[Emacs-diffs] Changes to emacs/man/fixit.texi [gnus-5_10-branch]

[Miles Bader]

Index: emacs/man/fixit.texi
diff -c /dev/null emacs/man/fixit.texi:1.16.2.1
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+ @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
+ @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
+ @node Fixit, Keyboard Macros, Search, Top
+ @chapter Commands for Fixing Typos
+ @cindex typos, fixing
+ @cindex mistakes, correcting
+ 
+   In this chapter we describe the commands that are especially useful for
+ the times when you catch a mistake in your text just after you have made
+ it, or change your mind while composing text on the fly.
+ 
+   The most fundamental command for correcting erroneous editing is the
+ undo command, @kbd{C-x u} or @kbd{C-_}.  This command undoes a single
+ command (usually), a part of a command (in the case of
+ @code{query-replace}), or several consecutive self-inserting characters.
+ Consecutive repetitions of @kbd{C-_} or @kbd{C-x u} undo earlier and
+ earlier changes, back to the limit of the undo information available.
+ @xref{Undo}, for more information.
+ 
+ @menu
+ * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text.
+ * Transpose::   Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
+ * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered.
+ * Spelling::    Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file.
+ @end menu
+ 
+ @node Kill Errors
+ @section Killing Your Mistakes
+ 
+ @table @kbd
+ @item @key{DEL}
+ Delete last character (@code{delete-backward-char}).
+ @item address@hidden
+ Kill last word (@code{backward-kill-word}).
+ @item C-x @key{DEL}
+ Kill to beginning of sentence (@code{backward-kill-sentence}).
+ @end table
+ 
+   The @key{DEL} character (@code{delete-backward-char}) is the most
+ important correction command.  It deletes the character before point.
+ When @key{DEL} follows a self-inserting character command, you can think
+ of it as canceling that command.  However, avoid the mistake of thinking
+ of @key{DEL} as a general way to cancel a command!
+ 
+   When your mistake is longer than a couple of characters, it might be
+ more convenient to use @address@hidden or @kbd{C-x @key{DEL}}.
+ @address@hidden kills back to the start of the last word, and @kbd{C-x
+ @key{DEL}} kills back to the start of the last sentence.  @kbd{C-x
+ @key{DEL}} is particularly useful when you change your mind about the
+ phrasing of the text you are writing.  @address@hidden and @kbd{C-x
+ @key{DEL}} save the killed text for @kbd{C-y} and @kbd{M-y} to
+ retrieve.  @address@hidden
+ 
+   @address@hidden is often useful even when you have typed only a few
+ characters wrong, if you know you are confused in your typing and aren't
+ sure exactly what you typed.  At such a time, you cannot correct with
+ @key{DEL} except by looking at the screen to see what you did.  Often it
+ requires less thought to kill the whole word and start again.
+ 
+ @node Transpose
+ @section Transposing Text
+ 
+ @table @kbd
+ @item C-t
+ Transpose two characters (@code{transpose-chars}).
+ @item M-t
+ Transpose two words (@code{transpose-words}).
+ @item C-M-t
+ Transpose two balanced expressions (@code{transpose-sexps}).
+ @item C-x C-t
+ Transpose two lines (@code{transpose-lines}).
+ @end table
+ 
+ @kindex C-t
+ @findex transpose-chars
+   The common error of transposing two characters can be fixed, when they
+ are adjacent, with the @kbd{C-t} command (@code{transpose-chars}).  Normally,
+ @kbd{C-t} transposes the two characters on either side of point.  When
+ given at the end of a line, rather than transposing the last character of
+ the line with the newline, which would be useless, @kbd{C-t} transposes the
+ last two characters on the line.  So, if you catch your transposition error
+ right away, you can fix it with just a @kbd{C-t}.  If you don't catch it so
+ fast, you must move the cursor back between the two transposed
+ characters before you type @kbd{C-t}.  If you transposed a space with
+ the last character of the word before it, the word motion commands are
+ a good way of getting there.  Otherwise, a reverse search (@kbd{C-r})
+ is often the best way.  @xref{Search}.
+ 
+ @kindex C-x C-t
+ @findex transpose-lines
+ @kindex M-t
+ @findex transpose-words
+ @c Don't index C-M-t and transpose-sexps here, they are indexed in
+ @c programs.texi, in the "List Commands" node.
+ @c @kindex C-M-t
+ @c @findex transpose-sexps
+   @kbd{M-t} transposes the word before point with the word after point
+ (@code{transpose-words}).  It moves point forward over a word,
+ dragging the word preceding or containing point forward as well.  The
+ punctuation characters between the words do not move.  For example,
+ @address@hidden, BAR}} transposes into @address@hidden, FOO}} rather than
+ @address@hidden FOO,}}.
+ 
+   @kbd{C-M-t} (@code{transpose-sexps}) is a similar command for
+ transposing two expressions (@pxref{Expressions}), and @kbd{C-x C-t}
+ (@code{transpose-lines}) exchanges lines.  They work like @kbd{M-t}
+ except as regards what units of text they transpose.
+ 
+   A numeric argument to a transpose command serves as a repeat count: it
+ tells the transpose command to move the character (word, expression, line)
+ before or containing point across several other characters (words,
+ expressions, lines).  For example, @kbd{C-u 3 C-t} moves the character before
+ point forward across three other characters.  It would change
+ @address@hidden into @address@hidden  This is equivalent to
+ repeating @kbd{C-t} three times.  @kbd{C-u - 4 M-t} moves the word
+ before point backward across four words.  @kbd{C-u - C-M-t} would cancel
+ the effect of plain @address@hidden
+ 
+   A numeric argument of zero is assigned a special meaning (because
+ otherwise a command with a repeat count of zero would do nothing): to
+ transpose the character (word, expression, line) ending after point
+ with the one ending after the mark.
+ 
+ @node Fixing Case
+ @section Case Conversion
+ 
+ @table @kbd
+ @item M-- M-l
+ Convert last word to lower case.  Note @kbd{Meta--} is Meta-minus.
+ @item M-- M-u
+ Convert last word to all upper case.
+ @item M-- M-c
+ Convert last word to lower case with capital initial.
+ @end table
+ 
+ @kindex address@hidden M-l
+ @kindex address@hidden M-u
+ @kindex address@hidden M-c
+   A very common error is to type words in the wrong case.  Because of this,
+ the word case-conversion commands @kbd{M-l}, @kbd{M-u} and @kbd{M-c} have a
+ special feature when used with a negative argument: they do not move the
+ cursor.  As soon as you see you have mistyped the last word, you can simply
+ case-convert it and go on typing.  @address@hidden
+ 
+ @node Spelling
+ @section Checking and Correcting Spelling
+ @cindex spelling, checking and correcting
+ @cindex checking spelling
+ @cindex correcting spelling
+ 
+   This section describes the commands to check the spelling of a single
+ word or of a portion of a buffer.  These commands work with the spelling
+ checker program Ispell, which is not part of Emacs.
+ @ifinfo
+ @xref{Top, Ispell, Overview ispell, ispell, The Ispell Manual}.
+ @end ifinfo
+ 
+ @table @kbd
+ @item M-x flyspell-mode
+ Enable Flyspell mode, which highlights all misspelled words.
+ @item M-x flyspell-progmode
+ Enable Flyspell mode for comments and strings only.
+ @item M-$
+ Check and correct spelling of the word at point (@code{ispell-word}).
+ @item address@hidden
+ Complete the word before point based on the spelling dictionary
+ (@code{ispell-complete-word}).
+ @item M-x ispell
+ Spell-check the active region or the current buffer.
+ @item M-x ispell-buffer
+ Check and correct spelling of each word in the buffer.
+ @item M-x ispell-region
+ Check and correct spelling of each word in the region.
+ @item M-x ispell-message
+ Check and correct spelling of each word in a draft mail message,
+ excluding cited material.
+ @item M-x ispell-change-dictionary @key{RET} @var{dict} @key{RET}
+ Restart the Ispell process, using @var{dict} as the dictionary.
+ @item M-x ispell-kill-ispell
+ Kill the Ispell subprocess.
+ @end table
+ 
+ @cindex Flyspell mode
+ @findex flyspell-mode
+   Flyspell mode is a fully-automatic way to check spelling as you edit
+ in Emacs.  It operates by checking words as you change or insert them.
+ When it finds a word that it does not recognize, it highlights that
+ word.  This does not interfere with your editing, but when you see the
+ highlighted word, you can move to it and fix it.  Type @kbd{M-x
+ flyspell-mode} to enable or disable this mode in the current buffer.
+ 
+   When Flyspell mode highlights a word as misspelled, you can click on
+ it with @kbd{Mouse-2} to display a menu of possible corrections and
+ actions.  You can also correct the word by editing it manually in any
+ way you like.
+ 
+ @findex flyspell-prog-mode
+ Flyspell Prog mode works just like ordinary Flyspell mode, except that
+ it only checks words in comments and string constants.  This feature
+ is useful for editing programs.  Type @kbd{M-x flyspell-prog-mode} to
+ enable or disable this mode in the current buffer.
+ 
+   The other Emacs spell-checking features check or look up words when
+ you give an explicit command to do so.  Checking all or part of the
+ buffer is useful when you have text that was written outside of this
+ Emacs session and might contain any number of misspellings.
+ 
+ @kindex M-$
+ @findex ispell-word
+   To check the spelling of the word around or next to point, and
+ optionally correct it as well, use the command @kbd{M-$}
+ (@code{ispell-word}).  If the word is not correct, the command offers
+ you various alternatives for what to do about it.
+ 
+ @findex ispell-buffer
+ @findex ispell-region
+   To check the entire current buffer, use @kbd{M-x ispell-buffer}.  Use
+ @kbd{M-x ispell-region} to check just the current region.  To check
+ spelling in an email message you are writing, use @kbd{M-x
+ ispell-message}; that command checks the whole buffer, except for
+ material that is indented or appears to be cited from other messages.
+ 
+ @findex ispell
+ @cindex spell-checking the active region
+   The @kbd{M-x ispell} command spell-checks the active region if the
+ Transient Mark mode is on (@pxref{Transient Mark}), otherwise it
+ spell-checks the current buffer.
+ 
+   Each time these commands encounter an incorrect word, they ask you
+ what to do.  They display a list of alternatives, usually including
+ several ``near-misses''---words that are close to the word being
+ checked.  Then you must type a single-character response.  Here are
+ the valid responses:
+ 
+ @table @kbd
+ @item @key{SPC}
+ Skip this word---continue to consider it incorrect, but don't change it
+ here.
+ 
+ @item r @var{new} @key{RET}
+ Replace the word (just this time) with @var{new}.
+ 
+ @item R @var{new} @key{RET}
+ Replace the word with @var{new}, and do a @code{query-replace} so you
+ can replace it elsewhere in the buffer if you wish.
+ 
+ @item @var{digit}
+ Replace the word (just this time) with one of the displayed
+ near-misses.  Each near-miss is listed with a digit; type that digit to
+ select it.
+ 
+ @item a
+ Accept the incorrect word---treat it as correct, but only in this
+ editing session.
+ 
+ @item A
+ Accept the incorrect word---treat it as correct, but only in this
+ editing session and for this buffer.
+ 
+ @item i
+ Insert this word in your private dictionary file so that Ispell will
+ consider it correct from now on, even in future sessions.
+ 
+ @item u
+ Insert the lower-case version of this word in your private address@hidden@-ary
+ file.
+ 
+ @item m
+ Like @kbd{i}, but you can also specify dictionary completion
+ information.
+ 
+ @item l @var{word} @key{RET}
+ Look in the dictionary for words that match @var{word}.  These words
+ become the new list of ``near-misses''; you can select one of them as
+ the replacement by typing a digit.  You can use @samp{*} in @var{word} as a
+ wildcard.
+ 
+ @item C-g
+ Quit interactive spell checking.  You can restart it again afterward
+ with @kbd{C-u M-$}.
+ 
+ @item X
+ Same as @kbd{C-g}.
+ 
+ @item x
+ Quit interactive spell checking and move point back to where it was
+ when you started spell checking.
+ 
+ @item q
+ Quit interactive spell checking and kill the Ispell subprocess.
+ 
+ @item C-l
+ Refresh the screen.
+ 
+ @item C-z
+ This key has its normal command meaning (suspend Emacs or iconify this
+ frame).
+ @end table
+ 
+ @findex ispell-complete-word
+   The command @code{ispell-complete-word}, which is bound to the key
+ @address@hidden in Text mode and related modes, shows a list of
+ completions based on spelling correction.  Insert the beginning of a
+ word, and then type @address@hidden; the command displays a completion
+ list window.  To choose one of the completions listed, click
+ @kbd{Mouse-2} on it, or move the cursor there in the completions window
+ and type @key{RET}.  @xref{Text Mode}.
+ 
+ @ignore
+ @findex reload-ispell
+   The first time you use any of the spell checking commands, it starts
+ an Ispell subprocess.  The first thing the subprocess does is read your
+ private dictionary, which defaults to the file @file{~/ispell.words}.
+ Words that you ``insert'' with the @kbd{i} command are added to that
+ file, but not right away---only at the end of the interactive
+ replacement procedure.  Use the @kbd{M-x reload-ispell} command to
+ reload your private dictionary if you edit the file outside of Ispell.
+ @end ignore
+ 
+ @cindex @code{ispell} program
+ @findex ispell-kill-ispell
+   Once started, the Ispell subprocess continues to run (waiting for
+ something to do), so that subsequent spell checking commands complete
+ more quickly.  If you want to get rid of the Ispell process, use
+ @kbd{M-x ispell-kill-ispell}.  This is not usually necessary, since the
+ process uses no time except when you do spelling correction.
+ 
+ @vindex ispell-dictionary
+   Ispell uses two dictionaries together for spell checking: the
+ standard dictionary and your private dictionary.  The variable
+ @code{ispell-dictionary} specifies the file name to use for the
+ standard dictionary; a value of @code{nil} selects the default
+ dictionary.  The command @kbd{M-x ispell-change-dictionary} sets this
+ variable and then restarts the Ispell subprocess, so that it will use
+ a different standard dictionary.
+ 
+ @vindex ispell-complete-word-dict
+   Ispell uses a separate dictionary for word completion.  The variable
+ @code{ispell-complete-word-dict} specifies the file name of this
+ dictionary.  The completion dictionary must be different because it
+ cannot use root and affix information.  For some languages
+ there is a spell checking dictionary but no word completion
+ dictionary.
+ 
+ @ignore
+    arch-tag: 3359a443-96ed-448f-9f05-c8111ba8eac0
+ @end ignore