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www/gnu byte-interview.html gnu-history.html gn...
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www/gnu byte-interview.html gnu-history.html gn... |
|
Date: |
Mon, 26 Mar 2007 16:55:16 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 07/03/26 16:55:16
Modified files:
gnu : byte-interview.html gnu-history.html
gnu-linux-faq.html gnu-user-groups.html
gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html
linux-and-gnu.html rms-lisp.html
thegnuproject.html why-gnu-linux.html
Log message:
Use — and …, various minor fixes for style compliance.
This should be the end of the /gnu transition.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/byte-interview.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.16&r2=1.17
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-history.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.63&r2=1.64
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-user-groups.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.153&r2=1.154
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.43&r2=1.44
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/rms-lisp.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/thegnuproject.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
Patches:
Index: byte-interview.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/byte-interview.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- byte-interview.html 5 Mar 2007 20:50:39 -0000 1.16
+++ byte-interview.html 26 Mar 2007 16:55:11 -0000 1.17
@@ -26,18 +26,19 @@
<p>Richard Stallman has undertaken probably the most ambitious free
software development project to date, the GNU system. In his GNU
Manifesto, published in the March 1985 issue of Dr. Dobb's Journal,
-Stallman described GNU as a "complete Unix-compatible software system
-which I am writing so that I can give it away free to everyone who can
-use it... Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good
-system software free, just like air." (GNU is an acronym for GNU's
-Not Unix; the "G" is pronounced.)</p>
-
-<p>Stallman is widely known as the author of EMACS, a powerful text editor
-that he developed at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. It is no
-coincidence that the first piece of software produced as part of the GNU
-project was a new implementation of EMACS. GNU EMACS has already achieved a
-reputation as one of the best implementations of EMACS currently available
-at any price.</p>
+Stallman described GNU as a “complete Unix-compatible software
+system which I am writing so that I can give it away free to everyone
+who can use it… Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to
+obtain good system software free, just like air.” (GNU is an
+acronym for GNU's Not Unix; the “G” is pronounced.)</p>
+
+<p>Stallman is widely known as the author of EMACS, a powerful text
+editor that he developed at the <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute
+of Technology">MIT</abbr> Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. It is
+no coincidence that the first piece of software produced as part of
+the GNU project was a new implementation of EMACS. GNU EMACS has
+already achieved a reputation as one of the best implementations of
+EMACS currently available at any price.</p>
<p><strong>BYTE</strong>: We read your GNU Manifesto in the March 1985
issue of Dr. Dobb's. What has happened since? Was that really the
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@
<p><strong>BYTE</strong>: What about the kernel?</p>
<p><strong>Stallman</strong>: I'm currently planning to start with the kernel
that was written
-at MIT and was released to the public recently with the idea that I would
+at <abbr>MIT</abbr> and was released to the public recently with the idea that
I would
use it. This kernel is called TRIX; it's based on remote procedure call. I
still need to add compatibility for a lot of the features of Unix which it
doesn't have currently. I haven't started to work on that yet. I'm
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@
giving people explicit permission to copy the programs and change them but
only on the condition that they distribute under the same terms that I
used, if at all. You don't have to distribute the changes you make to any
-of my programs--you can just do it for yourself, and you don't have to give
+of my programs—you can just do it for yourself, and you don't have to
give
it to anyone or tell anyone. But if you do give it to someone else, you
have to do it under the same terms that I use.</p>
@@ -285,7 +286,7 @@
can't just put your loaf of bread into a bread copier. you can't make
another one except by going through all the steps that were used to make
the first one. It therefore is irrelevant whether people are permitted to
-copy it--it's impossible.</p>
+copy it—it's impossible.</p>
<p>Books were printed only on printing presses until recently. It was
possible to make a copy yourself by hand, but it wasn't practical because
@@ -296,25 +297,27 @@
reading public. There wasn't anything that a book purchaser could do that
was forbidden by copyright.</p>
-<p>But this isn't true for computer programs. It's also not true for tape
-cassettes. It's partly false now for books, but it is still true that for
-most books it is more expensive and certainly a lot more work to Xerox them
-than to buy a copy, and the result is still less attractive. Right now we
-are in a period where the situation that made copyright harmless and
-acceptable is changing to a situation where copyright will become
-destructive and intolerable. So the people who are slandered as "pirates"
-are in fact the people who are trying to do something useful that they have
-been forbidden to do. The copyright laws are entirely designed to help
-people take complete control over the use of some information for their own
-good. But they aren't designed to help people who want to make sure that
-the information is accessible to the public and stop others from depriving
-the public. I think that the law should recognize a class of works that are
-owned by the public, which is different from public domain in the same
-sense that a public park is different from something found in a garbage
-can. It's not there for anybody to take away, it's there for everyone to
-use but for no one to impede. Anybody in the public who finds himself being
-deprived of the derivative work of something owned by the public should be
-able to sue about it.</p>
+<p>But this isn't true for computer programs. It's also not true for
+tape cassettes. It's partly false now for books, but it is still true
+that for most books it is more expensive and certainly a lot more work
+to Xerox them than to buy a copy, and the result is still less
+attractive. Right now we are in a period where the situation that
+made copyright harmless and acceptable is changing to a situation
+where copyright will become destructive and intolerable. So the
+people who are slandered as “pirates” are in fact the
+people who are trying to do something useful that they have been
+forbidden to do. The copyright laws are entirely designed to help
+people take complete control over the use of some information for
+their own good. But they aren't designed to help people who want to
+make sure that the information is accessible to the public and stop
+others from depriving the public. I think that the law should
+recognize a class of works that are owned by the public, which is
+different from public domain in the same sense that a public park is
+different from something found in a garbage can. It's not there for
+anybody to take away, it's there for everyone to use but for no one to
+impede. Anybody in the public who finds himself being deprived of the
+derivative work of something owned by the public should be able to sue
+about it.</p>
<p><strong>BYTE</strong>: But aren't pirates interested in getting copies of
programs because
they want to use those programs, not because they want to use that
@@ -365,7 +368,7 @@
<p><strong>BYTE</strong>: I suppose it's like buying a car. You're not forced
to go back to the
original manufacturer for support or continued maintenance.</p>
-<p><strong>Stallman</strong>: Or buying a house--what would it be like if the
only person who
+<p><strong>Stallman</strong>: Or buying a house—what would it be like if
the only person who
could ever fix problems with your house was the contractor who built it
originally? That is the kind of imposition that's involved in proprietary
software. People tell me about a problem that happens in Unix. Because
@@ -382,7 +385,7 @@
stupid and inefficient way of helping out people who are victims of
accidents. And consider all the time that people put into hustling to take
business away from their competition. Think of the pens that are packaged
-in large cardboard packages that cost more than the pen--just to make sure
+in large cardboard packages that cost more than the pen—just to make sure
that the pen isn't stolen. Wouldn't it be better if we just put free pens
on every street corner? And think of all the toll booths that impede the
flow of traffic. It's a gigantic social phenomenon. People find ways of
@@ -412,9 +415,11 @@
<p><strong>BYTE</strong>: What is currently included in the official GNU
distribution tape?</p>
-<p><strong>Stallman</strong>: Right now the tape contains GNU EMACS (one
version fits all
-computers); Bison, a program that replaces YACC; MIT Scheme, which is
-Professor Sussman's super-simplified dialect of LISP; and Hack, a
+<p><strong>Stallman</strong>: Right now the tape contains GNU EMACS
+(one version fits all computers); Bison, a program that
+replaces <acronym title="Yet Another Compiler
+Compiler">YACC</acronym>; <abbr>MIT</abbr> Scheme, which is Professor
+Sussman's super-simplified dialect of LISP; and Hack, a
dungeon-exploring game similar to Rogue.</p>
<p><strong>BYTE</strong>: Does the printed manual come with the tape as
well?</p>
@@ -492,7 +497,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2007/03/05 20:50:39 $
+$Date: 2007/03/26 16:55:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: gnu-history.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-history.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- gnu-history.html 25 Mar 2007 22:02:26 -0000 1.26
+++ gnu-history.html 26 Mar 2007 16:55:11 -0000 1.27
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
The project to develop the GNU system is called the “GNU
Project”. The GNU Project was conceived in 1983 as a way of
bringing back the cooperative spirit that prevailed in the computing
-community in earlier days--to make cooperation possible once again by
+community in earlier days—to make cooperation possible once again by
removing the obstacles to cooperation imposed by the owners of
proprietary software.</p>
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
<p>
By 1990 we had either found or written all the major components except
-one--the kernel. Then Linux, a Unix-like kernel, was developed by
+one—the kernel. Then Linux, a Unix-like kernel, was developed by
Linus Torvalds in 1991 and made free software in 1992.. Combining
Linux with the almost-complete GNU system resulted in a complete
operating system: the GNU/Linux system. Estimates are that tens of
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
How far can free software go? There are no limits, except when laws
such as the patent system prohibit free software entirely. The
ultimate goal is to provide free software to do all of the jobs
-computer users want to do--and thus make proprietary software
+computer users want to do—and thus make proprietary software
obsolete.</p>
</div>
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2007/03/25 22:02:26 $
+$Date: 2007/03/26 16:55:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: gnu-linux-faq.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html,v
retrieving revision 1.63
retrieving revision 1.64
diff -u -b -r1.63 -r1.64
--- gnu-linux-faq.html 24 Mar 2007 08:19:03 -0000 1.63
+++ gnu-linux-faq.html 26 Mar 2007 16:55:11 -0000 1.64
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
basically modified versions of the GNU operating system. We began
developing GNU in 1984, years before Linus Torvalds started to write
his kernel. Our goal was to develop a complete free operating system.
-Of course, we did not develop all the parts ourselves--but we led the way.
+Of course, we did not develop all the parts ourselves—but we led the way.
We developed most of the central components, forming the largest single
contribution to the whole system. The basic vision was ours too.
<p>
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
<dt id="always">Should we always say
“GNU/Linux” instead of “Linux”?</dt>
<dd>
-Not always--only when you're talking about the whole system. When
+Not always—only when you're talking about the whole system. When
you're referring specifically to the kernel, you should call it
“Linux”, the name its developer chose.
<p>
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@
and those who cite only practical benefits and present free software
only as an efficient development model (the open source movement).</p>
<p>
-This disagreement is not just a matter of names--it is a matter of
+This disagreement is not just a matter of names—it is a matter of
differing basic values. It is essential for the community to see and think
about this disagreement. The names “free software” and
“open source” are
the banners of the two positions. See
@@ -215,13 +215,13 @@
<dd>
People who think that Linux is an entire operating system, if they
hear about GNU at all, often get a wrong idea of what GNU is. They
-may think that GNU is the name of a collection of programs--often they
+may think that GNU is the name of a collection of programs—often they
say “programming tools”, since some of our programming tools became
popular on their own. The idea that “GNU” is the name of an
operating
system is hard to fit into a conceptual framework in which that
operating system is labeled “Linux”.
<p>
-The GNU Project was named after the GNU operating system--it's the project
+The GNU Project was named after the GNU operating system—it's the project
to develop the GNU system. (See <a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">the 1983 initial announcement</a>.)</p>
<p>
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@
of jobs. A general purpose operating system, to be complete, ought to
handle all the jobs that many users may want to do.
<p>
-The kernel is one of the programs in an operating system--the program
+The kernel is one of the programs in an operating system—the program
that allocates the machine's resources to the other programs that are
running. The kernel also takes care of starting and stopping other
programs.</p>
@@ -274,11 +274,11 @@
operating system after a kernel?</dt>
<dd>
-That practice seems to be very rare--we can't find any examples other
+That practice seems to be very rare—we can't find any examples other
than the misuse of the name “Linux”. Normally an operating system
is
developed as a single unified project, and the developers choose a
name for the system as a whole. The kernel usually does not have a
-name of its own--instead, people say “the kernel of such-and-such”
or
+name of its own—instead, people say “the kernel of
such-and-such” or
“the such-and-such kernel”.
<p>
Because those two constructions are used synonymously, the expression
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@
<ul>
<li>
-It's not exactly GNU--it has a different kernel (that is, Linux).
+It's not exactly GNU—it has a different kernel (that is, Linux).
Distinguishing GNU/Linux from GNU is useful.</li>
<li>
It would be ungentlemanly to ask people to <em>stop</em> giving any
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@
individuals?</dt>
<dd>
-It isn't a choice of one or the other--we ask companies and
+It isn't a choice of one or the other—we ask companies and
organizations and individuals to help spread the word. In fact, we
have asked all three of those companies. Mandrake uses the term
“GNU/Linux” some of the time, but IBM and Red Hat were unwilling to
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@
that is released under the GPL. If you write a program and release it
under the GPL, that doesn't mean the GNU Project wrote it or that you
wrote it for us. For instance, the kernel, Linux, is released under
-the GNU GPL, but Linus did not write it as part of the GNU Project--he
+the GNU GPL, but Linus did not write it as part of the GNU Project—he
did the work independently. If something is not a GNU package, the
GNU Project can't take credit for it, and putting “GNU” in its name
would be improper.</p>
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@
because it had a different kernel, but it was mostly the same system.
It was a variant of GNU. It was the GNU/Linux system.</p>
<p>
-Linux continues to be used primarily in derivatives of that system--in
+Linux continues to be used primarily in derivatives of that system—in
today's versions of the GNU/Linux system. What gives these systems
their identity is GNU and Linux at the center of them, not particularly
Linux alone.</p>
@@ -785,7 +785,7 @@
publicly invites fellow developers of Linux, the kernel, to use
non-free software to work on it with him. He goes even further, and
rebukes people who suggest that engineers and scientists should
-consider social consequences of our technical work--rejecting the
+consider social consequences of our technical work—rejecting the
lessons society learned from the development of the atom bomb.</p>
<p>
There is nothing wrong with writing a free program for the motivations
@@ -810,7 +810,7 @@
for more info”</a>.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="lost">The battle is already lost--society
+<dt id="lost">The battle is already lost—society
has made its decision and we can't change it, so why even think about
it?</dt>
@@ -819,7 +819,7 @@
system is not a single decision, to be made at one moment by
“society”: each person, each organization, can decide what name to
use. You can't tell others to say “GNU/Linux”, but you can decide
to
-call the system “GNU/Linux” yourself--and by doing so, you will
help
+call the system “GNU/Linux” yourself—and by doing so, you
will help
us.
</dd>
@@ -869,7 +869,7 @@
<dd>
Calling the system “Linux” tends to give people a mistaken picture
of
the system's history and reason for existence. People who laugh at
-our request probably have picked up that mistaken picture--they think
+our request probably have picked up that mistaken picture—they think
our work was done by Linus, so they laugh when we ask for credit for
it. If they knew the truth, they probably wouldn't laugh.
<p>
@@ -1039,13 +1039,13 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2007/03/24 08:19:03 $
+$Date: 2007/03/26 16:55:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
<div id="translations">
- <h4>Translations of this page</h4>
+ <h3>Translations of this page</h3>
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- German -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
Index: gnu-user-groups.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-user-groups.html,v
retrieving revision 1.153
retrieving revision 1.154
diff -u -b -r1.153 -r1.154
--- gnu-user-groups.html 26 Mar 2007 15:15:41 -0000 1.153
+++ gnu-user-groups.html 26 Mar 2007 16:55:11 -0000 1.154
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
acronyms that contain “lug” (unless part of
“glug”). Those acronyms will lead people to assume that
it is a Linux User Group, in effect giving an incorrect impression.
-Be creative--don't assume the group's name must have “lug”
+Be creative—don't assume the group's name must have “lug”
or “glug” in it. If your group would like to change from
a “lug” name to another name, and if getting a new domain
is an obstacle, please ask the FSF to help.</p>
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
<h3><a id="GLnote">A note about GNU/Linux user groups</a></h3>
<p>
We list <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> User
-Groups--that is, user groups that describe themselves as
+Groups—that is, user groups that describe themselves as
“GNU/Linux” User Groups, and make an effort to distinguish
the GNU/Linux operating system from Linux, the kernel. We don't list
“Linux User Groups” in this page, but we invite them to
@@ -392,13 +392,13 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2007/03/26 15:15:41 $ $Author: mattl $
+$Date: 2007/03/26 16:55:11 $ $Author: yavor $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
<div id="translations">
-<h4>Translations of this page</h4>
+<h3>Translations of this page</h3>
<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
Index: gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html 24 Mar 2007 08:19:03 -0000 1.5
+++ gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html 26 Mar 2007 16:55:11 -0000 1.6
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2007/03/24 08:19:03 $
+$Date: 2007/03/26 16:55:11 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
-<ul>
+<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- French -->
Index: linux-and-gnu.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html,v
retrieving revision 1.43
retrieving revision 1.44
diff -u -b -r1.43 -r1.44
--- linux-and-gnu.html 24 Mar 2007 14:20:29 -0000 1.43
+++ linux-and-gnu.html 26 Mar 2007 16:55:12 -0000 1.44
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
available.</p>
<p>
-What they found was no accident--it was the not-quite-complete GNU
+What they found was no accident—it was the not-quite-complete GNU
system. The available <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
software</a> added up to a complete system because the GNU Project
had been working since 1984 to make one. In
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@
<p>
Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the
system, and they all deserve credit. But the reason it is <em>an
-integrated system</em>--and not just a collection of useful
-programs--is because the GNU Project set out to make it one. We made
+integrated system</em>—and not just a collection of useful
+programs—is because the GNU Project set out to make it one. We made
a list of the programs needed to make a <em>complete</em> free system,
and we systematically found, wrote, or found people to write
everything on the list. We wrote essential but unexciting
@@ -139,13 +139,13 @@
change to work with Linux. Integrating a complete system as a
distribution that would work “out of the box” was a big job, too.
It required addressing the issue of how to install and boot the
-system--a problem we had not tackled, because we hadn't yet reached
+system—a problem we had not tackled, because we hadn't yet reached
that point. The people who developed the various system distributions
made a substantial contribution.</p>
<p>
The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em>
-GNU system--even with funds. We funded the rewriting of the
+GNU system—even with funds. We funded the rewriting of the
Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they are
well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current
library release with no changes. We also funded an early stage of the
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
We use Linux-based GNU systems today for all of our work, and we hope
you will use them too. Today there are many different variants of the
GNU/Linux system (often called “distros”). Most of them include
-non-free software--their developers follow the philosophy associated
+non-free software—their developers follow the philosophy associated
with Linux rather than that of GNU. But there are also
<a href="/links/links.html#FreeGNULinuxDistributions"> completely free
GNU/Linux distros</a>.</p>
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2007/03/24 14:20:29 $
+$Date: 2007/03/26 16:55:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: rms-lisp.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/rms-lisp.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- rms-lisp.html 10 Mar 2007 08:32:52 -0000 1.7
+++ rms-lisp.html 26 Mar 2007 16:55:12 -0000 1.8
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
to do anything with Lisp was when I was a freshman at Harvard and I
wrote a Lisp interpreter for the <abbr title="Programmed Data
Processor">PDP</abbr>-11. It was a very small machine
--- it had something like 8k of memory -- and I managed to write the
+— it had something like 8k of memory — and I managed to write the
interpreter in a thousand instructions. This gave me some room for a
little bit of data. That was before I got to see what real software
was like, that did real system jobs.</p>
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
once I started working at <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of
Technology">MIT</abbr>. I got hired at the Artificial Intelligence Lab
not by JonL, but by Russ Noftsker, which was most ironic considering
-what was to come -- he must have really regretted that day.</p>
+what was to come — he must have really regretted that day.</p>
<p>During the 1970s, before my life became politicized by horrible
events, I was just going along making one extension after another for
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
what it was</p>
<p>The original Emacs did not have Lisp in it. The lower level
-language the non-interpreted language -- was <abbr>PDP</abbr>-10
+language the non-interpreted language — was <abbr>PDP</abbr>-10
Assembler. The interpreter we wrote in that actually wasn't written
for Emacs, it was written for <acronym title="Text Editor and
COrrector">TECO</acronym>. It was our text editor, and was an
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
facility from <acronym>TECO</acronym>.</p>
<p>We started putting in rather sophisticated facilities, all with the
-ugliest syntax you could ever think of, and it worked -- people were
+ugliest syntax you could ever think of, and it worked — people were
able to write large programs in it anyway. The obvious lesson was that
a language like <acronym>TECO</acronym>, which wasn't designed to be a
programming language, was the wrong way to go. The language that you
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
<p>It was Bernie Greenberg, who discovered that it was. He wrote a
version of Emacs in Multics MacLisp, and he wrote his commands in
MacLisp in a straightforward fashion. The editor itself was written
-entirely in Lisp. Multics Emacs proved to be a great success --
+entirely in Lisp. Multics Emacs proved to be a great success —
programming new editing commands was so convenient that even the
secretaries in his office started learning how to use it. They used a
manual someone had written which showed how to extend Emacs, but
@@ -105,22 +105,22 @@
discovered they could do useful things and they learned to
program.</p>
-<p>So Bernie saw that an application -- a program that does something
-useful for you -- which has Lisp inside it and which you could extend
+<p>So Bernie saw that an application — a program that does something
+useful for you — which has Lisp inside it and which you could extend
by rewriting the Lisp programs, is actually a very good way for people
to learn programming. It gives them a chance to write small programs
that are useful for them, which in most arenas you can't possibly
-do. They can get encouragement for their own practical use -- at the
-stage where it's the hardest -- where they don't believe they can
+do. They can get encouragement for their own practical use — at the
+stage where it's the hardest — where they don't believe they can
program, until they get to the point where they are programmers.</p>
<p>At that point, people began to wonder how they could get something
like this on a platform where they didn't have full service Lisp
implementation. Multics MacLisp had a compiler as well as an
-interpreter -- it was a full-fledged Lisp system -- but people wanted
+interpreter — it was a full-fledged Lisp system — but people wanted
to implement something like that on other systems where they had not
already written a Lisp compiler. Well, if you didn't have the Lisp
-compiler you couldn't write the whole editor in Lisp -- it would be
+compiler you couldn't write the whole editor in Lisp — it would be
too slow, especially redisplay, if it had to run interpreted Lisp. So
we developed a hybrid technique. The idea was to write a Lisp
interpreter and the lower level parts of the editor together, so that
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
machine language anymore, it was C. C was a good, efficient language
for portable programs to run in a Unix-like operating system. There
was a Lisp interpreter, but I implemented facilities for special
-purpose editing jobs directly in C -- manipulating editor buffers,
+purpose editing jobs directly in C — manipulating editor buffers,
inserting leading text, reading and writing files, redisplaying the
buffer on the screen, managing editor windows.</p>
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
GosMacs. A strange thing happened with him. In the beginning, he
seemed to be influenced by the same spirit of sharing and cooperation
of the original Emacs. I first released the original Emacs to people
-at <abbr>MIT</abbr>. Someone wanted to port it to run on Twenex -- it
+at <abbr>MIT</abbr>. Someone wanted to port it to run on Twenex — it
originally only ran on the incompatible timesharing system we used
at <abbr>MIT</abbr>. They ported it to Twenex, which meant that there
were a few hundred installations around the world that could
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@
<p>Gosling did, at first, seem to participate in this spirit. He wrote
in a manual that he called the program Emacs hoping that others in the
community would improve it until it was worthy of that name. That's
-the right approach to take towards a community -- to ask them to join
+the right approach to take towards a community — to ask them to join
in and make the program better. But after that he seemed to change the
spirit, and sold it to a company.</p>
@@ -195,17 +195,17 @@
redisplay and things would go on with very special data structures
that were not safe for garbage collection, not safe for interruption,
and you couldn't run any Lisp programs during that. We've changed that
-since -- it's now possible to run Lisp code during redisplay. It's a
+since — it's now possible to run Lisp code during redisplay. It's a
quite a convenient thing.</p>
<p>This second Emacs program was ‘free software’ in the
-modern sense of the term -- it was part of an explicit political
+modern sense of the term — it was part of an explicit political
campaign to make software free. The essence of this campaign was that
everybody should be free to do the things we did in the old days
at <abbr>MIT</abbr>, working together on software and working with
whomever wanted to work with us. That is the basis for the free
-software movement -- the experience I had, the life that I've lived at
-the <abbr>MIT</abbr> AI lab -- to be working on human knowledge, and
+software movement — the experience I had, the life that I've lived at
+the <abbr>MIT</abbr> AI lab — to be working on human knowledge, and
not be standing in the way of anybody's further using and further
disseminating human knowledge.</p>
@@ -219,8 +219,8 @@
and eventually crashed at some point.</p>
<p>The Lisp machine was able to execute instructions about as fast as
-those other machines, but each instruction -- a car instruction would
-do data typechecking -- so when you tried to get the car of a number
+those other machines, but each instruction — a car instruction would
+do data typechecking — so when you tried to get the car of a number
in a compiled program, it would give you an immediate error. We built
the machine and had a Lisp operating system for it. It was written
almost entirely in Lisp, the only exceptions being parts written in
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@
<p>Up until that point, I hadn't taken the side of either company,
although it made me miserable to see what had happened to our
community and the software. But now, Symbolics had forced the issue.
-So, in an effort to help keep Lisp Machines going -- I began
+So, in an effort to help keep Lisp Machines going — I began
duplicating all of the improvements Symbolics had made to the Lisp
machine system. I wrote the equivalent improvements again myself
(i.e., the code was my own).</p>
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@
community and there wasn't much left.</p>
<p>Once I stopped punishing Symbolics, I had to figure out what to do
-next. I had to make a free operating system, that was clear -- the
+next. I had to make a free operating system, that was clear — the
only way that people could work together and share was with a free
operating system.</p>
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@
their programs and still get the benefit of typechecking. Without
that, you would be reduced to something like the Lisp compilers for
other machines. The programs would be faster, but unstable. Now that's
-okay if you're running one program on a timesharing system -- if one
+okay if you're running one program on a timesharing system — if one
program crashes, that's not a disaster, that's something your program
occasionally does. But that didn't make it good for writing the
operating system in, so I rejected the idea of making a system like
@@ -415,9 +415,9 @@
<p>As long as the extensibility languages are weak, the users have to
use only the language you provided them. Which means that people who
love any given language have to compete for the choice of the
-developers of applications -- saying “Please, application
+developers of applications — saying “Please, application
developer, put my language into your application, not his
-language.” Then the users get no choices at all -- whichever
+language.” Then the users get no choices at all — whichever
application they're using comes with one language and they're stuck
with [that language]. But when you have a powerful language that can
implement others by translating into it, then you give the user a
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2007/03/10 08:32:52 $
+$Date: 2007/03/26 16:55:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: thegnuproject.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/thegnuproject.html,v
retrieving revision 1.30
retrieving revision 1.31
diff -u -b -r1.30 -r1.31
--- thegnuproject.html 24 Mar 2007 08:19:03 -0000 1.30
+++ thegnuproject.html 26 Mar 2007 16:55:12 -0000 1.31
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@
share with your neighbor, you are a pirate. If you want any changes,
beg us to make them.”</p>
<p>
-The idea that the proprietary-software social system--the system that
-says you are not allowed to share or change software--is antisocial,
+The idea that the proprietary-software social system—the system that
+says you are not allowed to share or change software—is antisocial,
that it is unethical, that it is simply wrong, may come as a surprise
to some readers. But what else could we say about a system based on
dividing the public and keeping users helpless? Readers who find the
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
natural right to copy.</p>
<p>
Another unstated assumption is that the only important thing about
-software is what jobs it allows you to do--that we computer users
+software is what jobs it allows you to do—that we computer users
should not care what kind of society we are allowed to have.</p>
<p>
A third assumption is that we would have no usable software (or would
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@
That is the crucial software for starting to use a computer. With an
operating system, you can do many things; without one, you cannot run
the computer at all. With a free operating system, we could again
-have a community of cooperating hackers--and invite anyone to join.
+have a community of cooperating hackers—and invite anyone to join.
And anyone would be able to use a computer without starting out by
conspiring to deprive his or her friends.</p>
<p>
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@
<h3>Free as in freedom</h3>
<p>
-The term “free software” is sometimes misunderstood--it
+The term “free software” is sometimes misunderstood—it
has nothing to do with price. It is about freedom. Here, therefore,
is the definition of free software: a program is free software, for
you, a particular user, if:</p>
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@
looked for alternatives, but no one has found a suitable alternative.
The English Language has more words and nuances than any other, but it
lacks a simple, unambiguous, word that means “free”, as in
-freedom--“unfettered” being the word that comes closest in
+freedom—“unfettered” being the word that comes closest in
meaning. Such alternatives as “liberated”,
“freedom”, and “open” have either the wrong
meaning or some other disadvantage.</p>
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@
were no more free software than Unix was.</p>
<p>
The developers of the X Window System did not consider this a
-problem--they expected and intended this to happen. Their goal was
+problem—they expected and intended this to happen. Their goal was
not freedom, just “success”, defined as “having many
users.” They did not care whether these users had freedom, only
that they should be numerous.</p>
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@
<p>
The central idea of copyleft is that we give everyone permission to
run the program, copy the program, modify the program, and distribute
-modified versions--but not permission to add restrictions of their
+modified versions—but not permission to add restrictions of their
own. Thus, the crucial freedoms that define “free
software” are guaranteed to everyone who has a copy; they become
inalienable rights.</p>
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@
<p>
(1) In 1984 or 1985, Don Hopkins (a very imaginative fellow) mailed me
a letter. On the envelope he had written several amusing sayings,
-including this one: “Copyleft--all rights reversed.” I
+including this one: “Copyleft—all rights reversed.” I
used the word “copyleft” to name the distribution concept
I was developing at the time.</p>
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@
free manuals as well.</p>
<p>
The <abbr>FSF</abbr> accepts donations, but most of its income has
-always come from sales--of copies of free software, and of other
+always come from sales—of copies of free software, and of other
related services. Today it sells CD-ROMs of source code, CD-ROMs with
binaries, nicely printed manuals (all with freedom to redistribute and
modify), and Deluxe Distributions (where we build the whole collection
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@
beginning to see free software companies based on launching new free
software products.</p>
<p>
-Watch out, though--a number of companies that associate themselves
+Watch out, though—a number of companies that associate themselves
with the term “open source” actually base their business
on non-free software that works with free software. These are not
free software companies, they are proprietary software companies whose
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@
user's freedom.</p>
<p>
But it was natural to apply the known standards of good practice to
-the work--for example, dynamically allocating data structures to avoid
+the work—for example, dynamically allocating data structures to avoid
arbitrary fixed size limits, and handling all the possible 8-bit codes
wherever that made sense.</p>
<p>
@@ -536,13 +536,13 @@
other useful software and documentation projects that, we thought, a
truly complete system ought to have.</p>
<p>
-Today, hardly any Unix components are left in the GNU task list--those
+Today, hardly any Unix components are left in the GNU task list—those
jobs have been done, aside from a few inessential ones. But the list
is full of projects that some might call “applications”.
Any program that appeals to more than a narrow class of users would be
a useful thing to add to an operating system.</p>
<p>
-Even games are included in the task list--and have been since the
+Even games are included in the task list—and have been since the
beginning. Unix included games, so naturally GNU should too. But
compatibility was not an issue for games, so we did not follow the
list of games that Unix had. Instead, we listed a spectrum of
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@
The C library does a generic job; every proprietary system or compiler
comes with a C library. Therefore, to make our C library available
only to free software would not have given free software any
-advantage--it would only have discouraged use of our library.</p>
+advantage—it would only have discouraged use of our library.</p>
<p>
One system is an exception to this: on the GNU system (and this
includes GNU/Linux), the GNU C library is the only C library. So the
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@
needs a C library, the Bourne-Again Shell (<acronym>bash</acronym>)
because a Unix-like system needs a shell, and GNU tar because a
Unix-like system needs a tar program. The same is true for my own
-programs--the GNU C compiler, GNU Emacs, GDB and GNU Make.</p>
+programs—the GNU C compiler, GNU Emacs, GDB and GNU Make.</p>
<p>
Some GNU programs were developed to cope with specific threats to our
freedom. Thus, we developed gzip to replace the Compress program,
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@
Since each component of the GNU system was implemented on a Unix
system, each component could run on Unix systems, long before a
complete GNU system existed. Some of these programs became popular,
-and users began extending them and porting them---to the various
+and users began extending them and porting them—to the various
incompatible versions of Unix, and sometimes to other systems as well.</p>
<p>
The process made these programs much more powerful, and attracted both
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@
<h3>Alix</h3>
<p>
The GNU kernel was not originally supposed to be called the HURD. Its
-original name was Alix--named after the woman who was my sweetheart at
+original name was Alix—named after the woman who was my sweetheart at
the time. She, a Unix system administrator, had pointed out how her
name would fit a common naming pattern for Unix system versions; as a
joke, she told her friends, “Someone should name a kernel after
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@
<p>
It did not stay that way. Michael Bushnell (now Thomas), the main
developer of the kernel, preferred the name HURD, and redefined Alix
-to refer to a certain part of the kernel--the part that would trap
+to refer to a certain part of the kernel—the part that would trap
system calls and handle them by sending messages to HURD servers.</p>
<p>
Ultimately, Alix and I broke up, and she changed her name;
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@
self-defeating policy.</p>
<p>
Reverse engineering is a big job; will we have programmers with
-sufficient determination to undertake it? Yes--if we have built up a
+sufficient determination to undertake it? Yes—if we have built up a
strong feeling that free software is a matter of principle, and
non-free drivers are intolerable. And will large numbers of us spend
extra money, or even a little extra time, so we can use free drivers?
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@
because we could not use the library. However, some commercial
distributors of GNU/Linux systems who were not strict about sticking
with free software added <acronym>KDE</acronym> to their
-systems--producing a system with more capabilities, but less freedom.
+systems—producing a system with more capabilities, but less freedom.
The <acronym>KDE</acronym> group was actively encouraging more
programmers to use Qt, and millions of new “Linux users”
had never been exposed to the idea that there was a problem in this.
@@ -841,7 +841,7 @@
<h3>Free documentation</h3>
<p>
The biggest deficiency in our free operating systems is not in the
-software--it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in
+software—it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in
our systems. Documentation is an essential part of any software
package; when an important free software package does not come with a
good free manual, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today.</p>
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@
But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial
for documentation for free software. When people exercise their right
to modify the software, and add or change its features, if they are
-conscientious they will change the manual too--so they can provide
+conscientious they will change the manual too—so they can provide
accurate and usable documentation with the modified program. A manual
which does not allow programmers to be conscientious and finish the
job, does not fill our community's needs.</p>
@@ -920,7 +920,7 @@
instead.</p>
<p>
Some who favored this term aimed to avoid the confusion of
-“free” with “gratis”--a valid goal. Others,
+“free” with “gratis”—a valid goal. Others,
however, aimed to set aside the spirit of principle that had motivated
the free software movement and the GNU project, and to appeal instead
to executives and business users, many of whom hold an ideology that
@@ -929,7 +929,7 @@
make high quality, powerful software, but shuns the ideas of freedom,
community, and principle.</p>
<p>
-The “Linux” magazines are a clear example of this--they
+The “Linux” magazines are a clear example of this—they
are filled with advertisements for proprietary software that works
with GNU/Linux. When the next Motif or Qt appears, will these
magazines warn programmers to stay away from it, or will they run ads
@@ -963,7 +963,7 @@
<p>
Nowadays, often I'm not the only one. It is a relief and a joy when I
see a regiment of hackers digging in to hold the line, and I realize,
-this city may survive--for now. But the dangers are greater each
+this city may survive—for now. But the dangers are greater each
year, and now Microsoft has explicitly targeted our community. We
can't take the future of freedom for granted. Don't take it for
granted! If you want to keep your freedom, you must be prepared to
@@ -1013,7 +1013,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2007/03/24 08:19:03 $
+$Date: 2007/03/26 16:55:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: why-gnu-linux.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- why-gnu-linux.html 24 Mar 2007 08:57:02 -0000 1.26
+++ why-gnu-linux.html 26 Mar 2007 16:55:12 -0000 1.27
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
<p>
Names convey meanings; our choice of names determines the meaning of
what we say. An inappropriate name gives people the wrong idea. A
-rose by any name would smell as sweet--but if you call it a pen,
+rose by any name would smell as sweet—but if you call it a pen,
people will be rather disappointed when they try to write with it.
And if you call pens “roses”, people may not realize what
they are good for. If you call our operating system
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
(though not in detail) an accurate idea.</p>
<p>
But does this matter for our community? Is it important whether people
-know the system's origin, history, and purpose? Yes--because people
+know the system's origin, history, and purpose? Yes—because people
who forget history are often condemned to repeat it. The Free World
which has developed around <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> is
not secure; the problems that
led us to develop GNU are not completely eradicated, and they threaten
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
</em>
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-This would be wise advice, if only the situation were like that--if
+This would be wise advice, if only the situation were like that—if
the job were done and it were time to relax. If only that were true!
But challenges abound, and this is no time to take the future for
granted. Our community's strength rests on commitment to freedom and
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
<p>
People justify adding non-free software in the name of the
-“popularity of Linux”--in effect, valuing popularity above
+“popularity of Linux”—in effect, valuing popularity above
freedom. Sometimes this is openly admitted. For instance, Wired
Magazine says Robert McMillan, editor of Linux Magazine, “feels
that the move toward open source software should be fueled by
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2007/03/24 08:57:02 $
+$Date: 2007/03/26 16:55:12 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
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