want a program to support your favorite
+language and it's non-free, you have to beg and plead with that
+developer to cater to you. But if the program is free software, you
+don't have to beg anybody. You can just do it. And this is what
+happening. People in India are adapting GNU/Linux to various different
+Indian languages. And if they haven't yet done your favorite language,
+you can start the project. You are not helpless. Launch the project to
support your favorite language. You know, even tribal people can
localize the system to their language. You don't have to have the one
of the major recognized languages. In order to get support in free
@@ -1249,36 +1239,36 @@
<p>Next question please.
</p>
-<p>[MOC] Sir, we would like to know how long can we continue this
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> Sir, we would like to know how long can we continue this
question and answer session?
</p>
-<p>[RMS] Well, certainly I'll do another fifteen minutes.
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Well, certainly I'll do another fifteen minutes.
</p>
-<p>[MOC] Yes sir.
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> Yes sir.
</p>
-<p>[RMS] Oh, Please don't call me sir. I believe in equality. And it's
-really a sort of bad for me if you call me sir. It might make me get
-in over inflated estimate of how important I am. And that will be bad
-for me, as well as bad for you.
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Oh, Please don't call me sir. I believe in
+equality. And it's really a sort of bad for me if you call me sir. It
+might make me get in over inflated estimate of how important I am. And
+that will be bad for me, as well as bad for you.
</p>
<p>The important thing here is freedom. I am just its representative.
</p>
-<p>[MOC] The next question is from Vijay Anand. The question is, "There
-are lots of incompatible GNU/Linux distributions. Is this a drawback
-to the free software movement?"
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The next question is from Vijay Anand. The question
+is, “There are lots of incompatible GNU/Linux distributions. Is
+this a drawback to the free software movement?”
</p>
<p>Well, we shouldn't over estimate the extent to which they're
-incompatible. At the source level they are almost all... they are
+incompatible. At the source level they are almost all… they are
mostly compatible, unless you are doing very obscure things. You don't
need to worry about the variations when you are writing source
code. They will have different binary and different packaging but
that's not a very big difficulty. So, I say, no It's not a major
drawback. Of course you know, having different versions of the system
-can be good if users... different users want them. Now let's contrast
-this with the kind of incompatibility that we have, that we find in
-the non-free world. You'll find that Microsoft makes gross
-incompatibilities in each version of its systems. They makes... they
-deliberately make formats incompatible with everything else and
+can be good if users… different users want them. Now let's
+contrast this with the kind of incompatibility that we have, that we
+find in the non-free world. You'll find that Microsoft makes gross
+incompatibilities in each version of its systems. They makes…
+they deliberately make formats incompatible with everything else and
protocols incompatible with everything else. They try many different
ways to prevent other people from inter operating with them. And each
version of a Microsoft package is likely to be incompatible with the
@@ -1290,14 +1280,14 @@
developers don't have power. If I make a decision that you don't like,
you are not stuck with it. Because you have the source code, you can
change it, you can change any of my decisions. Whether I make this
-decision... you know, if hypothetically I choose to impose
+decision… you know, if hypothetically I choose to impose
incompatibility on you, you could change it, you could take my program
-and modify it to compatible with whatever. Where is... you know,
-...even if I made a decision that you just don't like for some other
-reason, you can still change it. You can change any of my decisions
-regardless of why I made the decision, regardless of why you don't
-like it; you can change it. So I don't have any power over you when I
-develop free software. You, the users are in control of your
+and modify it to compatible with whatever. Where is… you know,
+…even if I made a decision that you just don't like for some
+other reason, you can still change it. You can change any of my
+decisions regardless of why I made the decision, regardless of why you
+don't like it; you can change it. So I don't have any power over you
+when I develop free software. You, the users are in control of your
software. So it will you generally do what you want more or less. But
the developers of non-free software, they do have power over you. And
so you are stuck with their decisions.
@@ -1306,47 +1296,49 @@
<p>Next question please.
</p>
-<p>[MOC] The next question is from Rakesh. "Since the source code of free
-software is available, it is possible for a cracker to introduce
-malicious code into the program and distribute binaries, so that it
-looks like the original. Is this a drawback to the free software
-movement?"
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The next question is from Rakesh. “Since the
+source code of free software is available, it is possible for a
+cracker to introduce malicious code into the program and distribute
+binaries, so that it looks like the original. Is this a drawback to
+the free software movement?”
</p>
-<p>Well, we have ways of protecting against this. For instance you can
-get your copies from a reputable distributer and we use digital
-signatures to sign our co.. and we use ... you know, cryptographic
-[FIXME: catches 1:42:48] the checksums. So that you can see the
-checksum that the developer publish and thus get an assurance that the
-version you have is the correct version.
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Well, we have ways of protecting against this. For
+instance you can get your copies from a reputable distributor and we
+use digital signatures to sign our co… and we use … you
+know, cryptographic [FIXME: catches 1:42:48] the checksums. So that
+you can see the checksum that the developer publish and thus get an
+assurance that the version you have is the correct version.
</p>
<p>[silence]</p>
-<p>[MOC] The next question is from Krishnan. The question is, "When do
-you expect the GNU HURD to be available to the public for normal use?"
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The next question is from Krishnan. The question is,
+“When do you expect the GNU HURD to be available to the public
+for normal use?”
</p>
-<p>I have learned I should not try to predict that. A few months ago, the
-HURD developers concluded that they really should switch to a
-different micro kernel. And it's going to take a substantial amount of
-work to do that. So I'm... I'm disappointed by this delay. But it
-looks like that will mean some delay.
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> I have learned I should not try to predict that. A few
+months ago, the HURD developers concluded that they really should
+switch to a different micro kernel. And it's going to take a
+substantial amount of work to do that. So I'm… I'm disappointed
+by this delay. But it looks like that will mean some delay.
</p>
<p>Next question please.</p>
-<p>[MOC] The next question is from Manu Meta... Metallurgy. The question
-is, "Is developing free software on non-free operating systems wrong?"</p>
-
-<p>Well, it's not exactly wrong. But it's foolish to use the non-free
-operating system because you can't live in freedom as long as you do
-that. And your software, although it be free, is not a contribution to
-the free world when it doesn't... if it doesn't run on a free
-operating system.</p>
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The next question is from Manu Meta…
+Metallurgy. The question is, “Is developing free software on
+non-free operating systems wrong?”</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Well, it's not exactly wrong. But it's foolish to use
+the non-free operating system because you can't live in freedom as
+long as you do that. And your software, although it be free, is not a
+contribution to the free world when it doesn't… if it doesn't
+run on a free operating system.</p>
<p>And in particular you should be careful about Sun's Java
-platform. Never use Sun's Java platform to develop software. And
-atleast not develop free software because Sun's Java program is not
+platform. Never use Sun's Java platform to develop software. And at
+least not develop free software because Sun's Java program is not
free. There are free Java platforms, but they don't have all the
capabilities of the Sun's Java platform. So the danger is if you are
using the Sun's Java platform you might use some features we don't
@@ -1354,157 +1346,123 @@
won't notice a problem because it will work. It will work on Sun's
platform. So then several months later you'll try the program on our
platform and find that you did months work based on a feature we don't
-have and you will say "Oh! it would be so much work to redo that; that
-I can't do it." So then your program won't run on a free platform at
-all. At least not until years go by and we have implemented a
-replacement for that feature. So you should use our free Java platform
-to develop that. Use the GNU Java platform... the GNU Java compiler
-and use the GNU Classpath as the libraries. Don't use Sun's Java
-Libraries, they are not free. So this way if you ever start to use a
-standard Java feature that we don't have, you'll find out
-immediately. And you'll be able to choose some other way of solving
-the problem with out wasting a lot of time.</p>
+have and you will say “Oh! it would be so much work to redo
+that; that I can't do it.” So then your program won't run on a
+free platform at all. At least not until years go by and we have
+implemented a replacement for that feature. So you should use our free
+Java platform to develop that. Use the GNU Java platform… the
+GNU Java compiler and use the GNU Classpath as the libraries. Don't
+use Sun's Java Libraries, they are not free. So this way if you ever
+start to use a standard Java feature that we don't have, you'll find
+out immediately. And you'll be able to choose some other way of
+solving the problem with out wasting a lot of time.</p>
<p>Next question please.</p>
-<p>[MOC] What do you think is the greatest obstacle for free software in
-India? How do we break them up?</p>
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> What do you think is the greatest obstacle for free
+software in India? How do we break them up?</p>
-<p>I'd say the biggest obstacle for free software in India right now is
-the tendency of government agencies and schools to use non-free
-software. It's vital to convince the schools to teach the children in
-India to grow up living in freedom. When Windows... Microsoft offers
-the schools gratis copies of Windows, the schools have to say "We are
-not going to accept them; we are not going to participate in teaching
-our kids to be addicts."</p>
+<p><b>[RMS</b> I'd say the biggest obstacle for free software in India
+right now is the tendency of government agencies and schools to use
+non-free software. It's vital to convince the schools to teach the
+children in India to grow up living in freedom. When Windows…
+Microsoft offers the schools gratis copies of Windows, the schools
+have to say “We are not going to accept them; we are not going
+to participate in teaching our kids to be addicts.”</p>
<p>Next question please.</p>
-<p>[MOC] The next question is from Pankaj. The question is "Does the
-availability of source code make them more vulnerable to attacks?"</p>
-
-<p>Well, [FIXME 108:00] speaking the answer is just opposite. Our
-software is much more secure. People have various speculations about
-why that is the case. I don't know why, but that's what people
-observe. </p>
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The next question is from Pankaj. The question is
+“Does the availability of source code make them more vulnerable
+to attacks?”</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Well, [FIXME 108:00] speaking the answer is just
+opposite. Our software is much more secure. People have various
+speculations about why that is the case. I don't know why, but that's
+what people observe. </p>
<p>Next question.</p>
-<p>[MOC] This is the last question of this conference.</p>
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> This is the last question of this conference.</p>
-<p>[RMS] Okay.</p>
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Okay.</p>
-<p>The question is, "There was a recent controversy over the GFDL. What was
-the controversy?"</p>
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The question is, “There was a recent controversy
+over the GFDL. What was the controversy?”</p>
-<p>[RMS] Sorry, controversy over what?</p>
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Sorry, controversy over what?</p>
-<p>[MOC] The GFDL; License.</p>
-
-<p>[RMS] Oh, There are some people who don't like some of the provisions
-of the GFDL. The GFDL arose non-technical sections, sections that give
-your opinions about the... the field and so on, which are
-in-variant. They can't be changed or removed. The GFDL says that the
-actual subject matter of the work, it's designed for manuals. And the
-GFDL says that the actual documentation has to be free, but you could
-also have opinion sections which don't have any documentation but they
-give your opinion about the ethics of the field and so on. And those
-have to be preserved and can't be changed. There are people who think
-that this is wrong. I think that they are being too rigid in their
-understanding of the freedoms. People need the freedom to change the
-technical substance of the work. And the GFDL provides that
-freedom. But having the authors opinion in there somewhere doesn't
-interfere with your user of the work to do with technical job and
-doesn't interfere with your changing in the work to do a different
-technical job.</p>
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The GFDL; License.</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Oh, There are some people who don't like some of the
+provisions of the GFDL. The GFDL arose non-technical sections,
+sections that give your opinions about the… the field and so
+on, which are in-variant. They can't be changed or removed. The GFDL
+says that the actual subject matter of the work, it's designed for
+manuals. And the GFDL says that the actual documentation has to be
+free, but you could also have opinion sections which don't have any
+documentation but they give your opinion about the ethics of the field
+and so on. And those have to be preserved and can't be changed. There
+are people who think that this is wrong. I think that they are being
+too rigid in their understanding of the freedoms. People need the
+freedom to change the technical substance of the work. And the GFDL
+provides that freedom. But having the authors opinion in there
+somewhere doesn't interfere with your user of the work to do with
+technical job and doesn't interfere with your changing in the work to
+do a different technical job.</p>
<p>So if that was the last question then I guess we're done.</p>
-<p>[MOC] We thank you sir, for this inspiring and interesting session.</p>
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> We thank you sir, for this inspiring and interesting
+session.</p>
-<p>[RMS interrupts] Please don't call me sir.</p>
+<p><b>[RMS interrupts]</b> Please don't call me sir.</p>
-<p>[MOC] We thank you Richard, for this inspiring and interesting
-session. You have provided us with immense knowledge over free
-software. And cleared many doubts pertaining to the movement. We now
-fully understand the importance of using free software. We assure this
-would have earned you many followers among the students community of
-our college. We find ourself...</p>
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> We thank you Richard, for this inspiring and
+interesting session. You have provided us with immense knowledge over
+free software. And cleared many doubts pertaining to the movement. We
+now fully understand the importance of using free software. We assure
+this would have earned you many followers among the students community
+of our college. We find ourself…</p>
-<p>[RMS interrupts] Happy Hacking and Good Night.</p>
+<p><b>[RMS interrupts]</b> Happy Hacking and Good Night.</p>
-<p>[MOC] A very Good Night to you sir.</p>
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> A very Good Night to you sir.</p>
<p>[applause]</p>
-<p>Copyright (C) 2004 Vijay Kumar
+<p>Copyright © 2004 Vijay Kumar
<br />Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted
in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
-<br />Contributors(in alphabetical order): Krishnan, Saravana Manickam, Vijay
-Kumar, Vimal Joseph.</p>
-
-
-<hr />
-<h4><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a></h4>
-<hr />
-
+<br />Contributors (in alphabetical order): Krishnan, Saravana
+Manickam, Vijay Kumar, Vimal Joseph.</p>
-<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
-<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
-
-<div class="translations">
-<p><a id="translations"></a>
-<b>Translations of this page</b>:<br />
-
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
-<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
-<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
-
-[
- <a href="/philosophy/nit-india.html">English</a> <!-- English -->
-| <a href="/philosophy/nit-india.fr.html">French</a> <!-- French -->
-]
-</p>
</div>
-<div class="copyright">
-<p>
-Return to the <a href="/home.html">GNU Project home page</a>.
-</p>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-There are also <a href="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to contact</a>
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
the FSF.
<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
Please see the
-<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations">Translations
README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
translations of this article.
</p>
<p>
-Copyright (C) 2003 Richard M. Stallman.
+Copyright © 2003 Richard M. Stallman
<br />
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
@@ -1513,10 +1471,35 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2007/04/13 14:32:42 $ $Author: jocke $
+$Date: 2007/05/24 20:30:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
+<div id="translations">
+<h4>Translations of this page</h4>
+
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right, cf. -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+
+<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- English -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/nit-india.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- French -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/nit-india.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
</body>
</html>
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