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www/philosophy not-ipr.af.html not-ipr.de.html ...


From: Alex Muntada
Subject: www/philosophy not-ipr.af.html not-ipr.de.html ...
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2006 19:58:46 +0000

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     Alex Muntada <alex_muntada>     06/12/11 19:58:46

Modified files:
        philosophy     : not-ipr.af.html not-ipr.de.html not-ipr.fr.html 
                         not-ipr.html not-ipr.pl.html 
Removed files:
        philosophy     : not-ipr.de.xhtml not-ipr.fr.xhtml 
                         not-ipr.it.xhtml not-ipr.pl.xhtml not-ipr.xhtml 

Log message:
        Remove old .xhtml files and change links on translation toolbars.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.af.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.de.xhtml?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=0
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.xhtml?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=0
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.it.xhtml?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=0
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.xhtml?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=0
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.xhtml?cvsroot=www&r1=1.11&r2=0

Patches:
Index: not-ipr.af.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.af.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- not-ipr.af.html     11 Dec 2006 00:08:38 -0000      1.2
+++ not-ipr.af.html     11 Dec 2006 19:58:42 -0000      1.3
@@ -218,11 +218,12 @@
 <!-- non-w3c entities.  xhtml should be XML compliant -->
 
 [
-  <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">English</a>
+  <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.af.html">Afrikaans</a>          <!-- Afrikaans 
-->
+| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.de.html">Deutsch</a>            <!-- German -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">English</a>
 | <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">Fran&#x00e7;ais</a>    <!-- French -->
 | <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.it.html">Italiano</a>           <!-- Italian -->
 | <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.html">Polski</a>             <!-- Polish -->
-| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.af.html">Afrikaans</a>          <!-- Afrikaans 
-->
 ]
 </p>
 
@@ -260,7 +261,7 @@
 <p>
 Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2006/12/11 00:08:38 $ $Author: alex_muntada $
+$Date: 2006/12/11 19:58:42 $ $Author: alex_muntada $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: not-ipr.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- not-ipr.de.html     20 Nov 2006 17:40:12 -0000      1.1
+++ not-ipr.de.html     11 Dec 2006 19:58:42 -0000      1.2
@@ -213,11 +213,12 @@
 <!-- non-w3c entities.  xhtml should be XML compliant -->
 
 [
-  <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.de.xhtml";>Deutsch</a> <!-- 
German -->
-| <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.xhtml";>English</a>
-| <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.xhtml";>Français</a>     
<!-- French -->
-| <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.it.xhtml";>Italiano</a>        
        <!-- Italian -->
-| <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.xhtml";>Polski</a>          
<!-- Polish -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.af.html">Afrikaans</a>  <!-- Afrikaans -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.de.html">Deutsch</a>    <!-- German -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">English</a>
+| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">Français</a>        <!-- French -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.it.html">Italiano</a>           <!-- Italian -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.html">Polski</a>             <!-- Polish -->
 ]
 </p>
 
@@ -255,7 +256,7 @@
 <p>
 Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2006/11/20 17:40:12 $ $Author: mattl $
+$Date: 2006/12/11 19:58:42 $ $Author: alex_muntada $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: not-ipr.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- not-ipr.fr.html     11 Dec 2006 19:40:58 -0000      1.2
+++ not-ipr.fr.html     11 Dec 2006 19:58:42 -0000      1.3
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@
 <p>
 Derni&egrave;re mise-&agrave;-jour&nbsp;:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2006/12/11 19:40:58 $ $Author: alex_muntada $
+$Date: 2006/12/11 19:58:42 $ $Author: alex_muntada $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -218,11 +218,12 @@
 <!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
 <!--     http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
 <ul>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.af.html">Afrikaans</a></li>   <!-- Afrikaans 
-->
 <li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.de.html">Deutsch</a></li>  <!-- German -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.xhtml">English</a></li>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.xhtml">Fran&#x00e7;ais</a></li>  <!-- 
French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.it.xhtml">Italiano</a></li>  <!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.xhtml">Polski</a></li>  <!-- Polish -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">English</a></li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">Fran&#x00e7;ais</a></li>  <!-- 
French -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.it.html">Italiano</a></li>  <!-- Italian -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.html">Polski</a></li>  <!-- Polish -->
 </ul>
 </div>
 

Index: not-ipr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- not-ipr.html        11 Dec 2006 07:23:11 -0000      1.2
+++ not-ipr.html        11 Dec 2006 19:58:42 -0000      1.3
@@ -250,11 +250,12 @@
 <!-- non-w3c entities.  xhtml should be XML compliant -->
 
 [
-  <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.de.xhtml";>Deutsch</a> <!-- 
German -->
-| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.xhtml">English</a>
-| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.xhtml">Fran&#x00e7;ais</a>   <!-- French -->
-| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.it.xhtml">Italiano</a>          <!-- Italian -->
-| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.xhtml">Polski</a>            <!-- Polish -->
+  <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.af.html">Afrikaans</a>  <!-- Afrikaans -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.de.html">Deutsch</a>    <!-- German -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">English</a>
+| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">Fran&#x00e7;ais</a>    <!-- French -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.it.html">Italiano</a>           <!-- Italian -->
+| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.html">Polski</a>             <!-- Polish -->
 ]
 </p>
 
@@ -292,7 +293,7 @@
 <p>
 Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2006/12/11 07:23:11 $ $Author: ramprasadb $
+$Date: 2006/12/11 19:58:42 $ $Author: alex_muntada $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: not-ipr.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- not-ipr.pl.html     20 Nov 2006 17:40:12 -0000      1.1
+++ not-ipr.pl.html     11 Dec 2006 19:58:42 -0000      1.2
@@ -123,10 +123,12 @@
 <a id="translations"/>
 <b>T³umaczenia tej strony</b>:<br />
 [
-  <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.xhtml";>English</a>
-| <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.xhtml";>Fran&#x00e7;ais</a>
-| <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.it.xhtml";>Italiano</a>
-| <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.xhtml";>Polski</a>
+  <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.af.html">Afrikaans</a>
+| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.de.html">Deutsch</a>
+| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">English</a>
+| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">Fran&#x00e7;ais</a>
+| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.it.html">Italiano</a>
+| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.html">Polski</a>
 ]
 </p>
 
@@ -165,7 +167,7 @@
 <p>
 Aktualizowane:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2006/11/20 17:40:12 $ $Author: mattl $
+$Date: 2006/12/11 19:58:42 $ $Author: alex_muntada $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: not-ipr.de.xhtml
===================================================================
RCS file: not-ipr.de.xhtml
diff -N not-ipr.de.xhtml
--- not-ipr.de.xhtml    22 Oct 2006 07:27:49 -0000      1.2
+++ /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
@@ -1,264 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" 
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
-<html lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en">
-
-<head>
-  <title>Did You Say "Intellectual Property"?  It's a Seductive Mirage</title>
-  <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
-  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="not-ipr-Dateien/gnu.css"/>
-  <link rev="made" href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/address@hidden"/>
-</head>
-
-<!-- This document is in XML, and xhtml 1.0 -->
-<!-- Please make sure to properly nest your tags -->
-<!-- and ensure that your final document validates -->
-<!-- consistent with W3C xhtml 1.0 and CSS standards -->
-<!-- See validator.w3.org -->
-
-<body>
-
-<p>
-  <a href="#translations">&Uuml;bersetzungen</a> dieser Seite
-</p>
-
-<h3>Meinten Sie "geistiges Eigentum"? Ein verführerisches Nichts</h3>
-
-<h5>von Richard M. Stallman</h5>
-
-<!-- When you replace this graphic, make sure you change -->
-<!-- the link to also point to the correct HTML page. -->
-<!-- If you make a new graphic for this page, make sure it -->
-<!-- has a corresponding entry in /graphics/graphics.html. -->
-<p>
-  <a href="http://www.gnu.org/graphics/agnuhead.html";><img width="129" 
height="122" src="not-ipr-Dateien/gnu-head-sm.jpg" alt=" [image of the Head of 
a GNU] "/></a>
-</p>
-
-<hr/>
-
-<p>
-Es ist in Mode gekommen, Copyrights, Patente und Handelsmarken als "geistiges 
Eigentum"
-zu bezeichnen. Diese Mode entstand nicht aus einem dummen Zufall -- der 
Begriff verzerrt
-und verwirrt diese Themen systematisch, und seine Verwendung wird in erster 
Linie von
-jenen vorangetrieben, die aus dieser Verwirrung Nutzen ziehen. Jeder, der klar 
&uuml;ber
-diese Gesetze nachdenken will, tut gut darin, diesen Begriff abzulehnen.
-</p>
-
-
-<p>
-Ein Effekt des Begriffes ist die Erzeugung einer bestimmten 
Voreingenommenheit, die
-nicht schwer zu erkennen ist: Er legt nahe, über Copyrights, Patente und 
Marken zu
-denken in Analogie zu Besitzrechten materieller Objekte. (Diese Analogie steht 
im
-Widerspruch zum Rechtsverst&auml;ndnis von Copyright-, Patent- und 
Markenrecht, aber nur
-Spezialisten wissen das.) Diese Gesetze sind tats&auml;chlich jenen über 
materiellen Besitz
-nur bedingt &auml;hnlich, aber die Verwendung des Begriffes "geistiges 
Eigentum" führt die
-Legislative dazu, sie mehr in dieser Richtung zu ver&auml;ndern. Da diese 
Ver&auml;nderung erw&uuml;nscht
-und beabsichtigt ist durch Unternehmen, die im Copyright-, Patent- und 
Markenbereich
-Macht aus&uuml;ben, haben diese Unternehmen sehr viel Arbeit investiert, 
diesen Begriff
-zu etablieren.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Laut Professor Mark Lemley (Stanford Law School) ist die weitverbreitete 
Verwendung
-des Begriffes "geistiges Eigentum" eine Modeerscheinung, die der Gr&uuml;ndung 
der
-"'World Intellectual Property Organization'" im Jahre 1967 folgt und erst in 
den
-letzten Jahren g&auml;ngiger Sprachgebrauch wurde (WIPO ist formal eine 
UN-Organisation,
-aber in der Realit&auml;t repr&auml;sentiert diese die Interessen von 
Copyright-, Patent-
-und Markeninhabern).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Wer diese Themen im Hinblick auf ihre Leistung und Sinnhaltigkeit bewerten 
m&ouml;chte,
-sollte einen voreingenommenen Begriff f&uuml;r sie ablehnen. Viele haben mich 
danach gefragt,
-einige andere Namen f&uuml;r diese Kategorie anzubieten - oder boten selbst 
Alternativen an.
-Diese Vorschl&auml;ge beinhalten "IMPs" (Imposed Monopoly Privileges - 
Aufgezwungene Monopolrechte)
-oder "GOLEMs" (Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies -- etwa 'von 
der Regierung 
-stammende, rechtlich erzwungene Monopole'). Manche sprechen von "exclusive 
rights regimes",
-aber dies ist gleichbedeutend damit, Restriktionen als Rechte zu bezeichnen, 
was ebenso
-doppeldeutig ist.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Aber es ist ein Fehler, "geistiges Eigentum" durch irgendeinen anderen Begriff
-zu ersetzen. Ein anderer Name k&ouml;nnte die Voreingenommenheit beseitigen,
-w&uuml;rde aber nicht das tiefer Problem des Begriffes beseitigen: 
&Uuml;berverallgemeinerung.
-Ein derart einheitliches Ding wie "geistiges Eigentum" existiert nicht. Es ist 
eine Fehlvorstellung,
-die nur deswegen eine koh&auml;rente Existenz zu haben scheint, weil der 
Begriff selbst dies nahelegt.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Der Begriff "geistiges Eigentum" fungiert derzeit als "Catch-All", um
-ungleiche Gesetze zusammenzuklumpen. Menschen außerhalb der 
Rechtswissenschaften,
-die den Begriff "geistiges Eigentum" auf diese verschiedenen Gesetze angewandt
-h&ouml;ren, neigen zu der Vermutung, da&szlig; all diese Instanzen eines 
gemeinsamen
-Prinzips sind, und da&szlig; sie &auml;hnlich funktionieren. Nichts 
k&ouml;nnte 
-der Realit&auml;t ferner sein.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Diese Gesetzte haben verschiedenen Ursprung, entwickelten sich unterschiedlich,
-decken verschiedene Aktivit&auml;ten ab, bringen unterschiedliche Regeln, und
-betreffen unterschiedliche Fragestellungen der &ouml;ffentlichen Politik. Das 
Copyright-Recht
-wurde erschaffen, um Urheberschaft und Kunst zu f&ouml;rdern, und deckt 
Aspekte der
-Werke von Urheberschaft und Kunst. Patentrecht sollte die Publikation von 
Ideen f&ouml;rdern,
-zum Preis begrenzter Monopole auf diese Ideen - ein Preis, den zu zahlen in 
manchen Bereichen
-sinnvoller scheint als in anderen. Markenrecht wurde nicht etabliert, um 
irgendeine Gesch&auml;ftsaktivit&auml;t
-zu f&ouml;rdern, sondern nur, um Konsumenten ein Wissen dar&uuml;ber zu 
verschaffen, was sie kaufen; 
-nichtsdestotrotz haben es Gesetzgeber unter dem Einflu&szlig; von "geistigem 
Eigentum"
-in einen Entwurf umgearbeitet, der Anreiz zu Werbung bietet (ohne die 
&Ouml;ffentlichkeit zu fragen,
-ob wir wirklich mehr Werbung wollen).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Da sich diese Gesetze unabh&auml;gig entwickelt haben, sind sie auch in allen 
Details
-gleichwie auch grundlegendem Zweck und Methoden unterschiedlich. Wenn man ein 
paar Details
-&uuml;ber Urheberrecht lernt, sollte man annehmen, da&szlig; Patenrecht anders 
funktioniert
-- auf diese Weise kann man kaum falsch liegen.
-</p>
-
-
-<p>
-Aber Laien sind nicht die einzigen, die durch diesen Begriff verwirrt werden. 
Ich erlebe
-regelm&auml;&szlig;ig, da&szlig; Experten in Patent-, Urheber- und Markenrecht 
und sogar
-Rechtsprofessoren, die diese Themen unterrichten, sich durch "geistiges 
Eigentum" haben
-zu verallgemeinernden Aussagen hinrei&szlig;en lassen, die eigentlich in 
Konflikt stehen zu
-den Fakten, die sie eigentlich kennen. Der Begriff lenkt sie davon ab, ihr 
eigenes Wissen
-anzuwenden.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Man spricht oft von "geistigem Eigentum", wenn man eigentlich etwas ganz
-anderes meint, gr&ouml;&szlig;er oder kleiner als "geistiges Eigentum". 
-So zwingen etwa reiche L&auml;nder armen L&auml;ndern Gesetze auf, um
-Geld aus ihnen zu pressen. Diese Gesetze passen oft in die Kategorie
-"geistiges Eigentum" -- selbst Menschen, die die Fairness derartiger
-Reglements in Frage stellen, verwenden dieses Etikett h&auml;fig, selbst 
-wenn es ganz und gar nicht pa&szlig;t. Dies kann zu falschen Aussagen und
-unklarem Denken f&uuml;hren. In solchen F&auml;llen empfehle ich die Verwendung
-eines Begriffes wie "rechtliche Kolonialisierung", der den zentralen Aspekt
-des Problems fokussiert, anstelle von "geistigem Eigentum". F&uuml;r andere
-Themen wird der Begriff, der sie am besten beschreibt, vermutlich anders
-aussehen.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Der Begriff "geistiges Eigentum" f&uuml;hrt auch zu vereinfachendem Denken. 
-Er motiviert Menschen, sich auf die d&uuml;rftige Gemeinsamkeiten all
-dieser verschiedenen Gesetze zu konzentrieren (die darin besteht, da&szlig;
-sie spezielle Machtzust&auml;nde erzeugen, die gekauft und verkauft werden 
k&ouml;nnen)
-und ihre Substanz zu ignorieren - die spezifischen Einschr&auml;nkungen, die 
jedes
-davon der &Ouml;ffentlichkeit auferlegt, und die Konsequenzen dieser 
Einschr&auml;nkungen.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In solch breiten Ma&szlig;stab k&ouml;nnen die Menschen die unterschiedlichen
-gesellschaftspolitischen Probleme gar nicht mehr sehen, die durch Urheber-, 
Patentrecht
-oder irgendein anderes dieser Gesetze erzeugt werden. Diese Probleme erwachsen 
aus
-den Eigenheiten, also exakt dem, was der Begriff "geistiges Eigentum" die 
Menschen
-ignorieren l&auml;&szlig;t. Ein urheberrechtsbezogenes Problem besteht 
beispielsweise
-darin, ob Musik-Tausch erlaubt sein sollte. Patentrecht hat damit nichts zu 
tun. Aber
-Patentrecht bringt die Frage auf, ob es armen L&auml;nder gestattet sein 
sollte,
-lebensrettende Medikamente zu produzieren und preiswert zu verkaufen, um Leben 
zu retten.
-Urheberrecht hat damit nichts zu tun. Keines dieser Probleme ist 
ausschließlich wirtschaftlicher
-Natur, und keiner, der sie aus oberfl&auml;chlicher wirtschaftlicher 
Perspektive der
-&Uuml;berverallgemeinerung betrachtet, wird imstande sein, sie zu fassen. 
Somit sind
-alle Meinungs&auml;&szlig;erungen zu "der Frage geistigen Eigentums" mit hoher 
Wahrscheinlichkeit
-dumm. Wenn man glaubt, da&szlig; dies eine Frage ist, wird man dazu neigen, 
nur Meinungen
-in Betracht ziehen, die all diese Gesetze als gleich behandeln. Ganz gleich, 
welche davon
-man w&auml;hlt - es wird keinen Sinn ergeben.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Wenn Sie klar &uuml;ber die Fragen nachdenken wollen, die Patente, 
Urheberrechte
-oder Handelsmarken mit sich bringen, oder sogar lernen wollen, was diese 
Gesetze
-beinhalten, dann besteht der erste Schritt darin, die Idee zu vergessen, man 
k&ouml;nne sie
-alle zusammenwerfen, und sie stattdessen als eigenst&auml;ndige Themen zu 
behandeln.
-Wenn Sie Artikel schreiben wollen, die die &Ouml;ffentlichkeit informieren und 
zu
-klarem Denken ermutigen, behandeln Sie diese Gesetze getrennt, ermutigen Sie 
nicht
-zu Verallgemeinerungen.
-</p>
-
-<p>Und was die WIPO betrifft: Setzen Sie sich<a 
href="http://www.fsfeurope.org/documents/wiwo.html";>f&uuml;r eine 
-Namens&auml;nderung ein</a>.
-
-</p>
-
-
-<hr/>
-
-
-<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
-<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about    -->
-<!-- verbatim copying.  Please do NOT remove this without talking     -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. --> 
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
-
-<p class="translations">
-<a id="translations"/>
-<b>Translations of this page:</b><br/>
-
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
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-  <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.de.xhtml";>Deutsch</a> <!-- 
German -->
-| <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.xhtml";>English</a>
-| <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.xhtml";>Français</a>     
<!-- French -->
-| <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.it.xhtml";>Italiano</a>        
        <!-- Italian -->
-| <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.xhtml";>Polski</a>          
<!-- Polish -->
-]
-</p>
-
-
-<div class="copyright">
-<p>
-Return to the <a href="http://www.gnu.org/home.html";>GNU Project home page</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to 
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-There are also <a href="http://www.gnu.org/home.html#ContactInfo";>other ways 
to contact</a> 
-the FSF.
-<br/>
-Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to
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-<p>
-Please see the 
-<a 
href="http://www.gnu.org/server/standards/README.translations.html";>Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
-translations of this article.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Copyright (C) 2004 Richard M. Stallman
-<br/>
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
-permitted worldwide without royalty in any medium provided
-this notice is preserved.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Updated:
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2006/10/22 07:27:49 $ $Author: jimcrow $
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-</html>

Index: not-ipr.fr.xhtml
===================================================================
RCS file: not-ipr.fr.xhtml
diff -N not-ipr.fr.xhtml
--- not-ipr.fr.xhtml    22 Nov 2006 14:29:56 -0000      1.10
+++ /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
@@ -1,231 +0,0 @@
-
-<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
-
-<title>Vous avez dit &laquo;Propri&eacute;t&eacute; 
intellectuelle&raquo;&nbsp;? Un s&eacute;duisant mirage</title>
-
-<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-
-<h2>Vous avez dit &laquo;Propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&raquo;&nbsp;? 
Un s&eacute;duisant mirage</h2>
-
-<h5>par Richard M. Stallman</h5>
-
-<p>
-C'est devenu &agrave; la mode de d&eacute;crire le copyright, les brevets, et
-les marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es comme &laquo;propri&eacute;t&eacute; 
intellectuelle&raquo;. Cette mode n'est pas apparue par
-accident -- le terme d&eacute;forme et rend confus syst&eacute;matiquement ces 
probl&egrave;mes,
-et son utilisation a &eacute;t&eacute; et est soutenue par ceux qui profitent 
de cette confusion.
-Quiconque souhaite r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir clairement &agrave; une quelconque 
de ces lois ferait bien
-de rejeter le terme.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Un effet du terme est la distorsion qui n'est pas difficile de voir&nbsp;: il 
sugg&egrave;re de
-penser au copyright, aux brevets et aux marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es par 
analogie avec
-les droits de propri&eacute;t&eacute; pour les objets physiques. (Cette 
analogie est &agrave; l'oppos&eacute; des
-doctrines de droit de la loi sur le copyright, de la loi sur les brevets, et 
de la loi
-sur les marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es, mais seuls les sp&eacute;cialistes le 
savent). Ces lois sont
-en fait peu semblables &agrave; la loi sur la propri&eacute;t&eacute; 
physique, mais l'utilisation de ce terme conduit
-les l&eacute;gislateurs &agrave; les changer pour qu'elles en soient plus 
proches. Puisque c'est le changement
-voulu par les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s qui se servent des pouvoirs du copyright, 
des brevets et des marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es,
-ces soci&eacute;t&eacute;s ont &oelig;uvr&eacute; pour mettre ce terme 
&agrave; la mode.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Selon le Professeur Mark Lemley, exer&ccedil;ant actuellement &agrave; la 
Stanford Law School,
-l'utilisation tr&egrave;s r&eacute;pandue du terme 
&laquo;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&raquo; est une manie
-suivie depuis la cr&eacute;ation en 1967 de l'Organisation mondiale de la 
&laquo;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&raquo;,
-et est devenue r&eacute;ellement courante depuis ces derni&egrave;res 
ann&eacute;es.
-(L'OMPI est formellement une organisation des Nations Unies, mais elle 
repr&eacute;sente en fait
-les int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts des d&eacute;tenteurs de copyrights, de brevets et 
de marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Ceux qui pr&eacute;f&eacute;reraient juger ces probl&egrave;mes sur leurs 
m&eacute;rites devraient
-rejeter un terme biais&eacute; pour en parler. Beaucoup m'ont demand&eacute; 
de proposer un
-autre nom pour la cat&eacute;gorie -- ou m'ont propos&eacute; des alternatives 
eux-m&ecirc;mes.
-Ces suggestions incluent IMP pour &laquo;Imposed Monopoly Privileges&raquo; 
(&laquo;Privil&egrave;ges de monopoles impos&eacute;s&raquo;), et GOLEM,
-pour &laquo;Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies&raquo; 
(&laquo;Monopoles d'origine gouvernementale mis en application 
l&eacute;galement&raquo;). Certains parlent de &laquo;r&eacute;gimes de droits 
exclusifs&raquo;,
-mais assimiler des restrictions &agrave; des &laquo;droits&raquo; est 
biais&eacute; aussi.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Certaines de ces substitutions sont une am&eacute;lioration 
incr&eacute;mentale, mais c'est une erreur de remplacer 
&laquo;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&raquo; par un autre
-terme. Un nom diff&eacute;rent pourrait &eacute;liminer la confusion, mais ne 
r&egrave;glerait pas le
-probl&egrave;me plus profond de ce terme&nbsp;: la banalisation. Il n'existe 
pas de chose
-unifi&eacute;e telle que la &laquo;propri&eacute;t&eacute; 
intellectuelle&raquo;. C'est un mirage, qui semble avoir une
-existence coh&eacute;rente seulement parce que le terme le sugg&egrave;re.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Le terme &laquo;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&raquo; est un terme 
fourre-tout pour m&ecirc;ler
-des lois disparates. Les n&eacute;ophytes en droit qui entendent le terme 
&laquo;propri&eacute;t&eacute;
-intellectuelle&raquo; appliqu&eacute; &agrave; diverses lois, tendent &agrave; 
croire qu'il y a plusieurs
-variations d'un principe commun, et qu'elles fonctionnent de mani&egrave;re 
similaire.
-Rien n'est moins vrai.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Ces lois produites s&eacute;par&eacute;ment, ont &eacute;volu&eacute; 
diff&eacute;remment, couvrent diff&eacute;rentes
-activit&eacute;s, ont des r&egrave;gles diff&eacute;rentes et soul&egrave;vent 
des probl&egrave;mes de politique
-publique diff&eacute;rents. La loi sur le copyright a &eacute;t&eacute; 
con&ccedil;ue pour promouvoir les &oelig;uvres litt&eacute;raires et l'art, et
-couvre les d&eacute;tails d'une &oelig;uvre litt&eacute;raire ou artistique. 
La loi sur les brevets a &eacute;t&eacute; con&ccedil;ue
-pour encourager la publication d'id&eacute;es, au prix d'un monopole 
limit&eacute; sur
-ces id&eacute;es -- un prix n&eacute;cessaire dans certains domaines
-et pas dans d'autres. La loi sur les marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es 
n'&eacute;tait pas destin&eacute;e &agrave; promouvoir
-une quelconque activit&eacute; commerciale, mais seulement pour permettre aux 
acheteurs de savoir ce qu'ils
-ach&egrave;tent; cependant, les l&eacute;gislateurs sous l'influence de la 
&laquo;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&raquo;,
-l'ont modifi&eacute;e en un sch&eacute;ma qui fournit des incitations &agrave; 
faire de la
-publicit&eacute; (sans demander au public s'il voulait plus de 
publicit&eacute;).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Puisque ces lois ont &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es 
ind&eacute;pendamment l'une de l'autre, elles sont diff&eacute;rentes dans 
chaque
-d&eacute;tail, comme dans leurs propos ou leurs m&eacute;thodes de base. Par 
cons&eacute;quent, si vous
-apprenez quelque chose sur la loi sur le copyright, vous feriez mieux de 
supposer que la loi sur les
-brevets est diff&eacute;rente. Vous vous tromperez rarement de cette 
fa&ccedil;on.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Les gens disent souvent &laquo;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&raquo; 
quand ils veulent vraiment
-qualifier une autre cat&eacute;gorie, plus &eacute;tendue ou plus restreinte 
que la &laquo;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&raquo;. Par exemple, les 
pays riches imposent souvent des lois injustes aux pays pauvres pour leur 
extorquer
-de l'argent. Certaines sont souvent des lois sur la 
&laquo;propri&eacute;t&eacute;
-intellectuelle&raquo;, mais pas toutes&nbsp; n&eacute;anmoins, les gens 
utilisent souvent ce terme car il
-leur est devenu familier, et travestit la nature du probl&egrave;me. Il serait 
bien mieux d'utiliser un terme comme
-&laquo;colonisation l&eacute;gislative&raquo; qui est au c&oelig;ur du sujet 
et &eacute;vite la d&eacute;naturation de
-son &eacute;tendue.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Les hommes de loi ne sont pas les seuls &agrave; se m&eacute;prendre sur ce 
terme. M&ecirc;me
-les professeurs de droit qui enseignent ces lois sont leurr&eacute;s
-par le terme de &laquo;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&raquo; dans des
-d&eacute;clarations g&eacute;n&eacute;rales qui sont en contradiction avec les 
faits qu'ils connaissent. Le terme les distrait
-d'utiliser leurs connaissances. Par exemple, un professeur a &eacute;crit en 
2006&nbsp;:
-</p>
-
-<p>&laquo;&nbsp;Contrairement &agrave; leur descendants qui travaillent 
&agrave;
-l'<abbr title="Organisation mondiale de la propri&eacute;t&eacute; 
intellectuelle">OMPI</abbr>,
-les fondateurs de la Constitution am&eacute;ricaine avaient une attitude de 
principe pro-concurrentielle
-vis &agrave; vis de la propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle. Il savaient que 
des droits seraient
-peut-&ecirc;tre n&eacute;cessaires mais&hellip; ils ont li&eacute; les mains 
du Congr&egrave;s,
-en restreignant son pouvoir de diverses mani&egrave;res&nbsp;&raquo;.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Cette affirmation se ref&egrave;re &agrave; l'article de la Constitution 
am&egrave;ricaine qui
-autorise des lois sur les droits d'auteurs et des lois sur les brevets, mais 
cet article n'a rien &agrave;
-voir avec les lois sur les marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es. Le terme 
&laquo;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&raquo;
-a conduit ce professeur &agrave; une fausse g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Le terme &laquo;propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&raquo; conduit 
&eacute;galement &agrave; une r&eacute;flexion simpliste.
-Il am&egrave;ne les gens &agrave; se concentrer sur la portion congrue de ces 
lois
-disparates, qui est qu'elles ont cr&eacute;&eacute; des privil&egrave;ges 
artificiels pour certaines parties,
-et &agrave; ignorer leur contenu -- les restrictions sp&eacute;cifiques
-que chacune d'elles exercent sur le public, et les cons&eacute;quences qui en 
r&eacute;sultent.
-Ceci encourage une approche &laquo;&eacute;conomistique&raquo; de tous ces 
probl&egrave;mes, et
-l'&eacute;conomie, comme souvent, op&egrave;re comme un v&eacute;hicule pour 
des valeurs non examin&eacute;es
-(comme par exemple, la quantit&eacute; de production importe, alors que la 
libert&eacute; et le mode de vie non),
-et des postulats qui ne sont que tr&egrave;s superficiellement vrais (comme 
par exemple, que le droit d'auteur
-aide les musiciens,
-ou que les brevets sur les m&eacute;dicaments aident la recherche &agrave; 
sauver des vies).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Pour celui qui a une vue g&eacute;n&eacute;rique, les probl&egrave;mes 
sp&eacute;cifiques de la politique publique
-soulev&eacute;s par la loi sur le droit d'auteur, et les probl&egrave;mes, 
diff&eacute;rents, soulev&eacute;s par
-la loi sur les brevets ou toute autre loi, sont presque invisibles. Ces 
probl&egrave;mes proviennent des
-sp&eacute;cificit&eacute;s de chaque loi -- pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment ce que 
le terme &laquo;propri&eacute;t&eacute;
-intellectuelle&raquo; encourage les gens &agrave; ignorer. Par exemple, un 
probl&egrave;me relatif &agrave; la
-loi sur le droit d'auteur est de savoir si le partage de la musique devrait 
&ecirc;tre autoris&eacute;. La loi sur
-les brevets n'a rien &agrave; voir avec ceci.Mais la loi sur les brevets 
soul&egrave;ve le probl&egrave;me de savoir
-si les pays pauvres devraient &ecirc;tre autoris&eacute;s &agrave; produire 
des m&eacute;dicament qui sauvent des vies
-et les vendre bon march&eacute; pour sauver des vies. La loi sur le droit 
d'auteur n'a rien &agrave; voir avec cela.
-Aucun de ces probl&egrave;mes n'est seulement qu'&eacute;conomique, mais ils 
ne sont pas similaires, et donc quiconque
-les traitent en terme de globalisation &eacute;conomique les 
appr&eacute;hendera mal.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Par cons&eacute;quent, toute opinion &agrave; propos de &laquo;la question de 
propri&eacute;t&eacute; intellectuelle&raquo;
-est presque s&ucirc;rement absurde. Si vous pensez que toutes ces lois ne sont 
qu'un même probl&egrave;me, vous
-aurez tendance &agrave; choisir vos opinions &agrave; partir d'une 
s&eacute;lection de g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisations,
-dont aucune d'elles n'est bonne.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Si vous voulez r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir clairement au sujet des 
probl&egrave;mes soulev&eacute;s par les brevets, les
-copyrights ou les marques d&eacute;pos&eacute;es, ou m&ecirc;me apprendre ce 
que ces lois disent, la
-premi&egrave;re &eacute;tape est d'oublier l'id&eacute;e de les mettre toutes 
dans le m&ecirc;me panier, et de les traiter
-comme des sujets s&eacute;par&eacute;s. Si vous voulez &eacute;crire des 
articles qui informent le public
-et encourage &agrave; r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir clairement, traiter chacune de 
ces lois
-s&eacute;par&eacute;ment; ne sugg&eacute;rez pas de 
g&eacute;n&eacute;ralisation &agrave; leur propos.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Et quand viendra le temps de la r&eacute;forme de l'OMPI, entre autres choses, 
<a href="http://www.fsfeurope.org/documents/wiwo.html";>appelons
-&agrave; changer son nom</a>.
-</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
-
-<div id="footer">
-
-<p>Pour les questions et requ&ecirc;tes relatives &agrave; la FSF &amp;
-GNU&nbsp;: <a href="mailto:gnu&#64;gnu.org";><em>gnu&#64;gnu.org</em></a>.
-Autres <a href="/home.fr.html#ContactInfo">moyens pour contacter</a> la FSF.
-
-Merci d'envoyer des commentaires sur cette page web &agrave; <a 
href="mailto:webmasters&#64;gnu.org";><em>webmasters&#64;gnu.org</em></a>,
-envoyer une autre question &agrave; <a 
href="mailto:gnu&#64;gnu.org";><em>gnu&#64;gnu.org</em></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>Copyright &copy; 2004 Richard M. Stallman</p>
-
-<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
-permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
-</p>
-
-<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution int&eacute;grale de cet
-article est permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que
-cette notice soit pr&eacute;serv&eacute;e.</p>
-<p>
-Derni&egrave;re mise-&agrave;-jour&nbsp;:
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2006/11/22 14:29:56 $ $Author: taz $
-<!-- timestamp end -->
-</p>
-<p>
-Traduction&nbsp;: C&eacute;dric Corazza<br />
-R&eacute;vision&nbsp;: <a 
href="mailto:trad-gnu&#64;april.org";>trad-gnu&#64;april.org</a>
-</p>
-</div>
-
-<div id="translations">
-<h3>Traductions de cette page</h3>
-
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
-<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
-<!-- English is.  If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise web-translators&#64;gnu.org and add it to -->
-<!--    - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!--    - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!--      one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!--    - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!--      to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!--     http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
-<ul>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.de.html">Deutsch</a></li>  <!-- German -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.xhtml">English</a></li>
-<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.xhtml">Fran&#x00e7;ais</a></li>  <!-- 
French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.it.xhtml">Italiano</a></li>  <!-- Italian -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.xhtml">Polski</a></li>  <!-- Polish -->
-</ul>
-</div>
-
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>

Index: not-ipr.it.xhtml
===================================================================
RCS file: not-ipr.it.xhtml
diff -N not-ipr.it.xhtml
--- not-ipr.it.xhtml    26 Apr 2005 18:32:31 -0000      1.2
+++ /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
@@ -1,285 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
-    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="it" lang="it">
-
-<head>
-  <title>Hai detto "proprietà intellettuale"? È un miraggio seducente</title>
-  <meta http-equiv="content-type" content='text/html; charset=utf-8' />
-  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gnu.css" />
-  <link rev="made" href="address@hidden" />
-  <link rev="translated" href="mailto:address@hidden"; />
-  <meta name="Description"
-       content="Tradotto originariamente da Marco Menardi.
-                Modifiche successive di Bartolomeo Aimar e Andrea Pescetti." />
-
-</head>
-
-<!-- This document is in XML, and xhtml 1.0 -->
-<!-- Please make sure to properly nest your tags -->
-<!-- and ensure that your final document validates -->
-<!-- consistent with W3C xhtml 1.0 and CSS standards -->
-<!-- See validator.w3.org -->
-
-<body>
-
-<p>
-   <a href="#translations">Traduzioni</a> di questa pagina
-</p>
-
-<h3>Hai detto "proprietà intellettuale"? È un miraggio seducente</h3>
-
-<h5>di Richard M. Stallman</h5>
-
-<!-- When you replace this graphic, make sure you change -->
-<!-- the link to also point to the correct HTML page. -->
-<!-- If you make a new graphic for this page, make sure it -->
-<!-- has a corresponding entry in /graphics/graphics.html. -->
-<p>
-   <a href="/graphics/agnuhead.it.html"><img src="/graphics/gnu-head-sm.jpg"
-   alt=" [immagine della testa di uno GNU] " width="129" height="122" /></a>
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p>
-È diventato di moda riferirsi al copyright, ai brevetti, ed ai marchi
-di fabbrica come "proprietà intellettuale".  Questa moda non è sorta
-per caso - il termine sistematicamente distorce e confonde queste
-questioni, ed il suo uso è stato ed è tuttora promosso da coloro che,
-da questa confusione, traggono vantaggio. Chiunque desideri riflettere
-con chiarezza su una qualsiasi di queste leggi farebbe bene ad evitare
-accuratamente questo termine.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-La tendenziosità del termine "proprietà intellettuale" è piuttosto
-evidente: esso induce a pensare al copyright, ai brevetti ed ai marchi
-di fabbrica in analogia con i diritti di proprietà sugli oggetti
-fisici. (Questa analogia è in contrasto con le filosofie del diritto
-riguardanti la legge sul copyright, la legge sui brevetti, e la legge
-sui marchi di fabbrica, ma solo gli specialisti lo sanno.)  Queste
-leggi infatti sono assai differenti da quelle che regolano la
-proprietà di oggetti fisici, ma l'uso di questo termine induce i
-legislatori a modificarle in modo da renderle ogni volta più simili a
-queste ultime.  Questo è ciò che vogliono le aziende che esercitano il
-potere dato dal copyright, dai brevetti e dai marchi di fabbrica e a
-tal fine esse si sono adoperate affinché il termine divenisse di moda.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Secondo il professor Mark Lemley, attualmente alla Stanford Law
-School, l'uso diffuso del termine "proprietà intellettuale" è una moda
-seguita alla fondazione, nel 1967, della Organizzazione Mondiale per
-la "Proprietà Intellettuale" (WIPO), ed è divenuta davvero comune solo
-in anni recenti. (La WIPO è formalmente una organizzazione che dipende
-dalle Nazioni Unite, ma di fatto rappresenta gli interessi dei
-detentori dei copyright, dei brevetti e dei marchi commerciali.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Chi vuole analizzare questi argomenti con obiettività, dovrebbe
-evitare per essi l'uso di un termine così tendenzioso. In molti mi
-hanno chiesto di proporre qualche altro nome per la categoria - o
-hanno proposto essi stessi delle alternative. I suggerimenti includono
-IMP, per Imposed Monopoly Privileges (Privilegi Monopolistici
-Imposti), e GOLEM, per Government-Originated Legally Enforced
-Monopolies (Monopoli Legalmente Imposti Originati dal Governo). Alcuni
-parlano di regimi dei diritti esclusivi, ma questo significa riferirsi
-a restrizioni come a diritti, ed è anch'esso contraddittorio.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-È tuttavia un errore sostituire a "proprietà intellettuale" un
-qualunque altro termine. Un diverso nome potrebbe eliminare la
-suddetta tendenziosità, ma non le toglierebbe il suo maggior difetto:
-la sovra-generalizzazione.  Difatti la "proprietà intellettuale" come
-cosa specifica non esiste. Essa è un miraggio, che sembra avere
-un'esistenza coerente solo perché il termine la sottende.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Il termine "proprietà intellettuale" opera in modo onnicomprensivo per
-raggruppare assieme leggi assai disparate.  Persone non esperte di
-diritto che sentono il termine "proprietà intellettuale" applicato a
-questi diversi ambiti legislativi, tendono a credere che si tratti di
-manifestazioni di uno stesso principio comune, e che essi funzionino
-in modo simile. Nulla potrebbe essere più lontano dalla verità.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Questi ambiti legislativi sono nati separatamente, si sono evoluti in
-modo diverso, coprono attività differenti, hanno differenti regole e
-sollevano differenti questioni di pubblico interesse. La legge sul
-copyright fu pensata per incoraggiare la gente a produrre scritti e
-opere artistiche, e copre i dettagli dell'opera scritta o
-artistica. La legge sui brevetti fu pensata per incoraggiare la
-pubblicazione delle idee, al prezzo di un monopolio temporaneo su di
-esse - un prezzo che può valer la pena pagare in qualche ambito ma non
-in altri. La legge sui marchi di fabbrica non è stata pensata per
-promuovere nessuna attività affaristica, ma semplicemente per
-permettere agli acquirenti di sapere cosa stessero comprando;
-tuttavia, i legislatori, sotto l'influenza della "proprietà
-intellettuale", l'hanno trasformata in uno schema che fornisce
-incentivi a fare pubblicità (senza chiedere al pubblico se voglia più
-pubblicità).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Poiché queste leggi furono sviluppate indipendentemente, esse sono
-diverse in ogni dettaglio come nei loro scopi principali e nei
-metodi. Perciò, se imparate qualcosa a riguardo della legge sul
-copyright, date per scontato che per la legge sui brevetti sia
-diverso.  Difficilmente sbaglierete facendo così!
-</p>
-
-<p>
-I profani non sono i soli ad essere confusi da questo termine. Io
-trovo regolarmente che esperti della legge sui brevetti, della legge
-sul copyright e della legge sui marchi di fabbrica, addirittura
-professori di legge che insegnano queste materie, sono stati
-trascinati dalla seduttività del termine "proprietà intellettuale" in
-asserzioni generali che contrastano con i fatti che ben conoscono. Il
-termine li distoglie dall'usare la loro conoscenza.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Spesso si dice "proprietà intellettuale" quando in realtà si intende
-qualche altra categoria, più ampia o più ristretta della "proprietà
-intellettuale". Per esempio, le nazioni ricche impongono talune leggi
-alle nazioni povere per spremere loro denaro. Queste leggi spesso
-vengono fatte rientrare nella categoria delle "proprietà
-intellettuali" - cosicché coloro che ne pongono in discussione
-l'equità spesso si trovano ad usare essi stessi quell'etichetta, anche
-se in realtà non è appropriata. Questo può portare ad asserzioni
-errate e ad un pensiero privo di chiarezza. Per questa situazione io
-consiglio l'uso di un termine come colonizzazione legislativa che
-focalizza l'aspetto centrale della questione, piuttosto che il termine
-"proprietà intellettuale". Per altre situazioni il termine che
-descrive la questione potrebbe essere diverso.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Il termine "proprietà intellettuale" conduce inoltre ad un pensiero
-semplicistico. Esso porta la gente a focalizzarsi sulla tenue
-comunanza formale di queste leggi tanto diverse, e cioè che esse
-creano speciali poteri che possono essere comprati e venduti ed
-ignorano la loro sostanza - le specifiche restrizioni che ognuna di
-esse pone alla società e le conseguenze che ne risultano.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In una scala tanto vasta, la gente non è più in grado di vedere la
-specifica questione di pubblico interesse sollevata dalla legge sul
-copyright, o le differenti questioni sollevate dalla legge sul
-brevetto, o da una qualunque delle altre. Tali questioni sorgono dagli
-aspetti specifici, che sono precisamente quanto il termine "proprietà
-intellettuale" incoraggia la gente ad ignorare. Per esempio, una
-questione legata alla legge sul copyright è se la condivisione della
-musica sia permessa. La legge sui brevetti non ha nulla a che vedere
-con tale problema. Invece la legge sui brevetti solleva la questione
-se ai paesi poveri debba essere permesso produrre farmaci salva-vita e
-venderli a basso prezzo per salvare vite umane. La legge sul copyright
-non ha nulla a che vedere con questo. Nessuna di queste questioni è
-semplicemente una questione economica, e chiunque guardi ad esse nella
-superficiale prospettiva economica della sovrasemplificazione non può
-comprenderle.  Pertanto, ogni opinione su "la questione della
-proprietà intellettuale" è quasi certamente sciocca. Se pensate che si
-tratti di un'unica materia, tenderete a considerare solo opinioni che
-trattano tutte queste diverse leggi come fossero uguali. Qualunque di
-esse scegliate, ciò non avrà alcun senso.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Se volete riflettere con chiarezza sui problemi sollevati dai
-brevetti, o dal copyright, o dai marchi di fabbrica, o anche imparare
-cosa queste leggi dicono, il primo passo è dimenticare l'idea di
-mescolarle assieme, e trattarle invece come argomenti separati. Se
-volete scrivere articoli che informino il pubblico ed incoraggino un
-pensiero chiaro, trattate ciascuna di queste leggi separatamente; non
-suggerite generalizzazioni su di esse.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-E quando verrà il momento di riformare la WIPO, tra le altre cose
-chiediamo che ne venga cambiato il nome.
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-
-<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
-<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about    -->
-<!-- verbatim copying.  Please do NOT remove this without talking     -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
-
-<p class="translations">
-<a id="translations"></a>
-<b>Traduzioni di questa pagina:</b><br />
-
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
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-<!-- Please use xhtml normative character entities, instead of -->
-<!-- non-w3c entities.  xhtml should be XML compliant -->
-
-[
-  <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.xhtml";>Francese</a>  
-| <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.xhtml";>Inglese</a>
-| <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.it.xhtml";>Italiano</a>
-]
-</p>
-
-
-<div class="copyright">
-<p>
-Ritorna alla <a href="http://www.gnu.org/home.it.html";>pagina 
-principale di GNU</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Per informazioni e domande sulla FSF e GNU rivolgersi, possibilmente in 
-inglese, a <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-Altri <a href="http://www.gnu.org/home.it.html#ContactInfo";>modi per 
-contattare</a> la FSF.
-<br />
-Inviate segnalazioni su link non funzionanti o altre correzioni (o 
-suggerimenti) a
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Per informazioni su come coordinare o inviare traduzioni consultate 
-il <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">README
-per le traduzioni</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Copyright (C) 2004 Richard M. Stallman
-<br />
-La copia letterale e la distribuzione di questo articolo nella sua
-integrità sono permesse con qualsiasi mezzo senza royalty a condizione
-che questa nota sia riprodotta.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Aggiornato:
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2005/04/26 18:32:31 $ $Author: alex_muntada $
-<!-- timestamp end -->
-</p>
-</div>
-
-</body>
-</html>

Index: not-ipr.pl.xhtml
===================================================================
RCS file: not-ipr.pl.xhtml
diff -N not-ipr.pl.xhtml
--- not-ipr.pl.xhtml    4 Sep 2006 09:35:34 -0000       1.3
+++ /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
@@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
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-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
-    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="pl" lang="pl">
-
-<head>
-       <title>"W³asno¶æ intelektualna" to zwodniczy mira¿</title>
-       <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-2" 
/>
-       <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gnu.css" />
-       <link rev="made" href="mailto:address@hidden"; />
-       <link rev="translated" href="mailto:address@hidden"; />
-       <!-- transl.: Kamil Ignacak -->
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-
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-<!-- See validator.w3.org -->
-
-<body>
-
-<p>
-<a href="#translations">T³umaczenia</a> tej strony
-</p>
-
-<h3>&bdquo;W³asno¶æ intelektualna&rdquo; to zwodniczy mira¿</h3>
-
-
-<h5>autor: Richard M. Stallman</h5>
-
-
-<!-- When you replace this graphic, make sure you change -->
-<!-- the link to also point to the correct HTML page. -->
-<!-- If you make a new graphic for this page, make sure it -->
-<!-- has a corresponding entry in /graphics/graphics.html. -->
-<p>
-<a href="/graphics/agnuhead.pl.html"><img src="/graphics/gnu-head-sm.jpg"
-       alt="[rysunek g³owy GNU]"
-       width="129" height="122" /></a>
-</p>
-
-<hr/>
-
-<p>
-Modne sta³o siê okre¶lanie prawa autorskiego, prawa patentowego i&nbsp;prawa 
o&nbsp;znakach handlowych mianem &bdquo;w³asno¶ci intelektualnej&rdquo;. Ta 
moda nie nasta³a przypadkowo&nbsp;&mdash; termin ten systematycznie 
zniekszta³ca i&nbsp;wik³a powy¿sze sprawy, a&nbsp;jego u¿ycie by³o i&nbsp;jest 
promowane przez tych, którzy zyskuj± na tym zamieszaniu. Ka¿dy, kto chce jasno 
my¶leæ o&nbsp;którymkolwiek z&nbsp;tych praw, dobrze zrobi odrzucaj±c to 
okre¶lenie.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Jednym z efektów u¿ywania tego okre¶lenia jest ³atwo dostrzegalne nastawienie: 
sugeruje ono, by my¶leæ o&nbsp;prawie autorskim, prawie patentowym 
i&nbsp;prawie o&nbsp;znakach handlowych tak jak o&nbsp;prawie w³asno¶ci 
obiektów fizycznych. (Ta analogia k³óci siê z&nbsp;filozofiami ka¿dego 
z&nbsp;tych systemów prawnych, ale wiedz± o&nbsp;tym tylko specjali¶ci). Te 
prawa nie s± tak naprawdê podobne do praw tycz±cych obiektów fizycznych, ale 
u¿ywanie tego okre¶lenia doprowadza do tego, ¿e ustawodawcy upodabniaj± 
pierwszy rodzaj praw do drugich. Poniewa¿ taka zmiana jest na rêkê firmom, 
które korzystaj± z&nbsp;praw autorskich, patentów i&nbsp;znaków handlowych, 
firmy te dzia³a³y w&nbsp;kierunku uczynienia tego terminu popularnym.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Wed³ug profesora Marka Lemleya, obecnie pracuj±cego w&nbsp;Stanford Law 
School, powszechne u¿ywanie okre¶lenia &bdquo;w³asno¶æ intelektualna&rdquo; 
jest mod±, która nast±pi³a po utworzeniu w&nbsp;roku 1967 ¦wiatowej Organizacji 
&bdquo;W³asno¶ci Intelektualnej&rdquo; (World &bdquo;Intellectual 
Property&rdquo; Organization&nbsp;&mdash; WIPO) i&nbsp;sta³a siê naprawdê 
powszechna w&nbsp;kilku ostatnich latach. (Formalnie WIPO jest organizacj± 
wyspecjalizowan± ONZ, ale w&nbsp;rzeczywisto¶ci reprezentuje interesy 
posiadaczy praw autorskich, patentów i&nbsp;znaków handlowych).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Ci, którzy chcieliby rozpatrywaæ meritum tych spraw [dotycz±cych prawa 
autorskiego, prawa patentowego i&nbsp;prawa o&nbsp;znakach handlowych], powinni 
odrzuciæ stronniczy termin. Wielu ludzi prosi³o mnie, bym zaproponowa³ inn± 
nazwê dla tej kategorii przepisów&nbsp;&mdash; albo sami proponowali 
alternatywy. W¶ród sugerowanych nazw znalaz³y siê: Narzucone Przywileje 
Monopolistyczne (IMPs&nbsp;&mdash; Imposed Monopoly Privileges) 
i&nbsp;Stworzone-Przez-Rz±d-Narzucone-Prawem-Monopole (GOLEMs&nbsp;&mdash; 
Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies). Niektórzy mówi± 
o&nbsp;&bdquo;re¿imach praw wy³±cznych&rdquo;, ale nazywanie nak³adania 
ograniczeñ na spo³eczeñstwo &bdquo;prawami&rdquo; wydawców to równie¿ 
dwójmy¶lenie.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Niektóre z tych zastêpników stanowi± pewien stopniowy postêp, ale zastêpowanie 
&bdquo;w³asno¶ci intelektualnej&rdquo; jakimkolwiek innym okre¶leniem jest 
b³êdem. Inna nazwa mog³aby wyeliminowaæ stronniczy os±d, nie wp³ynê³aby jednak 
na sedno sprawy: zbytnie uogólnianie. Nie ma ¿adnego spójnego zjawiska zwanego 
&bdquo;w³asno¶ci± intelektualn±&rdquo;. To mira¿, który wydaje siê mieæ spójn± 
postaæ tylko dlatego, ¿e sugeruje to jego nazwa.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Okre¶lenie &bdquo;w³asno¶æ intelektualna&rdquo; dzia³a jak s³owo-wytrych, 
wrzuca do jednego worka zasadniczo odmienne prawa. Nie-prawnicy, którzy s³ysz± 
termin &bdquo;w³asno¶æ intelektualna&rdquo; stosowany do tych ró¿nych praw, 
maj± sk³onno¶æ przyjmowania, ¿e prawa te s± przyk³adami wspólnej regu³y 
i&nbsp;¿e dzia³aj± podobnie.  Nic bardziej b³êdnego.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Te przepisy powstawa³y oddzielnie, ewoluowa³y w inny sposób, obejmuj± inne 
zakresy 
-dzia³alno¶ci, maj± inne zasady i&nbsp;podnosz± ró¿ne kwestie zasad 
spo³ecznych. Prawo autorskie zosta³o zaprojektowane, by promowaæ pisanie 
i&nbsp;sztukê, i&nbsp;obejmuje szczegó³y zwi±zane z&nbsp;pisarstwem lub sztuk±. 
Prawo patentowe mia³o zachêcaæ do publikowania idei za cenê ograniczonych 
monopoli na te idee&nbsp;&mdash; cena, któr± warto zap³aciæ w&nbsp;niektórych 
dziedzinach a&nbsp;w&nbsp;innych nie. Prawo o&nbsp;znaku handlowym nie by³o 
stworzone z my¶l± o&nbsp;promowaniu jakiejkolwiek dzia³alno¶ci handlowej, ale 
po to tylko, by kupuj±cy wiedzieli, co kupuj±. Jednak ustawodawcy pod wp³ywem 
okre¶lenia &bdquo;w³asno¶æ intelektualna&rdquo; zamienili to prawo w&nbsp;uk³ad 
zachêt do reklamowania (bez pytania ludzi o&nbsp;to, czy chc± wiêcej reklam).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Poniewa¿ te systemy praw rozwija³y siê niezale¿nie, s± ró¿ne w&nbsp;ka¿dym 
szczególe oraz w&nbsp;podstawowych celach i&nbsp;metodach stosowania. Je¿eli 
wiêc dowiecie siê  czego¶ o&nbsp;prawie autorskim, to najlepiej, ¿eby¶cie 
przyjêli, ¿e prawo patentowe jest inne. Rzadko kiedy bêdziecie siê myliæ!
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Ludzie mówi± czêsto &bdquo;w³asno¶æ intelektualna&rdquo;, kiedy tak naprawdê 
maj± na my¶li jak±¶ szersz± lub wê¿sz± kategoriê. Na przyk³ad bogate kraje 
czêsto narzucaj± niesprawiedliwe prawa krajom ubogim, aby wycisn±æ z&nbsp;nich 
pieni±dze. Niektóre z&nbsp;tych przepisów s± prawami dotycz±cymi 
&bdquo;w³asno¶ci intelektualnej&rdquo;, ale nie wszystkie. Mimo to ludzie 
czêsto podchwytuj± tê etykietkê, bo siê z&nbsp;ni± oswoili, i&nbsp;fa³szywie 
przedstawiaj± istotê zagadnienia. By³oby lepiej u¿ywaæ terminu takiego jak 
&bdquo;ustawodawcza kolonizacja&rdquo;, który skupia siê na g³ównym aspekcie 
sprawy i&nbsp;wystrzega siê b³êdnego przedstawiania zakresu zjawiska.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Nie tylko laicy s± wprowadzani w b³±d przez to okre¶lenie. Nawet profesorowie 
prawa ucz±cy o&nbsp;tych przepisach, dali siê zwie¶æ ponêtno¶ci terminu 
&bdquo;w³asno¶æ intelektualna&rdquo; i&nbsp;wyra¿ali ogólne stwierdzenia, które 
by³y sprzeczne ze znanymi im faktami. Termin ten odwodzi ich od u¿ywania ich 
wiedzy. Na przyk³ad, pewien profesor napisa³ w&nbsp;2006:
-</p>
-
-<blockquote><p>
-       &bdquo;W przeciwieñstwie do swoich potomków,
-       obecnie zatrudnionych w&nbsp;WIPO,
-       ojcowie konstytucji USA
-       mieli zasadnicze,       prokonkurencyjne podej¶cie do w³asno¶ci
-       intelektualnej. Wiedzieli, ¿e uprawnienia mog± byæ niezbêdne,
-       ale... zwi±zali kongresowi rêce, ograniczaj±c na ró¿ne sposoby
-       jego w³adzê.&rdquo;
-</p></blockquote>
-
-<p>
-Powy¿sza wypowied¼ odnosi siê do artyku³u Konstytucji USA, który legitymizuje 
prawo patentowe i&nbsp;prawo autorskie, ale ten artyku³ nie ma nic wspólnego 
z&nbsp;prawem o&nbsp;znakach handlowych. Termin &bdquo;w³asno¶æ 
intelektualna&rdquo; przywiód³ tego profesora do fa³szywego uogólnienia.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Okre¶lenie &bdquo;w³asno¶æ intelektualna&rdquo; prowadzi równie¿ do 
uproszczonego my¶lenia. Powoduje, ¿e ludzie skupiaj± siê na niewielkim 
podobieñstwie formy tych odmiennych praw (polegaj±cym na tym, ¿e prawa te 
tworz± sztuczne przywileje dla pewnych podmiotów), a&nbsp;ignoruj± ich 
zasadnicze w³a¶ciwo¶ci&nbsp;&mdash; specyficzne ograniczenia, które ka¿de 
z&nbsp;tych praw nak³ada na ludzi, oraz konsekwencje, które z&nbsp;tego 
wyp³ywaj±.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Przy rozpatrywaniu tematu z tak szerokiej perspektywy specyficzne problemy 
zasad spo³ecznych powodowane przez prawo autorskie, odmienne problemy 
powodowane przez prawo patentowe, czy którekolwiek z&nbsp;innych praw s± niemal 
niedostrzegalne. Te kwestie bior± siê z&nbsp;charakterystycznych w³asno¶ci 
ka¿dego z&nbsp;rodzajów praw, dok³adnie tego, do czego ignorowania sk³ania 
termin &bdquo;w³asno¶æ intelektualna&rdquo;. Na przyk³ad jedn± ze spraw 
zwi±zanych z&nbsp;prawem autorskim jest to, czy dzielenie siê muzyk± 
z&nbsp;innymi powinno byæ dozwolone. Prawo patentowe nie ma z&nbsp;tym nic 
wspólnego. Prawo patentowe podnosi natomiast kwestiê tego, czy biednym krajom 
mo¿na pozwoliæ na produkcjê ratuj±cych ¿ycie leków i&nbsp;sprzedawanie ich za 
nisk± cenê, by ratowaæ ludzkie ¿ycia. Prawo autorskie nie ma z&nbsp;tym ¿adnego 
zwi±zku. ¯adna z&nbsp;tych spraw nie jest spraw± tylko ekonomii, ani nie jest 
podobna, wiêc ka¿dy patrz±cy na nie z&nbsp;p³ytkiej, uogólniaj±cej perspektywy 
ekonomicznej pojmie je niew³a¶ciwie.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Skutkiem tego ka¿da opinia o&nbsp;&bdquo;kwestii w³asno¶ci 
intelektualnej&rdquo; jest prawie na pewno niem±dra. Je¿eli bêdziecie my¶leæ 
o&nbsp;wszystkich tych prawach jako o&nbsp;jednym zagadnieniu, to bêdziecie 
przejawiaæ sk³onno¶æ do wybierania sobie opinii ze zbioru rozleg³ych, 
nadmiernych uogólnieñ, z&nbsp;których ¿adne nie ma najmniejszej warto¶ci.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Je¿eli chcecie poprawnie my¶leæ o sprawach zwi±zanych z&nbsp;prawem 
patentowym, prawem autorskim lub prawem o&nbsp;znakach handlowych, pierwszym 
krokiem jest zapomnieæ o&nbsp;pomy¶le wrzucania tych praw do jednego worka 
i&nbsp;traktowaæ je jak oddzielne tematy. Drugi krok polega na odrzuceniu 
podsuwanej przez termin &bdquo;w³asno¶æ intelektualna&rdquo; zawê¿onej 
perspektywy i&nbsp;nadmiernych uproszczeñ ekonomicznych. Rozpatrujcie ka¿de 
z&nbsp;tych zagadnieñ oddzielnie, w&nbsp;ca³ej jego pe³ni, a&nbsp;bêdziecie 
mieæ mo¿liwo¶æ dobrego os±du.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A je¶li chodzi o reformowanie WIPO, oprócz innych dzia³añ <a 
href="http://www.fsfeurope.org/documents/wiwo.html";>wzywajmy do zmiany jej 
nazwy</a>.
-</p>
-
-<hr/>
-
-<p class="translations">
-<a id="translations"/>
-<b>T³umaczenia tej strony</b>:<br />
-[
-  <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.xhtml";>English</a>
-| <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.xhtml";>Fran&#x00e7;ais</a>
-| <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.it.xhtml";>Italiano</a>
-| <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.xhtml";>Polski</a>
-]
-</p>
-
-
-<div class="copyright">
-<p>
-Pytania dotycz±ce GNU i FSF prosimy kierowaæ na adres
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-Istniej± tak¿e
-<a href="/home.pl.html#ContactInfo">inne sposoby skontaktowania siê</a>
-z&nbsp;FSF.
-<br />
-Uwagi dotycz±ce naszych stron internetowych prosimy wysy³aæ na adres
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>,
-natomiast inne pytania na adres
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-</p>
-<p>
-Copyright (C) 2004 Richard M. Stallman
-<br />
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
-permitted worldwide without royalty in any medium provided
-this notice is preserved.
-<br />
-Zezwala siê na wykonywanie i&nbsp;dystrybucjê wiernych kopii tego tekstu,
-bez tantiem, niezale¿nie od no¶nika, pod warunkiem zachowania niniejszego
-zezwolenia.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-T³umaczenie:
-<a href="/server/standards/README.Polish-translation.pl.html"><em>Grupa 
t³umaczy witryny Projektu GNU</em></a>
-(<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>).
-<br />
-</p>
-<p>
-Aktualizowane:
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2006/09/04 09:35:34 $ $Author: wkotwica $
-<!-- timestamp end -->
-</p>
-</div>
-
-</body>
-</html>

Index: not-ipr.xhtml
===================================================================
RCS file: not-ipr.xhtml
diff -N not-ipr.xhtml
--- not-ipr.xhtml       22 Oct 2006 07:28:23 -0000      1.11
+++ /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
@@ -1,282 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
-    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-
-<head>
-  <title>Did You Say "Intellectual Property"?  It's a Seductive Mirage</title>
-  <meta http-equiv="content-type" content='text/html; charset=utf-8' />
-  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gnu.css" />
-  <link rev="made" href="address@hidden" />
-</head>
-
-<!-- This document is in XML, and xhtml 1.0 -->
-<!-- Please make sure to properly nest your tags -->
-<!-- and ensure that your final document validates -->
-<!-- consistent with W3C xhtml 1.0 and CSS standards -->
-<!-- See validator.w3.org -->
-
-<body>
-
-<p>
-  <a href="#translations">Translations</a> of this page
-</p>
-
-<h3>Did You Say "Intellectual Property"?  It's a Seductive Mirage</h3>
-
-<h5>by Richard M. Stallman</h5>
-
-<!-- When you replace this graphic, make sure you change -->
-<!-- the link to also point to the correct HTML page. -->
-<!-- If you make a new graphic for this page, make sure it -->
-<!-- has a corresponding entry in /graphics/graphics.html. -->
-<p>
-  <a href="/graphics/agnuhead.html"><img src="/graphics/gnu-head-sm.jpg" 
-  alt=" [image of the Head of a GNU] " width="129" height="122" /></a>
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p>
-It has become fashionable to describe copyright, patents, and
-trademarks as "intellectual property".  This fashion did not arise by
-accident--the term systematically distorts and confuses these issues,
-and its use was and is promoted by those who gain from this confusion.
-Anyone wishing to think clearly about any of these laws would do well
-to reject the term.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-One effect of the term is a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests
-thinking about copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with
-property rights for physical objects.  (This analogy is at odds with
-the legal philosophies of copyright law, of patent law, and of
-trademark law, but only specialists know that.)  These laws are in
-fact not much like physical property law, but use of this term leads
-legislators to change them to be more so.  Since that is the change
-desired by the companies that exercise copyright, patent and trademark
-powers, these companies have worked to make the term fashionable.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School,
-the widespread use of the term "intellectual property" is a fad that
-followed the 1967 founding of the World "Intellectual Property"
-Organization, and only became really common in the past few years.
-(WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact it represents the
-interests of the holders of copyrights, patents and trademarks.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Those who would prefer to judge these issues on their merits should
-reject a biased term for them.  Many have asked me to propose some
-other name for the category--or proposed alternatives themselves.
-Suggestions include IMPs, for Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs,
-for Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies.  Some speak of
-"exclusive rights regimes", but referring to restrictions as "rights"
-is doublethink too.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Some of these replacements are an incremental improvement, but it is a
-mistake to replace "intellectual property" with any other term.  A
-different name could eliminate the bias, but won't address the term's
-deeper problem: overgeneralization.  There is no such unified thing as
-"intellectual property".  It is a mirage, which appears to have a
-coherent existence only because the term suggests it does.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The term "intellectual property" operates as a catch-all to lump
-together disparate laws.  Non-lawyers who hear the term "intellectual
-property" applied to these various laws tend to assume they are
-instances of a common principle, and that they function similarly.
-Nothing could be further from the case.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different
-activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy
-issues.  Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and
-covers the details of a work of authorship or art.  Patent law was
-intended to encourage publication of ideas, at the price of finite
-monopolies over these ideas--a price that may be worth paying in some
-fields and not in others.  Trademark law was not intended to promote
-any business activity, but simply to enable buyers to know what they
-are buying; however, legislators under the influence of "intellectual
-property" have turned it into a scheme that provides incentives for
-advertising (without asking the public if we want more advertising).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every
-detail as well as in their basic purposes and methods.  Thus, if you
-learn some fact about copyright law, you had best assume that patent
-law is different.  You'll rarely go wrong that way!
-</p>
-
-<p>
-People often say "intellectual property" when they really mean some
-larger or smaller category.  For instance, rich countries often impose
-unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of them.  Some of
-these are "intellectual property" laws, but not all; nonetheless,
-people often grab that label because it has become familiar to them,
-and misrepresent the nature of the issue.  It would be better to use a
-term such as "legislative colonization" which gets to the heart of the
-matter and avoids misrepresenting its extent.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Laymen are not alone in getting confused by this term.  Even law
-professors who teach these laws are lured by the seductiveness of the
-term "intellectual property" into general statements that conflict
-with the facts they know.  The term distracts them from using their
-own knowledge.  For example, one professor wrote in 2006:
-</p>
-
-<p>
-    "Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the
-    framers of the US constitution had a principled, pro-competitive
-    attitude to intellectual property. They knew rights might be
-    necessary, but...they tied congress's hands,
-    restricting its power in multiple ways."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-That statement refers to the article in the US Constitution which
-authorizes copyright law and patent law, but that article has nothing
-to do with trademark law.  The term "intellectual property" led that
-professor into a false generalization.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The term "intellectual property" also leads to simplistic thinking.
-It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form of these
-disparate laws, which is that they create artificial privileges for
-certain parties, and ignore their substance--the specific restrictions
-each of them places on the public, and the consequences that result.
-This encourages an "economistic" approach to all these issues, and
-economics, as it often does, operates as a vehicle for unexamined
-values (such as, that amount of production matters, while freedom and
-way of life do not), and factual assumptions that are only slightly
-true (such as, that copyright on music supports musicians, or that
-patents on drugs support life-saving research).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To one who views at such a broad scale, the specific public policy
-issues raised by copyright law, or the different issues raised by
-patent law, or any of the other laws, are nearly invisible.  These
-issues arise from the specifics of each law--precisely what the term
-"intellectual property" encourages people to ignore.  For instance,
-one issue relating to copyright law is whether music sharing should be
-allowed.  Patent law has nothing to do with this.  But patent law
-raises the issue of whether poor countries should be allowed to
-produce life-saving drugs and sell them cheaply to save lives.
-Copyright law has nothing to do with that.  Neither of these issues is
-just an economic issue, but they are not similar, so anyone looking at
-them in terms of economic overgeneralization will get them wrong.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As a result, any opinion about "the issue of intellectual property" is
-almost surely foolish.  If you think all those laws are one issue, you
-will tend to choose your opinions from a selection of sweeping
-overgeneralizations, none of which is any good.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or
-copyrights, or trademarks, the first step is to forget the idea of
-lumping them together, and treat them as separate topics.  The second
-step is to reject the narrow perspectives and simplistic economics
-that the term "intellectual property" suggests.  Consider each of
-these issues separately, in its fullness, and you have a chance of
-considering them well.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-And when it comes to reforming WIPO, among other things
-<a href="http://www.fsfeurope.org/documents/wiwo.html";>let's call for 
-changing its name</a>.
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-
-<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
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-<!-- verbatim copying.  Please do NOT remove this without talking     -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. --> 
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
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-<p class="translations">
-<a id="translations"></a>
-<b>Translations of this page:</b><br />
-
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
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-<!-- non-w3c entities.  xhtml should be XML compliant -->
-
-[
-  <a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.de.xhtml";>Deutsch</a> <!-- 
German -->
-| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.xhtml">English</a>
-| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.xhtml">Fran&#x00e7;ais</a>   <!-- French -->
-| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.it.xhtml">Italiano</a>          <!-- Italian -->
-| <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.xhtml">Polski</a>            <!-- Polish -->
-]
-</p>
-
-
-<div class="copyright">
-<p>
-Return to the <a href="/home.html">GNU Project home page</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to 
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-There are also <a href="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to contact</a> 
-the FSF.
-<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Please see the 
-<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
-translations of this article.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Copyright (C) 2004 Richard M. Stallman
-<br />
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
-permitted worldwide without royalty in any medium provided
-this notice is preserved.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Updated:
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2006/10/22 07:28:23 $ $Author: jimcrow $
-<!-- timestamp end -->
-</p>
-</div>
-
-</body>
-</html>




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