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www/server/standards/translations tmp.id.html t...
|
From: |
Rahmat M. Samik-Ibrahim |
|
Subject: |
www/server/standards/translations tmp.id.html t... |
|
Date: |
Tue, 27 Feb 2007 02:36:15 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /webcvs/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Rahmat M. Samik-Ibrahim <rms46> 07/02/27 02:36:15
Modified files:
server/standards/translations: tmp.id.html tmp1.id.html
Log message:
Modified Files:
tmp1.id.html: updating home.id.html
tmp.id.html: updating philosophy.id.html
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/standards/translations/tmp.id.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/standards/translations/tmp1.id.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
Patches:
Index: tmp.id.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/server/standards/translations/tmp.id.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- tmp.id.html 27 Feb 2007 01:08:52 -0000 1.5
+++ tmp.id.html 27 Feb 2007 02:36:10 -0000 1.6
@@ -1,259 +1,985 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<title>The GNU Operating system - the GNU project - Free Software Foundation -
Free as in Freedom - GNU/Linux</title>
-
-<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
-<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix
style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to
share and improve the software they use." />
-<link rel="alternate" title="What's New"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
-<link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
+<title>Philosophy of the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<!--
- Please ensure that you properly nest your tags.
- If in doubt, use the w3c validator: this is strict xhtml.
- Keep tables simple, and make sure they degrade properly.
- Review the w3c accessibility guidelines when in doubt
--->
+<h2>Philosophy of the GNU Project</h2>
-<!-- END FSFlinks -->
+<p>
+This directory describes the philosophy of the Free Software Movement,
+which is the motivation for our development of the free software
+operating system GNU.</p>
-<!-- BEGIN content -->
-<h2>The <acronym title="GNU's not Unix!">GNU</acronym> Operating System - <a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Free as in Freedom</a></h2>
-<!-- a space for announcements - mattl -->
-<!-- <div class="announcement"></div> -->
+<p>
+<!-- please leave both these ID attributes here. ... -->
+<a id="TOCFreedomOrganizations">We</a>
+<a id="FreedomOrganizations">also</a>
+<!-- ... we removed this as an H$ section as it was duplicating the -->
+<!-- same information on links.html, but it's possible that some users -->
+<!-- have the URLs bookmarked or on their pages. -len -->
+keep a list of
+<a href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">Organizations
+that Work for Freedom in
+Computer Development and Electronic Communications</a>.</p>
-<h3>What is the <acronym>GNU</acronym> project?</h3>
+<h3>About Free Software</h3>
+<p>
+Free software is a matter of freedom: people should be free to use
+software in all the ways that are socially useful. Software differs
+from material objects--such as chairs, sandwiches, and gasoline--in
+that it can be copied and changed much more easily. These
+possibilities make software as useful as it is; we believe software
+users should be able to make use of them.</p>
+
+<!-- I don't think it's good idea to link specific translation -->
+<!-- (e.g. foo.fr.html) from here. It would be better to link them -->
+<!-- from philosophy.fr.html and the original documents. -mhatta -->
-<p>The <acronym>GNU</acronym> Project was launched in 1984 to develop a
complete Unix-like operating system which is <a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>:
-the <acronym>GNU</acronym> system. Variants of the <acronym>GNU</acronym>
operating system, which use the kernel called Linux, are now widely used;
though these systems are often referred to as “Linux”, they are
more accurately called <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux systems</a>.
-</p>
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">What is Free Software?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">Why
+ Software Should Not Have Owners</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">Why
+ Software Should Be Free</a> (This is an older and longer
+ essay about the same topic as the previous one)</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Why Free Software Needs
+ Free Documentation</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free Software</a> Can Be
OK!</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free and
+ Non-Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/software/reliability.html">Free Software is More
Reliable!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">Is `Open
+ Source' Synonymous With `Free Software'?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.html">Linux, GNU, and
+ Freedom</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gnutella.html"
+ id="Gnutella">Regarding Gnutella</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/schools.html">Why Schools Should Use
+ Exclusively Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/my_doom.html">MyDoom and You</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.html">15 Years of Free
Software</a></li>
+</ul>
-<p><acronym>GNU</acronym> is a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not
-Unix”; it is pronounced <em>guh-noo</em>, like
-<em>canoe</em>.</p>
+<h3>About the GNU Project</h3>
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">Initial announcement of
+ the GNU Project</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">The GNU Manifesto</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">Brief history of the GNU Project</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">The GNU Project</a>,
+ a longer and more complete description of the project and its
+ history.</li>
+ <li><a href="/fsf/fsf.html">What is the Free Software Foundation?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+</ul>
-<h3>What is Free Software?</h3>
+<h3>Licensing Free Software</h3>
-<p>“<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">Free software</a>” is a
matter of liberty, not price.
-To understand the concept, you should think of “free” as in
-“free speech”, not as in
-“free beer”.
-</p>
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/licenses/licenses.html">General information on licensing and
copyleft</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/licenses/license-list.html">A list of specific free software
licenses</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/licenses/gpl-faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions About the
GNU General Public License (GPL)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">Why You Should Not Use the Library
GPL for Your Next Library</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">Copyleft</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">Why Copyleft?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/university.html">Releasing Free Software if You
Work at a University</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">Copyleft: Pragmatic
Idealism</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/20050211.html";>Censorship
envy and licensing</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/x.html">The X Window's Trap</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/apsl.html">The Problems of the Apple
License</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/bsd.html">The BSD License Problem</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl.html">The Netscape Public License Has
Serious Problems</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/udi.html">The Free Software Movement and
UDI</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html">Is Microsoft the Great
Satan?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.html">The Microsoft Antitrust
Trial and Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-verdict.html">On the Microsoft
Verdict</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.html">Microsoft's New
Monopoly</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/plan-nine.html" id="PlanNineLicense">The Problems
of the Plan 9 License</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/motif.html" id="MotifLicense">The New Motif
License</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/using-gfdl.html" id="UsingGFDL">Using the GNU
FDL</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html" id="GPLAmericanWay">The GNU
GPL and the American Way</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-dream.html" id="GPLAmericanDream">The
GNU GPL and the American Dream</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.html" id="EnforcingGPL">Enforcing the
GNU GPL</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html" id="FreedomOrPower">Freedom
or Power?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html" id="NoWordAttachments">We
Can Put an End to Word Attachments</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html" id="JavaTrap">Free But Shackled -
The Java Trap</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html"
id="FightingSoftwarePatents">Fighting Software Patents - Singly and
Together</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html"
id="SoftwareLiteraryPatents">
+ Software Patents and Literary Patents</a>, by Richard M. Stallman,
+ speaking of patenting artistic techniques, US patent (6,935,954)
+ covers making game characters start to hallucinate when (according to
+ the game) they are being driven insane. That is getting pretty close
+ to the hypothetical examples cited in this article.
+ </li>
+</ul>
-<p>Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy,
-distribute, study, change and improve the software. More precisely,
-it refers to four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:</p>
-
-<ul>
- <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
- <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs
- (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.</li>
- <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
- (freedom 2).</li>
- <li>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements
- to the public, so that the whole community benefits
- (freedom 3). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>What is the Free Software Foundation?</h3>
-
-<p>The <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>Free Software Foundation</a>
-(<abbr title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</abbr>) is the principal
organizational sponsor of the <acronym>GNU</acronym> Project.
-The <abbr title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</abbr> receives very little
funding from corporations or grant-making
-foundations, but relies on support from individuals like you.
-</p>
+<!--==========================================================================
+ Laws and Issues
+===========================================================================-->
-<p>Please consider helping the <abbr title="Free Software
Foundation">FSF</abbr> by
-<a href="http://member.fsf.org/";>becoming an associate member</a>,
-<a href="http://order.fsf.org/";>buying manuals and gear</a> or by
-<a href="http://donate.fsf.org/";>donating money</a>.
-If you use Free Software in your business, you can also consider
-<a href="http://patron.fsf.org/";>corporate patronage</a> or
-<a href="http://www.gnu.org/order/deluxe.html";>a deluxe distribution of
-<acronym>GNU</acronym> software</a> as a way to support the <abbr title="Free
Software Foundation">FSF</abbr>.
-</p>
+<h3>Laws and Issues</h3>
-<p>
-The <acronym>GNU</acronym> project supports the mission of the <abbr
title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</abbr> to preserve, protect and
-promote the freedom to use, study, copy, modify, and redistribute
-computer software, and to defend the rights of Free Software users.
-We support the
-<a href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.html">freedoms of speech,
-press, and association</a> on the Internet,
-<a href="http://www.eff.org/privnow/";>the right to use encryption
-software for private communication</a>,
-and the <a href="/philosophy/protecting.html">right to write software</a>
-unimpeded by private monopolies. You can also learn more about these
-issues in the book
-<a href="/doc/book13.html">Free Software, Free Society</a>.
-</p>
+<ul>
-<!--
- Keep link lines at 72 characters or lynx will break them poorly.
- Obviously, we list ONLY the most useful/important URLs here.
- Keep it short and sweet: 3 lines and 2 columns is already enough
--->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.html">
+ Don't Let 'Intellectual Property' Twist Your Ethos</a>,
+ by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html">The Curious Incident of Sun
in the Night-Time</a>,
+ by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/opposing-drm.html">Opposing Digital Rights
Mismanagement</a>,
+ by Dr. Richard M. Stallman, answers a few common questions about DRM.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://counterpunch.org/baker08192004.html";>
+ Why We Need "Free Software" Voting Machines</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/wsis.html">World Summit on the Information
+ Society</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/w3c-patent.html">FSF's Position on W3
+ Consortium "Royalty-Free" Patent Policy</a> rewritten</li>
+
+ <li>Comments from Richard Stallman on <a href="/philosophy/ipjustice.html">
+ the ICLC's rejection of the IP Enforcement Directive</a></li>
+
+ <li>Richard Stallman has written <a href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.html">
+ a review of Boldrin and Levine's "The case against intellectual
property."</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.html">SCO, GNU, and Linux</a>,
+ by Richard Stallman, discusses how SCO's lawsuit against IBM pertains to
the
+ work of the GNU project. Please see the <a
href="/philosophy/sco/sco.html">
+ FSF SCO Response Page</a> for more details on this subject.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/guardian-article.html">That's fighting talk</a>
+ a slightly modified version of the article, originally published in
+ <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk";>The Guardian</a> of London by
+ <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> and Nick
Hill.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks.html">Ebooks: Freedom Or Copyright</a>
+ a slightly modified version of the article, originally published in
+ Technology Review in 2000, by <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>
+ Richard Stallman</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.html">The introduction by
+ Lawrence Lessig</a> to <a href="/doc/book13.html"><i>Free Software, Free
+ Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman</i></a> is available
+ for reading.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">Misinterpreting
+ Copyright</a> is another essay by <a
href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard
+ Stallman</a> about the flaws in popular defenses of copyright law.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">Can you trust your
+ computer?</a>, a work by <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard
+ Stallman</a> about the so-called "trusted computing" initiatives.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.html">FSF's Brief Amicus Curiae
+ in the Eldred v. Ashcroft Supreme Court case</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.xhtml">Science must `push
copyright
+ aside'</a>, another work of <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard
+ Stallman</a> that appeared in the
+ <a
href="http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/stallman.html";>
+ Nature Webdebates</a> in 2001, explains how copyright is impeding
progress in
+ scientific research.
+ <ul>
+ <li>You may also be interested in
+ <a href="http://www.publiclibraryofscience.org";>The Public Library of
+ Science</a>, which is dedicated to making scientific research freely
+ available to all on the Internet.</li>
+ <li>A
+ <a
href="http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v425/n6960/full/425752b_fs.html";>related
+ article</a> describes how the principal scientific organizations
+ of Germany have issued a joint declaration in support of the
+ provision of free scientific information over the Internet.</li>
+ </ul></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.html">FSF's Statement in Response
+ to Proposed Revised Final Judgment in Microsoft vs. United States,
+ submitted to the US Department of Justice under the Tunney Act</a>.</li>
+
+ <li>In <a
href="http://www.eff.org/IP/DMCA/Felten_v_RIAA/20010606_eff_felten_pr.html";>Felten
+ v. RIAA</a>, scientists are asking a court to rule that the Digital
+ Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) does not prohibit them from publishing
+ their research.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.eff.org/IP/Video/MPAA_DVD_cases/";>
+ EFF "Intellectual Property: MPAA (Motion Picture Association of America)
DVD Cases"
+ Archive</a></li>
+
+ <!-- This link is broken
+ <li><a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
Excellent Copyright Policies</a></li>
+ -->
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.html">Reevaluating
+ Copyright: The Public must prevail</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">The Right to Read: A Dystopian
+ Short Story</a> by
+ <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="
http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/cyber/complaint_orig.html";>Eldred
+ v. Reno</a> is about a lawsuit to overturn a law that extends
+ copyright by 20 extra years.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/wassenaar.html">Encryption
+ software volunteers needed in countries without export control</a>.</li>
+
+ <li>How to Protect the <a href="/philosophy/protecting.html">Right to Write
+ Software</a> (independent of whether it's free or not)</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/dat.html">The Right Way to Tax DAT</a></li>
+
+ <li>How to Protect the
+ <a href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.html">Freedoms
+ of Speech, Press, and Association</a>
+ on the Internet</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html">Patent Reform
+ Is Not Enough</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/savingeurope.html">Saving Europe from
+ Software Patents</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon.html">Boycott Amazon!</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/ucita.html">Why We Must Fight UCITA</a></li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.infoworld.com/articles/op/xml/00/11/27/001127opfoster.xml";>
+ A world with UCITA may allow fine print to outweigh the right thing</a>
+ by Ed Foster <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html">Freedom-Or
+ Copyright?</a> by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf";
+ id="SequentialIPandI">Sequential
+ Innovation, Patents, and Imitation</a> is a paper that presents a
+ mathematical model showing how patents can
+ impede progress in fields like software.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="copyright-versus-community.html" id="StallmanTalkLSM">
+ Copyright versus community in the age of computer networks</a>:
+ is a verbatim transcript of a talk by <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>
+ Richard Stallman</a> at the Logiciel Libre Conference in July 2000.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/hague.html">Harm from the Hague</a>.</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/resources/feedback/OIIFB_GPL2_20040903.pdf";>
+ An English translation</a> of the famous decision of the District Court
of Munich (Germany) regarding the
+ enforceability and validity of the GPL. The translation was done by the
Oxford Internet Institute.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.xhtml">Did You Say "Intellectual Property"?
+ It's a Seductive Mirage</a>. An essay on the true meaning of the phrase
"Intellectual Property", by Richard M. Stallman</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/second-sight.html">Free Software and
+ (e-)Government</a> - an article from The Guardian, by Richard
+ Stallman (originally published under the title "Second Sight").</li>
+
+ <li><a
+ href="http://www.virtueel.com/upd/ins_opinions.rxml?cust=212&id=967";>
+ Free Software and Sustainable Development</a> - A short article by
+ Richard Stallman regarding the use of proprietary software in
+ cultural development.</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/comment/story/0,12449,1540984,00.html";>
+ Soft sell</a>. An article by Richard M. Stallman published in
+ <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk";>The Guardian</a>.</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/online/comment/story/0,12449,1510566,00.html";>
+ Patent absurdity</a>. An article by Richard M. Stallman published in
+ <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk";>The Guardian</a>.</li>
-<!-- BEGIN GNUmenu -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/trivial-patent.html">The Anatomy of a Trivial
Patent</a>,
+ by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+</ul>
-<h3>More information</h3>
+<h3>Terminology and Definitions</h3>
-<ul class="translations-list">
- <li><a href="/provide.html">What we provide</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Why we exist</a></li>
- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">Where we are going</a></li>
- <li><a href="/help/help.html">How you can help us get there</a></li>
- <li><a href="/people/people.html">Who we are</a></li>
- <li><a href="/testimonials/testimonials.html">What users think of
- <acronym>GNU</acronym> software</a></li>
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words</a>
+ which You Might Want to Avoid</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">"Open Source
Software" or "Free Software"</a>?</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why "Open
+Source" misses the point of Free Software</a>
+ <li>Richard Stallman wrote
+ <a href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.html">letter to the editor</a> of
+ Dr. Dobb's Journal in June which further explains the distinction
+ between the Free Software and Open Source movements.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free and
+ Non-Free Software</a></li>
</ul>
-<!-- END content -->
-<hr />
+<h3>Upholding Software Freedom</h3>
-<!-- BEGIN Articles -->
-<div class="rowOfBoxes">
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/use-free-software.html">The Free Software Community
After 20 Years</a>,
+ With great but incomplete success, what now?</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/mcvoy.html">Thank You, Larry McVoy</a> by Richard
M. Stallman</li>
+</ul>
-<div class="half noBorderOnLeft">
-<!--
- GNUs Flash is a pun on News Flash.
- Please don't make it GNU's Flash.
+<h3>GIFs</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gif.html">Why there are no GIF files on GNU web
pages</a>, While this
+ story is a historical illustration of the danger of software patents,
these particular
+ patents are now no longer a concern. For details of our website <a
href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html#UseofGraphics">policies regarding
GIFs</a>, see our web <a href="/server/standards/">web guidelines</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>Motivation</h3>
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/motivation.html">Studies Find Reward Often No
Motivator</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<!--==========================================================================
+ Speeches and Interviews
+===========================================================================-->
+
+<h3>Speeches and Interviews (in reverse chronological order)</h3>
+
+<ul>
+
+ <li><a href="http://questionsplease.org/Questions_please_1.ogg";>Jonathan
+ Roberts interviews Richard Stallman and others</a> on free software.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.billxu.com/friend/rms/zeuux.rms.anti.drm.html";>Bill
+ Xu interviews Richard Stallman on DRM</a>. You can also read
+ it <a href="http://www.billxu.com/friend/rms/zeuux.rms.anti.drm.cn.html";>in
+ Chinese</a>.</li>
+
+ <li>Eben Moglen, <a href="http://punkcast.com/964/";>“Free
+ Software and Free Media”</a>, at the Jefferson Market Library
+ in New York, New York, May 3, 2006 for the Metropolitan NY Chapter
+ of the Internet Society</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=13&ItemID=9350";>
+ Richard Stallman interviewed</a> by Justin Podur on "Free Software as a
Social Movement",
+ 01 December 2005</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.oreillynet.com/lpt/a/6222";>Richard Stallman
interviewed</a>
+ by Federico Biancuzzi for ONLamp.com, 22 September 2005</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://wm-eddie.info/rms.html";>Presentation of the goals
+ and philosophy of the GNU operating system</a> by
+ <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> in
+ University of Pittsburgh, April 7th 2005 </li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a>'s
+ <a
href="http://www.ofb.biz/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=353";>
+ interview</a> with Timothy R. Butler, 31 March 2005.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/nit-india.html">Transcript of a speech</a> given by
+ <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a>at
+ National Institute of Technology, Trichy, India, 17 February 2004.</li>
+
+<li><a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a>'s <a
href="http://www.neteconomie.com/perl/navig.pl/neteconomie/infos/impression/20041208104640";>interview
with NetEconomie.com</a> (In French) 10 December 2004</li>
+
+ <li><a href="patent-practice-panel.html">Transcript of a panel
+ presentation</a>, “New developments in patent practice:
+ assessing the risks and cost of portfolio licensing and
+ hold-ups”, given by Daniel B. Ravicher as the executive
+ director of the Public Patent Foundation on Wednesday, November
+ 10, 2004, at a conference organized by the Foundation for a Free
+ Information Infrastructure (FFII) in Brussels, Belgium</li>
+
+<li><a href="http://www.ariel.com.au/essays/rms-unsw-2004-10-14.html";>Synopsis
of a speech</a> given by <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M.
Stallman</a> about software patents on 14 October 2004.</li>
+
+<li><a href="http://laurel.datsi.fi.upm.es/~fsanchez/rms/"; >
+ Web page with interviews/audio/video from speeches in Madrid (May
2004)</a>
+ given by <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a> (site
is in Spanish)
+ </li>
+
+<li><a href="/philosophy/moglen-harvard-speech-2004.html" >
+ Transcript of a speech</a> given by <a
href="http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/"; >Prof. Eben Moglen</a>
+ at Harvard on 23 February, 2004.</li>
+
+<li><a href="/philosophy/wsis-2003.html">Transcript of a speech</a> given by
+ <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a>at WSIS, 16 July
2003.</li>
+
+<li><a href="/philosophy/rieti.html">Transcript of a speech</a> given by
+ <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a>, 21 April
2003.</li>
+
+<li><a href="/philosophy/audio/audio.html#RUTGERS2003">Audio recording of a
+ speech, <cite>Software Freedom and the GNU Generation</cite>, given by
+ Bradley M. Kuhn</a> 22 April 2003.</li>
+
+<li><a href="/philosophy/audio/audio.html#CAMB2002">Audio recording of a
+ speech, <cite>Software Patents:Obstacles to software development</cite>,
given by
+ Richard M. Stallman at the University of Cambridge, England</a> 25th March
2002. A <a
+ href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/stallman-patents.html";>transcript of
the
+ speech</a> is also available.</li>
+
+<li><a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a>'s <a
href="http://www.mytech.it/mytech/internet/art006010045404.jsp";>
+ interview, <cite>Perché l'open source non è tutto</cite>, in
italian,</a> to the Mytech website, 22 April 2003. (The title reads,
<cite>Because Open Source is not all</cite>.)</li>
+
+<li><a href="/philosophy/audio/audio.html#QMUL2002">Audio recording of a
+ speech, <cite>Copyright vs Community in the age of computer
Networks</cite>, given by
+ Richard M. Stallman at Queen Mary University of London, England</a> 12th
Feb 2002.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/francais/rms-speech-paris-30-jan-2002.ogg";>Audio
recording in French of a
+ speech, <cite>l'éthique du système GNU/Linux et de la
communauté des logiciels libres, les tâches à accomplir et
les risques à envisager</cite>, given by
+ Richard M. Stallman at CNIT à la Défense, Paris, France.</a>
27th Jan 2002.</li>
+
+<li><a href="http://www.april.org/actions/rms/20011120/stream.html";>Audio
recordings and a partial transcript</a> of the conference given by <a
href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a> to the French National
Assembly on 20th November 2001.</li>
+
+<li><a href="/philosophy/stallman-mec-india.html">Transcript of the speech,
<cite>The Danger of Software Patents</cite></a> by <a
href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard M. Stallman</a> given at Government
Model Engineering College, India on 24th July 2001. Also, the MEC has posted
an <a href="http://www.mec.ac.in/events/rms/";>audio recording and
transcript</a> at their website.</li>
+
+<li><a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a>'s
+ <a href="/philosophy/luispo-rms-interview.html">interview</a> with
Louis
+ Suarez-Potts in May of 2001.</li>
+
+<li><a href="/philosophy/audio/audio.html#NYU2001">Audio recording of a
+ speech, <cite>Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation</cite>, given by
+ Richard M. Stallman at New York University</a>. A <a
+ href="/events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.html">transcript of the
+ speech</a> is also available.</li>
+
+<li><a href="/philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.html">Transcript of
+ a speech, <cite>Copyright and Globalization in the Age of Computer
+ Networks</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at MIT</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a href="/philosophy/audio/audio.html#MIT2001">Audio
+ recording of a speech, <cite>Copyright and Globalization in the
+ Age of Computer Networks</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at
MIT</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a href="/philosophy/audio/audio.html#ArsDigita2001">Audio
+ recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the
+ GNU/Linux Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at
+ ArsDigita University</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a href="/philosophy/audio/audio.html#SLOV2000">Audio
+ recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the
+ GNU/Linux Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at
+ Auditorium Smelt, Ljubljana, Slovenia</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a href="/philosophy/audio/audio.html#LinuxTag2000">Audio
+ recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the
+ GNU/Linux Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at
+ LinuxTag 2000</a>.</li>
+
+<li><a href="/philosophy/audio/audio.html#CGLUG2000">Audio
+ recording of a speech, <cite>The Free Software Movement and the
+ GNU/Linux Operating System</cite>, given by Richard M. Stallman at
+ the University of Cincinnati</a>.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-07/stallman_01.html";>Interview
+ from Linux Magazine</a> in July 1999
+ with <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></li>
+<!-- <li><a href="http://blur.cx/";>The Road to GNU</a></li> -->
+
+<!-- These links are broken, and need to be replaced.
+ <li><a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a>'s
+ <a
href="http://www.linuxworld.com/linuxworld/lw-2000-03/lw-03-rms.html?4-4";>interview</a>
+ with LinuxWorld about the problems with software patents.</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.linuxworld.com/linuxworldtoday/lwt-indepth7.html";>LinuxWorld
Interview</a>
+ with
+ <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></li>
-->
-<h3 id="Flashes">GNUs Flashes</h3>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.april.org/actions/rms/10111998/texte.html";>Transcription (in
French)</a> of a
+ speech that
+ <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a>
+ gave in 1998 at the University of
+ Paris.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/greve-clown.en.html">English translation of a
+ speech</a>
+ that Georg Greve
+ gave in 1998 at the GNU/Linux Cluster "CLOWN" in Germany
+ (<a href="/philosophy/greve-clown.de.html">German original</a>)</li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/byte-interview.html">BYTE Interview</a>
+ in July 1986 with
+ <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></li>
+ <li>A
+ <a href="/philosophy/stallman-kth.html">speech</a>
+ that
+ <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a>
+ gave in 1986 at the Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden</li>
+
+<li>An<a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/francais";> index of French
recordings at audio-video.gnu.org</a> is also available.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h3>Third Party Ideas</h3>
+<p>
+These articles give other people's philosophical
+opinions in support of free software, or related issues, and don't
+speak for the GNU project -- but we more or less agree with them.</p>
+
+<p>
+Many of the
+<a href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">Organizations that Work
+for Freedom in Computer Development and Electronic Communications</a>
+also have philosophical opinions in support of free software, or
+related issues.</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>
+ <a
href="http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196601781";>
+ How Vista Lets Microsoft Lock Users In</a> by Cory Doctorow.
+ <b>Note</b> : We think it is a mistake to use the enemy's
favorable-sounding propaganda terms such as
+ "trusted computing" to describe a malicious plan.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <a href="http://lwn.net/Articles/194701/";>A couple of lessons on the
hazards of proprietary software</a>,
+ describes hazards of proprietary software.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ <a
href="http://southflorida.bizjournals.com/southflorida/stories/2006/07/03/story8.html";>
+ Multiple doctors cut off from records by Dr. Notes
+ </a>
+ , an example of how proprietary software gives the developers unjust power
over the users.
+ </li>
+ <li>Jimmy Wales explains why
+ <a
href="http://blog.jimmywales.com/index.php/archives/2004/10/21/free-knowledge-requires-free-software-and-free-file-formats/";>
+ Free Knowledge requires Free Software and Free File Formats</a> in this
paper. He also exposes why
+ <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> needs to be free
software.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.juergen-ernst.de/info_swpat_en.html";>Software
patents under the
+ magnifying glass</a>. In this article the author uses arguments
+ based on lambda calculus to show why software cannot be patented.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://lwn.net/Articles/204641/";>Free gadgets need free
+ software</a>, an editorial reporting a firmware "upgrade" that
+ removes the ability to record radio broadcasts.</li>
+ <li>Lakhani and Wolf's <a
href="http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>paper on the
motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable fraction
are motivated by the view that software should be free. This was despite the
fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge, a site that does not
support the view that this is an ethical issue.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=11663";>Groklaw
+ sends a Dear Darl letter</a>; a group from the free software and
+ open source community has put together a response to SCO CEO Darl
+ McBride's Open Letter to the Open Source Community.</li>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.hardwarecentral.com/hardwarecentral/editorials/4788/1,";>Hardware
Central</a>.
+ We disagree with one aspect of this article's conclusion:
+ It's not legitimate for Microsoft to help Disney and the RIAA
+ impose Digital Restrictions Management on you, any more than
+ it is legitimate for Disney and the RIAA to try it.
+ The full power of computing should be available to you,
+ not just to the owners of information.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://portal.softwarelivre.org/news/1185";>The Brazilian
Federal Goverment sponsored a national Free Software Movement</a> in Brazil.
This article is in Brazilian Porteguese.</li>
+
+<li>The SCO Sue Me Petition has overwhelmed its inceptor
+and the petition is no longer taking votes. The author
+of the petition, John Everitt, was expecting only several
+responses but instead he had thousands of participants. <a
+href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=6913";>In the
+last available public communication about the petition</a>, he
+urged people to help <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>FSF</a> in any
+way possible.</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://proposicion.org.ar/doc/gob/Conde-281102/index.html.en";>Senator
Alberto Conde's answer</a> to CESSI regarding Bill E-135/02-03 which proposes
use of Free Software in the public sector for the province of Buenos Aires. <a
href="http://proposicion.org.ar/proyecto/leyes/E-135.02-03/";>The bill</a> has
been submitted by Senator Alberto Conde himself.</li>
+ <li> Some economists argue that copyright and patents
+ <a href="http://www.reason.com/0303/fe.dc.creation.shtml";> fail to
+promote the progress</a> that they supposedly exist to promote.
+<p>
+This article takes a narrowly economic view of its subject, measuring
+social alternatives only by what goods are available for what price,
+assuming that you the citizen are a mere consumer and place no value
+on your freedom in itself. It also uses the misleading term
+<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">"intellectual
+property"</a>, which is misleading because it lumps copyrights and
+patents together. The article also lumps them together, which it can
+get away with because it ignores the (different) social issues that
+copyrights and patents raise.
+</p><p>
+Despite those flaws, it is significant. If one can judge copyright to
+be harmful even on narrow economic terms, disregarding the ethical
+wrong of stopping people from sharing, it can only be more harmful
+once we consider the ethics as well.
+</p></li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.sincerechoice.org/";>Sincere Choice</a> explains
+ the dishonesty of Microsoft's "Software Choice" program.
+ <p>
+ We don't completely agree with Sincere Choice, since it says that
+ proprietary software is just as legitimate as free software. We firmly
+ disagree: <em>software should be free</em>. However, if you know people
+ who have been taken in by "Software Choice", please refer them to the
+ Sincere Choice site.</p></li>
+
+ <li>Two articles by Duncan Campbell describe how NSA backdoors were
+ hidden in proprietary software programs:
+ <a href="http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/te/2898/1.html";>"Only NSA can
+ listen, so that's OK"</a> and <a
+ href="http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/te/5263/1.html";>"How NSA
+ access was built into Windows"</a>. Both are clear demonstrations of how
+ users of proprietary software can often be unaware of what they are
+ actually running.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.culturaleconomics.atfreeweb.com/cpu.htm";>"Copyright
+ C.P.U."</a> by Harry Hillman Chartrand is a good summary of the history of
+ copyright.</li>
+
+ <li>Malla Pollack's
+ <a
href="http://eon.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/progress.html";>"What
+ is Congress Supposed to Promote?"</a> explains how the United States'
+ government's recent tendencies to provide maximum control to copyright
+ holders defies the justification for establishment of copyright set out
+ in the constitution.</li>
+
+ <li>Mikael Pawlo's
+ <a
href="http://newsforge.com/newsforge/02/05/08/153204.shtml?tid=19";>"Software
+ lemon law with bitter taste"</a> explains how a "lemon law" for software
+ could threaten free software development.</li>
+
+ <li>Peruvian Congressman Dr. Edgar David Villanueva Nuñez wrote a
+ letter to a Microsoft manager after they wrote expressing concern about
+ the country's pending Free Software in Public Administration bill. It
+ does an excellent job of allaying concerns about free software often
+ raised by Microsoft and others. The English translation of the letter is
+ <a href="http://www.gnu.org.pe/resmseng.html";>here</a>.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.baen.com/library/palaver4.htm";>British historian
+ Thomas Macaulay</a> had ideas about copyright in 1841 which still hold
+ true today.</li>
+
+ <!-- Removed temporarily until we find out why it's not available, RT #330232
+ <li><a href="http://www.openrevolt.org/";>openrevolt.org</a> is a site
+ devoted to providing information about the European Copyright
+ Directive and similar legislation. It concentrates on the two
+ principal problems of the EUCD, which make it easier for copyright
+ holders to censor webpages on ISPs and give legal protection to
+ copy-protection measures.</li> -->
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.chillingeffects.org";>Chilling Effects</a> is a
+ collection point for cease and desist notices concerning online activity --
+ we invite visitors to enter C&Ds they have received or sent. The website
+ collects the C&Ds in a searchable database and hyperlinks them to
+ explanations of the legal issues.</li>
+
+ <li><a
+ href="http://www.byte.com/documents/s=2302/byt1011380870846/0121_oped.html";>
+ Coding is a Crime</a>, by Shannon Cochran, is a commentary on the indictment
+ of Jon Johansen on felony charges for helping write DeCSS.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://james-boyle.com/papers.pdf";>The Second Enclosure Movement
+ and the Construction of the Public Domain.</a>, by James Boyle, also
+ available <a
href="http://swissnet.ai.mit.edu/~hal/misc/duke-papers.pdf";>here</a>.</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Papers/pw-public-spaces.html";>Intellectual
+ Property: The Attack on Public Space in Cyberspace</a>, by Howard Besser,
+ describes how various industries are using their leverage with copyright
+ to make fewer locations on the Internet less and less public.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.wipout.net/";>Wipout</a> is holding a
+ counter-essay contest to the World Intellectual Property Organization's
+ (WIPO) own student contest. It aims to raise awareness about the ways in
+ which protection of intellectual property may negatively impact our daily
+ lives.</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://techupdate.zdnet.com/techupdate/stories/main/0,14179,2770541,00.html";>Technology
+ and the corruption of copyright</a>, by Joshua S. Bauchner</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.utexas.edu/law/faculty/nnetanel/Netanel.pdf";>"Locating
+ Copyright Within the First Amendment Skein,"</a>, by Neil W. Netanel,
+ argues that the United States court system has been wrong in its dated
+ assumption that fair use eliminates the conflict between copyright law
+ and the First Amendment.</li>
+
+ <li>Richard Stallman co-signed
+ <a href="http://www.perens.com/Articles/StandTogether.html";>a joint
+ statement responding to comments by Craig Mundie of Microsoft</a>.</li>
+
+ <li>In <cite><a href="/philosophy/dmarti-patent.html">Patent Reform
+ Now!</a></cite>, Don Marti calls for free software supporters to
+ nominate Richard M. Stallman to US Patent and Trademark Office's
+ Patent Public Advisory Committee.</li>
<!--
- FOR ENTRIES ADDED TO GNUs FLASHES:
- Please make sure an announcement is sent to address@hidden
- Include announcements in /server/whatsnew.html
+"The GNU Project FTP Site: A Digital Collection Supporting a Social
+Movement" is no longer at
+http://www-personal.si.umich.edu/~beejoo/gnuproject.html
-->
-<!--
- Please do not use anchor ids in this. They will be deleted and
- hrefs pointing at them will fail. Instead use /home.html#Flashes
+<!-- brokien line -neel
+ <li><a
href="http://oppression.nerdherd.org/Stories/1998/9810/ucla/ucla.html";>UCLA
+ discriminates against students using GNU/Linux.
+ One part of their justification is supporting the power of
+ software owners.</a></li>
-->
+ <li><a
href="http://www.brunching.com/features/feature-copyfire.html";>Copyrighting
fire</a></li>
+<!-- broken link -mohit
+ <li><a href="http://members.xoom.com/jcenters/HADL.html";>The Hacker
Anti-Defamation League</a></li>
+-->
+ <li><a
href="http://simson.net/clips/98.Globe.05-07.Read_them_and_weep.htm";>Read
+ Them And Weep</a>, by Simson Garfinkel, talks about the
+ pending bills that would give information owners sweeping new powers,
+ and restrict the activities of users.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/nonsoftware-copyleft.html">Applying Copyleft To
+ Non-Software Information</a>, by Michael Stutz.</li>
+ <li><a href="free-world.html">Only
+ the Free World Can Stand Up to Microsoft</a>, by Tom Hull.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp.html";>The
+ Free Music Philosophy</a>, by Ram Samudrala.</li>
+
+ <li>Record companies argue for more copyright power by saying they are
+ the support of the musicians.
+ <a href="http://www.negativland.com/albini.html";>This article</a> shows
+ how record companies really treat musicians.</li>
+
+ <!-- the original link was not working, rms suggested i
+ make a temporary link -neel
+ http://www.musicisum.com/manifesto.shtml
+ -->
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.maui.net/~zen_gtr/zgzinepg4.html";>The Manifesto:
+ Piracy is Your Friend</a>, by Jaron Lanier.
+ <br />
+ <strong>Note</strong> that the GNU Project recommends
+ <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">avoiding</a> the term
+ <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">piracy</a> since
+ it implies that sharing copies is somehow illegitimate.</li>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/copying_primer.html";>A
+ primer on the ethics of ``Intellectual property''</a>, by Ram
Samudrala.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/self-interest.html">Is Self-Interest Sufficient to
+ Organize an Free Economy?</a> by Loyd Fueston.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://ethology.intercult.su.se/freescience/";>The Free
+ Science Campaign</a> is a campaign for the freedom to distribute
+ scientific work.</li>
+
+ <!-- This next article should be moved to a media page if and -->
+ <!-- when we get more related articles -->
+<!-- Link broken. mohit 2001/02/09
+ <li>Article (in German) in the Swiss paper Neue Zuercher Zeitung about the
+ <a
href="http://www.nzz.ch/online/01_nzz_aktuell/internet/internet1998/nzz980306kommunismus.htm";>Netscape
+ decision to release source code</a></li>
+ -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/kragen-software.html">People, places, things and
ideas</a> by Kragen Sitaker</li>
+ <li><a href="http://libertariannation.org/a/f31l1.html";>The Libertarian Case
+ Against Intellectual Property Rights</a> by Roderick T. Long
+ <br />
+ The Free Software Movement does not endorse Libertarianism, and
+ <a href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html">we do
+ not agree entirely</a> with that article. But it is useful for
+ refuting
+ one specific argument that is made in favor of proprietary
software.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://gsyc.escet.urjc.es/sobre/";>Articles
+ in Spanish about free software issues</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://old.law.columbia.edu/my_pubs/anarchism.html";>Anarchism
+ Triumphant:
+ Free Software and the Death of Copyright</a></li>
<!--
- rms SEZ:
- DO NOT MAKE THIS MORE THAN 5 LINES, AND DO NOT PUT
- MORE THAN 2 ITEMS HERE.
+
+Imagined Electronic Community: Representations of Virtual Community in
+Contemporary Business Discourse is no longer at
+http://eserver.org/internet/community/community.html
+
-->
-<!--#include file="gnusflashes.include" -->
+ <li><a href="http://www.coe.ilstu.edu/rpriegle/wwwdocs/plagiari.htm";>The
Death
+ and Rebirth of Plagiarism</a> by Rodney Riegle.
+ (We don't entirely agree with this article--we think there is no
+ harm in asking people to make some extra effort
+ to write ``footnotes'' to give credit.)</li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.savetheweb.org";>Save the Web</a> is a website
+ devoted to protecting Internet users rights in Europe.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/economics_frank/frank.html">Does Studying
+ Economics Inhibit Cooperation?</a> by Frank, Gilovich, and Regan.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://danny.oz.au/freedom/ip/aidfs.html";>Development,
+ Ethical Trading, and Free Software</a> by Danny Yee.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/bdk.html">THE BALLAD OF DENNIS KARJALA</a>:
+ A political comment in the form of a broadside ballad
+ by Timothy R. Phillips.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/ICT-for-prosperity.html">Shaping
+ Collaborative ICT Development and Initiatives for Global
+ Prosperity</a> by Robert J. Chassell</li>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.ic.unicamp.br/~oliva/papers/free-software/selection-html/";>
+ Competitive Advantages of Free Software</a> by Alexandre Oliva.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.advogato.org/article/89.html";
+ id="PatentgrantundertheGPL">Patent grant under the GPL</a>.</li>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/05/biztech/articles/10digital.html";
+ id="ConceptofCopyrightFightsMarkoff">The
+ Concept of Copyright Fights for Internet Survival</a> by John
+ Markoff.</li>
+
+ <li><a id="TheRealPurposeOfCopyrightBerry"
+href="http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA158872.html";>The
+ Real Purpose of Copyright</a> by John N. Berry III.</li>
+ <li><a id="Copyrightfire" href="/philosophy/fire.html">Copyrighting Fire!
(Humor)</a> by Ian Clarke.</li>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.praxagora.com/andyo/professional/infirmation_technology.html";
id="INFOTECH">The Future Brings "Infirmation Technology"</a> by
+ Andy Oram.</li>
+<!-- Re: Free Protocols Foundation - it's a maintainance nightmare -->
+<!-- to have full descriptions in more then one place. -len -->
+<!-- RMS requests that this link is put back, 14 Dec 2000, paulv -->
+ <li><a href="http://www.freeprotocols.org/";>The Free Protocols
+ Foundation</a> is an independent public forum, dedicated to the
+ support of patent-free protocols.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/software-libre-commercial-viability.html">Software
Libre and Commercial Viability</a> by Alessandro Rubini</li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/98il/";>
+ Information liberation</a> by Brian Martin. We urge people to avoid
+ using the term <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">intellectual
+ property</a> and to instead speak about copyrights, patents, and/or
+ trademarks.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://wearcam.org/seatsale/index.htm";>Seat Sale</a>, a
+ satire about copyright.</li>
+
+ <li>A <a href="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/DeCSS/Gallery/";>gallery</a>
+ of examples demonstrating how outrageous and absurd the Digital
+ Millenium Copyright Act is.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.geocities.com/frankentoons/";>Frankentoons</a>
+ by Joel Kahn.</li>
+
+ <li>A book review of
+ <a
href="http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/03/28/0121209&mode=nocomment";>
+ <cite>Digital Copyright</cite></a>.</li>
+
+ <li><a
+ href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>Live and
+ let license</a> by Joe Barr.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.piecepack.org";>Piecepack</a> is a set of
+ boardgame pieces which everyone is free to use in creating or playing
+ various types of games.</li>
+
+ <li>Eastern Gianozia has put together a <a
+
href="http://www.gianoziaorientale.it/info/foreign_politics.html";>tongue-in-cheek
+ look at Software Patents and DRM</a>.</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://revistes.upc.es/~topopardo/weblog/archives/000036.html";>Here</a>
is an interesting allegory (in Spanish) comparing Free Software to a dining
experience.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7813";>Free Software and
Scouting</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://fare.tunes.org/articles/patents.html";>Patents Are An
Economic Absurdity</a>: This article adopts as a premise the popular view that
free trade is desirable. We don't always agree - beyond a certain point, free
trade gives businesses too much power, allowing them to intimidate democracy.
But that is a different matter. </li><!-- Description text by RMS -->
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/kinsella2.html";>In Defense of
Napster and Against the Second Homesteading Rule</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/15_2/15_2_1.pdf";>Against
Intellectual Property</a>, Spring 2001, Journal of Libertarian Studies
(PDF)</li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.lulu.com/dcparris/";>Penguin in the Pew</a>, Free
Software from a Christian perspective.</li>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~sdexter/copyleft_ethics.html";>A
Comparative Ethical Assessment of Free Software Licensing Schemes</a> by Samir
Chopra and Scott Dexter</li>
+
+ <li>The <a href="http://www.simplemachines.it/simone.html";>SIM.ONE
+ hardware project</a> has created free (as in freedom)
+ computer design specifications.</li>
+
+ <li>Not available online, but as early as 1960 Bernard Galler wrote a
+ letter to the editor of the Communications of the ACM (vol.3, no.4,
+ pp.A12-A13), saying in part (mentioning price, but clearly implying
+ freedom):
+ <blockquote>
+ <p>
+ ... it is clear that what is being
+ charged for is the development of the program, and
+ while I am particularly unhappy that it comes from a
+ university, I believe it is damaging to the whole
+ profession. There isn't a 704 installation that hasn't
+ directly benefited from the free exchange of programs
+ made possible by the distribution facilities of SHARE.
+ If we start to sell our programs, this will set very
+ undesirable precedents.
+ </p>
+ </blockquote>
+ (Thanks to Nelson Beebe for the reference.)</li>
-<p>For other news, as well as for items that used to be in this GNUs Flashes
-section, see <a href="/server/whatsnew.html">What's New</a>
-in and about the <acronym>GNU</acronym> Project.
-</p>
-</div>
-<!-- END GNUFlashes -->
+</ul>
-<!-- BEGIN TakeAction -->
-<div class="half">
-<h3 id="Action">Take Action</h3>
+<h3>Miscellaneous</h3>
<ul>
- <li><strong>GPLv3:</strong>
- <a href="/server/takeaction.html#gplv3">Participate</a>
- in the drafting of GPLv3.</li>
- <li><strong>US citizens:</strong>
- <a href="/server/takeaction.html#music-sharing">
- Sign EFF's petition</a> in favor of music sharing
- </li>
- <li><strong>Priority projects:</strong>
- <a href="http://www.fsf.org/campaigns/priority.html";>Contribute</a>
- to these projects we are currently emphasizing:
- <a href="http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/";>Free software 3D video
drivers</a>,
- develop a free compatible client for Google Earth,
- <a href="http://www.fsf.org/campaigns/free-bios.html";>Free BIOS</a>,
- <a href="http://xiph.org/";>Xiph.org and free Internet protocols</a>,
- <a href="http://sourceware.org/gdb/news/reversible.html";>reversible
debugging for GDB</a>, and
- <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/gnash";>Gnash</a>
(<acronym>GNU</acronym> Flash Player).</li>
- <li><strong>Long-term contribution:</strong>
- <a href="/server/takeaction.html#gnustep">Please contribute</a>
- as a user and developer to <a href="http://www.gnustep.org";>GNUstep</a>,
- a free object-oriented framework for application development.</li>
- <li><strong>US citizens:</strong>
- <a href="/server/takeaction.html#broadcast">Support Public Knowledge
- against the "broadcast flag"</a></li>
- <li><strong>World wide:</strong>
- <a href="/server/takeaction.html#wipochange">Call
- on WIPO to change its name and mission</a>.</li>
- <li><strong>World wide:</strong>
- <a href="/server/takeaction.html#wipo">Raise
- awareness of dangers of WIPO Broadcast Treaty</a>.
- </li>
- <li><strong>In Europe:</strong>
- <a href="/server/takeaction.html#swpat">Fight against software
- patents</a>.</li>
- <li><strong>US citizens:</strong>
- <a href="/server/takeaction.html#antidmca">Sign petitions against
- software patents and the DMCA</a>.</li>
- <li><strong>Long-term contribution:</strong>
- <a href="/server/takeaction.html#unmaint">Take over an
- unmaintained <acronym>GNU</acronym> package:</a>
- <a href="/software/a2ps/">a2ps</a>,
- <a href="/software/fontutils/">fontutils</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="/server/takeaction.html#directory">Add to the Free Software
- Directory</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">Philosophy Humor</a>.
+We don't have to be serious <i>all</i> the time.</li>
</ul>
-<p><a href="/server/takeaction.html#other">Other Action Items</a>
-</p>
-</div>
-<!-- END TakeAction -->
-</div>
-<!-- END Articles -->
-</div>
+<h3>Translations of These Documents</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="http://kldp.org/gnu/philosophisch-dokuments.html";>Unofficial
+ Korean translations</a> of many of these documents</li>
+<!-- Seems this link is dead -->
+<!-- <LI><a
href="http://www.whlug.clinux.org/gnu/philosophy/">Unofficial -->
+<!-- Chinese translations</a> of many of these documents -->
+ <li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.html#translations">Translations of the
+ GNU Manifesto</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">Translations
+ of the term ``free software''</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html#translations">Translations of the
+ GNU GPL</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html#translationsLGPL">Translations of the
+ GNU LGPL</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html#translationsGFDL">Translations of the
+ GNU FDL</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+</div>
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<!-- BEGIN copyleft -->
-<div id="footer">
-<!--
- this anchor is referred to from the default
- gendocs_template (available as part of Texinfo) used for
- generating GNU manuals online, so please don't remove it.
--->
-<p><a name="ContactInfo"></a>
- Please inquire about <acronym>GNU</acronym> by Email:
- <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>,
- Voice: +1-617-542-5942, or Fax: +1-617-542-2652.
-</p>
-<p>Please send broken links and other web page suggestions to
- <a href="/people/webmeisters.html">The <acronym>GNU</acronym>
Webmasters</a> at
- <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>, thank you.
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+There are also <a href="http://www.fsf.org/about/contact.html";>other ways to
contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
-<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
- 2005, 2006, 2007
- <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>Free Software Foundation</a>, Inc.,
- 51 Franklin St - Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA<br />
- Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted
- worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice, and
- the copyright notice, are preserved.
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006 <br />
+Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
02110-1301, USA
+<br />
+Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
+permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
</p>
-<p>Updated:
- <!-- timestamp start -->
- $Date: 2007/02/27 01:08:52 $ $Author: rms46 $
- <!-- timestamp end -->
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2007/02/27 02:36:10 $ $Author: rms46 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-<!-- END copyleft -->
+<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
-<!-- BEGIN TranslationList -->
<div id="translations">
-<h4><a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations</a>
-of this page</h4>
+<h4>Translations of this page</h4>
+
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
+<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
+<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
+<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
+<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
-<!--#include file="translations.include" -->
-<!-- END TranslationList -->
+<ul class="translations-list">
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.ar.html">العربية</a></li>
<!-- Arabic -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.ca.html">Català</a></li> <!--
Catalan -->
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.zh.html">繁體中文</a></li>
<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.cs.html">Česky</a></li> <!--
Czech -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.da.html">Dansk</a></li> <!-- Danish -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.de.html">Deutsch</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">English</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.es.html">Español</a></li> <!--
Spanish -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.fr.html">Français</a></li> <!--
French -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.gl.html">Galego</a></li> <!-- Galician
-->
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.he.html">עברית</a></li>
<!-- Hebrew -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li>
<!-- Indonesian -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.it.html">Italiano</a></li> <!--
Italian -->
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.ja.html">日本語</a></li>
<!-- Japanese -->
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.ko.html">한국어</a></li>
<!-- Korean -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.hu.html">Magyar</a></li> <!-- Hungarian
-->
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.mk.html">Македонски</a></li>
<!-- Macedonian -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.nl.html">Nederlands</a></li> <!--
Dutch -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.pl.html">Polski</a></li> <!-- Polish -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.pt.html">Português</a></li> <!--
Portuguese -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.ro.html">Română</a></li>
<!-- Romanian -->
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.ru.html">Русский</a></li>
<!-- Russian -->
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.sr.html">Српски</a></li>
<!-- Serbian -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.tr.html">Türkçe</a></li>
<!-- Turkish -->
+</ul>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
-<!-- END layout -->
Index: tmp1.id.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/server/standards/translations/tmp1.id.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- tmp1.id.html 26 Feb 2007 10:17:10 -0000 1.1
+++ tmp1.id.html 27 Feb 2007 02:36:10 -0000 1.2
@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.id.html" -->
-<title>Sistem Operasi GNU - Proyek GNU - Free Software Foundation (Yayasan) -
Bebas Merdeka - GNU/Linux</title>
+<title>Sistem Operasi GNU - Proyek GNU - Free Software Foundation (Yayasan)
+- Bebas Merdeka - GNU/Linux</title>
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux,
- Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD,
- GNU HURD, Perangkat Lunak Bebas, Sistem Operasi" />
+Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD,
+Perangkat Lunak Bebas, Sistem Operasi" />
<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Semenjak 1983, mengembangkan
- sistem operasi bebas serupa Unix GNU, sehingga para pengguna komputer
- dapat secara bebas berbagi dan mempercanggihkan perangkat lunak tersebut."
/>
-<link rel="alternate" title="What's New"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
-<link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
+sistem operasi bebas serupa Unix GNU, sehingga para pengguna komputer
+dapat secara bebas berbagi dan mempercanggihkan perangkat lunak tersebut." />
+<link rel="alternate" title="Yang Baru"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
+<link rel="alternate" title="PL Bebas Baru"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.id.html" -->
+<!-- XXXXX --->
<!--
Please ensure that you properly nest your tags.
If in doubt, use the w3c validator: this is strict xhtml.
@@ -23,32 +25,23 @@
<!-- END FSFlinks -->
<!-- BEGIN content -->
-<h2>Sistem Operasi <acronym title="GNU's not Unix!">GNU</acronym> - <a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.id.html"></a>Bebas Merdeka!</h2>
+<h2>The <acronym title="GNU's not Unix!">GNU</acronym> Operating System - <a
href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Free as in Freedom</a></h2>
<!-- a space for announcements - mattl -->
<!-- <div class="announcement"></div> -->
-<h3>Apakah proyek <acronym>GNU</acronym> itu?</h3>
+<h3>What is the <acronym>GNU</acronym> project?</h3>
-<p>Proyek <acronym>GNU</acronym> diluncurkan pada tahun 1984 untuk
-mengembangkan – sebuah sistem operasi lengkap serupa Unix
-– yang berbasis
-<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">perangkat lunak bebas</a>
-(<strong>PLB</strong>): yaitu sistem <acronym>GNU</acronym>.
-Varian dari sistem operasi <acronym>GNU</acronym>, yang menggunakan kernel
-Linux, dewasa ini telah digunakan secara meluas.
-Walaupun sistem ini sering dirujuk sebagai “Linux”,
-seharusnya lebih tepat jika disebut
-<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">sistem <acronym>GNU</acronym>/Linux</a>.
+<p>The <acronym>GNU</acronym> Project was launched in 1984 to develop a
complete Unix-like operating system which is <a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>:
+the <acronym>GNU</acronym> system. Variants of the <acronym>GNU</acronym>
operating system, which use the kernel called Linux, are now widely used;
though these systems are often referred to as “Linux”, they are
more accurately called <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux systems</a>.
</p>
-<p><acronym>GNU</acronym> merupakan singkatan rekursif dari
“<acronym>GNU</acronym>'s Not Unix”
-(GNU bukan Unix); serta dilafalkan <em>ge-nuu</em>.
-</p>
+<p><acronym>GNU</acronym> is a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not
+Unix”; it is pronounced <em>guh-noo</em>, like
+<em>canoe</em>.</p>
-<h3>Apakah Perangkat Lunak Bebas itu?</h3>
-<!-- XXXXX -->
+<h3>What is Free Software?</h3>
<p>“<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">Free software</a>” is a
matter of liberty, not price.
To understand the concept, you should think of “free” as in
@@ -252,7 +245,7 @@
<p>Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
- $Date: 2007/02/26 10:17:10 $ $Author: rms46 $
+ $Date: 2007/02/27 02:36:10 $ $Author: rms46 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
@@ -271,263 +264,3 @@
</html>
<!-- END layout -->
-
-<title>Sistem Operasi GNU - Proyek GNU - Free Software Foundation (Yayasan) -
Bebas Merdeka - GNU/Linux</title>
-<link rel="alternate" title="What's New"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
-<link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
-
-<!--
- Please ensure that you properly nest your tags.
- If in doubt, use the w3c validator: this is strict xhtml.
- Keep tables simple, and make sure they degrade properly.
- Review the w3c accessibility guidelines when in doubt
--->
-
-<!-- END FSFlinks -->
-
-<!-- XXXXX -->
-
-<p>``Perangkat Lunak Bebas'' (<em>Free Software</em>)
-itu terkait dengan kebebasan, bukan harga.
-Agar lebih memahami konsep ini, perhatikan kata "bebas" dalam
-"mimbar bebas", dan bukan dalam "minuman bebas/gratis".
-</p>
-
-<p>Perangkat Lunak Bebas berhubungan dengan kebebasan para
-pengguna untuk menjalankan (<em>run</em>), menyalin (<em>copy</em>),
-mengedarkan (<em>distribute</em>), mempelajari (<em>study</em>),
-mengubah (<em>change</em>), serta memperbaiki (<em>improve</em>)
-perangkat lunak. Lebih tepatnya, hal ini merujuk ke empat jenis
-kebebasan, untuk para pengguna perangkat lunak:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
- <li>Kebebasan untuk menjalankan program, untuk keperluan apa pun
- (kebebasan 0).</li>
- <li>Kebebasan untuk mempelajari cara kerja program, serta mengadaptasikan
- sesuai dengan keperluan (kebebasan 1).
- Prasyarat kebebasan ini ialah akses terhadap kode sumber
- (<em>source code</em>) program.</li>
- <li>Kebebasan untuk mengedarkan perangkat lunak, sehingga dapat
- membantu yang membutuhkan (kebebasan 2).</li>
- <li>Kebebasan untuk memperbaiki program, serta mengedarkan perbaikan
- tersebut kepada masyarakat, sehingga bermanfaat bagi semua
- (kebebasan 3).
- Prasyarat kebebasan ini ialah akses terhadap kode sumber program.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>Apakah Free Software Foundation itu?</h3>
-
-<p><a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Yayasan Perangkat Lunak Bebas</a>
-(<em>FSF</em> – Free Software Foundation)
-merupakan sponsor utama dari proyek <acronym>GNU</acronym>.
-FSF menerima sedikit sekali sumbangan dana dari
-kalangan perusahaan atau organisasi donatur lainnya.
-Kelangsungan FSF sangat tergantung dari bantuan perorangan seperti anda.
-</p>
-
-<p>Mohon mempertimbangkan untuk membantu FSF dengan
-<a href="http://member.fsf.org/";>menjadi anggota asosiasi</a>, atau dengan
-<a href="http://order.fsf.org/";>membeli manual/lainnya</a> atau dengan
-<a href="http://donate.fsf.org/";>memberikan sumbangan</a>.
-Jika bisnis/usaha anda menggunakan Perangkat Lunak Bebas,
-mohon untuk mempertimbangkan membantu FSF dengan cara menjadi
-<a href="http://patron.fsf.org/";>penyumbang tetap</a> atau memesan
-<a href="http://www.gnu.org/order/deluxe.html";>distribusi istimewa
-dari perangkat lunak <acronym>GNU</acronym></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>Proyek <acronym>GNU</acronym> mendukung misi FSF untuk melestarikan,
melindungi, serta
-mempromosikan kebebasan menggunakan, mempelajari, mengubah, dan
-mengedarkan perangkat lunak komputer, serta mempertahankan hak
-para pengguna perangkat lunak bebas.
-Kami mendukung kebebasan
-<a href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.html">berbicara, pers, berserikat</a>
-di Internet,
-<a href="http://www.eff.org/privnow/";>hak untuk mengunakan
-perangkat lunak yang dapat melakukan enkripsi untuk komunikasi pribadi</a>,
-serta <a href="/philosophy/protecting.html">hak untuk menulis perangkat
-lunak</a>, yang terlepas dari monopoli pribadi.
-Silakan mempelajari lebih lanjut hal ini pada buku
-<a href="/doc/book13.html">Free Software, Free Society</a>
-serta pada majalah independen
-<a href="http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/subscribe";>Free Software
-Magazine</a>.
-</p>
-
-<!--
- Keep link lines at 72 characters or lynx will break them poorly.
- Obviously, we list ONLY the most useful/important URLs here.
- Keep it short and sweet: 3 lines and 2 columns is already enough
--->
-
-<!-- BEGIN GNUmenu -->
-
-<h3>Informasi Lanjut</h3>
-
-<ul>
- <li><a href="/provide.id.html">Yang Kami Sediakan</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.id.html">Mengapa Kami Ada</a></li>
- <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.id.html">Arah Tujuan Kami</a></li>
- <li><a href="/help/help.id.html">Cara Menolong Kami Mencapai Tujuan</a></li>
- <li><a href="/people/people.html">Perihal Kami</a></li>
- <li><a href="/testimonials/testimonials.id.html">Pendapat Para
- Pengguna Perihal Perangkat Lunak <acronym>GNU</acronym></a></li>
-</ul>
-<!-- END content -->
-
-<hr />
-
-<!-- BEGIN Articles -->
-<div class="rowOfBoxes">
-
-<div class="half noBorderOnLeft">
-<!--
- GNUs Flash is a pun on News Flash.
- Please don't make it GNU's Flash.
--->
-<h3 id="Flashes">GNUnia Dalam Berita – GNUs Flashes</h3>
-
-<!--
- FOR ENTRIES ADDED TO GNUs FLASHES:
- Please make sure an announcement is sent to address@hidden
- Include announcements in /server/whatsnew.html
--->
-
-<!--
- Please do not use anchor ids in this. They will be deleted and
- hrefs pointing at them will fail. Instead use /home.html#Flashes
--->
-
-<!--
- rms SEZ:
- DO NOT MAKE THIS MORE THAN 5 LINES, AND DO NOT PUT
- MORE THAN 2 ITEMS HERE.
--->
-
-<!--#include file="gnusflashes.include" -->
-
-<p>Untuk berita lainnya, serta GNUnia Dalam Berita lainnya, silakan melihat
-<a href="/server/whatsnew.html">YANG BARU</a> perihal proyek GNU.
-</p>
-</div>
-<!-- END GNUFlashes -->
-
-<!-- BEGIN TakeAction -->
-<div class="half">
-<h3 id="Action"><a href="/server/takeaction.html">Perlu Tindakan</a></h3>
-
-<ul>
- <li><strong>Kontribusi Jangka Panjang:</strong>
- <a href="/server/takeaction.html#priority">Bantulah</a> proyek-proyek
- prioritas tinggi berikut ini: <a
- href="http://r300.sf.net/";><em>3D driver for ATI graphics
cards</em></a>,
- <a href="http://developer.classpath.org/mediation/OpenOffice2GCJ4";><em>
- OpenOffice.org 2.0 dengan Classpath</em></a>,
- <a href="http://gplflash.sourceforge.net/";><em>GPLFlash</em></a>,
- <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/java/index.html";>Kompilator
<acronym>GNU</acronym> untuk
- <em>Java</em></a>, dan <a
- href="http://www.gnu.org/software/classpath/";><em><acronym>GNU</acronym>
- Classpath</em></a>.</li>
- <li><strong>Warga Amrik:</strong>
- <a href="/server/takeaction.html#broadcast">Dukunglah perkara kasus pihak
- "<em>Public Knowledge</em>" melawan <em>FCC</em>
- "<em>broadcast flag</em>"</a></li>
- <li><strong>Warga Sejagad</strong>:
- <a href="/server/takeaction.html#wipochange">Permintaan kepada WIPO untuk
- mengubah nama beserta misinya.</a></li>
- <li><strong>Warga Sejagad</strong>:
- <a href="/server/takeaction.html#wipo">AWAS:
- <em>WIPO Broadcast Treaty</em>
- itu berbahaya!</a></li>
- <li><strong>Warga Eropa:</strong>
- <a href="/server/takeaction.html#swpat">Tolak
- Pematenan Perangkat Lunak</a></li>
- <li><strong>Warga Amrik:</strong>
- <a href="/server/takeaction.html#antidmca">Teken petisi
- penolakan paten perangkat lunak dan DMCA</a></li>
- <li><strong>Kontribusi Jangka Panjang:</strong>
- <a href="/server/takeaction.html#directory">
- Tambahkan ke Direktori Perangkat Lunak Bebas</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p><a href="/server/takeaction.html#other">Hal-hal Lainnya</a>
-</p>
-
-</div>
-<!-- END TakeAction -->
-</div>
-<!-- END Articles -->
-</div>
-
-<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.id.html" -->
-<!-- BEGIN copyleft -->
-<div id="footer">
-<!--
- this anchor is referred to from the default
- gendocs_template (available as part of Texinfo) used for
- generating GNU manuals online, so please don't remove it.
--->
-
-<p>Halaman ini dikelola oleh
-<a href="/server/standards/translations/indoteam.id.html#root">Kelompok
-Kerja Penerjemah Web Proyek <acronym>GNU</acronym></a>. Jika anda berminat
-untuk menjadi relawan penerjemah, atau ingin memberikan
-masukan dalam bahasa Indonesia, atau hanya sekedar ingin tahu
-lebih lanjut, silakan
-<a href="/server/standards/translations/indoteam.id.html#contact">mengunjungi
-laman tersebut</a>.
-Silakan juga merujuk berkas
-<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.id.html">panduan
-menerjemahkan</a> untuk informasi tambahan.
-</p>
-
-<p><a name="ContactInfo"></a>
- Silakan mengirimkan pertanyaan
- <strong>dalam bahasa Inggris</strong>
- mengenai <acronym>GNU</acronym> ke
- <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>,
- Telepon: +1-617-542-5942, atau Fax: +1-617-542-2652.
-</p>
-
-<p>Silakan memberitahu
- <strong>dalam bahasa Inggris</strong>
- hal yang berhubungan dengan web (link mati, usulan, dst.) kepada
- <a href="/people/webmeisters.html">The <acronym>GNU</acronym>
Webmasters</a> atau
- <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>, Terimakasih.
-</p>
-
-<p><em>Copyright</em> © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002,
- 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006
- (HakCipta)
- <a href="http://www.fsf.org";>Free Software Foundation</a>, Inc.,
- 51 Franklin St - Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA<br />
- <em>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted
- worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice, and
- the copyright notice, are preserved</em>
- – Diizinkan untuk melakukan penyalinan utuh serta mengedarkan
- seluruh berkas pada segala macam media, dengan ketentuan menyertakan
- nota hak cipta ini.
-</p>
-
-<p>Updated:
- <!-- timestamp start -->
- $Date: 2007/02/26 10:17:10 $ $Author: rms46 $
- <!-- timestamp end -->
-</p>
-</div>
-<!-- END copyleft -->
-
-<!-- BEGIN TranslationList -->
-<div id="translations">
-<h4><a href="/server/standards/README.translations.id.html">Terjemahan</a>
-laman ini</h4>
-
-<!--#include file="translations.include" -->
-<!-- END TranslationList -->
-</div>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
-<!-- END layout -->
-